,! ,IRON ,GRIP ( ,CIVILIZATION 
,! ,AXIAL ,AGE 

#bh 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN 

,TEXT 3 

,CIVILIZATION IS CONTROL & V]Y L>GELY A PROCESS ( ! EXT5SION ( CONTROL4 ,?IS DYNAMIC EXI/S ON MULTIPLE LEVELS & HAS PRODUC$ A FEW KEY TRANSITION PO9TS ( FUNDAM5TAL IMPORTANCE4 

,! ,NEOLI?IC ,REVOLUTION ( DOME/ICATION1 :I* E/ABLI%$ CIVILIZATION1 9VOLV$ A REORI5TATION ( ! HUMAN M5TALITY4 ,JACQUES ,CAUV9 CALL$ ?IS LEVEL ( ! 9ITIATION ( SOCIAL CONTROL 0A SORT ( REVOLUTION ( SYMBOLISM40.<#a.> ,BUT ?IS VICTORY ( DOM9ATION PROV$ TO BE 9COMPLETE1 ITS F\NDATIONS 9 NE$ ( SOME FUR!R %OR+ UP & RE/RUCTUR+4 ,! FIR/ MAJOR CIVILIZATIONS & EMPIRES1 9 ,EGYPT1 ,*9A1 & ,MESOPOTAMIA1 REMA9$ GR\ND$ 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( TRIBAL CULTURES4 ,DOME/ICATION HAD C]TA9LY PREVAIL$ - )\T IT1 NO CIVILIZATION EXI/S - BUT ! NEWLY DOM9ANT P]SPECTIVES W]E /ILL 9TIMATELY RELAT$ TO NATURAL & COSMOLOGICAL CYCLES4 ,!IR TOTAL SYMBOLIC EXPRESSIV5ESS WAS NOT YET FULLY COMM5SURATE ) ! DEM&S ( ! ,IRON ,AGE1 9 ! FIR/ MILL5NIUM ,B4,C4 

,K>L ,JASP]S ID5TIFI$ A TURN+ PO9T = HUMAN RESYMBOLIZATION1 ! 0,AXIAL ,AGE01.<#b.> AS HAV+ OCCURR$ BETWE5 #h & #b ,B4,C4 9 ! ?REE MAJOR REALMS ( CIVILIZATION3 ! ,NE> ,EA/ 79CLUD+ ,GREECE71 ,9DIA1 & ,*9A4 ,JASP]S S+L$ \T SU* SIX? C5TURY PROPHETS & SPIRITUAL FIGURES AS ,ZOROA/] 9 ,P]SIA1 ,DEUT]O-,ISAIAH AMONG ! ,HEBREWS1 ,H]ACLITUS & ,PY?AGORAS 9 ,GREECE1 ! ,BUDDHA 9 ,9DIA1 & ,CONFUCIUS 9 ,*9A4 ,!SE 9DIVIDUALS SIMULTANE\SLY1 BUT 9DEP5D5TLY MADE 9DELIBLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO PO/-,NEOLI?IC CONSCI\SNESS & TO ! BIR? ( ! WORLD RELIGIONS4.<#c.> ,9 A/ONI%+LY P>ALLEL DEVELOPM5TS1 A DECISIVE *ANGE WAS WR\<T BY :I* CIVILIZATION E/ABLI%$ A DEEP] HOLD ON ! HUMAN SPIRIT1 WORLD-WIDE4 

,9T]NAL DEVELOPM5TS )9 EA* ( !SE RESPECTIVE SOCIETIES BROKE ! RELATIVE QUIESC5CE ( E>LI] ,BRONZE ,AGE CULTURES4 ,WR5*+ *ANGE & NEW DEM&S ON ! ORIG9AL PATT]NS W]E 9 EVID5CE 9 MANY REGIONS4 ,! WORLD'S URBAN POPULATION1 = EXAMPLE1 NE>LY D\BL$ 9 ! YE>S #f TO #de ,B4,C4.<#d.> ,A UNIV]SAL TRANS=MATION WAS NE$$1 & EFFECT$ PROVID+ ! 0SPIRITUAL F\NDATIONS ( HUMANITY0 ?AT >E /ILL ) US TODAY4.<#e.> ,! 9DIVIDUAL WAS FA/ BECOM+ DW>F$ BY CIVILIZATION'S QUICK5+ ,IRON ,AGE PACE4 ,! ACCEL]AT+ WORK ( DOME/ICATION DEM&$ A RECALIBRATION ( CONSCI\SNESS1 AS HUMAN SCALE & :OL5ESS W]E LEFT BEH9D4 ,:]EAS 9 ! E>LI] ,MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 DEITIES W]E MORE CLOSELY ID5TIFI$ ) V>I\S =CES ( NATURE1 N[ SOCIETY AT L>GE GREW MORE DIFF]5TIAT$ & ! SEP>ATION DEEP5$ BETWE5 ! NATURAL & ! SUP]NATURAL4 ,NATURAL PROCESSES W]E /ILL PRES5T1 ( C\RSE1 BUT 9CREAS+ SOCIAL & ECONOMIC T5SIONS /RA9$ !IR 9TEGRITY AS WELLSPR+S ( MEAN+4 

,! ,NEOLI?IC ]A1 & EV5 ! ,BRONZE ,AGE1 HAD NOT SE5 ! COMPLETE OV]TURN+ ( A NATURE-CULTURE EQUILIBRIUM4 ,BE=E ! ,AXIAL ,AGE1 OBJECTS W]E DESCRIB$ L+UI/ICALLY 9 T]MS ( !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,BEG9N+ ) ! ,AXIAL ,AGE1 ! /RESS IS ON ! /ATIC QUALITIES ( OBJECTS1 OMITT+ REF]5CES TO ORGANIC PROCESSES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 A REIFICATION TOOK PLACE1 9 :I* \TLOOKS 7E4G4 E?ICS7 TURN$ AWAY FROM SITUATION-RELAT$ DISC\RSE TO A MORE AB/RACT1 \T-(-CONTEXT ORI5TATION4 ,9 ,H5RY ,BAM=D ,P>KES' PHRASE1 ! NEW FAI?S AFFIRM$ 0A HUMAN RA!R ?AN A TRIBALI/IC VIEW ( LIFE40.<#f.> 

