,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b1 ,SECTION #aa 

#aheeahee 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TEXT 3 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,X,I4 

,OBJECTION ,ELEV5?4 

,IT IS SAID ?AT IDEAS >E UNLIKE CORPOREAL COMMODITIES 9 ?IS RESPECT1 NAMELY1 ?AT A CORPOREAL COMMODITY CANNOT BE COMPLETELY & FULLY POSSESS$ & US$ BY TWO P]SONS AT ONCE1 )\T COLLISION BETWE5 !M2 & ?AT IT MU/ !RE=E NECESS>ILY BE RECOGNIZ$ AS ! PROP]TY ( ONE ONLY1 9 ORD] ?AT IT MAY BE POSSESS$ & US$ 9 PEACE2 BUT ?AT AN IDEA MAY BE COMPLETELY & FULLY POSSESS$ & US$ BY MANY P]SONS AT ONCE1 )\T COLLISION ) EA* O!R2 & !RE=E NO ONE %\LD BE ALL[$ TO MONOPOLIZE IT4 

,?IS OBJECTION LAYS :OLLY \T ( CONSID]ATION ! FACT1 ?AT ! IDEA HAS BE5 PRODUC$ BY ONE MAN'S LABOR1 & NOT BY ! LABOR ( ALL M52 AS IF ?AT W]E A FACT ( NO LEGAL CONSEQU5CE2 :]EAS IT IS ( DECISIVE CONSEQU5CE2 ELSE !RE CAN BE NO EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 ANY ( ! PRODUCTIONS OR ACQUISITIONS ( HUMAN LABOR4 ,IF ONE COMMODITY1 ! PRODUCT ( ONE MAN'S LABOR1 CAN BE MADE FREE TO ALL MANK9D1 )\T HIS CONS5T1 !N1 BY ! SAME RULE1 EV]Y O!R COMMODITY1 ! PRODUCT ( 9DIVIDUAL LABOR1 MAY BE MADE FREE TO ALL MANK9D1 )\T ! CONS5T ( ! PRODUC]S4 ,& ?IS IS EQUIVAL5T TO A D5IAL ( ALL 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY :ATSOEV]1 9 COMMODITIES PRODUC$ OR ACQUIR$ BY HUMAN LABOR4 

,9 TRU?1 ! OBJECTION PLA9LY D5IES ?AT ANY EXCLUSIVE RI<TS ( PROP]TY :ATSOEV]1 CAN BE ACQUIR$ BY LABOR OR PRODUCTION2 BECAUSE IT SAYS ?AT A MAN1 :O PRODUCES AN IDEA--7& ! SAME PR9CIPLE W\LD APPLY EQUALLY WELL TO ANY O!R COMMODITY7--HAS NO BETT] RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 OR ( DOM9ION OV] IT1 ?AN ANY & ALL ! RE/ ( MANK9D4 ,?AT IS1 ?AT HE HAS NO RI<TS 9 IT AT ALL1 BY VIRTUE ( HAV+ PRODUC$ IT2 BUT HAS ONLY EQUAL RI<TS 9 IT ) M5 :O DID NOT PRODUCE IT4 ,?IS C]TA9LY IS EQUIVAL5T TO D5Y+1 ?AT ANY EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY1 CAN BE ACQUIR$ BY LABOR OR PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS EQUIVAL5T TO ASS]T+1 ?AT ALL \R RI<TS1 TO ! USE ( COMMODITIES1 DEP5D SIMPLY UPON ! FACT ?AT WE >E M52 BECAUSE IT ASS]TS ?AT ALL M5 HAVE EQUAL RI<TS TO USE A P>TICUL> COMMODITY1 NO MATT] :O MAY HAVE BE5 ! PRODUC]4 

,?IS DOCTR9E1 !RE=E1 GOES FULLY TO ! EXT5T ( D5Y+ ALL RI<TS ( PROP]TY :ATSOEV]1 EV5 9 MAT]IAL ?+S 7EXT]IOR TO ONE'S P]SON72 BECAUSE ALL RI<TS ( PROP]TY 9 SU* MAT]IAL ?+S1 HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 LABOR2 7?AT IS1 EI!R 9 ! LABOR ( PRODUCTION1 OR ! LABOR ( TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! PRODUCTS ( NATURE27 NOT NECESS>ILY 9 ! LABOR ( ! PRES5T POSSESSOR2 BUT EI!R 9 HIS LABOR1 OR ! LABOR ( SOME ONE FROM :OM HE HAS1 M$IATELY OR IMM$IATELY1 D]IV$ IT1 BY GIFT1 PUR*ASE1 OR 9H]ITANCE4 

,! DOCTR9E ( ! OBJECTION1 !RE=E1 BY D5Y+ ?AT ANY RI<T ( PROP]TY CAN ORIG9ATE 9 LABOR OR PRODUCTION1 VIRTUALLY D5IES ALL RI<TS ( PROP]TY :ATSOEV]1 NOT M]ELY 9 IDEAS1 BUT 9 ALL MAT]IAL ?+S1 EXT]IOR TO ONE'S BODY2 BECAUSE IF NO RI<TS ( PROP]TY 9 SU* ?+S CAN BE D]IV$ FROM LABOR OR PRODUCTION1 !RE CAN BE NO RI<TS ( PROP]TY 9 !M AT ALL4 

,! GR\ND1 ON :I* A MAN IS 5TITL$ TO ! PRODUCTS & ACQUISITIONS ( HIS LABOR1 IS1 ?AT O!RWISE HE W\LD LOSE ! B5EFIT ( HIS [N LABOR4 ,HE IS !RE=E 5TITL$ TO HOLD !SE PRODUCTS & ACQUISITIONS1 9 ORD] TO HOLD ! LABOR1 OR ! B5EFIT ( ! LABOR1 HE HAS EXP5D$ 9 PRODUC+ & ACQUIR+ !M4 

,! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 !RE=E1 ORIG9ATES 9 ! NATURAL RI<T ( EV]Y MAN TO ! B5EFIT ( HIS [N LABOR4 ,IF ?IS PR9CIPLE BE A S\ND ONE1 IT NECESS>ILY FOLL[S ?AT EV]Y MAN HAS A NATURAL RI<T TO ALL ! PRODUCTIONS & ACQUISITIONS ( HIS [N LABOR1 BE !Y 9TELLECTUAL OR MAT]IAL4 ,IF ! PR9CIPLE BE NOT A S\ND ONE1 !N IT FOLL[S1 NECESS>ILY1 ?AT !RE >E NO RI<TS ( PROP]TY AT ALL 9 ! PRODUCTIONS OR ACQUISITIONS ( HUMAN LABOR4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( ! OBJECTION1 !RE=E1 GOES FULLY & PLA9LY TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL RI<TS ( PROP]TY :ATSOEV]1 9 ! PRODUCTIONS OR ACQUISITIONS ( HUMAN LABOR4 

,! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 !N1 BE+ DE/ROY$1 :AT PR9CIPLE DOES ! OBJECTION (F]1 AS A SUB/ITUTE1 BY :I* TO REGULATE ! CONDUCT ( M51 9 !IR POSSESSION & USE ( ALL ?OSE COMMODITIES1 :I* >E N[ SUBJECTS ( PROP]TY8 ,IT SUB/ITUTES ONLY ?IS1 VIZ43 ?AT M5 MU/ NOT COME 9 COLLISION ) EA* O!R1 9 ! ACTUAL POSSESSION & USE ( ?+S4 

,N[1 S9CE ?IS ACTUAL POSSESSION & USE ( ?+S1 CAN BE EX]CIS$1 ONLY BY M5'S BR++ !IR BODIES 9 IMM$IATE CONTACT ) ! ?+S TO BE POSSESS$ OR US$1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! PR9CIPLE LAID D[N1 ( M5'S AVOID+ COLLISION 9 ! POSSESSION & USE ( ?+S1 AM\NTS TO BUT ?IS1 VIZ43 ?AT M5'S BODIES >E SACR$1 & MU/ NOT BE JO/L$2 BUT NO?+ ELSE IS SACR$4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 M5 [N !IR BODIES2 BUT !Y [N NO?+ ELSE4 ,EV]Y ?+ ELSE BELONGS1 ( RI<T1 AS MU* TO ONE P]SON AS TO ANO!R4 ,& ! ONLY WAY1 9 :I* ONE MAN CAN POSSESS OR USE ANY ?+1 9 PREF]5CE TO O!R M51 IS BY KEEP+ HIS H&S CON/ANTLY UPON IT1 OR O!RWISE 9T]POS+ HIS BODY BETWE5 IT & O!R M54 ,!SE >E ! ONLY GR\NDS1 ON :I* HE CAN HOLD ANY ?+4 ,IF HE TAKE HIS H&S (F A COMMODITY1 & ALSO )DRAW HIS BODY FROM IT1 SO AS TO 9T]POSE NO OB/ACLE TO ! COMMODITY'S BE+ TAK5 POSSESSION ( BY O!RS1 !Y HAVE A RI<T TO TAKE POSSESSION ( IT1 & HOLD IT AGA9/ HIM1 BY ! SAME PROCESS1 BY :I* HE HAD BE=E HELD IT AGA9/ !M4 ,?IS IS ! LEGITIMATE & NECESS>Y RESULT ( ! DOCTR9E ( ! OBJECTION4 

,ON ?IS PR9CIPLE A MAN HAS A RI<T TO TAKE POSSESSION (1 & FREELY USE1 ANY ?+ & EV]Y ?+ HE SEES & DESIRES1 :I* O!R M5 MAY HAVE PRODUC$ BY !IR LABOR--PROVID$ HE CAN DO IT )\T COM+ 9 COLLISION )1 OR COMMITT+ ANY VIOL5CE UPON1 ! P]SONS ( O!R M54 

,?IS IS ! PR9CIPLE1 & ! ONLY PR9CIPLE1 :I* ! OBJECTION (F]S1 AS A RULE = ! GOV]NM5T ( ! CONDUCT ( MANK9D T[>DS EA* O!R1 9 ! POSSESSION & USE ( MAT]IAL COMMODITIES4 ,& IT S]I\SLY DOES (F] ?IS PR9CIPLE1 AS A SUB/ITUTE = ! RI<T ( 9DIVIDUAL & EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY1 9 ! PRODUCTS & ACQUISITIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL LABOR4 ,! PR9CIPLE1 ?US (F]$1 IS REALLY COMMUNISM1 & NO?+ ELSE4 

,IF ?IS PR9CIPLE BE A S\ND ONE1 9 REG>D TO MAT]IAL COMMODITIES1 IT IS UND\BT$LY EQUALLY S\ND 9 RELATION TO IDEAS4 ,BUT IF IT BE PREPO/]\S & MON/R\S1 9 REF]5CE TO MAT]IAL COMMODITIES1 IT IS EQUALLY PREPO/]\S & MON/R\S 9 RELATION TO IDEAS2 =1 IF APPLI$ TO IDEAS1 IT AS EFFECTUALLY D5IES ! RI<T ( EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY 9 ! PRODUCTS ( ONE'S LABOR1 AS IT W\LD IF APPLI$ TO MAT]IAL COMMODITIES4 

,IT IS PLA9 ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( ! OBJECTION W\LD APPLY1 JU/ AS /RONGLY1 AGA9/ ANY RI<T ( EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY 9 CORPOREAL COMMODITIES1 AS IT DOES AGA9/ A RI<T ( EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY 9 IDEAS2 BECAUSE1 #a/1 MANY CORPOREAL COMMODITIES1 AS ROADS1 CANALS1 RAILROAD C>S1 BA?+ PLACES1 *UR*ES1 !AT]S1 @&C41 CAN BE US$ BY MANY P]SONS AT ONCE1 )\T COLLISION ) EA* O!R2 &1 #bD1 ALL ?OSE COMMODITIES--AS AXES & HAMM]S1 = EXAMPLE--:I* CAN BE US$ ONLY BY ONE P]SON AT A TIME )\T COLLISION1 MAY NEV]!LESS BE US$ BY DIFF]5T P]SONS AT DIFF]5T TIMES )\T COLLISION4 ,N[1 IF IT BE A TRUE PR9CIPLE1 ?AT LABOR & PRODUCTION GIVE NO EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY1 & ?AT EV]Y COMMODITY1 BY :OMSOEV] PRODUC$1 %\LD1 )\T ! CONS5T ( ! PRODUC]1 BE MADE TO S]VE AS MANY P]SONS AS IT CAN1 )\T BR++ !M 9 COLLISION ) EA* O!R1 ?AT PR9CIPLE AS CLE>LY REQUIRES ?AT A HAMM] %\LD BE FREE TO DIFF]5T P]SONS AT DIFF]5T TIMES1 & ?AT A ROAD1 OR CANAL %\LD BE FREE TO AS MANY P]SONS AT ONCE1 AS CAN USE IT )\T COLLISION1 AS IT DOES ?AT AN IDEA %\LD BE FREE TO AS MANY P]SONS AT ONCE AS *OOSE TO USE IT4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 IF IT BE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT A MAN HAVE AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! PRODUCTS ( HIS LABOR1 BECAUSE !Y >E ! PRODUCTS ( HIS LABOR1 IT CLE>LY MAKES NO DIFF]5CE TO ?IS RI<T1 :E!R ! COMMODITY HE HAS PRODUC$ BE1 9 ITS NATURE1 CAPABLE ( BE+ POSSESS$ & US$ BY A ?\S& P]SONS AT ONCE1 OR ONLY BY ONE AT A TIME4 ,?AT IS A :OLLY IMMAT]IAL MATT]1 SO F> AS HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY IS CONC]N$2 BECAUSE HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY IS D]IV$ FROM HIS LABOR 9 PRODUC+ ! COMMODITY2 & NOT FROM ! NATURE ( ! COMMODITY :5 PRODUC$4 ,IF !RE C\LD BE ANY DIFF]5CE 9 ! TWO CASES1 HIS RI<T W\LD BE /RONG]1 9 ! CASE ( A COMMODITY1 ?AT C\LD BE US$ BY A ?\S& P]SONS AT ONCE1 ?AN 9 ! CASE ( A COMMODITY1 ?AT C\LD BE US$ ONLY BY ONE P]SON AT A TIME2 BECAUSE A MAN IS 5TITL$ TO BE REW>D$ = HIS LABOR1 ACCORD+ TO ! 9TR9SIC VALUE ( ITS PRODUCTS2 &1 O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL1 A COMMODITY1 ?AT CAN BE US$ BY MANY P]SONS AT ONCE1 IS 9TR9SICALLY MORE VALUABLE1 ?AN A COMMODITY1 ?AT CAN BE US$ ONLY BY ONE P]SON AT A TIME4 

