',! ,9V5TION ( ! ,TRIBE' 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

0,! HI/ORY ( PEOPLE :O HAVE A HI/ORY IS1 WE >E TOLD1 ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! HI/ORY ( PEOPLE )\T A HI/ORY IS1 WE MI<T SAY ) AT LEA/ AS MU* TRU?1 ! HI/ORY ( !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! /ATE40 ,PI]RE ,CLA/RES1 

,LA SOCIETE CONTRE L',ETAT1 #a#i#g#d4 

,! ,>T ( ,NOT ,BE+ ,GOV]N$3 ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,HI/ORY ( ,UPL& ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 ,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT1 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #bi - #ddb PAGES 

,:OLE SOCIETIES )\T A ,/ATE HAVE EXI/$ UNTIL REC5TLY 9 ,ZOMIA1 ! VA/ M\NTA9\S REGION ( S\?-EA/ ,ASIA :I* IS F> FROM ! URBAN C5T]S & SIGNIFICANT ECONOMIC ACTIVITY4 

,?IS ZONE IS ALSO SITUAT$ BETWE5 EI<T NATION-/ATES1 :]E SEV]AL COSMOLOGIES & RELIGI\S TRADITIONS CO-EXI/ & :]E ! 9HABITANTS HAVE A *AMELEON ID5TITY1 9 O!R WORDS ONE ( MULTIPLE ID5TITIES4 

,?IS A ZONE :I* ,/ATES ONLY MANAG$ TO P5ETRATE 9 ! MID #b? C5TURY & !N ONLY ) ! AID ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY4 ,?IS TYPE ( ZONE HAS ALSO EXI/$ ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD2 9 ! ,ALPS1 ! ,APPALA*IANS1 ! ,ATLAS M\NTA9S ETC4 ,O!R K9DS ( GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES HAVE ALSO MANAG$ TO REMA9 \TSIDE ! REA* ( ,/ATES3 SEAS1 >*IPELAGOS1 M>%L&S1 COA/AL MANGROVES1 =E/S1 >ID /EPPES1 DES]TS ETC .<$4 - 'SMOO?' SPACE1 A T]M 9 CONTE/2 SEE ,RETURN ,FIRE VOL4#d PG#e#f.>4 

,9 ?IS BOOK1 ! AU?OR >GUES ?AT HILL PEOPLE >E BE/ UND]/OOD AS COMMUNITIES ( RUNAWAYS & FUGITIVES :O1 9 ! C\RSE ( #b1 YE>S1 HAVE FL$ ! OPPRESSION ( ,/ATE PROJECTS 9 ! VALLEYS - SLAV]Y1 TAXES1 =C$ LABOR1 EPIDEMICS & W>4 ,TALES ( ESCAPE RUN ?R\< C\NTLESS LEG5DS ( ! HILLS4 ,!SE PEOPLE'S PHYSICAL DISP]SION ACROSS A RUGG$ T]RA91 !IR MOBILITY1 !IR SUBSI/5CE PRACTICE1 !IR FAMILY /RUCTURE1 !IR *AMELEON E?NIC ID5TITY & !IR DEVOTION TO MILL5>IAN LEAD]S.<#a.> HAVE 5ABL$ !M TO AVOID BE+ 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ,/ATES & HAVE PREV5T$ ! ,/ATE FROM EM]G+ AMONG !M4 ,HE ALSO >GUES ?AT ! CULTURE ( C]TA9 FOODS1 ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE MADE UP ( SMALL AUTONOM\S GR\PS & ! PATT]NS ( PHYSICAL MOBILITY W]E POLITICAL *OICES4 

,BUT S9CE #aide ! CAPACITY ( ! ,/ATE TO DEPLOY DI/ANCE-ELIM9AT+ TE*NOLOGY - RAILWAYS1 ROADS ?AT /AY OP5 ALL YE>1 TELEPHONES1 TELEGRAPHS1 AIRCRAFT & ,I,T - HAS COMPLETELY OV]TURN$ ! /RATEGIC BALANCE ( P[] BETWE5 ! AUTONOM\S PEOPLES & ! NATION-/ATES4 ,EV]Y:]E1 ,/ATES HAVE 9VAD$ ! 0TRIBAL ZONES0 TO EXTRACT NATURAL RES\RCES & 5SURE ! SECURITY & PRODUCTIVITY ( !IR P]IPH]Y4 ,EV]Y:]E1 !Y HAVE 5D$ UP COLONIZ+ ! M\NTA9S & IMPORT+ ! SLAVE-SUBJECT-CITIZ5 MODEL4 

,HILLS1 ,VALLEYS @& ,/ATES 

,ZOMIA ILLU/RATES ! EXTREME DIVIDE BETWE5 9HABITANTS ( VALLEYS & ?OSE ( ! M\NTA9S1 BETWE5 ?OSE ON ! L[] & HI<] REA*ES ( ! RIV]S4 ,! POPULAT+ ( ! HILLS GOES H& 9 H& ) ! ,/ATE-=M+ PROCESS 9 ! VALLEYS1 ) ! COLONIZATION ( ! L&1 ! CREATION ( BORD]S & ! GRABB+ ( RES\RCES 7SLAVES & RAW MAT]IALS74 