,! :OLE H]ITAGE ( SACR$ PLACES1 TRIBAL POLY!ISM1 & REV]5CE = ! E>?-C5T]$ WAS BROK51 ITS RITUALS & SACRIFICES SUDD5LY \T ( DATE4 ,SYNONYM\S ) ! RISE ( 0HI<]0 CIVILIZATIONS & WORLD RELIGIONS1 A S5SE ( SY/EM APPE>$1 & ! NE$ = CODIFICATION BECAME PR$OM9ANT4.<#g.> ,9 ! WORDS ( ,SP5GL]3 0! :OLE WORLD A DYNAMIC SY/EM1 EXACT1 MA!MATICALLY DISPOS$1 CAPABLE D[N TO ITS FIR/ CAUSES ( BE+ EXP]IM5TALLY PROB$ & NUM]ICALLY FIX$ SO ?AT MAN CAN DOM9ATE IT44440.<#h.> ,A COMMON ASPECT ( ! NEW RE=MULATION WAS ! ASC5DANCE ( ! S+LE UNIV]SAL DEITY1 :O REQUIR$ MORAL P]FECTION RA!R ?AN ! E>LI] C]EMONIES4 ,9CREAS$ CONTROL ( NATURE & SOCIETY WAS B\ND TO EVOLVE T[>D 9CREAS$ 9N] CONTROL4 

,PRE-,AXIAL1 0ANIMI/IC0 HUMANITY WAS SU/A9$ NOT ONLY BY A LESS TOTALIZ+ REPRESSION1 BUT ALSO BY A SURVIV+ S5SE ( UNION ) NATURAL REALITY4 ,! NEW RELIGIONS T5D$ TO SEV] BONDS ) ! MANIFOLD1 PR(ANE WORLD1 PLAC+ CLOSURE ON IT OV] & AGA9/ ! SUP]NATURAL & UNNATURAL4 

,?IS 9VOLV$ 7& /ILL 9VOLVES7 :AT ,MIRCEA ,ELIADE CALL$ 0COSMICIZ+0 ! PASSAGE FROM A SITUATIONAL1 CONDITIONAL PLANE TO AN 0UNCONDITION$ MODE ( BE+40.<#i.> ,A ,BUDDHI/ IMAGE REPRES5TS 0BREAK+ ?R\< ! RO(02 ?AT IS1 TRANSC5D+ ! MUNDANE REALM & 5T]+ A TRANS-HUMAN REALITY4.<#a.> ,! NEW1 TYPICALLY MONO!I/IC RELIGIONS CLE>LY VIEW$ ?IS TRANSC5DANCE AS A UNITY1 BEYOND ANY P>TICUL>ITY ( EXI/5CE4 ,SUP]P]SONAL AU?ORITY OR AG5CY1 0! MO/ CULTURALLY RECURR5T1 COGNITIVELY RELEVANT1 & EVOLUTION>ILY COMPELL+ CONCEPT 9 RELIGION01.<#a#a.> WAS NE$$ TO COPE ) ! GR[+ 9ABILITY ( POLITICAL & RELIGI\S AU?ORITY TO ADEQUATELY CONTA9 ,IRON ,AGE DISAFFECTION4 

,A DIRECT1 P]SONAL RELATION%IP ) ULTIMATE SPIRITUAL REALITY WAS A PH5OM5ON ?AT TE/IFI$ TO ! BREAKD[N ( COMMUNITY4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL RELIGI\S ID5TITY1 AS DI/9CT FROM ONE'S PLACE 9 ! TRIBE & 9 ! NATURAL WORLD1 WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( ,AXIAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! P]SONALIZ+ ( A SPIRITUAL J\RNEY & A DI/ANC+ FROM ! E>? %AP$ HUMAN SOCIETIES 9 TURN4 ,!SE 9NOVATIONS D5I$ & SUPPRESS$ 9DIG5\S TRADITIONS1 :ILE FO/]+ ! IMPLICIT ILLUSION ( ESCAP+ CIVILIZATION4 ,9N] TRANS=MATION & ITS 0WAY UP0 WAS SPIRIT DIVORC$ FROM BODY1 NIRVANA SEP>ATE FROM SAMS>A4 ,YOGIC )DRAWAL1 LIFE-D5Y+ ASCETICISM1 ETC4 W]E DEEPLY DUALI/IC1 ALMO/ )\T EXCEPTION4 

,ALL ?IS WAS TAK+ PLACE 9 ! CONTEXT ( AN UNPREC$5T$ LEVEL ( RATIONALIZATION & CONTROL ( DAILY LIFE 9 MANY PLACES1 ESPECIALLY BY AB\T #e ,B4,C4 ,S4,N4 ,EIS5/ADT REF]R$ TO A RESULTANT 0REBELLION AGA9/ ! CON/RA9TS ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 AU?ORITY1 HI]>*Y1 &444 ! /RUCTUR+ ( ! TIME DIM5SION4440.<#a#b.> ,! ,AXIAL RELIGIONS =M$ DUR+ A P]IOD ( SOCIAL DIS9TEGRATION1 :5 LONG-/&+ S\RCES ( SATISFACTION & SECURITY W]E BE+ UND]M9$1 & ! E>LI] RELATIVE AUTONOMY ( TRIBES & VILLAGES WAS BREAK+ D[N4 ,! OV]ALL \TCOMES W]E A GREAT /R5G!N+ ( TE*NOLOGICAL SY/EMS1 & AN ALMO/ SIMULTANE\S RISE ( MI<TY EMPIRES 9 ,*9A 7,TS9 ,%I HWANG-TI71 ,9DIA 7,MAURYA DYNA/Y71 & ! ,WE/ 7! ,HELL5I/IC EMPIRES &1 SLI<TLY LAT]1 ! ,IMP]IUM ,ROMANUM74 