,AGA94 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ! OBJECTION IS1 ?AT ALL ?+S %\LD BE FREE TO ALL M51 SO F> AS !Y CAN BE1 )\T M5'S COM+ 9 COLLISION ) EA* O!R1 9 ! ACTUAL POSSESSION & USE ( !M2 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ?AT NO ONE P]SON CAN HAVE ANY RI<TFUL CONTROL OV] A ?+1 ANY LONG] ?AN HE RETA9S IT 9 HIS ACTUAL POSSESSION2 ?AT HE HAS NO RI<T TO =BID O!RS TO POSSESS & USE IT1 :5EV] !Y CAN DO SO )\T P]SONAL COLLISION ) HIMSELF2 & ?AT HE HAS NO RI<T TO DEM& ANY EQUIVAL5T = SU* POSSESSION & USE ( IT BY O!RS4 ,FROM !SE PROPOSITIONS IT W\LD SEEM TO FOLL[ FUR!R1 ?AT = A MAN TO )HOLD ! POSSESSION OR USE ( A ?+ FROM O!RS1 = ! PURPOSE ( 9DUC+ !M1 OR MAK+ IT NECESS>Y = !M1 TO BUY IT1 OR R5T IT1 & PAY HIM AN EQUIVAL5T1 IS AN 9FR+EM5T UPON !IR RI<TS4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY IS DIRECTLY ! REV]SE ( ?IS4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY IS1 ?AT ! [N] ( A ?+ HAS ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] IT1 :E!R HE HAVE IT 9 ACTUAL POSSESSION OR NOT1 & :E!R HE HIMSELF WI% TO USE IT OR NOT2 ?AT NO ONE HAS A RI<T TO TAKE POSSESSION ( IT1 OR USE IT1 )\T HIS CONS5T2 & ?AT HE HAS A P]FECT RI<T TO )HOLD BO? ! POSSESSION & USE ( IT FROM O!RS1 FROM NO O!R MOTIVE ?AN TO 9DUCE !M1 OR MAKE IT NECESS>Y = !M1 TO BUY IT1 OR R5T IT1 & PAY HIM AN EQUIVAL5T = IT1 OR = ITS USE4 

,N[ IT IS PLA9 ?AT ! QUE/ION1 :E!R A ?+ BE SUSCEPTIBLE ( BE+ US$ BY ONE ONLY1 OR BY MORE P]SONS1 AT ONCE1 )\T COLLISION1 HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY2 NOR ) ! [N]'S RI<T ( DOM9ION OV] IT2 NOR ) HIS RI<T TO =BID O!RS TO TAKE POSSESSION ( IT1 OR USE IT4 ,IF HE HAVE A RI<T TO =BID ONE MAN TO TAKE POSSESSION (1 OR USE1 A C]TA9 COMMODITY1 HE HAS ! SAME RI<T TO =BID A ?\S&1 OR ! :OLE WORLD4 ,& IF HE HAVE A RI<T TO =BID A MAN TO TAKE POSSESSION (1 OR USE1 A COMMODITY1 ?AT IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( BE+ POSSESS$ & US$ BY ONE P]SON ONLY AT A TIME1 HE HAS ! SAME RI<T TO =BID HIM TO TAKE POSSESSION (1 OR USE1 A COMMODITY1 ?AT IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( BE+ POSSESS$ & US$ BY A HUNDR$1 OR A ?\S&1 P]SONS AT ONCE4 ,! FACT ?AT M5 W\LD1 OR W\LD NOT1 COME 9 COLLISION ) EA* O!R1 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO POSSESS & USE A COMMODITY1 IF HE W]E TO SURR5D] HIS DOM9ION OV] IT1 & LEAVE ALL EQUALLY FREE TO POSSESS & USE IT1 IS CLE>LY A MATT] :I* DOES NOT AT ALL CONC]N HIS PRES5T RI<T ( DOM9ION OV] IT2 NOR 9 ANY WAY AFFECT HIS PRES5T RI<T TO =BID ANY & ALL ( !M TO POSSESS OR USE IT4 

,IT IS1 !RE=E1 :OLLY IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ! CIRCUM/ANCE1 ?AT ONE COMMODITY--AS A HAMM]1 = EXAMPLE--IS 9 ITS NATURE SUSCEPTIBLE ( BE+ POSSESS$ & US$ BY BUT ONE P]SON AT A TIME )\T COLLISION1 & ?AT ANO!R COMMODITY--AS A ROAD1 A CANAL1 A RAILROAD C>1 A %IP1 A BA?+ PLACE1 A *UR*1 A !AT]1 OR AN IDEA--IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( BE+ POSSESS$ 7I4 E4 OCCUPI$71 & US$ BY MANY P]SONS AT ONCE )\T COLLISION1 CAN AFFECT A MAN'S RI<T TO HAVE COMPLETE DOM9ION OV] ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR4 ,A MAN'S EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9--OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 HIS RI<T ( ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV]--ANY ONE ( !SE V>I\S COMMODITIES1 DEP5DS 5TIRELY UPON ! FACT1 ?AT SU* COMMODITY WAS EI!R A PRODUCT OR ACQUISITION ( HIS [N LABOR1 7OR ( ! LABOR ( SOME ONE1 FROM :OM1 EI!R M$IATELY1 OR IMM$IATELY1 HE HAS D]IV$ IT1 BY PUR*ASE1 GIFT1 OR 9H]ITANCE27 & NOT AT ALL UPON ! FACT1 ?AT SU* COMMODITY CAN1 OR CANNOT1 BE POSSESS$ & US$ BY MORE ?AN ONE P]SON AT A TIME1 )\T COLLISION4 

,! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 OR DOM9ION1 DOES NOT DEP5D1 AS ! OBJECTION SUPPOSES1 UPON EI!R ! POLITICAL OR MORAL NECESSITY ( M5'S AVOID+ COLLISION ) EA* O!R1 9 ! POSSESSION & USE ( COMMODITIES2 = IF IT DID1 IT W\LD BE LAWFUL1 AS HAS ALREADY BE5 %[N1 = M5 TO SEIZE & USE ALL MANN] ( CORPOREAL COMMODITIES1 :5EV] IT C\LD BE DONE )\T COM+ 9 P]SONAL COLLISION ) ! P]SONS ( O!R M54 ,BUT ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 OR DOM9ION1 DEP5DS UPON ! NECESSITY & RI<T ( EA* MAN'S PROVID+ = HIS [N SUBSI/5CE & HAPP9ESS2 & UPON ! CONSEQU5T NECESSITY & RI<T ( EV]Y MAN'S EX]CIS+ EXCLUSIVE & ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR4 

,N[1 ?IS RI<T ( EX]CIS+ EXCLUSIVE & ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] ! FRUITS ( ONE'S LABOR1 IS NOT1 AS ! OBJECTION ASSUMES1 A M]E RI<T ( POSSESS+ & US+ !M1 9 PEACE1 & )\T COLLISION ) O!R M53 BUT IT 9CLUDES ALSO ! RI<T ( MAK+ !M SUBS]VI5T TO HIS HAPP9ESS 9 EV]Y O!R POSSIBLE WAY1 7NOT 9CONSI/5T ) ! EQUAL RI<T ( O!R M51 TO A LIKE DOM9ION OV] :ATEV] IS !IRS17 AS WELL AS BY POSSESS+ & US+ !M4 

,N[ A MAN MAY MAKE A COMMODITY SUBS]VI5T TO HIS WELF>E1 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS1 O!R ?AN ?AT ( HIMSELF POSSESS+ & US+ IT--PROVID$ ALWAYS HIS ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] IT BE FIR/ E/ABLI%$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF HIS ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] IT BE FIR/ E/ABLI%$1 SO ?AT HE CAN =BID O!R M5 TO USE IT1 EXCEPT ) HIS CONS5T1 HE CAN !N SELL IT1 OR R5T IT1 TO ?OSE :O WI% TO USE IT1 & ?US OBTA9 FROM !M1 9 EX*ANGE1 O!R COMMODITIES :I* HE DESIRES2 OR HE CAN CONF] IT1 OR ITS USE1 AS A FAVOR1 UPON SOME ONE :OSE HAPP9ESS HE WI%ES TO PROMOTE4 ,BUT UNLESS HE BE FIR/ SECUR$ 9 HIS ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] IT1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO =BID O!R M5 US+ IT1 EXCEPT ) HIS CONS5T1 HE IS DEPRIV$ ( ALL P[] TO MAKE IT SUBS]VI5T TO HIS HAPP9ESS1 BY SELL+ IT1 OR R5T+ IT1 9 EX*ANGE = O!R COMMODITIES2 BECAUSE1 IF O!R M5 CAN USE IT )\T HIS CONS5T1 !Y WILL HAVE NO MOTIVE TO BUY IT1 OR R5T IT1 PAY+ HIM ANY ?+ VALUABLE 9 EX*ANGE4 ,HE CANNOT EV5 GIVE IT1 AS A FAVOR1 TO ANY ONE1 BECAUSE IT IS NO FAVOR1 ON HIS P>T TO GIVE TO ANO!R A COMMODITY1 :I* ?AT O!R ALREADY HAS )\T HIS CONS5T4 

,! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 !RE=E1 IS A RI<T ( ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] A COMMODITY1 :E!R ! [N] WI% TO RETA9 IT 9 HIS [N ACTUAL POSSESSION & USE1 OR NOT4 ,IT IS A RI<T TO =BID O!RS TO USE IT1 )\T HIS CONS5T4 ,IF IT W]E NOT SO1 M5 C\LD NEV] SELL1 R5T1 OR GIVE AWAY ?OSE COMMODITIES1 :I* !Y DO NOT !MSELVES WI% TO KEEP OR USE2 BUT W\LD LOSE !IR RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !M--?AT IS1 !IR RI<T ( DOM9ION OV] !M--! MOM5T !Y SUSP5D$ !IR P]SONAL POSSESSION & USE ( !M4 

,IT IS BECAUSE A MAN HAS ?IS RI<T ( ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR1 & CAN =BID O!R M5 TO USE !M )\T HIS CONS5T1 :E!R HE HIMSELF RETA9 HIS ACTUAL POSSESSION & USE ( !M OR NOT1 ?AT NE>LY ALL M5 >E 5GAG$ 9 ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES1 :I* !Y !MSELVES HAVE NO USE =1 & CANNOT RETA9 ANY ACTUAL POSSESSION (1 & :I* !Y PRODUCE SOLELY = PURPOSES ( SALE1 OR R5T4 ,9 FACT1 !RE IS NO >TICLE ( CORPOREAL PROP]TY :ATEV]1 EXT]IOR TO ONE'S P]SON1 :I* [N]S >E 9 ! HABIT ( KEEP+ 9 SU* ACTUAL & CON/ANT POSSESSION OR USE1 AS W\LD BE NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO SECURE IT TO !MSELVES1 IF ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 ORIG9ALLY D]IV$ FROM LABOR1 DID NOT REMA9 9 ! ABS5CE ( POSSESSION4 

,BUT FUR!R4 ,! QUE/ION1 :E!R A P>TICUL> COMMODITY CAN BE US$ BY TWO OR MORE P]SONS AT ONCE1 )\T COLLISION ) EA* O!R1 IS OBVI\SLY :OLLY IMMAT]IAL TO ?AT RI<T ( ABSOLUTE DOM9ION1 :I* ! PRODUC] ( ! COMMODITY HAS OV] IT BY VIRTUE ( HIS HAV+ PRODUC$ IT2 & TO HIS CONSEQU5T RI<T TO =BID ANY & ALL O!R M5 TO USE IT1 )\T HIS CONS5T4 

,A MAN'S RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR1 IS AN ABSOLUTE RI<T ( CONTROLL+ !M--SO F> AS ! NATURE ( ?+S WILL ADMIT ( IT--SO AS TO MAKE !M SUBS]VI5T TO HIS WELF>E 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE WAY ?AT HE CAN DO IT1 )\T OB/RUCT+ O!R M5 9 ! EQUALLY FREE & ABSOLUTE CONTROL ( EV]Y ?+ ?AT IS !IRS4 ,N[1 ! NATURE ( ?+S (F]S NO MORE OB/ACLES1 TO A MAN'S EXCLUSIVE PROPRIETOR%IP & CONTROL ( A COMMODITY1 :I* IS1 9 ITS NATURE1 CAPABLE ( BE+ POSSESS$ & US$ BY MANY AT ONCE )\T COLLISION1 ?AN IT DOES TO HIS EXCLUSIVE PROPRIETOR%IP & CONTROL ( A COMMODITY1 :I* IS1 9 ITS NATURE1 9CAPABLE ( BE+ POSSESS$ & US$ BY MORE ?AN ONE AT A TIME )\T COLLISION4 ,HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 !RE=E1 IS JU/ AS GOOD1 9 ! CASE ( ONE COMMODITY1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! O!R4 

