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#aiaeaiae 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

0,BUT S9CE WE HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO PREV5T ! W>1 S9CE IT HAS COME 9 SPITE ( US1 & \R C\NTRY IS FAC+ 9VASION1 %ALL WE LEAVE \R C\NTRY DEF5SELESS6 ,%ALL WE DELIV] IT 9TO ! H&S ( ! 5EMY8 ,DOES NOT SOCIALISM DEM& ! RI<T ( NATIONS TO DET]M9E !IR [N DE/9IES8 ,DOES IT NOT MEAN ?AT EV]Y PEOPLE IS JU/IFI$1 NAY MORE1 IS 9 DUTY B\ND1 TO PROTECT ITS LIB]TIES1 ITS 9DEP5D5CE8 ',:5 ! H\SE IS ON FIRE1 %ALL WE NOT FIR/ TRY TO PUT \T ! BLAZE BE=E /OPP+ TO ASC]TA9 ! 9C5DI>Y8'0 

,!SE >GUM5TS HAVE BE5 REPEAT$1 AGA9 & AGA9 9 DEF5SE ( ! ATTITUDE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ,G]MANY & 9 ,FRANCE4 

,EV5 9 ! NEUTRAL C\NTRIES ?IS >GUM5T HAS BE5 US$4 ,TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,DUT* WE READ = 9/ANCE3 

0,:5 ! %IP LEAKS MU/ WE NOT SEEK1 FIR/ ( ALL1 TO /OP ! HOLE80 

,TO BE SURE4 ,FIE UPON A PEOPLE ?AT CAPITULATES BE=E 9VASION & FIE UPON A P>TY ?AT CAPITULATES BE=E ! 5EMY )94 

,BUT !RE IS ONE ?+ ?AT ! FIREM5 9 ! BURN+ H\SE HAVE =GOTT53 ?AT 9 ! M\? ( A SOCIALI/1 ! PHRASE 0DEF5D+ ONE'S FA!RL&0 CANNOT MEAN PLAY+ ! ROLE ( CANNON FODD] UND] ! COMM& ( AN IMP]IALI/IC B\RGEOISIE4 

,IS AN 9VASION REALLY ! HORROR ( ALL HORRORS1 BE=E :I* ALL CLASS CONFLICT )9 ! C\NTRY MU/ SUBSIDE AS ?\< SPELLB\ND BY SOME SUP]NATURAL WIT*CRAFT8 ,ACCORD+ TO ! POLICE !ORY ( B\RGEOIS PATRIOTISM & MILIT>Y RULE1 EV]Y EVID5CE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS A CRIME AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! C\NTRY BECAUSE !Y MA9TA9 ?AT IT CON/ITUTES A WEAK5+ ( ! /AM9A ( ! NATION4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS ALL[$ ITSELF TO BE P]V]T$ 9TO ?IS SAME DI/ORT$ PO9T ( VIEW4 ,HAS NOT ! HI/ORY ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY %[N ?AT 9 ! EYES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 =EIGN 9VASION IS BY NO MEANS ! UNMITIGAT$ T]ROR AS IT IS G5]ALLY PA9T$2 ?AT ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS A MEASURE TO :I* ! B\RGEOISIE HAS FREQU5TLY & GLADLY RESORT$ AS AN EFFECTIVE WEAPON AGA9/ ! 5EMY )98 ,DID NOT ! ,B\RBONS & ! >I/OCRATS ( ,FRANCE 9VITE =EIGN 9VASION AGA9/ ! ,JACOB9S8 ,DID NOT ! ,AU/RIAN C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 #ahdi CALL \T ! ,FR5* 9VAD]S AGA9/ ,ROME1 ! ,RUSSIAN AGA9/ ,BUDAPE/8 ,DID NOT ! 0,P>TY ( ,LAW & ,ORD]0 9 ,FRANCE 9 #ahe OP5LY ?REAT5 AN 9VASION ( ! ,COSSACKS 9 ORD] TO BR+ ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY TO T]MS8 ,& WAS NOT ! ,BONAP>TE >MY RELEAS$1 & ! SUPPORT ( ! ,PRUSSIAN >MY AGA9/ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ASSUR$1 BY ! FAM\S CONTRACT BETWE5 ,JULES ,FAVRE1 ,?I]S & ,CO41 & ,BISM>CK8 

,?IS HI/ORICAL EVID5CE L$ ,K>L ,M>X1 =TY-FIVE YE>S AGO1 TO EXPOSE ! 0NATIONAL W>S0 ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ SOCIETY AS MIS]ABLE FRAUDS4 ,9 HIS FAM\S ADDRESS TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ON ! D[NFALL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 HE SAID3 

0,?AT1 AFT] ! GREATE/ W> ( MOD]N TIMES ! BELLIG]5T >MIES1 ! VICTOR & ! VANQUI%$1 %\LD UNITE = ! MUTUAL BUT*]Y ( ! PROLET>IAT - ?IS 9CR$IBLE EV5T PROVES1 NOT AS ,BISM>CK W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE1 ! F9AL OV]?R[ ( ! NEW SOCIAL P[]1 BUT ! COMPLETE DIS9TEGRATION ( ! OLD B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! HI<E/ H]OIC ACCOMPLI%M5T ( :I* ! OLD ORD] IS CAPABLE IS ! NATIONAL W>4 ,& ?IS HAS N[ PROV$ TO BE A FRAUD P]PETRAT$ BY GOV]NM5T = NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN TO PUT (F ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 A FRAUD ?AT IS B>$ AS SOON AS ! CLASS /RUGGLE FL>ES UP 9 A CIVIL W>4 ,CLASS RULE CAN NO LONG] HIDE BEH9D A NATIONAL UNI=M4 ,! NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS >E UNIT$ AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT40 

,9 CAPITALI/ HI/ORY1 9VASION & CLASS /RUGGLE >E NOT OPPOSITES1 AS ! (FICIAL LEG5D W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE1 BUT ONE IS ! MEANS & ! EXPRESSION ( ! O!R4 ,JU/ AS 9VASION IS ! TRUE & TRI$ WEAPON 9 ! H&S ( CAPITAL AGA9/ ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 SO ON ! O!R H& ! FE>LESS PURSUIT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAS ALWAYS PROV5 ! MO/ EFFECTIVE PREV5TIVE ( =EIGN 9VASIONS4 ,ON ! BR9K ( MOD]N TIMES >E ! EXAMPLES ( ! ,ITALIAN CITIES1 ,FLOR5CE & ,MILAN1 ) !IR C5TURY ( BITT] /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,HOH5/AUF54 ,! /ORMY HI/ORY ( !SE CITIES1 TORN BY 9N] CONFLICTS1 PROVES ?AT ! =CE & ! FURY ( 9N] CLASS /RUGGLES NOT ONLY DOES NOT WEAK5 ! DEF5SIVE P[]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 BUT ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 FROM !IR FIRES %OOT ! ONLY FLAMES ?AT >E /RONG 5\< TO )/& EV]Y ATTACK FROM A =EIGN FOE4 

,BUT ! CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( \R [N TIMES IS ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 #agic ,P>IS1 ! HE>T ( ,FRANCE1 WAS SURR\ND$ BY 5EMIES4 ,& YET ,P>IS & ,FRANCE AT ?AT TIME DID NOT SUCCUMB TO ! 9VASION ( A /ORMY FLOOD ( ,EUROPEAN COALITION2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT WELD$ ITS =CE 9 ! FACE ( ! GR[+ DANG] TO A MORE GIGANTIC OPPOSITION4 ,IF ,FRANCE1 AT ?AT CRITICAL TIME1 WAS ABLE TO MEET EA* NEW COALITION ( ! 5EMY ) A NEW MIRACUL\S & UNDIM9I%$ FI<T+ SPIRIT1 IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE ( ! IMPETU\S LOOS5+ ( ! 9MO/ =CES ( SOCIETY 9 ! GREAT /RUGGLE ( ! CLASSES ( ,FRANCE4 ,TODAY1 9 ! P]SPECTIVE ( A C5TURY1 IT IS CLE>LY DISC]NIBLE ?AT ONLY ?IS 9T5SIFICATION ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ?AT ONLY ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE & !IR FE>LESS RADICALISM1 C\LD PRODUCE MEANS & =CES \T ( ! SOIL ( ',FRANCE1 SUFFICI5T TO DEF5D & TO SU/A9 A NEWBORN SOCIETY AGA9/ A WORLD ( 5EMIES1 AGA9/ ! 9TRIGUES ( A DYNA/Y1 AGA9/ ! TRAITOR\S MA*9ATIONS ( ! >I/OCRATS1 AGA9/ ! ATTEMPTS ( ! CL]GY1 AGA9/ ! TREA*]Y ( !IR G5]ALS1 AGA9/ ! OPPOSITION ( SIXTY DEP>TM5TS & PROV9CIAL CAPITALS1 & AGA9/ ! UNIT$ >MIES & NAVIES ( MON>*ICAL ,EUROPE4 ,! C5TURIES HAVE PROV5 ?AT NOT ! /ATE ( SIEGE1 BUT REL5TLESS CLASS /RUGGLE1 IS ! P[] ?AT AWAK5S ! SPIRIT ( SELF-SACRIFICE1 ! MORAL /R5G? ( ! MASSES2 ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS ! BE/ PROTECTION & ! BE/ DEF5SE AGA9/ A =EIGN 5EMY4 

