,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b1 ,SECTION #b 

#aheeahee 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TEXT 3 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,I4 

,OBJECTION ,SECOND4 

,! SECOND OBJECTION1 ?AT IS URG$ AGA9/ ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IDEAS1 IS1 ?AT1 ADMITT+1 7:AT CANNOT ) ! LEA/ REASON BE D5I$17 ?AT A MAN IS ! SOLE PROPRIETOR ( AN IDEA1 SO LONG AS HE RETA9S IT 9 HIS EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION1 HE NEV]!LESS LOSES ALL EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT ! MOM5T HE COMMUNICATES ! IDEA TO ANO!R P]SON1 BECAUSE ?AT O!R P]SON !REBY ACQUIRES AS COMPLETE POSSESSION ( ! IDEA1 AS ! ORIG9AL PROPRIETOR4 

,?IS IS A V]Y %ALL[ OBJECTION1 S9CE IT IS F\ND$ :OLLY ON ! ASSUMPTION1 ?AT IF A MAN ONCE 5TRU/ HIS PROP]TY 9 ANO!R MAN'S KEEP+1 HE !REBY LOSES HIS [N RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT2 :]EAS M5 >E CON/ANTLY 5TRU/+ !IR PROP]TY 9 O!R M5'S H&S1 9 MANY DIFF]5T WAYS1 & = MANY DIFF]5T PURPOSES1 AS = 9SPECTION1 = HIRE1 = SALE1 = SAFE KEEP+1 = ! PURPOSE ( HAV+ LABOR P]=M$ UPON IT1 & = PURPOSES ( K9DNESS & ACCOMMODATION1 )\T !IR RI<T ( PROP]TY BE+ 9 ! LEA/ AFFECT$ BY IT4 ,POSSESSION HAS NO?+ TO DO ) A MAN'S RI<T ( PROP]TY1 AFT] ?AT RI<T HAS ONCE BE5 ACQUIR$4 ,HE CAN !N LOSE HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 ONLY BY HIS [N CONS5T TO P>T ) IT4 

,?IS IMPOSSIBILITY ( LOS+ ONE'S RI<T ( PROP]TY1 O!RWISE ?AN BY HIS [N CONS5T1 IS 9VOLV$ 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY1 :I* IS A RI<T ( DOM9ION--?AT IS1 A RI<T TO HAVE A ?+ SUBJECT TO ONE'S WILL4 ,IT IS AN ABSURDITY1 A CONTRADICTION1 TO SAY ?AT A MAN'S RI<T TO HAVE A ?+ SUBJECT TO HIS WILL1 CAN BE LO/ AGA9/ HIS WILL2 OR CAN BE SEP>AT$ FROM HIM BY ANY O!R PROCESS ?AN HIS [N WILL ?AT IT %ALL BE SEP>AT$ FROM HIM4 ,H5CE A MAN CAN NEV] SELL1 OR GIVE AWAY1 ANY ?+ ?AT IS HIS1 BY ANY O!R PROCESS ?AN AN ACT ( HIS WILL1 NAMELY1 HIS CONS5T TO P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT4 ,O!RWISE A MAN W\LD LOSE HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 A ?+1 EV]Y TIME HE SUFF]$ ANO!R TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ?AT ?+4 ,HE C\LD NOT 5TRU/ AN >TICLE ( PROP]TY 9 ANO!R MAN'S H& = A MOM5T1 = ANY PURPOSE :ATEV]1 )\T LOS+ HIS RI<T TO IT =EV]4 ,YET M5 HABITUALLY 5TRU/ !IR PROP]TY 9 EA* O!R'S KEEP+1 ) P]FECT FRE$OM1 )\T !IR [N]%IP1 OR RI<T ( PROP]TY1 BE+ 9 ! LEA/ IMPAIR$ !REBY4 

,NO ASS]TION C\LD BE MORE UTT]LY ABSURD1 9 REG>D TO ANY CORPOREAL ?+1 ?AN ?AT A MAN LOSES HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 BY SIMPLY P>T+ ) HIS POSSESSION ( IT2 = EV]Y DAY'S & EV]Y H\R'S EXP]I5CE1 BO? 9 BUS9ESS & 9 LAW1 W\LD GIVE ! LIE TO IT4 ,& YET ! ASS]TION IS EQUALLY ABSURD1 :5 MADE 9 RESPECT TO 9CORPOREAL ?+S1 AS :5 MADE 9 RESPECT TO CORPOREAL ?+S4 ,!RE IS NOT SO MU* AS AN 9F9ITESIMAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO CASES4 

,! ADMISSION1 !RE=E1 ?AT A MAN [NS AN IDEA1 AS PROP]TY1 :ILE IT IS 9 HIS EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION1 IS AN ADMISSION ?AT HE [NS IT =EV] AFT]1 9 :OSESOEV] POSSESSION IT MAY BE1 UNTIL HE HAS CONS5T$ TO P>T1 NOT M]ELY ) HIS EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION1 BUT ALSO ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT4 

,! ONLY QUE/ION1 !N1 ON ?IS PO9T1 IS1 :E!R IT IS TO BE PRESUM$1 SIMPLY FROM ! FACT ?AT A MAN VOLUNT>ILY P>TS ) ! EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION ( HIS IDEA1 ?AT HE !RE=E CONS5TS TO P>T ALSO ) HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT8 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :E!R IT IS TO BE PRESUM$ ?AT A MAN CONS5TS TO P>T ) HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 HIS IDEA1 SIMPLY FROM ! FACT ?AT HE MAKES ?AT IDEA KN[N TO ANO!R P]SON8 

,TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION REQUIRES A LITTLE ANALYSIS ( ! NATURE ( ! ACT1 ON :I* ! PRESUMPTION1 IF IT EXI/ AT ALL1 IS F\ND$4 

,9 ! CASE ( A CORPOREAL COMMODITY1 ! ACT ( MAK+ IT KN[N1 & ! ACT ( GIV+ POSSESSION ( IT1 >E DI/9CT ACTS--! FIR/ NOT AT ALL IMPLY+ ! LA/4 ,BUT 9 ! CASE ( AN IDEA1 ! ACT ( MAK+ IT KN[N1 & ! ACT ( GIV+ POSSESSION ( IT1 >E NECESS>ILY ONE & ! SAME ACT2 OR AT LEA/ ONE NECESS>ILY 9VOLVES ! O!R4 ,YET1 AL?\< ! ACT ( MAK+ AN IDEA KN[N1 & ! ACT ( GIV+ POSSESSION ( IT1 >E1 9 REALITY1 ONE & ! SAME ACT1 /ILL ! ACT HAS TWO DI/9CT ASPECTS1 9 :I* IT MAY BE VIEW$1 VIZ43 FIR/1 ?AT ( SIMPLY MAK+ ! IDEA KN[N 7AS 9 ! CASE ( MAK+ KN[N A CORPOREAL COMMODITY72 &1 SECONDLY1 ?AT ( GIV+ POSSESSION ( IT4 ,& ! QUE/ION PROPOS$ WILL BE SIMPLIFI$1 & MORE EASILY & CONCLUSIVELY ANSW]$1 BY CONSID]+ ! ACT 9 EA* ( !SE ASPECTS SEP>ATELY4 

