,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d 

#aheeahee 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,V4 

,! ,S,A,L,E ,( ,I,D,E,A,S4 

,!RE REMA9 TO BE CONSID]$ SOME IMPORTANT QUE/IONS1 9 REG>D TO ! SALE ( IDEAS1 9 CONNECTION ) BOOKS1 MA*9ES1 /ATUES1 PICTURES1 @&C4 ,WE WILL FIR/ SPEAK ( ! SALE ( !M 9 CONNECTION ) BOOKS2 & ( ! O!R CASES AFT]W>DS4 

,:5 AN AU?OR SELLS A COPY ( HIS BOOK1 DOES ?AT SALE C>RY ) IT ! RI<T TO REPR9T ! BOOK8 ,OR DOES HE RES]VE ?AT RI<T EXCLUSIVELY TO HIMSELF8 

,IF HE RES]VE ?AT RI<T EXCLUSIVELY TO HIMSELF1 H[ DOES ?AT RES]VATION LEGALLY APPE>1 :5 NO EXPRESS /IPULATION ( ! K9D IS %[N8 

,IF ! PUR*AS] ( A BOOK DO NOT BUY ) IT ! RI<T TO REPR9T IT1 :AT RI<T ( PROP]TY OR USE DOES HE BUY1 9 ! IDEAS :I* ! BOOK COMMUNICATES8 ,& H[ >E LEGAL TRIBUNALS TO KN[ :AT RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 ! IDEAS1 :I* ! BOOK COMMUNICATES1 IS CONVEY$ BY ! SALE ( ! BOOK ITSELF8 

,QUE/IONS ( ?IS K9D HAVE BE5 PROPOS$1 BY ?OSE :O D5Y ?AT ANY EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( MULTIPLY+ COPIES1 CAN REMA9 ) ! AU?OR1 AFT] HE HAS SOLD COPIES ( HIS BOOK UNRES]V$LY 9 ! M>KET4 ,!SE P]SONS SAY ?AT1 BY SELL+ HIS BOOK UNRES]V$LY1 ! AU?OR NECESS>ILY SELLS ! RI<T TO MAKE ANY & ALL POSSIBLE USES ( ! IDEAS COMMUNICAT$ BY ! BOOK2 ?AT ! REPR9T+ ( ! BOOK IS ONLY ONE ( ! USES1 TO :I* ! COPY SOLD IS CAPABLE ( BE+ APPLI$2 & ?AT ! RI<T TO USE ! COPY = ?IS PURPOSE1 IS AS MU* IMPLI$ 9 ! SALE ( ! BOOK1 AS IS ANY O!R USE ( IT :ATEV]4 

,!SE QUE/IONS & >GUM5TS W]E =CIBLY PRES5T$ BY ,JU/ICE ,YATES1 & BY ,LORD ,*IEF ,JU/ICE ,DE ,GRAY1 AS FOLL[S4 

,JU/ICE ,YATES SAID1 0,EV]Y PUR*AS] ( A BOOK IS ! [N] ( IT2 &1 AS SU*1 HE HAS A RI<T TO MAKE :AT USE ( IT HE PLEASES4 

0,PROP]TY1 ACCORD+ TO ! DEF9ITION GIV5 ( IT BY ! DEF5DANT'S C\NSEL1 IS 'JUS UT5DI1 ET FRU5DI' .<! RI<T ( US+ & 5JOY+.>4 ,& ! AU?OR1 BY EMP[]+ ! BOOKSELL] TO SELL1 EMP[]S HIM TO CONVEY ?IS G5]AL PROP]TY2 & ! PUR*AS] MAKES NO /IPULATIONS AB\T ! MANN] ( US+ IT4 

0,! PUBLI%] HIMSELF1 :O CLAIMS ?IS PROP]TY1 SOLD !SE BOOKS1 )\T MAK+ ANY CONTRACT :ATEV]4 ,:AT COLOR HAS HE TO RETR5* HIS [N CONTRACT8 OR IMPOSE SU* A PROHIBITION80 .<A PROHIBITION UPON REPR9T+ ! BOOK4.> 

0,IF ! BUY] ( A BOOK MAY NOT MAKE :AT USE ( IT HE PLEASES1 :AT L9E CAN BE DRAWN1 ?AT WILL NOT T5D TO SUP]S$E ALL HIS DOM9ION OV] IT8 ,HE MAY NOT L5D IT1 IF HE IS NOT TO PR9T IT2 BECAUSE IT WILL 5TR5* UPON ! AU?OR'S PR(ITS4 ,SO ?AT AN OBJECTION MI<T BE MADE EV5 TO HIS L5D+ ! BOOK TO HIS FRI5DS2 = HE MAY PREV5T ?OSE FRI5DS FROM BUY+ ! BOOK2 & SO ! PR(ITS ( SU* SALE ( IT WILL NOT ACCRUE TO ! AU?OR4 ,I DO NOT SEE ?AT HE W\LD HAVE A RI<T TO COPY ! BOOK HE HAS PUR*AS$1 IF HE MAY NOT MAKE A PR9T ( IT2 = PR9T+ IS ONLY A ME?OD ( TRANSCRIB+4 

0,) REG>D TO BOOKS1 ! V]Y MATT] & CONT5TS ( ! BOOKS >E1 BY ! AU?OR'S PUBLICATION ( !M1 IRREVOCABLY GIV5 TO ! PUBLIC2 !Y BECOME COMMON2 ALL ! S5TIM5TS CONTA9$ !RE91 R5D]$ UNIV]SALLY COMMON2 & :5 ! S5TIM5TS >E MADE COMMON BY ! AU?OR'S [N ACT1 EV]Y USE ( ?OSE S5TIM5TS MU/ BE EQUALLY COMMON4 

0,TO TALK ( RE/RA9+ ?IS GIFT1 BY ANY M5TAL RES]VATION ( ! AU?OR1 OR ANY B>GA9 HE MAY MAKE ) HIS BOOKSELL]1 SEEMS TO ME QUITE *IM]ICAL4 

0,IT IS BY LEGAL ACTIONS ?AT O!R M5 MU/ JUDGE & DIRECT !IR CONDUCT2 & IF SU* ACTIONS PLA9LY IMPORT ! WORK BE+ MADE COMMON2 MU* MORE1 IF IT BE A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! ACT1 '?AT ! WORK IS ACTUALLY ?R[N OP5 BY IT2' NO PRIVATE TRANSACTION1 OR SECRETLY RES]V$ CLAIM ( ! AU?OR1 CAN EV] CONTROL ?AT NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE4 ,9DIVIDUALS HAVE NO P[]1 7:ATEV] !Y MAY WI% OR 9T5D17 TO ALT] ! FIX$ CON/ITUTION ( ?+S2 A MAN CANNOT RETA9 :AT HE P>TS )4 ,IF ! AU?OR WILL VOLUNT>ILY LET ! BIRD FLY1 HIS PROP]TY IS GONE2 & IT WILL BE 9 VA9 = HIM TO SAY 'HE MEANT TO RETA9' :AT IS ABSOLUTELY FL[N & GONE40"9 

,LORD ,*IEF ,JU/ICE ,DE ,GRAY SAID3 

0,BUT IT IS SAID1 ?AT ! SALE ( A PR9T$ COPY IS A QUALIFI$ OR CONDITIONAL SALE1 & ?AT ! PUR*AS] MAY MAKE ALL ! USES HE PLEASES ( HIS BOOK1 EXCEPT ?AT ONE ( REPR9T+ IT4 ,BUT :]E IS ! EVID5CE ( ?IS EXTRAORD9>Y B>GA98 OR :]E ! ANALOGY ( LAW TO SUPPORT ! SUPPOSITION8 ,9 ALL O!R CASES ( PUR*ASE1 PAYM5T TRANSF]S ! :OLE & ABSOLUTE PROP]TY TO ! BUY]2 !RE IS NO 9/ANCE :]E A LEGAL RI<T IS O!RWISE TRANSF]R$ BY SALE2 AN EXAMPLE ( SU* A SPECULATIVE RI<T REMA9+ 9 ! SELL]4 ,IT IS A NEW & METAPHYSICAL REF9EM5T UPON ! LAW2 & ! LAWS1 LIKE SOME MANUFACTURES1 MAY BE DRAWN SO F9E AS AT LA/ TO LOSE !IR /R5G? ) !IR SOLIDITY40"9 

,!SE QUE/IONS & >GUM5TS >E ( VITAL IMPORTANCE TO ! PR9CIPLE ( 9TELLECTUAL PROP]TY4 ,!Y >E WOR?Y ( BE+ ANSW]$4 ,!Y MU/ BE ANSW]$1 BE=E ! PR9CIPLE ( EXCLUSIVE COPYRI<T CAN BE MA9TA9$1 AS A P>T ( ! LAW ( NATURE4 ,YET1 ,I APPREH5D1 !Y HAVE NEV] BE5 ADEQUATELY ANSW]$4 

,! COMMON1 & ,I BELIEVE ! ONLY1 ANSW]S1 ?AT HAVE EV] BE5 MADE TO !SE >GUM5TS1 HAVE BE51 #a/4 ,?AT IT IS ONLY BY ! MULTIPLICATION ( COPIES1 ?AT AN AU?OR CAN EXPECT TO GET PAID = ! LABOR ( PRODUC+ HIS BOOK2 & !RE=E IT W\LD BE UNREASONABLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT HE 9T5DS TO P>T ) HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO MULTIPLY COPIES1 = SO TRIVIAL A PRICE AS ! PR(IT MADE UPON A S+LE BOOK4 #bD4 ,?AT IF AN AU?OR W]E TO P>T ) HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO MULTIPLY COPIES1 HIS IDEAS MI<T BE MISREPRES5T$1 MUTILAT$1 & ATTRIBUT$ TO O!R P]SONS ?AN HIMSELF2 & ?US HIS REPUTATION SUFF]1 )\T HIS HAV+ ANY MEANS ( R$RESS2 & ?AT IT IS !RE=E UNREASONABLE TO SUPPOSE HE 9T5DS TO SUBJECT HIMSELF TO ! LIABILITY ( SU* 9JU/ICE1 = SO SMALL A CONSID]ATION AS ! PR(IT ON A S+LE COPY ( HIS BOOK4 