,DOME/ICATION_/CIVILIZATION SET ?IS TRAJECTORY 9 MOTION BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 GIV+ BIR? TO TE*NOLOGY AS DOM9ATION ( NATURE1 & SY/EMS BAS$ ON DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,!RE WAS M9+ BE=E #c ,B4,C4 9 ,S9AI 7E>LY ,BRONZE ,AGE71 & A SURGE 9 ! PROGRESS ( METALLURGICAL TE*NOLOGY DUR+ ! ?IRD MILL5NIUM4 ,!SE 9NOVATIONS CO9CID$ ) ! EM]G5CE ( TRUE /ATES1 & ) ! 9V5TION ( WRIT+4 ,NAM+ ! /AGES ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T BY REF]5CE TO METALS IS APT TE/IMONY TO !IR C5TRAL ROLE4 ,METALLURGY HAS LONG /IMULAT$ ALL O!R PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES4 ,BY #h ,B4,C4 AT ! LATE/1 ! ,IRON ,AGE HAD FULLY >RIV$ 9 ! ,WE/1 ) MASS PRODUCTION ( /&>DIZ$ GOODS4 

,MASSIFICATION ( SOCIETY T5D$ TO BECOME ! NORM1 BAS$ ON SPECIALIZATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,BRONZE ,AGE SMI?S HAD PROSPECT$1 M9$1 & SMELT$ ! ORES & !N WORK$ & ALLOY$ ! METALS4 ,GRADUALLY1 EA* ( !SE PROCESSES BECAME ! PURVIEW ( CORRESPOND+ SPECIALI/S1 ]OD+ AUTONOMY & SELF-SUFFICI5CY4 ,) RESPECT TO POTT]Y1 A COMMON DOME/IC SKILL WAS TAK5 OV] BY PR(ESSIONALS4.<#a#c.> ,BREAD N[ CAME MORE (T5 FROM BAK]IES ?AN FROM ! H\SEHOLD4 ,IT IS NO ACCID5T ?AT ! ,IRON ,AGE & ! ,AXIAL ,AGE COMM5CE AT ALMO/ EXACTLY ! SAME TIME1 C4 #h ,B4,C4 ,! TURBUL5CE & UPHEAVALS 9 ! ACTUAL WORLD F9D NEW CONSOLATIONS & COMP5SATIONS 9 ! SPIRITUAL REALM1 NEW SYMBOLIC =MS = FUR!R FRACTION+ SOCIETIES4.<#a#d.> 

,9 ,HOM]'S ,ODYSSEY 7#h? C5TURY ,B4,C471 ! TE*NOLOGICALLY BACKW>D ,CYCLOPS HAVE SURPRIS+LY EASY LIVES COMP>$ TO PEOPLE 9 ,IRON ,AGE ,GREECE ( ?AT TIME1 :5 ! BEG9N+S ( A FACTORY SY/EM W]E ALREADY 9 PLACE4 ,DEVELOPM5T ( /EEL PL[S & WEAPONS ACCEL]AT$ ! DE/RUCTION ( NATURE 7]OSION1 DE=E/ATION1 ETC47 & RU9\S W>F>E4 

,9 ,P]SIA1 OIL WAS ALREADY BE+ REF9$1 IF NOT DRILL$4 ,!RE ! SE] ,ZOROA/] 7AKA ,Z>A?U/RA7 EM]G$1 PROVID+ SU* POT5T CONCEPTS AS IMMORTALITY1 ! ,LA/ ,JUDGM5T1 & ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT 7:I* W]E QUICKLY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ,JUDAISM74 ,! DUALISM ( ! DIV9E ,AHURA ,MAZDA'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ EVIL WAS P>AM\NT !OLOGICALLY1 9 A RELIGI\S SY/EM 9TIMATELY TI$ TO ! NE$S ( ! /ATE4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,P]SIAN LEGAL SY/EM ( ! ,A*EM5IAN P]IOD 7#e#e#h-#c#e ,B4,C47 WAS VIRTUALLY SYNONYM\S ) ,ZORAOA/RIANISM1 & ! LATT] 9 FACT QUICKLY BECAME ! /ATE RELIGION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,H>LE1 ,ZOROA/RIANISM WAS 0BORN TO S]VE ! DEM& = SOCIAL ORD] 9 A RAPIDLY *ANG+ & EXP&+ SOCIETY40.<#a#e.> 

,ZOROA/RIAN MONO!ISM WAS NOT ONLY A DEF9ITIVE TURN+ AWAY FROM ANIMISM & ! OLD GODS1 BUT ALSO A M>K$ ELEVATION ( ! CATEGORIES ( GOOD & EVIL AS UNIV]SALS & RUL+ CONCEPTS4 ,BO? ( !SE *>ACT]I/ICS W]E ,AXIAL ,AGE ESS5TIALS4 ,SP5GL] REG>D$ ,Z>A?U/RA AS A 0TRAVEL+ COMPANION ( ! PROPHETS ( ,ISRAEL01 :O ALSO /E]$ POPUL> BELIEF AWAY FROM ! WEB ( PAN!I/IC1 LOCALI/1 NATURE ORI5T$ RITES & \TLOOKS4.<#a#f.> 

,! ,HEBREW-,JUDAIC TRADITION WAS UND]GO+ A SIMIL> *ANGE1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! SAME SIX? C5TURY HE>T ( ! ,AXIAL ,AGE4 ,! EA/]N ,M$IT]RANEAN1 & ,ISRAEL 9 P>TICUL>1 WAS EXP]I5C+ A SURGE ( ,IRON ,AGE URBANIZATION4 ,! SOCIAL ORD] WAS UND] CONSID]ABLE /RA9 9 ! CONTEXT ( A NATIONAL NE$ = ID5TITY & COH]5CE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! FACE ( MORE P[]FUL1 EMPIRE-BUILD+ NEI<BORS4 ,! ,ISRAELITES SP5T TWO-?IRDS ( ! SIX? C5TURY AS CAPTIVES ( ! ,BABYLONIANS4 