,IBIS SAME TRAGIC QUID PRO QUO VICTIMIZ$ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY :5 IT BAS$ ITS ATTITUDE 9 ?IS W> UPON ! DOCTR9E ( ! RI<T ( NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT SOCIALISM GIVES TO EV]Y PEOPLE ! RI<T ( 9DEP5D5CE & ! FRE$OM ( 9DEP5D5T CONTROL ( ITS [N DE/9IES4 ,BUT IT IS A V]ITABLE P]V]SION ( SOCIALISM TO REG>D PRES5T-DAY CAPITALI/ SOCIETY AS ! EXPRESSION ( ?IS SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS4 ,:]E IS !RE A NATION 9 :I* ! PEOPLE HAVE HAD ! RI<T TO DET]M9E ! =M & CONDITIONS ( !IR NATIONAL1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL EXI/5CE8 ,9 ,G]MANY ! DET]M9ATION ( ! PEOPLE F\ND CONCRETE EXPRESSION 9 ! DEM&S =MULAT$ BY ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRATS ( #a#h#d#h2 ! FIR/ FI<T]S ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT1 ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,LASSALLE1 ,BEBEL & ,LIEBKNE*T1 PROCLAIM$ & F\<T = A UNIT$ ,G]MAN ,REPUBLIC4 ,= ?IS IDEAL ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES 9 ,B]L9 & 9 ,VI5NA1 9 ?OSE TRAGIC DAYS ( ,M>*1 %$ !IR HE>T'S BLOOD UPON ! B>RICADES4 ,TO C>RY \T ?IS PROGRAM1 ,M>X & ,5GELS DEM&$ ?AT ,PRUSSIA TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ CZ>ISM4 ,! =EMO/ DEM& MADE 9 ! NATIONAL PROGRAM WAS = ! LIQUIDATION ( 0! HEAP ( ORGANIZ$ DECAY1 ! ,HABSBURG MON>*Y10 AS WELL AS ( TWO DOZ5 O!R DW>F MON>*IES )9 ,G]MANY ITSELF4 ,! OV]?R[ ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION1 ! TREA*]Y ( ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE TO ITS [N DEMOCRATIC IDEALS1 L$ TO ! ,BISM>CK REGIME & TO ITS CREATURE1 PRES5T-DAY ,GREAT] ,PRUSSIA1 TW5TY-FIVE FA!RL&S UND] ONE HELM1 ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE4 

,MOD]N ,G]MANY IS BUILT UPON ! GRAVE ( ! ,M>* ,REVOLUTION .<( #a#h#d#h.> UPON ! WRECKAGE ( ! RI<T ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE4 ,! PRES5T W>1 SUPPORT+ ,TURKEY & ! ,HABSBURG MON>*Y1 & /R5G!N+ ,G]MAN MILIT>Y AUTOCRACY IS A SECOND BURIAL ( ! ,M>* REVOLUTIONI/S1 & ( ! NATIONAL PROGRAM ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE4 ,IT IS A FI5DI% JE/ ( HI/ORY ?AT ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ! HEIRS ( ! ,G]MAN PATRIOTS ( #a#h#d#h1 %\LD GO =? 9 ?IS W> ) ! BANN] ( 0SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS0 HELD AL(T 9 !IR H&S4 ,BUT1 P]HAPS ! ,?IRD ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC1 ) ITS COLONIAL POSSESSIONS 9 F\R CONT95TS & ITS COLONIAL HORRORS 9 TWO1 IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! ,FR5* NATION8 ,OR ! ,BRITI% NATION1 ) ITS ,9DIA1 ) ITS ,S\? ,AFRICAN RULE ( A MILLION :ITES OV] A POPULATION ( FIVE MILLION COLOR$ PEOPLE8 ,OR P]HAPS ,TURKEY1 OR ! EMPIRE ( ! CZ>8 

,CAPITALI/ POLITICIANS1 9 :OSE EYES ! RUL]S ( ! PEOPLE & ! RUL+ CLASSES >E ! NATION1 CAN HONE/LY SPEAK ( ! 0RI<T ( NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION0 9 CONNECTION ) SU* COLONIAL EMPIRE4 ,TO ! SOCIALI/1 NO NATION IS FREE :OSE NATIONAL EXI/5CE IS BAS$ UPON ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ANO!R PEOPLE1 = TO HIM COLONIAL PEOPLES1 TOO1 >E HUMAN BE+S1 &1 AS SU*1 P>TS ( ! NATIONAL /ATE4 ,9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM RECOGNIZES ! RI<T ( FREE 9DEP5D5T NATIONS1 ) EQUAL RI<TS4 ,BUT SOCIALISM ALONE CAN CREATE SU* NATIONS1 CAN BR+ SELF-DET]M9ATION ( !IR PEOPLES4 ,?IS SLOGAN ( SOCIALISM IS LIKE ALL ITS O!RS1 NOT AN APOLOGY = EXI/+ CONDITIONS1 BUT A GUIDEPO/1 A SPUR = ! REVOLUTION>Y1 REG5]ATIVE1 ACTIVE POLICY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,SO LONG AS CAPITALI/ /ATES EXI/1 ,LE41 SO LONG AS IMP]IALI/IC WORLD POLICIES DET]M9E & REGULATE ! 9N] & ! \T] LIFE ( A NATION1 !RE CAN BE NO 0NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION0 EI!R M W> OR 9 PEACE4 

,9 ! PRES5T IMP]IALI/IC MILIEU !RE CAN BE NO W>S ( NATIONAL SELF-DEF5SE4 ,EV]Y SOCIALI/ POLICY ?AT DEP5DS UPON ?IS DET]M9+ HI/ORIC MILIEU1 ?AT IS WILL+ TO FIX ITS POLICIES 9 ! WORLD :IRLPOOL FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A S+LE NATION1 IS BUILT UPON A F\NDATION ( S&4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY ATTEMPT$ TO %[ ! BACKGR\ND = ! PRES5T CONFLICT BETWE5 ,G]MANY & H] OPPON5TS4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO %[ UP MORE CLE>LY ! ACTUAL =CES & RELATIONS ?AT CON/ITUTE ! MOTIVE P[] BEH9D ! PRES5T W>1 BECAUSE ?IS LEG5D ( ! DEF5SE ( ! EXI/5CE1 ! FRE$OM & CIVILIZATION ( ,G]MANY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! ATTITUDE ( \R GR\P 9 ! ,REI*/AG & \R SOCIALI/ PRESS4 ,AGA9/ ?IS LEG5D HI/ORICAL TRU? MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$ TO %[ ?AT ?IS IS A W> ?AT HAS BE5 PREP>$ BY ,G]MAN MILIT>ISM & ITS WORLD POLITICAL IDEAS = YE>S1 ?AT IT WAS BR\<T AB\T 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#d1 BY ,AU/RIAN & ,G]MAN DIPLOMACY1 ) A FULL REALIZATION ( ITS IMPORT4 

,9 A DISCUSSION ( ! G5]AL CAUSES ( ! W>1 & ( ITS SIGNIFICANCE1 ! QUE/ION ( ! 0GUILTY P>TY' IS COMPLETELY BESIDE ! ISSUE4 ,G]MANY C]TA9LY HAS NOT ! RI<T TO SPEAK ( A W> ( DEF5SE1 BUT ,FRANCE & ,5GL& HAVE LITTLE MORE JU/IFICATION4 ,!Y TOO >E PROTECT+1 NOT !IR NATIONAL1 BUT !IR WORLD POLITICAL EXI/5CE1 !IR OLD IMP]IALI/IC POSSESSIONS1 FROM ! ATTACKS ( ! ,G]MAN UP/>T4 ,D\BTLESS ! RAIDS ( ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN IMP]IALISM 9 ! ,ORI5T />T$ ! CONFLAGRATION1 BUT ,FR5* IMP]IALISM1 BY DEV\R+ ,MOROCCO1 & ,5GLI% IMP]IALISM1 9 ITS ATTEMPTS TO RAPE ,MESOPOTAMIA1 & ALL ! O!R MEASURES ?AT W]E CALCULAT$ TO SECURE ITS RULE ( =CE 9 ,9DIA1 ,RUSSIA'S ,BALTIC POLICIES1 AIM+ T[>D ,CON/ANT9OPLE1 ALL ( !SE FACTORS HAVE C>RI$ TOGE!R & PIL$ UP1 BR& = BR&1 ! FIREWOOD ?AT FE$S ! CONFLAGRATION4 ,IF CAPITALI/ >MAM5TS HAVE PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS ! MA9SPR+ ?AT TIMES ! \TBREAK ( ! CATA/ROPHE1 IT WAS A COMPETITION ( >MAM5TS 9 ALL NATIONS4 ,& IF ,G]MANY LAID ! CORN]/ONE = ,EUROPEAN COMPETITIVE >MAM5TS BY ,BISM>CK'S POLICY ( #a#h#g1 ?IS POLICY WAS FUR!R$ BY ?AT ( ! SECOND EMPIRE & BY ! MILIT>Y-COLONIAL POLICIES ( ! ?IRD EMPIRE1 BY ITS EXPANSIONS 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA & 9 ,AFRICA4 