,! ABSURDITY ( ANY O!R DOCTR9E ?AN ?IS IS SO NE>LY APP>5T1 AS H>DLY TO DES]VE TO BE S]I\SLY REASON$ AGA9/4 ,ONE MAN PRODUCES A COMMODITY--A HAMM]1 = EXAMPLE--:I* CAN BE US$ BUT BY ONE P]SON AT A TIME )\T COLLISION2 & ?IS COMMODITY IS HIS EXCLUSIVELY1 BECAUSE HE PRODUC$ IT BY HIS LABOR4 ,ANO!R MAN PRODUCES ANO!R COMMODITY--AS A ROAD1 A CANAL1 OR AN IDEA1 = EXAMPLE--:I* CAN BE US$ BY ?\S&S AT ONCE )\T COLLISION2 & ?IS COMMODITY1 =SOO?1 IS NOT HIS EXCLUSIVELY1 AL?\< HE PRODUC$ IT SOLELY BY HIS [N LABOR6 ,( :AT POSSIBLE CONSEQU5CE IS ?IS DIFF]5CE1 9 ! NATURE ( ! TWO COMMODITIES1 ?AT IT %\LD AFFECT ! PRODUC]'S EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 EI!R ONE OR ! O!R8 ,MANIFE/LY IT IS NOT ( ! LEA/ CONCEIVABLE IMPORTANCE4 

,AS A MATT] ( AB/RACT NATURAL JU/ICE1 !RE IS NO DIFF]5CE :ATEV]1 9 A MAN'S DEM&+ & RECEIV+ PAY = A COMMODITY1 OR ! USE ( A COMMODITY1 :I* CAN BE US$ BY ?\S&S AT ONCE )\T COLLISION1 & HIS DEM&+ & RECEIV+ PAY = A COMMODITY1 OR ! USE ( A COMMODITY1 :I* CAN BE US$ BY BUT ONE P]SON A TIME4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE1 HE AS MU* GIVES AN EQUIVAL5T = :AT HE RECEIVES1 AS HE DOES 9 ! LATT]2 AN EQUIVAL5T TOO1 ?AT IS AS PURELY A PRODUCT ( LABOR1 AS IS ! COMMODITY HE RECEIVES 9 EX*ANGE4 

,AS A MATT] ( AB/RACT NATURAL JU/ICE TOO1 A MAN IS AS MU* 5TITL$ TO BE PAID = HIS LABOR 9 PRODUC+ COMMODITIES1 ?AT CAN BE US$ BY MANY P]SONS AT ONCE )\T COLLISION1 AS HE IS TO BE PAID = PRODUC+ COMMODITIES1 ?AT CAN BE US$ BY BUT ONE P]SON AT A TIME4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ONE MAN PRODUCES AN IDEA1 :I* IS WOR?1 = USE1 A DOLL> TO EA* ONE ( A ?\S& DIFF]5T M54 ,ANO!R MAN PRODUCES A ?\S& AXES1 WOR? A DOLL> EA* = ! USE ( A ?\S& DIFF]5T M54 ,IS !RE ANY DIFF]5CE 9 ! 9TR9SIC M]IT OR VALUE ( ! LABOR ( !SE TWO PRODUC]S8 ,OR IS !RE ANY DIFF]5CE1 9 !IR AB/RACT RI<T TO DEM& PAY ( ?OSE :O USE ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR8 ,IS NOT ! PRODUC] ( ! IDEA AS HONE/LY 5TITL$ TO DEM& A ?\S& DOLL>S = ! USE ( HIS S+LE IDEA1 AS ! O!R IS TO DEM& A ?\S& DOLL>S = HIS ?\S& AXES8 ,! PRODUC] ( ! IDEA SUPPLIES A ?\S& DIFF]5T M5 ) AS VALUABLE A TOOL TO WORK )1 AS DOES ! PRODUC] ( ! AXES4 ,:Y1 !N1 IS HE NOT 5TITL$ TO DEM& ! SAME PRICE = HIS IDEAS1 AS ! O!R DOES = HIS AXES8 ,DOES ! FACT ?AT1 9 ! ONE CASE1 A ?\S& DIFF]5T M5 USE ! SAME COMMODITY1 7! IDEA17 & ?AT1 9 ! O!R1 A ?\S& DIFF]5T M5 USE A ?\S& DIFF]5T COMMODITIES1 7AXES17 ALL ( ONE K9D1 MAKE ! LEA/ DIFF]5CE 9 ! M]ITS ( ! RESPECTIVE PRODUC]S8 ,O!R ?+S BE+ EQUAL1 IS NOT ONE S+LE COMMODITY1 ?AT CAN BE US$ BY A ?\S& M5 AT ONCE )\T COLLISION1 JU/ AS VALUABLE1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 AS A ?\S& O!R COMMODITIES1 ?AT CAN EA* BE US$ ONLY BY ONE P]SON AT A TIME8 ,>E NOT A ?\S& M5 AS EFFECTUALLY SUPPLI$ ) ! COMMODITY !Y WANT1 9 ! FIR/ CASE1 AS 9 ! LATT]8 ,C]TA9LY !Y >E4 ,:Y1 !N1 %\LD !Y NOT PAY AS MU* = IT8 ,& :Y %\LD NOT ! PRODUC] RECEIVE AS MU* 9 ! FIR/ CASE1 AS 9 ! LA/8 ,NO REASON :ATEV]1 9 EQUITY1 CAN BE ASSIGN$4 

,IF !RE BE NO DIFF]5CE 9 ! JU/ICE ( !SE TWO CASES1 IS !RE ANY WAY1 9 :I* ! PRODUC] ( ! IDEA CAN GET HIS ?\S& DOLL>S = IT1 O!R ?AN ?AT1 BY :I* ! PRODUC] ( ! AXES GETS HIS ?\S& DOLL>S = !M1 TO WIT1 BY FIR/ SECUR+ TO HIM HIS ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] IT1 OR ABSOLUTE PROP]TY 9 IT1 & ?US 5ABL+ HIM TO =BID O!RS TO USE IT EXCEPT ON ! CONDITION ( !IR PAY+ HIM HIS PRICE = IT8 ,IF !RE BE NO O!R WAY1 BY :I* HE CAN GET PAY = HIS IDEA1 !N HE IS AS WELL 5TITL$ TO AN ABSOLUTE PROP]TY 9 IT1 & DOM9ION OV] IT1 AS ! PRODUC] ( ! AXES IS 5TITL$ TO AN ABSOLUTE PROP]TY 91 OR DOM9ION OV]1 !M4 