,LIV+ )\T /ATE /RUCTURES WAS ! NORM 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,:5 ! ,/ATE APPE>S1 LIV+ CONDITIONS *ANGE = SEMI-S$5T>Y HORTICULTURI/S1 PU%+ MANY ( !M 9TO FLEE+ TAXES & W>4 

,! >RIVAL ( AGRICULTURE AS ! PR9CIPAL MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 & ( ,/ATE SOCIETY1 CAME ) NEW /RATEGIES = 0BR++ TOGE!R ! POPULATION01 SU* AS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( P]MAN5T VILLAGES1 ?US REPLAC+ OP5 COMMON PROP]TY ) CLOS$ PRIVATE PROP]TY4 

,ACROSS ! WORLD1 ! PH5OM5ON ( 5CLOSURE.<#b.> AIM$ TO MAKE ! PEASANTRY & ! P]IPH]Y PR(ITABLE1 =C+ PEASANTS TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! WEAL? ( ! EMPIRE & 9TO COMM]CIAL EX*ANGES1 9 ! NAME ( 0DEVELOPM5T0 & ( 0ECONOMIC PROGRESS04 ,9 PRACTICE1 ?IS AM\NTS TO MAK+ !IR ACTIVITIES RATABLE1 TAXABLE & LIABLE TO SEIZURE4 

,?IS 5ORM\S UNGOV]N$ P]IPH]Y 7,ZOMIA7 LONG CON/ITUT$ A ?REAT = ALL ! ,/ATES PRES5T 9 ! V>I\S VALLEYS4 ,IT %ELT]$ FUGITIVE & MOBILE POPULATIONS ORGANIZ$ ON A SUBSI/5CE BASIS - GA!R+1 HUNT+1 P]IPATETIC .<NOMADIC.> GR[+1 FI%+1 SMALL-SCALE LIVE/OCK F>M+ - :I* W]E FUNDAM5TALLY RESI/ANT TO APPROPRIATION BY ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT ! BIGGE/ ?REAT = ! ,/ATES WAS ! CON/ANT TEMPTATION & ALT]NATIVE ?AT IT REPRES5T$ = !IR [N POPULATIONS ( SLAVES2 ?AT ( A LIFE BEYOND ! REA* ( ! ,/ATE4 

,A MASSIVE MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION ( ! FIR/ ,/ATES WAS NOT FREE4 ,MANY DREAM$ ( ESCAP+ FROM TAXES1 FEUDAL LABOR & A CONDITION ( S]VITUDE4 ,9 PRE-MOD]N CONDITIONS1 ! CONC5TRATION ( ! POPULATION1 ! PRES5CE ( DOME/IC ANIMALS & !IR HEAVY NUTRITIONAL DEP5D5CE ON A S+LE V>IETY ( GRA9 BR\<T DAMAG+ CONSEQU5CES = ! WELLBE+ ( HUMANS & H>VE/S ALIKE1 MAK+ FAM9E & EPIDEMIC COMMONPLACE4 ,PEOPLE ALSO FL$ CONSCRIPTION1 9VASION & PILLAGE1 ALL V]Y FREQU5T 9 ,/ATE-RUN SPACES4 

,! NON-CIVILIZ$ *OSE !IR PLACE1 !IR SUBSI/5CE PRACTICE & !IR SOCIAL /RUCTURE 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 !IR AUTONOMY4 ,!Y W]E NOT 0LEFT0 TO ONE SIDE BY CIVILIZATION1 BUT %\LD RA!R BE SE5 AS ADAPTATIONS DESIGN$ TO ESCAPE BO? FROM CAPTURE BY ! ,/ATE & FROM ! =MATION ( A ,/ATE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !SE >E POLITICAL ADAPTATIONS ( ,/ATE-LESS PEOPLE TO A WORLD :I* CONSI/S ( NUM]\S ,/ATES4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! CIVILIZ$ IS ! HI/ORY ( ! ,/ATE & ( S$5T>Y AGRICULTURE4 ,C]EAL-GR[+ ON FIX$ FIELDS IS ! F\NDATION ( ITS P[]4 ,P]IPATETIC AGRICULTURE1 SLA%-&-BURN1 WAS MU* MORE WIDESPREAD 9 ! HILLS & P]MITT$ CROP DIV]SITY & PHYSICAL MOBILITY4 ,S$5T>Y AGRICULTURE BR\<T ) IT PROP]TY RI<TS1 ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY 5T]PRISE1 & 5C\RAG$ BIG FAMILIES4 ,C]EAL CULTURE IS 9H]5TLY EXPANSIONI/ .<$4 - SEE ! COMPANION PIECE TO ,RETURN ,FIRE VOL4#c2 ,COLONIZATION.> & G5]ATES A SURPLUS ( POPULATION & ! COLONIZATION ( NEI<BOR+ L&1 :ILE BE+ LIABLE TO FAM9E & EPIDEMIC4 ,H[EV]1 AS !Y HAD A CON/ANT NE$ TO KEEP ! POPULATION TOGE!R = WORK & W>1 ,/ATES HAD TO USE G5]ALIZ$ SLAV]Y TO SURVIVE AS IDEOLOGICAL 5TITIES4 

