,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOLID>ITY ,MOVEM5T 
,A /UDY ( ! ORIG9S & DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE #a#i#d#e-#g#c ) P>TICUL> REF]5CE TO ! ,FIR/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALB]T ,MELTZ] 

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,ONCE AGA9 9 HI/ORY ,AN>*ISM IS S+L$ \T BY EV]Y REACTION>Y =CE AS ITS MA9 5EMY4 ,WORLD ,GOV]NM5TS1 MOV+ CLOS] TOGE!R AGA9/ ! COMMON ?REAT ( ! COMMON PEOPLE1 FE> A SOCIALISM UNFETT]$ BY GOV]NM5T TIES1 A CLASS /RUGGLE )\T ! LIMITATIONS IMPOS$ BY ! P>LIAM5T>Y GAME1 A WORK+ CLASS )\T A LEAD]%IP ?AT AIMS AT IMPOS+ AU?ORITY EI!R BY A NEW DICTATOR%IP OR BY B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>IANISM4 

,BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ! MA9 IMPETUS TO SOCIAL REVOLUTION CAME FROM ! AN>*I/ & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,H[EV]1 FOLL[+ ! DEFEAT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ) ! TRIUMPH ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM1 WORLD CAPITALISM T5D$ TO CONC5TRATE ITS 5]GIES ON DE/ROY+ ?IS APP>5T DANG] TO ITS CONT9U$ EXI/5CE1 ?US GIV+ ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T & ITS IDEAS W]E SUP]FLU\S1 OR1 AT BE/1 A SIDE ISSUE TO ! MA9 /RUGGLE1 SO F> AS ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS WAS CONC]N$4 ,ONLY 9 A M9ORITY ( C\NTRIES DID AN>*ISM TAKE ! LEAD1 ELSE:]E ! V]Y IDEA ( FRE$OM W5T 9TO DECL9E4 

,CAPITALISM1 US+ ! DICTATORIAL ME?ODS ( /ATE COMMUNISM :]EV] NECESS>Y1 =C$ A SITUATION :]E ! APP>5T ALT]NATIVES SEEM$ TO BE 7/ATE7 COMMUNISM OR FASCISM4 

,?IS DID NOT PREV5T ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T FROM MA9TA9+ ! 9T5SITY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE ?R\<\T ! #a#i#bS4 ,IT WAS ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 7! ,C,N,T7 :I* C>RI$ ! :OLE WEI<T ( LABOR ORGANIZATION ?R\<\T ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A 7:5 ! SOCIALI/ LEAD]S TOOK (FICE 9 ORD] TO TRY TO BOO/ ! SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T UNION AT ITS EXP5SE7 & DUR+ ! EQUALLY P]FIDI\S REPUBLIC :I* FOLL[$4 ,9 ,ITALY1 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE LIB]T>IAN ATTACKS AGA9/ ,MUSSOL9I & HIS REGIME =M$ ! MA9 ANTI-FASCI/ RESI/ANCE4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 AN>*I/S F\<T A LOS+ BATTLE TO KEEP ! UNIONS TO !IR ORIG9AL SYNDICALI/ BASIS1 :ILE 9 ! ,U,S,A ! ,I,W,W AS ! LEGATEE TO ALL ?AT WAS LIB]T>IAN & SYNDICALI/ 9 BO? ! ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN TRADITIONS1 F\<T A VALIANT BATTLE AGA9/ REACTION4 ,9 ! ,>G5T9E & ,URUGUAY !RE W]E MURD]\S ASSAULTS AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T :I* F\<T ON TO MA9TA9 WORK+ CLASS SOLID>ITY AGA9/ ! SELFI%NESS ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,9 ,*9A1 :]E ! COMMUNI/ P>TY SOLD \T ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION TO FOLL[ ! SUCCESSFUL B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONI/S UND] ,*IANG ,KAI ,%EK1 AN>*I/S CONT9U$ ! /RUGGLE = WORK]S' C\NCILS ON ! SAME L9ES AS ?OSE ( ! FIR/ ,G]MAN REVOLUTION 9 #aiah & ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS 9 ,ITALY4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! /RUGGLE WAS PASS+ FROM ! BATTLEFIELDS & ! FACTORIES 9TO ! PRISON CAMPS4 ,9 ,BRITA91 AN>*I/S W]E PROM95T 9 ! %OP /EW>DS' MOVEM5T & ESPECIALLY ! UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 

,ALL ?IS MA9TA9$ A MOVEM5T ?AT HAD REA*$ A HI< PO9T ( 9T]NATIONAL /RUGGLE BE=E ! FIR/ WORLD W>2 BUT IT WAS NEV]!LESS TRUE ?AT ! :OLE TR5D ( ! PO/-WORLD W> ,I ]A APPE>$ TO BE 'COMMUNISM V4 FASCISM'4 ,AS FASCISM TRIUMPH$ 9 ! 'HAVE NOT' IMP]IALI/ C\NTRIES MO/ ?REAT5$ BY /ATE COMMUNISM1 IT /EADILY BEGAN TO M5ACE ! 'HAVE' IMP]IALI/ C\NTRIES /ABLE 5\< TO RESI/ ?AT PRESSURE1 & SO ! SITUATION ( 'DEMOCRACY V4 FASCISM' DEVELOP$4 ,! RUL+-CLASS ?R\<\T ! WORLD HAD ?REAT5$ TO TAKE AWAY DEMOCRATIC LIB]TIES & SUB/ITUTE FASCISM IF !IR DOM9ATION WAS ?REAT5$1 BUT GRADUALLY FASCISM BECAME ASSOCIAT$ ) ! AGGRESSIVE 'HAVE NOT' IMP]IALISM AGA9/ ! DEF5SIVE EMPIRES4 ,IT BEGAN TO SEEM TO MANY ?AT !RE WAS SOME ID5TITY ( 9T]E/S BETWE5 CAPITALI/ & WORK]2 & ) ! DEF5SE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 M9D1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BEGAN TO REIT]ATE ?IS !ME 9CESSANTLY4 

,?IS P]IOD 5D$ ) ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,!RE IT WAS ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T :I* RESPOND$ 9ITIALLY TO ! MILIT>Y C\P D'ETAT :I* AIM$ AT 'RE/OR+ LAW & ORD]' BY OPPOS+ TO IT ! ORGANIZ$ =CE1 & ! SPONTANE\S ACTION1 ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 

,AGA9/ ! REBEL ,>MY ( !IR [N C\NTRY !Y RESPOND$ ) ! GREATE/ WEAPON 9 !IR >MORY1 SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! COMB9$ =CE ( FEUDALISM & FASCISM HIT BACK ) ! GREATE/ =CE AT !IR DISPOSAL--G5OCIDE4 ,BECAUSE ( ! TREA*]Y ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 :I* DECL9$ TO DEF5D ITSELF & W\LD NOT >M ! WORK+ PEOPLE :O ALONE C\LD PREV5T ITS OV]?R[1 ! RIS+ ( ! ,>MY1 ?\< *ECK$1 BECAME A W>4 ,FAC$ ) ! REACTION>Y ELEM5TS )9 ! ,SPANI% ,GOV]NM5T 7AID$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ITS =EIGN BACK]S7 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T FELT 9CL9$ TO COMPROMISE 9 ITS SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY WAG+ ! CIVIL W> 9/EAD2 SOON IT WAS TOO LATE TO ALT] C\RSE1 = ! 5EMY WAS TOO VICI\S & TO FALT] MEANT TO DIE4 ,BUT )\T D\BT ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS ALSO BETRAY$ BY A LEAD]%IP :I* MANEUV]$ ITS WAY TO POSITIONS ( AU?ORITY & P[] UND] COV] ( ! W>4 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( P>TY DISCIPL9E1 ANA!MA TO ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 IT WAS POSSIBLE = ! 'WELL KN[N' TO RISE TO A LEAD]%IP :I* S\<T P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T ON ! GR\NDS ?AT ONLY 9 ?IS WAY C\LD ! CIVIL W> BE F\<T4 ,?US ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T CAME TO ADOPT AT SECOND H& ! SLOGANS & TO SOME EXT5T ! M5TALITY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9 REG>D TO 'DEMOCRACY V4 FASCISM'4 ,AT ! \TSET IT F\<T AGA9/ FASCISM UND] SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y COLORS2 IT W5T D[N TO ITS DEFEAT UND] FALSE DEMOCRATIC-CAPITALI/ ONES4 

,MEAN:ILE1 EV]Y S+LE AN>*I/ 5DEAVOR ?R\<\T ,EUROPE WAS CONC5TRAT$ ON ! ,SPANI% /RUGGLE TO ! SACRIFICE ( EV]Y?+ ELSE4 ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S REJECT$ ! IDEA ( AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE 7O!R ?AN = REFUGEES ) NO:]E ELSE TO GO74 ,!Y DID NOT WANT TO 'DEPOPULATE' ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ABROAD4 ,EV]Y /RUGGLE ?AT W5T ON WAS TO HELP ! /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA9 & ?IS ALT]$ ! 5TIRE *>ACT] ( ! MILITANT AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ?R\<\T ,EUROPE4 

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,DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 LIB]ALS & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS 7TOGE!R ) ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ONCE ! ,NAZI-,SOVIET ,PACT WAS BROK5 BY ,HITL]7 PU%$ ! IDEA ( A 'HOLY W>' AGA9/ FASCISM1 S9CE ! 5EMY HAPP5$ TO BE FASCI/1 & TRI$ TO BE/[ A DEMOCRATIC AURA ON ! ,ALLIES4 ,AFT] A TIME1 ,ALLI$ PROPAG&I/S !MSELVES BEGAN TO USE SOME ( ! ANTI-FASCI/ CLI*ES1 ?\< ) DIPLOMATIC CAUTION UNTIL ! P[]S CONC]N$ W]E ACTUALLY 9 ! W>4 ,SOON !RE GREW UP ! POPUL> MY? ?AT ! ONLY REASON WE W5T TO W> ) ,G]MANY WAS BECAUSE IT WAS ',NAZI'4 

,TWO MAJOR DEVELOPM5TS TOOK PLACE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S1 EXIL$ 9 ,FRANCE & TREAT$ AS SECOND-CLASS CITIZ5S OR AS PRISON]S ( W> BY ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC1 W]E ! FIR/ TO TAKE UP >MS AFT] ! ,FR5* DEFEAT1 AS A RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,?IS MOVEM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y DEFEATISM SPREAD OV] ! ,PYR5EES 9TO ,SPA91 AS AN URBAN GU]RILLA MOVEM5T L9K+ UP ) PEOPLE LIKE ,CAPDEVILA & ,MASSANA :O HAD BE5 OP]AT+ 9 ! M\NTA9S AS RURAL GU]RILLAS )\T A BREAK S9CE ! VICTORY ( ,FRANCO 9 #a#i#c#i4 

,! O!R DEVELOPM5T WAS 9 ,BRITA91 :]E ! AN>*I/S TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! REMA9+ FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION 9 A C\NTRY :]E ! WORK+ CLASS WAS ABLE TO RESI/ 9T]NAL SUPPRESSION1 TO ATTACK IMP]IALISM 9 EV]Y WAY POSSIBLE1 A /RUGGLE :I* SPREAD EV5 9SIDE ! >M$ =CES4 

,BO? !SE MOVEM5TS REA*$ !IR Z5I? & DISAPPE>$4 

,! FAILURE ( ! SOLDI]S' C\NCILS TO L9K UP ) WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 PO/W> ,BRITA91 & ! RESULTANT EUPHORIA ( A ,LABOR ,GOV]NM5T ) FULL P[]1 MEANT ! LOSS ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y IMPETUS4 ,?OSE ATTRACT$ TO ! IDEA ( AN>*ISM1 P>TICUL>LY )9 ! >M$ =CES1 AS A PROSPECTIVE =CE 9 ! SUPPOS$LY =?COM+ PO/W> REVOLUTION1 DRIFT$ AWAY4 ,BUT ! ANTI-W> ATTITUDE ( ! ,BRITI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAD ALSO MEANT ?AT MANY ( PURELY PACIFI/ P]SUASION HAD BE5 ATTRACT$ TO ! LIB]T>IAN CAMP1 & ?IS HAD ! EFFECT ( DILUT+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 OR RA!R ! LIB]T>IAN P>TICIPATION 9 IT1 & OP5$ ! WAY TO ! LIB]ALISM ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 

,9 ,SPA91 MORE P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! ,SPANI% EXILES1 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS /UCK ) ! POSITION ( ! ?IRTIES4 ,! EXIL$ BUREAUCRATS W]E 5TR5*$ 9 ,T\L\SE1 & F\ND IT EASI] TO SIT BACK & COMPLA9 ?AT ! ,ALLIES HAD NOT S5T !IR >MIES 9TO ,SPA9 TO A*IEVE ! REVOLUTION = !M1 ?AN TO ASSOCIATE ) ! GU]RILLA =CES ?AT HAD NEV] LAID D[N !IR >MS4 ,UNWILL+ TO 9VOLVE !MSELVES 9 ANY ACTION ?AT W\LD COMPROMISE !IR SETTL$ EXI/5CE 9 ,FRANCE1 OR ! LEGALITY ( !IR ,ORGANIZATION1 !Y CREAT$ A W$GE BETWE5 :AT PASS$ (F AS ! ,C,N,T 9 EXILE1 & ! NEWLY EM]G$ PO/W> ,RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ,FRANCO :I* MU* MORE TRULY REPRES5T$ ! ,C,N,T4 ,NO LONG] C\LD ! 'EXILE' LEAD]S JUDGE ?IS AS P>T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE2 !Y C\LD ONLY VIEW MATT] FROM A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC /&PO9T & E*O /ALE W>-TIME PROPAG&A4 

,?US ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T EM]G$ FROM ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I LUMB]$ ON ! ONE H& ) ! DEAD WOOD ( SOCIAL- DEMOCRATIC PSEUDO-LIB]T>IANISM /ILL P>AD+ ! !ORY ( ! 'JU/' W> 7AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,T\L\SE7 & ?IS WAS WELL MAT*$ 9T]NATIONALLY BY SOME O!R 5TR5*$ MOVEM5TS TOO LAZY TO MOVE OV] TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* RETA9$ ( AN>*ISM ONLY ! LABEL1 BUT MONOPOLIZ$ 9T]NATIONAL CONNECTIONS 9 ,EUROPE2 & ON ! O!R H& ) ! LIB]AL-PACIFI/ CULT & ! IDEALIZATION ( NONVIOL5CE AS ACTION 9 ITSELF :I* LAT] CAME1 ?R\< ,AM]ICA1 TO 9FLU5CE A :OLE RANGE ( NEW CULTS ?R\<\T ! WORLD 9 :I* ! CRIT]ION WAS NEI!R FRE$OM NOR RESI/ANCE NOR CLASS /RUGGLE BUT SOLELY ! DEGREE ( ABS5CE ( VIOL5CE4 

,?IS SUB/ITUT$ ! IDEA ( 'P]SONAL LIB]ATION' UND] ! ,/ATE = ?AT ( A FREE SOCIETY1 A PURELY LIB]AL IDEA1 & !RE W]E NOT SO MANY DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !SE TWO 'D>K] SIDES' ( AN>*ISM ?AN APPE>$ AT FIR/ SI<T4 

,9 MANY C\NTRIES 9 ,EUROPE1 !RE=E1 ,AN>*ISM BECAME ONCE MORE A MATT] ( SMALL GR\PS1 SOME FI<T+ ON DESP]ATELY AS !Y DID 9 ,SPA91 SOME /ILL RETA9+ LABOR CONNECTIONS1 AS 9 ,SW$51 AS WELL AS ( ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS EV]Y:]E :O C>RI$ ON1 AGA9/ OV]:ELM+ ODDS1 ID5TIFI$ BY SMALL PAP]S OR BULLET9S OR REGUL> MEET+S1 & TRY+ TO RE-9TEGRATE 9TO A NEW /RUGGLE4 

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,) ! RISE ( ! NEW ,LEFT & ! COLLAPSE ( ,/AL9ISM FROM ITS NE>-MONOPOLY POSITION AMONG WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS1 !RE WAS A PROLIF]ATION ( ,M>XI/ GR\PS4 ,SOME ( !SE MANAG$ TO 5SURE ?AT !RE WAS C>RI$ OV] 9TO A NEW G5]ATION1 ?\< PURG$ ( ! ,/AL9I/ TA9T1 ! SAME MI/AKES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! SAME SUBORD9ATION TO POLITICAL LEAD]%IP1 BUT EV5 MORE ?AN PREVI\SLY !Y SUB/ITUT$ ! CULT ( ,NATIONALISM = ?AT ( ANY =M ( SOCIALISM & ?US MANAG$ TO AVOID ! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUE1 CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,?IS NATIONALI/ CULT1 EXPRESS$ 9 ,M>XI/ PHRASEOLOGY1 HAS *>ACT]IZ$ ! NEW LEFT EV] S9CE4 

,BUT DESPITE ! MANY /RUGGLES = NATIONAL LIB]ATION :I* HAVE OV]-CL\D$ ! ISSUE S9CE ! #a#i#eS1 ! REAL CONFLICT HAS NO LONG] BE5 BETWE5 /ATE COMMUNISM & FASCISM NOR BETWE5 DEMOCRACY & FASCISM NOR1 AS ! PROPAG&I/S N[ PUT IT1 BETWE5 DEMOCRACY & COMMUNISM 7OR ,NEW ,DEMOCRACY & CAPITALISM74 ,IT WAS BETWE5 ! RUL]S ( ! WORLD ) 9CREAS+LY COMMON 9T]E/S & ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS ,AN>*ISM HAS COME TO ! =E ONCE MORE1 EV5 ?\< 7IRONICALLY7 JU/ AS 9 ! ?IRTIES AN>*I/ ACTION WAS 9T]PRET$ 9 ! LI<T ( ! CLA% BETWE5 COMMUNISM & FASCISM1 N[ COMMUNI/ & NATIONALI/ 7IF NOT EXACTLY FASCI/7 ACTION BEGAN TO BE 9T]PRET$ BY ! M$IA 9 ! LI<T ( ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/ /RUGGLE AGA9/ WORLD IMP]IALISM & C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T4 

,?IS RISE 9 AN>*I/ ACTIVISM SPREAD F> BEYOND ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SMALL CORPS ( AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S :O HAD TO /RUGGLE FROM ! GRIP ( PACIFI/ NONRESI/ANCE ON ! ONE H&1 & ! NONRESI/ANCE ( ! 'DOM9ANT FIGURES' ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IANS 9 EXILE ON ! O!R1 :O TRI$ TO DIV]T ! /RUGGLE BY APPEALS TO ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS & 9VOCATIONS ( OLD W>-TIME SLOGANS AS WELL AS COLD W> ONES1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO F9D A 'DIPLOMATIC SOLUTION' ?AT W\LD 5ABLE !M TO REGA9 !IR LO/ M9I/]IAL PORTFOLIOS4 ,= !SE PEOPLE & O!RS LIKE !M ! 'JU/ICE' ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FRANCO 5D$1 9 EFFECT1 :5 IT CEAS$ TO BE LEGAL1 & FROM #aide ONW>DS ! ,RESI/ANCE F\<T )\T !IR HELP1 & (T51 AGA9/ !IR WI%ES4 

,BUT AS ! ,SPANI% ACTIVI/S F\ND COMMON CAUSE ) ! NEW G5]ATION 9SIDE ,SPA91 SO DID ALL ! SMALL AN>*I/ GR\PS ?R\<\T ,EUROPE F9D ?AT !Y W]E NO LONG] ISOLAT$ & AG+ GR\PS ( MILITANTS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 :ILE ! ANTI-NUCLE> MOVEM5T1 BAS$ ON PACIFI/ TE*NIQUES1 BR\<T 9 TEMPOR>ILY HUNDR$S :O APPE>$ TO BE AN>*I/S 7BUT W]E BASICALLY LIB]ALS :O F\ND LIB]ALISM MEAN+LESS1 YET :O SAW AN>*ISM AS M]ELY A P]SONAL REVOLUTION1 :I* IS TO SAY LIB]ALISM7 YET ( ?OSE SOME CAME RI<T ?R\< TO A REVOLUTION>Y POSITION & ?OSE :O DID BECAME A MAJORITY 9 ! MOVEM5T1 :I* OV]NI<T BECAME COMPLETELY REJUV5AT$ & ! MORE EFFECTIVE4 

,BUT AS ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ GR\PS BECAME EFFECTIVE1 & CAME TO 9TEGRATE 9T]NATIONALLY1 ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5TS BECAME EFFECTIVE BY DIS9TEGRATION4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T BROKE 9TO A DOZ5 CLE>LY DEF9$ SECTS2 ! PRETEXT ( ',MAOISM' MEANT A L>GE NUMB] ( OPPOS+ DOCTR9ES1 FROM ! TRUE ',MAOI/' ,/AL9I/ ANTI-REVISIONISM TO ! MO/ ULTR>EVOLUTION>Y /&S4 ,BLANQUISM1 ?\< UNACKN[L$G$ FL\RI%$ MORE ?AN IT HAD EV] DONE2 ,SP>TACISM1 & ! IDEAS ( C\NCIL COMMUNISM1 W]E ONCE MORE EFFECTIVE4 ,! *ALL5GE TO ,MOSC[ HEGEMONY MEANT ! PROLIF]ATION ( GR\PS & !ORIES1 ALL P>T & P>CEL ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 

,SOME ( ! NEW MILITANTS1 5C\NT]+ NOT ! EFFECTIVE AN>*I/ GR\PS & ?9K+ ( !M AS ! EXCEPTION TO ! RULE :5 !Y W]E 9 FACT ! RULE ITSELF1 SAW ) DI/A/E ! 'RETIR$ MILITANCY' ( ! BUREAUCRATIC RELICS OR ! NONRESI/ANCE ( ! 'NEW' MOVEM5T1 & W5T !IR [N WAY4 ,EI!R !Y =M$ NEW AN>*I/ GR\PS NOT 9 T\* ) ! O!R REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ GR\PS--& !RE=E 9T5D$ SOMETIMES TO BORR[ SLOGANS OR PACKAGE-DEAL ATTITUDES FROM ! RE/ ( ! NEW ,LEFT = WANT ( HAV+ CONCRETIZ$ !IR [N PHILOSOPHY--OR !Y DISCLAIM$ ! NAME ALTOGE!R & PREF]R$ ! MORE NEUTRAL 'LIB]T>IAN' 'LIB]T>IAN LEFT' OR EV51 9 SOME C\NTRIES1 ',MAOI/'1 ?\< ! ,MAOI/S EXPLICITLY DIS[N$ !M1 OR ',AN>*O-,M>XI/'4 ,MANY ( !SE GR\PS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,G]MANY :]E ! TRADITION ( C\NCIL-COMMUNISM WAS /RONG1 MOV$ TO A /RONGLY LIB]T>IAN POSITION4 ,LABEL$ 'AN>*I/' BY ! ,PRESS1 !Y CONTA9$ BO? ,AN>*I/S1 SOMETIMES US+ ,M>XI/ LABELS 7LAT] DISC>D$7 & ,NEW ,LEFT ,M>XI/S4 ,?IS WAS ! ORIG9 ( SU* MOVEM5TS AS ! ',R$ ,>MY ,FRACTION' :OSE DEVELOPM5T 7LAT] LABEL$ ',BAAD]-,ME9H(F ,GANG'7 T]RIFI$ ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE BUT MADE APP>5T ! CLASS NATURE ( ,G]MAN SOCIETY & %ATT]$ ! IDYLLIC PO/W> ,G]MAN CAPITALI/ 'DREAM'4 

,9 ,SPA91 ! URBAN GU]RILLA GR\PS 7,SABATE & ,FAC]IAS W]E ALREADY WELL KN[N7 SP>K$ (F A NEW WAVE ( RESI/ANCE 9 #aiea :5 A ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 9 ,B>CELONA 9ITIAT$ A MASS RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T FOLL[+ ! PASS5G] BOYCOTT ( ! TRAMWAY COMPANY 9 ! CITY4 ,AP>T FROM BUILD+ UP SUFFICI5T CAPITAL TO F9ANCE SABOTAGE OP]ATIONS & 'ATT5TATS' AGA9/ WELL KN[N P]SONS ( ! ,FRANCO REGIME1 ! AIM ( ! LIB]T>IAN ACTION GR\PS WAS TO MA9TA9 A SPIRIT ( RESI/ANCE TO ! GOV]NM5T & 9 ?IS !Y W]E SUCCESSFUL = A TIME4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( ! 9T5SITY & H]OISM ( !IR /RUGGLE1 ! ,BRIGADA ,POLITICO-SOCIAL 7,SPECIAL ,BRAN*7 WAS ABLE TO C>RY \T A POLICY ( EXT]M9ATION AGA9/ ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 ,IT COOP]AT$ ) ! 'DEMOCRATIC' POLICE =CES BEYOND ! ,PYR5EES & ! FACT ?AT ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T HAD WORK$ CLOSELY ) ,ALLI$ ,9TELLIG5CE DUR+ ! W> LEFT IT 9 A POSITION TO BE BETRAY$ AFT]W>DS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( '/ABLE' GOV]NM5T4 ,:AT WAS WORSE1 P]HAPS1 WAS ! APA?Y & LACK ( SOLID>ITY FROM ANTI-,FRANCO =CES 9 G5]AL4 ,! LEVEL ( CONFLICT CAME TO A /&/ILL = A TIME1 ACTIVITY BE+ CONF9$ TO MORE SPORADIC & 9DIVIDUAL ATTACKS 9 9DU/RIAL ,CATALONIA4 

,DUR+ ! REPRESSION1 MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T & ACTIVI/S ( ! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I7 W]E MURD]$ 9 ! /REETS1 OR 9 !IR [N HOMES1 BY ! ,SPANI% POLICE4 ,HUNDR$S ( O!RS RECEIV$ LONG PRISON S5T5CES & A NUMB] >E 9 PRISON TO ?IS V]Y DAY4 ,! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T HAD TO RECONSID] ITS /RATEGY 9 ! LI<T ( ! NEW REPRESSIVE WAVE 9 ,SPA94 ,NOT ONLY WAS IT FAC$ ) ! ALMO/ TOTAL DIS>TICULATION ( ! ACTION GR\PS ( ! 9T]IOR1 BUT1 MORE DISC\RAG+ /ILL1 ! ,FRANCO ,GOV]NM5T WAS GA9+ BY LEAPS & B\NDS 9 ! FIELDS ( 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY4 ,9 ! YE>S BETWE5 #aiea & #aif ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 BECAME MORE 9TROV]T$ & LE?>GIC4 ,IT EXP5D$ ITS 5]GIES1 9 EXILE1 9 A LESS PHYSICALLY DANG]\S BUT F> MORE DE/RUCTIVE WAY--5GAG+ 9 POLEMICS & MUTUAL ACCUSATION ( 9COMPET5CE ?R[N ACROSS ! ,CONGRESS ,HALLS & MEET+ PLACES ( ! NUM]\S COMMITTEES ( EXILE4 

,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 ! 'NUCLE> DIS>MAM5T' MOVEM5T WAS ATTRACT+ L>GE NUMB]S TO ! ,NEW LEFT & BEYOND IT1 TO AN AN>*I/ POSITION4 ,! NEW ACTIVI/S HAD ALREADY %[N !IR WILL+NESS TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,! BALL WAS AT ! FEET ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 BUT ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS TOO SCATT]$ & ISOLAT$ TO BE ABLE TO KICK IT1 & DID NOT ALWAYS APPRECIATE :AT POT5TIALITIES LAY BE=E IT4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 #a#i#f-#a#i#f#f 
#a#i#f-#a#i#f#f 

  

,ON ,JANU>Y FIF?1 #a#i#f1 ,FRANCISCO ,SABATE 7EL ,QUICO1 SOMETIMES WRONGLY DESCRIB$ AS ,SABAT]7 ONE ( ! MO/ T5ACI\S & BE/ KN[N ( ! LIB]T>IAN ACTIVI/S1 WAS KILL$ 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,SAN ,CELONI 7NE> ,B>CELONA7 FOLL[+ A GUN BATTLE ) OV] #a ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL ! PREVI\S DAY1 :5 F\R COMRADES FROM HIS GR\P HAD BE5 AMBU%$ & KILL$ 9 A ,PYR5EAN F>MH\SE4 ,SABATE1 ?\< BADLY W\ND$1 MANAG$ TO ESCAPE & MAKE HIS WAY TO ,SAN ,CELONI BY HI-JACK+ A TRA91 BUT HE WAS RECOGNIZ$ & BR\<T D[N BY ! CROSSFIRE ( A POLICE PATROL4 