,! FIR/ QUE/ION1 !N1 IS1 :E!R IT IS TO BE PRESUM$ ?AT A MAN 9T5DS TO P>T ) HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 AN IDEA1 SIMPLY BECAUSE HE MAKES ! IDEA KN[N TO ANO!R P]SON8 

,OBVI\SLY !RE IS NO MORE GR\ND1 9 NATURE1 OR 9 REASON1 = PRESUM+ ?AT A MAN 9T5DS TO P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 AN IDEA1 SIMPLY BECAUSE HE DESCRIBES IT1 OR MAKES IT KN[N1 TO ANO!R P]SON1 ?AN !RE IS = PRESUM+ ?AT HE 9T5DS TO P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 ANY CORPOREAL COMMODITY1 SIMPLY BECAUSE HE DESCRIBES IT1 OR MAKES IT KN[N1 TO ANO!R P]SON4 ,IF A MAN DESCRIBE HIS HORSE TO ANO!R P]SON1 NOBODY PRESUMES !REFROM ?AT HE 9T5DS TO P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 HIS HORSE4 ,& IT IS ! SAME ( EV]Y O!R CORPOREAL COMMODITY4 ,:AT MORE REASON IS !RE = PRESUM+ ?AT HE 9T5DS TO P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 AN IDEA1 SIMPLY FROM ! FACT ?AT HE DESCRIBES ! IDEA1 OR MAKES IT KN[N1 TO HIS NEI<BOR8 ,C]TA9LY !RE IS NONE :ATEV]1 IF WE BUT REG>D ! ACT1 7AS WE >E N[ ATTEMPT+ TO DO17 SIMPLY AS MAK+ KN[N ! IDEA1 & NOT AS GIV+ POSSESSION ( IT4 ,ON ANY O!R PR9CIPLE ?AN ?IS1 M5 C\LD NOT TALK AB\T !IR PROP]TY TO !IR NEI<BORS1 )\T LOS+ !IR EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO IT4 

,NO?+1 !RE=E1 C\LD BE MORE 5TIRELY F>CICAL1 ?AN ! NOTION1 ?AT A MAN LOSES HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 AN IDEA1 SIMPLY BY MAK+ ! IDEA KN[N TO O!R P]SONS--PROVID$1 ALWAYS1 ?AT ! ACT ( MAK+ ! IDEA KN[N1 BE REG>D$ SIMPLY AS SU*1 & NOT AS GIV+ POSSESSION ( IT4 

,LET US N[ LOOK AT ! ACT ( MAK+ KN[N AN IDEA1 9 ITS O!R ASPECT1 VIZ43 ?AT ( GIV+ POSSESSION ( IT4 

,H]E ! QUE/ION IS1 :E!R IT IS TO BE PRESUM$ ?AT A MAN 9T5DS TO P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 AN IDEA1 SIMPLY BECAUSE HE PUTS ! IDEA 9TO ! POSSESSION ( ANO!R P]SON8 

,H]E1 TOO1 !RE IS MANIFE/LY NO MORE GR\ND1 9 NATURE1 OR 9 REASON1 = PRESUM+ ?AT A MAN 9T5DS TO P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 A VALUABLE IDEA--?AT IS1 AN IDEA HAV+ AN IMPORTANT M>KET VALUE--SIMPLY BECAUSE HE GIVES IT 9TO ! POSSESSION ( ANO!R P]SON1 7)\T RECEIV+ ANY EQUIVAL5T1 OR O!RWISE 9DICAT+ ANY 9T5TION TO P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT17 ?AN !RE IS = PRESUM+ ?AT HE 9T5DS TO P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 ANY CORPOREAL COMMODITY1 ( ! SAME M>KET VALUE ) ! IDEA1 SIMPLY BECAUSE HE GIVES SU* COMMODITY 9TO ! POSSESSION ( ANO!R P]SON 7)\T RECEIV+ ANY EQUIVAL5T1 OR O!RWISE 9DICAT+ ANY 9T5TION TO P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT74 ,IT IS JU/ AS IMPROBABLE1 9 REASON1 & 9 NATURE1 ?AT A MAN W\LD GRATUIT\SLY P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 AN IDEA1 ?AT WAS WOR? 9 ! M>KET A HUNDR$1 A ?\S&1 OR A HUNDR$ ?\S& DOLL>S1 AS IT IS ?AT HE W\LD GRATUIT\SLY P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 A CORPOREAL COMMODITY1 ( ! SAME M>KET VALUE4 

,! LEGAL PRESUMPTION1 !RE=E1 AS TO :E!R A MAN DOES1 OR DOES NOT1 9T5D TO P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 AN IDEA1 :5 HE PUTS ?AT IDEA 9TO ! POSSESSION ( ANO!R P]SON1 WILL DEP5D V]Y MU* UPON ! M>KET VALUE ( ! IDEA4 ,9 %ORT1 ! LEGAL PRESUMPTION WILL BE GOV]N$ BY PRECISELY ! SAME PR9CIPLES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( A CORPOREAL COMMODITY4 

,TO ILLU/RATE !SE PR9CIPLES4 ,IF ONE MAN GIVE TO ANO!R ! POSSESSION ( A CORPOREAL COMMODITY1 ( SO SMALL VALUE AS A NUT1 AN APPLE1 OR A CUP ( WAT]1 = EXAMPLE1 )\T SAY+ :E!R HE ALSO GIVES ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 ! LEGAL PRESUMPTION CLE>LY IS ?AT HE DOES 9T5D TO GIVE ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,SU* IS ! LEGAL PRESUMPTION1 BECAUSE SU* IS CLE>LY ! MORAL PROBABILITY1 AS D]IV$ FROM ! G5]AL PRACTICE ( MANK9D4 ,BUT IF A MAN W]E TO GIVE TO ANO!R ! POSSESSION ( A CORPOREAL COMMODITY1 ( SO L>GE VALUE AS A HORSE1 A H\SE1 OR A F>M1 )\T RECEIV+ ANY EQUIVAL5T1 & )\T SPECIALLY MAK+ KN[N ?AT HE ALSO GAVE ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 ! LEGAL PRESUMPTION CLE>LY W\LD BE1 ?AT HE DID NOT 9T5D TO GIVE ! RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,SU* W\LD CLE>LY BE ! LEGAL PRESUMPTION1 SOLELY BECAUSE SU* W\LD CLE>LY BE ! MORAL PROBABILITY1 AS D]IV$ FROM ! G5]AL PRACTICE ( MANK9D4 ,BUT :]E ! VALUE ( A CORPOREAL COMMODITY IS NEI!R SO GREAT1 ON ! ONE H&1 NOR SO SMALL1 ON ! O!R1 AS TO FURNI% ANY CLE> RULE ( PROBABILITY1 AS TO :E!R ! [N] 9T5D$ TO RES]VE HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 OR NOT1 NO ABSOLUTE LEGAL PRESUMPTION1 AS TO HIS 9T5TIONS1 CAN BE D]IV$ SOLELY FROM ! FACT ( HIS GIV+ POSSESSION ( ! ?+ ITSELF2 & CONSEQU5TLY HIS 9T5TION1 AS TO P>T+ ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 OR NOT1 MAY NE$ TO BE PROV$ BY O!R EVID5CE4 