,/ILL FUR!R4 ,A ?\S& SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 CAN AS WELL AF=D TO PAY A ?\S& DOLL>S1 7ONE DOLL> EA*17 = ! USE ( A S+LE COMMODITY1 ?AT CAN BE US$ BY !M ALL AT ONCE )\T COLLISION1 AS !Y CAN TO PAY A ?\S& DOLL>S1 7ONE DOLL> EA*17 = ! USE ( A ?\S& DIFF]5T COMMODITIES1 EA* ( :I* CAN BE US$ ONLY BY ONE P]SON AT A TIME4 ,A MAN CAN JU/ AS WELL AF=D TO PAY A DOLL> = AN IDEA1 ?AT IS WOR? A DOLL> TO HIM1 = USE1 ?\< IT BE US$ ALSO BY O!RS1 AS HE CAN TO PAY A DOLL> = AN AX1 ?AT IS WOR? BUT A DOLL> TO HIM = USE1 ?\< IT BE NOT US$ BY O!RS4 ,ITS BE+ US$ BY O!RS1 OR NOT1 MAKES NO DIFF]5CE AT ALL 9 HIS CAPACITY TO PAY = :ATEV] VALUE IT IS REALLY ( TO HIMSELF4 

,A ?\S& DIFF]5T M5 CAN ALSO AS WELL AF=D TO PAY A DOLL> EA*1 = ! USE ( A COMMODITY1 :I* !Y CAN ALL USE AT ONCE )\T COLLISION1 AS !Y CAN TO PAY A DOLL> EA* = ! USE ( A S+LE COMMODITY1 :I* CAN BE US$ ONLY BY ONE P]SON AT A TIME1 & :I* CAN !RE=E BE US$ BY !M ALL1 ONLY BY !IR US+ IT S+LY1 SUCCESSIVELY1 & AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 ,= EXAMPLE4 ,A ?\S& M5 CAN AS WELL AF=D TO PAY A ?\S& DOLL>S1 7ONE DOLL> EA*17 = ! USE ( A VESSEL1 :I* WILL C>RY !M ALL AT ONCE1 AS !Y CAN TO PAY A ?\S& DOLL>S1 7ONE DOLL> EA*17 = ! USE ( A BOAT SO SMALL AS TO C>RY BUT ONE P]SON AT A TIME1 & :I* MU/ !RE=E MAKE A ?\S& DIFF]5T TRIPS TO C>RY !M ALL4 ,H[ ABSURD IT W\LD BE TO SAY ?AT ! [N] ( ! L>GE BOAT HAD NO RI<T TO *>GE A DOLL> EA* = HIS ?\S& PASS5G]S1 M]ELY BECAUSE HIS VESSEL WAS SO L>GE ?AT IT C\LD C>RY !M ALL AT ONCE1 )\T COLLISION ) EA* O!R1 OR ) HIMSELF2 & YET ?AT ! [N] ( ! SMALL BOAT HAD A RI<T TO *>GE A DOLL> EA*1 TO A ?\S& SUCCESSIVE PASS5G]S1 M]ELY BECAUSE HIS BOAT WAS SO SMALL ?AT IT C\LD C>RY BUT ONE AT A TIME4 

,! SAME PR9CIPLE CLE>LY APPLIES TO AN IDEA4 ,BECAUSE IT CAN BE US$ BY ?\S&S & MILLIONS AT A TIME1 )\T COLLISION1 IT IS NONE ! LESS ! EXCLUSIVE-PROP]TY ( ! PRODUC]2 & HE HAS NONE ! LESS RI<T TO *>GE PAY = ! USE ( IT1 ?AN IF IT C\LD BE US$ BY BUT ONE P]SON AT A TIME4 

,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 NO GR\ND :ATEV]1 ( JU/ICE OR REASON1 ON :I* ! PRODUC] ( ! IDEA CAN BE D5I$ ! RI<T TO DEM& PAY = IT1 ACCORD+ TO ITS M>KET VALUE1 ANY MORE ?AN ! PRODUC] ( ANY O!R COMMODITY CAN BE D5I$ ! RI<T TO DEM& PAY = IT1 ACCORD+ TO ITS M>KET VALUE4 ,& ! M>KET VALUE ( EV]Y COMMODITY IS ?AT PRICE1 :I* M5 WILL PAY = IT1 RA!R ?AN NOT HAVE IT1 :5 IT IS =BIDD5 TO !M BY ONE :O HAS AN ABSOLUTE PROP]TY 9 IT1 & DOM9ION OV] IT4 

,! OBJECTION1 N[ UND] CONSID]ATION1 IS BAS$ SOLELY UPON ! ABSURD IDEA1 ?AT ! PRODUC] ( A COMMODITY HAS NO RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 NOR ( DOM9ION OV] IT1 BEYOND ! SIMPLE RI<T ( US+ IT HIMSELF )\T MOLE/ATION2 ?AT HE HAS !RE=E NO RI<T TO =BID O!RS TO USE IT1 :5EV] !Y CAN GET POSSESSION ( & USE IT1 )\T COLLISION ) HIMSELF2 ?AT HE MU/ DEP5D SOLELY UPON HIS [N USE ( IT TO GET COMP5SAT$ = HIS LABOR 9 PRODUC+ IT2 ?AT HE CAN NEV] BE 5TITL$ TO DEM& OR RECEIVE ANY COMP5SATION :ATEV] FROM O!RS1 = ! USE ( IT1 OR = HIS LABOR 9 PRODUC+ IT1 H[EV] MU* !Y MAY USE IT1 OR 5RI* !MSELVES BY SO DO+2 & ?AT HE !RE=E HAS NO RI<T TO )HOLD ITS USE FROM O!RS1 ) ANY VIEW TO 9DUCE OR COMPEL !M TO BUY IT1 OR R5T IT1 OR MAKE HIM ANY COMP5SATION = ! LABOR IT CO/ HIM TO PRODUCE IT4 ,9 %ORT1 ! PR9CIPLE ( ! OBJECTION IS1 ?AT :5 A MAN HAS PRODUC$ A COMMODITY BY HIS [N SOLE LABOR1 HE HAS NO RI<T ( DOM9ION OV] IT :ATEV]1 EXCEPT ! NAK$ RI<T TO USE IT2 & ?AT ALL O!R M5 HAVE A P]FECT RI<T TO USE IT1 )\T HIS CONS5T1 & )\T R5D]+ HIM ANY COMP5SATION1 :5EV] HE IS NOT US+ IT1 OR :5EV] ! NATURE ( ! ?+ IS SU* AS TO 5ABLE BO?-HIM & !M TO USE IT AT ! SAME TIME1 )\T COLLISION4 