,!SE >E NO D\BT WEI<TY CONSID]ATIONS2 BUT !Y DO NOT FULLY MEET ! QUE/ION4 ,A MAN1 :O GRATUIT\SLY GIVES AWAY HIS IDEAS 9 CONV]SATION1 LOSES ALL *ANCE ( REAP+ ANY PECUNI>Y PR(IT FROM !M4 ,HE IS ALSO LIABLE TO HAVE HIS VIEWS MISREPRES5T$1 MUTILAT$1 & ATTRIBUT$ TO O!RS ?AN HIMSELF4 ,BUT ! LAW DOES NOT1 = !SE REASONS1 UNI=MLY IMPLY ?AT HE RES]V$ ANY EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 91 OR CONTROL OV]1 !M4 ,& IF IT WILL NOT IMPLY ?IS1 9 ! CASE ( A MAN1 :O GIVES HIS IDEAS GRATUIT\SLY TO ! PUBLIC1 :Y %\LD IT DO IT = A MAN :O HAS SOLD1 & RECEIV$ A PRICE =1 HIS IDEAS8 

,! >GUM5T ( 9ADEQUACY ( PRICE IS AN 9SUFFICI5T ONE1 = V>I\S REASONS1 AS FOLL[S4 

#a4 ,9ADEQUACY ( PRICE IS1 ( ITSELF1 NO OBJECTION TO ! VALIDITY ( A SALE1 :]E NO FRAUD IS ALLEG$4 

#b4 ,9ADEQUACY ( PRICE IS (T5TIMES1 9 PRACTICE1 A V]Y DIFFICULT ?+ TO BE PROV$2 & W\LD BE ESPECIALLY SO 9 ! CASE ( ! COPYRI<TS ( BOOKS4 ,M5'S OP9IONS DIFF] SO MU* AS TO ! 9TR9SIC M]ITS ( P>TICUL> BOOKS2 & ! M>KET VALUE ( A COPYRI<T (T5 DEP5DS SO LITTLE UPON ! BOOK'S 9TR9SIC M]ITS1 ?AT 9ADEQUACY ( PRICE C\LD SELDOM OR NEV] BE PROV$4 ,MILTON1 ASSUM+ ?AT HE HAD A P]PETUAL COPYRI<T 9 HIS ,P>ADISE ,LO/1 SOLD IT = FIVE P\NDS4 ,YET ?IS WAS A LEGAL SALE1 & ITS VALIDITY C\LD NOT BE IMPEA*$ = 9ADEQUACY ( PRICE4 

#c4 ,! DIFF]5CE 9 PRICE BETWE5 A BOOK1 ( :I* ! COPYRI<T IS RES]V$1 & ONE ( :I* ! COPYRI<T IS NOT RES]V$1 IS TOO SLI<T TO AF=D ANY SUFFICI5T EVID5CE1 ( ITSELF1 TO A JUDICIAL TRIBUNAL1 :E!R ! COPYRI<T WAS1 OR WAS NOT1 RES]V$4 

#d4 ,IF1 AS ! OPPON5TS ( AN EXCLUSIVE COPYRI<T CONT5D1 EV]Y PUR*AS] ( A BOOK PUR*ASES ) IT ! RI<T ( REPR9T+ IT1 NO ONE PUR*AS] C\LD AF=D TO PAY BUT A TRIVIAL PRICE ABOVE ! VALUE ( ! BOOK1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ?AT RI<T2 BECAUSE HE W\LD BUY NO EXCLUSIVE RI<T2 BUT ONLY A RI<T TO BE HELD 9 COMMON ) ALL O!R PUR*AS]S ( COPIES4 ,HE C\LD !RE=E SECURE NO MONOPOLY 9 ! PUBLICATION ( ! BOOK2 BUT C\LD ONLY PR9T IT 9 COMPETITION ) ALL O!RS1 :O %\LD *OOSE TO PR9T IT4 ,= SU* A RI<T HE C\LD1 ( C\RSE1 AF=D TO PAY BUT A M]ELY TRIVIAL PRICE1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! VALUE ( ! BOOK = O!R USES4 ,H[ !N C\LD IT EV] BE PROV$ ?AT HE HAD PAID AN 9ADEQUATE PRICE = SU* A RI<T AS HE HAS PUR*AS$8 

#e4 ,IF ! AU?OR1 BY SELL+ EA* COPY ( HIS BOOK UNRES]V$LY1 SELLS ) IT ! RI<T ( MULTIPLY+ COPIES1 !N ! PRESUMPTION W\LD BE1 ?AT HE RECEIV$ A PRICE AT LEA/ SOME:AT HI<]1 = EA* COPY1 ?AN HE C\LD HAVE SOLD IT =1 IF HE HAD EXPRESSLY /IPULAT$ ?AT IT %\LD NOT BE US$ = MULTIPLY+ COPIES2 & FROM ?IS PRESUMPTION IT W\LD FOLL[1 AS A LEGITIMATE 9F]5CE1 ?AT HE HAD *OS5 TO ADOPT ?IS MODE ( GETT+ PAID = HIS COPYRI<T--?AT IS1 BY A SLI<TLY ADDITIONAL PRICE ON EA* COPY SOLD--RA!R ?AN BY ! SALE ( ! EXCLUSIVE COPYRI<T TO ANY ONE 9DIVIDUAL4 

,! ORIG9AL QUE/ION1 !N1 NECESS>ILY RETURNS1 VIZ43 ,:AT RI<T HAS ! PUR*AS] ( ! BOOK OBTA9$8 ,HAS HE PUR*AS$ ! RI<T TO MULTIPLY COPIES8 ,OR ONLY ! RI<T TO USE1 9 O!R WAYS1 ! P>TICUL> COPY ?AT HE HAS PUR*AS$8 ,&1 ESPECIALLY1 H[ CAN LEGAL TRIBUNALS KN[ :AT RI<T HAS BE5 B\<T & SOLD8 

,IT EVID5TLY WILL NOT DO = AN AU?OR1 AFT] HE HAS SOLD A BOOK UNRES]V$LY1 TO SAY1 >BITR>ILY1 ?AT HE DID NOT 9T5D TO P>T ) HIS EXCLUSIVE COPYRI<T2 S9CE IT IS CLE> ?AT1 9 LAW1 EV]Y MAN MU/ BE HELD TO HAVE 9T5D$ EV]Y ?+ ?AT IS NECESS>ILY IMPLI$ 9 HIS VOLUNT>Y ACT4 

,! :OLE QUE/ION1 !N1 RESOLVES ITSELF 9TO ?IS1 VIZ43 ,:AT1 ON LEGAL PR9CIPLES1 IS NECESS>ILY IMPLI$ 9 ! SALE ( A BOOK1 BY AN AU?OR1 :5 NO EXPRESS /IPULATION IS 5T]$ 9TO1 AS TO ! USE ?AT IS TO BE MADE ( IT8 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,:AT RI<TS1 9 ! IDEAS COMMUNICAT$ BY ! BOOK1 DOES ! AU?OR NECESS>ILY CONVEY1 :5 ! SALE ( ! BOOK ITSELF IS QUALIFI$ BY NO EXPRESS RE/RICTION UPON ITS USE8 

,I %ALL (F] AN ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION1 BY ATTEMPT+ TO PROVE1 :AT SEEMS ALMO/ TOO NE>LY SELF-EVID5T TO NE$ TO BE PROV$1 VIZ43 ,?AT A BOOK1 & ! IDEAS IT DESCRIBES1 >E1 9 FACT1 & 9 LAW1 DI/9CT COMMODITIES2 & ?AT AN UNQUALIFI$ SALE ( ! BOOK DOES NOT1 !RE=E1 ( ITSELF ALONE1 IMPLY ANY SALE :ATEV] ( ! IDEAS IT DESCRIBES1 NOR ! CONVEYANCE ( ANY RI<T :ATEV] TO ! USE ( ?OSE IDEAS4 

,BY ?IS ,I MEAN ?AT ! SALE ( ! BOOK CONVEYS1 ( ITSELF1 NO RI<T ( PROP]TY OR USE 9 ! IDEAS1 BEYOND ?AT M]ELY M5TALPOSSESSION & M5TAL 5JOYM5T ( !M1 :I* >E 9DE$ A SPECIES ( PROP]TY & USE2 & NECESS>ILY1 OR AT LEA/ NATURALLY1 FOLL[ FROM READ+ ! BOOK2 BUT :I*1 = ! SAKE ( BREVITY & CLE>NESS 9 ?IS DISCUSSION1 ,I %ALL LEAVE \T ( CONSID]ATION4"9 

,IT WILL !RE=E BE UND]/OOD1 :51 9 ! REMA9D] ( ?IS *APT]1 ,I SPEAK ( 0PROP]TY0 91 & 0USE0 (1 IDEAS1 ?AT ,I MEAN A PROP]TY & USE BEYOND1 OR ADDITIONAL TO1 ?IS M]ELY M5TAL POSSESSION & 5JOYM5T ( !M4 

