,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #a 

#aheeahee 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TEXT 3 

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,:AT IS ! ,COMMON ,LAW ( ,5GL&8 

,9 ORD] TO DET]M9E :E!R ! ,COMMON ,LAW ( ,5GL& SU/A9S ! RI<T ( AU?ORS & 9V5TORS TO AN ABSOLUTE & P]PETUAL PROP]TY 9 !IR IDEAS1 IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO DET]M9E :AT ! ,COMMON ,LAW ( ,5GL& REALLY IS4 

,TO MANY UNPR(ESSIONAL READ]S1 ! T]M ,COMMON ,LAW WILL CONVEY NO V]Y C]TA9 OR PRECISE IDEA2 & AS ,I AM ANXI\S ?AT !Y %\LD FULLY UND]/& ?IS DISCUSSION1 AT EV]Y /EP1 ,I %ALL DEF9E ! T]M MORE AT L5G? ?AN W\LD O!RWISE BE NECESS>Y4 

,! ,COMMON ,LAW ( ,5GL&1 !N1 ) A FEW EXCEPTIONS1 :I* >E :OLLY IMMAT]IAL TO ! QUE/ION ( 9TELLECTUAL PROP]TY1 CONSI/S (1 & IS ID5TICAL )1 ! SIMPLE PR9CIPLES ( NATURAL JU/ICE4 ,9 ANCI5T TIMES1 IT WAS (T5 CALL$ 0RI<T10 0COMMON RI<T10 & SOMETIMES 0COMMON JU/ICE40 ,MAGNA ,*>TA CALLS IT 0JU/ICE & RI<T40 ,IT IS :AT UNPR(ESSIONAL M5 HAVE 9 M9D :5 !Y SPEAK ( !IR 0RI<TS20 ( 0JU/ICE20 ( M5'S 0NATURAL RI<TS10 @&C4 ,IT IS ! PR9CIPLE1 OR RULE1 :I* RI<TFULLY DET]M9ES :AT IS ONE MAN'S PROP]TY1 & :AT IS ANO!R'S4 ,IT IS (T5 CALL$ ! SCI5CE ( M9E & ?9E2 MEAN+ !REBY ! SCI5CE1 BY :I* WE ASC]TA9 :AT IS RI<TFULLY ONE MAN'S1 & :AT IS RI<TFULLY ANO!R'S4 ,IT IS ! PR9CIPLE1 :I* AN HONE/ MAN APPEALS TO1 :5 HE SAYS1 ?IS ?+ IS M9E1 & SU* >E MY 0RI<TS40 ,IT IS ?AT RULE ( JUDGM5T & DECISION1 :I* IMP>TIAL M5 USUALLY1 NATURALLY1 & 9TUITIVELY P]CEIVE TO BE JU/1 = ! SETTLEM5T ( CONTROV]SIES BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS 9 REG>D TO !IR RI<TS4 ,IT IS ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 :I* WRIT]S ON LAW USUALLY CALL ! LAW ( NATURE1 & ! UNIV]SAL LAW4 ,IT IS ?AT NATURAL LAW ( JU/ICE1 :I* ,CIC]O SAYS IS ! SAME AT ,ROME & AT ,A!NS1 ! SAME TO-DAY & TO-MORR[1 & :I* NEI!R ! S5ATE NOR ! PEOPLE CAN ABROGATE4 ,IT IS ?AT NATURAL & UNIV]SAL LAW ( JU/ICE1 :I*1 OV] ALL ! WORLD1 AMONG CIVILIZ$ & SAVAGE M5 ALIKE1 IS ACKN[L$G$ AS ! OBLIGATORY RULE ( ADJUDICATION1 9 ALL LEGAL CONTROV]SIES :ATSOEV]1 EXCEPT ?OSE FEW1 9 REG>D TO :I* SOME SPECIAL OR PECULI> 9/ITUTION OR 5ACTM5T HAS BE5 >BITR>ILY E/ABLI%$ TO ! CONTR>Y1 BY P>TICUL> GOV]NM5TS OR PEOPLE4 ,IT IS ! LAW1 ( :I* ,SIR ,WILLIAM ,JONES SPEAKS1 :5 HE SAYS1 0,IT IS PLEAS+ TO REM>K ! SIMIL>ITY1 OR RA!R ! ID5TITY1 ( ?OSE CONCLUSIONS1 :I* PURE UNBIASS$ REASON1 9 ALL AGES & NATIONS1 SELDOM FAILS TO DRAW1 9 SU* JURIDICAL 9QUIRIES AS >E NOT FETT]$ & MANACL$ BY POSITIVE 9/ITUTIONS40"9 ,K5T SAYS ( IT1 0,! ,COMMON ,LAW 9CLUDES ?OSE PR9CIPLES1 USAGES1 & RULES ( ACTION1 APPLICABLE TO ! GOV]NM5T & SECURITY ( P]SON & PROP]TY1 :I* DO NOT RE/ = !IR AU?ORITY UPON ANY EXPRESS & POSITIVE DECL>ATION ( ! WILL ( ! LEGISLATURE4 ,A GREAT PROPORTION ( ! RULES & MAXIMS1 :I* CON/ITUTE ! IMM5SE CODE ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 GREW 9TO USE BY GRADUAL ADOPTION1 & RECEIV$ ! SANCTION ( ! C\RTS ( JU/ICE1 )\T ANY LEGISLATIVE ACT OR 9T]F]5CE4 ,IT WAS ! APPLICATION ( ! DICTATES ( NATURAL JU/ICE & CULTIVAT$ REASON TO P>TICUL> CASES40"4 

