,! ,LAB\R ,MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 
,ON ,SPANI% ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALB]T ,MELTZ] 

,TEXT 3 

,ON ! :OLE !RE HAS BE5 LITTLE OR NO /UDY ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! SUCCESS ( ! 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ,CZ>ISM SO CAPTIVAT$ ! IMAG9ATION ( ! WORLD ?AT ATT5TION1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM1 HAS !REAFT] BE5 RIVET$ ON ,RUSSIA & :AT CONC]NS ITS 9T]E/S4 ,! ,/ATE 0,SOCIALISM0 ?AT TRIUMPH$ 9 ?AT C\NTRY IS NO D\BT WOR? /UDY+1 IF NOT EXP]I5C+3 BUT FROM ! /&PO9T ( ANY S9C]E REVOLUTION>Y -- EV5 ONE :O MI<T NOT CONSID] HIMSELF A LIB]T>IAN -- IT IS SURELY MORE RI*LY REW>D+ TO LOOK AT ! CASE ( A LABOR MOVEM5T ?AT C\LD SU/A9 ITSELF ?R\< G5]ATIONS ( SUPPRESSION2 ?AT C\LD DISP5SE ) A BUREAUCRACY2 & ?AT C\LD MA9TA9 ITS *>ACT] ( CONTROL BY ! RANK & FILE4 

,!RE >E1 ( C\RSE1 FAULTS & FAILURES4 ,!SE MAY BE BETT] UND]/OOD FOLL[+ A /UDY ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T1 & DISP5S+ ) ! CRITICISM ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ (F]$ BY ,TROTSKYI/ S\RCES :I* MAKE FALSE COMP>ISONS \T ( CONTEXT ) ,RUSSIA & DEAL ) A P]IOD ( ONLY ?REE YE>S \T ( N9ETY2 AS A RESULT ( :I*1 EV5 AMONG W\LD-BE LIB]T>IANS1 ! YE>S ( /RUGGLE & A*IEVEM5T >E DISMISS$ ) A VAGUE REF]5CE TO 0BUREAUCRACY0 :I* ASS]T$ ITSELF AT ?AT P]IOD1 OR AMONG ,M>XI/S1 ) A TITT] -- 0HE-HE AN>*I/S 5T]$ ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ,GOV]NM5T0 -- AS IF !RE WAS NO MORE TO BE SAID ON ! MATT]4 

,! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T HAD FIVE OV]LAPP+ PHASES :I* CAN BE SUMM$ UP 9 FIVE KEY WORDS -- ! 09T]NATIONAL02 ! 0UNION02 ! 0REVOLUTION02 0ANTI-FASCISM0 & ! 0RESI/ANCE04 ,EA* REPRES5TS A DIFF]5T PHASE & ! MI/AKES1 & BETRAYALS APPE> ALMO/ 5TIRELY 9 ! F\R? 70ANTI-FASCI/07 PHASE4 

,! SIGNIFICANT *>ACT] ( ! MOVEM5T IS PLAY$ D[N DELIB]ATELY = A SIMPLE REASON3 IT OV]:ELM+LY DISPROVES ! ,L59I/ !SIS1 EQUALLY FLATT]+ TO ! B\RGEOIS ACADEMIC1 ?AT ! WORK+-CLASS1 ( ITSELF1 CAN ONLY A*IEVE A TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS -- ) ! COROLL>Y ?AT TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS MU/ BE CONF9$ TO HI<] WAGES & BETT] CONDITIONS1 & )\T ! GUID+ H& ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS ELITI/1 W\LD NEV] UND]/& ?AT IT C\LD *ANGE SOCIETY4 

,! 0,9T]NATIONAL0 ,PHASE 

,! HI/ORIANS WANT ON ! ONE H& TO SAY ?AT ,BAKUN9 WAS A POSEUR :O BOA/$ ( MY?ICAL SECRET SOCIETIES ?AT DID NOT EXI/2 & ON ! O!R H& ?AT HE1 BY S5D+ AN EMISS>Y 7:O DID NOT SPEAK ,SPANI%7 9TRODUC$ AN>*ISM 9TO ,SPA94 ,9 FACT1 EV] S9CE ! ,NAPOLEONIC W>S -- & 9 SOME P>TS ( ,SPA9 LONG BE=E -- ! WORK]S & PEASANTS HAD BE5 =M+ !MSELVES 9TO SOCIETIES1 :I* W]E SECRET \T ( GRIM NECESSITY4 

,IT IS SOMETIMES ALLEG$ ?AT 0LIB]AL0 IDEAS 5T]$ ,SPA9 ONLY ) ! ,FR5* 9VASION4 ,:AT 9 FACT CAME 9 -- ) FREEMASONRY -- WAS ! POLITICAL ASSOCIATION ( ! MIDDLE CLASS = LIB]AL IDEAS 7& ! ADVANCEM5T ( CAPITALISM7 AGA9/ ! UPP] CLASSES1 & !IR 5DEAVOR TO USE ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ?AT /RUGGLE4 ,BUT ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTS HAD A KN[N RECORD ( #d YE>S 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS !IR RIS+S & /RUGGLES1 & ! MEANS EMPLOY$ -- LONG BE=E AN>*ISM AS SU* WAS 9TRODUC$ -- ?AT >E US$ BY HI/ORIANS AS IF !Y W]E DESCRIB+ ,SPANI% AN>*ISM4 ,9 ,&ALUSIA 9 P>TICUL> ! PEASANTS REFUS$ TO LIE D[N & />VE1 OR TO EMIGRATE 5 MASSE 7ONLY N[ IS ?IS POLITICAL SOLUTION BE+ =C$ ON !M73 !Y 5DEAVOR$ TO MAKE !IR OPPRESSORS EMIGRATE -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO CAUSE A REVOLUTION1 EV5 LOCALLY4 

,9 ! EI<TE5-?IRTIES ! COOP]ATIVE IDEA WAS 9TRODUC$ TO ,SPA9 7RELY+ ON E>LY ,5GLI% EXP]I5CE72 & ! FIR/ IDEAS ( SOCIALISM W]E DISCUSS$1 BAS+ !MSELVES ON ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & ALSO BORR[+ FROM ,F\RI] & ,PR\DHON4 ,! E>LY WORK]S' NEWSPAP]S CAME \T1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! FIFTIES1 & REVEAL$ ! EXI/5CE ( WORK]S' GUILDS 9 MANY 9DU/RIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,WORK]S' ,MUTUAL ,AID ,ASSOCIATION4 ,BECAUSE ( ! ,C>LI/ W>S -- & ! P]IODIC NE$ TO RECONCILE ALL 0LIB]AL0 ELEM5TS -- A GREAT DEAL ( ?IS W5T ON PUBLICLY1 SOME ( IT SURREPTITI\SLY4 

,! FIR/ WORK]S' S*OOL WAS F\ND$ 9 ,MADRID BY ,ANTONIO ,IGNACIO ,C]V]A 7FIFTY YE>S BE=E ! MORE FAM\S ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]74 ,HE ALSO F\ND$ A PR9T+ PRESS :OSE P]IODICALS REA*$ WORK]S ALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,C]V]A WAS REPEAT$LY P]SECUT$ & IMPRISON$ 7HE DI$ 9 #a#h#f74 ,IT WAS FROM ! IDEAS ( FREE ASSOCIATION1 MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY1 WORK]S' CONTROL & PEASANTS' COLLECTIVES ?AT ,FRANCISCO ,PI Y ,M>GALL1 ! PHILOSOPH]1 =MULAT$ HIS F$]ALI/ IDEAS4 ,! LATT] IS REG>D$ AS 0! FA!R ( AN>*ISM0 9 ,SPA94 ,BUT HE DID NO MORE ?AN GIVE EXPRESSION TO IDEAS CURR5T = A LONG TIME4 

,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,B>CELONA 7#a#h#e#e7 ! F$]ATIONS 5T]$ 9TO RELATION%IP ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,WORK]S 9 ,LONDON 7LAT] CALL$ 0,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL074 ,IT WAS QUICKLY REALIZ$ ?AT ! IDEAS ( ! ,SPANI% SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E F> MORE 9 ACCORD ) ,BAKUN9'S ,ALLIANCE ?AN ) ! ,M>XI/S4 ,9 #ahfh ,GIUSEPPE ,FANELLI WAS S5T BY ,BAKUN9 TO CONTACT ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S 9 ,SPA94 ,TO HIS SURPRISE -- HE B>ELY SPOKE ,SPANI% & SAID 0,I AM NO ORATOR0 -- AT HIS FIR/ MEET+ HE CAPTUR$ ! SYMPA?Y ( ALL4 ,AMONG HIS FIR/ 0CONV]TS0 ! MAJORITY BELONG$ TO ! PR9T+ TRADE -- TYPOGRAPH]S LIKE ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO1 LI?OGRAPH]S LIKE ,DONADEU1 5GRAV]S LIKE ,SIMANCAS & ,VELASCO1 BOOKB9D]S & O!RS4 ,IT WAS !Y :O W]E 9 ,SPA9 ! MO/ ACTIVE1 & ! MO/ LIT]ATE ( WORK]S4 ,!Y =M$ ! NUCLEUS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 7,M>X WROTE GLOOMILY TO ,5GELS3 0,WE %ALL HAVE TO LEAVE ,SPA9 TO HIM .<,BAKUN9.> = ! TIME BE+407 ,BY ! TIME ( ! ,CONGRESS 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #a#h#g1 !RE W]E WORK]S' F$]ATIONS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,! PROGRAM ON :I* !Y /OOD3 = LOCAL RESI/ANCE1 = MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY1 = WORK]S' CONTROL1 = ! SEIZURE ( ! L& BY ! PEASANTS1 HAS NOT S9CE BE5 BETT]$4 ,!Y DID NOT FAIL BECAUSE !Y W]E WRONG2 M]ELY BECAUSE 7LIKE ! ,*>TI/S 9 ,5GL&7 !Y W]E BE=E !IR TIME4 ,!RE WAS NO VIABLE ECONOMY TO SEIZE4 ,!Y C\LD DO NO?+ BUT RISE & FI<T4 