,TO /ATE MORE PRECISELY ! PO9T TO BE PROV$4 ,SUPPOSE ! AU?OR ( A VALUABLE ME*ANICAL 9V5TION W]E TO WRITE1 & SELL UNRES]V$LY 9 ! M>KET1 A BOOK DESCRIB+ HIS MA*9E SO FULLY ?AT A READ] W\LD BE ABLE1 FROM ! DESCRIPTION GIV51 TO CON/RUCT & OP]ATE A SIMIL> MA*9E4 ,! PUR*AS] ( ! BOOK W\LD1 9 ?IS CASE1 ACQUIRE A RI<T TO ! M5TAL POSSESSION1 & M5TAL 5JOYM5T1 ( ALL ! KN[L$GE COMMUNICAT$ BY ! BOOK2 BUT HE W\LD ACQUIRE1 SIMPLY BY VIRTUE ( HIS PUR*ASE ( ! BOOK1 NO RI<T :ATEV] TO USE ?AT KN[L$GE 9 CON/RUCT+ OR OP]AT+ A MA*9E LIKE ! ONE DESCRIB$4 ,& ! SAME PR9CIPLE APPLIES TO ALL O!R IDEAS DESCRIB$ 9 BOOKS4 ,?IS IS ! PO9T TO BE PROV$4 

,IF ! FIR/ ( ! =EGO+ PROPOSITIONS BE TRUE1 VIZ43 0,?AT A BOOK1 & ! IDEAS IT COMMUNICATES1 >E1 9 FACT1 & 9 LAW1 DI/9CT COMMODITIES10 ! TRU? ( ! SUCCE$+ PROPOSITION1 VIZ43 0,?AT AN UNQUALIFI$ SALE ( ! BOOK DOES NOT1 ( ITSELF ALONE1 IMPLY ANY SALE :ATEV] ( ! IDEAS IT DESCRIBES1 NOR ! CONVEYANCE ( ANY RI<T :ATEV] TO ! USE ( ?OSE IDEAS10 W\LD SEEM TO FOLL[ ( C\RSE2 BECAUSE ! SALE ( ONE ?+ CAN1 P]HAPS1 NEV]1 ( ITSELF1 IMPLY ! SALE ( ANO!R ?+1 ?AT HAS A SEP>ATE & DI/9CT EXI/5CE4 

,?AT A BOOK1 & ! IDEAS IT COMMUNICATES1 >E1 9 FACT & 9 LAW1 SEP>ATE & DI/9CT COMMODITIES1 IS APP>5T FROM ! FOLL[+ CONSID]ATIONS1 VIZ4 

#a4 ,:AT IS AN IDEA8 ,IT IS A PRODUCTION ( ! M9D4 ,IT IS :OLLY IMMAT]IAL4 ,IT HAS NO EXI/5CE1 EXCEPT 9 ! M9D4 ,IT CAN EXI/ ONLY 9 ! M9D4 ,IT NO MORE EXI/S 9 A BOOK1 ?AN IT DOES 9 A /ONE1 OR A TREE4 ,IT CAN NO MORE EXI/ 9 A BOOK1 ?AN 9 A /ONE1 OR A TREE4 

#b4 ,:AT IS A BOOK8 ,IT IS M]E PAP] & 9K4 ,IT IS 5TIRELY MAT]IAL4 ,9 ITS NATURE1 IT DIFF]S AS MU* FROM AN IDEA1 AS A /ONE OR A TREE DIFF]S FROM AN IDEA4 ,!RE IS NO MORE NATURAL AFF9ITY BETWE5 A BOOK & AN IDEA1 ?AN !RE IS BETWE5 A /ONE1 OR A TREE1 & AN IDEA4 ,?AT IS1 AN IDEA WILL NO MORE 9H]E 91 OR ADH]E TO1 A BOOK1 ?AN IT WILL 9H]E 91 OR ADH]E TO1 A /ONE OR A TREE4 

,:51 !RE=E1 A MAN BUYS A BOOK1 HE DOES NOT BUY ANY IDEAS2 BECAUSE IDEAS !MSELVES >E NO P>T ( ! BOOK2 NOR >E !Y 9 ANY WAY ATTA*$ TO ! BOOK4 ,!Y EXI/ ONLY 9 ! M9D4 

,A BOOK1 !RE=E1 DOES NOT1 AS1 9 COMMON P>LANCE1 IS HABITUALLY ASS]T$1 CONTA91 ANY IDEAS4 ,! MO/ ?AT CAN BE SAID1 IS1 ?AT IT REPRES5TS1 DESCRIBES1 OR P]HAPS MORE PROP]LY /ILL1 SUGGE/S1 OR BR+S TO M9D1 IDEAS4 ,& H[ DOES IT DO ?IS8 ,9 ?IS WAY ONLY4 ,! BOOK CONSI/S ( PAP]1 ) C]TA9 *>ACT]S1 9 9K1 /AMP$ UPON IT4 ,!SE *>ACT]S W]E DEVIS$ TO BE US$ AS >BITR>Y SIGNS1 OR REPRES5TATIVES1 ( C]TA9 S\NDS UTT]$ BY ! HUMAN VOICE4 ,& BY COMMON CONS5T AMONG ?OSE1 :O >E ACQUA9T$ ) !SE >BITR>Y SIGNIFICATIONS1 ?AT HAVE BE5 ATTA*$ TO !M1 !Y >E US$ TO REPRES5T ?OSE S\NDS4 ,! VOCAL S\NDS1 :I* !SE *>ACT]S >BITR>ILY REPRES5T1 >E1 BY COMMON CONS5T1 US$ BY MANK9D1 AS ! NAMES ( C]TA9 IDEAS4 ,!SE NAMES ( ! IDEAS >E NOT ! IDEAS !MSELVES1 ANY MORE ?AN ! NAME ( A MAN IS ! MAN HIMSELF4 ,BUT :5 WE HE> ! NAMES ( !SE IDEAS1 ! IDEAS !MSELVES >E BR\<T TO \R M9DS2 JU/ AS1 :5 WE HE> ! NAME ( A MAN1 ! MAN HIMSELF IS BR\<T TO M9D4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! *>ACT]S PR9T$1 9 9K1 9 A BOOK1 >E US$ AS ! SIGNS1 REPRES5TATIVES1 OR NAMES1 AT SECOND H&1 ( M5'S IDEAS2 ?AT IS1 !Y REPRES5T C]TA9 S\NDS1 :I* S\NDS /& =1 REPRES5T1 & ?US CALL TO M9D1 ! IDEAS4 ,?IS IS ALL ! RESEMBLANCE A BOOK HAS TO ! IDEAS1 :I* IT IS EMPLOY$ TO COMMUNICATE4 

,! MO/1 !RE=E1 ?AT CAN BE SAID ( A BOOK1 IS1 ?AT IT CONSI/S (1 OR CONTA9S1 C]TA9 MAT]IAL ?+S1 TO WIT1 *>ACT]S 9 9K1 /AMP$ ON PAP]1 :I*1 BY COMMON CONS5T AMONG MANK9D1 >E US$ TO REPRES5T1 DESCRIBE1 SUGGE/1 OR C>RY TO ONE'S M9D1 C]TA9 IMMAT]IAL ?+S1 TO WIT1 IDEAS4 

,IT IS1 !RE=E1 ONLY BY A FIGURE ( SPEE*1 ?AT WE SAY ?AT A BOOK CONTA9S IDEAS4 ,WE MEAN ONLY ?AT IT CONTA9S1 OR CONSI/S (1 C]TA9 MAT]IAL ?+S1 :I* SUGGE/ IDEAS4 ,IT CONTA9S ONLY SU* MAT]IAL SIGNS1 SYMBOLS1 OR >BITR>Y REPRES5TATIVES ( IDEAS1 AS ONE M9D EMPLOYS 9 ORD] TO SUGGE/ OR CONVEY ITS IDEAS TO O!R M9DS4 

,N[1 UNLESS ! SALE ( A MAT]IAL SYMBOL1 OR REPRES5TATIVE1 BE LEGALLY & NECESS>ILY ID5TICAL ) ! SALE ( ! IMMAT]IAL IDEA1 :I* ?AT SYMBOL REPRES5TS1 OR SUGGE/S1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! SALE ( A BOOK IS NOT1 LEGALLY OR NECESS>ILY1 ID5TICAL ) ! SALE ( ! IDEAS1 :I* ?AT BOOK MAY SUGGE/ TO ! READ]4 

,! IDEAS !MSELVES >E NOT CONTA9$ 9 ! BOOK2 !Y CON/ITUTE NO P>T ( ! BOOK2 !Y HAVE !IR :OLE EXI/5CE 5TIRELY SEP>ATE FROM ! BOOK--?AT IS1 9 ! M9D2 ! :OLE OBJECT1 DESIGN1 & EFFECT ( ! BOOK >E1 TO SUGGE/ C]TA9 IDEAS TO ! M9D ( ! READ]1 & !REBY ACT AS A VEHICLE1 OR 9/RUM5TALITY1 = CONVEY+ ! IDEAS FROM ONE M9D TO ANO!R4 

,:AT GR\ND IS !RE1 !N1 = SAY+ ?AT ! SALE ( ! BOOK IS NECESS>ILY OR LEGALLY ID5TICAL ) ! SALE ( ! IDEAS1 :I* IT COMMUNICATES1 DESCRIBES1 OR SUGGE/S8 ,NONE :ATEV]4 