,YAHWEH ROSE FROM LOCAL F]TILITY GOD TO MONO!I/ /ATUS 9 A MANN] COMM5SURATE ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( A BELEAGU]$ & ?REAT5$ PEOPLE4 ,HIS GR&EUR1 & ! UNIV]SALITY ( HIS FIELD ( RELEVANCE1 P>ALLEL$ ! ,HEBREWS' DESIRE = /R5G? 9 A HO/ILE WORLD4.<#a#g.> ,9 ! EI<? C5TURY ,B4,C41 ,AMOS HAD ANN\NC$ ?IS VISION AS A D]ITUALIZ+1 TRANSC5D5TALIZ+ SPIRITUAL DIRECTION4 ,JEWI% UNIQU5ESS ?US UNFOLD$ AGA9/ ! BACKDROP ( RADICAL1 UNIT>Y DIV9ITY4 

,! 0NEW MAN0 ( ,EZEKIEL 7E>LY SIX? C5TURY ,B4,C47 WAS P>T ( A NEW SUP]NATURAL DIM5SION ?AT1 AGA91 TOOK ITS BE>+S FROM AN UN/ABLE TIME4 ,AS ,JACOB ,NEUSN] PO9T$ \T1 BY ! SIX? C5TURY ,B4,C41 AT ! V]Y LATE/1 ! ECONOMY WAS NO LONG] GR\ND$ 9 SUBSI/5CE OR SELF-SUFFICI5CY4.<#a#h.> ,! ROLE ( ! H\SEHOLD HAD BE5 GREATLY DIM9I%$ BY DIVISION ( LABOR & ! MASSIFY+ M>KET4 ,AN OMNIPOT5T GOD DEM&+ ABSOLUTE SUBMISSION REFLECT$ RUL]S' ASPIRATIONS = TOP-D[N1 /ABILIZ+ AU?ORITY4 ,YAHWEH1 LIKE ,ZEUS1 WAS ORIG9ALLY A NATURE GOD1 ALBEIT CONNECT$ TO DOME/ICATION4 ,HIS RULE CAME TO HOLD SWAY OV] ! MORAL & CIVIC ORD]1 AN*OR$ BY ! RULE ( K+S4 ,! POSITIVE1 R$EMPTIVE ROLE ( SUFF]+ EM]G$ H]E1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 ALONG ) REF9$ POLITICAL DOM9ATION4 ,DEUT]O-,ISAIAH 7,SECOND ,ISAIAH71 GREATE/ ( ! ,HEBREW PROPHETS ( ! ,AXIAL ,AGE1 CREAT$ A ROYAL IDEOLOGY 9 ! SIX? C5TURY ,B4,C4.<#a#i.> ,HE ANN\NC$ ?AT ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! ,COV5ANT ) ,GOD WAS EMBODI$ 9 ! K+ HIMSELF1 ?AT ! K+ WAS ! ,COV5ANT4.<#b.> ,! =CE ( ?IS ANN\NCEM5T D]IV$ FROM UNIV]SAL COSMIC LAW1 BEYOND ANY S5SE P]CEPTION OR E>?LY P>ALLEL2 NATURAL PH5OM5A W]E ONLY ITS EXPRESSIONS1 WR\<T 9 AN 9F9ITY UNKN[ABLE BY MORTALS4 

,9 PRE-,SOCRATIC ,GREECE1 ESPECIALLY BY ! TIME ( ,PY?AGORAS & ,H]ACLITUS 9 ! SIX? C5TURY ,B4,C41 TRIBAL COMMUNITIES W]E FAC+ DIS9TEGRATION1 :ILE NEW COLLECTIVITIES & 9/ITUTIONAL COMPLEXES W]E UND] CON/RUCTION4 ,! SILV] M9ES ( ,LAURIUM W]E BE+ WORK$ BY ?\S&S ( SLAVES4 ,AN 0ADVANC$ MANUFACTUR+ TE*NOLOGY0.<#b#a.> 9 L>GE URBAN WORK%OPS (T5 DISPLAY$ A HI< DEGREE ( DIVISION ( LABOR4 0,POTT]Y 9 ,A!NS WAS MADE 9 FACTORIES :I* MI<T EMPLOY1 UND] ! MA/]-POTT]1 AS MANY AS SEV5TY M540.<#b#b.> ,/RIKES & SLAVE UPRIS+S W]E NOT UNCOMMON1.<#b#c.> :ILE HOME 9DU/RIES & SMALL-SCALE CULTIVATORS /RUGGL$ TO COMPETE AGA9/ ! NEW MASSIFICATION4 ,SOCIAL FRICTIONS F\ND EXPRESSION1 AS ALWAYS1 9 COMPET+ WORLD VIEWS4 

,HESIOD 7#h? C5TURY ,B4,C47 BELONG$ TO A TRADITION ( ,GOLD5 ,AGE PROPON5TS1 :O CELEBRAT$ AN ORIG9AL1 UNCORRUPT$ HUMANITY4 ,!Y SAW 9 ! ,IRON ,AGE A FUR!R DEBAS+ MOVEM5T AWAY FROM ?OSE ORIG9S4 ,X5OPHANES 7#f? C5TURY71 TO ! CONTR>Y1 UNEQUIVOCALLY PROCLAIM$ ?AT NEW] WAS BETT]1 E*O+ ,JEWI% PROPHETS ( ! ,AXIAL ,AGE :O HAD CONTRIBUT$ SIGNIFICANTLY TO PROGRESSIVE ?9K+4 ,HE W5T SO F> AS TO SEE 9 ! =W>D MOVEM5T ( CIVILIZATION ! ORIG9 ( ALL VALUES1 GLORY+ 9 URBANIZATION & 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX TE*NOLOGICAL SY/EMS4.<#b#d.> ,X5OPHANES WAS ! FIR/ TO PROCLAIM BELIEF 9 PROGRESS4.<#b#e.> ,AL?\< ! ,CYNICS HELD \T 9 FAVOR ( AN E>LI] VITALITY & 9DEP5D5CE1 ! NEW CRE$ GA9$ GR\ND4 ,! ,SOPHI/S UPHELD ITS /&>DS1 & AFT] #e ,B4,C41 WIDESPREAD EMBRACE ( HI<] CIVILIZATION SWAMP$ ! E>LI] LONG+ = A PRIMORDIAL1 UNALI5AT$ WORLD4 