,! B\RGEOISIE HAD TOTALLY FAIL$1 DUR+ !IR LONG /RUGGLE ) REACTION1 TO MOD]NIZE ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T P]SI/5TLY RETA9$ CONTROL BY ! USE ( ! >MY & ( ! SY/EM ( ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL :I* IT HAD COPI$ FROM ,FRANCE4 

,WORK]S' ,F$]ATIONS 

,9 #ahga WORK]S' F$]ATIONS EXI/$ 9 ,MADRID1 ,B>CELONA1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,C>TAG5A1 ,MALAGA1 ,CADIZ1 ,LIB>ES1 ,ALELLA1 ,BILBAO1 ,SANT&]1 ,IGUALADA1 ,SEVILLA1 ,PALMA DE ,MALLORCA -- TAK+ NO ORD]S FROM A C5TRAL LEAD]%IP1 /&+ ON ! BASIS ( ! LOCAL COMMUNE AS ! UNIT$ EXPRESSION ( ! WORK]S' 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS1 & 9 COMPLETE HO/ILITY TO ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,IT WAS ESS5TIALLY A MOVEM5T ( CRAFTSM5 -- AS 9 ,5GL& ! SKILL$ WORK] BECAME A ,RADICAL1 9 ,SPA9 HE BECAME AN ,9T]NATIONALI/4 ,PRIDE 9 CRAFT BECAME SYNONYM\S ) 9DEP5D5CE ( SPIRIT4 ,JU/ AS 9 ,5GL&1 :]E ! VILLAGE BLACKSMI? & %OEMAK] BECAME ! 0VILLAGE RADICAL0 :O BECAUSE ( HIS 9DEP5D5CE FROM 0! G5TRY0 C\LD EXPRESS HIS [N VIEWS1 & BECOME A FOCUS = ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S' /RUGGLES -- SO 9 ,SPA9 HE BECAME AN ,9T]NATIONALI/ 7A /& :I* HE EASILY COMB9$ ) REGIONALISM74 

,! FIR/ SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ NUCLEUS BEGAN 9 ,&ALUCIA 9 #ahfi -- DUE TO ! WORK ( ,F]M9 ,SALVO*EA4 ,IT WAS !RE1 TOO1 ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL BECAME /RONGE/4 ,AS ! REPRESSION GREW SO ! AN>*I/ IDEAS CAPTUR$ ! :OLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ! REASON WAS NOT BECAUSE ,BAKUN91 ,FANELLI1 ,LOR5ZO OR ,SALVO*EA HAD DECID$ TO GIVE ,SPANI% F$]ALISM A NAME1 OR TO LABEL IT 9 A SECT>IAN FA%ION4 ,IT WAS BECAUSE ! ,M>XI/ P>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS GR[+ AWAY FROM !M4 ,DUR+ ,M>X'S /RUGGLE ) ,BAKUN9 HE WAS =C$ CLE>LY TO /ATE HIS VIEWS 9 A SPECIFICALLY AU?ORIT>IAN MANN]4 ,! IDEA ( C5TRAL ,/ATE AU?ORITY WAS PRECISELY :AT REPELL$ ! ,SPANI% ,9T]NATIONALI/S4 ,! NOTION ?AT !Y REQUIR$ A LEAD]%IP FROM ! C5T] WAS SOME?+ !Y HAD ALREADY1 9 !IR [N ORGANIZATION1 DISPELL$4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL REA*$ ITS PEAK DUR+ #a#h#g#c_/#d4 ,ITS SEIZURE ( ,C>TAG5A -- ! ,COMMUNE ( ,C>TAG5A -- W\LD TAKE PREC$5CE OV] ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS = ! 0/ORM+ ( ! HEAV5S0 IF GREAT] ATT5TION HAD BE5 PAID TO IT BY HI/ORIANS \TSIDE ,SPA94 

,! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS %[$ H[ ! ,/ATE C\LD BE 9/ANTLY DISP5S$ )2 BUT ITS SOCIAL PROGRAM WAS ?AT ( MUNICIPAL [N]%IP & IT WAS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ITS ADH]5TS UND]/OOD ! WORD 0COMMUNI/04 ,9 ,C>TAG5A ! IDEA ( WORK]S' C\NCILS WAS 9TRODUC$ -- IT WAS UND]/OOD ?AT :AT CONC]N$ ! COMMUNITY %\LD BE DEALT ) BY A F$]AL UNION ( !SE C\NCILS2 BUT ?AT ! PLACES ( WORK %\LD BE CONTROLL$ DIRECTLY BY ?OSE :O WORK$ 9 !M4 ,?IS 0COLLECTIVISM0 PREC$$ BY =TY OR FIFTY YE>S ! 0SOVIETS0 ( ,RUSSIA 7#a#i#e & #a#i#a#g7 OR ! MOVEM5TS = WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 ,G]MANY 7#a#i#a#h7 & PR(\NDLY AFFECT$ ! :OLE LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* = ! NEXT TW5TY YE>S WAS 9 UND]GR\ND W> ) ! REGIME3 BITT]LY REPRESS$1 & FI<T+ BACK ) GU]RILLA 9T5SITY4 

,! CONCEPTIONS :I* ! ,BRITI% %OP /EW>DS BR\<T TO BE> ON ,BRITI% 9DU/RY -- ( HORIZONTAL CONTROL -- DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ( HORIZONTAL CONTROL TO CIRCUMV5T ! TRADE UNION BUREAUCRACY -- W]E 9BUILT 9TO ! ,SPANI% WORK]S' MOVEM5T FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,:5 ! WORK]S' F$]ATIONS TURN$ FROM ! IDEA ( SPONTANE\S 9SURRECTIONS TO ?AT ( A REVOLUTION>Y LABOR MOVEM5T & BEGAN TO =M ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T1 IT HAD ALREADY ACCEPT$ ! CRITICISMS ( BUREAUCRACY :I* W]E NOT EV5 MADE 9 O!R C\NTRIES UNTIL SOME =TY OR FIFTY YE>S ( EXP]I5CE WAS TO PASS2 IT SAW 9 A UNION BUREAUCRACY ! G]MS ( A WORK]S' /ATE1 :I* IT 9 NO WAY WAS PREP>$ TO ACCEPT4 ,MOREOV]1 ! IDEA ( SOCIALI/ OR LIB]AL DIRECTION -- URG$ BY ! FREEMASONS -- WAS SE5 QUITE CLE>LY 9 ITS CLASS CONTEXT4 ,IT WAS ?IS EXP]I5CE BR\<T FROM ! 0,9T]NATIONAL0 P]IOD ?AT MADE ! LABOR MOVEM5T ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y & LIB]T>IAN ?AT EXI/$4 

,REGIONALISM 

,! ESS5TIAL REGIONALISM ( ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T WAS SOME:AT DIFF]5T FROM TRADE UNIONISM AS IT WAS UND]/OOD 9 ,5GL&4 ,9/EAD ( A NATIONAL UNION ( P]SONS 9 ! SAME CRAFT1 ! BASIS ( CRAFT UNIONISM1 !RE WAS A REGIONAL F$]ATION ( ALL WORK]S4 ,! F$]ATION DIVID$ 9TO SECTIONS ACCORD+ TO FUNCTION4 ,?US IT WAS POSSIBLE = EV5 9DIVIDUAL CRAFTSM5 TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! UNION MOVEM5T1 :I* ACCORD$ ) ! HATR$ MO/ ( ! WORK]S HAD = ! FACTORY SY/EM ANYWAY4 ,IT ALSO MEANT ?AT :5 ANYONE WAS BLACKLI/$ = /RIKE ACTIVITIES1 HE C\LD ALWAYS BE SET UP ON HIS [N4 ,PRIDE 9 CRAFT WAS SOME?+ +RA9$ 9 ! 9T]NATIONALI/S4 ,! MO/ FREQU5T =M ( SABOTAGE AGA9/ ! EMPLOY] WAS ! 0GOOD WORK0 /RIKE -- 9 :I* BETT] WORK ?AN HE ALL[S = IS PUT 9TO A JOB4 ,IT WAS SOME?+ !Y EMPLOY$ EV5 :5 !RE WAS NO SPECIFIC DISPUTE 7IT IS ! REASON :Y !RE W]E FEW] ,/ATE 9SPECTIONS ( JOBS = SAFETY REASONS & :Y TODAY -- ! UNION MOVEM5T HAV+ BE5 SMA%$ -- ONE READS SO FREQU5TLY ( DAMS BREAK+1 HOTELS FALL+ D[N OR NOT COMPLET$ TO TIME1 & SO ON74 ,= ?IS REASON PEOPLE TRU/$ ! UNION LABEL :5 IT WAS ULTIMATELY 9TRODUC$ & -- DESPITE ! LAW & HIS [N PREJUDICES -- AN EMPLOY] HAD TO GO TO ! REVOLUTION>IES TO GET ! GOOD WORKM51 OR LET ! PUBLIC KN[ HE WAS EMPLOY+ %ODDY LABOR4 0,Y\ >E ! ROBB]1 NOT US10 WAS ! /ATEM5T MO/ (T5 HURL$ AT ! EMPLOY] :O WANT$ HONE/Y *ECKS ON HIS WORK]S4 