,! OBJECTION CLE>LY GOES TO ?IS EXT5T1 BECAUSE ! :OLE PR9CIPLE ( IT CONSI/S 9 ?IS S+LE IDEA1 VIZ43 ?AT M5 MU/ AVOID COLLISION ) EA* O!R 9 ! POSSESSION & USE ( COMMODITIES4 

,?IS PR9CIPLE W\LD NOT ALL[ ! PRODUC] SO MU* EV5 AS A PREF]5CE OV] O!R M51 9 ! POSSESSION & USE ( A COMMODITY1 UNLESS HE PRES]V$ HIS FIR/ ACTUAL POSSESSION UNBROK54 ,TO ILLU/RATE4 ,IF1 :5 HE WAS NOT US+ IT1 HE %\LD LET GO HIS HOLD ( IT1 & ?US SUFF] ANO!R TO GET POSSESSION ( IT1 HE C\LD NOT RECLAIM IT1 EV5 :5 HE %\LD WANT IT = ACTUAL USE4 ,TO ALL[ HIM ?US TO DEM& IT ( ANO!R1 = ACTUAL USE1 ON ! GR\ND ?AT HE WAS ! PRODUC] ( IT1 W\LD BE ACKN[L$G+ ?AT LABOR & PRODUCTION DID GIVE HIM AT LEA/ SOME RI<TS TO IT OV] O!R M54 ,& IF IT BE ONCE CONC$$1 ?AT LABOR & PRODUCTION DO GIVE HIM ANY RI<TS TO IT1 OV] O!R M51 !N IT MU/ BE CONC$$1 ?AT !Y GIVE HIM ALL RI<TS TO IT1 OV] O!R M52 = IF HE HAVE ANY RI<TS TO IT1 OV] O!R M51 !N NO LIMIT CAN BE FIX$ TO HIS RI<TS1 & !Y >E ( NECESSITY ABSOLUTE4 ,& !SE ABSOLUTE RI<TS TO IT1 AS AGA9/ ALL O!R M51 >E :AT CON/ITUTE ! RI<T ( EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY & DOM9ION4 ,SO ?AT !RE IS NO MIDDLE GR\ND BETWE5 ! PR9CIPLE1 ?AT LABOR & PRODUCTION GIVE ! PRODUC] NO RI<TS AT ALL1 OV] O!R M51 9 ! COMMODITY HE PRODUCES2 & ! PR9CIPLE1 ?AT !Y GIVE HIM ABSOLUTE RI<TS OV] ALL O!R M51 TO WIT1 ! RI<T ( EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY OR DOM9ION4 ,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 NO MIDDLE GR\ND BETWE5 ABSOLUTE COMMUNISM1 ON ! ONE H&1 :I* HOLDS ?AT A MAN HAS A RI<T TO LAY HIS H&S ON ANY ?+1 :I* HAS NO O!R MAN'S H&S UPON IT1 NO MATT] :O MAY HAVE BE5 ! PRODUC]2 & ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 ON ! O!R H&1 :I* SAYS ?AT EA* MAN HAS AN ABSOLUTE DOM9ION1 AS AGA9/ ALL O!R M51 OV] ! PRODUCTS & ACQUISITIONS ( HIS [N LABOR1 :E!R HE RETA9 !M 9 HIS ACTUAL POSSESSION1 OR NOT4 

,F9ALLY4 ,! OBJECTION WE HAVE N[ BE5 CONSID]+1 SEEMS TO HAVE HAD ITS ORIG9 9 SOME LOOSE NOTION OR O!R1 ?AT ! WORKS ( MAN %\LD BE1 LIKE C]TA9 WORKS ( NATURE--AS ! OCEAN1 ! ATMOSPH]E1 & ! LI<T1 = EXAMPLE--FREE TO BE US$ BY ALL1 SO F> AS !Y CAN BE US$ BY ALL )\T COLLISION4 

,!RE IS NO ANALOGY BETWE5 ! TWO CASES4 ,! OCEAN1 ! ATMOSPH]E1 & ! LI<T1 SO F> AS !Y >E FREE TO ALL MANK9D1 >E FREE SIMPLY BECAUSE ! AU?OR ( NATURE1 !IR MAK] & [N]1 IS NOT1 LIKE MAN1 DEP5D5T UPON ! PRODUCTS ( HIS LABOR = HIS SUBSI/5CE & HAPP9ESS2 HE !RE=E (F]S !M FREELY TO ALL MANK9D2 NEI!R ASK+ NOR NE$+ ANY COMP5SATION = ! USE ( !M1 NOR = HIS LABOR 9 CREAT+ !M4 ,BUT IF ! OCEAN1 ! ATMOSPH]E1 & ! LI<T HAD BE5 ! PRODUCTIONS ( M5--( BE+S DEP5D5T UPON !IR LABOR = ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & HAPP9ESS--! PRODUC]S W\LD HAVE HAD ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] !M1 TO MAKE !M SUBS]VI5T TO !IR HAPP9ESS2 & W\LD HAVE HAD A RI<T TO =BID O!R M5 EI!R TO USE !M AT ALL1 OR USE !M ONLY ON ! CONDITION ( PAY+ = ! USE ( !M4 ,& IT W\LD HAVE BE5 NO ANSW] TO ?IS >GUM5T1 TO SAY1 ?AT MANK9D AT L>GE C\LD USE !SE COMMODITIES1 )\T COM+ 9 COLLISION ) ! [N]S2 ?AT !RE W]E 5\< = ALL2 & ?AT !RE=E !Y %\LD BE FREE TO ALL4 ,! ANSW] TO SU* AN >GUM5T W\LD BE1 ?AT ?OSE1 :O HAD CREAT$ !SE COMMODITIES1 HAD ! NATURAL RI<T TO SUPREME DOM9ION OV] !M1 AS PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR2 ?AT !Y HAD A RI<T TO MAKE !M SUBS]VI5T TO !IR [N HAPP9ESS 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE WAY1 NOT 9CONSI/5T ) ! EQUAL RI<T ( O!R M51 TO A LIKE DOM9ION OV] :ATEV] WAS !IRS2 ?AT !Y C\LD GET NO ADEQUATE COMP5SATION = !IR LABOR 9 CREAT+ !M1 UNLESS !Y C\LD CONTROL !M1 =BID O!R M5 TO USE !M1 & ?US 9DUCE1 OR MAKE IT NECESS>Y =1 O!R M5 TO PAY = ! USE ( !M2 ?AT !Y HAD CREAT$ !M PR9CIPALLY1 IF NOT SOLELY1 = ! PURPOSE ( SELL+ OR R5T+ !M TO O!RS1 & NOT M]ELY = !IR [N USE2 & ?AT TO ALL[ O!RS TO USE !M FREELY1 & AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! [N]S1 ON ! SIMPLE CONDITION ( AVOID+ P]SONAL COLLISION ) !M1 W\LD BE VIRTUALLY ROBB+ ! [N]S ( !IR PROP]TY1 & DEPRIV+ !M ( ! B5EFITS ( !IR LABOR1 & ( !IR RI<T TO GET PAID = IT1 BY DEM&+ PAY ( ALL :O US$ ITS PRODUCTS = !IR [N B5EFIT4 ,?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 ! LEGAL ANSW]2 & IT W\LD HAVE BE5 ALL-SUFFICI5T TO JU/IFY ! [N]S ( !SE COMMODITIES1 9 =BIDD+ O!R M5 TO USE !M1 EXCEPT ) !IR CONS5T1 & ON PAY+ SU* TOLL OR R5T AS !Y SAW FIT TO DEM&4 