,AS A G5]AL RULE1 ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE 9 ! HILLS WAS MU* MORE FLEXIBLE & EGALIT>IAN ?AN 9 ! HI]>*ICAL & =MALIZ$ SOCIETIES ( ! VALLEYS4 ,! HI<] ! ALTITUDE1 ! LESS HI]>*ICAL & MORE EGALIT>IAN ! /RUCTURE4 ,! 9HABITANTS ( ! HILLS PAID NEI!R TAXES NOR TI!S4 ,IT ISN'T SURPRIS+ ?AT !Y /ILL HO/ SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5TS1 /RUGGLES = 9DIG5\S RI<TS1 MILL5>IAN REBELLIONS & >M$ OPPOSITION TO ! ,/ATES4 ,?IS RESI/ANCE CAN BE SE5 BO? AS A CULTURAL REJECTION ( ! PATT]NS ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ! PLA9S & AS A ZONE ( SANCTU>Y4 ,MANY 9HABITANTS FL$ TO ! HILLS TO ESCAPE ,/ATE PROJECTS 9 ! VALLEYS4 ,! NOMADISM ( ! HILLS IS ALSO A /RATEGY ( SURVIVAL & ! MULTIPLE REBELLIONS ( !SE REGIONS PU%$ MANY TO SEEK REFUGE 9 EV5 MORE REMOTE REGIONS4 ,?IS HI/ORICAL PATT]N ( FLI<T IS !RE=E A /ANCE ( OPPOSITION IF NOT RESI/ANCE4 

,/ATE ,SPACE 

,AS ELSE:]E1 C]EALS 7SU* AS RICE7 CON/ITUTE ! F\NDATION ( ,/ATE PROJECTS4 ,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( A TAX COLLECTOR1 C]EALS HAVE A CONSID]ABLE ADVANTAGE OV] ROOT CROPS4 ,C]EALS GR[ ABOVE ! GR\ND & RIP5 AT >\ND ! SAME TIME4 ,H>VE/S CAN !RE=E BE CALCULAT$ 9 ADVANCE4 ,!Y HAVE ! EFFECT ( AN*OR+ POPULATIONS 9 A T]RITORY & RAIS+ !IR VISIBILITY4 

,! ,/ATE DEP5DS ON ITS CAPACITY TO GA!R CROPS )9 A REASONABLE DI/ANCE4 ,! FUR!R ?AT ! PLACE TO BE CONTROLL$ LAY FROM ITS C5T]1 ! FUR!R ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE DW9DL$4 ,WAT]C\RSES W]E ! PRE-MOD]N EXCEPTION TO ITS LIMITS4 ,BE=E MOD]N TE*NOLOGY1 IT WAS DIFFICULT = ,/ATES ) NAVIGABLE WAT]C\RSES TO CONC5TRATE & PROJECT !IR P[] & CULTURAL 9FLU5CE4 ,FLAT L&S ?US 5ABL$ ,/ATE CONTROL & APPROPRIATION 7,/ATE SPACE71 :ILE UNDULAT+ L& IS 9TR9SICALLY RESI/ANT TO ,/ATE CONTROL 7NON-,/ATE SPACE74 

,HILLS & M>%ES W]E SP>SELY POPULAT$ & !IR POPULATIONS PRACTIC$ =MS ( MIX$ AGRICULTURE 7P]IPATETIC GR[+ ( M\NTA9 RICE & ROOT VEGETABLES1 GA!R+1 FI%+ & HUNT+7 :I* W]E H>D TO ASSESS & EV5 H>D] TO APPROPRIATE4 ,BE=E MOD]N TE*NOLOGY1 ! /ATE WAS A SEASONAL PH5OM5ON 9 ! HILLS2 9 ! RA9Y SEASON1 FROM ,MAY TO ,OCTOB]1 ! RA9 R5D]$ ! ROADS IMPASSABLE1 MAK+ YE>-R\ND MILIT>Y OCCUPATION IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! 9HABITANTS ( ! HILLS ALSO KNEW :5 TO EXPECT ! >RIVAL ( ! >MIES & ! TAX COLLECTORS4 ,!SE PEOPLE HAD ONLY TO WAIT = ! RA9Y SEASON1 :5 ! SUPPLY R\TES W]E BROK5 7OR MORE READILY SABOTAG$7 & = ! G>RISON TO BE FAC+ FAM9E OR 9 RETREAT4 ,! CO]CIVE PRES5CE ( ! ,/ATE 9 !SE ZONES WAS EPISODIC1 OR PRACTICALLY NON-EXI/5T4 