,! ,COMMON ,LAW1 OR ! LAW ( NATURE1 IS (T5 CALL$ 0! P]FECTION ( REASON20 MEAN+ !REBY ! CONCLUSIONS1 TO :I* ! HI<E/ REASON HAS >RIV$1 9 ITS SE>*ES AFT] ! TRUE PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE4 

,IT WILL BE SE5 FROM :AT HAS BE5 /AT$1 ?AT1 ) ! EXCEPTIONS BE=E ALLUD$ TO1"9 ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 OR1 :AT IS ! SAME ?+1 ! LAW ( NATURE1 IS A SCI5CE1 AS MU* SO AS ANY ( ! O!R SCI5CES4 ,IT IS ! SCI5CE ( JU/ICE1 AS MA!MATICS IS ! SCI5CE ( NUMB]S & QUANTITIES4 ,AS A SCI5CE1 IT IS APPLICABLE TO ALL ! 9F9ITY ( RELATIONS1 9 :I* M5 CAN /& TO EA* O!R1 & TO EA* O!R'S PROP]TIES2 & DET]M9ES :AT >E !IR RESPECTIVE RI<TS1 OR :AT1 9 JU/ICE1 BELONGS TO ONE1 & :AT TO ANO!R4 ,LIKE MA!MATICS1 IT CONSI/S ( C]TA9 ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES1 ! TRU? & JU/ICE ( :I* >E SO NE>LY SELF-EVID5T AS TO BE READILY P]CEIV$ BY NE>LY ALL P]SONS ( COMMON UND]/&+S4 ,& ALL ! DIFFICULTY ( SETTL+ NEW QUE/IONS AT ,COMMON ,LAW1 >ISES FROM ! FACT ?AT EV]Y NEW LAW QUE/ION DEP5DS UPON A NEW /ATE ( FACTS1 :I* CALL = NEW COMB9ATIONS1 OR APPLICATIONS1 ( !SE ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES2 JU/ AS ! SOLUTION ( EV]Y NEW MA!MATICAL PROBLEM REQUIRES NEW COMB9ATIONS ( ! ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES ( MA!MATICS4 

,9 ! PROGRESS ( ! HUMAN RACE FROM SAVAGEISM TO CIVILIZATION1 & FROM BRUTI% IGNORANCE TO ! PRES5T /ATE ( 5LI<T5M5T1 ?IS SCI5CE ( JU/ICE1 :I* 9 ,5GL& IS CALL$ ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 HAS ( NECESSITY MADE GREAT PROGRESS2 & ?IS PROGRESS HAS BE5 MADE FROM ! SAME CAUSES1 BY :I* ! SCI5CE ( NUMB]S & QUANTITIES HAS MADE PROGRESS--?AT IS1 FROM ! FACT ?AT ! CIRCUM/ANCES & NECESSITIES ( MANK9D HAVE CONT9UALLY COMPELL$ !M TO SU* 9QUIRIES2 & ?US KN[L$GE HAS BE5 EV] ACCUMULAT+1 9 ONE SCI5CE1 AS 9 ! O!R4 ,9 ! D>KE/ P]IODS ( ! HUMAN M9D1 D\BTLESS M5 H>DLY KNEW ?AT TWO & TWO W]E EQUAL TO F\R2 OR ?AT TWO HALVES W]E EQUAL TO ONE :OLE4 ,N[ !Y CAN MEASURE ! SIZE ( PLANETS1 & ! DI/ANCES ( />S4 ,SO 9 MATT]S ( JU/ICE--!RE WAS D\BTLESS A TIME1 :5 M5 W]E SO NE>LY ON A LEVEL ) ! BRUTES1 AS H>DLY TO KN[ ?AT ONE MAN HAD NOT A RI<T TO KILL HIS FELL[ MAN AT PLEASURE4 ,N[ M5 HAVE LE>N$ ?AT !Y HAVE SEP>ATE1 9DIVIDUAL1 & SACR$ RI<TS ( PROP]TY 91 & DOM9ION OV]1 ?+S 9VISIBLE BY ! EYE1 9TANGIBLE BY ! H&1 & P]CEPTIBLE ONLY BY ! M9D4 ,& !Y HAVE ALSO LE>N$ AT LEA/ ! ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES1 BY :I* M5'S SEP>ATE RI<TS TO !SE 9VISIBLE & 9TANGIBLE COMMODITIES CAN BE DET]M9$4 