,! TRANSC5D5TALIZ+ F\NDATION = ?IS %IFT CAN BE READ 9 AN ACCEL]AT+ DI/ANC+ ( PEOPLE FROM ! L& ?AT HAD BE5 TAK+ PLACE ON MULTIPLE LEVELS4 ,A L&-BAS$ PLURALISM ( SMALL PRODUC]S1 ) POLY!I/IC ATTA*M5TS TO LOCAL CU/OM1 WAS TRANS=M$ BY URBAN GR[? & /RATIFICATION1 & ! DETA*$ P]SPECTIVE ?AT SUITS !M4 ,PLATO'S ,REPUBLIC 7C4 #d ,B4,C47 IS A *ILL+1 DISEMBODI$ >TIFACT ( ! RIS+ T5D5CY T[>D TRANS=MATION ( ?\<T & SOCIETY ALONG /&>DIZ$1 ISOLAT+ L9ES4 ,?IS MODEL ( SOCIETY WAS A CONTRIV$ IMPOSITION ( ! NEW AU?ORIT>IANISM1 UTT]LY REMOV$ FROM ! SURVIV+ RI*NESS ?AT CIVILIZATION HAD ?US F> CONT9U$ TO COEXI/ )4 

,SOCIAL EXI/5CE 9TRUD$ TO ! FUR!/ REA*ES ( CONSCI\SNESS1 & ! TWO S*EMA1 ,IRON ,AGE & ,AXIAL ,AGE1 ALSO OV]LAPP$ & 9T]ACT$ 9 ,9DIA4 ,! P]IOD FROM #a TO #f ,B4,C4 M>K$ ! E>LY ,IRON ,AGE TRANSITION FROM A SOCIO-ECONOMIC-CULTURAL MODE ?AT WAS TRIBAL_/PA/ORAL1 TO ?AT ( SETTL$_/AGR>IAN4 ,! REIGN ( SURPLUS & S$5TISM WAS GREATLY HA/5$ & EXT5D$ BY FULL-FL$G$ IRON & /EEL PL[-BAS$ CULTIVATION4 ,M9ES & E>LY FACTORIES 9 ,9DIA ALSO C5T]$ ON IRON TE*NOLOGY1 & HELP$ PU% =W>D ! HOMOG5IZATION ( CULTURES 9 ! ,MAURYAN /ATE ( ?IS P]IOD4 ,NEW SURGES ( DOME/ICATION 7E4G4 HORSES71 URBANIZATION1 L>GE E/ATES1 & WAGE LABOR TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,GANGES VALLEY1 AS 0TRIBAL EGALIT>IANISM10 9 ,ROMILA ,?AP>'S WORDS1 SURR5D]$ TO ! NEWLY EVOLV+ SY/EM BY #e ,B4,C4.<#b#f.> 

,?IS WAS ALSO R\<LY ! TIME ( ,GAUTAMA ,BUDDHA4 ,BUDDHISM'S ORIG9S & ROLE ) RESPECT TO ! SPREAD ( ,IRON ,AGE SOCIETY CAN READILY BE TRAC$4.<#b#g.> ,CANONICAL SCRIPTURES REF] TO E>LY ,BUDDHI/ TEA*]S AS CONSULTANTS TO ! RUL]S ( ,9DIAN /ATES1 A TE/IMONY TO ,BUDDHISM'S DIRECT USEFULNESS TO ! NEW URBAN ORD] 9 A TIME ( GREAT FLUX4 ,V>I\S COMM5TATORS HAVE SE5 ! ,BUDDHI/ RE=MULATION ( ! PREMISES ( ,H9DUISM AS AN IDEOLOGY ?AT ORIG9AT$ TO S]VE ! NE$S ( A *ALL5G$1 EM]G+ /RUCTURE4.<#b#h.> ,! E>LY SUPPORT]S1 IT IS CLE>1 W]E L>GELY MEMB]S ( ! URBAN & RURAL ELITES4.<#b#i.> 

,= ! ,BUDDHA1 & = ! O!R ,AXIAL PROPHETS 9 G5]AL1 ! P]SONAL TOOK PREC$5CE OV] ! SOCIAL4 ,HE WAS ! DETA*$ OBS]V]1 SEEK+ FRE$OM FROM ! WORLD1 :O MA9LY ACCEPT$ A V]Y N>R[ SPH]E AS LOCUS ( ATT5TION & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,?IS AM\NTS TO A FATALISM ?AT F\ND$ ,BUDDHISM UPON SUFF]+ AS A PRIME FACT1 A CONDITION ( LIFE ?AT MU/ BE ACCEPT$4 ,! MESSAGE ( DUKKHA 7SUFF]+7 EXPRESSES ! ULTIMATE 9CAPACITY ( ! HUMAN CONDITION TO 9CLUDE HAPP9ESS4 

,YET ,BUDDHISM PROMIS$ A WAY \T ( SOCIAL DISLOCATION & MALAISE.<#c.> 1 ?R\< ITS FOCUS ON 9DIVIDUAL SALVATION4 ,! GOAL IS 0EXT+UI%$NESS0 OR ,NIRVANA1 ! SUPPRESSION ( 9T]E/ 9 ! WORLD BY ?OSE DIS5*ANT$ ) IT4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,BUDDHA'S PRES5TATION ( ! 0COSMIC PROCESS0 WAS /RIPP$ ( ALL E>?LY PROCESSES1 HUMAN & NON-HUMAN4 ,:ILE CRITICIZ+ ! CA/E SY/EM & H]$IT>Y PRIE/HOODS1 HE TOOK NO ACTIVE ROLE 9 OPPOS+ !M4 ,BUDDHISM WAS HI<LY ADAPTIVE REG>D+ *ANG+ SOCIAL SITUATIONS1 & SO WAS USEFUL TO ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,BUDDHISM BECAME ANO!R WORLD RELIGION1 ) GLOBAL \TREA* & DI/9CTIVE SUP]HUMAN BE+S TO :OM PRAY]S >E DIRECT$4 ,BY >\ND #be ,B4,C4 ,BUDDHA HAD BECOME ! FAMILI> SEAT$ GOD-FIGURE & ,BUDDHISM ! (FICIAL RELIGION ( ,9DIA1 AS DECRE$ BY ,ASOKA1 LA/ ( ! ,MAURYAN DYNA/Y4 