,! ,FR5* SOCIALI/S HAVE SOME SLI<T F\NDATION = !IR ILLUSION ( 0NATIONAL DEF5SE10 BECAUSE NEI!R ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T NOR ! ,FR5* PEOPLE 5T]TA9$ ! SLI<TE/ W>LIKE DESIRES 9 ,JULY #a#i#a#d4 0,TODAY EV]YONE 9 ,FRANCE IS HONE/LY1 UPRI<TLY & )\T RES]VATION = PEACE10 9SI/$ ,JAURES 9 ! LA/ SPEE* ( HIS LIFE1 ON ! EVE ( ! W>1 :5 HE ADDRESS$ A MEET+ 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,H\SE 9 ,BRUSSELS4 ,?IS WAS ABSOLUTELY TRUE1 & GIVES ! PSY*OLOGICAL EXPLANATION = ! 9DIGNATION ( ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/S :5 ?IS CRIM9AL W> WAS =C$ UPON !IR C\NTRY4 ,BUT ?IS FACT WAS NOT SUFFICI5T TO DET]M9E ! SOCIALI/ ATTITUDE ON ! WORLD W> AS A HI/ORIC OCCURR5CE4 

,! EV5TS ?AT BORE ! PRES5T W> DID NOT BEG9 9 ,JULY #aiad BUT REA* BACK = DECADES4 ,?READ BY ?READ !Y HAVE BE5 WOV5 TOGE!R ON ! LOOM ( AN 9EXORABLE NATURAL DEVELOPM5T UNTIL ! FIRM NET ( IMP]IALI/ WORLD POLITICS HAS 5CIRCL$ FIVE CONT95TS4 ,IT IS A HUGE HI/ORICAL COMPLEX ( EV5TS1 :OSE ROOTS REA* DEEP D[N 9TO ! ,PLUTONIC DEEPS ( ECONOMIC CREATION1 :OSE \T]MO/ BRAN*ES SPREAD \T & PO9T AWAY 9TO A DIMLY DAWN+ NEW WORLD1 EV5TS BE=E :OSE ALL-EMBRAC+ IMM5SITY1 ! CONCEPTION ( GUILT & RETRIBUTION1 ( DEF5SE & (F5SE1 S9K 9TO PALE NO?+NESS4 

,IMP]IALISM IS NOT ! CREATION ( ANY ONE OR ( ANY GR\P ( /ATES4 ,IT IS ! PRODUCT ( A P>TICUL> /AGE ( RIP5ESS 9 ! WORLD DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL1 AN 9NATELY 9T]NATIONAL CONDITION1 AN 9DIVISIBLE :OLE1 ?AT IS RECOGNIZABLE ONLY 9 ALL ITS RELATIONS1 & FROM :I* NO NATION CAN HOLD ALO( AT WILL4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW ONLY IS IT POSSIBLE TO UND]/& CORRECTLY ! QUE/ION ( 0NATIONAL DEF5SE6' 9 ! PRES5T W>4 

,! NATIONAL /ATE1 NATIONAL UNITY & 9DEP5D5CE W]E ! IDEOLOGICAL %IELD UND] :I* ! CAPITALI/ NATIONS ( C5TRAL ,EUROPE CON/ITUT$ !MSELVES 9 ! PA/ C5TURY4 ,CAPITALISM IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DIVISIONS1 ) ! ACCOMPANY+ SPLITT+ UP 9TO SMALL /ATES4 ,IT NE$S = ITS DEVELOPM5T L>GE1 UNIT$ T]RITORIES1 & A /ATE ( M5TAL & 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! NATION ?AT WILL LIFT ! DEM&S & NE$S ( SOCIETY TO A PLANE CORRESPOND+ TO ! PREVAIL+ /AGE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 & TO ! ME*ANISM ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ CLASS RULE4 ,BE=E CAPITALISM C\LD DEVELOP1 IT S\<T TO CREATE = ITSELF A T]RITORY %>PLY DEF9$ BY NATIONAL LIMITATIONS4 ,?IS PROGRAM WAS C>RI$ \T ONLY 9 ,FRANCE AT ! TIME ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION1 = 9 ! NATIONAL & POLITICAL H]ITAGE LEFT TO ,EUROPE BY ! FEUDAL MIDDLE AGES1 ?IS C\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$ ONLY BY REVOLUTION>Y MEASURES4 ,9 ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE ?IS NATIONALIZATION1 LIKE ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AS A :OLE1 REMA9$ ! PAT*WORK ( HALF-KEPT PROMISES4 ,! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE1 MOD]N ,ITALY1 ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y1 & ,TURKEY1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE & ! ,BRITI% WORLD EMPIRE >E ALL LIV+ PRO(S ( ?IS FACT4 ,! NATIONAL PROGRAM C\LD PLAY A HI/ORIC ROLE ONLY SO LONG AS IT REPRES5T$ ! IDEOLOGICAL EXPRESSION ( A GR[+ B\RGEOISIE1 LU/+ = P[]1 UNTIL IT HAD FA/5$ ITS CLASS RULE1 9 SOME WAY OR O!R1 UPON ! GREAT NATIONS ( C5TRAL ,EUROPE & HAD CREAT$ )9 !M ! NECESS>Y TOOLS & CONDITIONS ( ITS GR[?4 ,S9CE !N1 IMP]IALISM HAS BURI$ ! OLD B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM COMPLETELY BY SUB/ITUT+ EXPANSIONI/ ACTIVITY IRRESPECTIVE ( NATIONAL RELATION%IPS = ! ORIG9AL PROGRAM ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ALL NATIONS4 ,! NATIONAL PHASE1 TO BE SURE1 HAS BE5 PRES]V$1 BUT ITS REAL CONT5T1 ITS FUNCTION1 HAS BE5 P]V]T$ 9TO ITS V]Y OPPOSITE4 ,TODAY ! NATION IS BUT A CLOAK ?AT COV]S IMP]IALI/IC DESIRES1 A BATTLE CRY = IMP]IALI/IC RIVALRIES1 ! LA/ IDEOLOGICAL MEASURE ) :I* ! MASSES CAN BE P]SUAD$ TO PLAY ! ROLE ( CANNON FODD] 9 IMP]IALI/IC W>S4 

,?IS G5]AL T5D5CY ( PRES5T-DAY CAPITALI/ POLICIES DET]M9ES ! POLICIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL /ATES AS !IR SUPREME BL9DLY OP]AT+ LAW1 JU/ AS ! LAWS ( ECONOMIC COMPETITION DET]M9E ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL MANUFACTUR] %ALL PRODUCE4 

,LET US ASSUME = A MOM5T1 = ! SAKE ( >GUM5T1 = ! PURPOSE ( 9VE/IGAT+ ?IS PHANTOM ( 0NATIONAL W>S0 ?AT CONTROLS SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POLITICS AT ! PRES5T TIME1 ?AT 9 ONE ( ! BELLIG]5T /ATES1 ! W> AT ITS \TBREAK WAS PURELY ONE ( NATIONAL DEF5SE4 ,MILIT>Y SUCCESS W\LD IMM$IATELY DEM& ! OCCUPATION ( =EIGN T]RITORY4 ,BUT ! EXI/5CE ( 9FLU5TIAL CAPITALI/ GR\PS 9T]E/$ 9 IMP]IALI/IC ANNEXATIONS WILL AWAK5 EXPANSIONI/ APPETITES AS ! W> GOES ON4 ,! IMP]IALI/IC T5D5CY ?AT1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( HO/ILITIES1 MAY HAVE BE5 EXI/5T ONLY 9 EMBRYO1 WILL %OOT UP & EXP& 9 ! HO?\SE ATMOSPH]E ( W> UNTIL !Y WILL 9 A %ORT TIME DET]M9E ITS *>ACT]1 ITS AIMS & ITS RESULTS4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! SY/EM ( ALLIANCE BETWE5 MILIT>Y /ATES ?AT HAS RUL$ ! POLITICAL RELATIONS ( !SE NATIONS = DECADES 9 ! PA/ MAKES IT 9EVITABLE ?AT EA* ( ! BELLIG]5T P>TIES1 9 ! C\RSE ( W>1 %\LD TRY TO BR+ ITS ALLIES TO ITS ASSI/ANCE1 AGA9 PURELY FROM MOTIVES ( SELF-DEF5SE4 ,?US ONE C\NTRY AFT] ANO!R IS DRAWN 9TO ! W>1 9EVITABLY NEW IMP]IALI/IC CIRCLES >E T\*$ & O!RS >E CREAT$4 ,?US ,5GL& DREW 9 ,JAPAN1 &1 SPREAD+ ! W> 9TO ,ASIA1 HAS BR\<T ,*9A 9TO ! CIRCLE ( POLITICAL PROBLEMS & HAS 9FLU5C$ ! EXI/+ RIVALRY BETWE5 ,JAPAN & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BETWE5 ,5GL& & ,JAPAN1 ?US HEAP+ UP NEW MAT]IAL = FUTURE CONFLICTS4 ,?US ,G]MANY HAS DRAGG$ ,TURKEY 9TO ! W>1 BR++ ! QUE/ION ( ,CON/ANT9OPLE1 ( ! ,BALKANS & ( ,WE/]N ,ASIA DIRECTLY 9TO ! =EGR\ND ( AFFAIRS4 