,! DEA? ( ?IS MAN1 :O SYMBOLIZ$ = MANY ! :OLE ( ! ,SPANI% ,RESI/ANCE1 HELP$ TO 9SPIRE ! =MATION ( ! NEW RESI/ANCE GR\PS1 & ALSO HELP$ TO RE-UNITE ! SCATT]$ =MS ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ ACTIVISM1 :O N[ REALIZ$ ?AT !Y MU/ BREAK DECISIVELY FROM ! NONRESI/ANCE W+S & ALIGN !MSELVES 9T]NATIONALLY ) O!R REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/S4 ,! ,SPANI% RESI/ANTS 9 ! 9T]IOR REALIZ$ ?AT !Y C\LD NOT RELY ON ! ,T\L\SE FACTION :OSE SOLE PURPOSE WAS TO DIVIDE !M FROM !IR REAL ALLIES1 ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,SABATE'S DEA? ?US M>K$ ! 5D ( AN ]A ( 9TROSPECTION & APA?Y1 & ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW 9T]NATIONALLY COORD9AT$ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/ /RUGGLE AGA9/ IMP]IALISM 9 ALL ITS MANIFE/ATIONS4 

,! RELUCTANCE ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM TO CUT ITSELF (F FROM TOTALLY OSSIFI$ GR\P+S OR ?OSE :O1 US+ ! LABEL 'AN>*I/' HAD NO LONG] ANY LIB]T>IAN OR REVOLUTION>Y 9T]E/S1 MAY SEEM CURI\S TO ! \TSID]2 BUT WAS BORN A LONG TRADITION )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TO ACCEPT ANYONE AS AN AN>*I/ :O HAPP5$ TO CALL HIMSELF ONE 7SOME?+ LONG S9CE IMPOSSIBLE = SOCIALI/S1 OR ,M>XI/S71 & 9 ! ABS5CE ( A P>TY ORGANIZATION1 ?IS ACCEPTANCE ALONE DEF9$ AN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,BUT IT WAS ALWAYS A DANG]\S TRADITION 7IT MEANT ?AT SOMEONE WELL KN[N = BE+ AN AN>*I/1 ?\< HAV+ NO LONG] ANY CONNECTION ) ! MOVEM5T1 C\LD 'SPEAK' = SOME?+ ( :I* HE WAS NOT A SPOKESMAN1 ONE DISA/R\S EXAMPLE BE+ ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 A MEMB] ( NO AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION AT ! TIME1 APOLOGIZ+ = ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I & CAUS+ AS MU* H>M TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AS IF HE HAD 9DE$ BE5 ITS DELEGATE74 

,! DEA? ( ,SABATE1 H[EV]1 :I* WAS H]ALD$ 9 ! ,SPANI% PRESS AS ! 5D ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM1 & :I* PROVOK$ ! USUAL HYPOCRITICAL DISCLAIM]S FROM ,T\L\SE1 MEANT ?AT ! ,SPANI% MOVEM5T ( ! 9T]IOR DECISIVELY BROKE FROM ,T\L\SE4 ,?\< /ILL US+ ! NAME ',C,N,T' TO D5OTE ! TYPE ( UNION ORGANIZATION :I* !Y WI%$ TO BUILD UP1 IT WAS CLE>LY UND]/OOD ?AT !Y W]E NOT REF]R+ TO ! ,ORGANIZATION 9 ,EXILE 7,M,L,E7 BUT DID NOT WI% TO CONFUSE ! WORK]S AS A :OLE4 7,& !Y ALSO CLUNG TO ! WI% NOT TO APPE> TO BE 'S*ISMATIC'47 ,H[EV]1 )9 ONE MON? ( ,SABATE'S DEA? ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,DIRECTORATE ( ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION 7,D,R,I,L7 ANN\NC$ ITS EXI/5CE1 & IMM$IATELY OBTA9$ SUPPORT FROM ?IS AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! ,SPANI% 9T]IOR AS WELL AS ( O!R GR\P+S4 ,IT MADE A NUMB] ( D>+ ATTACKS ON ! DICTATOR%IPS ( BO? ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL1 SU* AS ! HI-JACK+ BY A COMM&O ( ,SPANI% & ,PORTUGUESE & ,S\?-,AM]ICAN FI<T]S ON ! L9] ,SANTA ,M>IA ON ! HI< SEAS ON ,JANU>Y #b#a/ #a#i#f#a4 ,! POSSIBILITIES ( A TWO-FOLD /RUGGLE OP5$ UP ONCE MORE -- ! VANGU>D ( WORK]S' C\NCILS1 N[ BE+ E/ABLI%$ BY ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! 9T]IOR--7,F,O,I -- ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,IB]ICA1 ,WORK]S ,IB]IAN ,F$]ATION--! '9T]NAL' NAME ( ! GR\P+S 'PRO ,C,N,T'7 & ?IS RE>GU>D ( >M$ FI<T]S :O US$ SU* ACTION :]E !Y C\LD /RIKE BE/4 

,FAC$ ) ?IS 'PROBLEM' ! ,C,N,T 9 EXILE TRI$ TO REUNIFY 9 #a#i#f#a1 GIV+ UP ! ATTEMPTS TO RECONCILE REVOLUTION>Y RESI/ANCE ) FUTILE MOVES TO F9D A 'DIPLOMATIC SOLUTION' TO SOME?+ :I* 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM & WORLD DIPLOMACY HAD SOLV$ TO ITS [N SATISFACTION4 ,BUT IT WAS N[ TOO LATE1 & F9ALLY ! ORGANIZATION WAS DOOM$ TO S9K 9TO /]ILITY1 ) C\NT]-EXCOMMUNICATIONS ( ! OLD GU>D ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 

,ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD W]E ! /ILL SOME:AT ISOLAT$ 'SECT>IAN' GR\PS ( AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>IES2 ! EXP&+ MOVEM5T ?AT WAS COM+ VIA ! NUCLE> DIS>MAM5T MOVEM5T1 & ! 'AN>*O-,M>XI/' MOVEM5TS GR[+ UP QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY1 MOV+ FROM ,M>XISM BUT BR++ MANY ,M>XI/ ATTITUDES1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( '?IRD WORLD' NATIONALISM1 ) !M4 

,YET ! COM+ TOGE!R ( ! FIR/ ( !SE SECTIONS ) ! ,SPANI% ACTIVI/S SOON SURPRIS$ ! WORLD1 S9CE IT APP>5TLY SEEM$ ?AT 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ ACTIVITY HAD EM]G$ FROM ! BLUE LIKE ! KRAK5 WAK5+ AFT] YE>S ( SLEEP4 ,MOREOV]1 AL?\< ! 9T]NATIONAL ACTIVI/S HAD NO CONNECTIONS )1 & USUALLY A /RONG DISLIKE =1 ! 'HIPPIE' & 'NEW LEFT'1 NEV]!LESS ! LATT] DID AF=D !M A POOL 9 :I* TO SWIM4 ,!IR IDEAS W]E ABLE TO BE HE>D = ! FIR/ TIME BY A L>G] AUDI5CE4 

,SYMPA?Y = !IR ACTIONS HAD NEV] BE5 LACK+ BY A V]Y MU* WID] SECTION ( ! PUBLIC ?AN ! PRESS EV] IMAG9$1 & PRESS DI/ORTIONS & HY/]IA NOT)/&+1 !RE WAS A DEEP UND]LY+ SUPPORT = AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 WORK+ CLASS CIRCLES & AMONG PEOPLE ( ALL G5]ATIONS4 ,ALL ?IS L$ TO ! SETT+ UP ( A SECRET ORGANIZATION ! ,D,I 7,9T]NAL ,DEF5SE7 :I* BR\<T TOGE!R COMRADES ) YE>S ( ACTIVITY 9 EV]Y P>T ( ! WORLD TO CO-ORD9ATE !IR CL&E/9E ACTIVITIES AGA9/ TYRANNY--9 ! E>LY SPR+ ( #aifb & )9 A FEW MON?S SURPRIS$ ! WORLD BY ! APP>5TLY SUDD5 REEM]G5CE ( 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ ACTIVITY AFT] YE>S ( IGNORANCE ( ITS EXI/5CE4 

,BUT ONLY :5 ! 'NE> MISS'1 ON ,FRANCO'S LIFE AT ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN 7,AUGU/ #a#i#f#b7 TOOK PLACE DID ! 9T]NATIONAL COLLABORATION COME TO G5]AL NOTICE1 P>TLY BECAUSE ?IS HAD ALSO ! EFFECT ( MAK+ AN 9ROAD BY ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ON ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY4 ,= LONG ,BASQUE NATIONALISM HAD BE5 REACTION>Y1 NATIONALI/ & CL]ICAL4 ,N[ IT WAS AS DISCR$IT$ AS MO/ ( ! 9ACTIVE MOVEM5TS ( ! ,REPUBLIC 9 EXILE4 ,! ,E,T,A WAS ! NEW1 DYNAMIC ,BASQUE MOVEM5T1 & :ILE IT WAS TO SOME EXT5T NATIONALI/IC1 IT ALSO CONTA9$ MANY :O W]E NOT1 & C\LD EMBRACE NATIONALI/S1 M>XI/S1 CA?OLICS & LIB]T>IANS 9 A COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FRANCO4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! T]ROR AGA9/ ! ,BASQUES1 ,FRANCO HAD SUCCE$$ 9 UNIT+ ALMO/ ! :OLE ,BASQUE C\NTRY AGA9/ HIM1 IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R IT HAD NATIONALI/ ASPIRATIONS OR NOT4 ,IT ALSO SIGNAL$ A NEW WAVE ( REPRESSION :I* SWEPT ,SPA9 DIRECT$ P>TICUL>LY AGA9/ ! M9]S ( ! ,A/URIAN COALFIELDS & ! LIB]T>IAN ACTIVI/S4 ,FEEL+ ITSELF 5DANG]$ BY ! RISE 9 REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS & ACTIVITY ! ,FRANCO ,GOV]NM5T RETURN$ TO ! USE ( T]ROR P]FECT$ 9 ! YE>S IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,N[1 H[EV]1 9T]NATIONAL ACTION1 CONC]T$ = ! FIR/ TIME1 WAS ABLE TO ANSW] ! REPRESSION )9 ,SPA94 ,! ,C\NCILS ( ,W> S5T ?IRTY LIB]T>IANS TO PRISON ) SAVAGE S5T5CES1 & = ONE ( !M ! ,/ATE ,PROSECUTOR DEM&$ ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,SUPPORT = ,JORGE ,CUNILL ,VALS1 ! Y\NG AN>*I/ S5T5C$ TO DEA?1 GREW ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 & 9 ,MILAN ! ,SPANI% ,VICE-CONSUL WAS KIDNAPP$ BY ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S 7ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#i1#a#i#f#b74 ,C>D9AL ,MONT9I 7N[ ,POPE7 9T]V5$ ON BEHALF ( ! CONDEMN$ ,CATALAN ,AN>*I/1 & ! REBUFF HE RECEIV$ HAS CAUS$ ! T5SION :I* EXI/S BETWE5 ! ,VATICAN & ! ,PRADO TO ?IS DAY 7& IS :Y ! ,*UR* IS N[ BACK+ MORE ?AN ONE SIDE 9 ! FI<T = ! SUCCESSION74 ,ON ?IS OCCASION1 H[EV]1 ,FRANCO HAD TO /AY HIS H& & REMIT ! S5T5CE4 

,! FOLL[+ YE> ,JULIAN ,GRIMAU & ! AN>*I/S ,DELGADO & ,GRANADOS W]E S5T5C$ TO DEA? BUT PROTE/S AGA9/ ! EXECUTIONS W]E SO WIDESPREAD ?AT ,FRANCO'S HOPES ( ADMISSION 9TO ! COMMON ,M>KET W]E TOTALLY FRU/RAT$4 ,GOV]NM5TS ( ! ,WE/]N ,WORLD W]E UNABLE TO FLAGRANTLY GO AGA9/ :AT W]E WIDESPREAD S5TIM5TS BY ADMITT+ ,FRANCO 7! ,GOV]NM5TS ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE HAD1 ( C\RSE1 NO SU* 9HIBITIONS1 & C\LD DO TRADE DEALS :5EV] !Y WI%$ )\T REG>D = PUBLIC OP9ION :I* DID NOT EXI/ 9 !IR C\NTRIES74 ,H[EV]1 )\T ADMITT+ IT TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 & SOMETIMES ILLEGALLY1 ! POLICE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE W]E WORK+ 9 CLOSE ASSOCIATION ) ,FRANCO ?\< IT WAS NOT UNTIL T5 YE>S AFT]W>DS ?AT ?IS WAS G5]ALLY ADMITT$4 ,?IS POLICE ACTIVITY WAS EXCUS$ 9 ,FRANCE BY ! FACT ?AT1 AS ,FRANCO HAD CLAMP$ D[N ON ! ,FR5* ,O,A,S OP]AT+ AGA9/ ,DE ,GAULLE FROM ,MADRID1 !Y %\LD CLAMP D[N ON ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S 9 ,FRANCE OP]AT+ AGA9/ ,G5]AL ,FRANCO 7?\< IT WAS (T5 POLITICALLY 9EXP$I5T = POLICE :O HAD COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,NAZIS TO CLAMP D[N OP5LY ON LIB]T>IANS :O HAD BE5 TO ! =E-FRONT ( ! ,RESI/ANCE74 ,9 ,5GL& NO EXCUSE EXI/$1 & 9 FACT ! ISSUE ( ,GIBRALT> MEANT ?AT ,SPECIAL ,BRAN* WAS 9 FACT ACT+ AGA9/ ,BRITI% IMP]IAL 9T]E/S BY ITS ASSI/ANCE TO ,FRANCO :OSE /AG$ DEMON/RATIONS = ,GIBRALT> W]E SOLELY DE/9$ TO DEFLECT PUBLIC ATT5TION FROM ! ,RESI/ANCE CRITICISMS ( HIS REGIME4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,SCOTL& ,Y>D WAS ABLE TO SUPPLY 'SECRET 9=MATION TO A =EIGN P[]' FEEL+ ?AT 9 TIME 7AS IT DID7 GOV]NM5T OP9ION W\LD SEE ?AT POLICE 9T]E/S AGA9/ REVOLUTION W]E HI<] ?AN SU* N>R[ NATIONALI/IC 9T]E/S4 

,IT WAS !RE=E POSSIBLE = CONC]T$ POLICE ACTION TO BE TAK5 AGA9/ ,FR5*1 ,ITALIAN & ,BRITI% AN>*I/S WORK+ 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! REVOLUTION>Y Y\? MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA91 DEMON/RAT+ ! 9T]NATIONAL NATURE BO? ( ,AN>*ISM & ! ,POLICE4 ,?IS L$ TO ! >RE/ ( ,SCOTTI% AN>*I/ ,/U>T ,*RI/IE 9 ,SPA91 :]E HE WAS TAK+ P>T 9 AN ATTEMPT TO ASSASS9ATE ! DICTATOR4 ,WORLD OP9ION WAS DIRECT$ TO ,SPANI% PRISONS & 9 P>TICUL> ! MAT]IAL SUPPORT :I* HE BEGAN TO RECEIVE WAS DIV]T$ BY HIM TO LIB]T>IAN PRISON]S 9 G5]AL4 ,= A LONG TIME ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD1 UND] A V>IETY ( ANTI-FASCI/ & DEMOCRACTIC S\ND+ NAMES1 BE5 COLLECT+ AID = ,SPANI% PRISON]S FROM ALL2 BUT GIV+ ONLY TO !IR '[N' -- ?US O!R PRISON]S CAME TO BE =GOTT51 ) A CORRESPOND+ DAMP5] UPON ! RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T4 ,! AN>*I/S NOT ONLY HAD BE5 RECEIV+ ! LONGE/ S5T5CES & BE5 ! SUBJECT ( ! BITT]E/ P]SECUTION1 BUT ! COMMUNI/S1 :O 5GAG$ ONLY 9 PROPAG&A ACTIVITIES EXTOLL+ ! GLORIES ( ,RUSSIA1 & ADVOCAT+ AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,*RI/IAN-,DEMOCRATS AGA9/ ,AM]ICAN BASES 9 ,SPA91 W]E ! ONLY ONES TO RECEIVE AID 9 JAIL4 ,N[ AT LA/ ?AT SITUATION WAS REV]S$1 IRREVOCABLY1 A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ,*RI/IE'S >RE/4 ,HIS >RE/1 & ?AT ( O!R '=EIGN]S'1 ALSO HELP$ TO CEM5T ! 9T]NATIONAL ALLIANCE ?AT F9ALLY BROKE D[N ! B>RI] ?AT HAD BE5 ]ECT$ BY ! OSSIFI$ & NONRESI/ANT W+S ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,9 #aife ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? ,MOVEM5T BROKE COMPLETELY & F9ALLY ) ! MA9 AN>*I/ & CONF$]AL ORGANIZATIONS 9 EXILE4 ,! REASON = ?IS WAS ! REFUSAL BY ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T TO IMPLEM5T ! DECISIONS AGRE$ ON 9 #aifa TO R5EW ! CL&E/9E >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,FRANCO REGIME4 ,?IS UNWILL+NESS TO ACT MAY HAVE BE5 DUE TO TIR$NESS1 FE> OR P]HAPS NOT WI%+ TO COMPROMISE ! /EADY COM=TABLE EXI/5CE !Y W]E LEAD+ 9 EXILE4 ,H[EV]1 ) ! BREAK F9ALIZ$ ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ ACTIVI/ MOVEM5T WAS N[ ABLE TO BREAK FREE FROM ! FETT]S :I* HAD B\ND IT = SO LONG ITS ASSOCIATION ) ! MOVEM5T 9 EXILE4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,GRUPO #a ,DE ,MAYO 
,GRUPO #a DE ,MAYO 

  

,AT ! 5D ( ,APRIL #aiff ,MGR4 ,M>COS ,USSIA1 ! ECCLESIA/ICAL ADVIS] TO ! ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY 9 ! ,VATICAN1 DISAPPE>$ MY/]I\SLY :ILE RETURN+ FROM ! ,EMBASSY TO HIS HOME 9 ! SUBURBS ( ,ROME4 ,A FEW DAYS LAT] ! ,FIR/ ( ,MAY GR\P ANN\NC$ ITS EXI/5CE 9 ,ROME1 :ILE ,C,N,T MILITANT ,LUIS ,&RES ,$O1 9 ,MADRID1 ANN\NC$ SIMULTANE\SLY TO ! WORLD PRESS ?AT ,USSIA HAD BE5 KIDNAPP$ TO DRAW ATT5TION TO ! PLI<T ( ,FRANCO'S PRISON]S4 ,! RESULTS ( ?IS ACTION BY ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BECAME AN ISSUE ( 9T]NATIONAL IMPORTANCE & A C5TRAL PO9T ( DISCUSSION 9 ! ,ITALIAN1 ,FR5*1 ,SWISS1 ,SPANI% & ,SW$I% PRESS 7! ,BRITI% PRESS AVOID$ IT1 P]HAPS = FE> ( IMITATIVE ACTION74 ,:5 ! PRIE/ WAS RELEAS$ UNH>M$ AFT] FIFTE5 DAYS ( 9T5SIVE & FRUITLESS SE>*ES BY ,ITALIAN1 ,SWISS1 & ,FR5* POLICE1 IT PROV$ ! EFFICI5CY ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ SOLID>ITY1 & DISPROV$ ! 'T]RORI/' LABEL PUT ON !M BY ,9T]POL4 

,LAT]1 ,$O WAS >RE/$ 9 ,MADRID ) F\R O!R COMRADES 7M5 & WOM57 ACCUS$ ( PREP>+ TO KIDNAP A HI<-RANK+ MILIT>Y (FIC] 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,>MY :O WAS BAS$ !RE4 ,ONCE AGA9 ! AN>*I/S HAD BR\<T TOGE!R 9 AN 9T]NATIONAL /RUGGLE ! OLD FI<T AGA9/ ,FRANCO & ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM4 ,N[ !Y W]E RE-G\P$ UND] ! OLD BANN]S ( ! ',FIR/ ( ,MAY'1 EMBODY+ ! TRADITIONS ( LIB]T>IAN ACTIVISM DUR+ EI<TY YE>S ( CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,! /RUGGLE = WORK]S' C\NCILS & DIRECT WORK]S' CONTROL1 9 OPPOSITION TO SLOGANS ( NATIONALISM1 NATIONALIZATION & RE=M1 HAD ALWAYS BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,FIR/ ( ,MAY ,MOVEM5T4 ,N[ ?AT /RUGGLE WAS BACK$ UP BY %>P1 DECISIVE ACTIONS AGA9/ P>TICUL> =MS ( CLASS REPRESSION4 

,?\< ! 'C\NT]-CULTURE' & 'ALT]NATIVE SOCIETY' COM+ FROM ! Y\? REVOLUTION 9 ,AM]ICA HAD REALLY NO?+ TO DO ) REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM1 YET IT CONTA9$ )9 ITSELF /RONGLY REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS & ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BECAME TRANS=M$1 AS GRADUALLY NEW & OLD REVOLUTION>IES UNIT$ TOGE!R F9D+ !IR [N LEVEL4 ,?IS WAS IMPELL$ FUR!R BY ! ,VIETNAM ,W> & ITS WORLD-WIDE CONSEQU5CES ( PROTE/ MOVEM5TS1 & ! RISE ( SU* GR\PS AS ! ,WEA!RM5 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :I* GREATLY 9FLU5C$ ! 'ALT]NATIVE SOCIETY' MOVEM5T 9 ,EUROPE1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ,GREECE & ,TURKEY1 :]E = ! FIR/ TIME 9 FIFTY YE>S A LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T >OSE AMONG ! Y\?1 DIVID$ BETWE5 ,AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/-,L59I/S1 BUT /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! DESPOTIC REGIMES ( ?OSE C\NTRIES UP TO A PO9T :]E ! REGIME 9 ,TURKEY WAS OBLIG$ TO MA9TA9 A SORT ( P]MAN5T CIVIL W> AGA9/ Y\NG WORK]S & /UD5TS1 & ?AT 9 ,GREECE TO USE ALL ! ME?ODS ( ,NAZI RULE LE>N$ BY ! POLICE DUR+ ! W>4 

,9 MANY C\NTRIES1 ! GR[? ( ! VAGUELY 'LIB]T>IAN LEFT' 9CL9$ T[>DS ,BLANQUISM OR P]HAPS AN>*ISM1 ) ,M>XI/ PHRASEOLOGY1 CONT9U$--?\< AS OR?ODOX ,MAOI/ MOVEM5TS ROSE1 ! MOVEM5T WAS IMPELL$ AWAY FROM ITS ',MAOI/' 9CL9ATIONS4 ,?IS MOVEM5T TOOK A /RONG P>T 9 ! FI<T = CIVIL RI<TS & = WORK]S CONTROL1 & AGA9/ ! TYRANNY ( ! /ATE4 ,TO ! PRESS1 9EVITABLY F> MORE UN9=M$ ?AN ! PUBLIC IF PRESUM$ TO S]VE1 ALL ?IS WAS ! 'AN>*I/ MOVEM5T' & ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/ W+ AT ?AT2 A SUPPOSITION 5C\RAG$ BY ,TORY PROPAG&A :I* S\<T TO PRES5T ! AN>*I/S AS 'BOGEYM5' JU/ AS ! ,LEFT1 = ?AT MATT]1 TRI$ TO USE ! FASCI/S = ! SAME PURPOSE4 

,9 #aifg & #aifh REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVISM %[$ ITS H& AGA94 ,ATTACKS W]E MADE ON ! (FICES ( ,AM]ICAN CIVIL & MILIT>Y C5T]S ?R\<\T ,EUROPE & ON ! EMBASSIES ( ! ,SPANI%1 ,PORTUGUESE1 ,GREEK1 ,BOLIVIAN & ,URUGUAYAN ,GOV]NM5TS 7AMONG O!RS74 ,FOLL[+ !SE SIMULTANE\S ACTIONS 9 ,BRITA91 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,HOLL&1 ,SWITZ]L& & ,ITALY1 ! ,FIR/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOLID>ITY ,MOVEM5T ISSU$ A MANIFE/O CALL+ ON ALL REVOLUTION>IES TO PRACTICE AN EFFECTIVE SOLID>ITY ) ALL VICTIMS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! /RUGGLE BEGAN AGA9 9 ,TURKEY1 ) ! =MATION ( CELLS COMPOS$ ( BO? ,AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S 9 A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP4 ,I',EXPRESS 7,P>ISIAN WEEKLY7 =ESAW ?AT ',AN>*I/S WILL PREP>E A HOT SUMM]' & REPORT$ 9 ,M>* #aifh ON ! ACTIVITIES ( :AT !Y DESCRIB$ AS 'EXTREME LEFT W+ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,EUROPE'1 PREP>$ BY !IR ,G]MAN & ,DUT* CORRESPOND5TS4 ,! SITUATIONI/ MOVEM5T1 & ! PROVO MOVEM5T 9 ,HOLL&1 W]E L9K$ TOGE!R ) ! LIB]T>IAN LEFT & ! ,AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/S4 ,& 9DE$1 TWO MON?S LAT]1 AN>*ISM REAPPE>$ ONCE MORE AS ! DYNAMIC =CE IT IS4 

,! EV5TS ( ,P>IS--) ! P>TICIPATION 9 IT BY ,AN>*I/S1 ,MAOI/S1 ,TROTSKYI/S1 ,SITUATIONI/S & O!RS-->E WELL KN[N4 ,& ! ,FIR/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P BEGAN ATTACKS ON ,IB]IA ,AIRL9ES 9 DEF5SE ( ,SPANI% POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,CONC]T$ ATTACKS AFFIRM$ 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY ) !M4 ,:ILE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOLID>ITY ,MOVEM5T BO? DIRECTLY & 9DIRECTLY HELP$ ! APPE>ANCE ( MORE ACTIVE GR\PS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BRITA91 ,ITALY1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,G]MANY1 ,TURKEY & ,GREECE4 ,GR\PS :I* MORE OR LESS 9DEP5D5TLY CONT9U$ ! ACTIVI/ /RUGGLE 9 !IR [N C\NTRY AGA9/ ! /EADY PROGRESSION ( ! ,/ATE T[>DS DICTATOR%IP1 :ILE /EPP+ 9TO O!R C\NTRIES TO HELP ?AT /RUGGLE ATTA9 GREAT] 9T5SITY4 ,!RE W]E NUM]\S ACTS 9 ALL !SE C\NTRIES1 ?OSE 9 ,BRITA9 9CLUD+ A BOMB ATTACK ON ! ,HOME ,SECRET>Y'S H\SE ON ! DAY ( NATIONAL PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,RELATIONS ,BILL2 AN ATTACK ON A ,M9I/] :O HAD DEF5D$ ! IDEA ( B\RGEOIS ATTACKS UPON /RIK]S DUR+ ! ELECTRICITY DISPUTE1 ATTACKS ON ,=D'S & ON ! ME*ANIZ$ DOSSI]S ( ,SCOTL& ,Y>D AT ,T9TAGEL ,H\SE1 ON ! ,ITALIAN1 ,SPANI% & ,AM]ICAN EMBASSIES1 ON RECRUIT+ (FICES & MILIT>Y B>RACKS1 ON ,SPANI% BANKS1 & ON ,GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 SOME ( :I* 9CID5TS W]E LABEL$ AS 7& ALL LABEL$ BY ! POLICE AS7 COM+ FROM ! ,ANGRY ,BRIGADE1 ?\< ?IS WAS NOT A SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION1 BUT A MANIFE/ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVISM ?R\< A WIDE CIRCLE ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T G5]ALLY4 

,! EXI/5CE ( ! ,AN>*I/ ACTIVI/ GR\PS 5C\RAG$ A WIDE SECTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT1 NOT EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ BUT C]TA9LY LIB]T>IAN1 TO /EP UP ! /RUGGLE & %AKE !MSELVES FREE ( ! NONRESI/ANCE ELEM5TS4 ,?\< ALL SU* REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPTS HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>LY SCRUPUL\S 9 !IR RESPECT = HUMAN LIFE DUR+ ! :OLE ( ! DECADE1 & HAVE AVOID$ 9NOC5T VICTIMS 5TIRELY ! CAMPAIGN ( REPRESSION AGA9/ ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T HAS 7\TSIDE ,SPA97 BE5 UNEQUAL$ S9CE ! DAYS ( ,NAZISM4 ,! ACTIVITIES ( ,NATIONALI/ GR\PS1 ) :I* !Y HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON1 & :I* BY !IR NATURE C\LD NOT BE SO SCRUPUL\S1 HAVE BE5 MALICI\SLY ASCRIB$ TO !M4 

,?IS HAS BE5 ! CASE 9 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY1 ,TURKEY & ,GREECE & EV5 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 :]E =MS ( RE/RA9T OV] ! POLICE >E BELIEV$ TO EXI/4 