0,REGIONALISM0 -- ! ASSOCIATION ( WORK]S ON ! BASIS ( LOCALITY FIR/1 & !N 9TO UNIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! PLACE ( WORK -- WAS SOME?+ ?AT CONCURR$ FULLY ) ! 9SURRECTIONAL *>ACT] ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,TIME & AGA9 A DI/RICT ROSE & PROCLAIM$ 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM0 RA!R ?AN BE />V$ TO DEA? OR EMIGRATE 7! LATT] SOLUTION WAS1 YE>S LAT]1 =C$ ON !M ONLY BY MILIT>Y CONQUE/74 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! SEEM+LY P$ANTIC DEBATE BEGAN BETWE5 0COLLECTIVISM0 OR 0COMMUNISM0 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T -- FUNDAM5TALLY A QUE/ION AS TO :E!R ! WAGE SY/EM BE RETA9$ OR NOT 9 A FREE SOCIETY -- S9CE ?IS WAS 9DE$ AN IMM$IATE ISSUE 9 ! COLLECTIVITIES & CO-OP]ATIVES E/ABLI%$ ) A FREQU5CY AS MU* AS 9 MOD]N ,ISRAEL -- ?\< ) ! SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CE ?AT IT WAS 9 A W> AGA9/ ! ,/ATE & NOT ) ITS TOL]ANT ASSI/ANCE4 

,=MATION ( ,C,N,T 

,! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS P]SI/5TLY REFUS$ TO 5T] 9TO POLITICAL ACTIVITY ( A P>LIAM5T>Y NATURE4 ,IT WAS ! DESPAIR ( ! ,REPUBLICAN & ,SOCIALI/ POLITICIANS1 :O W]E SURE !Y C\LD 0DIRECT0 ! MOVEM5T 9TO OR?ODOX1 LEGAL *ANNELS4 ,IT WAS AN ATTEMPT TO DIVIDE ! MOVEM5T1 NOT TO UNITE IT1 ?AT L$ TO ! =MATION ( ! ,UNION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES 7,U,G,T7 9 #a#h#h#h4 ,IT WAS A DUAL UNION1 ) ONLY #bi SECTIONS & SOME ?REE ?\S& MEMB]S4 ,! CONGRESSES ( ! REGIONAL MOVEM5T -- ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T :I* BY N[ WAS TRANS=M+ ITSELF 9TO AN AN>*I/ ONE -- HAD SELDOM LESS ?AN TWO OR ?REE HUNDR$ SECTIONS4 

,9 ! YE>S ( T]ROR & C\NT]-T]ROR ?AT FOLL[$1 ATTACKS ON ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T L$ TO ! RECURR5T 9DIVIDUAL C\NT]ATTACKS ( ! #a#iS1 RESULT+ 9 ! 5ORM\S PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,MOROCCAN ,W> ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! 0,R$ ,WEEK0 ( ,B>CELONA4 ,MEANTIME ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T /OOD ALO(1 TRY+ TO +RATIATE ITSELF ) ! AU?ORITIES 9 ! MANN] ( ! ,LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL& -- !N /ILL P>T ( ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY4 ,! DEM& = NATIONAL-BAS$ CRAFT UNIONS 7RAIS$ BY ! ,U,G,T7 ?US BECAME ID5TIFI$ ) ! DESIRE = P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION 9 ,MADRID4 7,HI/ORY REPEATS ITSELF3 TODAY1 UND] ,FRANCO1 ! ,COMISIONES ,OBR]AS >E DO+ EXACTLY ! SAME ?+ -- TO GA9 ,/AL9I/ REPRES5TATION 9 ! ,CORTES47 

,! ,SPANI% MOVEM5T WAS 5T]+ ITS 0UNION0 PHASE1 9FLU5C$ /RONGLY BY ! SYNDICALISM ( ,FRANCE4 ,! ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A MOVEM5T 7,WORK]S' ,SOLID>ITY7 ADOPT$ ! ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IAN VIEWS ( ! ,FR5* ,C,G,T :OSE PLAT=M = DIRECT WORK]S' CONTROL WAS F> 9 ADVANCE ( ! EPO*1 & :I* WAS ALREADY PREP>+ ! WAY = WORK]S TO TAKE OV] !IR PLACES ( WORK1 EV5 9TRODUC+ PRACTICAL C\RSES ON WORK]S' CONTROL TO SUPPLANT CAPITALISM4 

,AS ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T DEVELOP$ 9 ,SPA9 AFT] EXP]I5CE ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALI/S HAD GA9$ CREEP+ CONTROL ( ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE & DEBILITAT$ ?IS MOVEM5T1 IT WAS 9BUILT 9TO ! =MATION ( ! ,C,N,T 7,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO -- ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR7 ?AT ! MOVEM5T %\LD FOLL[ ! TRADITIONS ( F$]ALISM & REGIONALISM ?AT PREV5T$ ! DELEGATION ( P[]S TO A LEAD]%IP4 ,! ,C,N,T WAS CREAT$ 9 #aiaa 7AT ! FAM\S CONF]5CE AT ! SALON DE ,BELLAS ,>TES 9 ,B>CELONA7 AS ! RESULT ( A DEM& TO UNITE ! V>I\S WORK]S' F$]ATIONS ALL OV] ! C\NTRY -- FOLL[+ /RIKES 9 ,MADRID1 ,BILBAO1 ,SEVILLA1 ,J]EZ DE LA ,FRONT]A1 ,SORIA1 ,MALAGA1 ,T>RASA1 ,S>AGOSSA4 ,IT HELP$ TO ORGANIZE A G5]AL /RIKE ! SAME YE> 7AS A RESULT ( :I* IT BECAME ILLEGAL74 

,IT ROSE TO OV]:ELM+ /R5G? DUR+ ! WORLD W> -- ITS MO/ FAM\S TE/ BE+ ! G5]AL /RIKE >IS+ FROM ! /RIKE AT 0,LA ,CANADI5SE04 ,FROM !N ON1 = #be YE>S1 IT WAS 9 CON/ANT BATTLE1 YET ! ,/ATE WAS NEV] ABLE TO COMPLETELY SUPPRESS IT4 

#be ,YE>S ( ,UNIONISM 

,! COMPLETE FAILURE ( SOME LIB]T>IANS TO UND]/& EV5 ! ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES ( ! ,C,N,T ?R\<\T ?OSE YE>S IS /AGG]+4 ,:5 ! /RUCTURE & RULES ( ! ,C,N,T W]E REPR9T$ 9 ,BLACK ,FLAG SOME COMM5TS BO? PRIVATELY & PUBLICLY LEFT ONE AMAZ$4 ,ONE READ] ?\<T IT WAS A 0DEMOCRATIC C5TRALI/0 BODY1 :5 ! :OLE %APE & /RUCTURE ( IT WAS OBVI\SLY REGIONALI/4 ,= YE>S1 9DE$1 A MAJOR DEBATE RAG$ AS TO :E!R UNIONS %\LD BE F$]AT$ ON A NATIONAL BASIS AT ALL4 ,SOME C\LD NOT UND]/& IT WAS A UNION MOVEM5T1 & PO9T$ \T ! LACK ( DECISIV5ESS 9 DEAL+ ) NATIONAL 7POLITICAL7 PROBLEMS4 