,! ,IRON ,AGE CAME TO ,*9A SLI<TLY LAT] ?AN TO ,9DIA2 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ( CA/ IRON WAS WIDESPREAD BY ! #d? C5TURY ,B4,C4 ,E>LI]1 ,BRONZE ,AGE POLY!ISM RESEMBL$ ?AT F\ND ELSE:]E1 COMPLETE ) A V>IETY ( SPIRITS1 NATURE & F]TILITY FE/IVALS1 ETC41 CORRESPOND+ TO LESS SPECIALIZ$1 SMALL]SCALE MODES ( LIVELIHOOD4 ,! ,ZH\ DYNA/Y HAD BE5 GRADUALLY FALL+ AP>T S9CE ! #h? C5TURY2 CONT9U\S W>S & P[] /RUGGLES 9T5SIFI$ 9TO ! P]IOD ( ! ,W>R+ ,/ATES 7#d#h#b-#b#b#a ,B4,C474 ,?US ! 9DIG5\S SPIRITUAL TRADITIONS1 9CLUD+ %AMANISM & LOCAL NATURE CULTS1 W]E OV]TAK5 BY A CONTEXT ( SEV]E TE*NOLOGICAL & POLITICAL *ANGE4 

,TAOISM WAS A P>T ( ?IS AGE ( UPHEAVAL1 (F]+ A PA? ( DETA*M5T & O!RWORLDL9ESS1 :ILE PRES]V+ /R&S ( ANIMI/ SPIRITUAL TRADITION4 ,9 FACT1 E>LY ,TAOISM WAS AN ACTIVI/ RELIGION1 ) SOME ( ITS 0LEG5D>Y REBELS0 5GAG$ 9 RESI/ANCE TO ! NEW /RATIFY+ TR5DS1 9 FAVOR ( REE/ABLI%+ A CLASSLESS ,GOLD5 ,AGE4.<#c#a.> 

,! PRIMITIVI/ !ME IS EVID5T 9 ! ,*UANG ,TZU & SURVIVES 9 ! ,TAO ,TE ,*+1 KEY TEXT ( ,TAOISM'S MO/ PROM95T VOICE1 ,LAO-TSE 7#f? C5TURY ,B4,C474 ,AN EMPHASIS ON SIMPLICITY & AN ANTI-/ATE \TLOOK PUT ,TAOISM ON A COLLISION C\RSE ) ! DEM&S ( HI<] CIVILIZATION 9 ,*9A4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! #eS ,B4,C4 W]E A PIVOTAL TIME FRAME1 & ! OPPOS$ MESSAGES ( ,LAO-TSE & ,CONFUCIUS W]E TYPICAL ( ,AXIS ,AGE ALT]NATIVES4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ,LAO-TSE1 HIS VIRTUAL OPPOSITE1 ,CONFUCIUS 7#e#e#g-#d#g#i ,B4,C471 EMBRAC$ ! /ATE & ! ,NEW ,WORLD ,ORD]4 ,9/EAD ( A LONG+ = ! VIRTU\S TIME ( ! 0NOBLE SAVAGE01 BE=E CLASS DIVISIONS & DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! ,CONFUCIAN DOCTR9E COMB9$ CULTURAL PROGRESSIVISM ) ! AB&ONM5T ( CONNECTIONS ) NATURE4 ,NO BAN WAS PLAC$ ON ! GODS ( M\NTA9S & W9DS1 ANCE/RAL SPIRITS1 & ! LIKE2 BUT !Y W]E NO LONG] JUDG$ TO BE C5TRAL1 OR EV5 IMPORTANT4 

,CONFUCIANISM WAS AN EXPLICIT ADJU/M5T TO ! NEW REALITIES1 ALIGN+ ITSELF ) P[] 9 A MORE H&S-ON1 LESS TRANSC5D5T WAY ?AN SOME O!R ,AXIAL ,AGE SPIRITUALISMS4 ,= ,CONFUCIUS1 TRANSC5D5CE WAS MA9LY 9W>D2 HE /RESS$ AN E?ICAL /R+5CY 9 S]VICE TO AU?ORITY4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 A FUR!R CIVILIZATIONAL COLONIZATION WAS EFFECT$1 AT ! LEVEL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL P]SONALITY4 ,9T]NALIZATION ( A RIGID RUL+ $IFICE1 M9US !OLOGY BUT DISCIPL9$ BY AN ELABORATE CODE ( BEHAVIOR1 WAS ! ,CONFUCIAN WAY ?AT REIGN$ 9 ,*9A = TWO ?\S& YE>S4 

,!SE EXTREMELY CURSORY SNAP%OTS ( ,AXIAL ,AGE SOCIETIES MAY S]VE TO AT LEA/ 9TRODUCE SOME CONTEXT TO ,JASP]S' =MULATION ( A GLOBAL SPIRITUAL 0BREAK?R\<04 ,! M\NT+ CONFLICT BETWE5 CULTURE & NATURE1 ! GR[+ T5SIONS 9 HUMAN EXI/5CE1 W]E RESOLV$ 9 FAVOR ( CIVILIZATION1 BR++ IT TO A NEW LEVEL ( DOM9ATION4 ,! YOKE ( DOME/ICATION WAS MOD]NIZ$ & FITT$ ANEW1 MORE TI<TLY ?AN BE=E4 ,! SPIRITUAL REALM WAS DECISIVELY CIRCUMSCRIB$1 ) E>LI]1 E>?-BAS$ CRE$S R5D]$ OBSOLETE4 ,CIVILIZATION'S ORIG9AL VICTORY OV] FRE$OM & HEAL? WAS R5EW$ & EXP&$1 ) SO MU* SACRIFIC$ 9 ! UPDAT+ PROCESS4 