,! ,AN>*I/ ,BLACK ,CROSS1 AS (F]+ A LEGITIMATE MEANS ( EXPRESSION = ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVI/S1 HAS BE5 P>TICUL>LY ! OBJECT ( ATTACK4 ,9 ,MILAN1 ,GIUSEPPE ,P9ELLI1 MILITANT AN>*I/1 EX-MEMB] ( ! W>TIME ,RESI/ANCE & SECRET>Y ( ! ,ITALIAN ,A,B,C1 WAS >RE/$ FOLL[+ A ,FASCI/ BOMB 9 ,MILAN & ?R[N FROM A POLICE /ATION W9D[ DUR+ 9T]ROGATION2 9 ,G]MANY1 A POLICY ( EXT]M9ATION C>RI$ \T BY ! ,G]MAN POLICE AGA9/ ! ,R$ ,>MY ,FRACTION1 COMPOS$ ( ,M>XI/S & ',AN>*O-,M>XI/S'1 WAS EXT5D$ TO %OOT D[N 9 ! /REET MEMB]S ( ! ,BLACK ,CROSS1 9CLUD+ ,GEORG VON ,RAU* & ,?OMAS ,WEIS-BECK]4 ,!N ,/U>T ,*RI/IE1 SECRET>Y & CO-F\ND]1 WAS >RE/$ 9 ,LONDON *>G$ ) ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,ANGRY ,BRIGADE TOGE!R ) A NUMB] ( COMRADES1 M5 & ,WOM51 :O REPRES5T$ A WIDE SECTION ( ! LIB]T>IAN LEFT & A WIDE V>IETY ( 9T]E/S 7ALL BE+ DESCRIBE BY PRESS & PROSECUTION AS ,AN>*I/S1 ?\< ?IS ONLY APPLI$ TO SOME74 ,?IS L$ TO ! LONGE/ & MO/ CO/LY TRIAL 9 REC5T JUDICIAL HI/ORY 9 ,5GL&1 5D+ 9 T5 YE>S EA* = F\R ( ! ACCUS$1 ) F\R BE+ ACQUITT$ 7& PREC$$ BY #ae YE>S UND] ANO!R1 BUT NOTORI\SLY REACTION>Y JUDGE1 & AN ACQUITTAL74 

,9 ,SCOTL&1 SAVAGE S5T5CES W]E PASS$ ON MEMB]S ( ! ,SCOTTI% ,WORK]S ,P>TY1 A ,MAOI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,!SE EXAMPLES >E ONLY ! MORE SPECTACUL> TE/IMONIES ( B\RGEOIS1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC & FASCI/ REPRESSION AGA9/ REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/1 LIB]T>IAN ACTIVISM & REVOLUTION>Y =MS ( ,M>XISM TOO1 BUT SU* P]SECUTION HAS NOT & WILL NOT A*IEVE ITS OBJECT BECAUSE ! IDEA ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY IS GR[+ BY LEAPS & B\NDS4 ,EV5 9 ,TURKEY1 :]E ! MO/ OBSC5E =MS ( TORTURE >E BE+ US$ AGA9/ ! Y\NG REVOLUTION>IES1 & 9 ,SPA91 :]E TORTURE & DEA? >E COMMONPLACE1 ! IDEA ( WORK]S C\NCILS & ! AFFIRMATION ?AT ! FI<T = ! OCCUPATION ( ! PLACES ( WORK WILL BE BACK$ BY ACTIVI/ GR\PS CONT9UES TO FL\RI%4 

,! /RUGGLE IS NOT ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! WORLD4 ,IT EXI/S 9 ! C\NTRIES DOM9AT$ BY ,/ATE CAPITALISM & ,/ATE ,COMMUNISM AS WELL AS 9 ! CAPITALI/ & FASCI/ C\NTRIES4 ,IT IS NOT ONLY 9 ! '?IRD WORLD' OR ! UNDEVELOP$ P>T ( ! WORLD4 ,! CALL = REVOLUTION HAS GONE ?R\< ,EUROPE4 ,NEV] AGA9 WILL IT LIE D[N BE=E ! ATTACKS ( FASCI/S1 VIGILANTES OR SECRET POLICE4 ,IT IS NOT EV5 CONF9$ TO ONE REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY4 ,IT IS NOT A CONSPIRACY4 ,IT IS A MOVEM5T ?AT MAY PROVE TO BE IRRESI/IBLE4 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,SOME ,DOCUM5TS 
,SOME ,DOCUM5TS 

  
,TO ,ALL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5TS & ,ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,WORLD 

  

,! '#a/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P' HAS1 = SEV]AL YE>S N[1 COME TO SUPPORT1 9 PRACTICE1 ! NECESSITY ( C>RY+ \T ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ DICTATOR%IP BY MEANS ( REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE AS ! ONLY POSSIBLE WAY ( ANSW]+ ! REPRESSIVE VIOL5CE ( ! REGIME ( ,G5]AL ,FRANCO & ( RECONQU]+ FRE$OM = ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! /RATEGY DRAWN UP BY ! ,IB]IAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? 7,F,I,J,L74 

,BE+ AW>E ( ! BACK+ GIV5 TO V>I\S DICTATOR%IPS & NATIONAL OLIG>*IES1 BY REACTION>Y IMP]IALI/ GOV]NM5TS :I* 5ABLES !M TO MA9TA9 !IR OPPRESSION ( ! PEOPLE--WE ADDRESS \RSELVES TO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ?R\<\T ! WORLD :O FI<T = ! FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE ( ALL PEOPLE4 ,FULLY CONV9C$1 ALSO1 ( ! /]ILITY ( ! SO-CALL$ 'LEGAL & PACIFI/' /RUGGLES1 AS A MEANS ( 5D+ ! OPPRESSION & =C+ ,IMP]IALISM & ITS LACKEYS TO 5D W>LIKE AGGRESSION & MILIT>Y 9T]V5TIONS1 WE HAVE COME TO ! FOLL[+ CONCLUSIONS3 

#a4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT ! PRES5T /RUGGLES = FRE$OM 7EG4 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES ( ! GU]RILLAS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ! BLACKS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES7 HAVE PROVOK$ A CRISIS ( CONSCI5CE1 & =C$ A REACTION AGA9/ ! RE=MI/ L9E1 FROM AU!NTIC REVOLUTION>IES ( V>I\S BR&S--!SE HAVE F9ALLY UND]/OOD ?AT ! ONLY SURE & DIGNIFI$ WAY TO MAKE ,IMP]IALISM & ITS LACKEYS RETREAT1 & CLE> ! PA? TO ,REVOLUTION1 IS AN >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! =CES ( FASCI/ OPPRESSION 7! MA9 PROPS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & ,IMP]IALISM74 

#a4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT ! S]I\S DIV]G5CIES & DIVISIONS EXI/+ BETWE5 V>I\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 9 EA* C\NTRY >E ! RESULT ( ABSURD & NEGATIVE IDEOLOGICAL SECT>IANISM 7) :I*1 UNTIL N[1 ! DIFF]5T REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGIES HAVE EXPRESS$ & APPLI$ !MSELVES7 & HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DIVISION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT & FACILITAT$ ! 9CREAS+ DEPOLITICIZATION ( ! MASSES :O CANNOT LOGICALLY BE ATTRACT$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y PRAXIS DIVID$ BY CONTRADICTIONS & CONFRONTATIONS RESULT+ FROM ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y DOGMATISM :I* HAVE BE5 ! CAUSE ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y S*ISMS & IDEOLOGICAL 9T]NEC9E QU>RELS4 

#a4 

,TOGE!R ) ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN GR\P+S & !IR MO/ WELL KN[N EXPON5TS1 WE BELIEVE ?AT '! ,REVOLUTION' IS NOT ! 9H]ITANCE ( ANY S+LE ,P>TY1 BUT ( ALL :O DECIDE TO FI<T = IT ) GUNS 9 !IR H&S1 ?AT ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ OPPRESSION1 & = ! FRE$OM ( ! PEOPLE1 !ORETICALLY & HI/ORICALLY BELONGS TO1 & IS ASSUM$ BY1 ! PEOPLE & CLASSES :O SUFF] ! OPPRESSION & DECIDE TO FI<T AGA9/ IT4 ,P>TIES & IDEOLOGIES >E ONLY TRANSITORY TACTICAL 9/RUM5TS--P>TICUL>LY 9T]PRETATIONS ( ?IS /RUGGLE1 :OSE OBJECT IS ! ,REVOLUTION--& !Y MU/ !RE=E BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! TRUE ESS5CE ( SOCIAL HI/ORY4 

#a4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY WILL ONLY BE EFFECTIVE BETWE5 ?OSE MOVEM5TS :I* DO NOT MA9TA9 CONTACT1 NOR 9VOLVE !MSELVES 9 COMPROMISES1 ) ,IMP]IALISM1 & :O DO NOT GIVE SUPPORT TO ! POLITICS ( 'PEACEFUL CO-EXI/5CE' :I* 5ABLE ,IMP]IALISM TO C>RY \T ITS MASSACRES & SPOLIATIONS ) IMPUNITY :I* WILL CONT9UE AS LONG AS !RE IS NO COH]5T RESPONSE TO MILIT>Y 9T]V5TIONS :OSE PURPOSE IS TO /IFLE FI<TS = FRE$OM1 & REVOLUTION>Y \TBREAKS ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 

#a4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT ! REAL REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVE IS ! A*IEVEM5T ( FRE$OM = ! MASSES & = EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 & ?AT NEI!R PRIVATE CAPITALISM NOR /ATE CAPITALISM CAN BE CONDUCIVE TO ! FRE$OM ( MAN NOR TO AN AU!NTIC FREE SOCIETY4 ,PRIVATE CAPITALISM PRET5DS TO GIVE FRE$OM :ILE MA9TA9+ ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN--/ATE CAPITALISM PRET5DS TO 5D EXPLOITATION BY SUPPRESS+ FRE$OM2 EA* ( !M HAS !IR ROOTS 9 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ALI5ATION & !RE=E CANNOT EV5 (F] ! HOPE ( GRADUAL EVOLUTION T[>DS LIB]ATION4 ,= ! AU!NTIC REVOLUTION>Y ! A*IEVEM5T ( FRE$OM & ! 5D+ ( EXPLOITATION >E 9SEP>ABLE & COMPLIM5T>Y ASPIRATIONS4 

#a4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT ALL REVOLUTION>IES :O TRULY WI% TO SEE ! ,REVOLUTION TRIUMPH MU/1 & CAN1 ADMIT ! UNAVOIDABLE NECESSITY ( AN IDEOLOGICAL RE/ATEM5T :I* WILL RESOLVE MORE EFFECTIVELY ! PROBLEMS ( FRE$OM & SOCIAL JU/ICE--9 O!R WORDS3 MEANS & 5DS1 TACTICS & OBJECTIVES1 REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY & ! E?IC ( REVOLUTION--9 ORD] TO 5D ! DAMAG+ DIFF]5CES & DOCTR9AL ANTAGONISMS :I* HAVE H9D]$ UNTIL N[ ! UNION ( ALL REVOLUTION>IES AGA9/ ! COMMON 5EMY4 ,! IMPORTANT ?+ IS ?AT !Y %\LD N[ RECOGNIZE ?AT ,IMP]IALISM & ,CAPITALISM1 ( ANY V>IETY1 >E ! REAL 5EMIES1 & REVOLUTION>IES CAN ONLY CONFRONT !M BY UNIT+ !IR =CES1 OR AT LEA/ TO SUPPORT EA* O!R BY EFFECTIVE REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY1 NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL1 ?US PREV5T+ ! 5EMY FROM TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( EV]LA/+ CONTRADICTIONS & DIVISIONS4 

#a4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT ! TIME HAS COME = REVOLUTION>IES TO PUT ASIDE !IR IDEOLOGICAL DIV]G5CIES1 SECT>IANISMS & V>I\S 'OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS' ( CON/ITUTION & LOCATION -- ALL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS %\LD UNITE & CO-ORD9ATE !IR EF=TS ?R\< A VA/ ,MOVEM5T ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOLID>ITY 9 ORD] TO OPPOSE COH]5TLY IMP]IALI/ AGGRESSION & ! CRONIES ( DICTATOR%IP1 & TO BACK ) DE$S ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES ( ! PEOPLE & SO MAKE ! WAY TO REVOLUTION SECURE4 ,WE CAN TE/IFY TO ?IS ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOLID>ITY BY--  
  

-  
  

ACTS ( PROPAG&A & SOLID>ITY 9 FAVOR ( ALL PEOPLES :O >E FI<T+ AGA9/ FASCISM & IMP]IALISM2  
  

-  
  

ACTS ( VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! DIPLOMATIC & MILIT>Y CORPS1 IMP]IALISM & DICTATOR%IPS1 AS EFFECTIVE REPRISALS AGA9/ !IR \TRAGES4 

,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,I,E,S ,( ,A,L,L ,C,\,N,T,R,I,E,S ,U,N,I,T,E ,= ,A,N ,E,F,F,E,C,T,I,V,E ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,S,O,L,I,D,>,I,T,Y ,T,O ,P,R,E,V,5,T ,! ,E,X,T,],M,9,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,?,O,S,E ,:,O ,F,I,<,T ,= ,! ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N ,9 ,A,N,Y ,P,>,T ,( ,! ,W,O,R,L,D6 

,L,O,N,G ,L,I,V,E ,9,T,],N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,S,O,L,I,D,>,I,T,Y6 

,AUGU/ #aifg 

#a/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P_/,F,I,J,L 7,IB]IAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?7 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL 
,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL 

  
,T[>DS ! ,CREATION ( AN ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL 

  

,ON ! BASIS ( \R REC5T EXP]I5CES1 & AN ANALYSIS D]IV$ FROM \R P>TICUL> SITUATION AS AN>*I/S 7ORGANIZ$ OR NOT7 )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL POLITICO-SOCIAL CONTEXT1 WE HAVE >RIV$ AT ! FOLL[+ CONCLUSIONS :I* WE CONSID] BO? USEFUL & NECESS>Y TO BE PUT BE=E ALL MILITANTS :O BELIEVE IT /ILL POSSIBLE TO ADOPT AN EFFICI5T REVOLUTION>Y POSITION4 

#a4 

,! MOD]N /ATES 7TOTALIT>IAN OR DEMOCRATIC71 PRIVATE & /ATE CAPITALISM1 ALL V>IATIONS ( POLITICAL & RELIGI\S IDEOLOGY1 TRADE-UNIONISM 7:E!R RE=MI/ OR /ATE-RUN71 9 G5]AL1 ALL SOCIAL GR\PS :I* >E P>T ( ! PRES5T PRODUCTIVE SOCIETY1 HAVE E/ABLI%$ AS A FACT1 A CO-EXI/5CE ?AT T5DS1 AT ANY CO/1 TO 5SURE ! PRES5T /ATUS QUO = ALL =MS ( PRIVILEGE1 EXPLOITATION & AU?ORITY4 

,MORE & MORE ! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,SY/EM 7OR ! DIFF]5T SY/EMS & SOCIETIES1 AS WELL AS ?OSE BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T RACES & NATIONALITIES7 T5D TO 9T5SIFY 7BUT NOT RESOLVE7 !MSELVES ?R\< NEGOTIATIONS & COMPROMISES :I* DO NOT IMP]IL ! SURVIVAL ( ! SY/EM 7OR SY/EMS7 AS SU*1 NOR ( ! GR\PS1 CA/ES OR CLASSES ?AT AT PRES5T 5JOY PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS4 ,FROM ?IS /EMS ! PREVAIL+ POLITICAL CONFUSION & MORAL DEGRADATION1 ! REPUGNANT DEAL+ BETWE5 REGIMES PRET5D+ TO IRRECONCILABLE 5MITY 7,RUSSIA & ! ,U,S,A1 ,CUBA & ,SPA91 ,*9A & ,PORTUGAL7 ! 'PEOPLES' DEMOCRACIES & ! CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACIES1 ETC4 

,! OLD RUL+ CA/ES & ! NEW BUREAUCRATIC CA/ES1 :ATEV] !IR COLOR1 RACE OR RELIGION1 HAVE LO/ !IR =M] PREJUDICES & HIDD5 SCRUPLES4 ,TODAY )9 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS & ?R\< (FICIAL EX*ANGES !Y HOBNOB & 5T]TA9 ONE ANO!R ON ! BACKS ( ! COMMON PEOPLE :O SU/A9 !M1 & >E SUBJECT$ TO !M4 ,& )9 ?IS ME% ( AGREEM5TS & 9T]E/S WE MU/ ALSO PLACE ! WELL-9TEGRAT$ 'LEAD]%IP' & TRADE-UNION BUREAUCRATIC CA/E4 

#a4 

,FROM ?IS IT FOLL[S ?AT1 TODAY1 DOCTR9AL DECL>ATIONS & RE-AFFIRMATIONS ( IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES HAVE NO MEAN+ BEYOND DEMAGOGY--A HABIT ?AT CL+S4 ,ONE NO LONG] FI<TS = DEMOCRACY1 SOCIALISM1 COMMUNISM1 OR REVOLUTION1 BUT M]ELY = ! RECOGNITION ( ! DEFEAT ( P[]1 BY ?IS OR ?AT GR\P1 9 A P>TICUL> PLACE1 & = 'NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE' 7! C]TIFICATE ( GU>ANTEE :I* COV]S & JU/IFIES ALL TYPES ( DESPOTISM7 & 9 ORD] TO =GET ! DEBTS [+ TO 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY4 ,SO1 9 ,VIETNAM1 ,KOREA1 ,HUNG>Y & ,CUBA1 AFT] ! TRIUMPH ( ONE OR ANO!R GANG1 ONE NO LONG] FI<TS = OR AGA9/ 'COMMUNISM' BUT SIMPLY 9 ORD] TO GU>ANTEE 'NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE'1 ! ,G5EVA AGREEM5TS1 ! ,U,N,O AGREEM5TS1 T]RITORIAL 9TEGRITY & ! SURVIVAL ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ,SAIGON OR ,HANOI1 ,TEL ,AVIV OR ,CAIRO4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ,B>RI5TOS & ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN OLIG>*IES1 ASSI/$ BY ,AM]ICAN ',GRE5 ,B]ETS'1 SMA% REVOLUTION>Y GU]RILLAS & ASSASS9ATE ,*E ,GUEV>A1 & ! ,U,S,S,R & ! ',PEOPLES' ,DEMOCRACIES' CONT9UE TO DO BUS9ESS1 MA9TA9 DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS & EXT5D CR$IT TO !SE SAME GOV]NM5TS ?AT ! ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>IES ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA >E FI<T+ AGA9/4 

,?R\<\T ! WORLD ONE F9DS ! SAME UGLY :EEL+ & DEAL+4 ,SOVIET COMM]CIAL1 CULTURAL1 & SPORTS MISSIONS CONF] ) !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,FRANCO'S ,SPA92 & ?R\<\T ! ,VIETNAMESE TRAG$Y ,AM]ICAN & ,MAOI/ DIPLOMATS 9 ,W>SAW MA9TA9 RELATIONS4 ,! DECOLONIZATION ( ! ,ASIATIC & BLACK PEOPLES PROCE$S1 BUT ONLY TO ALL[ ! 9DIG5\S B\RGEOISIE TO TAKE P[] EXT5SIVELY ASSI/$ BY ,RUSSIA &_/OR ! ,U,S,A4 

,9 PRACTICE IDEOLOGY IS %ELV$1 BECOM+ NO MORE ?AN A FUNCTION ( PATRIOTISM1 'NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE'1 'LEGALITY'1 'PUBLIC ORD]'1 'PEACE'1 & 'DEVELOPM5T'--& AS IT IS 9 ! ,EA/1 SO IT IS 9 ! ,WE/4 

,ALL OV] ! WORLD P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS WITNESS !IR [N SACRIFICE ( IDEOLOGY TO ! SIMPLE /RUGGLE = P[]4 

#a4 

,UN=TUNATELY ?IS PH5OM5ON ( ! AB&ONM5T ( IDEOLOGICAL COH]5CE HAS ALSO 9VAD$ 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ CIRCLES1 :I* DID NOT KN[ H[ TO RESI/ OR FI<T AGA9/ ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION>Y DEMOBILIZATION4 

,= AN>*ISM1 ORGANIZATIONAL OR NOT1 REVOLUTION>Y DEMOBILIZATION1 ?IS RUPTURE BETWE5 IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPTION & ITS PRACTICAL \TCOME IS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE1 CONSID]+ ?AT AN>*ISM DOES NOT ASPIRE TO ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC P[]4 ,IF IT AB&ONS ITS ONLY POSSIBLE VOCATION3 ITS COMBATIV5ESS 9 ! /RUGGLE = REVOLUTION1 IF IT IS CONT5T TO REM9ISCE AB\T ! PA/ OR TO VEGETATE 9TO BUREAUCRACY1 IT WILL LACK A F9AL OBJECTIVE &1 AS IT LACKS MY/ICAL ROOTS1 IT C\LD NOT SURVIVE AS A SECT--IT W\LD BE ( NO PRACTICAL USE TO ANY SOCIAL GR\P+ BE !IR NE$S MAT]IAL OR SPIRITUAL4 

,IF AN>*ISM IS TO EXI/ 9 REALITY1 IT IS TO DRAW ! PEOPLE & JU/IFY ITSELF AS A PRACTICAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY )\T BE+ DEMAGOGIC1 IT MU/ NOT ONLY RE-AFFIRM ITS ANTI/ATISM AS A DET]M9+ CONDITION = ! TRIUMPH ( FRE$OM1 BUT MU/ ACCOMPANY ?IS CRITICISM ( AU?ORIT>IANISM ) ! PRACTICE ( P]MAN5T REBELLION2 )\T ?IS IT IS USELESS EXCEPT AS A MEANS ( RIDICUL+ & CONTRIBUT+ A LITTLE MORE TO ! EXT5SION ( ! PRES5T CONFUSION1 PO9T+ \T ! DANG]S1 CONTRADICTIONS & DAMAG+ RESULTS ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY4 ,BUT IT IS ALL USELESS IF WE CONT5T \RSELVES ) VEGETAT+ AS O!RS DO4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! P]SECUTION ( DISSID5TS1 ! FI<T+ ( REAL OR IMAG9>Y DEVIATIONS1 WILL NOT SAVE US FROM A COLLECTIVE DECAD5CE IF WE DO NOT REACT BE=EH& AGA9/ ! REIGN+ APA?Y1 /AGNATION1 R\T9E1 & REVOLUTION>Y DEMOBILIZATION ( ! :OLE1 :E!R AS 9DIVIDUALS1 GR\PS1 OR MOVEM5TS4 

#a4 

,H[EV]1 AS WE HAVE SAID BE=E--! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALI/ & 'SOCIALI/' SOCIETY CONT9UE TO FL\RI% & 9 MANY CASES !IR CONSEQU5CES >E EV5 MORE S]I\S ?AN BE=E2 ! 9TEGRATION ( WORK]S 9TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & ! GR[? ( 'CONSUM]' SOCIETY HAVE LULL$ ! PROLET>IAT4 ,H[EV]1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAS NOT DISAPPE>$1 NOR ! 9EVITABLE CONFRONTATIONS ?R\< :I* EA* CLASS DEF5DS ITS SECTIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,NEI!R HAS 'PEACEFUL CO-EXI/5CE' /OPP$ >M$ CONFLICTS1 IT HAS ONLY LIMIT$ !M GEOGRAPHICALLY--,VIETNAM1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ,AFRICA 44444 

,RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION1 ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 ! ABUSES ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 ! ABS5CE ( ESS5TIAL FRE$OMS 7( ?\<T1 EXPRESSION & ASSEMBLY71 POLITICAL CRIMES & RESULT+ REPRESSION & T]ROR >E COMMON CURR5CY 9 \R CIVILIZ$ WORLD4 ,9 ,FRANCO'S ,SPA91 ,SALAZ>'S ,PORTUGAL1 ! ,GREECE ( ! ',COLONELS'1 AS 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ! ',PEOPLES' ,DEMOCRACIES'1 WORK]S & EV5 LIB]AL ACADEMICS >E CONDEMN$ :5 !Y PROTE/ OR ATTEMPT TO EX]CISE !IR FRE$OM ( ASSEMBLY4 ,& 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ! BLACKS REBEL AGA9/ RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION1 :ILE 9 ,*9A !RE IS A BRUTAL CONF\ND+ ( ! WILL ( ! MASSES ) ! DEIFICATION ( ,MAOISM4 

,SO1 = AN>*I/S ?R\<\T ! WORLD !RE IS NO LACK ( MOTIVES = ACTION1 NOR ( PRACTICAL POSSIBILITIES TO DECL>E !IR PRES5CE & TO %[ ! WAY4 

,9 ,EUROPE1 EI!R HYPOCRITICALLY 9DIFF]5T OR ACCESSORY TO CRIMES COMMITT$ )9 ITS BORD]S 7,SPA91 ,GREECE1 ,PORTUGAL71 & 9 O!R CONT95TS DOM9AT$ BY ECONOMIC & POLITICAL IMP]IALISM1 !RE EXI/ MANY POSSIBILITIES ( DEMON/RAT+ ?R\< !SE OBVI\S EXAMPLES :]E REASON1 JU/ICE & FRE$OM LIE )\T HAV+ TO PLAY AT SUICIDE1 GRATUIT\S H]OISM OR COMPULSIVE ACTIVISM4 ,BUT SIMPLY & MODE/LY1 AW>E ( ! RISKS ?AT GO ) SU* AN ATTITUDE IT IS POSSIBLE TO KEEP ! REBEL CONSCI5CE ALIVE & TO MOBILIZE1 BY MEANS ( CONCRETE ACTION1 ALL REVOLUTION>Y AGITATIONS ?AT MANIFE/ !MSELVES ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 TRANSC5D+ ! ABSURD DOGMATISMS & TRAC+ A WAY ( EFFECTIVE REBELLION BE=E ! COLLECTIVE SUBMISSION ( ! SUPPOS$LY REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS4 

#a4 

,TO SUMM>IZE3 WE ?9K ?AT ! TIME HAS COME TO DEF9E & SET 9 MOTION A L9E ( ACTION ?AT WILL BE CONSI/5T ) ! REVOLUTION>Y E?IC & REALIZABLE 9 PRACTICE2 SU* AS =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT1 AVOID+ ! OM9\S CONSEQU5CES ( BUREAUCRACY1 TAKES 9TO ACC\NT \R NUMB]S & REAL POSSIBILITIES :ILE BE+ CAPABLE ( PROJECT+ ! AN>*I/ PRES5CE EFFECTIVELY1 IF MODE/LY1 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL POLITICO-SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,WE MU/ TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ALL ! OPPORTUNITIES ( ! HI/ORIC MOM5T1 & 9 P>TICUL> ( ! CRISIS 9 ,M>XISM 9 :OSE HE>T HAS >IS5 ! 9ESCAPABLE PROBLEM ( DIRECT ACTION & REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY4 ,WE DO NOT BELIEVE 9 MIRACUL\S SOLUTIONS1 NOR 9 ! M]E $UCATIVE VALUE ( EXAMPLE--WE BELIEVE 9 ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ACTION :5 IT RESPONDS TO C]TA9 CONDITIONS :I* GIVE IT MEAN+1 & A CONSI/5T IDEOLOGICAL & TACTICAL L9E4 

,WE HAVE >RIV$ AT !SE CONCLUSIONS AFT] A NUMB] ( EXP]I5CES :I* HAVE DEMON/RAT$ TO US ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT WE >E A M9ORITY PRACTICALLY )\T MEANS1 WE CAN MAKE \R PRES5CE FELT1 GA9 SYMPA?Y1 & BE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION BY 9T]NATIONAL PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,SO1 \R OBJECTIVE IS NOT ONLY TO PRES5T CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM \R [N EXP]I5CE1 BUT RA!R TO (F] \R SOLID>ITY & COLLABORATION TO ALL ?OSE :O BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( WORK+ EFFECTIVELY T[>DS REBELLION & 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY4 

,CONSEQU5TLY WE SUM UP \R POSITION 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 

,F,I,R,/,L,Y3 

,COMPLETE ID5TIFICATION ) ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPT ( AN>*ISM & ITS CLASSIC REVOLUTION>Y L9E2 

,S,E,C,O,N,D,L,Y3 

,COMPLETE REJECTION ( IDEOLOGICAL DOGMATISM & SECT>IANISM1 AS WE CONSID] !SE PH5OM5A 9COMPATIBLE ) AN>*I/ E?ICS2 

,?,I,R,D,L,Y3 

,COMPLETE RESPECT = OP9IONS & DISCUSSIONS AS F> AS ! ACTIVITY ( EA* GR\P1 9DIVIDUAL OR MOVEM5T IS CONC]N$2 

,F,\,R,?,L,Y3 

,TO BE TOTALLY PREP>$ TO COLLABORATE ) GR\PS1 9DIVIDUALS OR MOVEM5TS ) :OM ONE HAS AFF9ITY & SIMIL>LY ) ALL ?OSE :O CLAIM TO FOLL[ A REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY & :O W\LD BE PREP>$ TO FI<T SECT>IANISM & ELITISM AS WELL AS ! 9JU/ICES IMPOS$ BY ANY SPECIES ( IDEOLOGY2 