,9 ! CASE ( 9TELLECTUAL PROP]TY1 ! LEGAL PRESUMPTION W\LD FOLL[ ! SAME RULES ( MORAL PROBABILITY1 AS 9 ! CASE ( MAT]IAL PROP]TY--?AT IS1 IT W\LD FOLL[ ! RULE ( PROBABILITY1 :]E ! PROBABILITY1 AS D]IV$ FROM ! G5]AL PRACTICE ( MANK9D1 WAS CLE>4 ,BUT :]E ! PROBABILITY WAS NOT CLE>1 ! 9T5TION ( ! [N] W\LD BE A FACT TO BE PROV$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,IF1 = EXAMPLE1 ONE MAN GAVE POSSESSION TO ANO!R ( AN IDEA1 ?AT EI!R HAD A M]ELY TRIVIAL M>KET VALUE1 OR NO M>KET VALUE AT ALL1 7LIKE ! IDEAS :I* M5 USUALLY GIVE FREELY TO EA* O!R 9 CONV]SATION17 )\T O!RWISE 9DICAT+ ANY 9T5TION AS TO P>T+ ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 ! LEGAL PRESUMPTION1 LIKE ! MORAL PROBABILITY1 W\LD BE1 ?AT HE DID 9T5D TO P>T ) HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT4 ,BUT IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 HE GAVE POSSESSION ( AN IDEA1 ?AT HAD A L>GE M>KET VALUE1 )\T O!RWISE 9DICAT+ HIS 9T5TION AS TO P>T+ ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 ! LEGAL PRESUMPTION1 LIKE ! MORAL PROBABILITY1 W\LD BE ?AT HE DID NOT 9T5D TO P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY4 ,BUT :]E ! VALUE ( ! IDEA WAS NEI!R SO SMALL1 ON ! ONE H&1 NOR SO L>GE1 ON ! O!R1 AS TO FURNI% A CLE> RULE ( PROBABILITY AS TO ! [N]'S 9T5TIONS1 ! FACT ( HIS 9T5TION W\LD BE OP5 TO BE PROV$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,( C\RSE A MAN C\LD ALWAYS RES]VE HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 IDEAS ( ! SMALLE/ VALUE1 OR P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 IDEAS ( ! L>GE/ VALUE1 BY SPECIALLY MAK+ KN[N ?AT SU* W]E HIS 9T5TIONS4 

,:E!R1 !RE=E1 ! ACT ( MAK+ KN[N AN IDEA1 BE REG>D$ SIMPLY AS MAK+ IT KN[N1 7AS 9 ! CASE ( MAK+ KN[N A CORPOREAL COMMODITY17 OR AS ALSO GIV+ POSSESSION ( IT1 IT AF=DS NO GR\ND = PRESUM+ ?AT ! [N] 9T5D$ TO P>T ) HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 PROVID$ ! IDEA BE A VALUABLE ONE = ! M>KET2 BECAUSE IT IS NATURALLY AS IMPROBABLE1 ?AT A MAN W\LD GRATUIT\SLY P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 AN IDEA1 ?AT W\LD BR+ HIM AN IMPORTANT SUM 9 ! M>KET1 AS IT IS ?AT HE W\LD GRATUIT\SLY P>T ) HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 A CORPOREAL COMMODITY1 ?AT W\LD BR+ ! SAME SUM 9 ! M>KET4 

,IF IT W]E POSSIBLE = ! LAW TO REG>D ! ACT ( MAK+ AN IDEA KN[N1 SIMPLY AS MAK+ IT KN[N1 7AS 9 ! CASE ( MAK+ KN[N A CORPOREAL COMMODITY17 & NOT ALSO AS GIV+ POSSESSION ( IT1 IT W\LD CLE>LY BE ! DUTY ( ! LAW SO TO REG>D IT1 :5EV] ! IDEA WAS ONE ?AT HAD AN IMPORTANT VALUE 9 ! M>KET4 ,& :Y %\LD ! LAW SO REG>D IT8 ,FIR/1 BECAUSE SU* W\LD CLE>LY BE ! 9T5TION ( ! [N] ( ! IDEA4 ,:5 HE DESCRIBES HIS IDEA TO HIS NEI<BOR1 HE NO MORE 9T5DS TO CONVEY TO HIM ANY VALUABLE PROP]TY RI<T 9 ! IDEA ITSELF1 BEYOND A M]E KN[L$GE ( IT1 ?AN HE 9T5DS TO CONVEY A VALUABLE PROP]TY RI<T 9 A CORPOREAL COMMODITY1 BEYOND A M]E KN[L$GE ( IT1 :5 HE DESCRIBES SU* COMMODITY TO HIS NEI<BOR4 ,HIS 9T5TION1 9 EI!R CASE1 IS SIMPLY TO CONVEY A B>E KN[L$GE ( ! IDEA1 OR ( ! CORPOREAL COMMODITY1 & NO?+ MORE4 ,& HIS 9T5TION %\LD BE TAK5 = :AT IT REALLY IS1 & = NO?+ ELSE1 IF ?AT BE POSSIBLE4 

,A SECOND REASON TO ! SAME PO9T IS ?IS4 ,! ONE1 TO :OM ! [N] COMMUNICATES AN IDEA1 HAD NO CLAIM TO IT4 ,HE DID NOT PRODUCE IT4 ,HE PAYS NO?+ = IT4 ,HE HAD NO CLAIM UPON ! [N] TO FURNI% IT TO HIM4 ,! [N] DID HIM A K9DNESS1 BY GIV+ HIM A SIMPLE KN[L$GE ( ! IDEA1 )\T ANY O!R RI<T4 ,!SE >E SUFFICI5T REASONS :Y1 AFT] ! IDEA IS MADE KN[N TO HIM1 HE %\LD CLAIM NO FUR!R RI<TS 9 IT1 ?AN ! [N] 9T5D$ TO CONVEY TO HIM4 ,!Y >E ALSO SUFFICI5T REASONS :Y ! LAW %\LD1 IF IT BE POSSIBLE1 GIVE SU* A CON/RUCTION1 & ONLY SU* A CON/RUCTION1 TO ! ACT MAK+ KN[N ! IDEA1 AS ! [N] 9T5D$4 