,SUPPOSE A MAN MAKE A BOOK1 CONTA9+ SU* DRAW+S1 PICTURES1 & WRITT5 DESCRIPTIONS1 ( HIS H\SE1 HIS F>M1 HIS HORSES1 & HIS CATTLE1 AS >E SUFFICI5T TO BR+ ?OSE COMMODITIES TO ! M9D ( ! READ]4 ,& SUPPOSE HE !N SELL ?AT BOOK UNRES]V$LY 9 ! M>KET4 ,DOES ! PUR*AS] ( ! BOOK ACQUIRE1 BY VIRTUE ( ?AT PUR*ASE1 ANY RI<T ( PROP]TY OR USE 9 ! COMMODITIES DESCRIB$ 9 ! BOOK8 ,C]TA9LY NOT4 ,& :Y NOT8 ,SIMPLY BECAUSE ! BOOK1 & ! ?+S IT DESCRIBES1 >E1 9 FACT1 & 9 LAW1 SEP>ATE & DI/9CT COMMODITIES2 & ! SALE ( ! ONE DOES NOT1 !RE=E1 AT ALL IMPLY ! SALE ( ! O!R4 

,! SAME PR9CIPLE APPLIES TO A BOOK1 ?AT DESCRIBES IDEAS1 9/EAD ( H\SES & L&S4 ,! BOOK1 & ! IDEAS IT DESCRIBES1 >E AS MU* SEP>ATE & DI/9CT COMMODITIES1 9 ! ONE CASE1 AS >E ! BOOK1 & ! H\SES & L&S IT DESCRIBES1 9 ! O!R4 ,& ! SALE ( ! BOOK1 ?AT DESCRIBES ! IDEAS1 NO MORE IMPLIES ! SALE ( ! IDEAS1 ?AN ! SALE ( ! BOOK1 ?AT DESCRIBES ! H\SES & L&S1 IMPLIES ! SALE ( ! H\SES & L&S4 

,! ONLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO CASES1 IS ?IS :OLLY IMMAT]IAL ONE1 VIZ43 ?AT ! WRITT5 DESCRIPTIONS1 ( ! IDEAS1 >E SUFFICI5T TO PUT ! READ] 9 ACTUAL POSSESSION ( ! IDEAS DESCRIB$--?AT IS1 9 M5TAL POSSESSION ( !M1 :I* IS ! ONLY POSSESSION1 ( :I* !Y >E SUSCEPTIBLE2 :]EAS ! WRITT5 DESCRIPTIONS1 ( ! H\SES & L&S1 >E NOT SUFFICI5T TO PUT ! READ] 9 ACTUAL POSSESSION ( ?OSE COMMODITIES2 S9CE ! POSSESSION ( H\SES & L&S MU/ BE A PHYSICAL1 9/EAD ( A M5TAL ONE4 ,BUT ?IS DIFF]5CE1 9 ! TWO CASES1 IS :OLLY IMMAT]IAL TO ! RI<T ( PROP]TY = USE2 BECAUSE SIMPLE POSSESSION ( ! IDEAS1 7& ?IS IS ALL ! BOOK GIVES17 IS ( NO IMPORTANCE1 9 LAW1 )\T ! RI<T ( PROP]TY = USE--AS HAS BE5 ALREADY EXPLA9$ 9 *APT] #bD1 SECTION #b4"9 

,! CONCLUSION1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! SALE ( A BOOK1 DESCRIB+ IDEAS1 GIVES NO RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! IDEAS1 = USE1 IS JU/ AS VALID & 9EVITABLE1 AS IS ! CONCLUSION1 ?AT ! SALE ( A BOOK1 DESCRIB+ H\SES & L&S1 GIVES NO RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! H\SES & L&S1 = USE4 

,AN AU?OR1 9 SELL+ A BOOK1 SELLS NO?+ BUT ! BOOK ITSELF2 ! RI<T TO USE ! BOOK ITSELF2 & ! RI<T TO ALL ! B5EFITS1 :I* NECESS>ILY OR NATURALLY RESULT TO ! READ] FROM ! USE ( ! BOOK ALONE4 ,HE SELLS NO?+ ?AT ! BOOK DESCRIBES2 NOR ! RI<T TO USE ANY ?+ ?AT ! BOOK DESCRIBES4 

,! QUE/ION >ISES1 !N1 :AT IS NECESS>ILY1 NATURALLY1 OR LEGALLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! USE ( ! BOOK ALONE8 ,! ANSW] IS ?IS4 

,! :OLE OBJECT & EFFECT ( ! BOOK ITSELF1 AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( IDEAS1 >E ACCOMPLI%$1 :5 IT HAS SUGGE/$ TO ITS READ]S ALL ! IDEAS :I* IT CAN SUGGE/4 ,EV]Y POSSIBLE USE & P[] ( ! BOOK ITSELF1 9 RELATION TO ! IDEAS IT DESCRIBES1 >E EXHAU/$ 9 ! EXECUTION ( ?AT S+LE FUNCTION4 ,AFT] ?AT FUNCTION IS P]=M$1 ! BOOK ITSELF IS ?R[N ASIDE1 & HAS NO P>T NOR LOT :ATEV] 9 ANY ( ! USES1 TO :I* ! IDEAS1 IT HAS SUGGE/$1 MAY BE APPLI$4 ,H[1 !N1 CAN IT BE SAID ?AT ! USE ( ! BOOK 9VOLVES ! USE ( ! IDEAS IT COMMUNICATES1 :5 ! USE ( ! IDEAS IS A :OLLY SEP>ATE ACT FROM ! USE ( ! BOOK ITSELF2 & ! USE ( ! BOOK ITSELF IS A :OLLY SEP>ATE ACT FROM ! USE ( ! IDEAS8 ,!RE W\LD BE JU/ AS MU* REASON 9 SAY+ ?AT ! USE ( A BOOK1 ?AT DESCRIB$ A F>M1 9VOLV$ ! USE ( ! F>M1 AS !RE IS 9 SAY+ ?AT ! USE ( A BOOK1 DESCRIB+ IDEAS1 9VOLVES ! USE ( ?OSE IDEAS4 

,PLA9LY1 !N1 AN AU?OR1 BY DESCRIB+ HIS IDEAS 9 A BOOK1 & !N SELL+ ! BOOK = USE1 GIVES NO MORE RI<T TO ! USE ( HIS IDEAS1 ?AN A MAN1 :O DESCRIBES HIS F>M 9 A BOOK1 & !N SELLS ! BOOK = USE1 GIVES A RI<T TO ! USE ( HIS F>M4 

,C]TA9LY1 TOO1 EV]Y PUR*AS] ( A BOOK1 ?AT DESCRIBES IDEAS1 IS AS MU* B\ND TO KN[1 ?AT ! BOOK & ! IDEAS >E SEP>ATE & DI/9CT COMMODITIES1 AS ! PUR*AS] ( A BOOK1 ?AT DESCRIBES A F>M1 IS B\ND TO KN[ ?AT ! BOOK & ! F>M >E SEP>ATE & DI/9CT COMMODITIES4 ,& ! PUR*AS] ( A BOOK IS ALSO B\ND TO KN[1 ?AT HE NO MORE ACQUIRES A RI<T TO USE ! IDEAS1 BY SIMPLY BUY+ A DESCRIPTION ( !M1 ?AN HE ACQUIRES A RI<T TO USE A F>M1 BY SIMPLY BUY+ A DESCRIPTION ( IT4 

,BUT P]HAPS IT WILL BE SAID ?AT ! :OLE OBJECT1 9 BUY+ A BOOK1 IS TO GET POSSESSION ( ! IDEAS IT DESCRIBES2 & ?AT ! :OLE OBJECT1 9 GETT+ POSSESSION ( ! IDEAS IT DESCRIBES1 IS TO USE !M = \R B5EFIT1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ANY MAT]IAL COMMODITIES1 :I* WE SEEK TO GET POSSESSION (2 ?AT ! AU?OR KN[S ALL ?IS :5 HE SELLS ! BOOK2 & ?AT ! LAW WILL CONSEQU5TLY IMPLY ?AT HE CONS5T$ TO IT2 9ASMU* AS O!RWISE IT W\LD IMPUTE TO HIM ! FRAUD ( MAK+ A SALE1 9 =M1 )\T 9T5D+ ?AT ! REAL B5EFITS ( ! SALE %\LD BE 5JOY$ BY ! PUR*AS]4 

,BUT !RE IS NO SU* ANALOGY1 BETWE5 MAT]IAL & IMMAT]IAL ?+S1 AS IS H]E ASSUM$4 ,! POSSESSION ( MAT]IAL ?+S1 )\T ! RI<T ( USE1 IS A BURD51 BECAUSE IT IMPOSES LABOR1 )\T PR(IT4 ,M5 !RE=E DO NOT DESIRE ! POSSESSION ( MAT]IAL ?+S1 UNLESS !Y HAVE ALSO ! RI<T ( US+ !M4 ,BUT IT IS :OLLY DIFF]5T ) IDEAS4 ,! SIMPLE POSSESSION ( !M IS NECESS>ILY A GOOD4 ,!Y >E NO BURD54 ,!Y IMPOSE NO PR(ITLESS LABOR UPON ! POSSESSOR4 ,!Y FURNI% FOOD & 5JOYM5T = HIS M9D1 & PROMOTE ITS HEAL?1 /R5G?1 GR[?1 & HAPP9ESS1 EV5 ?\< HE BE NOT P]MITT$ TO USE !M1 9 COMPETITION ) !IR [N]1 AS A MEANS ( PROCUR+ SUBSI/5CE = HIS BODY4 

,A V]Y L>GE PROPORTION ( ALL ! BOOKS1 ?AT >E PUR*AS$1 >E PUR*AS$ SOLELY = ! M5TAL 5JOYM5T & 9/RUCTION TO BE OBTA9$ BY READ+ !M2 & NOT = ! PURPOSE ( REPR9T+ !M1 NOR ( US+ ! IDEAS = ANY PECUNI>Y 5D4 