,ANO!R SAW 9 ! RULE ?AT DELEGATES %\LD NOT BE CRITICIZ$ 9 PUBLIC 0A LIB]T>IAN V]SION ( DON'T ROCK ! BOAT1 COMRADES01 COMP>+ IT ) ! DET]M9ATION ( ! ,T,U,C NOT TO LET ITS LEAD]S 7QUITE A DIFF]5T MATT]7 BE CRITICIZ$4 ,BUT ! DELEGATES W]E ELECT$ = ONE YE> ONLY4 ,!Y C\LD BE RECALL$ AT A MOM5T'S NOTICE IF !Y W]E NOT REPRES5T+ ! VIEWS ( !IR MEMB]S4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME1 AS NEGOTIAT+ BODY1 !Y W]E ILLEGAL OR SEMI-LEGAL4 ,IT WAS NOT PLEASANT = SOMEONE :O AVOID$ ACT+ AS A DELEGATE1 & :O HAD ! P[] TO RECALL ! DELEGATE IF !RE W]E SUFFICI5T MEMB]S 9 AGREEM5T1 TO ATTACK A NAM$ DELEGATE 9 PUBLIC4 ,?AT IS NOT ! SAME ?+ AT ALL AS CRITICIZ+ A P]MAN5T LEAD] OR DEMOCRATICALLY-ELECT$ DICTATOR SU* AS ONE F9DS 9 ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONISM4 ,NOR IS IT ! SAME ?+ AS SAY+ ONE %\LD NEV] CRITICIZE ANYONE AT ALL4 7,IT MU/1 H[EV]1 BE HELD AGA9/ ! RULE ?AT 9 #a#i#c#f_/#i & AFT] MANY REFRA9$ FROM CRITICIZ+ SELF-APPO9T$ SPOKESM5 BECAUSE ( ?IS TRADITION47 

,YET O!RS1 BR++ A =C$ CRITICISM ( ,SPANI% LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ORD] TO FIT PRECONCEIV$ !ORIES1 HAVE SUGGE/$ IT WAS SUBORD9AT$ TO A POLITICAL LEAD]%IP1 ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION PLAY+ A 0,BOL%EVIK0 ROLE 7SOME?+ QUITE 9CONCEIVABLE7 OR ?AT ( A ,LABOR ,P>TY4 ,:AT SU* CRITICS CANNOT UND]/& IS ?AT ! AN>*I/S REL9QUI%$ ! BUILD+ ( A POLITICAL P>TY ( !IR [N1 & ?AT IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE ( ?IS ?AT !Y HAD !IR SPECIAL RELATION%IP ) ! ,C,N,T4 ,HAD !Y 5DEAVOR$ TO GIVE IT A POLITICAL LEAD]%IP1 !Y W\LD HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 ALI5AT+ !MSELVES AS DID ! ,M>XI/S4 7,! ORIG9AL ,M>XI/ P>TY1 ! ,P,\,M1 5DEAVOR$ = YE>S TO OBTA9 CONTROL ( ! ,C,N,T3 LAT]1 :5 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ,SPA9 9 ! '?IRTIES1 ! ,P,\,M WAS D5\NC$ AS 0TROTSKYI/S0 & EV5 0TROTSKY-FASCI/S0 BY ! ,/AL9I/S4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/S PROP] TOOK ! L9E ?AT ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( A REVOLUTION>Y UNION WAS AN ANA*RONISM & !Y CRITICIZ$ ! ,P,\,M = TRY+ TO 9FILTRATE ! ,C,N,T RA!R ?AN TO 5T]1 & ASPIRE TO LEAD1 ! ,U,G,T -- ?\< ! LATT] WAS A M9ORITY ORGANIZATION47 

,LIKE MANY O!R AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 ?OSE 9 ,SPA9 W]E BAS$ ON AFF9ITY1 OR FRI5D%IP1 GR\PS -- :I* >E BO? ! MO/ DIFFICULT = ! POLICE TO P5ETRATE1 & ! MO/ PRODUCTIVE ( RESULTS -- AS AGA9/ :I* IS ! POSITIVE DANG] ( CLIQUE-ISM1 A PROBLEM NEV] QUITE SOLV$ ANY:]E4 ,! AN>*I/S :O BECAME WELL KN[N TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC W]E ?OSE ASSOCIAT$ ) EXPLOITS :I* NO ORGANIZATION C\LD EV] (FICIALLY SANCTION4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI CAME TO FAME AS ! RESULT ( HIS %OOT+ ,>*BI%OP ,SOLDEVILA1 9 HIS [N CA!DRAL .<HE WAS ACTUALLY ASSASS9AT$ 9 AN AMBU%1 ,K,S,L.> -- 9 RESPONSE TO ! MURD]1 BY GUNM5 ( ,SOLDEVILA'S 0,CA?OLIC0 COMPANY UNION1 ( ! G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! GREATLY-LOV$ ,SALVADOR ,SEGUI4 ,) BANK ROBB]IES TO HELP /RIKE FUNDS1 ! NAMES ( ! 9SEP>ABLE ,DURRUTI1 ,ASCASO & ,JOV] BECAME H\SEHOLD WORDS TO ! MANY WORK]S :O FAC$ PRIVATION & HUMILIATION 9 !IR EV]YDAY LIFE1 & FELT SOMEH[ REV9DICAT$ AS WELL AS RE9VIGORAT$4 

,ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WAS AT ?IS TIME 5GAG$ 9 ITS [N /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! FEUDAL ELEM5TS ( ,SPA9 7:I* EV5 RESI/$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( TELEPHONES74 ,! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE ( CAPITALISM 7PALELY REFLECT$ 9 ! POLITICAL MIRROR AS ?AT ( REPUBLICANISM V]SUS ! MON>*Y7 WAS AN EXTREMELY DIFFICULT ONE3 IT MADE ! /RUGGLE ( ! WORK]S TO SURVIVE ?AT MU* MORE DIFFICULT4 ,! EMPLOY]S DID NOT HAVE AS MU* TO YIELD AS 9 O!R C\NTRIES :]E 9DU/RIALIZATION HAD PROGRESS$2 HAD !Y 9 FACT BE5 FUR!R ADVANC$1 ! AM\NT SO MILITANT AN ORGANIZATION C\LD HAVE OBTA9$ FROM CAPITALISM W\LD HAVE BE5 /AGG]+4 

,AS IT WAS1 CAPITALISM F\<T A CON/ANT LA/-DIT* /& AGA9/ LABOR4 ,IT WAS A BLOODY ONE1 TOO1 & IT %\LD NOT BE SUPPOS$ ?AT 9DIVIDUAL 0T]ROR0 WAS ON ONE SIDE4 ,! LAWY] = ! ,C,N,T1 A P>APLEGIC1 WELL KN[N = HIS /& ON CIVIL LIB]TIES -- ,FRANCISCO ,LAYRET :O C\LD BE COMP>$ ) ,B5$ICT ,BIRNB]G H]E1 :O HAS COMPLA9$ HE HAS BE5 PUT ON A POLICE BLACKLI/ -- WAS %OT D[N 9 HIS :EEL*AIR BY EMPLOY]S' PI/OL]OS4 

,IT WAS AGA9/ SU* PI/OL]OS ?AT ! ,F,A,I HIT BACK4 ,AN>*I/ ASSASS9ATION IS TAK5 \T ( ITS CLASS CONTEXT BY ,M>XI/ CRITICS4 ,!Y DID NOT ?9K ?AT 9DIVIDUAL ATTACKS W\LD 0*ANGE SOCIETY01 ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS W\LD BE T]RORIZ$ OR ! ,/ATE CONV]T$ BY !M4 ,!Y HIT BACK BECAUSE ?OSE :O DO NOT DO SO1 P]I%4 

,UNITY 

,:ILE ! LOCAL F$]ATIONS ALWAYS OPPOS$ ANY =M ( COMMON ACTION ) ! REPUBLICAN OR LOCAL NATIONALI/ P>TIES1 & SOMETIMES LUMP$ 7CORRECTLY7 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ) ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 NEV]!LESS ON ! :OLE !Y DEPLOR$ ! DIVISION 9 ! RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT & AS ! /RUGGLE DEEP5$ 9 ! ?IRTIES C\LD NOT SEE :Y !Y %\LD BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,U,G,T1 OR ! ,M>XI/ P>TIES -- ! ,C,P1 ,P,\,M OR SOME SECTIONS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 0,UNITY0 IS ALWAYS SOME?+ ?AT S\NDS ATTRACTIVE4 ,BUT NOT)/&+ ! ADAGE IT DOES NOT ALWAYS MEAN /R5G?4 ,?OSE :O DESIRE IT ! MO/ >E ?OSE :O MU/ COMPROMISE ! MO/ & !RE=E BECOME WEAK & VACILLAT+4 