,! ,COMMON ,LAW ( ,5GL& IS (T5 CALL$ ! UNWRITT5 LAW2 BY :I* IS MEANT ?AT IT WAS NEV] 5ACT$1 9 ! =M ( /ATUTES1 BY P>LIAM5TS1 OR ANY O!R LEGISLATIVE BODY :ATEV]4 ,& = ! MO/ P>T IT NECESS>ILY MU/ HAVE BE5 SO1 S9CE NO LEGISLATIVE BODY C\LD EV] =ESEE ! 9F9ITE RELATIONS ( M5 TO EA* O!R1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO 5ACT A LAW BE=EH& = EA* CASE ?AT MI<T >ISE4 ,! ,COMMON ,LAW1 !RE=E1 DOES NOT DEP5D AT ALL1 = ITS AU?ORITY1 UPON ! WILL ( ANY LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY4 ,IT DEP5DS1 = ITS AU?ORITY1 SOLELY UPON ITS [N 9TR9SIC OBLIGATION--?AT IS1 ! OBLIGATION ( NATURAL JU/ICE4 ,& IT \<T ALWAYS TO HAVE BE5 HELD TO BE ( SUP]IOR AU?ORITY TO ANY LEGISLATIVE 5ACTM5TS OPPOS$ TO IT2 BECAUSE IT IS 9TR9SICALLY ( 9F9ITELY HI<] OBLIGATION ?AN ANY LEGISLATIVE 5ACTM5TS1 CONTR>Y TO IT1 CAN BE4 ,9 FACT1 LEGISLATIVE 5ACTM5TS >E 9TR9SICALLY ( NO OBLIGATION AT ALL1 :5 9 CONFLICT ) IT2 BECAUSE GOV]NM5TS >E AS MU* B\ND BY ! PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE AS >E PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 K+S & P>LIAM5TS HAVE LONG ASSUM$ ! PR]OGATIVE ( SETT+ ASIDE ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 & SETT+ UP !IR [N WILL 9 ITS /EAD1 :5EV] !IR DISCRETION OR SELFI%NESS HAS PROMPT$ !M TO DO SO4 ,& HAV+ JUDGES & SOLDI]S AT !IR S]VICE1 !Y HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 HAV+ !IR >BITR>Y 5ACTM5TS DECL>$ TO BE LAW1 9 PLACE ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 & C>RI$ 9TO EFFECT AS SU*1 AGA9/ ! NATURAL RI<TS ( M54 ,ALL ?IS1 H[EV]1 HAS BE5 DONE 9 VIOLATION ( ! ,5GLI% CON/ITUTION1 AS WELL AS ( NATURAL RI<T4 

,HAV+ ?US %[N1 P]HAPS SUFFICI5TLY1 :AT ! ,COMMON ,LAW ( ,5GL& IS1 9 !ORY1 LET US LOOK1 = A MOM5T1 AT :AT IT HAS BE5 9 PRACTICE4 ,& ?IS1 IT IS EVID5T1 MU/ HAVE DEP5D$ :OLLY UPON ! DEGREE ( CIVILIZATION1 & ! NATURE ( ! LEGAL QUE/IONS >IS+ FROM ADJUDICATION2 & ALSO UPON ! DEGREE ( 5LI<T5M5T1 ON ! P>T ( ! TRIBUNALS APPO9T$ TO ADM9I/] IT4 