,BUT S9CE ! ACT ( MAK+ AN IDEA KN[N1 NECESS>ILY 9VOLVES ! GIV+ POSSESSION ( IT1 ! LAW MU/1 P]HAPS1 NECESS>ILY REG>D IT AS GIV+ POSSESSION ( IT4 ,IF SO1 ! [N]1 :5 HE MAKES AN IDEA KN[N1 MU/ TAKE ALL ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT NECESS>ILY FOLL[ FROM GIV+ POSSESSION ( IT4 ,WE HAVE SE5 :AT ?OSE CONSEQU5CES >E1 TO WIT4 ,:]E ! IDEA HAS A M]ELY TRIVIAL M>KET VALUE1 ! PRESUMPTION CLE>LY IS1 ?AT ! [N] 9T5DS TO P>T ) HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT4 ,:]E ! IDEA HAS A L>GE M>KET VALUE1 ! PRESUMPTION CLE>LY IS1 ?AT HE DOES NOT 9T5D TO P>T ) HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT4 ,BUT :]E ! M>KET VALUE ( ! IDEA IS NEI!R V]Y IMPORTANT1 NOR REALLY UNIMPORTANT1 NO V]Y /RONG PRESUMPTION EI!R WAY CAN >ISE FROM ! SIMPLE FACT ( GIV+ POSSESSION2 & ! [N]'S 9T5TION WILL BE OP5 TO BE DET]M9$ BY O!R CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,BUT !RE >E V]Y WEI<TY REASONS ( POLICY1 AS WELL AS ( JU/ICE1 :Y ! FACT1 ?AT A MAN MAKES KN[N AN IDEA1 OR GIVES POSSESSION ( IT1 %\LD1 9 NO CASE1 :]E HIS 9T5TIONS >E AT ALL D\BTFUL1 BE CON/RU$ UNFAVORABLY TO HIS RETA9+ HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT2 & :Y ! RULE %\LD AT LEA/ BE AS /R+5T1 9 FAVOR ( ! [N]1 9 ! CASE ( IDEAS1 AS 9 ! CASE ( MAT]IAL COMMODITIES ( ! SAME M>KET VALUE4 ,!SE REASONS >E AS FOLL[S4 

,FIR/4 ,BECAUSE IT IS MANIFE/LY CONTR>Y TO REASON & JU/ICE TO PRESUME ?AT A MAN 9T5DS ANY ?+1 ADV]SE TO HIS [N RI<TS & HIS [N 9T]E/S1 :]E NO CAUSE IS %[N = HIS DO+ SO4 ,?IS REASON IS AS /RONG 9 ! CASE ( AN IDEA1 AS 9 ! CASE ( A MAT]IAL COMMODITY4 

,SECONDLY4 ,BECAUSE M5 WILL BE !REBY DISC\RAG$ FROM PRODUC+ VALUABLE IDEAS2 FROM MAK+ !M KN[N2 FROM (F]+ !M = SALE2 & FROM !REBY 5ABL+ MANK9D TO PUR*ASE1 & HAVE ! B5EFIT ( !M4 ,! LAW %\LD AS MU* 5C\RAGE M5 TO PRODUCE & MAKE KN[N VALUABLE IDEAS1 & (F] !M = SALE1 AS IT DOES TO PRODUCE & MAKE KN[N VALUABLE MAT]IAL COMMODITIES1 & (F] !M = SALE4 ,IT %\LD !RE=E AS MU* PROTECT A MAN'S RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 A VALUABLE IDEA1 AFT] HE HAS PRODUC$ IT1 & MADE IT KN[N TO ! PUBLIC1 & (F]$ IT = SALE1 AS IT %\LD HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 A VALUABLE MAT]IAL COMMODITY1 AFT] HE HAS PRODUC$ IT1 & ADV]TIS$ IT TO ! PUBLIC4 ,IT W\LD BE NO MORE ABSURD OR ATROCI\S1 9 POLICY1 OR 9 LAW1 TO DEPRIVE A MAN ( HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 A VALUABLE MAT]IAL COMMODITY1 AS A P5ALTY = EXHIBIT+ OR (F]+ ?AT COMMODITY TO ! PUBLIC1 ?AN IT IS TO DEPRIVE A MAN ( HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 A VALUABLE IDEA1 AS A P5ALTY = BR++ ?AT IDEA TO ! KN[L$GE ( ! PUBLIC4 ,IF M5 CANNOT BE PROTECT$ 9 BR++ !IR VALUABLE IDEAS 9TO ! M>KET1 !Y WILL EI!R NOT PRODUCE !M1 OR WILL KEEP !M CONCEAL$ AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 & /RIVE TO REALIZE SOME PR(IT BY US+ !M AS F> AS !Y CAN1 9 PRIVATE4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y WILL DO JU/ AS M5 W\LD DO ) !IR MAT]IAL COMMODITIES1 IF !Y W]E NOT PROTECT$ 9 MAK+ !M KN[N TO ! PUBLIC--?AT IS1 EI!R NOT PRODUCE !M1 OR KEEP !M CONCEAL$1 & USE !M 9 PRIVATE1 9/EAD ( (F]+ !M = SALE TO ?OSE :O W\LD PUR*ASE & USE !M1 = !IR [N B5EFIT1 & ! B5EFIT ( ! PUBLIC4 ,! LAW CANNOT COMPEL M5 TO PRODUCE VALUABLE IDEAS1 & DISCLOSE !M TO ! WORLD2 IT CAN ONLY 9DUCE !M TO DO IT4 ,& IT CAN 9DUCE !M TO DO IT1 ONLY BY PROTECT+ !IR RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !M1 OR BY MAK+ SOME O!R COMP5SATION = !M4 