,! POPUL> MI/AKE1 TOO1 IS TO ASSUME ?AT BECAUSE !SE P>TIES W]E MORE 0MOD]ATE0 9 !IR POLICIES -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 MORE FAVORABLY 9CL9$ TO CAPITALISM & LESS WILL+ TO *ANGE ! ECONOMIC BASIS ( SOCIETY -- !Y W]E SOMEH[ MORE G5TLE 9 !IR APPROA*1 OR PACIFIC 9 !IR 9T5TIONS4 ,UND] ! ,REPUBLIC ! 0MOD]ATE0 P>TIES 7:I* HAD COLLABORAT$ ) ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A UND] ! MON>*Y7 CREAT$ ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS ESPECIALLY TO HIT ! WORK]S1 & ! ,C,N,T 9 P>TICUL>4 ,TO IMAG9E AN EQUIVAL5T ONE MU/ ASSUME ?AT 9 ADDITION TO ! POLICE1 ! ,>MY >E ALSO ON /REET PATROL -- AS AN EQUIVAL5T TO ! ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL -- BUT ! ,GOV]NM5T BR+S 9 A SPECIAL >M$ =CE 7LIKE ! 0,B0 ,SPECIALS7 TO ATTACK ! ,T,U,C4 ,?IS WAS A 0MOD]ATE0 POLICY AS AGA9/ ! 0EXTREMISM0 ( ! AN>*I/S :O WANT$ TO ABOLI% ! >M$ =CES 7:I* 9CID5TALLY W]E PLOTT+ AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC74 ,?AT WAS AN 0IMPRACTICAL & UTOPIAN0 IDEA1 SAID ! ,REPUBLICANS & ,SOCIALI/S1 :O AIM$ TO DEMOCRATIZE ! >M$ =CES 9/EAD BY PURG+ IT ( OLD] MON>*I/S & BR++ 9 Y\NG G5]ALS LIKE ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO 7:OSE BRO!R WAS A ,FREEMASON & ,REPUBLICAN1 AS WELL AS A 0NATIONAL H]O071 :OSE 0LOYALTY TO ! REPUBLIC W\LD BE ASSUR$04 

,PROBLEMS 

,! PROBLEM ?AT WE >E FAMILI> ) IS ?AT ( A LABOR MOVEM5T HESITANT TO TAKE ITS OPPORTUNITIES1 :ILE ! CAPITALI/ CLASS SEIZES EV]Y POSSIBILITY ( ADVANC+ ITS 9T]E/S4 ,! PROBLEM = ,SPANI% LABOR WAS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T3 NAMELY1 ?AT :ILE IT WAS DET]M9$ & EV5 IMPATI5T = ,REVOLUTION1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS REMA9$ 7UNTIL ONLY A COMP>ATIVELY FEW YE>S AGO7 AFRAID TO 9T]F]E POLITICALLY LE/ IT UPSET ! EQUILIBRIUM BY :I* ! MILIT>Y W]E ! LA/ RESORT ( ! REGIME1 & UNWILL+ TO MOVE TOO F> AHEAD 9DU/RIALLY = FE> ( ! ,/ATE P[] DOM9AT$ BY FEUDAL REACTION4 ,ONLY A FEW =EIGN CAPITALI/S W]E WILL+ TO TAKE ! PLUNGE 9 EXPLOIT+ ! C\NTRY4 ,?US /RIKE AFT] /RIKE DEVELOP$ 9TO A G5]AL /RIKE1 & ! CONFRONTATION ?US A*IEV$ BECAME A LOCAL 9SURRECTION1 = ! CAPITALI/S W]E ASK$ MORE ?AN !Y W\LD OR SOMETIMES C\LD GRANT4 

,IT IS ! 9SURRECTIONS :I* HAVE BE5 MORE (T5 ! CONC]N ( HI/ORIANS :O 9EVITABLY TALK ( 0! AN>*I/S0 & !IR CONDUCT 9 RUNN+ ?IS OR ?AT LOCAL CONFLICT3 9 REALITY1 ! AN>*I/S HAD HELP$ TO CREATE AN ORGANIZATION BY :I* ! WORK]S & PEASANTS C\LD RUN SU* 9SURRECTIONS !MSELVES4 ,IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT BECAUSE ( ?IS1 MI/AKES ( G5]AL%IP W\LD OCCUR & IT W\LD BE FUTILE TO D5Y ?AT A HI<LY ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL P>TY C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE M>%AL$ SU* =CES MU* DIFF]5TLY 7?IS WAS ! CON/ANT DESPAIR ( ! ,M>XI/ P>TIES72 BUT T[>DS :AT 5D8 ,! CONQUE/ ( P[] BY !MSELVES4 ,9 REJECT+ ?IS SOLUTION1 O!R PROBLEMS >OSE :I* MU/ BE ! CONT9U$ CONC]N ( REVOLUTION>IES4 

,:AT1 AFT] ALL1 IS ! PO9T ( ACCEPT+ A POLITICAL LEAD]%IP :I* MI<T SEIZE P[] -- ) NO REAL B5EFIT TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 AS WAS ! REAL CASE 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA -- BY VIRTUE ( ITS BRILLIANT LEAD]%IP 7& ITS TACTICAL & TACIT >RANGEM5TS ) IMP]IALI/ P[]S7 -- OR MI<T 7AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DID 9 ,*IANG'S ,*9A OR ,WEIM> ,G]MANY7 LEAD1 ) ALL ITS TRA9$ 0CADRES01 TO ! SAME SORT ( DEFEAT ! MAN ON ! GR\ND C\LD QUITE EASILY MANAGE = HIMSELF8 

,ONE O!R PO9T MU/ BE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION1 & ?AT WAS ! DEMORALIZATION ( MANY MILITANTS AFT] YE>S ( /RUGGLE 9 :I* 5ORM\S DEM&S W]E MADE UPON ! DELEGATES ) ABSOLUTELY NO RETURN :ATEV] \TSIDE ?AT RECEIV$ BY ALL4 ,!RE WAS NO PROBLEM ( BUREAUCRACY 7! G5]AL SECRET>Y WAS A PAID (FICIAL2 BEYOND HIM !RE W]E NEV] MORE ?AN TWO OR ?REE PAID (FICIALS7 BUT !N AS A RESULT !RE WAS NO REW>D = ! DELEGATES1 :O SUFF]$ IMPRISONM5T -- & ! ?REAT ( DEA? -- & :O NE$$ TO BE ( HI< MORAL 9TEGRITY TO UND]TAKE JOBS 9VOLV+ NEGOTIATION1 & EV5 POLICY DECISIONS ( 9T]NATIONAL CONSEQU5CE1 ?AT 9 O!R C\NTRIES W\LD LEAD TO HI< (FICE BUT 9 ,SPA9 L$ M]ELY TO A RETURN TO ! WORK B5* AT BE/1 OR TO JAIL & ! FIR+ SQUAD AT WOR/4 

,IT IS NOT A CO9CID5CE1 NOR ! RESULT ( CONSCI\S 0TREA*]Y01 ?AT MANY MILITANTS :O CAME UP ?R\< ! SYNDICATES .<NOTE3 ,PE/ANA1 = 9/ANCE1 ONCE ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y1 LAT] HIV$ (F TO =M HIS [N POLITICAL P>TY 7! 0,TRE9TI/AS0 -- AFT] HIS 0,COMMITTEE ( ,?IRTY074.> LAT] DISCOV]$ 0REASONS0 = POLITICAL COLLABORATION OR 5TRY 9TO ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 :I* ALONE (F]$ REW>DS1 & EV]Y ONE ( :I* HANK]$ AFT] ! LIB]T>IAN UNION1 :I* ALONE HAD A BROAD BASE ?AT W\LD MEAN C]TA9 VICTORY = :OEV] C\LD COMM& IT4 

,! /UD5T-MOVEM5T-9SPIR$ !SIS IS WRONG3 ! ,F,A,I WAS NOT A ,BOL%EVIK NOR A SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TY4 ,IF IT HAD BE51 ?IS PROBLEM W\LD NOT HAVE >IS54 ,! PROBLEMS ( ,SPANI% LABOR 9 ?OSE YE>S W]E NOT PROBLEMS ( POLITICAL CONTROL1 NOR :E!R ! TACTICS ( ?IS P>TY OR ?AT P>TY W]E RI<T OR WRONG 7?AT IS TO ?9K ( ,SPA9 9 T]MS APPROPRIATE TO ! ,/AL9-,TROTSKY QU>REL1 BUT ! DISPUTE BETWE5 ! RIVAL GANG/]S ( ! ,KREML9 IS NOT NECESS>ILY APPLICABLE 9 EV]Y C\NTRY74 ,BASICALLY !Y W]E ! PROBLEMS ( FRE$OM1 & ( MASS P>TICIPATION 9 ITS [N DE/9Y4 ,WE MU/ NOT DELUDE \RSELVES ?AT !SE DO NOT EXI/4 

,) ?IS BACKGR\ND ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = ! CAPITALI/ CLASS TO SWIT* IT R\ND ON ! BASIS ( NATIONALISM & H>NESS IT BEH9D !MSELVES1 AS !Y HAD DONE ) TEMPOR>Y SUCCESS 9 MANY C\NTRIES 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 & ) SOME P]MAN5T 7AS IT !N SEEM$7 SUCCESS 9 ! ,NAZI ]A4 ,! ,FALANGE TRI$ TO APE ! WORK]S' SYNDICATES BUT NOBODY WAS FOOL$ :O DID NOT WANT TO BE4 ,:5 ! ,FALANGE FAIL$ 9 ITS TASK1 AS EV]Y ATTEMPT ( ! ,SPANI% B\RGEOISIE FAIL$ -- :E!R LIB]AL1 REPUBLICAN OR FASCI/ -- ! ,>MY WAS BR\<T 91 9 ! CLASSICAL MANN] ( A RUL+ CLASS HOLD+ P[] BY =CE4 