,9 ! E>LI] TIMES ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW--SAY SIX HUNDR$ TO ONE ?\S& YE>S AGO--! /ATE ( SOCIETY 9 ,5GL& WAS V]Y RUDE & SIMPLE1 SU* AS WE %\LD N[ CALL B>B>\S4 ,AGRICULTURE1 C>RI$ ON 9 A V]Y IGNORANT & CLUMSY MANN]1 WAS ! PR9CIPAL EMPLOYM5T ( ! PEOPLE4 ,WEAL?1 KN[L$GE1 & ! >TS HAD MADE V]Y LITTLE PROGRESS2 & ! LEGAL QUE/IONS >IS+ W]E CORRESPOND+LY FEW & SIMPLE1 BE+ SU* AS RELAT$ TO ! LITTLE PROP]TIES1 ! COMMON RI<TS1 & EV]Y DAY CONC]NS ( ! COMMON PEOPLE2 & SU* ALSO AS ! COMMON PEOPLE W\LD G5]ALLY UND]/&1 ALMO/ 9/9CTIVELY1 OR RA!R 9TUITIVELY1 )\T ! AID ( ANY ELABORATE PROCESSES ( REASON+4 

,! TRIBUNALS = DECID+ !SE QUE/IONS W]E ( A CORRESPOND+LY SIMPLE & UNSOPHI/ICAT$ *>ACT]4 ,!Y CONSI/$ ( TWELVE M51 TAK5 FROM ! COMMON PEOPLE1 ALMO/ OR 5TIRELY AT R&OM4 ,!SE JURIES SAT ALONE1 & W]E ! REAL JUDGES 9 EV]Y CAUSE1 CIVIL & CRIM9AL4 ,IT WAS SELDOM ?AT ANY O!R JUDGE1 LE>N$1 OR SUPPOS$ TO BE LE>N$1 9 ! LAW1 SAT ) !M4 ,& :5 SU* WAS ! CASE1 HE HAD NO AU?ORITY OV] !M1 & C\LD DICTATE NO?+ TO !M1 EI!R ( LAW OR EVID5CE4 ,HE C\LD ONLY (F] !M HIS OP9ION1 :I* !Y ADOPT$ OR REJECT$1 AS !Y ?\<T PROP]4 

,V]Y FEW LAWS W]E 5ACT$ 9 ?OSE DAYS4 ,!RE WAS NO SU* BODY 9 EXI/5CE AS ! MOD]N P>LIAM5T1 NOR ANY O!R LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY4 ,:AT FEW LAWS W]E 5ACT$1 W]E 5ACT$ BY ! K+ ALONE4 ,BUT NONE ( !M C\LD BE 5=C$ AGA9/ ! PEOPLE1 )\T ! CONS5T ( ! JURIES2 & ! JURIES W]E UND] NO LEGAL OBLIGATION TO 5=CE !M1 & DID NOT 5=CE !M1 UNLESS !Y CONSID]$ !M JU/4 ,! JURORS W]E NEV] SWORN TO TRY CAUSES ACCORD+ TO LAW1 BUT ONLY ACCORD+ TO JU/ICE1 OR ACCORD+ TO !IR CONSCI5CES4 ,9DE$1 !Y C\LD TRY !M BY NO O!R LAW ?AN !IR [N NOTIONS ( NATURAL JU/ICE2 = !Y C\LD NOT READ ! K+'S LAWS1 S9CE FEW OR NONE ( ! COMMON PEOPLE C\LD AT ?AT TIME READ4 ,BESIDES1 PR9T+ BE+ !N UNKN[N1 V]Y FEW COPIES ( ! LAWS W]E MADE4 ,! LAWS1 PASS$ BY ! K+1 W]E G5]ALLY MADE KN[N1 ONLY BY BE+ PROCLAIM$ OR READ TO SU* ( ! PEOPLE1 AS MI<T *ANCE TO BE ASSEMBL$ ON PUBLIC OCCASIONS4 ,BO? !ORETICALLY & PRACTICALLY1 !Y W]E SIMPLY RECOMM5DATIONS1 ON ! P>T ( ! K+ TO ! PEOPLE1 PROMULGAT$ 9 ! HOPE ?AT ! LATT]1 AS JURORS1 W\LD 5=CE !M4 

,JURIES FIX$ ! S5T5CE 9 ALL CRIM9AL CASES2 & R5D]$ ! JUDGM5T 9 ALL CIVIL CASES2 & NO JUDGM5TS C\LD BE GIV51 EXCEPT SU* AS ! TWELVE JURORS UNANIM\SLY CONCURR$ 9 AS BE+ JU/4 