,EV5 HE :O DID NOT REALIZE AT ! \TSET ?AT ! WORLD W>1 9 ITS CAUSES1 WAS PURELY IMP]IALI/IC1 CANNOT FAIL TO SEE AFT] A DISPASSIONATE VIEW ( ITS EFFECTS ?AT W>1 UND] ! PRES5T CONDITIONS1 AUTOMATICALLY & 9EVITABLY DEVELOPS 9TO A PROCESS ( WORLD DIVISION4 ,?IS WAS APP>5T FROM ! V]Y FIR/4 ,! WAV]+ BALANCE ( P[] BETWE5 ! TWO BELLIG]5T P>TIES =CES EA*1 IF ONLY = MILIT>Y REASONS1 9 ORD] TO /R5G!N ITS [N POSITION1 OR 9 ORD] TO FRU/RATE POSSIBLE ATTACKS1 TO HOLD ! NEUTRAL NATIONS 9 *ECK BY 9T5SIVE DEALS 9 PEOPLES & NATIONS1 SU* AS ! ,G]MAN-,AU/RIAN (F]S TO ,ITALY1 ,RUMANIA1 ,BULG>IA & ,GREECE ON ! ONE H&1 & ! ,5GLI%-,RUSSIAN BIDS ON ! O!R4 ,! 0NATIONAL W> ( DEF5SE0 HAS ! SURPRIS+ EFFECT ( CREAT+1 EV5 9 ! NEUTRAL NATIONS1 A G5]AL TRANS=MATION ( [N]%IP & RELATIVE P[]1 ALWAYS 9 DIRECT L9E ) EXPANSIONI/ T5D5CIES4 ,F9ALLY ! FACT ?AT ALL MOD]N CAPITALI/ /ATES HAVE COLONIAL POSSESSIONS ?AT WILL1 EV5 ?\< ! W> MAY HAVE BEGUN AS A W> ( NATIONAL DEF5SE1 BE DRAWN 9TO ! CONFLICT FROM PURELY MILIT>Y CONSID]ATIONS1 ! FACT ?AT EA* C\NTRY WILL /RIVE TO OCCUPY ! COLONIAL POSSESSIONS ( ITS OPPON5T1 OR AT LEA/ TO CREATE DI/URBANCES !RE91 AUTOMATICALLY TURNS EV]Y W> 9TO AN IMP]IALI/IC WORLD CONFLAGRATION4 

,?US ! CONCEPTION ( EV5 ?AT MODE/1 DEV\T FA!RL&-LOV+ W> ( DEF5SE ?AT HAS BECOME ! IDEAL ( \R P>LIAM5T>IANS & $ITORS IS PURE FICTION1 & %[S1 ON !IR P>T1 A COMPLETE LACK ( UND]/&+ ( ! :OLE W> & ITS WORLD RELATIONS4 ,! *>ACT] ( ! W> IS DET]M9$1 NOT BY SOLEMN DECL>ATION1 NOT EV5 BY ! HONE/ 9T5TIONS ( LEAD+ POLITICIANS1 BUT BY ! MOM5T>Y CONFIGURATION ( SOCIETY & ITS MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AT ! FIR/ GLANCE ! T]M 0NATIONAL W> ( DEF5SE0 MI<T SEEM APPLICABLE 9 ! CASE ( A C\NTRY LIKE ,SWITZ]L&4 ,BUT ,SWITZ]L& IS NO NATIONAL /ATE1 &1 !RE=E1 NO OBJECT ( COMP>ISON ) O!R MOD]N /ATES4 ,ITS V]Y 0NEUTRAL0 EXI/5CE1 ITS LUXURY ( A MILITIA >E AFT] ALL ONLY ! NEGATIVE FRUITS ( A LAT5T /ATE ( W> 9 ! SURR\ND+ GREAT MILIT>Y /ATES4 ,IT WILL HOLD ?IS NEUTRALITY ONLY SO LONG AS IT IS WILL+ TO OPPOSE ?IS CONDITION4 ,H[ QUICKLY SU* A NEUTRAL /ATE IS CRU%$ BY ! MILIT>Y HEEL ( IMP]IALISM 9 A WORLD W> ! FATE ( ,BELGIUM %[S4 

,?IS BR+S US TO ! PECULI> POSITION ( ! 0SMALL NATION40 ,A CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( SU* 0NATIONAL W>S6' IS ,S]BIA4 ,IF EV] A /ATE1 ACCORD+ TO =MAL CONSID]ATIONS1 HAD ! RI<T ( NATIONAL DEF5SE ON ITS SIDE1 ?AT /ATE IS ,S]BIA4 ,DEPRIV$ ?R\< ,AU/RIAN ANNEXATIONS ( ITS NATIONAL UNITY1 ?REAT5$ BY ,AU/RIA 9 ITS V]Y EXI/5CE AS A NATION1 =C$ BY ,AU/RIA 9TO W>1 IT IS FI<T+1 ACCORD+ TO ALL HUMAN CONCEPTIONS1 = EXI/5CE1 = FRE$OM1 & = ! CIVILIZATION ( ITS PEOPLE1 ,BUT IF ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC GR\P IS RI<T 9 ITS POSITION1 !N ! ,S]BIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS :O PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! W> 9 ! P>LIAM5T AT ,BELGRADE & REFUS$ TO VOTE W> CR$ITS >E ACTUALLY TRAITORS TO ! MO/ VITAL 9T]E/S ( !IR [N NATION4 ,9 REALITY ! ,S]BIAN SOCIALI/S ,LAPT*EVIC & ,KACL]OVIC HAVE NOT ONLY 5ROLL$ !IR NAMES 9 LETT]S ( GOLD 9 ! ANNALS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 BUT HAVE %[N A CLE> HI/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( ! REAL CAUSES ( ! W>4 ,9 VOT+ AGA9/ W> CR$ITS !Y !RE=E HAVE DONE !IR C\NTRY ! BE/ POSSIBLE S]VICE4 ,S]BIA IS =MALLY 5GAG$ 9 A NATIONAL W> ( DEF5SE4 ,BUT ITS MON>*Y & ITS RUL+ CLASSES >E FILL$ ) EXPANSIONI/ DESIRES AS >E ! RUL+ CLASSES 9 ALL MOD]N /ATES4 ,!Y >E 9DIFF]5T TO E?NIC L9ES1 & ?US !IR W>F>E ASSUMES AN AGGRESSIVE *>ACT]4 ,?US ,S]BIA IS TODAY REA*+ \T T[>D ! ,ADRIATIC COA/ :]E IT IS FI<T+ \T A REAL IMP]IALI/IC CONFLICT ) ,ITALY ON ! BACKS ( ! ,ALBANIANS1 A CONFLICT :OSE F9AL \TCOME WILL BE DECID$ NOT BY EI!R ( ! P[]S DIRECTLY 9T]E/$1 BUT BY ! GREAT P[]S ?AT WILL SPEAK ! LA/ WORD ON T]MS ( PEACE4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL ?IS WE MU/ NOT =GET3 BEH9D ,S]BIAN NATIONALISM /&S ,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM4 ,S]BIA ITSELF IS ONLY A PAWN 9 ! GREAT GAME ( WORLD POLITICS4 ,A JUDGM5T ( ! W> 9 ,S]BIA FROM A PO9T ( VIEW ?AT FAILS TO TAKE !SE GREAT RELATIONS & ! G5]AL WORLD POLITICAL BACKGR\ND 9TO ACC\NT IS NECESS>ILY )\T F\NDATION4 

,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! REC5T ,BALKAN ,W>4 ,REG>D$ AS AN ISOLAT$ OCCURR5CE1 ! Y\NG ,BALKAN /ATES W]E HI/ORICALLY JU/IFI$ 9 DEF5D+ ! OLD DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM ( ! NATIONAL /ATE4 ,9 !IR HI/ORICAL CONNECTION1 H[EV]1 :I* MAKES ! ,BALKAN ! BURN+ PO9T & ! C5T] ( IMP]IALI/IC WORLD POLICIES1 !SE ,BALKAN W>S1 ALSO1 W]E OBJECTIVELY ONLY A FRAGM5T ( ! G5]AL CONFLICT1 A L9K 9 ! *A9 ( EV5TS ?AT L$1 ) FATAL NECESSITY1 TO ! PRES5T WORLD W>4 ,AFT] ! ,BALKAN W> ! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY T5D]$ TO ! ,BALKAN SOCIALI/S1 = !IR DET]M9$ REFUSAL TO (F] MORAL OR POLITICAL SUPPORT TO ! W>1 A MO/ 5?USIA/IC OVATION AT ! PEACE CONGRESS AT ,BASEL4 ,9 ?IS ACT ALONE ! ,9T]NATIONAL CONDEMN$ 9 ADVANCE ! POSITION TAK5 BY ! ,G]MAN & ,FR5* SOCIALI/S 9 ! PRES5T W>4 

,ALL SMALL /ATES1 AS = 9/ANCE ,HOLL&1 >E TODAY 9 A POSITION LIKE ?AT ( ! ,BALKAN /ATES4 0,:5 ! %IP LEAKS1 ! HOLE MU/ BE /OPP$02 & :AT1 =SOO?1 C\LD LITTLE ,HOLL& FI<T = BUT = ITS NATIONAL EXI/5CE & = ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ITS PEOPLE8 ,IF WE CONSID] H]E M]ELY ! DET]M9ATION ( ! ,DUT* PEOPLE1 EV5 ( ITS RUL+ CLASSES1 ! QUE/ION IS D\BTLESSLY ONE PURELY ( NATIONAL DEF5SE4 ,BUT AGA9 PROLET>IAN POLITICS CANNOT JUDGE ACCORD+ TO ! SUBJECTIVE PURPOSES ( A S+LE C\NTRY4 ,H]E AGA9 IT MU/ TAKE ITS POSITION AS A P>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ACCORD+ TO ! :OLE COMPLEXITY ( ! WORLD'S POLITICAL SITUATION4 ,HOLL&1 TOO1 :E!R IT WI%ES TO BE OR NOT1 IS ONLY A SMALL :EEL 9 ! GREAT MA*9E ( MOD]N WORLD POLITICS & DIPLOMACY4 ,?IS W\LD BECOME CLE> AT ONCE1 IF ,HOLL& W]E ACTUALLY TORN 9TO ! MAEL/ROM ( ! WORLD W>4 ,ITS OPPON5TS W\LD DIRECT !IR ATTACKS AGA9/ ITS COLONIES4 ,AUTOMATICALLY ,DUT* W>F>E W\LD TURN TO ! DEF5SE ( ITS PRES5T POSSESSIONS4 ,! DEF5SE ( ! NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,DUT* PEOPLE ON ! ,NOR? ,SEA W\LD EXP& CONCRETELY TO ! DEF5SE ( ITS RULE & RI<T ( EXPLOITATION OV] ! ,MALAYS 9 ! ,EA/ ,9DIAN ,>*IPALEGO4 ,BUT NOT 5\<3 ,DUT* MILIT>ISM1 IF =C$ TO RELY UPON ITSELF1 W\LD BE CRU%$ LIKE A NUT%ELL 9 ! :IRLPOOL ( ! WORLD W>4 ,:E!R IT WI%$ TO OR NOT IT W\LD BECOME A MEMB] ( ONE ( ! GREAT NATIONAL ALLIANCES4 ,ON ONE SIDE OR ! O!R IT MU/ BE ! BE>] & ! TOOL ( PURELY IMP]IALI/IC T5D5CIES4 