,?IRDLY4 ,! LAW \<T NOT ONLY TO 5C\RAGE MANK9D TO TRADE ) EA* O!R1 BUT IT \<T TO 5C\RAGE !M TO TRADE HONE/LY1 9TELLIG5TLY1 & !RE=E B5EFICIALLY2 & NOT KNAVI%LY1 BL9DLY1 OR 9JURI\SLY4 ,IT \<T1 !RE=E1 TO 5C\RAGE !M TO EXHIBIT !IR COMMODITIES1 & MAKE KN[N !IR TRUE QUALITIES 9 ! FULLE/ MANN]1 TO ?OSE :O PROPOSE TO BECOME PUR*AS]S4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 A MAN HAVE AN IDEA TO SELL1 HE %\LD BE 5C\RAG$ TO MAKE ITS TRUE *>ACT] & VALUE FULLY KN[N TO ! 9T5D$ PUR*AS]4 ,BUT ?IS HE CAN DO ONLY BY PUTT+ ! IDEA 9TO ! POSSESSION ( ! PROPOS$ PUR*AS]4 ,?IS ACT1 !N1 :I* ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROPOS$ PUR*AS] REQUIRE1 & :I* ! [N] CONS5TS TO = ! SATISFACTION1 SAFETY1 & B5EFIT ( ! PROPOS$ PUR*AS]1 C]TA9LY \<T NOT TO BE CON/RU$ AGA9/ ! RI<TS ( ! [N]2 ANY MORE ?AN ! FACT1 ?AT ! [N] ( ANY MAT]IAL COMMODITY GIVES IT 9TO ! H&S ( A PROPOS$ PUR*AS]1 9 ORD] ?AT ! LATT] MAY 9SPECT IT1 & JUDGE :E!R IT BE = HIS 9T]E/ TO PUR*ASE IT1 \<T TO BE CON/RU$ UNFAVORABLY TO ! RI<TS ( ! [N]4 

,NO LAW C\LD BE MORE ABSURD 9 ITSELF1 OR H>DLY MORE FATAL TO HONE/Y 9 TRADE1 OR EV5 MORE DE/RUCTIVE TO TRADE ITSELF1 ?AN A LAW1 ?AT %\LD =BID ! [N] ( A COMMODITY TO EXHIBIT IT1 SUBMIT IT FREELY TO 9SPECTION1 OR EV5 GIVE IT 9TO ! POSSESSION ( A PROPOS$ PUR*AS]1 = EXAM9ATION & TRIAL1 EXCEPT UND] P5ALTY ( !REBY =FEIT+ HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT4 ,COMM]CIAL SOCIETY C\LD NOT EXI/ A MOM5T UND] SU* A PR9CIPLE4 ,9 FACT1 NEI!R CIVIL1 SOCIAL1 NOR COMM]CIAL SOCIETY C\LD EXI/ UND] IT4 ,& ! PR9CIPLE IS JU/ AS ABSURD1 FATAL1 & DE/RUCTIVE1 :5 APPLI$ TO IDEAS1 AS IT W\LD BE IF APPLI$ TO MAT]IAL COMMODITIES4 

,9 ! TRAFFIC 9 MAT]IAL COMMODITIES1 ! LAW 5C\RAGES HONE/Y1 CONFID5CE1 DISCLOSURE1 EXAM9ATION1 9SPECTION1 & 9TELLIG5CE1 BY PROTECT+ ! RI<TS ( ! TRUE [N]1 EV5 ?\< HE SURR5D] ! COMMODITY 9TO ! EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION ( A MAN1 :O PROPOSES TO PUR*ASE IT4 ,?IS IS MORE ?AN IS EV] NECESS>Y 9 ! CASE ( AN IDEA2 = !RE ! [N] ALWAYS RETA9S AN EQUAL POSSESSION1 ) ! 9DIVIDUAL TO :OM HE COMMUNICATES ! IDEA4 ,H[ ABSURD & 9CONSI/5T1 !N1 IS IT TO SAY ?AT ! [N] ( ! IDEA1 LOSES HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 BY ALL[+ ANO!R SIMPLY TO P>TICIPATE ) HIMSELF 9 ITS POSSESSION1 :ILE ! [N] ( A MAT]IAL COMMODITY RETA9S HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY1 NOT)/&+ HE SURR5D] TO ANO!R ! EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION4 

,IF ! [N] ( A H\SE ADMIT A P]SON 9TO HIS H\SE1 EI!R ON BUS9ESS1 OR AS A FRI5D1 OR = 9SPECTION AS A PROPOS$ PUR*AS]1 HE !REBY AS MU* ADMITS SU* P]SON TO AN EQUAL POSSESSION ) HIMSELF ( ! H\SE1 AS ! [N] ( AN IDEA1 ADMITS A MAN TO AN EQUAL POSSESSION ( IT1 :5 HE ADMITS A FRI5D1 NEI<BOR1 OR PROPOS$ PUR*AS]1 TO A KN[L$GE ( ?AT IDEA4 ,& !RE IS AS MU* F\NDATION1 9 JU/ICE1 & 9 REASON1 = SAY+ ?AT ! [N] ( ! H\SE !REBY LOSES HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 HIS H\SE1 AS !RE IS = SAY+ ?AT ! [N] ( ! IDEA !REBY LOSES HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 HIS IDEA4 

,SO ALSO1 IF ! [N] ( A F>M ADMIT A MAN UPON HIS F>M1 9 COMPANY ) HIMSELF1 = ANY PURPOSE :ATEV]1 HE AS MU* ADMITS SU* P]SON TO AN EQUAL POSSESSION ( IT1 = ! TIME BE+1 AS ! [N] ( AN IDEA ADMITS A MAN TO AN EQUAL POSSESSION ) HIMSELF1 :5 HE ADMITS SU* P]SON TO A KN[L$GE ( ?AT IDEA4 ,& !RE IS AS MU* F\NDATION1 9 JU/ICE1 & 9 REASON1 = SAY+ ?AT ! [N] ( ! F>M !REBY LOSES HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 HIS F>M1 AS !RE IS = SAY+ ?AT ! [N] ( ! IDEA !REBY LOSES HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 HIS IDEA4 

,IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT !RE IS ANY WANT ( ANALOGY BETWE5 !SE CASES ( ! H\SE & ! F>M1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ( ! IDEA ON ! O!R1 = ! REASON ?AT1 9 ! CASES ( ! H\SE & ! F>M1 ! JO9T POSSESSION IS TEMPOR>Y1 BUT ?AT1 9 ! CASE ( ! IDEA1 ! JO9T POSSESSION IS NECESS>ILY P]PETUAL--79ASMU* AS A MAN CANNOT AT WILL BE DISPOSSESS$1 OR DISPOSSESS HIMSELF1 ( AN IDEA1 AFT] HE HAS ONCE BECOME POSSESS$ ( IT74 ,?IS DIFF]5CE 9 ! CASES IS :OLLY IMMAT]IAL TO ! PR9CIPLE1 = ! REASON ?AT1 IF EQUAL POSSESSION W]E TO GIVE EQUAL RI<T ( PROP]TY1 IT W\LD GIVE IT ON ! FIR/ MOM5T ( POSSESSION2 & ! ONE1 :O %\LD ?US ACQUIRE AN EQUAL RI<T ( PROP]TY1 W\LD HAVE !NCE=? AS MU* RI<T TO MAKE HIS POSSESSION P]PETUAL1 AS W\LD ! ORIG9AL [N]4 