,F,I,F,?,L,Y3 

COMPLETE ID5TIFICATION ) ! ESS5TIALS ( ! MANIFE/O1 ',T,O ,A,L,L ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,M,O,V,E,M,5,T,S ,9 ,! ,W,O,R,L,D' 7DI/RIBUT$ BY ! #a/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P AFT] ! ATTACK ON ! ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY 9 ,LONDON7 AS A G5]AL /RATEGIC L9E AS LONG AS ! PRES5T POLITICO-SOCIAL CONDITIONS P]SI/ ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 

#a? ,M>* #aifh 

#a/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,& ,N[444 ,:AT8 
,& N[444 :AT8 

  

,! '5D' ( ! W> 9 ,VIETNAM CORRESPONDS TO ! 5D P]IOD ( 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS ( ! GREAT P[]S :I*1 DUR+ !SE LA/ ?IRTY YE>S1 HAS GOV]N$ ! DE/9Y ( ! WORLD4 ,BEYOND !SE APP>5T & IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CES 7'5D' ( ! MO/ FLAGRANT TE*NOLOGICAL G5OCIDE & ! PRACTICAL AFFIRMATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( 'PACIFIC CO-EXI/5CE BETWE5 OPPOS+ POLITICAL REGIMES7 IT HAS ITS PROBABLE CONSEQU5CES = ! FUTURE :I* >E DI/URB+2 ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! DOM9ATION ( ! /ATE UND] ALL ITS =MS & 9 ALL ! F\R CORN]S ( ! WORLD2 5T5TE CORDIALE BETWE5 ALL P[]S TO 5SURE ! /ATUS QUO ( ,P[] & ,PRIVILEGE2 EXT5SION ( TE*NOLOGICAL RATIONALITY OV] ALL ! PLANET1 ) ! CONSEQU5T ASS]TION ( SUBMISSION BY ALI5AT+ WORK & ! 'ADVANTAGE' ( ! CONSUM] SOCIETY2 9T5SIVE & MAXIMUM DEVELOPM5T ( ! /RUCTURES ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY1 R\ND ! TWO POLES ( ITS IDEOLOGICAL DYNAMIC3 FASCISM & ,/AL9ISM4 

,WE/]N ,SOCIETY1 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD @& ! ,O!RS6 

  

,9 ! FR5ZI$ RACE T[>DS 9DU/RIALIZATION :I* WAS E/ABLI%$ AS ! LEITMOTIF ( CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY ( ALL PEOPLES & ( ALL SY/EMS1 ,WE/]N SOCIETY HAS ATTA9$ SUFFICI5TLY HI< LEVELS TO R5D] POSSIBLE A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ! SOCIAL POLITICS ( ! DIFF]5T GOV]NM5TS :I* COMPOSES IT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9 ! NAME ( '9T]NATIONAL COMPETITION' & 'NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE' ! ORD] ( PRIORITY CONT9UES TO BE RUL$ BY ! ECONOMIC & NOT BY ! SOCIAL4 ,& ONLY 9 ! CASE ( MOVEM5TS DEM&+ BETT] WAGES & CONDITIONS1 BE+ ABLE TO OV]FL[ ! LIMITS ( LEGALITY1 & TO CONT9UE !IR ACTION BEYOND ?AT :I* ! SY/EM CAN TOL]ATE1 ONLY !N >E C]TA9 RE=MS ALL[$ & LIMIT$ IMPROVEM5TS MADE4 ,BUT ALWAYS ) DELIB]ATE 9T5TION ( 5SUR+ ! 9TEGRATION 9TO ! SY/EM ( ! EXPLOIT$ MASSES1 ( 5SUR+ ! CONT9UANCE ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] & ( FACILITAT+ ECONOMIC EXPANSION4 ,ALL TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! TRUE HUMANIZATION ( 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE LIFE1 ( TRUE DEMOCRACY & TRUE COMMUNISM4 

,9 ! C\NTRIES ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 9DU/RIALIZATION IS ALSO *ANG$ 9TO A SUPREME POLITICAL OBJECTIVE4 ,DESPITE ! REVOLUTION>Y ASS]TIONS ( ! PR9CIPAL MOVEM5TS ( 'NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE' & 'LIB]ATION' :I* 9 !IR TIME WOKE GREAT HOPES 9 ! HE>T ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS 9 ,EUROPE1 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD 7LEAN+1 PRECISELY ON ! SUBMISSION ( ! MASSES TO DEMAGOGIC NATIONALISM7 TURN$ TO FOLL[ ! PA? ( ,WE/]N ,CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,&1 MORE & MORE1 HAV+ RESOLV$ OR NOT ITS E?ICAL & RELIGI\S CONTRADICTIONS1 ITS 9TEGRATION ) ! O!R WE/]N NATIONS BECAME AN 9CONTE/ABLE & IRREV]SIBLE FACT4 

,! O!RS1 W]E1 9 !IR TIME1 ,MAO'S ,*9A1 ,NOR? ,VIET NAM & ,CA/RO'S ,CUBA4 ,BUT WE HAVE SE5 :AT ECONOMIC REASON+1 ! /RATEGY ( DISSUASION & ! 9T]NATIONAL COLLABORATION ) ,JOHNSON & ,NIXON HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DO 9 !SE REVOLUTION>Y RAMP>TS4 

,REVOLUTION>Y ,GR\PUSCLES 

  

,FAC$ ) ?IS H>MONY ( ! DIFF]5T AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EMS1 & AL?\< ! LEFTI/ GR\PUSCLES1 ! MO/ 'POLITICIZ$' DID NOT R5\NCE !IR WELL KN[N SLOGANS 7TO *ANGE ! QUALITY ( LIFE1 SOCIETY & MAN7 NOR !IR PRET5SION TO BE ! REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D1 !Y RETREAT$ T[>DS MORE MODE/1 LESS RADICAL1 & MORE 9TEGRAT$ POSITIONS4 ,?US P]HAPS )\T WANT+ IT1 ?OSE :O CONSID]$ !MSELVES ! MO/ LEGITIMATE HEIRS ( ! :OLE 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ! Y\? REVOLT1 HAVE HELP$ 9 ! ABSORPTION BY ! SY/EM ( A MOVEM5T :I* ASPIR$ TO BE 9ABSORBABLE4 ,JU/ AS REPRESSION EQUALLY LO/ ITS VIRUL5CE1 !SE GR\PUSCLES IMPOS$ A SELF-DISCIPL9E 7NOT TO YIELD TO 'PROVOCATION'7 ?AT MADE !M MORE & MORE RESPECTFUL ( LEGALITY UP TO ! PO9T ( BE+ HAPPY TO BE ! 'EXTREME LEFT' ( ! CLASSIC LEFT 9TEGRAT$ BY ! :OLE RANGE ( RE=MI/ UNIONS & P>TIES ( COMMUNI/1 SOCIALI/1 OR SIMPLY DEMOCRATIC P]SUASION44444 ,?US1 AL?\< !Y CONT9UE TO BE CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y1 !Y HAVE EQUALLY CEAS$ TO BE1 PRACTICALLY & POT5TIALLY1 ! NEGATION ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN ORD]4 ,ONLY ! M>G9AL GR\PUSCULES :O HAVE NOT R5\NC$ ! REVOLUTION>Y RAISON D'ETRE N[ REMA9 AS ! AU!NTIC REPRES5TATIVES ( ! IDEAL ( ! NEGATION ( AU?ORITY2 A RAISON D'ETRE :I* CONSI/$1 AS HAD BE5 AFFIRM$ 9 AN EXEMPL>Y FA%ION 9 ,MAY '#f#h1 ( LIV+ ! REVOLUTION AT ! PRES5T MOM5T1 & IT IS ONLY !Y :O CONT9UE TO FI<T ! SY/EM1 9 RADICALIZ+ ! /RUGGLES 9 DIFF]5T SECTORS ( SOCIETY1 :I* ! O!R GR\PUSCULES1 P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS P]SI/ 9 KEEP+ )9 ! B\NDS ( LEGALITY4 

,OBJECTIVES 

  

,! ,L59I/ CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION HAS CEAS$ TO BE A POSSIBLE ALT]NATIVE ?US GIV+ TO AN>*I/ IDEAS A GR[+ PROM95CE & SIGNIFICANCE4 ,9 ! FACTORIES1 9 ! NEI<BORHOODS1 9 ! UNIV]SITIES & 9 EV]YDAY LIFE1 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVISM CAN F9D A ?\S& & ONE JU/IFICATIONS & AN EQUAL NUMB] ( WAYS ( %[+ ITSELF4 ,CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & ,/ATE OPPRESSION >E /ILL1 & MU* MORE ?AN BE=E ! ESS5CE & EV]YDAY REALITY ( ALL ! AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EMS ) !IR 9EVITABLE /R+ ( 9JU/ICES & 5DLESS \TRAGES1 ( VIOL5CE & REPRESSIVE B>B>ITY1 ( MORAL MIS]Y & CULTURAL ALI5ATION4 ,! OBJECTIVES >E /ILL REVOLT & LIB]ATION1 9 ORD] ?AT MAN CAN ASPIRE & ATTA9 HIS MO/ COMPLETE REALIZATION4 ,&1 IMM$IATELY1 ! D5UNCIATION & AWAK5+ ( PUBLIC OP9ION TO ! MO/ FLAGRANT ABUSES & \TRAGES AGA9/ ! 'RI<TS ( MAN' 9 NO MATT] :AT C\NTRY ( ! WORLD2 9 OPPOS+ ! REPRESSIVE SOLID>ITY ( ! ,/ATES BY ! SOLID>ITY ( ! OPPRESS$4 

,APPEAL 

  

,FAC$ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y DEMOBILIZATION ( ALL ! SECTORS & ,/ATES :I* ONCE 9VOK$ ! REVOLUTION AS ! SUPREME IDEAL & OBJECTIVE2 FAC$ ) ! CONC]T$ EF=TS ( ! P[]FUL TO /R5G!N ! V]Y F\NDATIONS :I* R5D]S POSSIBLE & MA9TA9S !IR PRIVILEGES1 FAC$ ) ! ASS]TION ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLES ( SOCIETY1 9 ! ,EA/ AS 9 ! ,WE/1 TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! PEOPLE & ( CIVIL LIB]TIES1 WE ASK ! REVOLUTION>Y UNIFICATION & MOBILIZATION ( ALL ?OSE :O DO NOT WI% TO ABDICATE !IR HUMAN DIGNITY1 ( ALL ?OSE :O REFUSE TO LIVE 9 ALI5ATION & TO S]VE AS A SUPPORT = ! P[]S ?AT BE4 

,WE SUGGE/ TO ALL ?OSE :O HAVE SURM\NT$ ! POISON\S IDEOLOGICAL SECT>IANISMS & :O HAVE R5\NC$ ! *IM]A ( ! LEGAL /RUGGLE1 TO UNIT !IR EF=TS ) \RS TO FOM5T ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVISM 9 ALL ITS =MS1 F9ALLY 9 >\S+ PUBLIC OP9ION TO ! /RUGGLES ( PEOPLES1 M9ORITIES & 9DIVIDUALS VICTIMIZ$ BY ! OPPRESSION & REPRESSION ( ! ,/ATE BAS$ ON ! PREMISES /AT$ 9 \R DOCUM5TS PRIOR TO ,MAY #a#i#f#h4 

,MAY #a/ #aigc 

#a/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P 

,9T]NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y 

,SOLID>ITY ,MOVEM5T 

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,PRESS ,COMMUNIQUE 
,PRESS ,COMMUNIQUE 

  
  

,TEXT DI/RIBUT$ TO PRESS AG5CIES & P]IODICALS4  
  

,9COMPLETE & ]RONE\S ACC\NTS GIV5 BY ! PRESS CONC]N+ REC5T EV5TS HAVE OBLIG$ US TO GIVE A FEW EXPLANATIONS AS TO ! OBJECTIVES & *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! '#a/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P'4 

,DUR+ ! NI<T ( ! #bND & #cRD ,M>* #aifh ! #a/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P C>RI$ \T 79 V>I\S ,EUROPEAN CAPITALS7 A S]IES ( ACTIONS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! DIPLOMATIC & MILIT>Y CORPS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! FASCI/ GOV]NM5TS ,GREECE1 ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL4 ,ACTIONS SU* AS ! KIDNAP ( ,MGR4 ,USSIA 9 ,ROME1 ! MA*9E-GUNN+ ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY 9 ,LONDON1 ! ATTACKS ON ! EMBASSIES ( ,GREECE & ,BOLIVIA 9 ,BONN1 ETC4 TO :I* ! ,PRESS GAVE1 AT ! TIME1 AN ESS5TIALLY PSY*OLOGICAL *>ACT]1 HAD TWO PR9CIPAL OBJECTIVES3 

- 

TO 9=M ! PUBLIC AT L>GE1 ?R\< ! MEANS ( ! PRESS AG5CIES1 ( ! CLAIMS :I* MOTIVAT$ !SE ACTIONS2 

- 

TO DEMON/RATE ?R\< !SE CLAIMS ! PALPABLE ( ! 'ESCALATION ( T]ROR' :I* IS AT PRES5T SPREAD+ ?R\<\T ! WORLD UND] ! PATRONAGE ( ! ,U,S,A1 OPPOSE IT BY A 'C\NT]-ESCALATION' ( REBELLION 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS & ON ALL GR\NDS4 

,CLE>LY IT IS NOT A MATT] ( OPPOS+ TO GLOBAL T]RORISM AN 'H]OIC' T]RORISM BUT RA!R TO SPREAD AN (F5SIVE MOVEM5T CAPABLE ( BREAK+ D[N ! PASSIVITY :I* GOV]NM5TS1 US+ 9CREAS+LY SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS1 >E ATTEMPT+ TO CREATE 9 US4 

,! G5OCIDE ( ! ,VIETNAMESE PEOPLE1 ! SUBJECTION ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & ! CONFLICTS FOM5T$ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ BY ! ASSASS9S ( ! ,:ITE ,H\SE & ! ,P5TAGON >E ASPECTS ( A SY/EMATIC PROGRAM TO 5CAPSULATE ! WORLD4 ,9 ,EUROPE TOO1 ONCE CAN OBS]VE IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( ?IS PROGRAM3 ! FUNDAM5TAL SUPPORT GIV5 BY ! ,U,S,A TO ! DICTATOR%IPS ( ,GREECE1 ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL 9 EX*ANGE = ! GU>ANTEE ( /RATEGIC BASES 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN4 

,AS = ! 'B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACIES' ( ! WE/ & ! 'PEOPLES' DEMOCRACIES' ( ! EA/1 !Y >E BUSY LOOK+ = NEW M>KETS AS !Y >E MOV+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! 'SUP] CONSUM]' SOCIETY4 ,F9ANCIAL TRU/S 9 ! WE/ & ! BUREAUCRATIC P>TY /RUCTURES 9 ! EA/1 TOTALLY DISREG>D+ ANY HUMANIT>IAN SCRUPLES1 /R5G!N !IR TIES ) DICTATORIAL REGIMES4 

,?US PRIVATE & /ATE CAPITALISM CONV]GE T[>DS ! SAME OBJECTIVE 7:ILE PRES]V+ !IR RESPECTIVE SY/EMS71 US+ AS JU/IFICATION A POLITICAL PLAN = 'NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE'1 OR AN ECONOMIC PLAN = 'NATIONAL EXPANSION' :ILE ! C\NTRIES ( ! '?IRD WORLD' >E KEPT 9 A P]PETUAL /ATE ( REPRESSION & MIS]Y AS ! MA9 S\RCE ( RAW MAT]IALS & *EAP LABOR4 

,9 ! FACE ( ?IS REALITY WE SUBMIT ?AT A G5]ALIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y ACTION AGA9/ CAPITALISM & ALL REIGN+ BUREAUCRACIES 79CLUD+ ?AT ( ,*9A7 IS ! ONLY WAY LEFT OP5 TO AN EXPLOIT$ HUMANITY WI%+ TO REGA9 CONTROL ( ITS DE/9Y4 

,AT A TIME :5 NEW G5]ATIONS ( ! :OLE WORLD1 %ATT]+ ! MY?S ( A 'FREE' WE/]N WORLD & ! 'CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALISM' 7DIRECT$ BY AN OMNIPOT5T P>TY7 CRY/ALLIZE !IR ASPIRATIONS T[>DS AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION WE BELIEVE ?AT ONLY ! 9T]NATIONAL CO-ORD9ATION ( !SE MOVEM5TS C\LD OPPOSE AN EFFECTIVE =CE AGA9/ ! GLOBAL COLLABORATION ( ! =CES ( OPPRESSION4 

,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ DICTATOR%IPS--,SPANI%1 ,GREEK1 ,PORTUGUESE1 AGA9/ RACISM 9 ! ,U,S,A & 'AP>!ID' 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 AGA9/ ! EXT]M9ATION ( ! ,VIETNAMESE PEOPLE OR ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 CON/ITUTE ! GLOBAL FI<T AGA9/ ALL SY/EMS ( EXPLOITATION4 

,M>* #aifh 

#a/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P 

,MOVEM5T ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOLID>ITY 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,OP]ATION ,DURRUTI 
,OP]ATION ,DURRUTI 

  
,REPORT ON ! ,>RE/ & ,PROCE$+S AGA9/ ,FIVE ,AN>*I/S ,ACCUS$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,POLICE ( ,PLANN+ TO ,KIDNAP AN ,AM]ICAN ,V,I,P 9 ,SPA94 

  

,ON ! #b#h? ,OCTOB] #aiff ! ,SPANI% ,PRESS & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,PRESS ,AG5CIES ANN\NC$ ! (FICIAL POLICE /ATEM5T :I* CONFIRM$ ! >RE/ ( FIVE ,SPANI% AN>*I/S3 ,LUIS ,$,O1 #da YE>S OLD2 ,ANTONIO ,C,A,N,E,T,E1#d#i2 ,ALICIA ,M,U,R1 #c#c2 ,JESUS ,R,O,D,R,I,G,U,E,Z1 #c#i2 & ,ALFR$O ,H,],R,],A1 #c#a4 

,! (FICIAL COMMUNIQUE PUBLI%$ BY ALL ! ,SPANI% PRESS GAVE ! FOLL[+ V]SION3-- 

',A GR\P ( FIVE >M$ P]SONS ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,F,I,J,L 7,IB]IAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?1 Y\? BRAN* ( ! ,SPANI% ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T7 :I* PLANN$ TO KIDNAP AN IMPORTANT =EIGN P]SONALITY 9 ,MADRID1 HAS BE5 >RE/$ BY ! ,S,I,S 7,S]VICIOS DE ,9VE/IGACION ,SOCIAL74 ,! FIVE P]SONS & ! >MS HAVE BE5 PLAC$ AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,MADRID ,PUBLIC ,ORD] ,TRIBUNAL4 ,! GR\P WAS HEAD$ BY ,LUIS ,$,O1 A =M] ,SECRET>Y ,G5]AL ( ! ,F,I,J,L 9 ,P>IS & MEMB] ( ! GR\P :I* LA/ ,APRIL KIDNAPP$ 9 ,ROME ! ECCLESIA/ICAL C\NCELLOR ( ! ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY TO ! ,HOLY ,SEE1 ,MONSEIGNEUR ,U,S,S,I,A4 

',! ,F,I,J,L HAD BE5 PLANN+ = SOME TIME A SUBV]SIVE ACTION :I* W\LD HAVE FOCUS$ 9T]NATIONAL OP9ION ON ,SPA94 ,?IS MISSION HAD BE5 5TRU/$ TO ,$,O'S GR\P :OSE MEMB]S W]E MOBILIZ$ FROM ,FRANCE ) FULL 9/RUCTIONS4 

',! PLANN$ KIDNAP IS A FOLL[-UP ( ! ONE C>RI$ \T LA/ ,APRIL BY ! AN>*I/ GR\P ',FIR/ ( ,MAY' AGA9/ ,MGR4 ,USSIA 9 ,ROME4 ,?IS TIME ! AN>*I/S PLOTT$ A SIMIL> 'C\P' 9 ,SPA9 ) ! 9T5TION ( LAUN*+ A S5SATIONAL CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,SPA94 ,! BRILLIANT POLICE OP]ATION BEGAN ON ! #b#e? ,OCTOB] ) ! >RE/ ( ,ANTONIO ,CANETE TRAVEL+ UND] A FALSE NAME ON ! ,MADRID-,B>CELONA EXPRESS4 ,CANETE1 :O WAS >RE/$ AT ! ,S>AGOSSE /ATION1 IS WELL KN[N = HIS RECORD AS AN ACTIVI/4 ,HE HAD TAK5 P>T 9 SEV]AL SABOTAGE ACTIONS4 ,9 HIS POSSESSIONS ! POLICE F\ND A CONTRACT = A FLAT 9 ,MADRID--,PASEO DE ,SANTA ,M>IA DE LA ,CABEZA4 ,?IS FLAT WAS ! BASE ( ! GR\P & IT WAS !RE ?AT ! =EIGN ,V,I,P WAS TO HAVE BE5 KEPT4 ,! REMA9+ MEMB]S ( ! GR\P W]E >RE/$ SOON AFT] ?IS 9 ! FLAT M5TION$4 

',ACCORD+ TO ,LUIS ,$,O'S DECL>ATIONS1 ! BRA9 BEH9D ! OP]ATION WAS ,OCTAVIO ,A,L,B,],O,L,A :O HAD REMA9$ 9 ,P>IS4 ,$,O CAME TO ,SPA9 AFT] ! ,ROME KIDNAP ) ! 9T5TIONS ( HOLD+ A PRESS CONF]5CE AB\T ! AN>*I/ GR\P ',FIR/ ( ,MAY' OP]ATION 9 ,ROME4 

',9 ! FLAT :I* S]V$ AS HEADQU>T]S ( ! GR\P1 ! POLICE F\ND A ',/5' MA*9E GUN1 A ,LUG] AUTOMATIC1 FALSE PASSPORTS1 & SEV]AL DOCUM5TS :I* SET \T 9 DETAIL$ 9/RUCTIONS ! FOLL[-UP ( 'OP]ATION ,USSIA'4 ,O!R P]SONS CONNECT$ ) !SE ACTIVITIES >E BE+ ACTIVELY SE>*$ = BY ! POLICE4' 

,AS SOON AS ?IS /ATEM5T WAS PUBLI%$1 REPORT]S BEGAN TO SPECULATE AS TO ! POSSIBLE ID5TITY ( ! ,V,I,P CONC]N$4 ,! NAME ( ,AM]ICAN AMBASSADOR1 ,BIDDLE ,DUKE1 WAS REPEAT$LY M5TION$1 9 SPITE ( HIS D5IALS4 

,/ATEM5T ( ! ,F,I,J,L & ! '#a/ ( ,MAY' ,GR\P 

  

,ON ,NOVEMB] #a/ #a#i#f#f1! ,AG5CE ,FRANCE ,PRESSE ANN\NC$ 9 ,MADRID ?AT !Y HAD RECEIV$ ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T RELEAS$ BY ! ,F,I,J,L3 

',9 RELATION ) ! REC5T >RE/ ( FIVE ( \R COMRADES 7! NAMES FOLL[7 ! ,P59SUL> COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,I,J,L DECL>ES3 

#a4 

,\R COMRADES HAD ! MISSION ( C>RY+ \T AN ACTION TO %[ UP ! FALSE 'LIB]ALIZATION' ( ! ,FRANCO REGIME ALONG ! L9ES ( \R CAMPAIGN = ! RELEASE ( ALL ! POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 \R C\NTRY4 

#a4 

,WE RATIFY ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T MADE BY ! GR\P '#a/ ( ,MAY' 9 A COMMUNIQUE TO ! PRESS D5\NC+ ! DECL>ATIONS MADE BY ,FRANCO'S POLICE4 

',! ,SPANI% POLICE IS ATTEMPT+ TO 9CRIM9ATE ! GR\P ( AN>*I/S >RE/$ LA/ WEEK 9 ,MADRID 9 ! KIDNAP ( ,MGR4 ,USSIA BY ! '#a/ ( ,MAY' GR\P 9 ,ROME4 

',AS Y\ WILL EASILY BE ABLE TO SEE = Y\RSELVES BY COMP>+ ! H&-WRIT+ ( ?IS NOTE ) ! NOTES MADE AT TIME BY ! '#a/ ( ,MAY' GR\P1 & AS ,MGR4 ,USSIA HIMSELF WILL HAVE TO ADMIT IF HE IS CONFRONT$ ) ! COMRADES >RE/$ 9 ,MADRID1 NONE ( !M TOOK P>T 9 ! ,ROME KIDNAP4 ,IT IS ?US TOTALLY FALSE ?AT ! ,SPANI% POLICE HAVE DISMANTL$ ! '#a/ ( ,MAY' GR\P4 

',WE >E PREP>$ TO %[ ?AT ! FASCI/ REGIME ( ,G5]AL ,FRANCO IS LY+ & ?AT ! '#a/ ( ,MAY' GR\P WILL NOT FAIL PROVE ?IS TOGE!R ) ITS FIRM DECISION ( CONT9U+ ITS CAMPAIGN = ! RELEASE ( ALL ! POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 \R C\NTRY4' 

#c#a/ ,OCTOB] #aiff 

#a/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P 

#a4 

,! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,I,J,L URG5TLY APPEALS TO ALL ANTI-FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS TO MOBILIZE !IR PROTE/ TO /OP ! ,FRANCO REGIME FROM COMMITT+ ANO!R NEW CRIME4 

,SPA91 #a/ ( ,NOVEMB] #aiff 

,! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,I,J,L 

,C\NSEL = ! ,DEF5SE 

  

,SOON AFT] ! ANN\NCEM5T ( ! >RE/ ( \R FIVE COMRADES1 A NEWS ITEM FROM ,MADRID DECL>$ ?AT ! C\NSEL = ! DEF5SE W\LD BE ASSUM$ BY ,SRS4 ,JAIME ,C,O,R,T,E,Z,O & ,ALFONSO ,S,E,V,I,L,L,A1 BO? MEMB]S ( ! ,MADRID B>4 

,9 AN 9T]VIEW TO ! =EIGN CORRESPOND5TS ( ! ,PRESS ,SR4 ,C,O,R,T,E,Z,O LAT] MADE PUBLIC ?AT ! ,TRIBUNAL ( ,PUBLIC ,ORD] HAD REFUS$ TO ASSUME ! RESPONSIBILITY ( TAK+ *>GE ( ! FILES ( \R FIVE COMRADES & HAD PASS$ !M ON TO ! ,MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ! DANG] EXI/$ ( !IR BE+ TRI$ BY A SUMM>Y ,C\RT ,M>TIAL :I* W\LD DISPAT* !M )\T ANY REAL POSSIBILITIES ( DEF5SE4 

,PRESS ,CONF]5CE 9 ,NEW ,YORK BY ,OCTAVIO ,ALB]OLA 

  

,ON ,DECEMB] #h?1 ,A,F,P CABL$ A LONG COMMUNIQUE FROM ,NEW ,YORK ( A CL&E/9E PRESS CONF]5CE HELD 9 A ,MANHATTAN ,HOTEL BY ,OCTAVIO ,A,L,B,],O,L,A4 ,! TEXT ( ! PRESS CONF]5CE WAS3 

',N,E,W ,Y,O,R,K1 #h? ,DECEMB]--,! AN>*I/ 'COMM&O' >RE/$ 9 ,MADRID ON ! #b#d? ( ,OCTOB] BY ! ,SPANI% POLICE DID NOT 9T5D TO KIDNAP ,AMBASSADOR ,BIDDLE ,DUKE4 ,! 9T5D$ ,V,I,P WAS ,RE>-,ADMIRAL ,NORMAN ,G ,GILLETTE1 ,COMM&ANT 9 ,*IEF ( ! ,AM]ICAN =CES 9 ,SPA91 :O W\LD HAVE BE5 KIDNAPP$ ON ! #b#e? IF ! POLICE HAD NOT DISCOV]$ ',OP]ATION ,DURRUTI'4 

,?IS PRECISION WAS GIV5 TODAY 9 ,NEW ,YORK TO SEV]AL NEWSPAP]M5 9 AN HOTEL 9 ,MANHATTAN BY ,OCTAVIO ,A,L,B,],O,L,A1 9 *>GE ( LIAISONS BETWE5 ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,I,J,L & ! ,EXT]IOR ,DELEGATION4 ,ALB]OLA1 :O HAD COME FROM ,MADRID TO HOLD ?IS PRESS CONF]5CE--! FIR/ ( ITS K9D HELD BY ! ,F,I,J,L 9 ! ,U,S,A--ALSO REVEAL$ H[ ! KIDNAP W\LD HAVE BE5 C>RI$ \T4 ,AN ACCID5T W\LD HAVE BE5 FAK$ ON ! ROADWAY BETWE5 ! ,AM]ICAN AIRBASE ( ,T,O,R,R,E,J,O,N & ,MADRID4 ,RE>-,ADMIRAL ,GILLETTE W\LD HAVE BE5 TRANSF]R$ TO ANO!R VEHICLE :I* W\LD HAVE TAK5 HIM TO ! CAPITAL4 ,!RE HE W\LD HAVE BE5 TAK5 TO A FLAT :]E1 9 ! PRES5CE ( SEV]AL REPORT]S HE W\LD HAVE ASSI/$ AS A 'LIV+ SYMBOL ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN OCCUPATION ( ,SPA9' TO ! READ+ ( A ,F,I,J,L DOCUM5T4 