,:AT TOOK ! RUL+ CLASS BY SURPRISE -- HAV+ SE5 ! WAY 9 :I* ! LABOR MOVEM5TS ( ! WORLD CAV$ 9 AT ! FIR/ BLA/ ( ! TRUMPET 7ABOVE ALL1 ! FABUL\S ,R$ ,>MY TRA9$ MOVEM5T ( ! ,G]MAN WORK]S UND] ,M>XI/ LEAD]%IP R$UC$ ) ONE BL[ ( ! FI/ TO A FEW1 FRI<T5$ PEOPLE BE+ BEAT5 UP 9 W>EH\SES7 -- WAS ! RESI/ANCE TO ! NATION'S [N >MY BY ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,IF AT ?AT MOM5T ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 7CLAIM+ TO BE AGA9/ FASCISM7 -- REALIZ+ ITS FATE W\LD BE SEAL$ ) ! VICTORY ( ! ,>MY -- HAD >M$ ! PEOPLE1 ! RIS+ W\LD HAVE BE5 OV]4 ,! RESULT ( !IR REFUS+ TO DO SO MEANT ?AT TR5* W>F>E C\LD DEVELOP1 9 :I* 7AGA9/ HEAVY >MS1 & LAT] TROOPS & PLANES1 COM+ 9 FROM ! FASCI/ C\NTRIES7 ! ,SPANI>DS C\LD ONLY RESI/1 KEEP ON ! DEF5SE1 & NEV] M\NT AN ATTACK2 H5CE !Y W\LD BE B\ND TO LOSE 9 ! F9I%4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT TR5DS %[N 9 ,JULY #aicf WAS ! SEIZURE ( ! FACTORIES & ! L& BY ! WORK]S4 ,?IS WAS AN EXP]I5CE 9 WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T :I* WAS NOT H[EV] UNIQUE -- S9CE ! SAME ATTEMPTS HAD BE5 MADE BY MANY COLLECTIVES & COOP]ATIVES BE=E -- BUT :OSE SCALE WAS /AGG]+ -- & :I* REPRES5T$ 9 ITSELF A DEFIANT GE/URE ( RESI/ANCE BY ! WORK]S :I* ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT ,GOV]NM5T WI%$ TO PLAY D[N1 & EV5TUALLY SUPPRESS4 

,= ?IS REASON ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT HAS NEV] S9CE CEAS$1 ?R\< ITS SUPPORT]S AT ! TIME1 TO H>P ON ONE !ME ONLY3 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE4 ,BUT ?IS M]ITS A SEP>ATE >TICLE4 

,IT WAS NOT M]ELY ! DISCIPL9>Y & MURD]\S DRIVES BY1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ?AT DE/ROY$ ! COLLECTIVIZATION & SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,ONE MU/ ADD TO IT ! FACT ?AT AS ! CIVIL W> PROCE$$1 ! WORK]S1 W]E LEAV+ ! FACTORIES 9 EV] 9CREAS+ NUMB]S1 = ! FRONT L9ES1 :I* BECAME EV] MORE RE/RICT$4 

,DIVISIONS 

,! FACT ?AT ! WORK]S HAD1 ) PRACTICALLY !IR B>E H&S1 PREV5T$ AN IMM$IATE MILIT>Y VICTORY &1 AS IT SEEM$1 PREV5T$ ! RISE ( WORLD FASCISM1 CAUS$ A EUPHORIC CONDITION4 ,! SLOGAN WAS 0,UNIT$ ,PROLET>IAN ,BRO!RS03 ! FLAGS ( ! ,C,N,T MIX$ ) ?OSE ( ! ,U,G,T4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S & ,SOCIALI/S W]E WELCOM$ AS FELL[-WORK]S1 EV5 ! ,REPUBLICANS ACCEPT$ = !IR SAKE4 ,UND\BT$LY ! :OLE MASS ( ,C,N,T WORK]S -- & O!RS -- WELCOM$ ?IS 5D ( DIVISIONS :I* SEEM$ PO9TLESS AS AGA9/ WORLD FASCISM4 ,9 TIME ( W> ONE LOOKS FAVORABLY UPON ANY ALLIES3 NO LEAD]%IP C\LD HAVE PREVAIL$ AGA9/ ! FEEL+ ?AT !RE W]E NO MORE DIVISIONS 9 ! WORK]S' RANKS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?OSE :O N[ ASPIR$ TO LEAD]%IP -- S9CE ! CONDITIONS ( W> W]E SU* ?AT LEAD]%IP C\LD EXI/ -- BEGAN TO EXTOLL ! M]ITS ( !IR NEW-F\ND ALLIES4 

,?OSE :O REF] TO ! 0ATROCITIES0 ( ! E>LY P]IOD ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> SELDOM PO9T TO ! ROOT CAUSE ( MANY ( !M3 ! FACT ?AT ! ,REPUBLICAN AU?ORITY WAS N[ (FICIALLY ON ! SIDE ( ! WORK]S4 ,A SIMPLE ILLU/RATION WAS TOLD ME BY ,MIGUEL ,G>CIA ( H[1 9 ! E>LY DAYS 9 ,B>CELONA ! GR\P HE WAS ) SEIZ+ >MS FROM ! GUNSMI?S' TO FI<T ! >MY1 CAME 9 CONFRONTATION ) A TROOP ( >M$ ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL1 ! HAT$ 5EMY4 ,! (FIC] 9 *>GE SIGNAL$ !M TO PASS4 ,!Y DID SO SIL5TLY1 WAIT+ TO DA% = IT -- EXPECT+ TO BE %OT 9 ! BACK 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! LEY DE FUGA4 ,BUT ! (FIC] SALUT$4 ,! ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL WAS LOYAL TO ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,9 MANY VILLAGES ! PEOPLE /ORM$ ! POLICE B>RACKS DEM&+ V5GEANCE ON ! 5EMY4 ,!Y W]E GREET$ ) CRIES ( 0,VIVA LA ,REPUBLICA04 0,WE >E Y\R ALLIES N[4 ,WE >E ! (FIC]S ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 ,ASK Y\R ALLIES 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN & ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES IF IT IS NOT SO40 

,EV5 SO1 MANY AN>*I/S NEV] TRU/$ !M4 

,IT WAS ! POLICE & ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL :O W]E ! MO/ VICI\S TO ! FASCI/S :OM !Y HAD TO DETA91 TO %[ !IR 5?USIASM = ! POPUL> CAUSE4 ,LAT]1 :5 ! TIDES ( W> HAD *ANG$1 !Y HAD TO BE EV5 MORE VICI\S TO ! ANTI-FASCI/S1 TO %[ ?AT !Y HAD NEV] CEAS$ 9 ALLEGIANCE TO ! PROP]LY CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY4 

,! ,COMPROMISES 

,IT IS RELEVANT TO ?IS DESCRIPTION ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T TO TRACE ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C,N,T1 S9CE ) ! DRIFT FROM ! FACTORIES IT CEAS$ TO BE A UNION MOVEM5T & BECAME1 9 EFFECT1 AN ASSOCIATION ( MILITANTS4 

,DUR+ ! W> :AT WAS 9 EFFECT A DEMORALIZATION ( MANY MILITANTS SET 91 & A DIVISION OCCURR$ BETWE5 0WELL KN[N NAMES0 & ?OSE MILITANTS :O REALLY MADE UP ! ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T 7! RANK & FILE MILITANTS1 MILITANTES DE BASE71 S9CE ! DEM& = UNITY1 UND]/&ABLE AS IT WAS1 L$ TO A COLLABORATION ) ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T UND] ! SLOGAN ( 0,U,H,P04 ,ALL ?OSE :O HAD = YE>S BE5 D5I$ A RECOGNITION ( !IR TAL5TS -- & CRAV$ = IT -- N[ HAD !IR *ANCE4 ,MAJORS1 G5]ALS2 9 ! POLICE & 9 ! DIRECTION ( GOV]NM5T2 EV5 9 ! M9I/RIES !MSELVES4 ,?OSE :O SO COLLABORAT$ DID NOT REALLY GO AS REPRES5TATIVES EI!R ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T OR ( ! LABOR ORGANIZATION AL?\< !IR COLLABORATION WAS PASSIVELY ACCEPT$ BY MO/4 ,!Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! GREATE/ WEAKNESS ( ! TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ! 0P]SONALITY CULT0 7AS WITNESS ,KROPOTK91 9DIVIDUALLY SUPPORT+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 & CAUS+ 5ORM\S DAMAGE TO ! MOVEM5T :I* HE 9 NO WAY REPRES5T$ & FROM :I* HIS 0CR$5TIALS0 C\LD NOT BE )DRAWN = !RE W]E NONE EXCEPT MORAL RECOGNITION74 