,! :OLE GR\ND ( SPIRITUAL PRACTICE WAS ALT]$ TO FIT ! NEW REQUIREM5TS ( MASS CIVILIZATION4 ,! ,AXIAL ,AGE RELIGIONS (F]$ 0SALVATION0 AT ! PRICE ( FRE$OM1 SELF SUFFICI5CY1 & MU* ( :AT WAS LEFT ( FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNITY4 ,UND] ! OLD ORD]1 ! AU?ORITIES HAD TO USE CO]CION & BRIB]Y TO CONTROL !IR SUBJECTS4 ,H5CE=?1 !Y C\LD OP]ATE MORE FREELY )9 ! CONQU]$ T]RA9 ( S]VICE & WOR%IP4 

,! GODS W]E CREAT$1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 \T ( ! DEEPE/ LONG+S ( PEOPLE :O W]E BE+ /EADILY DEPRIV$ ( !IR [N AU!NTIC P[]S & AUTONOMY4 ,BUT EV5 ?\< ! WAY \T ( PROGRESSIVE DEBASEM5T WAS B>R$ BY ! ,AXIAL ,AGE %IFT1 CIVILIZATION HAS NEV] BE5 :OLEHE>T$LY ACCEPT$2 & MO/ PEOPLE HAVE NEV] :OLLY ID5TIFI$ ) ! 0SPIRITUALIZ$0 SELF4 ,H[ C\LD !SE IDEAS BE FULLY EMBRAC$1 PR$ICAT$ AS !Y W]E ON A MAMMO? DEFEAT8 ,= ,SP5GL]1 ! ,AXIAL ,AGE PEOPLE :O TOOK UP !SE NEW RELIGIONS W]E 0TIR$ MEGALOPOLITANS04.<#c#b.> ,TODAY'S FAI?FUL1 TOO1 MAY BE TIR$ MEGALOPOLITANS ALL TOO (T5 /ILL SPELLB\ND1 AFT] ALL !SE YE>S1 BY IDEOLOGIES ( SACRIFICE1 SUFF]+1 & R$EMPTION4 

,! R5UNCIATIONS HAVE BE5 LEGION4 ,BUDDHISM WAS F\ND$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY A MAN :O AB&ON$ HIS WIFE & NEWBORN *ILD AS OB/ACLES TO HIS SPIRITUAL PROGRESS4 ,JESUS1 A FEW C5TURIES LAT]1 EXHORT$ HIS FOLL[]S TO MAKE SIMIL> 0SACRIFICES04 

,TODAY'S REALITY ( UNFOLD+ DISA/] HAS A LOT TO DO ) ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 RELIGION & POLITICS1 & MORE FUNDAM5TALLY1 ) ACCEPT+ CIVILIZATION'S TRAJECTORY AS 9EVITABLE4 ,IT WAS ! S5SE ( ! 0UNAVOIDABLE0 ?AT DROVE PEOPLE ( ! SIX? C5TURY ,B4,C4 TO ! FALSE SOLUTIONS ( ,AXIAL ,AGE RELIGIOSITY2 TODAY1 \R S5SE ( 9EVITABILITY R5D]S PEOPLE HELPLESS 9 ! FACE ( RU91 ON ALL FRONTS4 #be YE>S IS LONG 5\< = US TO HAVE LE>N$ ?AT ESCAPE FROM COMMUNITY1 & FROM ! E>?1 IS NOT A SOLUTION1 BUT A ROOT CAUSE ( \R TR\BLES4 

,AU!NTIC SPIRITUALITY IS SO IMPORTANTLY A FUNCTION ( \R CONNECTION ) ! E>?4 ,TO RECLAIM ! =M]1 WE MU/ REGA9 ! LATT]4 ,?AT SO V]Y MU* /&S 9 \R WAY IS ! MEASURE ( H[ B]EFT WE HAVE BECOME4 ,DO WE HAVE ! IMAG9ATION1 /R5G?1 & DET]M9ATION TO RECOV] ! :OL5ESS ?AT WAS ONCE \R HUMAN BIR?RI<T8 

.<#a.> ,JACQUES ,CAUV91 ,! ,BIR? ( ! ,GODS & ! ,ORIG9S ( ,AGRICULTURE 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b71 P4#b 

.<#b.> ,K>L ,JASP]S1 ,! ,ORIG9 & ,GOAL ( ,HI/ORY 7,NEW ,HAV53 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#c71 ESPECIALLY ! FIR/ #be PAGES4 

.<#c.> ,*RI/IANITY & ,ISLAM MAY BE PROP]LY CONSID]$ LAT] SP9-(FS ( ?IS ,AXIAL P]IOD1 !IR [N NATURES ALREADY E/ABLI%$ SOME C5TURIES E>LI]4 

.<#d.> ,&REW ,BOSWOR?1 0,WORLD ,CITIES & ,WORLD ,ECONOMIC ,CYCLES10 9 ,CIVILIZATIONS & ,WORLD ,SY/EMS1 $4 ,/EPHAN ,K4 ,S&]SON 7,WALNUT ,CREEK1 ,C,A3 ,ALTA ,MIRA ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#e71 P4 #bad 

.<#e.> ,K>L ,JAPS]S1 ,WAY TO ,WISDOM 7,NEW ,HAV53 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #bc .<#a#i#e#a.>71 PP #i#h-#i#i 

.<#f.> ,H5RY ,BAM=D ,B>KES1 ,GODS & ,M53 ,! ,ORIG9S ( ,WE/]N ,CULTURE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,V9TAGE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#e71 P4#g#g 

.<#g.> ,JOHN ,PLOTT1 ,GLOBAL ,HI/ORY ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 VOL4 #a 7,DELHI3 ,MOTILAL ,MAN>SIDASS1 #a#i#f#c71 P4 #h 

.<#h.> ,OSWALD ,SP5GL]1 ,! ,DECL9E ( ! ,WE/1 VOL ,I,I 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#b#h71 P4 #ci 