,S9CE ! DOCUM5T HAD NOT BE5 MADE PUBLIC 9 ,MADRID ON ACC\NT ( ! DISCOV]Y BY ! POLICE1 ,OCTAVIO ,A,L,B,],O,L,A READ IT TO ! PRESS 9 ,NEW ,YORK %ORTLY AFT] HAV+ S5T COPIES TO ! ,SECRET>Y ,G5]AL ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS1 ,U ,?ANT1 & TO ALL ! DELEGATIONS ( ! ,U,N MEMB] C\NTRIES4 

,9 ?IS DOCUM5T ! ,F,I,J,L D5\NC$ ! 'PATRIOTIC DEMAGOGY ( ,FRANCO'S GOV]NM5T OV] ITS CLAIMS = ,GIBRALT>1 & ITS COMPLICITY ) ! AGGRESSIVE PLANS ( ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y =CES :O >E US+ ! MILIT>Y BASES 9 ,SPA9 AS LOGI/IC PO9TS = ITS BELLICOSE PLANS4' 

,OCTAVIO ,A,L,B,],O,L,A ALSO 9SI/$ ON ! FOLL[+3 

#a4 

,?AT ! G5]AL AMNE/Y PROCLAIM$ BY ,G5]AL ,FRANCO WAS A F>CE & ?AT !RE EXI/$ SEV]AL HUNDR$S ( POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 ,SPANI% JAILS4 

#a4 

,! ,SPANI% DICTATOR%IP IS NOT MOV+ T[>DS MORE DEMOCRATIC WAYS4 ,NOR WILL ! ,REF]5DUM ( ,DECEMB] #ad MAKE ANY FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CE4 

#a4 

,! ,F,I,J,L CONSID]S ?AT 9 SPITE ( HAV+ BE5 DISCOV]$ BY ! POLICE1 ',OP]ATION ,DURRUTI' HAS HAD A POSITIVE RESULT ON ACC\NT ( ITS REP]CUSSIONS & ?AT IT WILL CONT9UE ACTIVELY ITS /RUGGLE UNTIL ITS IMM$IATE AIMS >E REA*$3 ! LIB]ATION ( ALL ,SPANI% POLITICAL PRISON]S & AN 5D TO POLICE P]SECUTION ) ! POSSIBILITIES ( FRE$OM ( SPEE* MEET+ & ASSOCIATION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ,OCTAVIO ,A,L,B,],O,L,A AFFIRM$ CATEGORICALLY ?AT ! ,F,I,J,L W\LD CONT9UE TO C>RY \T SPECTACUL> ACTIONS BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ,SPA94 ',IF !SE ACTS WILL 9 SOME CASES BE VIOL5T ONES'1 HE ADD$1 'NEV]!LESS1 AS 9 ! PREVI\S OP]ATIONS1 !RE WILL BE NO VICTIMS4' 

,HE F9ALLY CONFIRM$ ?AT ! FIVE AN>*I/S >RE/$ 9 ,MADRID HAD TAK5 NO P>T :ATSOEV] 9 ! KIDNAP OR ,MGR4 ,USSIA 9 ,ROME4'7,A,F,P7 

,ON ! SAME DAY ?AT ! PRESS CONF]5CE WAS GIV5 BY ,OCTAVIO ,ALB]OLA1 ALL ! DELEGATES PRES5T AT ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY ( ! ,U,N RECEIV$ A NOTE FROM ! ,EXT]IOR ,DELEGATION ( ! ,F,I,J,L TOGE!R ) ! DOCUM5T F\ND 9 ,$,O'S POSSESSION BY ! ,SPANI% POLICE :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 ! BASIS ( ! ',O,P,],A,T,I,O,N ,D,U,R,R,U,T,I'4 ,?IS DOCUM5T HAS S9CE BE5 S5T TO ALL ! ,PROV9CIAL ,AU?ORITIES 9 ,SPA9 & HAS CIRCULAT$ WIDELY AMONG (FICIAL CIRCLES AS WELL AS AMONG ! PEOPLE4 

,%UFFLES 9 ,MADRID ,BETWE5 ,MILIT>Y & ,PUBLIC ,ORD] ,TRIBUNAL 

  

,AS M5TION$ ABOVE1 ! PUBLIC ORD] ,TRIBUNAL HAD REFUS$ TO TAKE *>GE ( \R COMRADE'S CASE & HAD PASS$ IT ON TO ! ,MILIT>Y ,AU?ORITIES4 ,! REGIME SEEM$ TO BE US+ ?IS TACTIC TO GA9 TIME & USE IT AS BLACKMAIL AGA9/ REPRISALS ON ! P>T ( ! ,F,I,J,L4 ,SEV]AL WEEKS AFT] ! ,PUBLIC ,ORD] ,TRIBUNAL HAD PASS$ ! FILES ON TO ! ,MILIT>Y ,TRIBUNAL1 IT WAS ANN\NC$ ?AT ! LATT] HAD ALSO REFUS$ TO TAKE ! CASE & HAD PASS$ IT BACK TO ! ,PUBLIC ,ORD] ,TRIBUNAL :I* F9ALLY DREW UP ! ACCUSATIONS4 ,!SE W]E MADE PUBLIC ON ,FEBRU>Y #i? & ! ,PROSECUTOR DEM&$ #ae YE>S IMPRISONM5T = ,LUIS ,$,O1 ,ALICIA ,M,U,R & ,ANTONIO ,C,A,N,E,T,E2 & #f YE>S = ,ALFR$O ,H,],R,],A & ,JESUS ,R,O,D,R,I,G,U,E,Z4 ,! ,PROSECUTION ACCUS$ !M3 ILLEGAL ASSOCIATION 7= BE+ MEMB]S ( ! ,F,I,J,L71 HAV+ 9T5TIONS ( C>RY+ \T A KIDNAP1 & POSSESS+ >MS 7,A,F,P #i? ,FEB74 

,9T]NATIONAL ,PROTE/S 

  

,AS SOON AS ! >RE/S TOOK PLACE1 !RE FOLL[$ A WAVE ( ,PROTE/S ALL OV] ,EUROPE4 ,H&-BILLS & PO/]S W]E DI/RIBUT$ 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY1 ,HOLL&1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ETC4 ,! MORE IMPORTANT ACTS W]E ! FOLL[+3 

,AM/]DAM3 ,ON ,SUNDAY #c? ,OCTOB] /RONG GR\PS ( PROVO & AN>*I/ DEMON/RATORS PROTE/$ 9 FRONT ( ! ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY4 ,W9D[S W]E SMA%$ & AN ANTIQUE ,PI/OL WAS ?R[N 9 SYMBOLIZ+ ! ,FRANCO T]ROR4 ,AS A RESULT ! ,DUT* PRESS C>RI$ >TICLES AB\T ! FIVE AN>*I/S >RE/$ 9 ,MADRID4 ,9 ! DAYS ?AT FOLL[$1 OV] #a#e1 H&\TS & PO/]S W]E DI/RIBUT$ 9 ,AM/]DAM4 ,MORE DEMON/RATIONS TOOK PLACE ON ! #cRD & #d? 9 FRONT ( ! ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY4 ,DUR+ ONE ( !SE DEMON/RATIONS1 AN ,ITALIAN COMRADE WAS 9T]VIEW$ BY ! ,DUT* RADIO4 ,TWO WEEKS LAT]1 DUR+ ! ,PROVO ,CONCILIUM1 RESOLUTIONS W]E PASS$ TO FI<T ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,FRANCO REGIME4 

,MILAN3 ,?\S&S ( H&\TS W]E DI/RIBUT$ DUR+ ! LA/ WEEK ( ,OCTOB] ALL OV] ! CITY4 ,ON ! #c#a/ A PROTE/ DEMON/RATION TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,DOME ,SQU>E4 ,ON ! FOLL[+ DAY1 A PROTE/ M>* DEMON/RAT$ OV] ! CITY C>RY+ A REPRODUCTION ( A G>ROTE AS A REM9D] TO ALL ?AT FASCISM IS /ILL ALIVE 9 ,EUROPE4 

,BRUSSELS3 ,?\S&S ( H&\TS & PO/]S W]E DI/RIBUT$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,NOVEMB] OV] ! 'CAPITAL' ( ,EUROPE4 ,ON ,SATURDAY #a#i?1 A ,PROVO ,HAPP5+ '9 SOLID>ITY ) ! FIVE AN>*I/S >RE/$ 9 ,MADRID' TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,PLACE ,BR\CK]E 9 ! MA9 C5T] ( ! T[N4 ,A H&\T WAS DI/RIBUT$ :I* SAID ! ,BRUSSELS ,PROVOS 'W\LD PIECE TOGE!R1 GRATIS1 9 PUBLIC & ) P>TICIPATION ( ! POLICE A SC5IC PLAY 9 ONE ACT1 ! TORTURES :I* AWAIT$ ! FIVE ,SPANI% AN>*I/S IF ,FRANCO IS ALL[$ TO DO AT WILL 444 ,! PROVOT>IAT DECL>ES W> AGA9/ ! ,FRANCO REGIME4 ,A REGIME :I* CONT9UES TO LIVE TODAY UND] ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ! ,9QUISITION2 PRO( ( ?IS WAS GIV5 NOT SO LONG AGO ) ! G>ROT+ ( TWO Y\NG AN>*I/S 9 #a#i#f#c1 ,DELGADO & ,GRANADOS 444' 

,P>IS3 ,OV] #a1 H&\TS W]E DI/RIBUT$ TOGE!R ) PO/]S4 ,AT A MEET+ HELD 9 ! ,MUTUALITE BY SEV]AL LEFT-W+ MOVEM5TS TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ,FRANCO REGIME1 ,DANIEL ,M,E,Y,]1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,LEAGUE = ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN1 TALK$ AB\T ! SITUATION ( \R FIVE COMRADES4 ,AFT] ! MEET+ ! AN>*I/S DEMON/RAT$ 9 FRONT ( ! ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY SMA%+ W9D[S UNTIL ! POLICE DISP]S$ !M4 ,A MEET+ ( SOLID>ITY ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,SYNDICAL ,ALLIANCE TOOK PLACE AT ! ,ALHAMBRA ,!AT]4 

,! ,FRANCO ,REPRESSION & ! 'LIB]ALIZATION' ,F>CE 

  

,! >RE/ & =?COM+ TRIAL ( \R FIVE COMRADES CO9CIDES ) A P]IOD ( AGITATION AMONG WORK]S & /UD5TS 9 ,SPA91 & ) A H>D5+ ( ! POLICE P]SECUTION4 

,LUIS ,$,O1 ,ANTONIO ,C,A,N,E,T,E1 ,ALICIA ,M,U,R1 ,JESUS ,R,O,D,R,I,G,U,E,Z1 & ,ALFR$O ,H,],R,],A W]E >RE/$ & WILL BE TRI$ = PLANN+ TO C>RY \T AN ACTION TO %[ ?AT ! 'DEMON/RATIONS & LIB]ALIZATION' ( ! ,FRANCO REGIME IS M]E LIP S]VICE & TO DEM& ! RELEASE ( ALL ! POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 ! ,SPANI% JAILS4 ,YET1 AT ! SAME TIME1 HUNDR$S ( /UD5TS & WORK]S HAVE BE5 >RE/$ DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD = SIMPLY HAV+ BELIEV$ ?AT ! 'LIB]ALIZATION' WAS A REAL ?+4 ,!RE IS A C]TA9 IRONY 9 ?IS4 ,NEV]!LESS EV5TS >E %[+ H[ WRONG >E ALL ?OSE :O ?9K ?AT A FASCI/ DICTATOR%IP CAN 'LIB]ALIZE' ITSELF PEACEFULLY ?R\< ! M]E DEMOCRATIC CLAIMS = ! FUNDAM5TAL RI<TS4 

,! NUM]\S >RE/S ( /UD5TS & WORK]S = HAV+ TAK5 P>T 9 ! PEACEFUL DEMON/RATIONS OR 9 ! SO-CALL$ 'FREE ASSEMBLIES'1 TOGE!R ) ! EXCLUSION ( ALL ?OSE ,UNIV]SITY ,PR(ESSORS :O HAVE D>$ PROTE/ AGA9/ POLICE BRUTALITIES OR :O HAVE TALK$ UP TO ! REGIME1 %[S CLE>LY ?AT ! ,FRANCO ,DICTATOR%IP CONT9UES FAI?FUL TO ITS TOTALIT>IAN NATURE & ?AT IT IS 9 NO WAY PREP>$ TO GIVE 9 TO ! DEMOCRATIC ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 

,! MU* BOA/$ 'RE=MS' APPROV$ BY ! MOCK ,CORTES1 ! POLITICAL DISPOSITIONS ( ! ,P5AL ,CODE1 ! NEW ,PRESS ,LAW1 & ALL ! O!R 'DEMOCRATIC' BLUEPR9TS ANN\NC$ BY ! REGIME1 >E M]E PAP] PROJECTS & PUBLICITY /UNTS4 

,/UD5TS1 WORK]S1 ,UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS & EV5 PRIE/S >E DAILY P]SECUT$ & JAIL$ = HOLD+ UNAU?ORIZ$ MEET+S1 CAMPAIGN+ AGA9/ ! ,REF]5DUM1 $IT+ OPPOSITION BULLET9S1 ETC4 ETC4 

,/U>T ,*,R,I,/,I,E1 S5T5C$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aifd TO #b YE>S JAIL ON ANO!R FALSE *>GE ( T]RORISM1 CONT9UES 9 ,C>ABAN*EL4 ,A REC5T APPEAL = CLEM5CY WAS REFUS$ & ?IS #b YE> OLD ,BRITI% MILITANT %>ES ! LOT ( MANY O!R DEMOCRATIC ,SPANI>DS4 

,N[ ! REGIME ?REAT5S TO S5T5CE ! FIVE AN>*I/ MILITANTS TO NEW HEAVY S5T5CES4  
  

,C,O,M,I,T,E ,E,S,P,A,G,N,E ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,N,A,I,R,E 

,F,I,J,L ,L,I,A,S,O,N ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E 

,AUB]VILLI]S 7,FRANCE7_/,BRUSSELS  

O ,PO/SCRIPT 
,PO/SCRIPT 

  

,! ,FIR/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P HAS BE5 ONE ( ! BE/ KN[N ( ! AN>*I/ ACTIVI/ GR\PS ( ! P]IOD UND] REVIEW4 ,IT REPRES5TS A CONT9UATION ( ! WORK ( ,SABATE & ! PO/W> ,SPANI% RESI/ANCE1 & A BRIDGE-HEAD 9TO ! NEXT P]IOD :5 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVISM 9 MANY C\NTRIES 7,G]MANY1 ,U,S,A1 ,ITALY1 & ,S\? ,AM]ICA7 CONSI/$ ( MANY /R&S SOME ( :I* W]E AU?ORIT>IAN ,M>XI/--USUALLY ,MAOI/1 SOMETIMES ,C\NCIL-,COMMUNI/1 OCCASIONALLY ,TROTSKYI/ O!RS W]E ,AN>*I/4 ,9 MANY CASES ! ,PRESS SEIZ$ ON ! NAME ',AN>*I/' & 9FLAT$ ! ACTUAL P>TICIPATION ( ! ,AN>*I/S 7S9CE AN>*ISM N[ IS ! SAME BOGEY = ,RI<T ,W+ EXTREMI/S ?AT FASCISM IS = LEFT ,W+ EXTREMI/S7 SO ?AT 9 ,TURKEY1 = 9/ANCE1 :]E IT IS A MU* SMALL] GR\P+ ?AN ANY O!R 7?\< DECID$LY MILITANT7 IT APPE>S ?AT ALL ACTIVI/S >E AN>*I/S & ALL AN>*I/S >E ACTIVI/S1 :I* IS BY NO MEANS ! CASE4 

,! ,FIR/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P IS 5TIRELY AN>*I/1 ?\< IT TOO HAS BE5 LESS %>PLY DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM O!R REVOLUTION>Y FACTIONS ?AN IS NORMALLY ! CASE ) AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS1 FEEL+ ?AT ! MAJOR TASK WAS ! A*IEVEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 & 5DEAVOR+ TO MAKE ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS AS LIB]T>IAN AS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS LACK ( %>P DIFF]5TIATION IS REFLECT$ 9 ITS COMMUNIQUES4 

,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ACTIVISM ( ! AN>*I/ V>IETY1 & ! T]RORISM ( ,NATIONALI/ OR O!R GR\P+S1 MAY BE SE5 IF ONE COMP>ES ! *RONOLOGY ( ',MAY ! ,FIR/' ATTACKS )--= 9/ANCE--! RECORD ( EV5TS 9 ,NOR!RN ,IREL&1 OR ?AT ( ! ,PALE/9E GU]RILLAS1 LET ALONE ) ! FACTS ( GOV]NM5TAL T]RORISM 9 ALMO/ ANY C\NTRY--PICK AT WILL4 ,! /RUGGLE IS NOT1 = ! AN>*I/1 AN ATTACK ON PEOPLES1 :]EAS BY DEF9ITION ! ,NATIONALI/ /RUGGLE IS4 ,M>XISM1 ?\< D5\NC+ ! ACTIVISM ( ,AN>*I/S1 EXCUSES ! T]RORISM ( ,NATIONALI/S ) APPROPRIATE PHRASEOLOGY4 

,= ,GOV]NM5TS1 ( C\RSE1 T]RORISM MU/ BE :OLESALE 7& LEGAL7 & NOT 'RETAIL' 7& ILLEGAL74 ,:OLESALE MURD] IS LEGAL W> -- ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ TYRANNY IS 9DIVIDUAL REBELLION4 

,IT MAY SEEM SURPRIS+ TO ! CASUAL READ] ( NEWSPAP] PROPAG&A ?AT ! AN>*I/S %\LD HAVE HAD CONSI/5TLY SO 'BAD A PRESS'4 ,:5 ONE CONSID]S OV] ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S ! RECORD ( AN>*I/ ACTIVISM1 = 9/ANCE1 9DIVIDUAL ATTEMPTS ON ,MUSSOL9I1 ! /& 9 ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA AGA9/ TYRANNY1 BY 9DIVIDUAL ATTEMPTS AS WELL AS BY >M$ RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,UKRA9E & O!R RIS+S1 ! V>I\S ANTI-FASCI/ /RUGGLES 9 ,SPA9 & ELSE:]E1 ! FI<T AGA9/ TYRANNY 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA & SO ON -- NONE ( IT W\LD SEEM 9 ANY WAY TO JU/IFY ! P]SI/5T VILIFICATION ( AN>*ISM 9 ! PRESS EXCEPT AS DELIB]ATE PROPAG&A4 ,:5 ONE CONSID]S ! MASS PSY*OPA?IC MURD]S ASSOCIAT$ 9DELIBLY ) FASCISM2 ! GOV]NM5TAL :OLESALE SLAU<T] BO? 9 W> & 9 9T]NAL OPPRESSION P]PETRAT$ BY P[]S1 CAPITALI/ & /ATE COMMUNI/ ALIKE1 & ! :OLESALE BRUTALITIES 9 SUPPRESS+ OPPOSITION1 7ESPECIALLY ( A NATIONAL *>ACT]7 EV5 BY NATIONS DEMOCRATIC )9 !MSELVES1 BUT OPPRESSIVE TO M9ORITIES OR SUBJECT PEOPLES1 ONE WOND]S :]E ! J\RNALI/S GOT ! IDEA ?AT !Y C\LD TREAT ! ,AN>*I/S AS IF !Y W]E AUTOMATICALLY ! WOR/ ( ALL POSSIBLE VILLA9S4 

,BUT ( C\RSE ! SYCOPHANTIC NATURE ( J\RNALISM MAKES IT SEE ATTACKS UPON AU?ORITY1 & UPON P]SONS 9 AU?ORITY1 H[EV] TYRANNICAL1 AS A F> GREAT] M5ACE ?AN ! G5OCIDE ( PEOPLES OR ! IMPOSITION ( 9JU/ICE4 

,( LATE YE>S ?IS HAS BE5 HELP$ BY ! NATURE ( TOTALIT>IAN ,G&HI-ISM1 :I* *OOSES TO DESCRIBE ITSELF AS NON' VIOL5T' & GOES ON TO DESCRIBE ALL :O DO NOT %>E ITS VIEWS AS 'VIOL5T'4 ,! 'VIOL5TI/S'1 ( C\RSE1 FROM A PACIFI/ PO9T ( VIEW >E EV]Y S+LE P]SON EXCEPT !MSELVES2 BUT ! SMALL 'AN>*O-PACIFI/' CULT 9 ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA DESCRIB+ !MSELVES AS BE+ 'NONVIOL5T AN>*I/S' ) ! COROLL>Y ?AT O!RS >E 'VIOL5T AN>*I/S' HAVE BE5 AT LEA/ A CONTRIBUTORY CAUSE ( ! CONFUSION ( AN>*I/ ACTIVISM ) ANY =M1 OR IF ONE WI%ES TO PUT IT ?AT WAY1 ANY O!R =M1 ( T]RORISM4 ,PEOPLE LIKE ,SABATE OR ,DURRUTI DID NOT 'BELIEVE' 9 VIOL5CE2 HAD !Y 'BELIEV$' 9 VIOL5CE !Y C\LD HAVE JO9$ ! ,FALANGE OR ! ,REQUETE & HAD !IR FILL2 !Y BELIEV$ 9 RESI/ANCE TO ?OSE :O W]E IMPOS+ !IR VIOL5CE UPON ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS ?IS RESI/ANCE :I* L$ TO !IR ACTIVISM TAK+ A VIOL5T TURN4 ,IT WAS !IR BELIEF 9 ! LIB]T>IAN HUMANITIES ?AT MADE ?IS VIOL5T ACTIVISM SO MU* NE>] & SO MU* AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! PEOPLE ?AN ! /RUGGLES ( ! ',?IRD ,WORLD'1 LET ALONE ! W>S ( ! ,GREAT ,P[]S4 

,9,T,],N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L,I,/ 

O ,*RONOLOGY 
,*RONOLOGY 

  

,?IS *RONOLOGY %\LD NOT BE CONSID]$ EXHAU/IVE1 NOR DEF9ITIVE4 ,IT WILL1 H[EV]1 GIVE ! READ] A R\< \TL9E ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ ACTIVISM 9 ,EUROPE OV] ! LA/ F\RTE5 YE>S4 ,LITTLE M5TION HAS BE5 MADE 9 ?IS *RONOLOGY ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,ITALIAN GR\PS4 ,AS A RESULT ( FASCI/ PROVOCATIONS 9 ,ITALY IT W\LD BE VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO PREP>E A REASONABLE *RONOLOGY ( GR\PS SU* AS ,! ,R$ ,BRIGADE & ,! ,P>TISAN ,ACTION ,GR\P -- ,G,A,P1 AS WE HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DO ) ! ,ANGRY ,BRIGADE1 ,R$ ,>MY ,FRACTION1 ! #a/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P & ! ,AUTONOM\S ,COMBAT ,GR\PS ( ! ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T4 

#aif 

  

,JANU>Y 

,9 ! E>LY H\RS ( ,JANU>Y #c_/#d? A BATTLE TOOK PLACE BETWE5 A #a /RONG ,CIVIL ,GU>D UNIT & AN AN>*I/ GU]RILLA GR\P :I* HAD JU/ CROSS$ ! ,PYR5EES HEAD+ = ,B>CELONA4 ,F\R MEMB]S ( ! GR\P W]E KILL$ AS WAS ONE ,CIVIL ,GU>D ,LIEUT5ANT4 ,! LEAD] ( ! GR\P1 ,FRANCISCO ,SABATE ,LLOP>T1 ,FRANCO'S ,PUBLIC ,5EMY ,NO4 #a1 WAS W\ND$ BUT MANAG$ TO ESCAPE ! SECURITY NET ?R[N >\ND ! >EA4 ,HE WAS KILL$ ! FOLL[+ DAY 9 ! ,CATALAN VILLAGE ( ,SAN ,CELONI BY ! CROSS-FIRE ( FASCI/ MILITIA M5 & ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D4 

,FEBRU>Y 

,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,DIRECTORATE ( ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION 7,D,R,I,L7 ANN\NCES ITS =MATION BY A S]IES ( ATTACKS ON KEY GOV]NM5T BUILD+S ?R\<\T ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL4 

,JUNE #b#g_/#b#h_/#b#i 

,ANO!R S]IES ( CONC]T$ BOMB ATTACKS BEG9 9 ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA DIRECT$ AGA9/ BUILD+S & 9/ALLATIONS ( BO? FASCI/ REGIMES4 

#aifa 

  

,JANU>Y 

,ON ! NI<T ( #b#a_/#b#bND A ,D,R,I,L COMM&O GR\P1 L$ BY ! ,PORTUGUESE CAPTA91 ,H5RIQUE ,GALVAO1 TOOK CONTROL ( ! ,PORTUGUESE L9] ,SANTA ,M>IA ON ! HI< SEAS TO DEMON/RATE TO ! WORLD ACTIVE RESI/ANCE TO ! ,DICTATOR%IPS ( ,FRANCO & ,SALAZ>4 ,! COMM&O GR\P CONSI/$ ( ,SPANI%1 ,PORTUGUESE & ,S\? ,AM]ICAN ACTIVI/S4 

,JULY 

,SPANI% POLICE DISCOV]$ A SABOTAGE ATTEMPT ON ! RAILWAY L9E LEAD+ 9TO ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN %ORTLY BE=E A TRA9 LOAD ( FASCI/ EX-COMBATANTS PASS$4 ,!Y W]E HEAD$ = ! YE>LY FASCI/ VICTORY CELEBRATIONS 9 ! CAPITAL ( ,GUIPUZCOA ON ! #a#h?4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ ACTION 9 :I* ! ,BASQUE ACTIVI/ MOVEM5T ,E,T,A P>TICIPAT$ AS AN ORGANIZATION4 

,AUGU/ 

,A GU]RILLA ACTION 9 ! ,CATALAN ,PYR5EES TOOK PLACE BETWE5 A LIB]T>IAN ACTION GR\P & ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D4 ,ONE ,GU>D WAS KILL$ & ANO!R S]I\SLY 9JUR$4 

#aifb 

  

,APRIL #g 

,M9]S FROM ! ',NICOLAS DE ,MI]ES' COALM9E 9 ! ,A/URIAS CALL A /RIKE 9 DEM& = A M9IMUM DAILY WAGE ( #ad PESETAS 7#gP71 ! RI<T TO /RIKE & FREE ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 7,S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY APPROXIMATELY #e.0 ( ALL COAL EXTRACT$ FROM ! ,SPANI% COAL FIELDS CAME FROM ! #a#a1#f KILOMET]S ( ! ,A/URIAS4 ,ALL RAW MAT]IALS 9DISP5SABLE TO 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T & ! GR[? ( ,CAPITALISM1 ,COAL1 ,/EEL1 ,MANGANESE1 ,M]CURY1 ETC4 W]E TO BE F\ND H]E 9 ABUNDANCE4 

,9 ! E>LY #a#i? ,C5TURY A L>GE NUMB] ( DISPLAC$ F>M LABOR]S MOV$ TO ! ,A/URIAS FROM ,CA/ILLE & ! ,S\?4 ,!Y QUICKLY ASSIMILAT$ ) ! NATIVE ,A/URIANS E>LY ACCEPT+ !IR TRADITIONS & CU/OMS1 & )9 A %ORT P]IOD LO/ ALL TRACES ( !IR ORIG9S4 

,EA* 9DU/RIAL C5T]1 H[EV]1 DEVELOP$ ITS [N POLITICAL LEAN+S2 ,SOCIALISM 9 ,MI]ES1 COMMUNISM 9 ,SAMA & AN>*ISM 9 ,FELGU]A & ,GIJON4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION 9 ! ,A/URIAS WAS V]Y /RONG4 ,IT WAS ! ,A/URIAN M9]S 9 #aic :O PRECIPITAT$ ! D[NFALL ( ! ,MON>*Y & PREP>$ ! WAY = ! ILL-FAT$ ,REPUBLIC4 ,F\R YE>S LAT] ! SAME M9]S & 9DU/RIAL WORK]S REBELL$ AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLIC :I* HAD FAIL$ !M & OCCUPI$ ! ,PROV9CIAL CAPITAL1 ,OVI$O1 DECL>+ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! ,A/URIAN ,COMMUNE1 AS IT CAME TO BE KN[N1 LA/$ FROM ,OCTOB] #e? UNTIL ! #a#i? :5 IT WAS BLOODILY SUPPRESS$ BY ,MOORI% SOLDI]S & ,LEGION>IES ON ! ORD]S ( ! ,REPUBLIC'S MO/ PRIZ$ G5]AL -- ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO47 