,CONC5TRATION ( ,WORK=CE @& ,C]EALS 

,POLITICAL & MILIT>Y SUPREMACY CALLS = A CONC5TRATION ( ! WORK=CE )9 REA*+ DI/ANCE4 ,! CONC5TRATION ( ! WORK=CE IS ONLY POSSIBLE ) S$5T>Y AGRICULTURE4 ,& SU* AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CONC5TRATION IS ONLY POSSIBLE ) ! IRRIGAT$ GR[+ ( RICE 7OR O!R C]EALS74 ,?IS CON/ITUTES ! MO/ EFFICI5T MEANS ( CONC5TRAT+ WORK=CE & FOOD/UFF4 ,! TWO O!R MEANS ( A*IEV+ ?IS >E ! TAK+ ( SLAVES & PILLAGE4 

,P]IPATETIC AGRICULTURE (F]S A GREAT] RETURN = LESS EF=T & PRODUCES A CONSID]ABLE SURPLUS = ! FAMILIES :I* PRACTICE IT4 ,?IS TYPE ( GR[+ DISP]SES PEOPLE ACROSS A T]RITORY1 =M+ A CON/RA9T TO ! ,/ATE'S NE$ TO CONC5TRATE ! POPULATION & MAK+ IT DIFFICULT & CO/LY TO COLLECT ! FOOD4 ,UNLIKE MONOCULTURE1 MIX$ & DISP]S$ AGRICULTURE 5SURES NUTRITIONAL BALANCE & (F]S GREAT] RESILI5CE TO DISEASES & PE/S ?AN DOES MONOCULTURE4 ,MOREOV]1 F>M ANIMALS TRANSMIT NUM]\S ILLNESSES TO HUMANS4 ,OV]ALL1 MONOCULTURE PROVIDES A DIET ?AT IS NUTRITIONALLY 9F]IOR TO A MIX$ DIET4 ,H[EV]1 RICE ALONE C\LD NOT SUPPORT A D5S] POPULATION1 BUT DID MEAN ! POPULATION WAS MORE READILY MOBILIZ$ :5 REQUIR$ = FEUDAL LABOR OR W>4 

,! GR[? ( POPULATION BY MEANS ( W> & SLAVE-RAIDS IS CONSID]$ TO BE AT ! ORIG9 ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y & ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! FIR/ ,/ATES4 ,K+DOMS EXP&$ !IR WORK=CE BASE BY =C+ PRISON]S ( W> TO SETTLE 9 !IR T]RITORY & BY KIDNAPP+ SLAVES4 ,SOLDI]S BURN$ ! FIELDS & HOMES ( ! CAPTIVES TO /OP !M FROM RETURN+ !RE4 ,!Y RAZ$ =E/S1 TURN+ !M 9TO FIELDS & DRA9$ ! M>%ES4 ,! MAJORITY ( ROYAL DECREES W]E AGA9/ RUNAWAY S]FS1 =BIDD+ !M FROM LEAV+1 FROM MOV+ HOME OR FROM CEAS+ TO GR[ C]EALS4 ,MANY SUBJECTS W]E EV5 TATTOO$ TO 9DICATE !IR /ATUS & !IR MA/]4 ,9 PRE-MOD]N SY/EMS1 ONLY PHYSICAL CO]CION CAN GU>ANTEE PROP]TY & ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?4 

,MONOCULTURE 5C\RAGES SOCIAL & CULTURAL UNI=MITY ON MANY LEVELS3 9 ! FAMILY /RUCTURE1 9 ! VALUE ( *ILD LABOR1 9 DIET1 9 >*ITECTURAL /YLES1 9 AGRICULTURAL RITUALS & 9 M>KET EX*ANGES4 ,A SOCIETY %AP$ BY MONOCULTURE IS EASI] TO WAT* OV]1 EVALUATE & TAX ?AN A SOCIETY %AP$ BY AGRICULTURAL DIV]SITY4 ,EMPIRES HAVE TRI$ TO ]ADICATE P]IPATETIC AGRICULTURE1 BECAUSE ITS PRODUCE WAS NOT ACCESSIBLE = ,/ATE APPROPRIATION4 ,9 MOD]N TIMES1 TWO O!R REASONS HAVE PU%$ ,/ATES TO ]ADICATE P]IPATETIC GR[+3 POLITICAL SECURITY & ! CONTROL ( RES\RCES4 ,P]IPATETIC FIELDS & =E/S >E !RE=E BURN$1 RAZ$ & EV5TUALLY REPLAC$ BY M9ES4 ,/ATES ?US M9IMIZE ! *ANCES ( SURVIVAL = ! 9HABITANTS ( ! HILLS \TSIDE ,/ATE SPACES4 

,CIVILIZATION @& ! ,UNGOV]NABLE 

,! N>RATIVE ( CIVILIZATION IS ONE ( DEVELOPM5T1 PROGRESS & MOD]NIZATION4 ,TO BE CIVILIZ$ IS SYNONYM\S ) BE+ GOV]N$3 LIV+ 9 A P]MAN5T VILLAGE1 CULTIVAT+ FIX$ FIELDS1 RECOGNIZ+ ! SOCIAL HI]>*Y & PRACTIC+ ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL SALVATION-BAS$ RELIGIONS .<$4 - SEE ,RETURN ,FIRE VOL4#d PG#d.>4 ,9 ! EYES ( ! CIVILIZ$1 ! LEVEL ( CIVILIZATION CAN BE READ BY MEANS ( ALTITUDE3 ?OSE LIV+ ON ! PEAKS >E ! MO/ BACKW>D2 ?OSE LIV+ HALFWAY D[N >E SLI<TLY MORE CULTUR$ & ?OSE :O LIVE ON ! PLA9S & GR[ RICE >E ! MO/ ADVANC$1 ALBEIT /ILL 9F]IOR TO ?OSE LIV+ 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,/ATE4 