,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 NO GR\ND = SAY+ ?AT ! :OLE OBJECT ( BUY+ BOOKS1 IS TO GET ! IDEAS1 TO BE US$ = PECUNI>Y PURPOSES2 & ?AT1 UNLESS !Y CAN BE SO US$1 ! AU?OR HAS PRACTIC$ A FRAUD ON ! PUR*AS]4 ,! M5TAL 5JOYM5T & 9/RUCTION1 :I* ! READ+ ( BOOKS AF=DS1 >E SUFFICI5T MOTIVES = ! PUR*ASE ( BOOKS1 EV5 ?\< ! RI<T TO USE ! IDEAS DESCRIB$ 9 !M1 = PECUNI>Y 5DS1 BE NO P>T ( ! PUR*ASE4 

,TAK+ IT = GRANT$ ?AT IT HAS N[ BE5 E/ABLI%$1 ?AT A BOOK ITSELF CONTA9S NO IDEAS2 ?AT A BOOK1 & ! IDEAS IT DESCRIBES1 >E1 9 FACT1 & 9 LAW1 DI/9CT COMMODITIES2 & ?AT ! SALE ( ! BOOK LEGALLY IMPLIES NO SALE ( ! IDEAS = USE 7BEYOND ! SIMPLE M5TAL POSSESSION & 5JOYM5T ( !M72 ,I /OP TO ANTICIPATE AN OBJECTION1 VIZ43 ,IT WILL BE ASK$ H[ ONE MAN CAN TRESPASS UPON ANO!R MAN'S RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 IDEAS1 BY SIMPLY PR9T+ & SELL+ A BOOK1 ?AT CONTA9S NO IDEAS8 

,! ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION IS1 ?AT A BOOK CANNOT BE PR9T$ )\T US+ ! AU?OR'S IDEAS2 9ASMU* AS ?OSE IDEAS >E AN 9DISP5SABLE GUIDE TO ! WORK ( PR9T+ A BOOK ?AT %ALL DESCRIBE !M4 ,!Y >E AN 9DISP5SABLE GUIDE TO ! WORK ( SETT+ ! TYPE ?AT >E TO REPRES5T ?OSE IDEAS4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 !RE=E1 ?AT A BOOK CAN BE PR9T$1 )\T US+ ! IDEAS :I* ! BOOK IS TO DESCRIBE4 ,?IS USE1 !RE=E1 ( AN AU?OR'S IDEAS1 UNLESS ) HIS CONS5T1 EXPRESS$ OR IMPLI$1 IS A TRESPASS UPON HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !M4 ,! USE ( HIS IDEAS1 )\T HIS CONS5T1 9 MAK+ A VALUABLE BOOK1 IS AS MU* A TRESPASS UPON HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ?OSE IDEAS1 AS ! USE ( A MAN'S PR9T+ PRESS1 )\T HIS CONS5T1 9 PR9T+ ! BOOK1 W\LD BE A TRESPASS UPON ! [N]'S RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! PR9T+ PRESS4 

,BUT NOT M]ELY ! PR9T+ ( A BOOK1 )\T ! AU?OR'S CONS5T1 IS A TRESPASS UPON HIS RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 HIS IDEAS1 BUT ! SALE1 & EV5 ! READ+1 ( A BOOK ?US PR9T$1 IS ALSO A TRESPASS UPON ! SAME RI<T ( PROP]TY--& :Y8 ,BECAUSE ! RI<T ( PROP]TY IS A RI<T ( ABSOLUTE DOM9ION4 ,! [N] ( IDEAS1 !RE=E1 HAS A RI<T TO 9HIBIT--&1 :]E HE RES]VES HIS COPYRI<T1 HE DOES 9HIBIT--! COMMUNICATION ( HIS IDEAS1 FROM ONE M9D TO ANO!R1 ?R\< ! 9/RUM5TALITY ( ANY BOOKS :ATEV]1 EXCEPT SU* AS HE HIMSELF PR9TS1 OR LIC5SES TO BE PR9T$4 ,ANYBODY1 !RE=E1 :O EI!R SELLS OR READS A BOOK1 NOT PR9T$ BY ! AU?OR1 NOR LIC5S$ BY HIM TO BE PR9T$1 IS AN ACCOMPLICE & AG5T 9 TAK+ ! AU?OR'S IDEAS \T ( HIS CONTROL1 & 9 COMMUNICAT+ !M ?R\< A *ANNEL OR 9/RUM5TALITY1 :I* HE HAS 9HIBIT$ TO BE US$ 9 ! COMMUNICATION ( HIS IDEAS4 

,SO ABSOLUTE IS AN AU?OR'S RI<T ( DOM9ION OV] HIS IDEAS1 ?AT HE MAY =BID !IR BE+ COMMUNICAT$ EV5 BY ! HUMAN VOICE1 IF HE SO PLEASE4 ,& SU* PROHIBITION W\LD BE AS P]FECTLY LEGAL1 AS ANY O!R ACT ( DOM9ION OV] !M4 

,AN AU?OR MAY1 IF HE PLEASE1 BY EXPRESS CONTRACT1 RE/RICT ! COMMUNICATION ( HIS IDEAS1 BEYOND ! FIR/ PUR*AS]S ( ! BOOKS1 :I* HE HIMSELF PR9TS1 OR LIC5SES TO BE PR9T$2 & ?US MAKE IT NECESS>Y = EV]Y MAN TO BUY A BOOK1 & PAY TRIBUTE ON IT TO ! AU?OR1 9 ORD] TO BECOME-ACQUA9T$ ) ! IDEAS4 ,& !RE MAY1 P]HAPS (T51 >ISE CASES :]E IT W\LD BE = ! 9T]E/ ( AN AU?OR TO DO SO4 ,BUT )\T SU* AN EXPRESS CONTRACT1 ! PRESUMPTION ( LAW W\LD BE1 ?AT ! PUR*AS] ( A BOOK HAD ! CONS5T ( ! AU?OR TO SELL IT1 L5D IT1 OR DISPOSE ( IT1 AT HIS PLEASURE1 AS HE W\LD ANY O!R MAT]IAL PROP]TY2 & ?AT EV]Y ONE1 9TO :OSE H&S IT %\LD ?US LAWFULLY COME1 MI<T READ IT4 

,BUT H]E ANO!R QUE/ION WILL BE RAIS$1 VIZ4 

,IF A BOOK1 & ! IDEAS IT DESCRIBES1 >E DI/9CT COMMODITIES2 & IF ! SALE ( ! BOOK DO NOT IMPLY ! SALE ( ANY RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! IDEAS DESCRIB$ 9 IT1 7BEYOND ! M]E POSSESSION & M5TAL 5JOYM5T ( !M27 H[ IS IT ?AT M5 CAN EV] HAVE A RI<T TO USE ANY ( ! IDEAS DESCRIB$ 9 BOOKS1 )\T MAK+ A SPECIAL PUR*ASE ( !M1 SEP>ATELY FROM ! BOOK8 

,IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT ?IS QUE/ION BE ANSW]$2 BECAUSE1 AL?\< ! PRODUCTIONS ( EV]Y MAN'S M9D >E !ORETICALLY HIS PROP]TY1 YET WE SEE ?AT1 9 PRACTICE1 NOT ALL1 BUT NE>LY ALL1 ! IDEAS1 ?AT >E DESCRIB$ 9 BOOKS1 >E FREELY US$ BY MANK9D AT L>GE1 9 ANY & EV]Y WAY 9 :I* !Y PLEASE TO USE !M--7EXCEPT ! S+LE ONE ( REPR9T+ ! AU?OR'S DESCRIPTIONS ( !M7--)\T MAK+ ANY SPECIAL PUR*ASE ( !M FROM ! AU?OR1 SEP>ATELY FROM ! PUR*ASE ( ! BOOKS DESCRIB+ !M4 ,IT MAY SEEM1 AT FIR/ VIEW1 ?AT ?IS PRACTICE MU/ BE ILLEGAL4 ,BUT ,I %ALL ATTEMPT TO %[ ?AT MANK9D HAVE A LEGAL RI<T TO USE1 9 ?IS WAY1 NOT ALL1 BUT NE>LY ALL1 ! IDEAS ?AT >E DESCRIB$ 9 BOOKS4 ,& ! QUE/ION N[ IS1 H[ CAN !Y HAVE ?IS RI<T1 CONSI/5TLY ) ! PR9CIPLES HI!RTO LAID D[N 9 ?IS ESSAY8 

,! ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION IS TO BE OBTA9$ BY APPLY+1 TO EA* CASE1 !SE G5]AL RULES1 VIZ4 

,:5 AN AU?OR SELLS A BOOK1 DESCRIB+ HIS IDEAS1 ! LAW PRESUMES ?AT HE 9T5DS TO RETA9 ALL SU* ( HIS ORIG9AL EXCLUSIVE RI<TS ( PROP]TY 9 !M1 AS MAY BE PRACTICALLY VALUABLE TO HIM2 & ?AT HE 9T5DS TO AB&ON--NOT TO SELL1 BUT TO AB&ON--ALL SU* ( HIS ORIG9AL EXCLUSIVE RI<TS ( PROP]TY 9 !M1 AS W\LD NOT BE ( ANY VALUE TO HIM1 IF RETA9$4 

,! LAW RAISES !SE PRESUMPTIONS1 ON HIS P>T1 BECAUSE !Y >E AB/RACTLY REASONABLE1 & CON=MABLE TO ! PR9CIPLES ( ACTION1 ?AT G5]ALLY GOV]N MANK9D--?AT IS1 MANK9D G5]ALLY WI% TO PRES]VE ALL !IR RI<TS ( PROP]TY1 ?AT WILL BE PRACTICALLY VALUABLE TO !M2 & !Y G5]ALLY WI% NOT TO LOOK AFT]1 WAT* OV]1 OR CONSEQU5TLY TO PRES]VE1 ANY RI<TS ( PROP]TY1 ?AT >E TOO 9SIGNIFICANT TO BE ( ANY PRACTICAL VALUE TO !M4 