,TW5TY-SIX YE>S ( FASCI/ OPPRESSION HAD NOT BROK5 ! SPIRIT ( ! ,A/URIAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,! TOR* ( MASS REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS OPPOSITION 9 ,SPA9 HAD BE5 RE-LIT6 

,APRIL #b 

,VIRTUALLY EV]Y COAL M9E 9 ! ,A/URIAS WAS P>ALYZ$ BY /RIKE ACTION & MANY FACTORIES CLOS$ D[N OR ON R$UC$ \TPUT DUE TO SOLID>ITY ACTIONS4 

,APRIL #bb 

,TWO COMPANIES ( ,CIVIL ,GU>DS & ?REE COMPANIES ( ,>M$ ,POLICE RU%$ 9TO ! COAL FIELDS 9 AN ATTEMPT TO BREAK ! /RIKE4 

,MAY #d 

,M>TIAL LAW DECL>$ BY ,PRESID5TIAL ,DECREE 9 ! ,PROV9CES ( ,VIZCAYA1 ,A/URIAS & ,GUIPUZCOA4 

,MAY #f 

,SOLID>ITY /RIKES TAKE PLACE 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,WORK]S & /UD5TS DI/RIBUTE ?\S&S ( LEAFLETS 9 SUPPORT ( ! M9]S' DEM&S & DECL>+ !IR SOLID>ITY ) ! ,A/URIAN WORK]S4 

,MAY #aa 

,>M$ POLICE OCCUPY ,B>CELONA ,UNIV]SITY FOLL[+ L>GE SCALE DI/URBANCES 9 ! ,CATALAN CAPITAL4 

,MAY #ad 

#ab /RIK]S HELD 9 ! F\R PRISONS ( ,OVI$O 

,MAY #ae 

,SIL5T DEMON/RATIONS BY WOM5 \TSIDE ,SECURITY ,HEADQU>T]S 9 ,MADRID 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! /RIK]S & DEM&+ A TOTAL AMNE/Y = ALL POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,POLICE >RE/ EI<TY WOM54 

,MAY #bf 

,PROV9CE ,/RIK]S  

 ,B>CELONA #ag ,A/URIAS #ae ,VASCONGADOS #ae ,SALAMANCA #ge ,LEON #eb ,JA5 #c ,MADRID #aa ,TOTAL #ebee  
  

,JUNE 

,ON ! #e?1#g? & #a#b? !RE W]E ATTACKS ON ! ,MADRID RESID5CE ( A ,PAPAL DIGNIT>Y1 ,MONT]OLAS2 ! ,MADRID ,H,Q ( ! ,FALANGE2 ! ,BANCO ,POPUL> DE ,ESPANA 7,OPUS ,DEI7 & ON ! ,B>CELONA ,H,Q ( ! ,FALANGE4 ,ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPT ON ,FRANCO'S LIFE 9 ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN ON #a#h?4 ,ON ! #c? FUR!R EXPLOSIONS TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,OPUS ,DEI COLLEGE 9 ,B>CELONA & 9 ! ,CATALAN ,9/ITUTO DE ,PREVISION4 

,JULY 

,! ,CASAS ,CONSI/ORIALES 9 ,VAL5CIA WAS BADLY DAMAG$ BY A P[]FUL EXPLOSION ON ! #a#e?4 ,?IS HAD BE5 ANO!R ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPT ON ,FRANCO4 ,! BOMB WAS 9T5D$ TO EXPLODE DUR+ A ,/ATE VISIT E>LI] 9 ! MON?1 BUT ! ME*ANISM WAS FAULTY4 

,AUGU/ 

,AN EXPLOSION BADLY DAMAG$ ! ,BASILICA DE LA ,SANTA ,CRUZ DEL ,VALLE DE LOS ,CAIDOS \TSIDE ,MADRID4 7,?IS IS A MONUM5T ]ECT$ BY ,FRANCO & BUILT BY =C$ PRISON LABOR TO GLORIFY ! ET]NAL MEMORY ( ,G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO AS A ,*RI/IAN G5TLEMAN74 ,ON ! #a#i?1 AT A SMALL DI/ANCE FROM ,FRANCO'S SUMM] RESID5CE1 ! ,PALACIO DE ,AYETE1 A PLA/IC BOMB EXPLOD$ AS ,FRANCO1 HIS WIFE & ,M9I/]S PASS$ ?R\< ! GATE 9TO ! PALACE4 ,NO ONE WAS 9JUR$4 

,ON ! SAME DAY PLA/IC BOMBS EXPLOD$ 9 ! (FICES ( RI<T-W+ PAP]S 9 ,MADRID1 ',YA' & ',PUEBLO' & ,B>CELONA DAILY ',LA ,VANGU>DIA'4 

,SEPTEMB] 

,B>CELONA ,SECURITY ,H,Q ISSU$ ! FOLL[+ COMMUNIQUE ON ! #a#h?3 

',AS A RESULT ( REC5T 9VE/IGATIONS 9TO ! ACTS ( T]RORISM C>RI$ \T 9 ,SPANI% T]RITORY1 (FIC]S ( ! ,BRIGADA ,POLITICO-,SOCIAL HAVE >RE/$ A NUMB] ( MILITANTS ( ! ',Y\NG ,LIB]T>IANS' 7,F,I,J,L74 ,!SE >E3 

,JORGE ,CUNILL ,VALS1 ,M>CEL9O ,JIM5EZ ,CUBAS & ,ANTONIO ,MUR ,P]ON4 ,!SE 9DIVIDUALS OP]AT$ UND] 9/RUCTION FROM =EIGN ELEM5TS :O F9ANC$ !IR ACTIVITIES AIM$ AT DI/URB+ ! SOCIAL PEACE & TRANQUILITY ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4' ,! ?REE LIB]T>IANS W]E TRI$ )9 A FEW DAYS ( !IR >RE/ BY SUMM>Y C\RT M>TIAL 7,C\NCIL ( ,W>7 & = ,VALS ! PROSECUTOR DEM&$ & WAS GRANT$ ! DEA? S5T5CE4 ,! EXECUTION WAS TO BE BY ,G>OTTEVIL 7DEA? BY SL[ /RANGULATION74 

,SEPT #bc 

,%ORTLY BE=E ! OP5+ ( ! ,VATICAN ,C\NCIL TWO BOMBS EXPLODE CLOSE TO ! ,POPE :ILE 9SPECT+ ! SEAT+ >RANGEM5TS 9 ! ,BASILICA ,SA9T ,PET] 9 ! ,VATICAN4 

,SEPT #bi 

,! ,SPANI% ,MON>*I/ PAP] ,A,B,C PUBLI%$ ! FOLL[+ REPORT FROM ITS ,MILAN CORRESPOND5T3 ',! ,SPANI% ,VICE-,CONSUL 9 ,MILAN1 ,SR4 ,ELIAS1 HAS BE5 KIDNAPP$ BY P]SONS UNKN[N ACCORD+ TO A POLICE /ATEM5T ISSU$ TONI<T4 ,S\RCES CLOSE TO ! POLICE ASSUME IT TO BE ! EXCLUSIVE WORK ( ! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

,OCTOB] 

,SR4 ,ELIAS1 ! ,SPANI% ,VICE-,CONSUL 9 ,MILAN1 WAS RELEAS$ BY HIS KIDNAPP]S ON ,OCTOB] #bND ) ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T3 

',! KIDNAPP+ ( ! ,SPANI% ,VICE-,CONSUL WAS ORGANIZ$ BY A GR\P AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,9,T,],N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L ,F,$,],A,T,I,O,N ,( ,Y,\,N,G ,L,I,B,],T,>,I,A,N,S ) ! SOLE AIM ( DRAW+ ! ATT5TION ( ! WORLD TO ! SAD FATE ( ?REE LIB]T>IANS REC5TLY >RE/$ 9 ,B>CELONA & TO PREV5T ! EXECUTION ( ,JORGE ,CUNILL ,VALS4 ,WE RETURN ,SR4 ,ELIAS TO HIS FAMILY AS PROMIS$ TO DEMON/RATE \R ME?ODS >E VA/LY DIFF]5T TO ?OSE EMPLOY$ BY ! ,FRANCOI/ REGIME4 ,SR4 ,ELIAS WILL BE ABLE TO EMBRACE HIS FAMILY4 ,H[ DIFF]5T TO ! FATE ( ! POLITICAL PRISON]S LOCK$ 9 ! ,CAUDILLO'S DUNGEONS6' 

,! FOLL[+ DAY ! ,ITALIAN POLICE ANN\NC$ !Y HAD >RE/$ ?OSE CONC]N$ ) ! KIDNAPP+ ( ,SR4 ,ELIAS & ! CULPRITS W]E TO BE TRI$ )9 A MATT] ( WEEKS4 7,9CID5TALLY1 ! POLICE W]E 9=M$ ( ! ID5TITY & :]EAB\TS ( ! AN>*I/S BY AN ,ITALIAN COMMUNI/ J\RNALI/ :O HAD 9T]VIEW$ ! ,VICE-,C\NSUL 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,PRISON \TSIDE ,MILAN :]E HE WAS BE+ HELD74 

,OCTOB] #f 

,JULIO ,MOR5O1 #bh YE> OLD ELECTRICIAN & MILITANT ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? ,MOVEM5T1 IS S5T5C$ TO ?IRTY YE>S IMPRISONM5T BY A ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ,W> 9 ,MADRID ACCUS$ ( 'CONTACT+ AN ILLEGAL ORGANIZATION 9 EXILE' & ( 'HAV+ P>TICIPAT$ 9 ACTIONS AGA9/ ! SECURITY ( ! ,/ATE' 7,B&ITRY & ,T]RORISM74 

,OCTOB] #g 

,A DYNAMITE *>GE EXPLODES 9 ! RESID5CE ( ,C>D9AL ,SPELLMAN 9 ,NEW ,YORK4 ,!SE ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ,*UR* & ,OPUS ,DEI =M$ P>T ( A CAMPAIGN TO =CE !SE 9/ITUTIONS TO R5\NCE !IR SUPPORT ( ! ,FRANCOI/ DICTATOR%IP4 ,! ACTIONS W]E CLAIM$ BY ',LA MANO NEGRO'1 :O S5T NUM]\S LETT]S EXPLA9+ !IR ACTIONS TO ! ,POPE4 

,OCTOB] #b 

,ELEV5 Y\NG ,SPANI% WORK]S & /UD5TS1 ALL MEMB]S ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN Y\? ,MOVEM5T1 S5T5C$ BY ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ,W> TO S5T5CES BETWE5 SIX YE>S & TWELVE YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 

,NOVEMB] #ag 

,?REE MILITANTS ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? ,MOVEM5T S5T5C$ BY ,C\NCIL ( ,W> 9 ,MADRID = $IT+ & DI/RIBUT+ ',LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?'3 ,J4 ,RONCO ,PES9A 7#b#c71 #aa YE>S IMPRISONM5T1 ,ANTONIO ,BAYO ,POBLADOR 7#b#c71 #aa YE>S IMPRISONM5T1 ,RAFAEL ,RUIZ ,BOROA 7#b#c71 #c YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 

,NOV #bb 

,! TRIAL ( ! ,ITALIAN LIB]T>IANS ACCUS$ ( KIDNAPP+ ,SR4 ,ELIAS :I* HAD OP5$ ON ! #a#e?1 ) ALL ! DEF5DANTS WALK+ FROM ! C\RT 9 ,V>ESE FREE M54 ,S5T5CES W]E NOM9AL AS ! WEI<T ( ,ITALIAN PUBLIC OP9ION MADE ANY O!R S5T5CES IMPOSSIBLE4 ,JORGE ,CUNILL'S DEA? S5T5CE 9 ,SPA9 WAS COMMUT$ TO LIFE IMPRISONM5T4 

,NOV #bi 

,F\R MILITANTS ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T7 >E S5T5C$ TO V>I\S T]MS ( IMPRISONM5T RANG+ BETWE5 F\R1 N9E & ELEV5 YE>S BY ,MADRID ,C\NCIL ( ,W>4 

,! *>GES W]E ',RECON/ITUT+ ! ,C,N,T' & 'ILLEGAL PROPAG&A'4 ,ON ! SAME DAY AT ANO!R ,C\NCIL ( ,W> 7AGA9 9 ,MADRID7 ANO!R ?REE MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T FROM ,VALLADOLID EA* RECEIV$ F\R YE> PRISON S5T5CES = 9CIT+ 9DU/RIAL UNRE/4 

,9 ,B>CELONA ANO!R MILITANT ( ! ,C,N,T1 ,ANTONIO ,SAN*EZ ,P]EZ 7#e#a7 WAS S5T5C$ TO ?IRTY YE>S IMPRISONM5T ON *>GES ( SABOTAGE4 

,DEC #b 

,BOMB EXPLODES 9 ! RESID5CE ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,GOV]NOR ( ,SAN ,SEBA/IAN4 ,! FOLL[+ DAY ANO!R EXPLOD$ 9 ! ,PALACE ( ,JU/ICE 9 ,VAL5CIA & ANO!R :I* BADLY DAMAG$ ! ,TREASURY BUILD+ 9 ,MADRID4 ,ON ! SAME DAY A BOMB EXPLOD$ 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CONSULATE 9 ,AM/]DAM & 9 ! ADM9I/RATION (FICES ( TWO ,LISBON PRISONS4 ,ALL !SE ACTIONS W]E CLAIM$ BY ! ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,C\NCIL 7,C,I,L74 

#aifc 

  

,M>* #f 

,CONC]T$ PLA/IC BOMB ATTACKS ON ! (FICES ( ',IB]IA' 9 ,ROME & ! ,M9I/RY ( ,TE*NOLOGY 9 ,MADRID' 

',! ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,C\NCIL HAS M\NT$ ',OP]ATION ,W>N+' 9 ITS /RUGGLE = ! FRE$OM ( ! ,IB]IAN PEOPLE4 ,! OBJECT ( ?IS OP]ATION IS TO DEMON/RATE TO ! 9T]NATIONAL T\R OP]ATORS ?AT !Y RUN A GREAT DANG] 9 UTILIZ+ AIRL9ES ( ! FASCI/ REGIMES ( ,FRANCO & ,SALAZ> 7,IB]IA & ,T,A,P7 4 ,UNTIL ! LA/ VE/IGES ( ,NAZI-FASCISM HAVE BE5 ELIM9AT$ 9 ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA !RE CAN BE NO PEACE 9 ,EUROPE4 ,D[N ) ,DICTATOR%IP6 ,VIVA LA ,LIB]TAD6' 

7,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,C\NCIL -- ,COMMUNIQUE ,M>* #a#i#f#c74 

,APRIL #af 

,?REE Y\NG ,FR5* ,LIB]T>IANS1 ,B]N>D ,F]RY1 ,ALA9 ,PECUNIA & ,GUY ,BAT\X >E >RE/$ 9 ,SPA9 & *>G$ ) ,T]RORISM & ,B&ITRY4 ,! ACCUSATIONS MADE BY ! POLICE W]E ?AT ! ?REE AN>*I/S P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ANTI-T\RI/ CAMPAIGN M\NT$ BY ! ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,C\NCIL & W]E MAT]IALLY RESPONSIBLE = EXPLOSIONS 9 ! (FICES ( ',IB]IA' 9 ,VAL5CIA1 ! ATTEMPT$ S9K+ ( A L9] 9 ,B>CELONA ,H>BOR & AN ATTEMPT TO BL[ UP ! ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY 9 ,MADRID4 

,JUNE #ac 

,FIREBOMBS EXPLODE 9 ! LUGGAGE COMP>TM5TS ( ,SPANI% & ,PORTUGUESE AIRPLANES ON ! T>MAC 9 ,FRANKFURT1 ,G5EVA & ,LONDON AIRPORTS4 ,!SE ACTIONS >E CLAIM$ BY ! ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,C\NCIL 7,C,I,L74 

,JULY #ca 

,TWO AN>*I/S1 ,JOAQU9 ,DELGADO & ,FRANCISCO ,GRANADOS1 >E >RE/$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,SPECIAL ,BRAN* & *>G$ ) ! TWO EXPLOSIONS :I* TOOK PLACE TWO DAYS E>LI] ON ! #b#i?4 ,ONE WAS 9 ,SECURITY ,H,Q AT ! ,PU]TA DEL ,SOL 9 ,MADRID & ! O!R1 ALSO 9 ,MADRID1 AT ! *AMB] ( ,FALANGI/ ,SYNDICATES4 ,BO? !SE M5 W]E MILITANTS ( ! ,LIB]ATION ,Y\? ,MOVEM5T & HAD COME TO ,MADRID TO C>RY \T ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES4 

,AUGU/ #g 

,RAMON ,VILA ,CAPDEVILA 7#e#g7 7,C>AQUEMADA71 ! LA/ ( ?OSE M\NTA9 GU]RILLAS :O HAD OP]AT$ 9 ! ,PYR5EES = OV] #bc YE>S1 WAS KILL$ BY A PATROL ( ,CIVIL ,GU>D 9 ! E>LY H\RS ( ! MORN+ NE> ,LA ,CREU DE ,P]ELLO 9 ,CATALONIA4 

,AUGU/ #aa 

,ACCORD+ TO PRESS REPORTS TWO EXPLOSIONS TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CAPITAL ON ,JULY #b#i? ( ?IS YE>3 ONE 9SIDE ! (FICES ( ! ,G5]AL ,DIRECTORATE ( ,SECURITY1 :I* CAUS$ LI<T 9JURIES1 & ! O!R 9 ! ,*AMB] ( ! ,FALANGI/ ,SYNDICATES1 AT #a#g3#c H\RS & #b#d3 H\RS RESPECTIVELY4 ,TWO DAYS LAT]1 FOLL[+ A MASSIVE POLICE MOBILIZATION1 ! ,FRANCOI/ POLICE >RE/$ ,JOAQU9 ,DELGADO & ,FRANCISCO ,GRANADOS4 ,! CO9CID5CE & PROXIMITY ( !SE TWO EV5TS HAVE NO RELATION TO EA* O!R--! FIR/ PEOPLE TO KN[ ?IS >E ! ,FRANCOI/ POLICE !MSELVES--BUT EV]Y EF=T IS BE+ MADE BY ! REGIME TO PRES5T ! TWO >RE/$ M5 AS ! MAT]IAL AU?ORS ( ! ,JULY #b#i? EXPLOSIONS4 ,?IS IS ABSOLUTELY FALSE4 ,! ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,C\NCIL HAS ALWAYS ACCEPT$ RESPONSIBILITY = ITS ACTION & WE H]EBY DECL>E TO NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL PUBLIC OP9ION ! FOLL[+3 

#a4 

,JOAQU9 ,DELGADO & ,FRANCISCO ,GRANADOS W]E 9 NO WAY RESPONSIBLE = ! EV5TS 9 ,MADRID ON ,JULY #b#i? ?IS YE>4 

#a4 

,! >MS CA*E ATTRIBUT$ TO ,FRANCISCO ,GRANADOS 7AS MANY O!RS :I* EXI/ 9 \R C\NTRY = SPECIFIC PURPOSES7 HAD BE5 UNUS$ & REMA9$ 9TACT UNTIL ITS DISCOV]Y BY ! POLICE 7,! ,BRIGADA ,POLITICO-,SOCIAL DISCOV]$ TWO ,COLT 4#d#eS1 A MA*9E GUN ) TWO FULL MAGAZ9ES1 A RADIO TRANSMITT]1 H&-GR5ADES & O!R MAT]IAL 9 ! FLAT ( ,GRANADOS'S GIRL FRI5D74 

#a4 

,JOAQU9 ,DELGADO IS COMPLETELY 9NOC5T ( ! O!R *>GES MADE AGA9/ HIM BY ! POLICE4 

#a4 

,! AU?OR OR AU?ORS ( ! EV5TS ( ,JULY #b#i? 9 ,MADRID HAVE NOT BE5 >RE/$4 ,IF1 9 ,SPA91 'JU/ICE' W]E C>RI$ \T ) A M9IMUM ( LEGAL NORMALITY !N ! TRU? ( \R AFFIRMATIONS C\LD BE EASILY PROV$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! DEF5SE ( ! TWO M54 ,H[EV]1 ?IS IS NOT ! CASE4 ,! ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,C\NCIL HOLDS ! ,FRANCOI/ REGIME1 IMPOS$ BY =CE ( >MS1 RESPONSIBLE BO? 9DIVIDUALLY & COLLECTIVELY1 = ALL VICTIMS :O HAVE FALL5 OR MAY YET FALL 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! FRE$OM ( ! PEOPLE ( ! ,IB]IAN ,P59SULA4 ,WE >E ! FIR/ TO LAM5T !SE VICTIMS1 WEPT OV] ) CROCODILE TE>S BY ! =CES ( REACTION TO JU/IFY !IR ATROCITIES4 ,?OSE :O TOOK P>T 9 ! PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ,FALANGI/ BUILD+ & ! ,DIRECTORATE ( ,SECURITY 9=M US ?AT ! =M] WAS C>RI$ \T TO EXPOSE ! (FICIAL ,SYNDICATES AS ! S]VANTS ( ! ,BOSSES & ! REGIME4 ,! LATT] WAS A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! >BITR>Y >RE/ ( ! ,A/URIAN M9]S & !IR DEPORTATIONS4 ,ALSO1 BECAUSE IT WAS ! BUILD+ 9 :I* M5 & WOM5 >E B>B>ICALLY TORTUR$ = SUPPOS$ POLITICAL & SOCIAL CRIMES 7IE4 OPPOS+ TYRANNY74 ,! ACTION GR\P :I* C>RI$ \T ! TWO ATTACKS ACT$ ON ITS [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,! ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATIONS ,C\NCIL DECL>ES ITS SOLID>ITY ) ?AT GR\P & REV9DICATES ! ACTS AS A PROTE/ ( OPPOSITION TO ! REGIME4' 

7,COMMUNIQUE ISSU$ BY ! ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,C\NCIL1 #a#a? ,AUGU/ #a#i#f#c74 

,AUGU/ #ac 

,A ,C\NCIL ( ,W> ( ! #a/ ,MILIT>Y ,REGION 7,MADRID7 PASSES S5T5CE ( DEA? BY /RANGULATION ON ,JOAQU9 ,DELGADO & ,FRANCISCO ,GRANADOS4 

,AUG4 #ah 

'44444,9 ! E>LY H\RS ( ?IS MORN+1 SUBJECT TO ! =MALITIES ( ,P5AL ,COMMON ,LAW ! TWO T]RORI/S ,FRANCISCO ,GRANADOS ,GATA & ,JOAQU9 ,DELGADO ,M>T9EZ W]E EXECUT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! S5T5CE PASS$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,W> ( ! #a/ ,MILIT>Y ,REGION444444 

7,(FICIAL COMMUNIQUE #a#h_/#h_/#f#c7 

',JOAQU9 ,DELGADO & ,FRANCISCO ,GRANADOS D5I$ HAV+ ANY KN[L$GE ( ! EV5TS ( ,JULY #b#i? 9 ,MADRID4 ,! ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,C\NCIL /ATES ?AT ! ,FRANCO REGIME WAS AFRAID TO REVEAL ! REAL REASON = !IR TRIAL BECAUSE IT WAS CONSID]$ ?AT ! ACCUS$ W\LD W9 ! SYMPA?Y ( WORLD OP9ION IF IT BECAME KN[N ?AT ! MISSION 9 :I* !Y P>TICIPAT$ & ! MAT]IAL F\ND 9 !IR POSSESSION WAS 9T5D$ = ! EXECUTION ( ! ,ASSASS9 ( ! ,SPANI% ,WORK+ ,CLASS3 ,G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO4 ,?IS WAS ! REAL REASON BEH9D ! F>CE M\NT$ 9 ,MADRID ON ,AUGU/ #a#c? BEH9D CLOS$ DOORS 9 ! ,CALLE DE ,RELOJ4' 

7,COMMUNIQUE ISSU$ BY ! ,C,I,L74 

,SEPT #ab 

' 444444,A S]IES ( POLICE OP]ATIONS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/ CIRCLES TOOK PLACE YE/]DAY 9 ,P>IS & ! ,S4,E4 ( ,FRANCE4 ,A NUMB] ( EXTREMI/S >E BE+ 9T]ROGAT$ & !IR HOMES SE>*$4 ,?IRTY >RE/S HAVE BE5 MADE 9 ! ,P>IS REGION & ! ,H,Q ( ! ,IB]IAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? 7,F,I,J,L7 9 ! RUE ,SA9TE ,M>! HAVE BE5 SE>*$4 ,!SE OP]ATIONS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ BY ! DISCOV]Y ( DOCUM5TS 9 ,P]PIGNAN DETAIL+ PLANS = AGGRESSIVE ACTIONS & 'ATT5TATS' 9 ,SPANI% T]RITORY4' 

7,LE ,FIG>O74 

,SEPTEMB] #b#a_/#b#b_/#b#c 

,BOMBS EXPLODE 9 ,G]MAN ,EMBASSY1 ,MOROCCAN ,EMBASSY & 9 ! ,*UR* ( ,LOYOLA 9 ,MADRID4 

,SEPT4 #be 

,BOMB EXPLODES \TSIDE ! HOME ( ,AM]ICAN ,AMBASSADOR 9 ,MADRID4 ,A FEW H\RS LAT] ANO!R EXPLOSION \TSIDE ! HOME ( ! ,*IEF ( ! ,FALANGI/ ,MOVEM5T4 

,SEPT4 #bg 

,EXPLOSION AT ! HOME ( ,>AMBURU1 ,CIVIL ,GOV]NOR & ! HEAD ( ! ,NATIONAL ,MOVEM5T 9 ,MADRID4 

,SEPT4 #bi 

,BOMB EXPLODES \TSIDE ! ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY 9 ,MADRID4 7,ALL ! EXPLOSIONS 9 ,MADRID >E CLAIM$ BY ',COLONEL ,MONT5EGRO' ( ! ,I,V ,REPUBLICAN ,>MY74 

,OCTOB] #aa 

,FRANCISCO ,AB>CA1 ,F,I,J,L MILITANT1 IS >RE/$ 9 ,BELGIUM ACCUS$ ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ATTACK ON AN ,IB]IAN AIRPLANE 9 ,G5EVA4 

,OCT4 #ah 

,ALA9 ,PECUNIA1 ,B]N>D ,F]RY & ,GUY ,BAT\X1 ! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ >RE/$ ON ,APRIL #a#f?1 >E TRI$ & S5T5C$ BY ,MADRID ,C\NCIL ( ,W>3 ,ALA9 ,PECUNIA 7#a#g71 #bd YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 ,B]N>D ,F]RY 7#b71 #c YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 ,GUY ,BAT\X 7#b#c71 #ae YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 

,OCT4 #b 

',! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR ANN\NCES ?AT1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,LAW ( ,APRIL #a#b? #aici RELAT+ TO =EIGN ORGANIZATIONS1 FUR!R MODIFI$ BY ! ,DECREE ( ,SEPTEMB] #a/1 #a#i#c#i3 ,>T4 #a4 ,! LEGALITY ( ! =EIGN ASSOCIATION KN[N AS ! ,IB]IAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? HAS BE5 NULLIFI$444' 

7,EXTRACT FROM ! ',J\RNAL ,(FICIEL'1 #b? ,OCTOB] #a#i#f#c74 

,OCT4 #be 

,BOMB EXPLODES AT A /& 9 ! ,SPANI% ,FAIR1 ,MEXICO ,CITY4 ,A Y\NG AN>*I/ IS >RE/$ AFT] BE+ W\ND$ BY ONE ( ! EXPLOSIONS4 

#aifd 

  

,MAY #a 

,BOMB EXPLODES 9 ! ,CA/ELLANO ,HILTON 9 ,MADRID4 

,MAY #aa 

,F\R MORE BOMBS EXPLODE 9 ,MADRID & ONE 9 ,GIJON4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY1 ! ,M9I/RY ( ,COMM]CE & ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,IMMIGRATION2 UNTIL ',COLONEL ,MONT5EGRO' IS >RE/$ ON ,MAY #b#cRD1 BOMBS CONT9UE TO EXPLODE 9 ,MADRID AT ! NUMB] ( ?REE OR F\R P] DAY4 

,AUGU/ #aa 

,/U>T ,*RI/IE & ,F]N&O ,C>BALLO >RE/$ & *>G$ ) ,B&ITRY & ,T]RORISM4 ,! MISSION WAS TO HAVE BE5 AN ATTEMPT ON ! LIFE ( ,FRANCO DUR+ A FOOTBALL MAT* 9 ,MADRID4 

,OCTOB] #ba 

,BOMB ATTACK ON ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY 9 ,COP5HAG54 

,NOV #bg 

,TWO FIRE BOMBS GUT ,OPUS ,DEI SEM9>Y 9 ,ROME4 ,BOMB EXPLODES 9SIDE ! ,VATICAN1 & ANO!R 9 ! ,SPANI% ,PONTIFICAL ,COLLEGE1 ,ROME4 