,! EM]G5CE ( AN ORATOR LIKE ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 OR ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 AS A ,M9I/] PURPORT+ TO REPRES5T ! ,C,N,T WAS A SYMPTOM ( !SE COLLABORATIONI/ MOVES4 ,KEEP+ ! MATT] 9 PROPORTION !IR BETRAYALS & COMPROMISES W]E EFFECT$ BY ! DEFEAT1 & W]E NOT ITS CAUSE4 

,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 ?IS DIVISION ?AT DISORI5TAT$ ! ORGANIZATION 9 SUBSEQU5T YE>S4 

,FOLL[+ ! DEFEAT1 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS REE/ABLI%$ 9 A ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL 9 ,P>IS 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#i4 ,! EXI/+ SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T1 ,M>IANO ,VASQUEZ1 WAS APPO9T$ SECRET>Y ( ! ,C\NCIL4 ,BUT ?IS WAS 9 NO WAY A TRADES UNION4 ,IT WAS A C\NCIL ( W>1 9T5D+ TO MA9TA9 CONTACT BETWE5 ! EXILES N[ SCATT]$ R\ND ! WORLD1 & 9 P>TICUL> ?OSE 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E ! MAJORITY W]E 9 CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 SET UP ) B>B$ WIRE & GU>D$ BY ,S5EGALESE SOLDI]S1 AS IF !Y W]E ,P,[S1 BUT UND] CONDITIONS =BIDD5 BY ! ,G5EVA ,CONV5TION4 

,!RE W]E NO LONG] MEET+S APPO9T+ DELEGATES SUBJECT TO RECALL1 NOR ANY *ECK UPON ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,NOBODY 9 ANY CASE WAS 9T]E/$4 ,! WORK+ CLASS ( ,SPA9 HAD BE5 DECISIVELY SMA%$4 ,ITS ORGANIZATIONS W]E 9 RU9S4 ,?OSE 9 EXILE HAD TO BUILD A NEW LIFE4 ,?OSE 9SIDE ,SPA9 W]E FAC+ DAILY D5UNCIATIONS LEAD+ TO ! FIR+ SQUAD & PRISON4 ,! *ILDR5 ( ! EXECUT$ & IMPRISON$ W]E ?R[N 9TO ! /REETS4 ,L>GE NUMB]S ( WORK]S1 W]E MOV+ TO PLACES :]E !Y HOP$ !Y W\LD AVOID NOTICE4 

,?OSE PUBLICATIONS :I* APPE>$ SPOKE ONLY 9 ! VAGUE/ T]MS AB\T ! FUTURE4 ,ALL ?AT MATT]$ WAS ! OV]?R[ ( ,FRANCO & ( ,FASCISM4 ,9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 A POLITICAL P>TY -- ) A POLICY DICTAT$ FROM ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE -- W\LD HAVE PRODUC$ A CLE> L9E 7H[EV] VICI\S ?IS MI<T BE1 AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S L9E WAS AFT] ! ,/AL9-,HITL] ,PACT -- ONE TYPICAL SYMPTOM BE+ ,FRANK ,RYAN1 ,I,R,A ,C,P FI<T] 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE1 :O W5T FROM ,FRANCO'S PRISON TO BECOME A ,NAZI COLLABORATOR74 ,! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS CLE> ONLY ?AT IT WAS ANTI-FASCI/4 ,& ?AT IT W\LD HAVE NO FUR!R TRUCK ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

,?IS WAS NOT AN UNREASONABLE L9E TO TAKE 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 BUT = A FATAL COROLL>Y TO ! ANTI-FASCI/ COMMITM5T1 :I* ULTIMATELY P>ALYZ$ ! 5TIRE ,SPANI% WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T & HAS KEPT ,FRANCO 9 P[] TO ?IS DAY4 ,?IS WAS ?AT ONE MU/ !RE=E ACCEPT ANTI-FASCISM AT ITS FACE VALUE & ASCRIBE ANTI-FASCISM TO ! DEMOCRATIC P[]S :I* W]E ALSO FI<T+ AGA9/ P[]S :I* HAPP5$ TO BE FASCI/4 

,A MOM5T'S REFLECTION WILL %[ ! FALSITY ( ! POSITION4 ,TODAY ,*9A F9DS H]SELF 9 CONFLICT ) ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT %E IS NOT ONLY NOT NECESS>ILY ANTI-,COMMUNI/ 79 ! ,L59I/ S5SE71 %E IS NOT 79 ?AT S5SE7 ANTI-,COMMUNI/ AT ALL4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT IF ,*9A DEFEAT$ ,RUSSIA %E W\LD 5D /ATE DICTATOR%IP & CONC5TRATION CAMPS2 TO ASCRIBE SU* MOTIVES TO ,*9A IS TO DECEIVE ONESELF DELIB]ATELY4 ,NEI!R DID IT FOLL[ 9 #aici ?AT ANYBODY :O HAPP5$ TO BE FI<T+ ! ,FASCI/ ,P[]S W]E !RE=E ANTI-FASCI/ 9 ! SAME S5SE ?AT ! LIB]T>IANS W]E4 

,NOR HAD IDEOLOGY ANY?+ TO DO ) IT4 ,AM]ICA1 :ILE RETA9+ DEMOCRACY AT HOME1 IS P]FECTLY ABLE TO SUPPORT DICTATOR%IP ABROAD4 ,YET 9 #aici IT WAS S]I\SLY SUPPOS$ EV5 BY ! BE/ ( ! ,SPANI% MILITANTS ?AT ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE MU/ 0LOGICALLY0 OPPOSE FASCISM1 AS IF NATIONS W5T TO W> M]ELY TO IMPOSE !IR IDEOLOGY4 ,IT WAS MORE DIFFICULT TO SUPPORT !IR JAIL] ,FRANCE1 BUT AFT] ,FRANCE FELL1 ,BRITA9 SEEM$ TO BE SYMPA!TIC4 ,! ,BRITI% ,SECRET ,S]VICE 5LI/$ ! AID ( ! ,SPANI% ,RESI/ANCE GR\PS1 :I* SPRANG UP IMM$IATELY AFT] ! DISA/] ( #a#i#d4 ,!Y S\<T AID TO BR+ SOLDI]S \T ( ,FRANCE OV] ! BORD]2 !Y 5LI/$ ! SUPPORT ( ! 0GANGS0 9SIDE ,SPA9 TO RAID =EIGN ,EMBASSIES & SABOTAGE ,NAZI PLANS2 !Y S\<T TO CO-OP]ATE .<).> 7?\< IT NEV] CAME TO DOM9AT+7 ! ,SPANI% RESI/ANCE 9 ,FRANCE4 ,BECAUSE ,FRANCO'S M5 W]E AT ! TIME SO VIOL5TLY ANTI-,BRITI%1 IT WAS SUPPOS$ ,BRITA9 MU/ 0LOGICALLY0 WANT TO OV]?R[ ,FRANCO4 ,& IT WAS MORE 0REASONABLE0 TO BELIEVE 9 A ,BRITI% VICTORY -- A PRACTICAL PROPOSITION -- ?AN 9 ,REVOLUTION6 

,EV5 ?OSE 9 ! ,RESI/ANCE :O NEV] TRU/$ ! ,BRITI% AG5TS1 & :O 9SI/$ ON GETT+ PAID = ANY S]VICES !Y GAVE !M1 NEV] BELIEV$ ?AT !Y C\LD BE D\BLE-CROSS$4 ,YET AFT] A NETWORK ( UNIONS HAD BE5 REE/ABLI%$ 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! W> -- & A ,RESI/ANCE BUILT UP )\T P>ALLEL 9 MOD]N HI/ORY1 9SIDE ,SPA9 -- ALL ! COMMITTEES W]E DE/ROY$4 ,NONE ( ! MILITANTS EV] SAW CAUSE & EFFECT4 ,SOON AFT] ! W>1 = 9/ANCE1 A MEET+ WAS CALL$ BY ! ,BRITI% ,EMBASSY = MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T TO DISCUSS ! ,A,N,F,D 7,ALLIANCE ( ,DEMOCRATIC ,=CES7 & ! POSSIBILITY ( COOP]ATION ) ! 7PRO-,BRITI%7 MON>*I/S4 ,C,N,T DELEGATE ,CIPRIANO ,M]A REPORT$ ?AT HE C\LD NOT SEE ! PO9T ( IT4 ,A FEW WEEKS LAT] ! 5TIRE ,C,N,T COMMITTEE WAS >RE/$4 ,CAUSE & EFFECT HAVE NOT BE5 SE5 TO ?IS DAY4 ,H[ C\LD IT HAVE BE5 ! ,BRITI% ,EMBASSY ?AT WAS ! TRAITOR8 ,BRITA9 WAS 0DEMOCRATIC01 ,FRANCO WAS 0FASCI/04 