,?US IT IS ALWAYS ! HI/ORIC MILIEU ( MOD]N IMP]IALISM ?AT DET]M9ES ! *>ACT] ( ! W> 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL C\NTRIES1 & ?IS MILIEU MAKES A W> ( NATIONAL SELF-DEF5SE IMPOSSIBLE4 

,KAUTSKY ALSO EXPRESS$ ?IS1 ONLY A FEW YE>S AGO1 9 HIS PAMPHLET ,PATRIOTISM & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ,LEIPZIG #a#i#g1 PAGES #a#b-#a#d3 

0,?\< ! PATRIOTISM ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ( ! PROLET>IAT >E TWO 5TIRELY DIFF]5T1 ACTUALLY OPPOSITE1 PH5OM5A1 !RE >E SITUATIONS 9 :I* BO? K9DS ( PATRIOTISM MAY JO9 =CES = UNIT$ ACTION1 EV5 9 TIMES ( W>4 ,! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT ( A NATION >E EQUALLY 9T]E/$ 9 !IR NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE & SELF-DET]M9ATION1 9 ! REMOVAL ( ALL K9DS ( OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION AT ! H&S ( A =EIGN NATION4 ,9 ! NATIONAL CONFLICTS ?AT HAVE SPRUNG FROM SU* ATTEMPTS1 ! PATRIOTISM ( ! PROLET>IAT HAS ALWAYS UNIT$ ) ?AT ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT ! PROLET>IAT HAS BECOME A P[] ?AT MAY BECOME DANG]\S TO ! RUL+ CLASSES AT EV]Y GREAT NATIONAL UPHEAVAL2 REVOLUTION LOOMS D>K AT ! 5D ( EV]Y W>1 AS ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga & ,RUSSIAN T]RORISM AFT] ! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE W> HAVE PROV54 

0,9 VIEW ( ?IS ! B\RGEOISIE ( ?OSE NATIONS :I* >E NOT SUFFICI5TLY UNIT$ HAVE ACTUALLY SACRIFIC$ !IR NATIONAL AIMS :]E !SE CAN BE MA9TA9$ ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! GOV]NM5T = !Y HATE & FE> ! REVOLUTION EV5 MORE ?AN !Y LOVE NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE & GREATNESS4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ! B\RGEOISIE SACRIFICES ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,POL& & P]MITS ANCI5T CON/ELLATIONS LIKE ,AU/RIA & ,TURKEY TO REMA9 9 EXI/5CE1 ?\< !Y HAVE BE5 DOOM$ TO DE/RUCTION = MORE ?AN A G5]ATION4 ,NATIONAL /RUGGLES AS ! BR+]S ( REVOLUTION HAVE CEAS$ 9 CIVILIZ$ ,EUROPE4 ,NATIONAL PROBLEMS ?AT TODAY CAN BE SOLV$ ONLY BY W> OR REVOLUTION WILL BE SOLV$ 9 ! FUTURE ONLY BY ! VICTORY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT !N1 ?ANKS TO 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY1 !Y WILL AT ONCE ASSUME A =M 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* PREVAILS TODAY 9 A SOCIAL /ATE ( EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION4 ,9 CAPITALI/ /ATES ?IS PROBLEM NE$S NO LONG] TO TR\BLE ! PROLET>IAT 9 ITS PRACTICAL /RUGGLES4 ,IT MU/ DIV]T ITS :OLE /R5G? TO O!R PROBLEMS40 

0,MEAN:ILE ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT PROLET>IAN & B\RGEOIS PATRIOTISM WILL UNITE TO PROTECT ! LIB]TY ( ! PEOPLE IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE R>E40 ,KAUTSKY !N GOES ON TO SAY ?AT ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE HAS UNIT$ ) CZ>ISM1 ?AT ,RUSSIA HAS CEAS$ TO BE A DANG] = WE/]N ,EUROPE BECAUSE IT HAS BE5 WEAK5$ BY ! REVOLUTION4 0,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES A W> 9 DEF5SE ( NATIONAL LIB]TY 9 :I* B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IAN MAY UNITE IS NO:]E TO BE EXPECT$0 7IBID41 P4#a#f74 

0,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ?AT CONFLICTS :I*1 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 MI<T /ILL HAVE L$ SOME LIB]TY-LOV+ PEOPLES TO OPPOSE !IR NEI<BORS1 BY W>F>E1 HAVE CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT MOD]N MILIT>ISM NO:]E AIMS TO DEF5D IMPORTANT POPUL> RI<TS1 BUT EV]Y:]E /RIVES TO SUPPORT PR(ITS4 ,IT ACTIVITIES >E D$ICAT$ NOT TO ASSURE ! 9DEP5D5CE & 9VULN]ABILITY ( ITS [N NATIONALITY1 ?AT IS NO:]E ?REAT5$1 BUT TO ! ASSURANCE & ! EXT5SION ( OV]SEAS CONQUE/S ?AT AGA9 ONLY S]VE ! AGGR&IZEM5T ( CAPITALI/ PR(ITS4 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME ! CONFLICTS BETWE5 /ATES CAN BR+ NO W> ?AT PROLET>IAN 9T]E/S W\LD NOT1 AS A MATT] ( DUTY1 5]GETICALLY OPPOSE0 7IBID41 P4#b#c74 

,9 VIEW ( ALL !SE CONSID]ATIONS1 :AT %ALL BE ! PRACTICAL ATTITUDE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ! PRES5T W>8 ,%ALL IT DECL>E3 S9CE ?IS IS AN IMP]IALI/ W>1 S9CE WE DO NOT 5JOY 9 \R C\NTRY1 ANY SOCIALI/ SELF-DET]M9ATION1 ITS EXI/5CE OR NONEXI/5CE IS ( NO CONSEQU5CE TO US1 & WE WILL SURR5D] IT TO ! 5EMY8 ,PASSIVE FATALISM CAN NEV] BE ! ROLE ( A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY LIKE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,IT MU/ NEI!R PLACE ITSELF AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! EXI/+ CLASS /ATE1 UND] ! COMM& ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 NOR CAN IT /& SIL5TLY BY TO WAIT UNTIL ! /ORM IS PA/4 ,IT MU/ ADOPT A POLICY ( ACTIVE CLASS POLITICS1 A POLICY ?AT WILL :IP ! RUL+ CLASSES =W>D 9 EV]Y GREAT SOCIAL CRISIS & ?AT WILL DRIVE ! CRISIS ITSELF F> BEYOND ITS ORIG9AL EXT5T4 ,?AT IS ! ROLE ?AT ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY MU/ PLAY AS ! LEAD] ( ! FI<T+ PROLET>IAT4 

,9/EAD ( COV]+ ?IS IMP]IALI/ W> ) A LY+ MANTLE ( NATIONAL SELF - DEF5SE1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY %\LD HAVE DEM&$ ! RI<T ( NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION S]I\SLY1 %\LD HAVE US$ IT AS A LEV] AGA9/ ! IMP]IALI/ W>4 

,! MO/ ELEM5T>Y DEM& ( NATIONAL DEF5SE IS ?AT ! NATION TAKES ITS DEF5SE 9TO ITS [N H&S4 ,! FIR/ /EP 9 ?IS DIRECTION IS ! MILITIA2 NOT ONLY ! IMM$IATE >MAM5T ( ! 5TIRE ADULT MALE POPULACE1 BUT ABOVE ALL1 POPUL> DECISION 9 ALL QUE/IONS ( PEACE & W>4 ,IT MU/ DEM&1 FUR!RMORE1 ! IMM$IATE REMOVAL ( EV]Y =M ( POLITICAL OPPRESSION1 S9CE ! GREATE/ POLITICAL FRE$OM IS ! BE/ BASIS = NATIONAL DEF5SE4 ,TO PROCLAIM !SE FUNDAM5TAL MEASURES ( NATIONAL DEF5SE1 TO DEM& !IR REALIZATION1 ?AT WAS ! FIR/ DUTY ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,= =TY YE>S WE HAVE TRI$ TO PROVE TO ! RUL+ CLASSES AS WELL AS TO ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE ?AT ONLY ! MILITIA IS REALLY ABLE TO DEF5D ! FA!RL& & TO MAKE IT 9V9CIBLE4 ,& YET1 :5 ! FIR/ TE/ CAME1 WE TURN$ OV] ! DEF5SE ( \R C\NTRY1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 9TO ! H&S ( ! /&+ >MY TO BE ! CANNON FODD] UND] ! CLUB ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,\R P>LIAM5T>IANS APP>5TLY DID NOT EV5 NOTICE ?AT ! F]V5T WI%ES ) :I* !Y SP$ !SE DEF5D]S ( ! FA!RL& TO ! FRONT W]E1 TO ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES1 AN OP5 ADMISSION ?AT ! IMP]IAL ,PRUSSIAN /&+ >MY IS ! REAL DEF5D] ( ! FA!RL&4 ,!Y EVID5TLY DID NOT REALIZE ?AT BY ?IS ADMISSION !Y SACRIFIC$ ! FULCRUM ( \R POLITICAL PROGRAM1 ?AT !Y GAVE UP ! MILITIA & DISSOLV$ ! PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( =TY YE>S ( AGITATION AGA9/ ! /&+ >MY 9TO ?9 AIR4 ,BY ! ACT ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC GR\P \R MILIT>Y PROGRAM BECAME A UTOPIAN DOCTR9E1 A DOCTR9AIRE OBSESSION1 ?AT NONE C\LD POSSIBLY TAKE S]I\SLY4 