#aife 

  

,JANU>Y #b 

,PLA/IC BOMB EXPLODES 9SIDE ! (FICES ( ! ,SPANI% ,CONSULATE 9 ,NAPLES4 

,FEB #ai 

,PLA/IC BOMB EXPLODES 9 ! ,COP5HAG5 (FICE ( ! ,SPANI% ,NATIONAL ,T\RI/ ,(FICE4 

,APRIL #be 

,BOMB WRECKS ,IB]IA (FICE 9 ,MILAN4 

,AUGU/ #a 

,! ,IB]IAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? 7,F,I,J,L7 9ITIATES ITS ,9T]NATIONAL CAMPAIGN 9 SUPPORT ( ! POLITICAL PRISON]S ( ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL4 

#aiff 

  

,APRIL #ca 

,MGR4 ,USSIA1 ! ,ECCLESIA/ICAL ,C\NSELOR TO ! ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY 9 ! ,VATICAN IS KIDNAPP$4 ,! OP]ATION IS ANN\NC$ SIMULTANE\SLY BY ,LUIS ,$O 9 ,MADRID & ! ,FIR/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P 9 ,ROME4 

,MAY #ab 

,USSIA IS RELEAS$ BUT ! #a/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P ANN\NCE !Y WILL CONT9UE !IR ACTIONS 9 SUPPORT ( ALL POLITICAL PRISON]S4 

,OCTOB] #bf 

,FIVE AN>*I/S >RE/$ 9 ,MADRID1 AMONG !M ,LUIS ,&RES ,$O4 ,!Y >E ACCUS$ ( PREP>+ A KIDNAP ,ATTEMPT AGA9/ ! ,COMM&] 9 ,*IEF ( ! ,AM]ICAN =CES 9 ,SPA94 

,DECEMB] 

,9 ,NEW ,YORK ,OCTAVIO ,ALB]OLA GIVES A SECRET PRESS CONF]5CE 9 :I* HE EXPLA9S ! 9T5TION ( ! KIDNAPP+ & DI/RIBUTES COPIES ( ! DOCUM5T :I* ,$O WAS TO PUBLICIZE ONCE ! OP]ATION HAD BE5 C>RI$ \T SUCCESSFULLY4 

#aifg 

  

,APRIL 

#a/ ,MAY ,GR\P KIDNAP & HOLD HO/AGE = A FEW H\RS ! ,FIR/ ,SECRET>Y & ! ,JURIDICAL ,C\NSELOR ( ! ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY 9 ,LONDON TO DEM& ! IMM$IATE TRIAL ( ,LUIS ,&RES ,$O & HIS COMRADES >RE/$ ! PREVI\S ,OCTOB] 9 ,MADRID4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?IS IS A W>N+ AS TO ! POSSIBLE \TCOME ( ! TRIAL4 ,! TRIAL WAS HELD TWO MON?S LAT] ) SURPRIS+ S5T5CES = ALL ! ACCUS$ -- ! MAXIMUM S5T5CE1 = ,$O1 WAS N9E YE>S -- A PRISON S5T5CE PREVI\SLY UNHE>D ( = AN AN>*I/ 9 ,SPA94 

,AUGU/ 

,! PRIVATE C>S ( TWO ,SPANI% DIPLOMATS 9 ,LONDON >E RIDDL$ ) MA*9E GUN FIRE4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS ! ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY 9 ! SAME CITY IS RAK$ ) MA*9E GUN FIRE AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM 7,FIR/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P74 

,NOVEMB] 

,SIMULTANE\S BOMB ATTACKS AGA9/ ! ,GREEK1 ,BOLIVIAN & ,SPANI% ,EMBASSIES 9 ,BONN & ! ,V5EZUELAN ,EMBASSY 9 ,ROME4 7,FIR/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P -- 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN GU]RILLAS & AGA9/ ! FASCI/ REGIMES 9 ,EUROPE74 ,! SAME DAY A BOMB DE/ROY$ ! 5TRANCE TO ! ,SPANI% ,T\RI/ ,(FICE 9 ,MILAN & ! ,SPANI%1 ,GREEK & ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSIES 9 !,HAGUE1 ,HOLL&4 

,DEC #bf 

,DAVID ,URBANO ,B]MUDEZ >RE/$ 9 ,SPA9 ACCUS$ ( SUPPOS$ RELATIONS ) ! #a/ ,MAY ,GR\P & ! ,F,I,J,L4 

#aifh 

  

,JANU>Y #c 

,EXPLOSIVE ROCKET DISCOV]$ FAC+ ,GREEK 9 ,LONDON4 

,FEBRU>Y #h 

,OCTAVIO ,ALB]OLA >RE/$ 9 ,BRUSSELS DUR+ NEGOTIATIONS BETWE5 ,SPA9 & ,BELGIUM = ! =M]'S ADMISSION 9TO ! ,COMMON ,M>KET4 ,ALB]OLA WAS PREP>+ A PRESS CONF]5CE TO D5\NCE ?IS MANEUV] & RAISE ! PLI<T ( ,SPANI% POLITICAL PRISON]S TO ! ATT5TION ( ! WORLD4 

,FEBRU>Y #bg 

,! ,HORNSEY HOME ( ,/U>T ,*RI/IE RAID$ BY POLICE L$ BY ,DET4 ,SGT4 ,ROY ,CREM] ) EXPLOSIVES W>RANT RELAT+ TO ,GREEK ,EMBASSY & 9=MATION RECEIV$ ?AT O!R ATTACKS W]E AB\T TO TAKE PLACE 9 ,LONDON4 

,M>* #c 

,SIX BOMBS DAMAGE ! BUILD+S ( DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS 9 ,LONDON1 ! ,HAGUE & ,TUR94 ,! ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY & ! ,AM]ICAN ,(FIC]S ,CLUB 9 ,LONDON2 ! ,SPANI%1 ,GREEK & ,PORTUGUESE ,EMBASSIES 9 ! ,HAGUE1 & AT ! ,U,S ,CONSULATE 9 ,TUR94 ,!SE ACTIONS W]E CLAIM$ BY ! #a/ ,MAY ,GR\P4 

,M>* #f 

,9C5DI>Y BOMB ) TIM+ ME*ANISM EXPLODES 9 ! ,MOABIT ,CRIM9AL ,C\RT1 ,WE/ ,B]L94 

,M>* #ah 

,?REE MAJOR ,AM]ICAN (FICES 9 ,P>IS >E DAMAG$ BY PLA/IC BOMB ATTACKS3 ,*ASE ,MANHATTAN ,BANK1 ! ,BANK ( ,AM]ICA & ,TRANSWORLD AIRL9ES4 

,M>* #be 

,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY 9 ,MADRID BOMB$4 

,AUGU/ 

,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,CONF]5CE1 ,C>R>A1 ,ITALY4 

,SEPTEMB] 

,SEV5 Y\NG AN>*I/S >RE/$ 9 ,SPA9 ACCUS$ ( CONSPIR+ ) #a/ ,MAY ,GR\P & ( HAV+ P>TICIPAT$ 9 A NUMB] ( ACTIONS 9 ! ,VAL5CIA REGION1 SU* AS ?AT ( 0PREP>+0 BANK ROBB]Y4 ,9=MATION LEAD+ TO !IR >RE/ CAME FROM ! ,SPECIAL ,BRAN* ( ,NEW ,SCOTL& ,Y>D1 ,LONDON4 

,OCTOB] #ae 

,IMP]IAL ,W> ,MUSEUM1 ,LONDON GUTT$ BY 9C5DI>Y DEVICE4 

,T[>DS ! 5D ( #aifh NUM]\S ATTACKS >E MADE AGA9/ L>GE CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES 9 ,FRANCE4 ,!SE >E ATTRIBUT$ TO 0,GAU*I/ES0 & AN>*I/S4 ,A WOMAN W\ND$ 9 ONE ( !SE ATTACKS IS >RE/$ & ANO!R1 ,ELISEO ,GUEORGUIEFF1 IS NAM$ BY ! POLICE AS BE+ SUSPECT$ ( P>TICIPAT+ & ORGANIZ+ ! ATTACKS4 

,ON ,APRIL #bND & #cRD A W>EH\SE 9 ,FRANKFURT IS BURN$ D[N1 CAUS+ MORE ?AN ,G,B,P#a#d1 DAMAGE1 AS A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! W> 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,GUDRUN ,5SSL91 ,&REAS ,BAAD]1 ,?ORWALD ,PROLL1 ,HANS ,SOHNLE9 >E >RE/$ & *>G$4 ,!Y >E S5T5C$ TO ?REE YE>S IMPRISONM5T1 BUT P>OL$ UND] AN AMNE/Y = ALL POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 #aifi ON CONDITION ?AT !Y RETURN TO PRISON 9 #a#i#g4 ,:ILE ON P>OLE ,BAAD] & ,5SSL9 WORK TOGE!R ON ! APPR5TICE & BOR/AL CAMPAIGN 9 ,FRANKFURT4 

,NOV #d 

,DEPT4 ( ,9T]NAL ,AFFAIRS 9 ,WE/ ,B]L9 IS ATTACK$ ) MOLOTOV COCKTAILS4 

,DEC #ai 

,RECTORATE ( ! ,FREE ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,WE/ ,B]L9 IS FIREBOMB$4 

#aifi 

  

,FEBRU>Y #c 

,UNEXPLOD$ DYNAMITE *>GES DISCOV]$ ON ! PREMISES ( ! ,BANK ( ,BILBAO & ! ,BANK ( ,SPA9 9 ,LONDON4 ,F,O,M,G4 

,FEB4 #i 

,BANK ( ,SPA9 9 ,LIV]POOL BOMB$ ,FIR/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P4 

,M>* #i 

,J4 ,F4 ,K5N$Y ,LIBR>Y 9 ,WE/ ,B]L9 FIREBOMB$ - MORE ?AN ,G,B,P#a#b1 DAMAGE4 

,M>* #ae 

,TWO AN>*I/S >RE/$ IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ A P[]FUL EXPLOSION AT ! ,BANK ( ,BILBAO 9 ,LONDON4 ,9 !IR POSSESSION WAS A LETT] JU/IFY+ ! ACTION ON BEHALF ( ! ,FIR/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P4 

,MAY #b 

,SIX AN>*I/S >RE/$ 9 ,ITALY ACCUS$ ( CONSPIR+ ) ,SPANI% AN>*I/S & ALSO BE+ RESPONSIBLE = FIFTE5 ATTACKS ON ,FRANCOI/ BUILD+S 9 ,ITALY4 ,!Y W]E !N *>G$ ) ! ATTACK :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,MILAN ,FAIR1 AN ACTION :I* WAS SUBSEQU5TLY PROV$ TO HAVE BE5 ! WORK ( FASCI/S4 

,MAY #be 

,BOMB EXPLODES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY 9 ,BONN4 ,IT IS CLAIM$ ON BEHALF ( ! ,F,A,I 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! ,SPANI% WORK]S EXPELL$ FROM ,G]MANY ON ! 9SI/ANCE ( ! ,SPANI% ,EMBASSY4 

,JULY #ae 

,LOCAL GOV]NM5T (FICE 9 ,BAMB]G SEV]ELY DAMAG$4 ,BLANK ID5TITY C>DS /OL54 

,NOV-,DEC4 

,SIX BOMB ATTACKS 9 ,WE/ ,B]L94 

,DECEMB] 

,ON ! AFT]NOON ( ,DECEMB] #ab #a#i#f#i1 ALMO/ AT ! 

#ab 

SAME MOM5T1 !RE W]E ?REE EXPLOSIONS3 ONE 9 ! ,BANK ( ,AGRICULTURE1 9 ,MILAN1 ) SIXTE5 PEOPLE DEAD & MANY W\ND$1 & TWO 9 ,ROME1 AT ! ,LABOR ,BANK & AT A NATIONAL MONUM5T CALL$ ',HOMEL& ,ALT>' ) SEV]AL W\ND$4 ,A F\R? BOMB WAS F\ND LAT]1 UNEXPLOD$ 9 ANO!R ,MILAN BANK3 BUT ! POLICE BLEW IT UP1 ELIM9AT+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT EVID5CE 9 ! :OLE CASE4 ,! POLICE />T$ TO 9VE/IGATE IMM$IATELY AMONG ! LEFT MILITANTS3 ,CALABRESI1 \R ,C,I,A TRA9$ 9SPECTOR1 /AT$ OP5LY ?AT 0WE HAVE TO LOOK 9 ?AT DIRECTION40 ,HE HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! ,C,I,A -- PRESID5T ,S>AGAT1 :O MADE VIOL5T ANTI-LEFT SPEE*ES1 & ( ALL ! M$IA CONTROLL$ BY ! BOSSES4 ,! :OLE REVOLUTION>Y LEFT WAS ATTACK$1 9 A ,MC,C>?YI/ WAY3 SEIZURES1 'QUE/ION+S'1 >RE/S1 SE>*ES1 RAIDS1 OP5 ?REATS1 POLICE T]ROR4 ,! MA9 T>GETS W]E ! AN>*I/S1 9DICAT$ BY EV]YONE AS DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE = ! BOMB+S3 5TIRE GR\PS ( !M W]E >RE/$1 9T]ROGAT$1 & BEAT5 9 ! POLICE /ATIONS4 

,DEC4 #ae 

,! AN>*I/ RAILWAY WORK]1 ,GIUSEPPE ,P9ELLI 0FELL0 FROM ! #d? FLOOR ( ! ,MILAN C5TRAL POLICE /ATION4 

,GIUSEPPE ,P9ELLI WAS #da YE>S OLD4 ,HE WORK$ AS A RAILWAY WORK] 9 ! ,PORTA ,G>IB>DI /ATION 9 ,MILAN4 

,HE M>RI$ 9 #a#i#e#e1 ,LICIA ,ROGN9I1 A COMMUNI/ MILITANT HE MET 9 AN ,ESP]ANTO S*OOL4 ,!Y HAD TWO DAU<T]S3 ,SILVIA1 #a1 & ,CLAUDIA1 #h4 ,P9O />T$ TO WORK V]Y Y\NG1 AS A %OPBOY & AS A W>EH\SE-MAN -- !N HE WAS HIR$ BY ! RAILWAY COMPANY4 

,:5 HE WAS #a#e1 HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,NAZIS 7#a#i#d#c-#d#e71 AS A MESS5G] = A PEOPLE'S BRIGADE =M$ MA9LY BY AN>*I/S4 

,HIS POLITICAL COMMITM5T 9CREAS$1 AFT] ?AT FIR/ ACTIVITY1 SOON BECOM+ HIS BASIC CONC]N4 ,9 #a#i#f#e1 HE />T$1 ) O!RS1 AN AN>*I/ GR\P ',SACCO & & ,VANZETTI' -- 9 #a#i#f#h1 HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! /UD5TS' /RUGGLE AS A MEMB] ( ',B&I]A ,N]A 7,BLACK ,FLAG71 :I* F\ND$ ! CLUB ',PONTE DELLA ,<ISOLFA' - 9 #a#i#f#i1 HE F9ALLY BECAME RESPONSIBLE = ! ,MILAN >EA ( ! ',BLACK ,CROSS'1 ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION :I* HELPS MA9LY F9ANCIALLY1 AN>*I/S 9 PRISON1 & MA9TA9S CONTACT ) ! ,GREEK AN>*I/S /RUGGL+ AGA9/ FASCISM & ! 0COLONELS04 

,HE LIV$ ) HIS FAMILY1 9 A SMALL AP>TM5T1 9 ! SUBURBS2 ! ,G,B,P#h MON?LY R5T WAS L[1 COMP>$ TO ! CURR5T ,MILAN PRICES4 ,HIS H\SE WAS A REAL %ELT] = EV]YBODY3 :5 SOME COMRADE WAS PASS+ ?R\< ,MILAN1 HE WAS SURE TO F9D HOSPITALITY & FRI5D%IP 9 ,P9O'S H\SE4 ,AS AN AN>*I/1 ,P9O WAS FIR/ ( ALL A V]Y HUMANIT>IAN P]SON4 

,T[>DS ! 5D ( #aifi ,SWISS POLICE DISCOV] AN >MS CA*E 9 ,G5EVA & >RE/ ?REE ,SWISS AN>*I/S4 

#aig 

  

,JAN #bh 

,BOMB ATTACK ON (FICES ( ,SPANI% ,CULTURAL ATTA*E 9 ,P>IS4 

,FEBRU>Y 

,BAAD]1 ,5SSL91 ,PROLL DECIDE NOT TO RETURN TO PRISON & GO UND]GR\ND4 

,FEB #bh 

,BOMB ATTACK ON ,BANK ( ,BILBAO & ,SPANI% ,/ATE ,RAILWAYS 9 ,P>IS4 

,M>* #c 

,A,T,T,E,M,P,T,$ ,K,I,D,N,A,P,P,+ ,( ,! ,S,P,A,N,I,% ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,E ,T,O ,U4,N4,E4,S4,C4,O4 

,! ,KIDNAPP]S ,>RE/$4 

0,SPA9'S P]MAN5T DELEGATE TO ,U,N,E,S,C,O1 #eg YE> OLD ,SR4 ,EMILIO ,G>RIGUEZ HAS BE5 ! OBJECT ( AN ATTEMPT$ KIDNAPP+4 ,! KIDNAPP]S HAVE BE5 >RE/$4 ,SR4 ,G>RIGUEZ HAD BE5 UND] POLICE PROTECTION = SOME TIME1 SO ?AT :5 #c M51 >M$ ) E!R PADS SURR\ND$ HIM AS HE LEFT ! ,U,N,E,S,C,O BUILD+ 9 ! ,AV5UE DE ,SUFFR51 !Y W]E IMM$IATELY OV]-P[]$ & >RE/$4 ,! M5 RESPONSIBLE = ! ATTEMPT HAVE BE5 REM&$ 9 CU/ODY 9 ! ,H,Q ( ! ,POLICE ,JUDICIAIRE1 ,QUAI DES ,ORFEVRES4 ,!Y >E DUE TO APPE> 9 C\RT ON ,?URSDAY4 ,!Y >E ?REE ,SPANI>DS3 ,MESSRS3 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,MAC>5A1 AG$ #b#d2 ,JOSE ,CABAL ,RI]A1 #b#a2 & ,JOSE ,CANIZ>ES ,V>ELLA1 #c#e1 & HAVE REFUS$ TO NAME ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION TO :I* !Y BELONG4 

0,\R ACTION HAD A SOLELY POLITICAL MOTIVE10 !Y SAID 9 /ATEM5TS1 0WE WANT$ TO BR+ PRESSURE TO BE> ON ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 ! RELEASE ( \R COMRADES IMPRISON$ 9 ,SPA940 

,ALL ?REE >E ( LIB]T>IAN LEAN+ & RESID5T 9 ,FRANCE S9CE LA/ SUMM]4 ,!Y HAD NO SPECIFIC OCCUPATION4 ,V>I\S DOCUM5TS W]E SEIZ$ AT !IR RESID5CES & 9 ! C> !Y HAD HIR$1 POLICE F\ND ?REE GUNS1 A FLASK ( E!R & GLASSES COV]$ ) /ICKY PAP] TO D>K5 !M40 

7,LE ,MONDE1 ,M>* #f?1 #a#i#g74 

,M>* 

,G]MANY3 ,MAHL] IS CONVICT$ FOLL[+ A DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! ,SPR+] ,PUBLI%+ CONC]N4 ,HE RECEIVES SIX MON?S SUSP5D$ S5T5CE4 

,APRIL #d 

,&REAS ,BAAD] IS >RE/$ 9 ,WE/ ,B]L9 :5 /OPP$ BY POLICE & F\ND TO BE DRIV+ )\T A LIC5SE4 ,HE IS IMPRISON$ 9 ,WE/ ,B]L94 

,APRIL #bb 

,BELGIUM3 ,IVO DELLA ,SAVIA >RE/$ 9 ,BRUSSELS UND] AN EXTRADITION W>RANT TO ,ITALY ASK$ = BY ,ITALIAN GOV]NM5T4 ,HE IS ACCUS$ ( BE+ A MEMB] ( ,ITALIAN #b#bND ,M>* ,GR\P 7,VALPR$A'S ,GR\P7 & #a/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P4 

,MAY #a 

,9C5DI>Y DEVICE DISCOV]$ ABO>D ,IB]IAN ,AIRL9] %ORTLY BE=E TAKE-(F4 ,AT ! SAME TIME 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN ,CAPITALS MORE DEVICES ( A SIMIL> NATURE >E DISCOV]$ ON O!R AIRPLANES BELONG+ TO ,IB]IA4 ,! ACTION IS A REM9D] ?AT :ILE ,FRANCO REMA9S 9 P[] !RE CAN BE NO PEACE 9 ,EUROPE4 

,MAY #ad 

,BAAD] IS LIB]AT$ FROM ! LIBR>Y ( ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,RESE>* :]E HE HAS OBTA9$ P]MISSION TO WORK ) ,ULRIKE ,ME9H( ON A BOOK AB\T ! BOR/AL SITUATION 9 ,WE/ ,G]MANY1 FOLL[+ ! 9T]V5TION ( HIS LAWY] ,HOR/ ,MAHL]4 ,AN >M$ GR\P BREAKS 9TO ! LIBR>Y & FREES ,BAAD]1 :O IS UND] >M$ GU>D4 ,ULRIKE ,ME9H( FLEES ) ! GR\P4 ,L9KE1 AN EMPLOYEE ( ! ,9/ITUTE1 IS W\ND$ :5 HE TRIES TO 9T]V5E4 

,MAY #bb 

,HI< EXPLOSIVE DEVICE DISCOV]$ AT A NEW POLICE /ATION 9 ,PADD+TON4 ,?IS WAS LAT] CLAIM$ BY ! PROSECUTION 9 ! TRIAL ( ! ,/OKE ,NEW+TON ,EI<T TO BE ! FIR/ ACTION UND]TAK5 BY ! ',ANGRY ,BRIGADE4' 

,JULY #c 

,SIMULTANE\S BOMB ATTACKS 9 ,P>IS & ,LONDON AGA9/ ,SPANI% ,/ATE ,T\RI/ (FICES1 & ! ,SPANI% @& ,GREEK ,EMBASSIES4 

,AUGU/ 

,G]MANY3 ,=MATION ( ! ,R$ ,>MY ,FRACTION4 

,AUGU/ #ah 

,LONDON (FICES ( ,IB]IA ,AIRL9ES1 ,SPANI% ,/ATE AIRL9E BADLY DAMAG$ BY A BOMB4 7,FIR/ ( ,MAY ,GR\P74 

,AUGU/ #c 

,! ,LONDON HOME ( ! ,COMMISSION] ( ! ,METROPOLITAN ,POLICE1 ,SIR ,JOHN ,WALDRON IS DAMAG$ BY A BOMB BLA/4 ,! BOMB+ IS NOT REPORT$ 9 ! NATIONAL PRESS4 

,SEPT #h 

,! ,LONDON HOME ( ! ,ATTORNEY ,G5]AL1 ,PET] ,RAWL9SON1 9 ,*ELSEA1 IS BOMB$ & ONCE AGA9 ! 9CID5T GOES UNREPORT$4 

,SEPT #bf 

,SIMULTANE\S BOMB ATTACKS AGA9/ ,IB]IA 9 ,G5EVA1 ,FRANKFURT1 ,P>IS & ,LONDON ,AIRPORTS4 

,SEPT #bi 

,R,A,F ATTACKS ?REE BANKS 9 ,WE/ ,B]L9 )9 A FEW M9UTES ( EA* O!R4 ,!Y GET AWAY ) #b#a#g1 #d#f#i4#e M>KS4 7,G,B,P#b#f1#e74 

,OCTOB] #h 

,! POLICE GET A TIP-(F AB\T A MEET+ ( ,R,A,F MEMB]S 9 ,WE/ ,B]L94 ,!Y RAID ,KNESEBEK/RASSE #h4 ,HOR/ ,MAHL]1 ,IR5E ,GEORG5S1 ,+RID ,S*UB]T1 ,MONIKA ,B]B]I*1 ,BRIGIFTE ,ASDONK >E >RE/$4 

,OCTOB] #i 

,SIMULTANE\S BOMB ATTACKS 9 ,P>IS1 ,LONDON1 ,MAN*E/] & ,BIRM+HAM AGA9/ ,ITALIAN ,/ATE BUILD+S4 ,! LETT]S S5T FOLL[+ ! ATTACKS W]E CLAIM$ ON BEHALF ( ,GIUSEPPE ,P9ELLI ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ MURD]$ BY ! POLICE 9 #a#i#f#i4 

,NOV #af 

,G]MANY3 ,T[N ,HALL AT ,NUE/ADT IS BROK5 9TO4 ,?IRTY- ONE (FICIAL /AMPS1 FIFTE5 PASSPORTS1 & ONE ID5TITY C>D /OL54 

,NOV #b 

,A ,B,B,C \TSIDE BROADCA/ VAN COV]+ ! ,MISS ,WORLD ,COMPETITION 9 ,LONDON IS BADLY DAMAG$ BY AN EXPLOSION4 

,NOV #ba 

,G]MANY3 ,T[N ,HALL AT ,LANG-,GONS 7,GIESS57 IS BROK5 9TO4 #aff ID5TITY C>DS1 (FICIAL /AMPS1 #dc M>KS & A BOTTLE ( COGNAC REMOV$4 

,DEC #c 

,SPANI% ,EMBASSY 9 ,LONDON MA*9E-GUNN$1 FOLL[+ 9T]NATIONAL PROTE/S AGA9/ ! TRIAL ( ! ,BURGOS ,SIX 9 ,SPA94 

,DEC #h 

,DAY ( L>GE DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,RELATIONS ,BILL4 ,9 ! E>LY H\RS ( #i? ,DECEMB] ! ,M9I/RY ( ,EMPLOYM5T & ,PRODUCTIVITY 9 ,LONDON IS ROCK$ BY A P[]FUL EXPLOSION FOLL[+ AN UNSUCCESSFUL POLICE SE>* ( ! BUILD+4 70,ANGRY ,BRIGADE074 

#aiga 

  

,JANU>Y #ab 

,DAY ( NATIONAL DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ,9DU/RIAL ,RELATIONS ,BILL ) /RIKES & PROTE/ M>*ES AGA9/ ?IS BLATANT PIECE ( CLASS LEGISLATION4 ,?AT NI<T ! HOME ( ! ,M9I/] RESPONSIBLE = ! ,BILL1 ,MR4 ,ROB]T ,C>R1 IS ALMO/ WRECK$ BY TWO P[]FUL EXPLOSIONS4 ,! ACTION IS CLAIM$ BY ! ',ANGRY ,BRIGADE'4 

,JANU>Y #ai 

,JAKE ,PRESCOTT >RE/$ ON A *ECKS *>GE 9 ,NOTT+ ,HILL & QUE/ION$ BY ,DET4 ,*IEF ,SUPT4 ,HAB]%ON -- ! (FIC] :O WAS TO TAKE *>GE ( ! SO-CALL$ ',ANGRY ,BRIGADE' 9VE/IGATION4 

,FEBRU>Y #c 

,PRESCOTT RELEAS$ ON BAIL1 BUT RE->RE/$ #h DAYS LAT] & *>G$ ) CAUS+ ! EXPLOSIONS AT ! HOME ( ,ROB]T ,C>R & ! ,MISS ,WORLD ,CONTE/4 ,IT WAS ADMITT$ 9 C\RT BY ,*IEF4 ,SUPT4 ,HAB]%ON ?AT HE HAD REFUS$ ! >RE/$ MAN ACCESS TO A LAWY] = ?REE DAYS4 ,DUR+ ! 5SU+ MON?S ( ! 9VE/IGATION ! ACTIONS & ACTIVITIES ( ! POLICE COME 9 = A GREAT DEAL ( CRITICISM FROM MANY DIFF]5T QU>T]S1 & NUM]\S *>GES >E BR\<T AGA9/ ,SCOTL& ,Y>D = ASSAULT & H>ASSM5T4 ,!SE >E WAIV$ ASIDE BY ,SUPT4 ,HAB]%ON ) ! COMM5T3 0,I AM NOT CONC]N$ ) LEGAL NICETIES04 ,IT BECOMES 9CREAS+LY CLE> ?AT CAPITALISM 9 ,BRITA9 HAS MOV$ 9TO ! DEF5SIVE BY P]MITT+ ITSELF TO BE PANICK$ 9TO ALL[+ ! POLICE A 0FREE H&0 9 ITS ME?ODS ( 9VE/IGATION4 ,?IS IS REFLECT$ 9 ! POLITICAL SPH]E ) ! ,9DU/RIAL ,RELATIONS ,BILL LAY+ ! F\NDATIONS ( A CORPORATE /ATE4 