,! MORE Y\ ADOPT ! DOM9ANT CULTURE1 ! HI<] Y\ RAISE Y\RSELF CULTURALLY4 ,EV5 IF Y\ LIVE ON A M\NTA91 Y\ >E ALWAYS 0HI<]0 9 T[N & 0L[]0 \TSIDE4 ,?IS HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ALTITUDE1 BUT ) CULTURAL ELEVATION4 ,:5 5TIRE PEOPLES LEAD1 \T ( *OICE1 A SEMI-NOMADIC LIFE/YLE1 !Y >E SE5 AS A ?REAT & /IGMATIZ$4 ,SOCIAL POLICIES & GOV]NM5T AID MEASURES >E PUT 9TO PLACE TO BR+ !SE 0UNC\? & BACKW>D0 PEOPLE BACK 9TO ! FOLD ( CIVILIZATION4 ,ALL ?OSE F9D+ REFUGE AMONG ! REBELS >E ASSOCIAT$ ) A PRIMITIVE CONDITION1 ) AN>*Y4 

,! ,GREAT ,WALL ( ,*9A 9 ! NOR? & ! ,MIAO WALLS 9 ! S\?-WE/ W]E BUILT NOT TO PREV5T B>B>IAN 9VASIONS BUT TO KEEP OV]TAX$ PEASANTS FROM ESCAP+ TO LIVE ) ! B>B>IANS4 ,IT'S 9 ! LI<T ( ADM9I/RATIVE CONTROL1 & NOT ( CULTURE 9 ITSELF1 ?AT WE %\LD UND]/& ! 9V5TION ( E?NIC CATEGORIES AT ! BORD]S4 ,AN E?NIC GR\P IS NO MORE ?AN A SOCIAL /ATUS1 A WAY ( TELL+ :E!R & H[ ?OSE 9 QUE/ION >E ADM9I/]$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,A B>B>IAN REGION IS ?US A POLITICAL PLACE FAC+ UP AGA9/ ! ,/ATE2 IT IS A SOCIAL POSITION4 ,! CIVILIZ$ >E COMPLETELY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! ,/ATE & HAVE ADOPT$ ! CU/OMS1 ! HABITS & ! LANGUAGE ( ! DOM9ANT GR\P4 ,GO+ (F TO LIVE ) ! B>B>IANS WAS LESS ! EXCEPTION ?AN ! NORM2 IF Y\ LEFT ! ,/ATE SPACE Y\ W]E 9 A POLITICAL SPACE ?AT WAS FREE & AUTONOM\S4 

,KEEP+ ! ,/ATE ,\T ( ,REA*3 ,POPULAT+ ! ,HILLS 

,M\NTA9 PEOPLE CAN BE SE5 AS REFUGEES DISPLAC$ BY W> & *OOS+ TO /AY \T ( ! DIRECT CONTROL ( ,/ATE AU?ORITIES4 ,!SE AU?ORITIES TRI$ TO CONTROL ! P]IPH]Y BY GRABB+ ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR1 TAX+ !IR RES\RCES & BY RECRUIT+ SOLDI]S1 S]VANTS1 CONCUB9ES & SLAVES4 ,! HI/ORY ( !IR FLI<T IS RECALL$ ANNUALLY BY ! M\NTA9 FOLK ) V>I\S RITUALS & !IR TRADITIONS >E CULTURALLY 5COD$ )9 A /RONG TRADITION ( FAMILIAL & ECONOMIC AUTONOMY4 ,! VALLEYS CAN REV]T TO ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ! HILLS FOLL[+ A COLLAPSE ( EMPIRE4 ,EMPIRES FE> !SE LAT5T =CES ON !IR BORD]S & HAVE CON/ANTLY LAUN*$ CAMPAIGNS ( ASSIMILATION OR EXT]M9ATION1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] POPUL> 9SURRECTIONS4 