,?IS CONCLUSION IS SO OBVI\S & 9EVITABLE1 & W\LD BE SO FATAL TO ALL RI<TS ( PROP]TY1 ?AT :]E ONE MAN ?US ADMITS ANO!R UPON HIS PREMISES1 ! LAW DOES NOT EV5 CONSID] IT A CASE ( JO9T POSSESSION1 = ANY LEGAL PURPOSE :ATEV]1 EXCEPT TO PROTECT ! P]SON ADMITT$ FROM VIOL5CE DUR+1 & ON ACC\NT (1 SU* OCCUPATION AS HE HAS BE5 VOLUNT>ILY ADMITT$ TO4 ,BUT = ANY PURPOSES ( PROP]TY1 CONTROL1 USE1 [N]%IP1 OR DOM9ION1 AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! TRUE [N]1 IT IS NOT1 9 LAW1 A CASE EV5 ( JO9T POSSESSION4 ,& IF ?IS BE A S\ND PR9CIPLE1 9 ! CASE ( ! H\SE1 OR ! F>M--AS IT UNQUE/IONABLY IS--& ONE 9DISP5SABLE TO ! CO-EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL LIFE & ! RI<TS ( PROP]TY--IT IS AN EQUALLY S\ND PR9CIPLE1 :5 APPLI$ TO AN IDEA4 

,ON ?IS PR9CIPLE1 !N1 A P]SON ADMITT$1 BY ITS [N]1 TO ! KN[L$GE OR POSSESSION ( AN IDEA1 )\T ANY 9T5TION1 ON ! P>T ( ! [N]1 TO P>T ) ANY RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 IS NOT 5TITL$ EV5 TO BE CONSID]$ A JO9T POSSESSOR ( ! IDEA1 = ANY LEGAL PURPOSE :ATEV]1 BEYOND ! 9T5TION ( ! [N]1 EXCEPT = ! SIMPLE PURPOSE ( GIV+ HIM A LAWFUL PROTECTION FROM VIOL5CE DUR+1 & ON ACC\NT (1 SU* A POSSESSION AS ! [N] HAS VOLUNT>ILY ADMITT$ HIM TO4 ,= ANY ( ! PURPOSES ( PROP]TY1 CONTROL1 USE1 OR DOM9ION1 AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! TRUE [N]1 HE IS NO MORE 9 ! LEGAL POSSESSION ( ! IDEA1 ?AN1 9 ! CASES BE=E SUPPOS$1 ! MAN ADMITT$ BY ! [N] 9TO A H\SE1 OR UPON A F>M1 IS 9 LEGAL POSSESSION ( SU* H\SE OR F>M4 

,9 %ORT1 ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( LAW IS1 ?AT :]E ONE MAN 5TRU/S HIS PROP]TY 9 ANO!R MAN'S POSSESSION1 ! LATT] HAS NO RI<T :ATEV] TO USE IT1 O!RWISE ?AN AS ! [N] CONS5TS ?AT HE MAY USE IT4 ,NOT BE+ ! [N] ( IT1 HE CAN EX]CISE NO K9D ( DOM9ION OV] IT1 EXCEPT SU* AS ! [N] HAS GIV5 HIM P]MISSION TO EX]CISE4 ,IF HE DO USE IT1 )\T ! [N]'S P]MISSION1 & ANY 9CONV5I5CE BE OCCASION$ TO ! [N] !REBY1 OR ! PROP]TY COME TO ANY H>M 9 CONSEQU5CE1 HE BECOMES LEGALLY LIABLE TO PAY ! DAMAGES4 ,OR IF HE USE ! PROP]TY = PURPOSES ( PR(IT1 )\T ! [N]'S P]MISSION1 ! PR(ITS BELONG TO ! [N] ( ! PROP]TY1 & NOT TO ! ONE HAV+ POSSESSION ( IT4 

,!SE >E ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( ! LAW ( NATURE 9 REG>D TO PROP]TY 5TRU/$ BY ONE MAN TO ! KEEP+ ( ANO!R4 ,& !Y >E AS APPLICABLE TO 9CORPOREAL PROP]TY--IDEAS1 = EXAMPLE--AS !Y >E TO CORPOREAL PROP]TY4 

,! ONLY EXCEPTION TO !SE PR9CIPLES1 ?AT IS ( SUFFICI5T IMPORTANCE TO BE NOTIC$ H]E1 IS :]E ! KEEP+ ( ANO!R'S PROP]TY IS ATT5D$ ) EXP5SE1 AS A HORSE1 = EXAMPLE1 :I* MU/ BE F$4 ,9 SU* A CASE1 IF ! [N] HAVE MADE NO PROVISION = ! SUPPORT ( ! HORSE1 ! MAN HAV+ POSSESSION ( HIM MAY USE HIM 5\< TO PAY = HIS KEEP4 ,BUT ! PR9CIPLE ( ?IS EXCEPTION W\LD NOT APPLY AT ALL TO 9TELLECTUAL PROP]TY--AN IDEA1 = EXAMPLE--:I* ONE MAN HAD 5TRU/$ TO ANO!R2 BECAUSE ! KEEP+ ( IT W\LD BE ATT5D$ ) NO EXP5SE4 ,! MAN HAV+ IT 9 HIS POSSESSION1 !RE=E1 W\LD HAVE NO RI<T TO USE IT1 )\T ! [N]'S CONS5T4 

,! CONCLUSION1 !RE=E1 IS1 ?AT :5 ONE MAN COMMUNICATES A VALUABLE IDEA TO ANO!R1 )\T ANY 9T5TION ( P>T+ ) HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 ! LATT] RECEIVES A SIMPLE KN[L$GE1 OR NAK$ POSSESSION1 ( ! IDEA1 )\T ANY RI<T ( PROP]TY1 USE1 CONTROL1 OR DOM9ION :ATEV]1 BEYOND :AT ! TRUE [N] 9T5D$ HE %\LD HAVE4 

,TO CONCLUDE ! >GUM5T ON ?IS PO9T4 ,!RE IS ONE MON/R\S 9CONSI/5CY1 OR MORE PROP]LY ONE MON/R\S ABSURDITY1 9 ! LAWS1 AS AT PRES5T ADM9I/]$1 RELATIVE TO 9TELLECTUAL PROP]TY4 ,IT IS ?IS--?AT UNKN[N IDEAS >E LEGITIMATE OBJECTS ( PROP]TY & SALE2 BUT ?AT KN[N IDEAS >E NOT4 