,FEB #a 

,G]MANY3 ,EX*ANGE ( FIRE BETWE5 ,MANFR$ ,GRA%(1 ,A/RID ,PROLL & ! POLICE 9 ,FRANKFURT4 

,M>* #af 

,IAN ,PURDIE >RE/$ 9 ,LONDON & *>G$1 TOGE!R ) ,JAKE ,PRESCOTT1 = ! TWO ',ANGRY ,BRIGADE' BOMB+S4 ,FUR!R REPORTS 9 ! LIB]AL PRESS ( POLICE EXCESSES & ,NAZI-TYPE TACTICS1 9 !IR 9VE/IGATIONS4 

,M>* #ah 

,DUR+ A MAJOR /RIKE ( ,=D WORK]S 9 ,5GL& ! MA9 (FICES ( ! ,=D ,MOTOR ,COMPANY AT ,GANTS ,HILL1 ,IL=D1 ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ,LONDON1 IS WRECK$ BY A P[]FUL EXPLOSION4 ,A ?\S& WORD COMMUNIQUE FROM ! ',ANGRY ,BRIGADE' IS DELIV]$ %ORTLY AFT]4 

,APRIL #bh 

,BOMB DELIV]$ TO ! ,TIMES NEWSPAP] ) A MESSAGE FROM ',! ,V5G5CE ,SQUAD1 ! ,ANGRY ,BRIGADE1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,>MY4' 

,MAY #a 

,BOMB WRECKS ! TR5DY ,BIBA B\TIQUE1 9 ,K5S+TON4 ,IT IS FOLL[$ BY A COMMUNIQUE ATTACK+ CONSUM] CAPITALISM & ! CONDITIONS ( ! SALES GIRLS & SEAM/RESSES4 

,MAY #e 

,SPA93 ,BOMB ATTACKS 9 ,B>CELONA ON ! ,PALACE ( ,JU/ICE1 ! ,FALANGI/ ,H,Q & A ,CAPU*9 ,MONA/]Y4 ,CLAIM$ BY ! ,CATALAN ,AN>*I/ ,GR\P ',LIB]TAD4' 

,MAY #f 

,G]MANY3 ,A/RID ,PROLL1 ONE ( ! GR\P :I* LIB]AT$ ,BAAD]1 IS >RE/$4 

,MAY #ah 

,G]MANY3 ,HOR/ ,MAHL] F\ND NOT GUILTY ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! LIB]ATION ( ,BAAD]4 ,+RID ,S*UB]T RECEIVES #f YE>S1 & ,IR5E ,GEORG5S #d YE>S = P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! LIB]ATION4 ,HOR/ ,MAHL] IS HELD 9 PRISON UND] P>AGRAPH #abi -- = BE+ A MEMB] ( AN ILLEGAL ORGANIZATION1 ! ,R,A,F4 

,MAY #bb 

,BOMB ATTACK ON ,SCOTL& ,Y>D ,COMPUT] ,ROOM AT ,T9TAGEL ,H\SE1 ,LONDON4 ,?IS IS ACCOMPANI$ BY SIMULTANE\S ATTACKS BY ! ',ANGRY ,BRIGADE'1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOLID>ITY ,MOVEM5T & ! ',M>IUS ,JACOB' GR\P AGA9/ ,BRITI% ,RAIL1 ,ROLLS ,ROYCE & ,ROV] (FICES 9 ,P>IS4 

,MAY #bh 

,SPA93 ,! >RE/ IS ANN\NC$ ( #i PEOPLE ACCUS$ ( BELONG+ TO ! ,CATALAN ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT4 ,*>GES 9CLUDE SABOTAGE ATTEMPTS ON ,T4,V4 /ATIONS1 ,/ATE ,PROSECUTOR'S (FICES & ! RI<T-W+ NEWSPAP] ',LA ,VANGU>DIA'4 

,JUNE #bb 

,DUR+ A DISPUTE BETWE5 ,=D MANAGEM5T & ! MILITANT %OP /EW>D1 ,JOHN ,DILLON1 9 ! ,=D ,LIV]POOL PLANT1 ! ',ANGRY ,BRIGADE' BL[ UP ! HOME ( ,=D'S ,MANAG+ ,DIRECTOR1 ,WILLIAM ,BATTY1 9 ,ESSEX4 ,! SAME NI<T A BOMB DAMAGES A TRANS=M] AT ! ,DAG5HAM PLANT ( ! ,=D ,MOTOR ,COMPANY4 

,JULY #h 

,G]MANY3 ,?OMAS ,WEISSBECK] & ,GEORG ,VON ,RAU*1 BO? MEMB]S ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,BLACK ,CROSS1 >E TRI$ = ASSAULT+ A J\RNALI/ ON ! ,SPR+] MAGAZ9E ,QUICK4 ,GEORG IS CONVICT$ & ,TOMMY ACQUITT$1 BUT BO? POLICE & PRESS HAVE CONFUS$ !M FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! CASE &1 AFT] ! V]DICTS1 !Y *ANGE PLACES4 ,GEORG GOES UND]GR\ND & ,TOMMY HAS TO BE RELEAS$4 

,JULY #ae 

,G]MANY3 ,PETRA ,S*ELM IS %OT DEAD BY POLICE FOLL[+ A *ECK AT A ROAD-BLOCK 9 ,HAMBURG4 ,W]N] ,HOPPE IS >RE/$ & ACCUS$ ( ! ATTEMPT$ MURD] ( A POLICEMAN4 

,JULY #b 

,G]MANY3 ,DIET] ,KUNZELMANN >RE/$ = ALLEG$LY PLANT+ A BOMB AT A LAWY]S' BALL4 ,*>G$ ) ATTEMPT$ MURD]4 

,JULY #bd 

,G]MANY3 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,PATI5T ,COLLECTIVE 9 ,HEIDELB]G 7,S,P,K7 IS ATTACK$ BY ! POLICE ON ! PRETEXT ( A CONNECTION ) ! ,R,A,F4 7,! ,S,P,K1 ! FIR/ SELF-ORGANIZ$ GR\P ( M5TAL PATI5TS1 LOCAT$ ! CAUSE ( M5TAL ILLNESS AS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ITSELF47 #c POLICE >M$ ) MA*9E GUNS =C$ !IR WAY 9TO ! ,S,P,K ROOMS & ! RESID5CES ( #b PATI5TS4 #aa MEMB]S ( ! ,S,P,K >E PUT 9TO #a DIFF]5T PRISONS4 #f >E /ILL DETA9$ ON REM&4 

,JULY #ca 

,DESPITE CLOSE POLICE PROTECTION ! HOME ( ! ,SECRET>Y = ,TRADE & ,9DU/RY ,JOHN ,DAVIES1 9 ,LONDON1 IS BADLY DAMAG$ BY A P[]FUL EXPLOSION4 ,?IS ACTION FOLL[$ CLOSE ON ,DAVIES'S ANN\NCEM5T ( HIS 9T5TION TO CLOSE ',UPP] ,CLYDE ,%IPBUILD]S'1 ?R[+ ?\S&S ( M5 \T ( WORK4 ,?IS IS ACCOMPANI$ BY ! #a#a? COMMUNIQUE FROM ! ',ANGRY ,BRIGADE4' 

,AUGU/ #ae 

,FOLL[+ ! ANN\NCEM5T BY ! ,BRITI% ,GOV]NM5T ?AT IT 9T5D$ TO 9TRODUCE 9T]NM5T 9 ,NOR!RN ,IREL& !RE WAS A P[]FUL EXPLOSION AT ! ,>MY ,RECRUIT+ ,(FICE 9 ,HOLL[AY ,ROAD1 ,LONDON4 ,?IS WAS CLAIM$ BY A COMMUNIQUE SIGN$ ',! ,ANGRY ,BRIGADE3 ,MOONLI<T]S ,CELL4' 

,AUG4 #b 

,H\SE 9 ,AMHUR/ ,ROAD1 ,LONDON1 RAID$ BY ,SPECIAL ,BRAN* & ,C,I,D >RE/+ ,JIM ,GRE5FIELD1 ,ANNA ,M5DELSON1 ,JOHN ,B>K] & ,HIL>Y ,CREEK4 ,! F\R >E TAK5 TO ! ,H,Q ( ! ',BOMB ,SQUAD' 9 ,ALBANY ,/REET1 ,LONDON1 :]E ! TWO M5 >E SUBJECT$ TO A BRUTAL BEAT+-UP TO EXTRACT A CONFESSION FROM !M4 

,AUGU/ #ba 

,/U>T ,*RI/IE >RE/$ AT ,AMHUR/ ,ROAD :ILE VISIT+ ! H\SE4 ,ONE H\R LAT] ,*RIS ,BOTT IS >RE/$ AT ! SAME PLACE4 ,BO? TAK5 TO JO9 O!RS AT ,ALBANY ,/4 ,POLICE ,/ATION4 ,9CRIM9AT+ EVID5CE 9 ! =M ( TWO DETONATORS PLANT$ BY POLICE (FIC]S 9 ,*RI/IE'S C>4 -- ,BO? M5 >E ALSO 'V]BALL$'4 

,AUG4 #bc 

,ALL >E *>G$ AT ,ALBANY ,/REET POLICE ,/ATION )3 

#a4 

,CONSPIR+ TO CAUSE EXPLOSIONS BETWE5 ,JANU>Y #a/ #aifh & ,AUGU/ #b#a/4 #a#i#g#a4 

#a4 

,POSSESS+ EXPLOSIVE SUB/ANCES = AN UNLAWFUL PURPOSE4 

#a4 

,POSSESS+ A PI/OL )\T A FIRE>MS C]TIFICATE4 

#a4 

,POSSESS+ EI<T R\NDS ( AMMUNITION )\T A FIRE>M C]TIFICATE4 

#a4 

,POSSESS+ TWO MA*9E GUNS )\T ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE4 

#a4 

,POSSESS+ #cf R\NDS ( AMMUNITION )\T A FIRE>M C]TIFICATE4 

#a4 

,JIM3 ATTEMPT+ TO CAUSE AN EXPLOSION 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#g4 

#a4 

,ANNA @& ,JIM3 ATTEMPT+ TO CAUSE EXPLOSION 9 ,MAN*E/]1 ,OCTOB] #a#i#g4 

#a4 

,/U>T3 POSSESS+ ONE R\ND ( AMMUNITION )\T A FIRE>M C]TIFICATE4 7?IS DAT$ BACK #b YE>S :5 A BULLET WAS TAK5 FROM HIS FLAT4 ,NO *>GES W]E PREF]R$ AGA9/ HIM AT ! TIME74 

#a4 

,JOHN1 ,JIM @& ,/U>T3 ,POSSESS+ EXPLOSIVE SUB/ANCES4 

#a4 

,JIM1 ,JOHN @& ,HIL>Y3 RECEIV+ /OL5 VEHICLE4 

#a4 

,/U>T3 POSSESS+ EXPLOSIVE SUB/ANCES 7! TWO DETONATORS PLANT$ BY POLICE74 

,ALL >E REFUS$ BAIL & REM&$ 9 CU/ODY TO AWAIT TRIAL4 

,SEPT #bd 

,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! POLICE CLAIM TO HAVE >RE/$ ALL ! ,ANGRY ,BRIGADE1 ! ,ALBANY ,/REET ,>MY B>RACKS 7NE> ! ,BOMB ,SQUAD ,H,Q7 IS BOMB$ BY ! ,ANGRY ,BRIGADE 9 PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ACTIONS ( ! ,BRITI% ,>MY 9 ,NOR!RN ,IREL&4 

,OCT #b 

,BOMB BLA/S HOME ( ,BIRM+HAM BUS9ESSMAN 7BUILD+ CON/RUCTION7 ,*RIS ,BRYANT1 :ILE HIS WORK]S >E ON /RIKE4 ,COMMUNIQUE ISSU$ BY ! ,ANGRY ,BRIGADE4 

,OCT #ba 

,FOLL[+ A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 MEMB]S ( ! ,R,A,F & ! POLICE1 ! POLICEMAN ,NORB]T ,S*MID IS KILL$4 ,M>GIT ,S*ILL] IS >RE/$ & *>G$ ) ! %OOT+4 

,OCT #c 

,PO/ ,(FICE ,T[] 9 ,LONDON IS BOMB$4 

,NOV4 #a 

,>MY ,TANK ,H,Q 9 ,EV]TON ,/REET1 ,LONDON BOMB$ BY ,ANGRY ,BRIGADE4 

,NOV4 #f 

,ATTACKS AGA9/ ,LLOYDS ,BANK 9 ,AM/]DAM2 9 ,BASLE AGA9/ ! ,ITALIAN CONSULATE2 9 ,ROME AGA9/ ! ,BRITI% ,EMBASSY2 & 9 ,B>CELONA AGA9/ ! ,BRITI% ,EMBASSY1 9 SUPPORT ( ! ',/OKE ,NEW+TON ,EI<T' & ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S IMPRISON$ ON TRUMP$-UP *>GES ( 'CONSPIRACY' & SUBV]SION4 

,DEC4 #a 

,TRIAL ( ,IAN ,PURDIE & ,JAKE ,PRESCOTT 5DS4 ,IAN ,PURDIE F\ND NOT GUILTY ON ALL *>GES & ,JAKE ,PRESCOTT GUILTY ON *>GE ( CONSPIRACY -- #ae YE>S4 

,DEC4 #d 

,GEORG ,VON ,RAU*1 A MEMB] ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,BLACK ,CROSS1 IS %OT DEAD BY ! POLICE 9 ,WE/ ,B]L94 ,HE IS UN>M$1 & IS %OT 9 ! HEAD :5 HE'D ALREADY PUT HIS H&S ABOVE HIS HEAD4 ,BETWE5 #e & #g PEOPLE TURN \T ! FOLL[+ DAY = A SOLID>ITY DEMON/RATION CALL$ BY ! ,B]L9 ,R$ ,HELP4 

,DEC #ah 

,KATE ,MCLEAN >RE/$ & *>G$ ) ,ANGELA ,WEIR1 ,*RIS ,ALL5 & ,PAUL9E ,CONROY1 :O HAD BE5 >RE/$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ,NOVEMB] ( HAV+ CONSPIR$ ) ! SIX PEOPLE ALREADY >RE/$ ON CONSPIRACY *>GES4 ,%ORTLY BE=E ! OP5+ ( ,COMMITTAL PROCE$+S AGA9/ ! T5 MILITANTS1 ! ,ATTORNEY ,G5]AL1 ,SIR ,PET] ,RAWL9SON1 ! VICTIM ( ONE ( ! ,ANGRY ,BRIGADE ATTACKS DECID$ HE C\LD NOT ALL[ A CASE TO BE MADE AGA9/ ,PAUL9E ,CONROY & ,*RIS ,ALL5 DUE TO 9SUFFICI5T EVID5CE & !Y W]E RELEAS$ FROM CU/ODY4 

,DEC4 #bb 

,A BANK IS ROBB$ 9 ,KAIS]SLAUT]N4 ,G,B,P#a#f1#g#e IS /OL54 ,A POLICEMAN1 ,H]B]T ,S*ON]1 IS KILL$4 ,!RE IS NO?+ TO DIRECTLY CONNECT ?IS ROBB]Y ) ! ,R,A,F1 BUT ! ,SPR+] CONC]N />TS A BIG PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ?IS WAS ! ACTION ( ! 0,BAAD]-,ME9H( ,GR\P04 ,HE9RI* ,BOLL1 WORLD- FAM\S NOVELI/1 PUBLICLY ATTACKS ! ,SPR+] PRESS = ! HY/]IA IT IS CON/ANTLY TRY+ TO :IP UP4 ,TWO WEEKS LAT] ,*ANCELLOR ,BR&T IS =C$ TO APPEAL TO ! ,WE/ ,G]MAN PUBLIC TO REMA9 CALM4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,PET] ,BRUCKN]1 A RADICAL PSY*OLOGI/1 SUSPECT$ ( H>BOR+ MEMB]S ( ! ,R,A,F1 IS SUSP5D$ FROM TEA*+ AT ,HANNOV] ,UNIV]SITY4 ,FOLL[+ HIS SUSP5SION !RE IS A MASSIVE DEMON/RATION ( SOLID>ITY FROM HIS /UD5TS4 

,DEC #be 

,SWITZ]L&3 ,ATTACK ON ! ,C5TRAL ,POLICE ,H,Q 9 ,ZURI*4 ,POLICE NAME AN AN>*I/ :OM !Y >E UNABLE TO LOCATE4 

#aigb 

  

,FEBRU>Y 

,BOMB ATTACK ON ,ITALIAN ,EMBASSY 9 ,BRUSSELS 9 SOLID>ITY ) ,PIETRO ,VALPR$A N[ ON TRIAL 9 ,ITALY4 

,M>* #b 

,?OMAS ,WEISSBECK]1 ANO!R MEMB] ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,BLACK ,CROSS1 IS %OT DEAD 9 ! MIDDLE ( A /REET 9 ,AUSBURG1 :5 ASK$ TO PRODUCE HIS ID5TITY C>D4 ,AL?\< >M$ HE DIDN'T DRAW HIS GUN4 ,! POLICE HAD BE5 WAT*+ ! FLAT :]E HE WAS /AY+1 BUT AS BECAME CLE> LAT] HAD NO IDEA :O IT WAS !Y HAD %OT UNTIL AFT] ! KILL+4 ,C>M5 ,ROLL1 :O WAS ) ,TOMMY IS >RE/$4 ,SOLID>ITY DEMON/RATIONS TAKE PLACE 9 FIVE CITIES ! NEXT DAY4 

,M>* #c 

,9 ,HAMBURG1 ! POLICE RAID A FLAT & OP5 FIRE ALMO/ IMM$IATELY ON ,MANFR$ ,GRA%( & ,WOLFGANG ,GRUNDMANN4 ,!RE FOLL[S A GUN BATTLE 9 :I* ,GRA%( IS S]I\SLY W\ND$1 & A POLICE 9SPECTOR RECEIVES W\NDS FROM :I* HE LAT] DIES4 ,DESPITE HIS S]I\S 9JURY1 ,BUDD5B]G1 ! JUDGE 9 *>GE ( ALL PEOPLE >RE/$ 9 CONNECTION ) ! ,R,A,F1 ORD]S ,GRA%('S REMOVAL FROM ! PRISON HOSPITAL TO A CELL :]E HE HAS TO ADM9I/] M$ICAL TREATM5T HIMSELF4 ,GRUNDMANN IS PUT 9 ! SAME PRISON4 

,M>* #bd 

,BOMB AL]T 9 ,BRITI% ,EMBASSY 9 ,BRUSSELS4 

,APRIL 

,! NOT GUILTY V]DICT ON ,HOR/ ,MAHL] IS QUA%$ AFT] ! PROSECUTION APPEALS4 ,HE IS N[ TO BE RE-TRI$ ON ALL *>GES4 

,MAY #aa 

,A BOMB DE/ROYS ! (FIC]'S CLUB ( ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,>MY 9 ,FRANKFURT4 ,AN ,AM]ICAN COLONEL IS KILL$ & #ac O!R (FIC]S W\ND$4 ,A ,COMMUNIQUE ISSU$ BY ! ,R,A,F SAID ! ATTACK WAS A RESPONSE TO ! ESCALAT$ ,AM]ICAN AGGRESSION 9 ,VIETNAM4 

,MAY #ab 

,! POLICE HEADQU>T]S 9 ,AUSBURG1 :]E ,TOMMY ,WEISSBECK] WAS %OT DEAD1 & ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,BAV>IAN POLICE 9 ,MUNI* >E BOMB$1 CAUS+ ?\S&S ( P\NDS WOR? ( DAMAGE4 ,CLAIM$ BY ,R,A,F4 

,MAY #ae 

,A BOMB EXPLODES UND] ! C> ( ,WOLFGANG ,BUDD5B]G1 ! JUDGE M5TION$ ABOVE4 ,HIS WIFE NORMALLY DRIVES HIM TO WORK1 BUT ON ?IS OCCASION %E IS ALONE1 & IS S]I\SLY 9JUR$4 ,CLAIM$ BY ! ,R,A,F4 

,MAY #ai 

,9 ! PUBLI%+ H\SE ( ,SPR+]'S CONC]N 9 ,HAMBURG1 TWO HI<-EXPLOSIVE BOMBS >E DETONAT$4 ,?REE TELEPHONE W>N+S >E GIV5 -- TWO TO ! ,SPR+] ,H\SE ITSELF1 ONE TO ! POLICE4 ,ALL >E IGNOR$4 #ag PEOPLE >E 9JUR$4 #e O!R BOMBS FAIL TO EXPLODE4 ,ALTOGE!R ! BOMBS CONTA9 #h KILOS ( ,T,N,T4 ,CLAIM$ BY ! ,R,A,F4 

,MAY #b 

,POLICE OP5 FIRE ON ,MADRID /UD5TS S]I\SLY W\ND+ ONE ( !M4 ,/UD5TS REPLY ) ,MOLOTOV ,COCKTAILS4 

,MAY #bd 

,AT ! ,H,Q ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,>MY 9 ,EUROPE AT ,HEIDELB]G1 TWO BOMBS EXPLODE 9 ! C> P>K4 ,A CAPTA9 & TWO S]GEANTS >E KILL$1 FIVE O!RS >E W\ND$- ,CLAIM$ BY ! ,R,A,F4 

,MAY #bf 

,BOMB ATTACKS ON ,AM]ICAN ,CONSULATE & ,AM]ICAN ,LEGION 9 ,P>IS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! ,SPANI% ,CONSULATE 9 ,/UTTG>T IS ALSO WRECK$ BY AN EXPLOSION4 

,MAY #c 

,TRIAL ( ',/OKE ,NEW+TON ,EI<T' OP5S AT ,NO4 #a ,C\RT AT ! ,OLD ,BAILEY1 9 ,LONDON4 ,?IS WAS TO BE ! LONGE/ TRIAL 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,BRITI% ,LEGAL ,SY/EM4 

,JUNE #a 

,&REAS ,BAAD]1 ,HOLG] ,ME9S1 ,JAN ,C>L ,RASPE >E >RE/$ :5 #be POLICE ) MA*9E PI/OLS1 TE> GAS1 & A TANK1 RAID A FLAT 9 ! SUBURBS ( ,FRANKFURT4 ,A F\R? P]SON >RE/$ ) !M IS LAT] RELEAS$ BY ! POLICE4 ,!Y SAY HE WAS A DOCTOR AT A LOCAL HOSPITAL1 BUT AFT] HIS RELEASE HE MY/]I\SLY DISAPPE>$4 ,9 A GUN BATTLE ) ! POLICE BE=E ! CAPTURE1 ,BAAD] IS W\ND$4 

,JUNE #g 

,GUDRUN ,5SSL9 IS >RE/$ 9 A B\TIQUE 9 ,HAMBURG1 AFT] A %OP ASSI/ANT SPOTS H] GUN4 

,JUNE #i 

,B]NH>D ,BRAUN & ,BRIGITTE ,MONHAUPT >E >RE/$ 9 ,WE/ ,B]L94 ,!Y >E TWO ( ! #ai PEOPLE :OSE PHOTOS HAVE BE5 PO/$ UP ALL OV] ,G]MANY AS MEMB]S ( ! ,R,A,F4 

,JUNE #ab 

,BOMB EXPLODES 9 ,SPANI% ,CONSULATE 9 ,MUNI*4 

,JUNE #ae 

,ULRIKE ,ME9H(F & ,G]H>D ,MOLL] >E >RE/$ 9 A FLAT NE> ,HANNOV]4 ,! POLICE HAVE RECEIV$ A TIP-(F FROM A 'LEFT-W+' TRADE-UNIONI/ 9 ! 'PROGRESSIVE' W+ ( ! ,S,P,D1 LIV+ 9 ! SAME BLOCK4 

,JULY #a 

,SPA93 #h1 PESETAS ROBB$ FROM A WAGES (FICE 9 ! ,CALLE ,MAJORCA NE> ! C5T] ( ,B>CELONA4 ,?IS IS ! FIR/ KN[N ACTION ( ! ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T4 7,M,I,L74 

,JULY #ah 

,BOMB WRECKS ,SPANI% ,T\RI/ ,(FICE1 ,/OCKHOLM1 ON #c#d? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,FRANCOI/ VICTORY4 

,AUGU/ #ad 

,FRANCE3 ,MAT]IAL WOR? OV] ONE MILLION PESETAS TAK5 FROM A PR9T-%OP 9 ! RUE L',ESQUILLE 9 ,T\L\SE4 7,M,I,L7 

,SEPTEMB] #i 

,ACT+ ON '9=MATION RECEIV$' ! ,FR5* POLICE RAID AN ISOLAT$ F>MH\SE 9 ,BESSI]ES1 NE> ,T\L\SE1 & DISCOV] AN >MS DUMP1 PR9T%OP & A L>GE AM\NT ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&A4 ,9 AN (FICIAL COMMUNIQUE ISSU$ AFT] ! RAID !Y SAY ! PLACE HAS OBVI\SLY BE5 US$ AS AN 9T]NATIONAL MEET+ PLACE = AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S4 

,SEPT4 #ac 

,WAGE SNAT* FAILS AT ! ,SAV+S ,BANK ( ,IGUALADA 9 ,SAL\ 7,T>RAGONA71 #eKMS4 FROM ,B>CELONA4 7,M,I,L7 

,SEPT4 #ae 

,>M$ ROBB]Y AT ! ,SAV+S ,BANK ( ,BELLV] DE ,C>DANA 9 ,L]IDA NETT+ ! GR\P OV] ONE MILLION PESETAS4 7,M,I,L7 

,SEPT4#a#g_/#a#h 

,FR5* POLICE HALT A ,R5AULT #af AT A ROAD BLOCK NE> ,PAU & ID5TIFY TWO ( ! OCCUPANTS AS BE+ RESPONSIBLE = ! HIR+ ( ! F>MH\SE NE> ,BESSI]E4 ,A POLICE RAID 9 ,T\L\SE LAT] ?AT NI<T EFFECTS ! >RE/ ( TWO MILITANTS1 A ?IRD MANAG$ TO ESCAPE4 ,ORIOL ,SOLE1 ONE ( ! ACCUS$1 IS KEPT 9 CU/ODY1 BUT HIS COMPANION1 ,JEAN ,CLAUDE ,TORRES1 IS RELEAS$ = LACK ( EVID5CE4 7,M,I,L7 

,OCT4 #ba 

,LAYETANA ,SAV+S ,BANK 9 ! 9DU/RIAL CITY ( ,MAT>O ROBB$ ( OV] ONE MILLION PESETAS4 7,M,I,L7 

,NOV4 #ah 

,SAV+S ,BANK 9 ,B>CELONA ROBB$ ( #b1 PESETAS2 = ! FIR/ TIME IT IS REPORT$ ?AT ! GR\P IS >M$ ) ,/5 SUB-MA*9E GUNS4 7,M,I,L7 

,NOV4 #b 

,SEV5 M51 >M$ ) SUB-MA*9E GUNS1 ROB ! ,C5TRAL ,BANK ( ,B>CELONA ( ONE MILLION PESETAS4 ,A COMMUNIQUE IS LEFT SIGN$ BY ',AUTONOM\S ,COMBAT ,GR\PS1 ,IB]IAN ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT'4 7,M,I,L7 

,DEC4 #f 

,! TRIAL ( ! ,/OKE ,NEW+TON ,EI<T 5DS ) F\R S5T5CES ( GUILTY ( CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ,JIM ,GRE5FIELD1 ,ANNA ,M5DELSON1 ,HIL>Y ,CREEK & ,JOHN ,B>K]4 ,EA* WAS S5T5C$ TO #a YE>S IMPRISONM5T1 AFT] A PLEA = CLEM5CY BY ! WORK+ CLASS JURY4 

,! F\R SUBSEQU5TLY APPEAL$ AGA9/ S5T5CE BUT HAD IT ?R[N \T4 ,! O!R F\R W]E F\ND NOT GUILTY ON ALL C\NTS DEMON/RAT+ ?AT ! JURY ACCEPT$ ! DEF5SE ALLEGATION ?AT MO/ ( ! POLICE CASE WAS A FABRICATION ( 'V]BALS'1 MISPLAC$ & PLANT$ EVID5CE -- AS 9 ! CASE ( TWO DETONATORS BE+ PLANT$ 9 ,/U>T ,*RI/IE'S C> -- TO SECURE CONVICTION4 

,DEC #a#c_/#a#d 

,! PR9T%OP /OL5 BY ! POLICE FROM ! F>MH\SE AT ,BESSI]ES IS REMOV$ FROM POLICE CU/ODY & PUT TO SOCIAL USE AGA94 7,M,I,L7 

,DEC4 #bi 

,LAYETANA ,SAV+S ,BANK 9 ,BADALONA ROBB$ ( #h1 PESETAS & A COMMUNIQUE SIGN$ BY ! ,M,I,L IS LEFT COMMEMORAT+ ! DEA? ( ,FRANCISCO ,SABATE ,LLOP>T4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bba 3 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOLID>ITY ,MOVEM5T -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOLID>ITY ,MOVEM5T -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/