,! PR9CIPAL REASON = FLI<T WAS W>2 :5 5TIRE >MIES GO ON ! PILLAGE1 DE/ROY+ EV]Y?+ 9 !IR PA?1 CAPTUR+ SLAVES & RAP+1 ! 9HABITANTS ( ! VALLEYS >E PU%$ \T T[>DS ZONES BEYOND ! REA* ( ! ,/ATE4 ,B&ITRY & REVOLT W]E WIDESPREAD PRACTICES1 BUT ! TYPICAL RESPONSE WAS TO ESCAPE 9TO A REMOTE ZONE :]E ! CO]CIVE =CE ( ! ,/ATE WAS ! LEA/ FELT1 :ILE ! ELITES MOV$ T[>DS ! C5T]4 ,?OSE )DRAW+ T[>DS ! M\NTA9S SAW !RE A SIGNIFICANT NATURAL ADVANTAGE4 ,!Y C\LD1 AT ANY MOM5T1 BLOCK ! V>I\S ACCESSES &1 :5 NECESS>Y1 )DRAW EV5 DEEP] 9TO ! M\NTA9S4 ,M\NTA9S FAVOR DEF5SIVE W>F>E 9 G5]AL & PROVIDE C\NTLESS SITES :]E SMALL GR\PS CAN HOLD (F A MU* BIGG] =CE4 ,!Y CAN ALSO DE/ROY BRIDGES1 PREP>E AMBU%ES OR BOOBY-TRAPS1 BR+ TREES D[N ACROSS ROADS1 CUT PHONE & TELEGRAPH L9ES1 ETC4 

,ESCAPE ! ,/ATE4 ,PREV5T ! ,/ATE4 

,?OSE :O TRY TO ESCAPE ! ,/ATE CAN USE SEV]AL /RATEGIES3 FLEE+ 9TO 9ACCESSIBLE ZONES1 SCATT]+ & DIVID+ 9TO SMALL] GR\PS & ADOPT+ SUBSI/5CE TE*NIQUES :I* >E 9VISIBLE & L[-PR(ILE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :5 A SOCIETY OR P>T ( A SOCIETY *OOSES TO FLEE FROM 9CORPORATION & APPROPRIATION1 IT MOVES T[>DS SIMPL]1 SMALL] & MORE DISP]S$ SOCIAL 5TITIES4 ,!SE REMOTE REGIONS >E ?US A *OICE & P>T ( A /RATEGY 5ABL+ PEOPLE TO /AY \T ( REA* ( ! ,/ATE4 

,P]IPATETIC AGRICULTURE IS A WAY ( ESCAP+ ! GRIP ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ALL ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,/ATES ( S\?-EA/ ,ASIA HAVE DISC\RAG$ OR CONDEMN$ P]IPATETIC AGRICULTURE1 BECAUSE IT IS A FISCALLY B>R5 =M3 DIV]SIFI$1 DISP]S$1 DIFFICULT TO WAT* OV]1 TO TAX & TO CONFISCATE4 ,P]IPATETIC AGRICULTURE (F]S RELATIVE FRE$OM & AUTONOMY4 ,BY GR[+ ROOT VEGETABLES1 HUNT+ & FI%+1 NOBODY NE$S TO WORK = A WAGE4 

,TRIBES & ,/ATES >E MUTUALLY CON/ITUT$ 5TITIES4 ,!RE IS NO SEQU5CE ( EVOLUTION2 TRIBES DO NOT PREC$E ,/ATES4 ,!Y >E SOCIAL =M DEF9$ BY !IR RELATION TO ! ,/ATE4 ,& :5 !RE IS A HI]>*Y 9 A TRIBE1 IT IS (T5 A !ATRICAL P]=MANCE BY A GR\P TO ADAPT TO ITS RELATION%IP ) ! ,/ATE4 ,! POSITION ( ! HILL-DWELL]S IS ?AT ( EQUALITY1 AUTONOMY & MOBILITY4 ,AMONG ! ,KA*9 GUMLAO1 !RE IS A TRADITION ( ASSASS9AT+1 DEPOS+ OR AB&ON+ MORE AUTOCRATIC *IEFS4 ,!Y HAVE A LONG HI/ORY ( APPLY+ EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATION%IPS BY DEPOS+ OR KILL+ *IEFS ) OV]-L>GE AMBITIONS = GOV]N+4 ,! ,LISU1 ,LAHU1 ,K>51 ,KAYAH & ,KA*9 >E KN[N = !IR TRADITION ( ANTI-*IEF REBELLION4 

,BUT IT IS FLI<T1 RA!R ?AN REBELLION1 :I* WAS ! F\NDATION ( FRE$OM 9 ! HILLS3 MANY MORE EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITIES W]E F\ND$ BY FUGITIVES ?AN BY REVOLUTION>IES4 

,! ,9V5TION ( ,E?NIC @& ,TRIBAL ,ID5TITIES 

,E?NIC ID5TITY IS DEF9$ BY ! MODE ( SUBSI/5CE & ! BELONG+ OR NON-BELONG+ TO A ,/ATE2 IT IS A SOCIAL POSITION REG>DS ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS A SORT ( CULTURAL PH5OM5ON4 ,/ATES >E MADE UP ( PRISON]S & SLAVES & SLAV]Y IS PRIM>ILY AN URBAN PH5OM5ON4 ,! SLAVE-RAIDS AT ! P]IPH]Y W]E AIM$ AGA9/ ! HUNT]-GA!R] & HORTICULTURI/ ANIMI/S .<$4 - SEE ,RETURN ,FIRE VOL4#d PG#d.> SO AS TO DEPORT !M T[>DS ! NE$S ( ! C5T]4 ,SEE+ AS MO/ ( ! T[N-DWELL]S ORIG9ALLY CAME FROM ! HILLS1 DO !Y REALLY %>E AN E?NIC ID5TITY8 