.<#i.> ,MIRCEA ,ELIADE1 0,/RUCTURES & ,*ANGES 9 ! ,HI/ORY ( ,RELIGIONS10 9 ,CITY ,9V9CIBLE1 $S4 ,C>L ,H4 ,KRAEL+ & ,ROB]T ,M4 ,ADAMS 7,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#h71 P4 #cfe 

.<#a.> ,IBID4 PP #c#f#e-#c#f#f4 ,K>L ,B>?'S LEAP 9TO 0! UPP] /ORY ( FAI?0 HAS A SIMIL> S5SE3 QUOT$ 9 ,SEYE$ ,HOSSE9 ,NASR1 ,KN[L$GE & ! ,SACR$ 7,ALBANY3 ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#h#i71 P4 #d#h4 

.<#a#a.> ,SCOTT ,ATRAN1 ,9 ,GODS ,WE ,TRU/3 ! ,EVOLUTION>Y ,L&SCAPE ( ,RELIGION 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#b71 P4 #e#g4 

.<#a#b.> ,S4,N4 ,EIS5/ADT1 0,! ,AXIAL ,AGE ,BREAK?R\<S10 ,DA$ALUS #ad 7#a#i#g#e71 P4 #a#c4 0,MAY ! GODS DE/ROY ?AT MAN :O FIR/ DISCOV]$ H\RS & :O FIR/ SET UP A SUNDIAL H]E40 - ,PLAUTUS1 #cRD C5TURE ,B4,C4 ,EIS5/ADT'S IS ! BE/ ESSAY ON ! OV]ALL TOPIC ?AT ,I HAVE F\ND4 

.<#a#c.> ,! FATE ( DOME/IC H&-LOOM WEAV]S ALMO/ ?REE MILL5NIA LAT] COMES TO M9D2 ! 9DEP5D5T WEAV] H\SEHOLD WAS OV]:ELM$ BY ! FACTORY SY/EM ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

.<#a#d.> ,IT IS A /RIK+ IRONY ?AT ,NIETZS*E NAM$ HIS >*ETYPAL 0BEYOND GOOD & EVIL0 FIGURE ,Z>A?U/RA4 

.<#a#e.> ,VILHO ,H>LE1 ,IDEAS ( ,SOCIAL ,ORD] 9 ! ,ANCI5T ,WORLD 7,WE/PORT1 ,C,T3 ,GRE5WOOD ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h71 P4 #a#h4 

.<#a#f.> ,SP5GL]1 OP4 CIT41 PP #a#f#h1 #b#e4 

.<#a#g.> ,V4 ,NIKIPR[ETZKY1 0,E?ICAL ,MONO!ISM10 ,DA$ALUS #ad 7#a#i#g#e71 PP #h-#h#a4 

.<#a#h.> ,JACOB ,NEUSN]1 ,! ,SOCIAL ,/UDIES ( ,JUDAISM3 ,ESSAYS & ,REFLECTIONS1 VOL4 #a 7,ATLANTA3 ,S*OL>S ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e71 P4 #ga 

.<#a#i.> ,PAOLO ,SAC*I1 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,SECOND ,TEMPLE ,P]IOD 7,%EFFIELD3 ,%EFFIELD ,ACADEMIC ,PRESS LTD1 #b71 P4 #hg 

.<#b.> ,IBID41 PP #i#i-#a4 

.<#b#a.> ,FR$]ICK ,KLEMM1 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,WE/]N ,!OLOGY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,*>LES ,SCRIBN]S ,SONS1 #a#i#e#i71 P4 #bh 

.<#b#b.> ,*>LES ,S+]1 ,E4,J4 ,HOLMY>D & ,A4,R4 ,HALL1 $S41 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,TE*NOLOGY1 VOL4 ,I 7,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#d71 P4 #dh 

.<#b#c.> ,C4 ,OSBORNE ,W>D1 ,! ,ANCI5T ,L[LY1 VOL4 ,I 7,*ICAGO1 ,*>LES ,K]R1 #a#h#h#h71 ,*APT] ,V4 

.<#b#d.> ,LUDWIG ,$EL/E91 ,! ,IDEA ( ,PROGRESS 9 ,CLASSICAL ,ANTIQUITY 7,BALTIMORE3 ,JOHNS ,HOPK9S ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#g71 PP #a#e-#a#f 

.<#b#e.> ,IBID41 P4 #c 

.<#b#f.> ,ROMILA ,?AP>1 0,E?ICS1 ,RELIGION & ,SOCIAL ,PROTE/ 9 ,9DIA10 ,DA$ALUS 7#a#d71 #a#i#g#e1 P4 #a#b#b4 ,SEE ALSO PP #a#a#h-#a#b#a4 

.<#b#g.> ,= EXAMPLE1 ,VIBHA ,TRIPA?I1 $41 ,>*AEOMETALLURGY 9 ,9DIA 7,DELHI3 ,%>ADA ,PUBLI%+ ,H\SE1 #a#i#i#h71 ESPECIALLY ,VIJAY ,KUM>1 0,SOCIAL ,IMPLICATIONS ( ,TE*NOLOGY40 

.<#b#h.> ,SEE ,GREG ,BAILEY & ,IAN ,MABBET1 ,! ,SOCIOLOGY ( ,E>LY ,BUDDHISM 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#d71 PP #a#h-#b#a4 ,BAILEY & ,MABBET1 IT %\LD BE SAID1 SEE MORE ( ! PICTURE ?AN JU/ ?IS ASPECT4 

.<#b#i.> ,?AP>1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#b#e4 

.<#c.> ,BAILEY & ,MABBET1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #c4 

.<#c#a.> ,JOSEPH ,NE$HAM1 ,SCI5CE & ,CIVILIZATION 9 ,*9A1 VOL4 #b 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#b71 PP #i#i-#a1 #aai 

.<#c#b.> ,SP5GL]1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #cef 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #bg 3 ,! ,IRON ,GRIP ( ,CIVILIZATION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#d1 #bb 3 ,! ,IRON ,GRIP ( ,CIVILIZATION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,IRON ,GRIP ( ,CIVILIZATION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/