,ONE C\LD GO ON AT GREAT L5G?1 BUT IT CAN BE SE5 H[ ! 0ANTI-FASCI/0 P]IOD1 COM+ :5 ! UNION PHASE HAD F9I%$1 HELP$ TO E/ABLI% A MOVEM5T 9 EXILE1 9 :I* NO POPUL> REPRES5TATION EXI/$ OR WAS REQUIR$1 & ACT$ AS A BRAKE ON ,RESI/ANCE4 ,AFT] ! W>1 ! EXILES BEGAN TO FIT 9TO LIFE ABROAD4 ,:AT TOOK OV] !IR ORGANIZATION WAS NOT A BUREAUCRACY SO MU* AS DOM9ATION BY ! 0NAMES04 ,!RE WAS NO LONG] LOCAL AUTONOMY 9 :I* ALL MET AS EQUALS4 ,= A COMMITTEE 9 ,T\L\SE1 ONE WAS ASK$ TO PICK 0NAMES04 ,! 0GREAT NAMES0 CAME TO ! =E4 ,BUT :AT W]E !SE 0GREAT NAMES08 ,!Y W]E NOT ! NAMES ( ! MILITANTS ( PRE-W> DAYS4 ,!Y W]E ?OSE :O CAME TO ! =E DUR+ ! ]A ( GOV]NM5T COLLABORATION4 ,AMONG !M WAS A DIVISION ON MANY SUBJECTS4 ,SOME ?\<T !Y %\LD 5T] POLITICAL COLLABORATION ) ! ,REPUBLICAN ,GOV]NM5T 7PO9TLESS N[ ?AT IT WAS DEFEAT$1 BUT IT /ILL HAD MONEY /ACK$ AWAY 9 ,MEXICO74 ,O!RS WANT$ A RETURN TO 9DEP5D5CE -- BUT !Y C\LD NOT RETURN TO BE+ A UNION4 ,ONLY ! WORK]S 9SIDE ,SPA9 C\LD DO ?AT4 

,! MAJORITY ( EXILES NEV] WANT TO COMPROMISE !IR POSITION4 ,IT IS UND]/&ABLE1 BUT IT IS FATAL = ! /RUGGLE 9 ! 9T]IOR4 ,9 FACT AN EXILE MOVEM5T IS BASICALLY 9 A F>CICAL POSITION1 = IT IS GIV+ UP ! FACT ( /RUGGLE 9 ! C\NTRY :]E IT EXI/S & TRY+ TO C>RY ONE ON 9 A C\NTRY :]E IT DOES NOT EXI/4 ,IT ?US SURR5D]S ITS USEFULNESS AS A =CE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ! C\NTRY :]E IT RESIDES2 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME HOLD+ BACK ! /RUGGLE 9 ! C\NTRY FROM :I* IT ORIG9ATES -- S9CE ! CONSID]ATIONS ?AT HOLD ONE BACK FROM ACTION 9 A MORE OP5 SOCIETY >E NOT NECESS>ILY VALID 9 ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,TIME & AGA91 !RE=E1 ! ,ORGANIZATION F\ND ITSELF 9 CONFLICT ) ! ,RESI/ANCE 9 ,SPA91 BE+ BUILT UP BY GR\PS SU* AS ?OSE ( ,SABAT]1 ,FAC]IAS & O!RS4 

,! ,RESI/ANCE -- BECAUSE ( ITS D>+ ATTACKS UPON ! REGIME -- WAS ABLE TO BUILD UP ! LABOR MOVEM5T TIME & AGA94 ,IT WAS DE/ROY$ MANY TIMES2 & HAS BE5 RE-BUILT4 ,IT HAS EXPECT$ HELP FROM ! EXILE ,ORGANIZATION & RECEIV$ NO?+4 ,WORSE1 IT HAS BE5 HELD BACK4 ,= ?IS REASON ONE F9DS TODAY ! :OLE ( ! PRET5D$ 0(FICIAL0 LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T 9 UTT] DIS>RAY -- ! ,MONTS5Y-,ISGLESIAS FACTION EXPELL+ ALL & SUNDRY -- /RIK+ \T 9 ! LA/ GASPS ( DISSOLUTION444 ABOVE ALL1 D5\NC+ ! REAL LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T 9SIDE ,SPA9 BECAUSE IT D>ES TO USE ! NAME ( ! ,C,N,T2 7,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ! ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,IB]ICA -- TO SAVE ! RECRIM9ATIONS AB\T 0=G+ ! SEALS0 ( ! ,ORGANIZATION :I* >E HELD AS BY APO/OLIC SUCCESSION 9 ,T\L\SE -- HAVE SIMPLY *ANG$ !IR NAME1 ) ! SAME AIMS AS ! ,C,N,T ( OLD47 

,! ,SPANI% ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T1 SO-CALL$ 7,M,L,E7 IS NOT A UNION MOVEM5T1 NOR AN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS ANTI-FASCI/ 9 IDEOLOGY1 BUT BASICALLY IT LOOKS TO A 0SOLUTION ( ! ,SPANI% PROBLEM0 RA!R ?AN SUPPORT+ ! ,RESI/ANCE 9 ANY WAY4 ,TIME & AGA9 ! EXPECT$ POLITICAL SOLUTIONS HAVE FAIL$ -- OR RA!R1 HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 ! WAY !IR AU?ORS 9T5D$ !M1 LEAV+ !1 ,M,L,E PA!TICALLY DECL>+ ?AT ! ,BRITI%1 ,FR5* OR ,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5TS HAVE LET !M D[N4 ,EV5 N[1 MANY CANNOT UND]/& H[ IT CAME AB\T ?AT ,BRITA9 DID NOT S5D AN ,>MY 9 TO LIB]ATE ,SPA92 :Y ! ,GOV]NM5T DID NOT EV5 WANT TO DO SO -- & 9DE$1 ?AT ELEM5TS 9 ! ,BRITI% ,GOV]NM5T MAY HAVE CONSID]$ ,SPA9 ALREADY LIB]AT$ -- BY ,FRANCO6 ,!SE >E ! PEOPLE :O D5\NCE ! ,RESI/ANCE AS 0IMPRACTICAL01 0UTOPIAN0 -- ABOVE ALL1 0VIOL5T06 ,MANY WILL EXPLA9 ?AT 0VIOL5CE0 IS WRONG4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 IT WAS P]MISSIBLE 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 :5 IT WAS LEGAL2 & DUR+ ! ,WORLD ,W> :51 IF NOT LEGAL1 9 ,SPANI% EYES1 IT WAS GRANT$ ! EQUIVAL5T /ATUS BY VIRTUE ( ! FACT ?AT RESI/ANCE WAS 0LEGALLY0 RECOGNIZ$ 9 ,FRANCE1 BUT IT BECAME 0UN-LIB]T>IAN0 EV5 0UN-,SPANI%0 ) ! 5D ( ! ,WORLD ,W>6 

,?IS COLORS ! ATTITUDE T[>DS ,RESI/ANCE 9 ,SPA91 & NO?+ M>KS A GREAT] DIVID+ L9E4 ,! ,RESI/ANCE WAS C>EFULLY N\RI%$ BY ! ,SABAT] BRO!RS -- ( :OM SO LITTLE IS KN[N .<,NOTE3,A BOOK ON ,SABAT] BY ,ANTONIO ,TELLEZ1 TRANS4 ,/U>T ,*RI/IE1 IS COM+ \T NEXT ,SPR+ -- PUBLI%$ BY ,DAVIS-,POYNT]4 7IE ,SABATE 3 ,GU]RILLA EXTAORD9>Y ,K,S,L7.> -- ! V>I\S B&S ( ! ,RESI/ANCE SU* AS ! ,TALLION1 ,LOS ,MANOS ETC41 BY ,FAC]IAS & O!RS4 ,IT HAD P]=CE TO RETURN TO ! TRADITION ( GU]RILLA W>F>E & ACTIVISM4 

,DESPITE ! 0(FICIAL0 PROPAG&A 9 :I* ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T 9 ,EXILE CON/ANTLY 9VOKES ! NAME ( ! ,C,N,T1 IT IS NOT ! SAME ?+ AT ALL4 ,! TRADITIONS ( ! ,C,N,T >E REAFFIRM$ BY ! ,RESI/ANCE )9 ,SPA91 :I* IS BACK 9 ! P]IOD ( REGIONAL COMMITTEES & LOCAL RESI/ANCE1 & IS /ILL UNABLE TO RECON/ITUTE ITSELF ON A NATION-WIDE SCALE -- :I* 9DE$ IT MAY NOT CONSID] ESS5TIAL4 

,! P]IOD PR$ICT$ BY ,M>X DUR+ :I* ,SPANI% LABOR W\LD HAVE TO BE LEFT TO 0,BAKUN90 IS1 ( C\RSE1 OV]4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S1 ,MAOI/S & ,NATIONALI/S ( V>I\S BR&S HAVE GR[N CONSID]ABLY -- ?\< SOCIALISM & ! ,U,G,T >E DEAD4 ,?ANKS TO ! FOLLY ( 0,T\L\SE0 ! NAME ( ! ,C,N,T HAS BE5 ECLIPS$ BY S*ISM4 ,BUT WE NOTE ONE ?+3 :5EV] ! /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA9 BECOMES ACUTE1 ! WORK]S TURN TO AN>*ISM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bba 3 ,! ,LAB\R ,MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,LAB\R ,MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/