,! ,K>5 PEOPLE & MANY O!R M9ORITIES SEEM TO BE E?NICALLY *AMELEON1 CAPABLE ( PASS+ FROM ONE ID5TITY TO ANO!R )\T PROBLEMS4 ,LIV+ CLOSE TO A DIV]SITY ( CULTURES1 E?NIC *AMELEONS LE>N ! P]=MANCES REQUIR$ BY EA* ( ! CULTURAL P>ADIGMS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,LUA_/,LAWA1 :O >E ANIMI/S1 :O PRACTICE P]IPATETIC AGRICULTURE & SPEAK A ,MON-,KHM] LANGUAGE AT HOME1 >E SKILL$ 9 ! ,?AI LANGUAGE :5 !Y MOVE 9TO ! VALLEYS4 ,E?NICITY IS ?US A SELF-MADE PROJECT2 ?OSE :O ADOPT A SPECIFIC ID5TITY BECOME MEMB]S ( ! ID5TITY 9 QUE/ION4 ,E?NICITIES 9 ! HILLS >E NOT RIGID1 BUT >E DEPLOY$ 9 ! AIM ( 9CORPORAT+ NEI<BOR+ POPULATIONS4 ,! >EA HAS BE5 POPULAT$ = #b1 YE>S BY WAVE AFT] WAVE ( PEOPLE FLEE+ ,/ATE C5T]S1 9VASIONS1 SLAV]S' RAIDS1 EPIDEMICS & FEUDAL DEM&S4 ,!RE !Y JO9$ LOCALIZ$ POPULATIONS 9 HILLY & RELATIVELY ISOLAT$ >EAS4 ,!Y ACC5TUAT$ ! PH5OM5ON ( COMPLEX DIALECTS1 CU/OMS & ID5TITIES4 

,! ID5TITIES F\ND 9 ! HILLS REPRES5T A POSITION AGA9/ ! ,/ATES ( ! VALLEYS4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 PUT 9TO ! S]VICE ( AUTONOMY & ! ABS5CE ( ,/ATE4 ,! ANTI-,/ATE ID5TITY IS P]HAPS ! MO/ COMMON F\NDATION ( M\NTA9 ID5TITIES UP UNTIL ! #b? C5TURY1 :5 A LIFE \TSIDE ! ,/ATE WAS /ILL POSSIBLE4 

,/ATES ASSIMILAT$ ALL ! P]SONS ?AT !Y CAPTUR$1 BUT ! CULTURE UND] A ,/ATE B>ELY ALT]$ AS A RESULT BECAUSE ! DEP5D5CE ON JU/ ONE K9D ( C]EAL CROP 5D$ UP DOM9AT+ ! WORK R\T9ES ( A MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! HOMOG5IZ+ EFFECTS ( AN AGRICULTURAL SY/EM & A CLASS /RUCTURE W]E (T5 PUNCTUAT$ BY REVOLTS1 REPRODUC+ ! PREVI\S SOCIAL ORD] UND] A NEW ADM9I/RATION4 ,! ONLY /RUCTURAL ALT]NATIVE WAS FLI<T T[>DS ! COMMUNAL PROP]TIES 9 ! HILLS4 

,POR\S1 ,PLURAL @& ,FLUID ,ID5TITIES 

,MO/ ( ! HILL PEOPLES ( S\?-EA/ ,ASIA DIDN'T HAVE :AT WE REG>D AS PROP] E?NIC ID5TITIES4 ,!Y ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES (T5 BY ! NAME ( A PLACE - ! PEOPLE ( ?IS OR ?AT VALLEY OR CAT*M5T BAS9 - OR BY A L9EAGE OR FAMILY GR\P4 ,!IR ID5TITY V>I$ ACCORD+ TO ! P]SON !Y W]E ADDRESS+4 ,MANY NAMES W]E IMPLICITLY RELATIONAL - ! PEOPLE FROM UP HI<1 ! PEOPLE ( ! WE/]N RIDGE - MAK+ S5SE ONLY AS AN ELEM5T 9 ! RELATIONAL :OLE4 ,O!RS NAMES US$ W]E ?OSE GIV5 BY =EIGN]S1 AS WAS ! CASE ) ! ,MIAO4 ,MO/ ( ! HILL-DWELL]S HAD A REP]TOIRE ( ID5TITIES :I* !Y C\LD USE ACCORD+ TO CONTEXT4 ,A P]SON'S E?NIC ID5TITY W\LD BE 9 A S5SE ! REP]TOIRE ( !IR POSSIBLE P]=MANCES & ! CONTEXTS 9 :I* !Y W]E DISPLAY$4 ,E?NICITY IS NOT A GIV51 BUT A *OICE4 