,! MA/]S ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT SAW ! IDEA ( ! DEF5SE ( ! FA!RL& 9 A DIFF]5T LI<T4 ,:5 ! PROLET>IAT ( ,P>IS1 SURR\ND$ BY ,PRUSSIANS 9 #a#h#g#a1 TOOK ! RE9S ( ! GOV]NM5T 9TO ITS [N H&S1 ,M>X WROTE 5?USIA/ICALLY3 

0,P>IS1 ! C5T] & SEAT ( ! OLD GOV]NM5T P[]S1 & SIMULTANE\SLY ! SOCIAL C5T] ( GRAVITY ( ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS1 ,P>IS HAS RIS5 9 >MS AGA9/ ! ATTEMPT ( ,MONSIEUR ,?I]S & HIS ,JUNK]S TO RE9/ATE & P]PETUATE ! GOV]NM5T ( ! OLD P[]S ( IMP]IAL RULE4 ,P>IS WAS 9 A POSITION TO RESI/ ONLY1 BECAUSE ?R\< A /ATE ( SIEGE1 IT WAS RID ( ITS >MY1 BECAUSE 9 ITS PLACE !RE HAD BE5 PUT A NATIONAL GU>D COMPOS$ *IEFLY ( WORK+ M54 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT ?IS 9NOVATION BE MADE A P]MAN5T 9/ITUTION4 ,! FIR/ ACT ( ! ,COMMUNE WAS1 !RE=E1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ! /&+ >MY & ! SUB/ITUTION ( AN >M$ PEOPLE 444 ,IF N[1 ! ,COMMUNE WAS ! TRUE REPRES5TATIVE ( ALL HEAL?Y ELEM5TS ( ,FR5* SOCIETY &1 !RE=E1 A TRUE NATIONAL GOV]NM5T1 IT WAS LIKEWISE1 AS A PROLET>IAN GOV]NM5T1 AS ! D>+ FI<T] = ! LIB]ATION ( LABOR1 9T]NATIONAL 9 ! TRUE/ S5SE ( ?AT WORD4 ,UND] ! EYES ( ! ,PRUSSIAN >MY1 :I* HAS ANNEX$ TWO ,FR5* PROV9CES TO ,G]MANY1 ! ,COMMUNE HAS ANNEX$ ! WORK]S ( A :OLE WORLD TO ,FRANCE80 7,ADDRESS ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL74 

,BUT :AT DID \R MA/]S SAY CONC]N+ ! ROLE TO BE PLAY$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ! PRES5T W>8 ,9 #ahib ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS EXPRESS$ ! FOLL[+ OP9ION CONC]N+ ! FUNDAM5TAL L9ES ALONG :I* ! ATTITUDE ( PROLET>IAN P>TIES 9 A GREAT W> %\LD FOLL[3 0,A W> 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* ,RUSSIANS & ,FR5*M5 %\LD 9VADE ,G]MANY W\LD MEAN = ! LATT] A LIFE & DEA? /RUGGLE4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES IT C\LD ASSURE ITS NATIONAL EXI/5CE ONLY BY US+ ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS4 ,! PRES5T GOV]NM5T1 %\LD IT NOT BE =C$ TO DO SO1 WILL C]TA9LY NOT BR+ ON ! REVOLUTION1 BUT WE HAVE A /RONG P>TY ?AT MAY =CE ITS H&1 OR ?AT1 %\LD IT BE NECESS>Y1 CAN REPLACE IT1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 

0,WE HAVE NOT =GOTT5 ! GLORI\S EXAMPLE ( ,FRANCE 9 #a#g#i#c4 ,! ONE HUNDR$? ANNIV]S>Y ( #agic IS APPROA*+4 ,%\LD ,RUSSIA'S DESIRE = CONQUE/1 OR ! *AUV9I/IC IMPATI5CE ( ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE *ECK ! VICTORI\S BUT PEACEABLE M>* ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S1 ! LATT] >E PREP>$ - BE ASSUR$ ( ?AT - TO PROVE TO ! WORLD ?AT ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IANS ( TODAY >E NOT UNWOR?Y ( ! ,FR5* ,SANSCULOTTES1 ?AT #ahic WILL BE WOR?Y ( #a#g#i#c4 ,& %\LD ! SOLDI]S ( ,MONSIEUR ,CON/ANS SET FOOT UPON ,G]MAN T]RITORY WE WILL MEET !M ) ! WORDS ( ! ,M>SELLAISE3 

,%ALL HATEFUL TYRANTS1 MIS*IEF BRE$+1 

,) HIREL+ HO/1 A RUFFIAN B&1 

,AFFRI<T & DESOLATE ! L&8 

0,9 %ORT1 PEACE ASSURES ! VICTORY ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 AB\T T5 YE>S4 ,! W> WILL BR+ EI!R VICTORY 9 TWO OR ?REE YE>S OR ITS ABSOLUTE RU9 = AT LEA/ FIFTE5 OR TW5TY YE>S40 

,:5 ,5GELS WROTE !SE WORDS1 HE HAD 9 M9D A SITUATION 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM ! ONE EXI/+ TODAY4 ,9 HIS M9D'S EYE1 ANCI5T CZ>ISM /ILL LOOM$ ?REAT5+LY 9 ! BACKGR\ND4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ! GREAT ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,HE ?\<T1 FUR!RMORE1 ( A REAL NATIONAL W> ( DEF5SE1 ( A ,G]MANY ATTACK$ ON TWO SIDES1 ON ! EA/ & ON ! WE/ BY TWO 5EMY =CES4 ,F9ALLY1 HE OV]E/IMAT$ ! RIP5ESS ( CONDITIONS 9 ,G]MANY & ! LIKELIHOOD ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AS ALL TRUE FI<T]S >E WONT TO OV]RATE ! REAL TEMPO ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT = ALL ?AT1 HIS S5T5CES PROVE ) REM>KABLE CLE>NESS1 ?AT ,5GELS MEANT BY NATIONAL DEF5SE1 9 ! S5SE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 NOT ! SUPPORT ( A ,PRUSSIAN ,JUNK] MILIT>Y GOV]NM5T & ITS ,G5]AL/AB1 BUT A REVOLUTION>Y ACTION AFT] ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,FR5* ,JACOB9S4 

,YES1 SOCIALI/S %\LD DEF5D !IR C\NTRY 9 GREAT HI/ORICAL CRISES1 & H]E LIES ! GREAT FAULT ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ,REI*/AG GR\P4 ,:5 IT ANN\NC$ ON ! F\R? ( ,AUGU/1 09 ?IS H\R ( DANG]1 WE WILL NOT DES]T \R FA!RL&10 IT D5I$ ITS [N WORDS 9 ! SAME BREA?4 ,= TRULY IT HAS DES]T$ ITS FA!RL& 9 ITS H\R ( GREATE/ DANG]4 ,! HI<E/ DUTY ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY T[>D ITS FA!RL& DEM&$ ?AT IT EXPOSE ! REAL BACKGR\ND ( ?IS IMP]IALI/ W>1 ?AT IT R5D ! NET ( IMP]IALI/ & DIPLOMATIC LIES ?AT COV]S ! EYES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS !IR DUTY TO SPEAK L\DLY & CLE>LY1 TO PROCLAIM TO ! PEOPLE ( ,G]MANY ?AT 9 ?IS W> VICTORY & DEFEAT W\LD BE EQUALLY FATAL1 TO OPPOSE ! GAGG+ ( ! FA!RL& BY A /ATE ( SIEGE1 TO DEM& ?AT ! PEOPLE ALONE DECIDE ON W> & PEACE1 TO DEM& A P]MAN5T SESSION ( P>LIAM5T = ! P]IOD ( ! W>1 TO ASSUME A WAT*FUL CONTROL OV] ! GOV]NM5T BY P>LIAM5T1 & OV] P>LIAM5T BY ! PEOPLE1 TO DEM& ! IMM$IATE REMOVAL ( ALL POLITICAL 9EQUALITIES1 S9CE ONLY A FREE PEOPLE CAN ADEQUATELY GOV]N ITS C\NTRY1 & F9ALLY1 TO OPPOSE TO ! IMP]IALI/ W>1 BAS$ AS IT WAS UPON ! MO/ REACTION>Y =CES 9 ,EUROPE1 ! PROGRAM ( ,M>X1 ( ,5GELS1 & ,LASSALLE4 