,!SE RULES ALSO1 :5 APPLI$ TO IDEAS1 >E ONLY ! SYNONYMS OR EQUIVAL5TS ( ! G5]AL PR9CIPLES1 ON :I* ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE PROCE$S 9 ALL CASES1 VIZ43 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS E/ABLI%$ & MA9TA9$ = PRACTICAL1 & NOT = M]ELY !ORETICAL1 PURPOSES2 & ?AT IT WILL !RE=E PROTECT A MAN 9 ! POSSESSION ( EV]Y ?+ ?AT IS HIS1 & ?AT IS ( ANY REAL APPRECIABLE VALUE TO HIM2 BUT ?AT IT WILL 9CUR NEI!R ! TR\BLE NOR EXP5SE ( PROTECT+ HIM 9 ?AT1 :I*1 ?\< IT MAY BE !ORETICALLY HIS1 IS ( NO REAL APPRECIABLE VALUE TO HIM4 

,?IS1 TOO1 IS1 PRACTICALLY SPEAK+1 ALL ! PROTECTION1 :I* ! LAW CAN GIVE TO A MAN'S RI<TS ( PROP]TY1 9 ANY CASE2 :E!R ! PROP]TY BE MAT]IAL OR IMMAT]IAL2 BECAUSE ! LAW CAN AW>D NO DAMAGES = ! 9VASION ( RI<TS1 UNLESS ! 9JURY SUFF]$ BE L>GE 5\< TO BE CAPABLE ( BE+ MEASUR$ BY AT LEA/ SOME LEGAL /&>D ( VALUE1 AS A C5T1 A F>?+1 A P5NY1 OR SOME MEASURE ( ?AT K9D4 

,!SE PR9CIPLES >E USUALLY EXPRESS$ BY ! LEGAL MAXIM1 DE M9IMIS NON CURAT LEX .<! LAW TAKES NO C>E ( TRIFLES2.> 7:I* MAXIM1 BY ! WAY1 IMPLIES ?AT ! LAW DOES TAKE C>E ( EV]Y ?+ ?AT IS ( ANY REAL APPRECIABLE VALUE74 

,! RESULT ( !SE PR9CIPLES1 !N1 :5 APPLI$ TO IDEAS1 IS SIMPLY ?IS1 VIZ43 :]EV] AN AU?OR'S EXCLUSIVE RI<TS ( PROP]TY 9 !M1 CAN BE ( ANY REAL APPRECIABLE VALUE TO HIM1 ! LAW WILL PROTECT HIM 9 !M2 9ASMU* AS IT WILL PRESUME ?AT HE DESIRES TO RETA9 !M4 ,BUT :]EV] HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<TS ( PROP]TY 9 !M1 CAN BE ( NO REAL APPRECIABLE VALUE TO HIM1 ! LAW WILL NOT PROTECT !M2 BUT WILL PRESUME ?AT HE VOLUNT>ILY AB&ONS !M4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 :]EV] AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( USE W\LD BE MORE PR(ITABLE TO ! AU?OR1 ?AN A RI<T 9 COMMON ) ! RE/ ( MANK9D1 !RE HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T IS PRESUM$ TO BE RETA9$4 ,BUT :]EV] A RI<T ( USE1 9 COMMON ) ! RE/ ( MANK9D1 W\LD BE JU/ AS PR(ITABLE TO ! AU?OR1 AS AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T1 !RE HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T IS PRESUM$ TO BE AB&ON$1 & ONLY A COMMON RI<T RETA9$4 

,N[1 9 ORD] TO DET]M9E :AT EXCLUSIVE RI<TS ( PROP]TY1 9 HIS IDEAS1 CAN BE MADE MORE VALUABLE TO ! AU?OR1 ?AN A COMMON RI<T1 WE MU/ DET]M9E1 9 ! CASE ( EA* IDEA1 OR COLLECTION ( IDEAS1 :AT PR(ITABLE USE HE C\LD MAKE ( AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T1 OV] A COMMON RI<T2 OR1 ON ! O!R H&1 :AT PR(ITS HE W\LD LOSE1 BY SUFF]+ HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO BECOME COMMON TO ALL4 ,& ?IS QUE/ION IS ONE1 :I*1 9 PRACTICE1 C\LD G5]ALLY BE V]Y EASILY SETTL$4 

,9 ! CASE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT LABOR-SAV+ 9V5TIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( US+ !M1 IS EVID5TLY MORE VALUABLE ?AN A RI<T 9 COMMON ) ! RE/ ( MANK9D2 BECAUSE AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T WILL SELL = A PRICE 9 ! M>KET2 :]EAS A COMMON RI<T WILL NOT4 ,AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T WILL ALSO BE MORE PR(ITABLE = ! 9V5TOR1 IF WI% TO USE IT HIMSELF1 ?AN A COMMON RI<T2 BECAUSE IT WILL 5ABLE HIM TO AVOID COMPETITION1 & ?US OBTA9 A HI<] PRICE = HIS LABOR4 ,= !SE REASONS ! LAW WILL PRESUME1 9 ! CASE ( SU* 9V5TIONS--H[EV] FULLY !Y MAY BE DESCRIB$ 9 BOOKS1 & H[EV] UNRES]V$LY SU* BOOKS MAY BE SOLD 9 ! M>KET--?AT ! AU?ORS *OOSE TO RETA9 !IR EXCLUSIVE RI<T 9 !M1 = PURPOSES ( LABOR4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 P]HAPS1 ! LAW WILL NOT PRESUME ?AT ! 9V5TORS RETA9 ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO !IR 9V5TIONS1 = LIT]>Y PURPOSES--?AT IS1 = ! PURPOSE ( WRIT+ BOOKS DESCRIB+ !M--BECAUSE ! PR(ITS1 ON ! SALE ( SU* BOOKS1 MAY BE 9SIGNIFICANT2 & BECAUSE ALSO IT MAY BE = ! 9T]E/ ( ! 9V5TORS TO HAVE !IR 9V5TIONS DESCRIB$ BY O!RS ?AN !MSELVES1 & ?US MORE WIDELY ADV]TIS$ = SALE4 

,NEV]!LESS1 9 ! CASE ( MO/ ( ! IDEAS DESCRIB$ 9 BOOKS1 ! ONLY EXCLUSIVE RI<T1 ?AT CAN BE ( ANY PR(IT TO ! AU?OR1 OV] A COMMON RI<T1 IS ! RI<T ( US+ !M = LIT]>Y PURPOSES4 ,?IS1 !RE=E1 IS ! ONLY EXCLUSIVE RI<T1 :I* ! LAW WILL ORD9>ILY PRESUME ?AT ! AU?OR WI%ES TO RETA94 

,! IDEAS1 DESCRIB$ 9 PR9T1 MAY BE CLASS$--) REF]5CE TO ! RI<TS RETA9$1 & ! RI<TS AB&ON$1 BY ! AU?ORS--UND] ?REE HEADS4 

,9 ! FIR/ CLASS MAY BE RECKON$ ?OSE LABOR-SAV+1 & O!R VALUABLE1 9V5TIONS1 ( :I* ! AU?ORS RETA9 ! EXCLUSIVE USE1 = ! P>TICUL> PURPOSES = :I* ! 9V5TIONS >E SPECIALLY DESIGN$2 BUT ( :I* ! AU?ORS DO NOT1 ORD9>ILY1 RETA9 ! EXCLUSIVE USE1 = LIT]>Y PURPOSES--?AT IS1 = ! PURPOSE ( WRIT+ DESCRIPTIONS ( !M4 

,9 ! SECOND CLASS MAY BE RECKON$ ?OSE IDEAS1 ( :I* ! AU?ORS RETA9 ! EXCLUSIVE USE1 = LIT]>Y PURPOSES1 BUT NOT = ANY O!R PURPOSE4 

,9 ! ?IRD CLASS MAY BE RECKON$ ?OSE IDEAS1 ( :I* ! AU?ORS RETA9 NO EXCLUSIVE USE :ATEV]4 

,BUT LET US EXPLA91 A LITTLE MORE P>TICUL>LY1 ! PR9CIPLES ( LAW APPLICABLE TO EA* ( !SE CLASSES ( IDEAS4 

#a4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! FIR/ CLASS ( IDEAS1 TAKE ! 9V5TION ( ! /EAM 5G9E4 ,! 9V5TION ITSELF IS ( IMM5SE VALUE1 = PURPOSES ( LABOR2 BUT A BOOK1 DESCRIB+ IT1 W\LD PROBABLY YIELD LITTLE OR NO PR(IT1 AS A M]ELY LIT]>Y 5T]PRISE4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 ! 9V5TOR ( ! /EAM 5G9E W]E TO WRITE A BOOK1 MAK+ ! 9V5TION FULLY KN[N TO ! PUBLIC1 ! LAW W\LD NEV]!LESS PRESUME ?AT HE RES]V$ HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO ! 9V5TION1 = USE AS A MOTIVE P[]2 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 IT W\LD PROBABLY PRESUME ?AT HE AB&ON$ HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO IT1 = LIT]>Y PURPOSES2 & ?AT HE WAS WILL+ IT %\LD BE FREELY WRITT5 AB\T1 BY ALL :O MI<T *OOSE TO WRITE AB\T IT4 ,& EV5 IF O!R M5 %\LD REPR9T HIS [N DESCRIPTION ( IT1 )\T HIS CONS5T1 V]Y LIKELY ! LAW W\LD NOT SAY ?AT ANY WRONG HAD BE5 DONE HIM2 BUT RA!R A B5EFIT1 9ASMU* AS HIS 9V5TION W\LD ?US BE MORE WIDELY ADV]TIS$1 = SALE1 ?AN IT O!RWISE W\LD BE4 