,ACROSS ! WORLD1 COLONIAL =CES HAVE ID5TIFI$ & CODIFI$ CU/OMS & TRADITIONS ) ! AIM ( US+ !M AS ! BASIS = 9DIRECT P[] VIA ! NOM9ATION ( *IEFS4 ,?IS TE*NIQUE 9VOLVES NOT ONLY NEW FIX$ ID5TITIES1 BUT ASSUMES A MA9LY HI]>*ICAL & UNIV]SAL ORD]4 ,EGALIT>IAN & *AMELEON PEOPLES )\T *IEFS OR P]MAN5T POLITICAL ORD] BEYOND ! HAMLET OR ! FAMILY L9E HAVE NO PLACE 9 ?IS ORD] ( ?+S4 

,!RE WAS A LACK ( 9/ITUTIONAL LEV]S BY :I* !Y C\LD BE GOV]N$4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS W]E 9TRODUC$ BY =CE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 !IR DEAL+S ) ! ,KA*91 ,LAHU1 ,PA,O1 ,PADAUNG & ,KAYAH1 ! ,BRITI% H&$ 9/ITUTIONAL P[] & PRIVILEGES TO A FEW LOCAL *IEFS SO AS TO CONTROL !M BETT]4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ONCE IT HAS BE5 9V5T$ ! TRIBE TAKES ON A LIFE ( ITS [N4 ,AN 5TITY CREAT$ AS A POLITICAL /RUCTURE 9 ORD] TO GOV]N HAS TURN$ 9TO AN EXPRESSION ( POLITICAL PROTE/ & SELF-AFFIRMATION4 ,IT HAS BECOME ! RECOGNIZ$ MEANS ( /AT+ A CLAIM REG>D+ ONE'S AUTONOMY1 NATURAL RES\RCES .<SIC.> OR ! E>?4 ,CONFRONT$ BY PEOPLES )\T A ,/ATE1 ! ,/ATE ONLY RECOGNIZES CLAIMS BAS$ ON E?NIC ID5TITIES & TRIBAL RI<TS4 

,IT'S ! /&>D MODE ( MAK+ CLAIMS TO ,/ATES & ANSW]S ! SAME NE$S AS A TRADE UNION OR ASSOCIATION 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,! MORE Y\ LOOK AT ! REALITY BEH9D ! CONCEPT ( ! TRIBE1 ! MORE IT SEEMS TO BE ! CREATION ( ! :ITE MAN .<SIC.> TO DESCRIBE 9DIG5\S PEOPLE1 TO BE ABLE TO NEGOTIATE ) !M1 ADM9I/] !M1 5C\RAGE !M TO ?9K 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,! 9V5TION ( ! TRIBE MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS A POLITICAL PROJECT4.<#c.> 

,! VAGU5ESS ( SOCIAL =MS 9 ! HILLS1 ! HI/ORICAL & G5EALOGICAL FLEXIBILITY & ! B>OQUE COMPLEXITY ( LANGUAGES & POPULATIONS1 ALL =M P>T ( ! CON/ITUTIVE *>ACT]I/ICS ( HILL SOCIETIES4 

.<#a.> $4 - ,LEAD+ VIA APOCALYPSE VISIONS4 

.<#b.> $4 - SEE ,RETURN ,FIRE VOL4#d PG#e#a 

.<#c.> ,! CREATION ( ! ,COSSACKS AS A SELF-CONSCI\S E?NICITY IS P>TICUL>LY 9/RUCTIVE 9 GRASP+ ?IS PH5OM5ON4 ,?OSE :O BECAME ,COSSACKS W]E FUGITIVES & S]FS :O FL$ WE/]N ,RUSSIA 9 ! #a#f? C5TURY = ! /EPPES ( ! ,RIV] ,DON SO AS TO ESCAPE SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,!Y HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) EA* O!R1 AP>T FROM !IR S]VITUDE & !IR FLI<T4 ,!Y W]E GEOGRAPHICALLY FRAGM5T$ 9TO #bb GR\PS4 ,!Y BECAME A PEOPLE BECAUSE ( ! NEW 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS & SUBSI/5CE R\T9ES4 ,!Y E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES ALONGSIDE ,TAT>S1 ,CIRCASSIANS & ,KALMYKS4 ,!Y LIV$ BY A COMMUNAL L& SY/EM1 W]E EGALIT>IAN & HAD TOTAL FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T4 ,COSSACK SOCIETY WAS ?US A MIRROR IMAGE ( ! S]VITUDE & HI]>*Y ( CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA4 ,! ?REE BIG REVOLTS :I* ?REAT5$ ! EMPIRE />T$ 9 ,COSSACK L&S4 ,AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! ,BULAV9 ,REBELLION 7#a#g#g-#h71 ! ,COSSACKS W]E =C$ TO PROVIDE ! CZ>I/ >MY ) CAVALRY UNITS 9 EX*ANGE = ! PRES]VATION ( !IR AUTONOMY4 ,& AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ,PUGA*EV'S ,REBELLION 7#a#g#g#c-#g#d71 !IR LOCAL DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES W]E REPLAC$ BY A ,COSSACK >I/OCRACY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bba 3 ',! ,9V5TION ( ! ,TRIBE' -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ',! ,9V5TION ( ! ,TRIBE' -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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