,?US ! LAW1 AS N[ ADM9I/]$1 HOLDS1 ?AT IF A MAN CAN MAKE A CONTRACT1 = ! SALE ( HIS IDEAS1 )\T FIR/ MAK+ !M KN[N1 OR 5ABL+ ! PUR*AS] TO JUDGE ( !IR VALUE1 OR ( !IR ADAPTATION TO HIS USE1 !Y >E A SUFFICI5T CONSID]ATION = ! CONTRACT1 & CONSEQU5TLY LEGITIMATE OBJECTS ( PROP]TY & SALE2 & ! CONTRACT IS B9D+ UPON ! PUR*AS]2 & ! SELL]1 UPON ! DELIV]Y ( ! IDEAS1 CAN COMPEL ! PAYM5T ( ! PRICE AGRE$ UPON = !M4 ,BUT IF HE FIR/ MAKE HIS IDEAS KN[N1 SO AS TO 5ABLE ! PROPOS$ PUR*AS] TO SEE :AT HE IS BUY+1 & JUDGE ( !IR VALUE1 & !IR ADAPTATION TO HIS USES1 !Y >E NO LONG] LEGITIMATE OBJECTS ( PROP]TY OR SALE2 >E AN 9SUFFICI5T CONSID]ATION = A CONTRACT2 & ! [N] !REBY LOSES HIS P[] ( MAK+ ANY B9D+ CONTRACT = ! SALE ( !M2 & LOSES HIS EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY 9 !M ALTOGE!R4 

,?US ! PR9CIPLE ( ! LAW1 AS N[ ADM9I/]$1 CLE>LY IS1 ?AT IF A MAN BUY IDEAS1 )\T ANY KN[L$GE ( !M1 HE IS B\ND TO PAY = !M4 ,BUT IF HE BUY !M1 AFT] FULL 9SPECTION1 & PRO( ( !IR VALUE1 HE IS NOT B\ND TO PAY = !M4 ,!Y >E !N NO LONG] M]*&ISE4 ,9 %ORT1 ! PR9CIPLE ACT$ UPON IS1 ?AT UNKN[N IDEAS >E OBJECTS ( PROP]TY & SALE2 BUT KN[N IDEAS >E NOT4 

,TO ILLU/RATE4 ,IF A MAN CONTRACT ) ! PUBLI%] ( A NEWSPAP]1 TO FURNI% HIM A %EET ( IDEAS1 DAILY OR WEEKLY1 = A YE>1 = A GIV5 SUM--! IDEAS !MSELVES BE+ ( C\RSE UNKN[N AT ! TIME ( ! CONTRACT1 & !IR 9TR9SIC VALUE BE+ NECESS>ILY TAK5 ON TRU/--SU* IDEAS >E LEGAL OBJECTS ( PROP]TY & SALE1 & A SUFFICI5T CONSID]ATION = ! CONTRACT2 & ! CONTRACT IS !RE=E B9D+ UPON ! PUR*AS]1 EV5 ?\< ! IDEAS1 :5 !Y COME TO BE DELIV]$1 %\LD PROVE NOT TO BE WOR? HALF ! PRICE AGRE$ UPON4 ,SO1 TOO1 IF A MAN CONTRACT ) A LAWY] TO FURNI% HIM LEGAL IDEAS2 OR ) A PREA*] TO FURNI% HIM RELIGI\S IDEAS2 OR ) A PHYSICIAN TO FURNI% HIM M$ICAL IDEAS--! IDEAS !MSELVES BE+ UNKN[N AT ! TIME ( ! CONTRACT1 & !IR VALUE !RE=E NECESS>ILY TAK5 ON TRU/--SU* IDEAS >E A SUFFICI5T CONSID]ATION = A CONTRACT2 & CONSEQU5TLY LEGITIMATE OBJECTS ( PROP]TY & SALE2 & MU/ BE PAID =1 ON DELIV]Y1 EV5 ?\< !Y %\LD PROVE TO BE NOT HALF SO VALUABLE AS ! PUR*AS] HAD ANTICIPAT$ !Y W\LD BE4 ,BUT IF A MAN HAVE A ME*ANICAL IDEA TO SELL1 & = ! SATISFACTION ( ! PROPOS$ PUR*AS]1 EXHIBIT IT TO HIM1 & DEMON/RATE ITS VALUE1 & ITS ADAPTATION TO HIS PURPOSES1 BE=E ASK+ HIM TO PUR*ASE IT1 ! LAW1 AS N[ ADM9I/]$1 HOLDS ?AT IT IS NO LONG] ! EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY ( ! ORIG9AL [N]2 NO LONG] AN OBJECT ( SALE BETWE5 !SE P>TIES2 BUT HAS ALREADY BECOME ! JO9T PROP]TY ( BO?1 )\T ANY CONSID]ATION = IT HAV+ PASS$ BETWE5 !M4 

,N[1 IT IS PLA9 ?AT ?IS PR9CIPLE IS AS FALSE 9 POLICY1 AS FALSE 9 E?ICS1 & AS FALSE 9 REASON1 AS W\LD BE ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 IF APPLI$ TO CORPOREAL COMMODITIES--MAK+ !M LAWFUL OBJECTS ( PROP]TY & SALE1 PROVID$ CONTRACTS = !M BE 5T]$ 9TO BE=E ! PUR*AS] SEES !M1 OR KN[S :AT !Y >E2 BUT NO LONG] OBJECTS ( PROP]TY OR SALE1 AFT] ?OSE1 :O WI% TO PUR*ASE & USE !M1 %ALL HAVE 9SPECT$ !M1 & BECOME SATISFI$ ( !IR VALUE1 & ADAPTATION TO !IR PURPOSES4 

,IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT !RE IS A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO CLASSES ( CASES--?AT 9 ! CASE ( ! LAWY]1 ! PREA*]1 & ! PHYSICIAN1 !Y SELL NOT !IR IDEAS1 BUT ! LABOR ( PRODUC+ !M1 & ( MAK+ !M KN[N1 OR DELIV]+ !M2 :]EAS 9 ! CASE ( ! 9V5TOR1 HE SEEKS TO SELL1 NOT ! LABOR ( PRODUC+1 OR MAK+ KN[N1 OR DELIV]+ HIS IDEA1 7= ?AT LABOR HAS ALREADY BE5 P]=M$ ON HIS [N RESPONSIBILITY17 BUT ! IDEA ITSELF4 ,?IS CANNOT CONSI/5TLY BE SAID1 BECAUSE IT IS REALLY ! IDEA ONLY ?AT IS PAID =1 OR = :I* PAY IS CLAIM$ 9 EI!R CASE4 ,! LABOR1 NEI!R ( PRODUC+1 NOR ( MAK+ KN[N1 OR DELIV]+ IDEAS1 HAS ANY 9TR9SIC VALUE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ITS PRODUCTS--?AT IS1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! IDEAS PRODUC$1 MADE KN[N1 OR DELIV]$1 BY IT4 ,WE PAY = LABOR1 :E!R 9TELLECTUAL OR PHYSICAL1 ONLY = ! SAKE ( ITS PRODUCTS4 ,WE DO 9DE$ CALL IT PAY+ = LABOR1 9/EAD ( PAY+ = ITS PRODUCTS4 ,&1 9 ONE S5SE1 WE DO PAY = ! LABOR1 RA!R ?AN = ITS PRODUCTS2 BECAUSE WE PAY = ! LABOR1 TAK+ \R RISK :E!R ITS PRODUCTS WILL BE ( ANY VALUE4 ,YET1 9 REALITY1 IT IS ONLY ! PRODUCTS ( ! LABOR1 ?AT WE HAVE 9 VIEW1 :5 WE BUY ! LABOR4 ,NO ONE BUYS LABOR = ITS [N SAKE2 NOR = ANY O!R REASON ?AN ?AT HE MAY !REBY BECOME ! [N] ( ITS PRODUCTS4 ,BY BUY+ ! LABOR1 ONE MAKES HIMSELF ! [N] ( ITS PRODUCTS2 & ?IS IS ! :OLE OBJECT ( BUY+ ! LABOR ITSELF4 ,! DIFF]5CE1 !RE=E1 BETWE5 BUY+ LABOR1 & BUY+ ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR1 IS A DIFF]5CE ( =M M]ELY1 & NOT ( SUB/ANCE4 ,! PRODUCTS ( LABOR >E ALL ?AT MAKE LABOR ( ANY VALUE1 & ALL ?AT >E REALLY HAD 9 VIEW :5 ! LABOR IS PUR*AS$4 

,?IS DIFF]5CE 9 ! TWO CASES--?AT IS1 BETWE5 SELL+ IDEAS !MSELVES1 & SELL+ ! LABOR ( PRODUC+1 & MAK+ KN[N1 OR DELIV]+1 IDEAS--IS IMMAT]IAL = /ILL ANO!R REASON1 VIZ43 ?AT IT W\LD BE ABSURD TO SAY ?AT ! 9TELLECTUAL LABOR ( PRODUC+ IDEAS1 OR ! PHYSICAL LABOR ( SPEAK+1 PR9T+1 OR O!RWISE DELIV]+ !M1 WAS A LEGITIMATE OBJECT ( PROP]TY OR SALE1 UNLESS ! IDEAS !MSELVES1 ?US PRODUC$ & DELIV]$1 W]E ALSO LEGITIMATE OBJECTS ( PROP]TY & SALE4 ,TO SAY ?IS W\LD BE AS ABSURD AS TO SAY ?AT ! LABOR ( PRODUC+ OR DELIV]+ CORPOREAL COMMODITIES1 WAS A PROP] OBJECT ( PROP]TY & SALE2 BUT ?AT ?OSE COMMODITIES !MSELVES W]E NOT PROP] OBJECTS ( PROP]TY OR SALE4 

,TO BE CONSI/5T1 !RE=E1 ! LAW %\LD EI!R HOLD1 ?AT ! LABOR ( PRODUC+1 & MAK+ KN[N1 OR DELIV]+1 IDEAS1 IS NOT AN OBJECT ( PROP]TY & SALE2 OR ELSE IT %\LD HOLD ?AT ! IDEAS !MSELVES >E OBJECTS ( PROP]TY & SALE4 

,! OBJECT ( BUY+ KN[N IDEAS1 & ( BUY+ ! LABOR ?AT PRODUCES1 & MAKES KN[N1 OR DELIV]S UNKN[N IDEAS1 IS ! SAME1 VIZ43 TO GET IDEAS = USE4 ,& TO SAY ?AT AN IDEA IS NOT AS LEGITIMATE AN OBJECT ( PROP]TY & SALE1 AS IS ! LABOR ( PRODUC+ OR DELIV]+ IT1 IS JU/ AS ABSURD AS IT W\LD BE TO SAY ?AT :EAT IS NOT ITSELF A LEGITIMATE OBJECT ( PROP]TY OR SALE1 BUT ?AT ! LABOR ( PRODUC+ & DELIV]+ :EAT IS A LEGITIMATE OBJECT ( PROP]TY & SALE4 

,ALL 9TELLECTUAL LABOR1 !RE=E1 ?AT IS EMPLOY$ 9 PRODUC+ IDEAS1 & ALL PHYSICAL LABOR1 79CLUD+ MANUSCRIPT WRIT+1 & PR9T+1 AS WELL AS SPEAK+17 ?AT IS EMPLOY$ 9 MAK+ KN[N IDEAS1 %\LD BE HELD TO BE NO SUBJECTS ( PROP]TY OR SALE1 & NO SUFFICI5T CONSID]ATIONS = A CONTRACT2 OR ELSE ALL ! IDEAS PRODUC$ BY 9TELLECTUAL LABOR1 OR DELIV]$ OR MADE KN[N BY PHYSICAL LABOR1 %\LD ALSO BE HELD TO BE LEGITIMATE SUBJECTS ( PROP]TY & SALE1 & SUFFICI5T CONSID]ATIONS = CONTRACTS4 ,& IF !Y >E LEGITIMATE SUBJECTS ( PROP]TY & SALE1 & SUFFICI5T CONSID]ATIONS = CONTRACTS1 BE=E !Y >E MADE KN[N TO A PROPOS$ PUR*AS]1 & BE=E HE CAN SEE :AT !Y >E1 OR JUDGE ( !IR VALUE1 OR ( !IR ADAPTATION TO HIS USE1 IT IS ABSURD & 9CONSI/5T TO SAY ?AT !Y >E NOT AT LEA/ EQUALLY LEGITIMATE SUBJECTS ( PROP]TY & SALE1 & QUITE AS VALID CONSID]ATIONS = CONTRACTS1 AFT] !Y HAVE BE5 MADE KN[N TO A PROPOS$ PUR*AS]1 & HE HAS EXAM9$ !M1 SE5 :AT !Y >E1 & ASC]TA9$ !IR VALUE1 & !IR ADAPTATION TO HIS USE4 

,! >GUM5T ( POSSESSION IS ( NO =CE AGA9/ ?IS VIEW ( ! CASE1 BECAUSE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! POSSESSION GIV51 IS SIMPLY ! KN[L$GE1 OR NAK$ POSSESSION1 ( ! IDEA1 )\T ANY RI<T ( USE1 PROP]TY1 CONTRACT1 OR DOM9ION1 BEYOND :AT ! TRUE [N] 9T5D$ TO CONVEY1 :5 HE MADE ! IDEA KN[N4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ah$ 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b1 ,SECTION #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bb 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #b1 ,SECTION #b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/