,! PR9CIPLE IS ! SAME 9 ! CASE ( AN IDEA4 ,AN IDEA1 PRODUC$ BY ONE MAN1 IS 5\< = ! USE ( ALL MANK9D 7= ! PURPOSES = :I* IT IS TO BE US$74 ,IT IS AS SUFFICI5T = ! ACTUAL USE ( ALL MANK9D1 AS = ! ACTUAL USE ( ! PRODUC]4 ,IT MAY BE US$ BY ALL MANK9D AT ONCE1 )\T COLLISION ) EA* O!R4 ,BUT ALL ?AT IS NO >GUM5T AGA9/ ! RI<T ( ! PRODUC] TO ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] AN IDEA1 :I* HE HAS PRODUC$ BY HIS [N LABOR2 NOR1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IS IT ANY >GUM5T AGA9/ HIS RI<T TO =BID ANY & ALL O!R M5 TO USE ?AT IDEA1 EXCEPT ON ! CONDITION ( FIR/ OBTA9+ HIS CONS5T1 BY PAY+ HIM SU* PRICE = ! USE ( IT AS HE DEM&S4 

,BUT = ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ! BUILD]S ( ROADS & CANALS1 :I* MAY BE PASS$ OV] BY ?\S&S ( P]SONS AT ONCE1 )\T COLLISION1 C\LD MA9TA9 NO CONTROL OV] !M1 NOR GET ANY PAY = !IR LABOR 9 CON/RUCT+ !M1 O!RWISE ?AN BY SIMPLY PASS+ OV] !M !MSELVES4 ,EV]Y O!R P]SON W\LD BE FREE TO PASS OV] !M1 )\T ! CONS5T ( ! [N]S1 & )\T PAY+ ANY EQUIVAL5T = ! USE ( !M1 PROVID$ ONLY !Y DID NOT COME 9 P]SONAL COLLISION ) ! [N]S1 OR EA* O!R4 

,DO ?OSE1 :O SAY ?AT AN IDEA %\LD BE FREE TO ALL :O CAN USE IT1 )\T COLLISION ) ! PRODUC]1 SAY ?AT ! BUILD]S ( ROADS & CANALS HAVE NO RI<TS ( PROP]TY 9 !M1 NOR ANY RI<T ( DOM9ION OV] !M1 EXCEPT ! SIMPLE RI<T ( !MSELVES PASS+ OV] !M UNMOLE/$8 ,?AT !Y HAVE NO RI<T TO =BID O!RS TO PASS OV] !M1 )\T FIR/ PUR*AS+ !IR 7! [N]S'7 CONS5T1 BY ! PAYM5T ( TOLL1 OR O!RWISE8 ,NO ONE1 :O ACKN[L$GES ! RI<T ( PROP]TY AT ALL1 WILL SAY ?IS4 ,YET1 TO BE CONSI/5T1 HE %\LD SAY IT4 

,BUT ! ANALOGY1 :I* ! OBJECTOR W\LD DRAW1 BETWE5 ! WORKS ( NATURE & ! WORKS ( MAN1 9 ORD] TO PROVE ?AT ! LATT] %\LD BE AS FREE TO ALL MANK9D AS ! =M]1 IS DEFECTIVE1 NOT ONLY 9 DISREG>D+ ! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! WORKS ( MAN & ! WORKS ( NATURE1 TO WIT1 ?AT ! =M] >E PRODUC$ BY A BE+ :O LABORS = HIMSELF1 & NOT = O!RS2 & :O NE$S ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR AS A MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & HAPP9ESS2 :ILE ! LATT] >E PRODUC$ BY A ,BE+1 :O NEI!R NE$S NOR ASKS ANY COMP5SATION = HIS LABOR2 BUT IT IS DEFECTIVE 9 /ILL ANO!R P>TICUL>1 TO WIT1 ?AT IT DISREG>DS ! FACT1 ?AT ! WORKS ( NATURE !MSELVES >E NO LONG] FREE TO ALL MANK9D1 AFT] !Y HAVE ONCE BE5 TAK5 POSSESSION ( BY AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT IS NOT NECESS>Y ?AT HE %\LD RETA9 HIS ACTUAL POSSESSION ( !M1 9 ORD] TO RETA9 HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !M1 & HIS RI<T ( DOM9ION OV] !M2 BUT IT IS SUFFICI5T ?AT HE HAS ONCE TAK5 POSSESSION ( !M4 ,!Y >E !N =EV] HIS AGA9/ ALL ! WORLD1 UNLESS HE CONS5T TO P>T1 NOT M]ELY ) HIS POSSESSION1 BUT ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 OR DOM9ION1 ALSO4 ,!Y >E HIS1 ON ! PR9CIPLE1 & = ! REASON1 ?AT O!RWISE HE W\LD LOSE ! LABOR HE HAD EXP5D$ 9 TAK+ POSSESSION ( !M4 ,EV5 ?IS LABOR1 H[EV] SLI<T IT MAY BE1 9 PROPORTION TO ! VALUE ( ! COMMODITY1 IS SUFFICI5T TO GIVE HIM AN ABSOLUTE TITLE TO ! COMMODITY1 AGA9/ ALL ! WORLD4 ,& HE MAY !N P>T ) HIS POSSESSION ( IT AT PLEASURE1 )\T AT ALL IMPAIR+ HIS RI<T ( DOM9ION OV] IT4 

,IF1 !N1 A MAN'S LABOR1 9 SIMPLY TAK+ POSSESSION ( ?OSE WORKS ( NATURE1 :I* NO MAN HAD PRODUC$1 & :I* W]E !RE=E FREE TO ALL MANK9D1 BE SUFFICI5T TO GIVE HIM SU* AN ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] !M1 AGA9/ ALL ! WORLD2 :O CAN PRET5D ?AT HIS LABOR1 9 ACTUALLY CREAT+ COMMODITIES--AS IDEAS1 = EXAMPLE--:I* BE=E HAD NO EXI/5CE1 DOES NOT GIVE HIM AT LEA/ AN EQUAL1 IF NOT A SUP]IOR1 RI<T TO AN ABSOLUTE DOM9ION OV] !M8 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ah$ 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b1 ,SECTION #aa -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bb 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b1 ,SECTION #aa -- ,ADD$4 

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