,BUT IF ANY O!R MAN1 ?AN ! 9V5TOR1 W]E TO WRITE A BOOK DESCRIB+ ! /EAM 5G9E1 ! LAW W\LD MO/ LIKELY PRESUME ?AT HE WROTE IT SOLELY AS A LIT]>Y 5T]PRISE2 & ?AT HE !RE=E WI%$ TO RETA9 HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT4 

#b4 ,9 ! SECOND CLASS ( IDEAS--?OSE1 9 :I* ! AU?ORS RETA9 AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T1 = LIT]>Y PURPOSES1 BUT NOT = ANY O!R USE--MAY BE RECKON$ AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( IDEAS1 ?AT >E REALLY USEFUL TO MANK9D1 AS GUIDES = !IR CONDUCT1 UND] V>I\S CIRCUM/ANCES 9 LIFE2 BUT :I*1 NEV]!LESS1 HAVE S+LY NO APPRECIABLE M>KET VALUE1 = USE4 ,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! IDEAS1 ?AT ! E>? IS A GLOBE2 ?AT IT TURNS ON ITS AXIS2 ?AT IT REVOLVES R\ND ! SUN2 ?AT HONE/Y IS ! BE/ POLICY2 ?AT 9DU/RY & ECONOMY >E ! ROADS TO WEAL?2 ?AT C]TA9 K9DS ( LABOR >E 9JURI\S TO ! HEAL?2 ?AT C]TA9 K9DS ( FOOD >E MORE NUTRITI\S ?AN O!RS2 ?AT C]TA9 DISEASES >E CONTAGI\S1 & O!RS NOT2 ?AT C]TA9 ANIMALS >E UNTAMABLE & DANG]\S2 ?AT O!R ANIMALS >E H>MLESS1 SUSCEPTIBLE ( BE+ DOME/ICAT$1 & MADE SUBS]VI5T TO ! USES ( MAN2 ?AT C]TA9 SY/EMS ( PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION HAVE MORE TRU? 9 !M ?AN O!RS2 & AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( O!R IDEAS1 :I* >E VALUABLE TO MANK9D = USE2 BUT :I*1 NEV]!LESS1 IF (F]$ = SALE S+LY 9 ! M>KET1 W\LD NOT BR+ A F>?+ APIECE1 FROM ONE MAN 9 A ?\S&4 

,! ONLY WAY1 !N1 9 :I* ANY EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY1 9 IDEAS ( ?IS K9D1 CAN BE MADE VALUABLE TO ! AU?ORS1 IS BY US+ !M = LIT]>Y PURPOSES1 9/EAD ( ATTEMPT+ TO SELL ! IDEAS !MSELVES S+LY = USE4 

,S9CE1 !N1 ?IS RI<T TO USE ONE'S IDEAS1 ( ?IS K9D1 = LIT]>Y PURPOSES1 IS ! ONLY EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY1 ?AT CAN BE ( ANY PRACTICAL VALUE TO ! AU?OR1 IT IS ! ONLY EXCLUSIVE RI<T ?AT ! LAW WILL PRESUME ?AT HE 9T5DS1 OR DESIRES1 TO RETA91 :5 HE SELLS A BOOK DESCRIB+ !M4 

,?IS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( US+ IDEAS = LIT]>Y PURPOSES1 IS :AT WE CALL ! COPYRI<T4 ,& ?IS IS ! ONLY EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY1 :I* AU?ORS USUALLY RETA91 OR WI% TO RETA91 9 ! IDEAS !Y DESCRIBE 9 !IR BOOKS4 

,BUT1 BECAUSE A MAN HAS ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( US+ HIS [N ORIG9AL IDEAS1 = LIT]>Y PURPOSES1 IT MU/ NOT BE 9F]R$ ?AT AU?ORS HAVE ANY EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY ( ?IS K9D1 EXCEPT 9 ?OSE P>TICUL> IDEAS1 :I* !Y !MSELVES ORIG9ATE4 ,N[ IT IS ONLY A V]Y FEW ( ! LEAD+1 PRIM>Y1 & MO/ IMPORTANT IDEAS1 DESCRIB$ 9 BOOKS1 ?AT >E ORIG9AL ) ! AU?ORS ( ! BOOKS2 9ASMU* AS ! ELEM5T>Y TRU?S1 9 NE>LY ALL DEP>TM5TS ( KN[L$GE1 HAVE BE5 LONG KN[N TO MANK9D4 ,AN AU?OR'S ORIG9ALITY IS1 !RE=E1 G5]ALLY CONF9$ TO SECOND>Y & SUBSIDI>Y IDEAS1 SU* AS ! COMB9ATION1 >RANGEM5T1 & APPLICATION ( ! LEAD+ OR ELEM5T>Y IDEAS1 & ! /YLE ( ! COMPOSITION DESCRIB+ !M4 ,& IT IS ONLY 9 !SE ORIG9AL IDEAS ( HIS [N1 ?AT ! LAW GIVES HIM A COPYRI<T1 OR ANY EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY4 

#c4 ,AMONG ! EXAMPLES ( ! ?IRD CLASS ( IDEAS--9 :I* NO EXCLUSIVE RI<T :ATEV] IS RETA9$--MAY BE RECKON$ A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! IDEAS1 :I* APPE> 9 NEWSPAP]S2 ESPECIALLY ! ACC\NTS ( PASS+ EV5TS1 & COMM5TS !REON2 :I* IDEAS HAVE AN 9T]E/ TO-DAY1 BUT WILL BE /ALE TO-MORR[2 & AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T 9 !M WILL NEV] BE ( ANY APPRECIABLE VALUE TO ! AU?OR1 EI!R = ! PURPOSE ( BE+ REPR9T$1 OR = ANY O!R USE4 ,9 ?IS CASE ! LAW PRESUMES ?AT ! AU?OR RETA9S NO EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !M2 SIMPLY BECAUSE SU* EXCLUSIVE RI<T W\LD BE ( NO PRACTICAL VALUE TO HIM4 

,IF1 H[EV]1 !SE IDEAS HAVE ANY P>TICUL> 9TELLECTUAL M]IT1 :I* W\LD ADD TO ! AU?OR'S REPUTATION1 ! LAW WILL PRESUME ?AT HE WI%ES TO RETA9 HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !M1 SO F> AS IS NECESS>Y TO SECURE TO HIMSELF ! REPUTATION ( AU?OR%IP1 EV5 ?\< NO DIRECT PECUNI>Y ADVANTAGE IS TO BE D]IV$ FROM !M4 ,! LAW1 !RE=E1 WILL REQUIRE ?AT ?OSE1 :O REPR9T SU* IDEAS1 %\LD ASCRIBE !M TO ! TRUE AU?OR1 9/EAD ( PR9T+ !M AS !IR [N4 ,( C\RSE ?IS REQUIREM5T APPLIES ONLY TO SU* IDEAS1 AS HAVE SU* AN ESS5TIAL & IMPORTANT M]IT1 AS ! AU?ORS MAY REASONABLY DESIRE ! CR$IT (4 ,IT W\LD NOT APPLY TO IDEAS TOO TRIVIAL TO BE WOR?Y ( A REASONABLE MAN'S CONSID]ATION4 ,TO SU*1 ! PR9CIPLE1 ?AT ! LAW DOES NOT TAKE C>E ( TRIFLES1 W\LD APPLY4 

,I %ALL N[ TAKE IT = GRANT$1 ?AT IT HAS BE5 SUFFICI5TLY %[N1 ?AT A BOOK1 & ! IDEAS DESCRIB$ 9 IT1 >E1 9 FACT1 & 9 LAW1 DI/9CT COMMODITIES2 ?AT ! SALE ( ! =M] IMPLIES NO SALE ( ANY RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! LATT]1 BEYOND ! M]E POSSESSION & M5TAL 5JOYM5T ( !M2 ?AT1 ) !SE EXCEPTIONS1 ! LAW PRESUMES ?AT AN AU?OR DESIRES TO RETA9 HIS EXCLUSIVE RI<T 9 ALL HIS ORIG9AL IDEAS1 = ALL PURPOSES :ATSOEV]1 = :I* SU* EXCLUSIVE RI<T WILL HAVE AN APPRECIABLE VALUE1 PECUNI>ILY OR O!RWISE1 OV] A RI<T 9 COMMON ) ! RE/ ( MANK9D4 

,?IS PRESUMPTION ( LAW1 9 FAVOR ( ! AU?OR1 >ISES1 )\T ANY SPECIAL NOTICE BE+ GIV51 9 ! BOOK1 ?AT HE WI%ES TO RETA9 HIS COPYRI<T1 OR ANY O!R EXCLUSIVE RI<T1 9 ! IDEAS DESCRIB$4 ,IT >ISES1 9 ! CASE ( IDEAS1 ON ! SAME PR9CIPLES1 & = ! SAME REASONS1 AS 9 ! CASE ( MAT]IAL PROP]TY1 VIZ43 ?AT ! IDEAS >E ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR2 ?AT !Y >E NATURALLY ! PROP]TY ( ! PRODUC]2 & ?AT IT IS AS UNREASONABLE TO PRESUME ?AT HE W\LD GRATUIT\SLY P>T ) ANY VALUABLE RI<TS 9 !M1 AS IT IS ?AT HE W\LD GRATUIT\SLY P>T ) ANY EQUALLY VALUABLE RI<TS 9 HIS MAT]IAL PROP]TY4 