,?AT WAS ! FLAG ?AT %\LD HAVE WAV$ OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 TRULY NATIONAL1 TRULY FREE1 9 H>MONY ) ! BE/ TRADITIONS ( ,G]MANY & ! 9T]NATIONAL CLASS POLICY ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! GREAT HI/ORICAL H\R ( ! WORLD W> OBVI\SLY DEM&$ UNANIM\S POLITICAL ACCOMPLI%M5T1 A BROAD-M9D$1 COMPREH5SIVE ATTITUDE ?AT ONLY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS DE/9$ TO GIVE4 ,9/EAD1 !RE FOLL[$1 ON ! P>T ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 A MIS]ABLE COLLAPSE4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY DID NOT ADOPT ! WRONG POLICY - IT HAD NO POLICY :ATSOEV]4 ,IT HAS WIP$ ITSELF \T COMPLETELY AS A CLASS P>TY ) A WORLD CONCEPTION ( ITS [N1 HAS DELIV]$ ! C\NTRY1 )\T A WORD ( PROTE/1 TO ! FATE ( IMP]IALI/ W> )\T1 TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! SWORD )94 ,NAY MORE1 IT HAS TAK5 ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! W> UPON ITS [N %\LD]S4 ,! DECL>ATION ( ! 0,REI*/AG GR\P2' SAYS3 0,WE HAVE VOT$ ONLY ! MEANS = \R C\NTRY'S DEF5SE4 ,WE DECL9E ALL RESPONSIBILITY = ! W>40 ,BUT AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ! TRU? LIES 9 EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,! MEANS = 0NATIONAL DEF5SE10 I4E41 = IMP]IALI/IC MASS BUT*]Y BY ! >M$ =CES ( ! MILIT>Y MON>*Y1 W]E NOT VOT$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,= ! AVAILABILITY ( ! W> CR$ITS DID NOT 9 ! LEA/ DEP5D UPON ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y1 AS A M9ORITY1 /OOD AGA9/ A COMPACT ?REE-QU>T]S MAJORITY ( ! CAPITALI/ ,REI*/AG4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC GR\P ACCOMPLI%$ ONLY ONE ?+ BY VOT+ 9 FAVOR ( ! W> CR$ITS4 ,IT PLAC$ UPON ! W> ! /AMP ( DEMOCRATIC FA!RL& DEF5SE1 & SUPPORT$ & SU/A9$ ! FICTIONS ?AT W]E PROPAGAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T CONC]N+ ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS & PROBLEMS ( ! W>4 

,?US ! S]I\S DILEMMA BETWE5 ! NATIONAL 9T]E/S & 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! TRAGIC CONFLICT ?AT MADE \R P>LIAM5T>IANS FALL 0) HEAVY HE>T' TO ! SIDE ( IMP]IALI/IC W>F>E1 WAS A M]E FIGM5T ( ! IMAG9ATION1 A B\RGEOIS NATIONALI/ FICTION4 ,BETWE5 ! NATIONAL 9T]E/S & ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 9 W> & 9 PEACE4 !RE IS ACTUALLY COMPLETE H>MONY4 ,BO? DEM& ! MO/ 5]GETIC PROSECUTION ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 & ! MO/ DET]M9$ 9SI/5CE ON ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM4 

,BUT :AT ACTION %\LD ! P>TY HAVE TAK5 TO GIVE TO \R OPPOSITION TO ! W> & TO \R W> DEM&S WEI<T & EMPHASIS8 ,%\LD IT HAVE PROCLAIM$ A G5]AL /RIKE8 ,%\LD IT HAVE CALL$ UPON ! SOLDI]S TO REFUSE MILIT>Y S]VICE8 ,?US ! QUE/ION IS G5]ALLY ASK$4 ,TO ANSW] ) A SIMPLE YES OR NO W]E JU/ AS RIDICUL\S AS TO DECIDE3 0,:5 W> BREAKS \T WE WILL />T A REVOLUTION40 ,REVOLUTIONS >E NOT 0MADE0 & GREAT MOVEM5TS ( ! PEOPLE >E NOT PRODUC$ ACCORD+ TO TE*NICAL RECIPES ?AT REPOSE 9 ! POCKETS ( ! P>TY LEAD]S4 ,SMALL CIRCLES ( CONSPIRATORS MAY ORGANIZE A RIOT = A C]TA9 DAY & A C]TA9 H\R1 CAN GIVE !IR SMALL GR\P ( SUPPORT]S ! SIGNAL TO BEG94 ,MASS MOVEM5TS 9 GREAT HI/ORICAL CRISES CANNOT BE 9ITIAT$ BY SU* PRIMITIVE MEASURES4 

,! BE/ PREP>$ MASS /RIKE MAY BREAK D[N MIS]ABLY AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 ! P>TY LEAD]S GIVE ! SIGNAL1 MAY COLLAPSE COMPLETELY BE=E ! FIR/ ATTACK4 ,! SUCCESS ( ! GREAT POPUL> MOVEM5TS DEP5DS1 AYE1 ! V]Y TIME & CIRCUM/ANCE ( !IR 9CEPTION IS DECID$1 BY A NUMB] ( ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & PSY*OLOGICAL FACTORS4 ,! EXI/+ DEGREE ( T5SION BETWE5 ! CLASSES1 ! DEGREE ( 9TELLIG5CE ( ! MASSES & ! DEGREE OR RIP5ESS ( !IR SPIRIT ( RESI/ANCE - ALL !SE FACTORS1 :I* >E 9CALCULABLE1 >E PREMISES ?AT CANNOT BE >TIFICIALLY CREAT$ BY ANY P>TY4 ,?AT IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! GREAT HI/ORICAL UPHEAVALS1 & ! SMALL %[ - DEMON/RATIONS ?AT A WELL-DISCIPL9$ P>TY CAN C>RY \T 9 TIMES ( PEACE1 ORD]LY1 WELL-TRA9$ P]=MANCES1 RESPOND+ OB$I5TLY TO ! BATON 9 ! H&S ( ! P>TY LEAD]S4 ,! GREAT HI/ORICAL H\R ITSELF CREATES ! =MS ?AT WILL C>RY ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS TO A SUCCESSFUL \TCOME1 CREATES & IMPROVISES NEW WEAPONS1 5RI*ES ! >S5AL ( ! PEOPLE ) WEAPONS UNKN[N & UNHE>D ( BY ! P>TIES & !IR LEAD]S4 

,:AT ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AS ! ADVANCE GU>D ( ! CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT %\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO GIVE WAS NOT RIDICUL\S PRECEPTS & TE*NICAL RECIPES1 BUT A POLITICAL SLOGAN1 CLE>NESS CONC]N+ ! POLITICAL PROBLEMS & 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 TIMES ( W>4 

,= :AT HAS BE5 SAID ( MASS /RIKES 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS EQUALLY APPLICABLE TO EV]Y MASS MOVEM5T3 

0,:ILE ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ITSELF COMM&S ! CREATION & ! COMPUTATION & PAYM5T ( ! CO/ ( A MASS /RIKE1 ! LEAD]S ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY HAVE AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T MISSION TO FILL4 ,9/EAD ( CONC]N+ ITSELF ) ! TE*NICAL ME*ANISM ( ! MASS MOVEM5T1 IT IS ! DUTY ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY TO UND]TAKE ! POLITICAL LEAD]%IP EV5 9 ! MID/ ( A HI/ORICAL CRISIS4 ,TO GIVE ! SLOGAN1 TO DET]M9E ! DIRECTION ( ! /RUGGLE1 TO SO DIRECT ! TACTICS ( ! POLITICAL CONFLICT ?AT 9 ITS EV]Y PHASE & MOVEM5T ! :OLE SUM ( AVAILABLE & ALREADY MOBILIZ$ ACTIVE =CE ( ! PROLET>IAT IS REALIZ$ & F9DS EXPRESSION 9 ! ATTITUDE ( ! P>TY1 ?AT ! TACTICS ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 DET]M9ATION & VIGOR %ALL NEV] BE WEAK] ?AN IS JU/IFI$ BY ! ACTUAL P[] AT ITS BACK1 BUT %ALL RA!R HA/5 9 ADVANCE ( ITS ACTUAL P[]1 ?AT IS ! IMPORTANT PROBLEM ( ! P>TY LEAD]%IP 9 A GREAT HI/ORICAL CRISIS4 ,!N ?IS LEAD]%IP WILL BECOME1 9 A S5SE1 ! TE*NICAL LEAD]%IP4 ,A DET]M9$1 CONSI/5T1 PROGRESSIVE C\RSE ( ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WILL CREATE 9 ! MASSES ASSURANCE1 SELF-CONFID5CE & A FE>LESS FI<T+ SPIRIT4 ,A WEAKLY VACILLAT+ C\RSE1 BAS$ UPON A L[ E/IMATE ( ! P[]S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 LAMES & CONFUSES ! MASSES4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE MASS ACTION WILL BREAK \T '( ITS [N ACCORD' & 'AT ! RI<T TIME'2 9 ! SECOND1 EV5 A DIRECT CALL TO ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! LEAD]S (T5 REMA9S 9EFFECTUAL0 7,! ,MASS ,/RIKE1 ,! ,POLITICAL ,P>TY & ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS74 

,F> MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! \TW>D1 TE*NICAL =M ( ! ACTION IS ITS POLITICAL CONT5T4 ,?US ! P>LIAM5T>Y /AGE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ONLY F> REA*+ & 9T]NATIONALLY CONSPICU\S PLAT=M1 C\LD HAVE BECOME A MI<TY MOTIVE P[] = ! AWAK5+ ( ! PEOPLE1 HAD IT BE5 US$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC REPRES5TATIVES TO PROCLAIM L\DLY & DI/9CTLY ! 9T]E/S1 ! PROBLEMS & ! DEM&S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

0,W\LD ! MASSES HAVE SUPPORT$ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ITS ATTITUDE AGA9/ ! W>80 ,?AT IS A QUE/ION ?AT NO ONE CAN ANSW]4 ,BUT NEI!R IS IT AN IMPORTANT ONE4 ,DID \R P>LIAM5T>IANS DEM& AN ABSOLUTE ASSURANCE ( VICTORY FROM ! G5]ALS ( ! ,PRUSSIAN >MY BE=E VOT+ 9 FAVOR ( W> CR$ITS8 ,:AT IS TRUE ( MILIT>Y >MIES IS EQUALLY TRUE ( REVOLUTION>Y >MIES4 ,!Y GO 9TO ! FI<T1 :]EV] NECESSITY DEM&S IT1 )\T PREVI\S ASSURANCE ( SUCCESS4 ,AT ! WOR/1 ! P>TY W\LD HAVE BE5 DOOM$1 9 ! FIR/ FEW MON?S ( ! W>1 TO POLITICAL 9EFFECTUALITY4 

,P]HAPS ! BITT]E/ P]SECUTIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 9FLICT$ UPON \R P>TY = ITS MANLY /&1 AS !Y W]E1 9 #a#h#g1 ! REW>D ( ,LIEBKNE*T & ,BEBEL4 0,BUT :AT DOES ?AT MATT]10 SAID ,IGNAZ ,AU]1 SIMPLY1 9 HIS SPEE* ON ! ,S$ANFEI] 9 #a#h#i#e4 0,A P>TY ?AT IS TO CONQU] ! WORLD MU/ BE> ITS PR9CIPLES AL(T )\T C\NT+ ! DANG]S ?AT ?IS MAY BR+4 ,TO ACT DIFF]5TLY IS TO BE LO/60 

0,IT IS NEV] EASY TO SWIM AGA9/ ! CURR5T10 SAID ! OLD] ,LIEBKNE*T 0,& :5 ! /REAM RU%ES ON ) ! RAPIDITY & ! P[] ( A ,NIAG>A IT DOES NOT BECOME EASI]4 ,\R OLD] COMRADES /ILL REMEMB] ! HATR$ ( ?AT YE> ( GREATE/ NATIONAL %AME1 UND] ! SOCIALI/ EXCEPTION LAWS ( #a#h#g#h4 ,AT ?AT TIME MILLIONS LOOK$ UPON EV]Y SOCIAL DEMOCRAT AS HAV+ PLAY$ ! P>T ( A MURD]] & VILE CRIM9AL 9 #a#h#g2 ! SOCIALI/ HAD BE5 9 ! EYES ( ! MASSES A TRAITOR & AN 5EMY4 ,SU* \TBREAKS ( ! 'POPUL> S\L' >E A/\ND+1 /UNN+1 CRU%+ 9 !IR ELEM5TAL FURY4 ,ONE FEELS P[]LESS1 AS BE=E A HI<] P[]4 ,IT IS A REAL =CE MAJEURE4 ,!RE IS NO TANGIBLE OPPON5T4 ,IT IS LIKE AN EPIDEMIC1 9 ! PEOPLE1 9 ! AIR1 EV]Y:]E4 

0,! \TBREAK ( #ah< CANNOT1 H[EV]1 BE COMP>$ ) ! \TBREAK 9 #a#h#g4 ,IBIS HURRICANE ( HUMAN PASSIONS1 BREAK+1 B5D+1 DE/ROY+ ALL ?AT /&S 9 ITS WAY - & ) IT ! T]RIBLE MA*9]Y ( MILIT>ISM1 9 FULLE/1 MO/ HORRIBLE ACTIVITY2 & WE /& BETWE5 ! CRU%+ IRON :EELS1 :OSE T\* MEANS 9/ANT DEA?1 BETWE5 IRON >MS1 ?AT ?REAT5 EV]Y MOM5T TO CAT* US4 ,BY ! SIDE ( ?IS ELEM5TAL =CE ( LIB]AT$ SPIRITS /OOD ! MO/ COMPLETE ME*ANISM ( ! >T ( MURD] ! WORLD HAD HI!RTO SE52 & ALL 9 ! WILDE/ ACTIVITY1 EV]Y BOIL] HEAT$ TO ! BUR/+ PO9T4 ,AT SU* A TIME1 :AT IS ! WILL & ! /R5G? ( ! 9DIVIDUAL8 ,ESPECIALLY1 :5 ONE FEELS ?AT ONE REPRES5TS A T9Y M9ORITY1 ?AT ONE POSSESSES NO FIRM SUPPORT 9 ! PEOPLE ITSELF4 

0,AT ?AT TIME \R P>TY WAS /ILL 9 A P]IOD ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,WE W]E PLAC$ BE=E ! MO/ S]I\S TE/1 AT A TIME :5 WE DID NOT YET POSSESS ! ORGANIZATION NECESS>Y TO MEET IT4 ,:5 ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T CAME 9 ! YE> ( %AME ( \R 5EMIES1 9 ! YE> ( HONOR = ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 !N WE HAD ALREADY A /RONG1 WIDESPREAD ORGANIZATION4 ,EA* & EV]Y ONE ( US WAS /R5G!N$ BY ! FEEL+ ?AT HE POSSESS$ A MI<TY SUPPORT 9 ! ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T ?AT /OOD BEH9D HIM1 & NO SANE P]SON C\LD CONCEIVE ( ! D[NFALL ( ! P>TY4 

0,SO IT WAS NO SMALL ?+ AT ?AT TIME TO SWIM AGA9/ ! CURR5T4 ,BUT :AT IS TO BE DONE1 MU/ BE DONE4 ,& SO WE GRITT$ \R TEE? 9 ! FACE ( ! 9EVITABLE4 ,!RE WAS NO TIME = FE> 444 ,C]TA9LY ,BEBEL & ,I 444 NEV] = A MOM5T ?\<T ( ! W>N+4 ,WE DID NOT RETREAT4 ,WE HAD TO HOLD \R PO/S1 COME :AT MI<T60 

,!Y /UCK TO !IR PO/S1 & = =TY YE>S ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY LIV$ UPON ! MORAL /R5G? ) :I* IT HAD OPPOS$ A WORLD ( 5EMIES4 

,! SAME ?+ W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ N[4 ,AT FIR/ WE W\LD P]HAPS HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ NO?+ BUT TO SAVE ! HONOR ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ?\S&S UPON ?\S&S ( PROLET>IANS :O >E DY+ 9 ! TR5*ES 9 M5TAL D>KNESS W\LD NOT HAVE DI$ 9 SPIRITUAL CONFUSION1 BUT ) ! ONE C]TA9TY ?AT ?AT :I* HAS BE5 EV]Y?+ 9 !IR LIVES1 ! 9T]NATIONAL1 LIB]AT+ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS MORE ?AN ! FIGM5T ( A DREAM4 

,! VOICE ( \R P>TY W\LD HAVE ACT$ AS A WET BLANKET UPON ! *AUV9I/IC 9TOXICATION ( ! MASSES4 ,IT W\LD HAVE PRES]V$ ! 9TELLIG5T PROLET>IAT FROM DELIRIUM1 W\LD HAVE IT MORE DIFFICULT = IMP]IALISM TO POISON & TO /UPEFY ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! CRUSADE AGA9/ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY W\LD HAVE AWAK5$ ! MASSES 9 AN 9CR$IBLY %ORT TIME4 

,& AS ! W> W5T ON1 AS ! HORROR ( 5DLESS MASSACRE & BLOOD%$ 9 ALL C\NTRIES GREW & GREW1 AS ITS IMP]IALI/IC HO( BECAME MORE & MORE EVID5T1 AS ! EXPLOITATION BY BLOOD?IR/Y SPECULATORS BECAME MORE & MORE %AMELESS1 EV]Y LIVE1 HONE/1 PROGRESSIVE & HUMANE ELEM5T 9 ! MASSES W\LD HAVE RALLI$ TO ! /&>D ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY W\LD HAVE /OOD 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS MAD :IRLPOOL ( COLLAPSE & DECAY1 LIKE A ROCK 9 A /ORMY SEA1 W\LD HAVE BE5 ! LI<?\SE ( ! :OLE ,9T]NATIONAL1 GUID+ & LEAD+ ! LABOR MOVEM5TS ( EV]Y C\NTRY ( ! E>?4 ,! UNP>ALLEL$ MORAL PRE/IGE ?AT LAY 9 ! H&S ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S W\LD HAVE REACT$ UPON ! SOCIALI/S ( ALL NATIONS 9 A V]Y %ORT TIME4 ,PEACE S5TIM5TS W\LD HAVE SPREAD LIKE WILDFIRE & ! POPUL> DEM& = PEACE 9 ALL C\NTRIES W\LD HAVE HA/5$ ! 5D ( ! SLAU<T]1 W\LD HAVE DECREAS$ ! NUMB] ( ITS VICTIMS4 

,! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT W\LD HAVE REMA9$ ! LI<?\SE KEEP] ( SOCIALISM & ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 

,TRULY ?IS WAS A TASK NOT UNWOR?Y ( ! DISCIPLES ( ,M>X1 ,5GELS & ,LASSALLE4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiad 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 

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