,IT IS NOT LEGALLY NECESS>Y1 !RE=E1 ?AT AN AU?OR %\LD GIVE NOTICE1 9 HIS BOOK1 ?AT HE RETA9S HIS COPYRI<T1 OR ANY O!R RI<T 9 ! IDEAS DESCRIB$4 ,9DE$ IT MI<T1 9 SOME CASES1 BE DANG]\S TO GIVE ! NOTICE 0COPYRI<T RES]V$20 ?AT IS1 9 CASES :]E /ILL O!R RI<TS1 ?AN ! COPYRI<T1 W]E 9T5D$ TO BE RES]V$2 BECAUSE SU* NOTICE1 UNACCOMPANI$ BY ANY O!R SPECIAL RES]VATION1 MI<T IMPLY ?AT NO O!R RI<TS1 ?AN ! COPYRI<T1 W]E RES]V$4 

,BUT AL?\< IT MI<T BE DANG]\S TO GIVE NOTICE1 SIMPLY ( A RES]VATION ( 0COPYRI<T10 :]E /ILL O!R RI<TS W]E 9T5D$ TO BE RES]V$--AS 9 ! CASE ( BOOKS DESCRIB+ VALUABLE ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS1 & ALSO 9 ! CASE ( DRAMATIC & MUSICAL COMPOSITIONS1 :]E ! RI<T ( P]=M+ ! PIECES WAS 9T5D$ TO BE RES]V$--IT MI<T1 NEV]!LESS1 BE HI<LY JUDICI\S1 TO GIVE NOTICE ( ! RES]VATION1 BO? ( ! COPYRI<T1 & ( ALL O!R RI<TS 9T5D$ TO BE RES]V$1 9 ORD] TO GU>D AGA9/ ANY PRESUMPTION ( AB&ONM5T1 9 D\BTFUL CASES1 AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! AU?OR4 

,TAK+ IT = GRANT$ ?AT ! QUE/ION1 ,:E!R ! SALE ( A BOOK UNRES]V$LY1 IMPLIES A SALE1 = USE1 ( ! IDEAS DESCRIB$ 9 IT8 HAS N[ BE5 SUFFICI5TLY ANSW]$1 ,I PROCE$ TO ANSW] ANO!R QUE/ION1 V]Y SIMIL> 9 *>ACT] & IMPORTANCE1 TO WIT3 ,:E!R IF AN 9V5TOR MAKE AN UNRES]V$ SALE ( A MA*9E1 CON/RUCT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS 9V5TION1 SU* SALE WILL 9CLUDE ! SALE ( A RI<T TO CON/RUCT O!R SIMIL> MA*9ES8 OR ONLY A RI<T TO USE ! P>TICUL> MA*9E SOLD8 

,IT WILL BE SE5 AT ONCE ?AT MU* ( ! SAME REASON+1 ?AT IS APPLICABLE TO BOOKS1 & ! IDEAS DESCRIB$ 9 !M1 IS APPLICABLE ALSO TO MA*9ES1 & ! IDEAS1 AFT] :I* !Y >E CON/RUCT$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! MA*9E1 & ! IDEA1 AFT] :I* IT IS CON/RUCT$1 >E1 9 FACT & 9 LAW1 SEP>ATE & DI/9CT COMMODITIES2 AS MU* SO AS >E A BOOK1 & ! IDEAS DESCRIB$ 9 IT4 ,! MA*9E DOES NOT LIT]ALLY CONTA9 ! IDEA1 AFT] :I* IT WAS CON/RUCT$2 AL?\< WE >E 9 ! HABIT ( SPEAK+ ( MA*9ES 9 ?IS MANN]4 ,! IDEA DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ! MA*9E2 IT EXI/S ONLY 9 ! M9D4 ,! MA*9E CONSI/S ONLY ( WOOD1 IRON1 & O!R CORPOREAL SUB/ANCES4 ,! =MS & %APES1 GIV5 TO ?OSE SUB/ANCES1 >E ONLY EFFECTS1 PRODUC$ UPON !M BY A COMB9ATION ( CAUSES1 TO WIT1 ! IDEA ( ! 9V5TOR1 & ! PHYSICAL LABOR ( ! MA*9I/2 JU/ AS ! ORD]1 >RANGEM5T1 & COLLOCATION ( ! PR9T$ LETT]S 9 A BOOK1 >E EFFECTS PRODUC$ BY A COMB9ATION ( CAUSES1 TO WIT1 ! IDEAS ( ! AU?OR1 & ! PHYSICAL LABOR ( ! PR9T]4 ,9 BO? CASES--?AT ( A MA*9E1 & ?AT ( A BOOK--WE CAN ASC]TA9 ! NATURE ( ! CAUSES1 7?AT IS1 ! IDEAS1 & ! PHYSICAL LABOR17 BY AN EXAM9ATION ( !IR EFFECTS4 ,BUT ! CAUSES & !IR EFFECTS >E NOT1 !RE=E ID5TICAL4 ,!Y >E1 9 FACT & 9 LAW1 DI/9CT 5TITIES2 AS MU* SO AS >E ANY O!R CAUSES & !IR EFFECTS4 ,! MA*9E1 TOO1 AS A :OLE--?AT IS1 ! WOOD1 IRON1 OR O!R CORPOREAL SUB/ANCES1 ) ! EFFECTS PRODUC$ UPON !M1 OR ! %APES GIV5 TO !M1 BY ! IDEA ( ! 9V5TOR & ! LABOR ( ! MA*9I/--IS CLE>LY1 9 FACT & 9 LAW1 A DI/9CT 5TITY FROM ! IDEA ( ! 9V5TOR1 :I* CAN EXI/ ONLY 9 ! M9D4 ,& ! SALE ( ! MA*9E1 !RE=E1 IMPLIES NO SALE ( ! 9V5TOR'S IDEA1 ANY F>!R OR O!RWISE ?AN ?IS1 TO WIT4 ,! SALE ( ! MA*9E IMPLIES A RI<T TO USE IT2 & ! RI<T TO USE IT1 IMPLIES A RI<T TO USE ! IDEA ( ! 9V5TOR1 SO F> AS IT MAY BE NECESS>Y TO USE IT1 9 ORD] TO USE ! MA*9E2 BUT NO F>!R4 

,! SAME QUE/ION1 9 SUB/ANCE1 MAY N[ BE ASK$1 9 REG>D TO A MA*9E1 ?AT WAS BE=E SUGGE/$ 9 REG>D TO A BOOK1 VIZ43 ,IF A MA*9E1 & ! 9V5TOR'S IDEA1 AFT] :I* IT WAS CON/RUCT$1 BE1 9 FACT1 & 9 LAW1 DI/9CT COMMODITIES2 & IF ! MA*9E DO NOT LIT]ALLY CONTA9 ! 9V5TOR'S IDEA2 H[ CAN HIS RI<TS ( PROP]TY1 9 ?AT IDEA1 BE TRESPASS$ UPON1 BY ANO!R P]SON1 9 CON/RUCT+ OR US+ A SIMIL> MA*9E--?AT IS1 A MA*9E :I* DOES NOT CONTA9 ANY IDEA :ATEV]8 

,! ANSW] IS ! SAME AS 9 ! CASE ( ! BOOK1 VIZ43 ?AT1 AL?\< ! MA*9E DO NOT LIT]ALLY CONTA9 ! 9V5TOR'S IDEA1 YET ! MA*9E CANNOT BE CON/RUCT$ )\T US+ HIS IDEA4 ,?AT IDEA IS AN 9DISP5SABLE GUIDE TO ! CON/RUCTION ( ! MA*9E4 ,& ?IS USE ( ! 9V5TOR'S IDEA1 )\T HIS CONS5T1 IS A VIOLATION ( HIS RI<TS ( PROP]TY 9 IT4 

,SO1 ALSO1 9 OP]AT+ A MA*9E1 ! OP]ATOR USES ! 9V5TOR'S IDEA2 = HE DESIGNS & 5DEAVORS TO PRODUCE ! SAME RESULTS1 AS ?OSE 9T5D$ BY ! 9V5TOR1 & BY ! SAME PROCESS1 AS ?AT DEVIS$ BY ! 9V5TOR4 ,?IS1 !RE=E1 IS A USE ( ! 9V5TOR'S IDEA1 & IS CONSEQU5TLY A TRESPASS UPON HIS RI<TS4 

,! SAME PR9CIPLES APPLY TO SCULPTURE1 PA9T+1 DRAW+1 @&C4 ,A /ATUTE1 & ! DESIGN AFT] :I* IT WAS SCULPTUR$1 >E DI/9CT COMMODITIES2 & ! SALE ( ! /ATUTE DOES NOT CONVEY ANY RI<T TO USE ! SCULPTOR'S DESIGN1 = ! PURPOSE ( MAK+ A COPY4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( PA9T+S & DRAW+S1 ! DESIGNS ( :I* CAN BE MADE ( SUFFICI5T PRACTICAL VALUE TO ! AU?ORS1 TO BE 5TITL$ TO BE RECOGNIZ$1 BY LAW1 AS OBJECTS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 

,IT IS NOT LEGALLY NECESS>Y TO GIVE NOTICE1 ON A MA*9E1 ?AT ! 9V5TION IS RES]V$2 BECAUSE1 IF ! 9V5TION BE SU*1 AS ?AT ! EXCLUSIVE USE ( IT WILL BE ( ANY REALLY APPRECIABLE VALUE TO ! AU?OR1 EV]Y BODY IS B\ND TO PRESUME ?AT IT IS RES]V$4 ,BUT :]E ! FACT ( VALUE IS AT ALL D\BTFUL1 IT MAY BE ( UTILITY TO GIVE ! NOTICE1 9 ORD] TO GU>D AGA9/ ! D\BT4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ah$ 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bb 3 ,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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