,! DECISION ( EV]Y JURY WAS NOT NECESS>ILY 5=C$4 ,AN APPEAL WAS ALL[ABLE TO ! K+'S C\RT1 CONSI/+ ( ! K+ & C]TA9 ( ! NOBILITY1 :O W]E ASSI/$ 9 !IR ADJUDICATIONS1 BY ! K+'S JUDGES1 OR LEGAL ADVIS]S4 ,BUT ?IS K+'S C\RT C\LD 5=CE NO DECISIONS ( ITS [N1 ADV]SELY TO ?OSE GIV5 BY ! JURIES4 ,IT C\LD ONLY 9VALIDATE ! JUDGM5T ( A JURY1 & REF] ! CAUSE TO A NEW JURY = A NEW TRIAL4 ,SO ?AT NO JUDGM5T C\LD BE 5=C$ AGA9/ ! P]SON1 PROP]TY1 OR CIVIL RI<TS ( ANY ONE1 EXCEPT SU* AS HAD BE5 UNANIM\SLY AGRE$ TO BY TWELVE ( ! COMMON PEOPLE1 ACT+ 9DEP5D5TLY1 ACCORD+ TO !IR [N IDEAS ( JU/ICE4 

,! CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS /ATE ( ?+S WAS1 ?AT :ILE ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 7) ! EXCEPTIONS :I* HAVE BE=E BE5 ALLUD$ TO17 WAS1 9 !ORY1 A SCI5CE1 APPLICABLE1 FROM ITS NATURE & 9TR9SIC OBLIGATION1 TO ! SETTLEM5T ( EV]Y POSSIBLE QUE/ION ( JU/ICE1 ?AT C\LD EV] >ISE AMONG M51 9 ! MO/ ADVANC$ & 5LI<T5$ /ATE ( :I* HUMANITY IS CAPABLE1 IT WAS1 9 PRACTICE1 CONF9$ TO ! DET]M9ATION ( SU* FEW & SIMPLE QUE/IONS1 AS A V]Y RUDE & UNCULTIVAT$ /ATE ( SOCIETY GAVE RISE TO1 & SU* ALSO AS TRIBUNALS1 COMPOS$ ( TWELVE SIMPLE & UNLE>N$ M51 C\LD ALL UND]/&1 & W\LD ALL CONCUR 94 

,:Y ?IS LAW ( NATURE1 OR NATURAL JU/ICE1 ?US ADM9I/]$1 WAS CALL$1 9 ,5GL&1 ! 0,COMMON ,LAW10 IS A MATT] ( SOME DISPUTE2 AL?\< ! PROBABILITY ALTOGE!R IS1 ?AT IT WAS CALL$ ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 BECAUSE IT WAS ! LAW ( ! COMMON PEOPLE1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! NOBILITY1 OR MILIT>Y CLASS ( SOCIETY4 

,?IS MILIT>Y CLASS HAD BO? RI<TS & DUTIES DIFF]5T1 9 SOME P>TICUL>S1 FROM ?OSE ( ! COMMON PEOPLE4 ,! LAW APPLICABLE TO !M WAS !RE=E SOME:AT DIFF]5T FROM ! LAW ( ! COMMON PEOPLE4 ,& 9DIVIDUALS ( EA* CLASS W]E 5TITL$ TO BE TRI$ BY !IR 0PE]S10 OR EQUALS--?AT IS1 9DIVIDUALS ( ! MILIT>Y CLASS W]E TO BE TRI$ BY TRIBUNALS ( !IR [N ORD]1 & ! COMMON PEOPLE BY TRIBUNALS 7JURIES7 ( !IR [N ORD]4 ,! ,COMMON ,LAW1 !N1 WAS ! LAW :I* ! COMMON PEOPLE ADM9I/]$ TO EA* O!R1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! LAW1 :I* ! MILIT>Y CLASS ADM9I/]$ TO EA* O!R2 & !RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT ?IS IS ! TRUE ORIG9 ( ! NAME4 ,! ANCI5T CORONATION OA? /RONGLY CORROBORATES ?IS IDEA1 = ONE P>T ( ?AT OA? WAS1 ?AT 0! JU/ LAWS & CU/OMS1 :I* ! COMMON PEOPLE HAVE *OS51 %ALL BE PRES]V$40 ,BY 0! JU/ LAWS & CU/OMS1 :I* ! COMMON PEOPLE HAVE *OS510 W]E MEANT ?OSE PR9CIPLES1 :I* JURIES ( ! 0COMMON PEOPLE10 ACT+ 9DEP5D5TLY1 & ON !IR [N CONSCI5CES1 W]E 9 ! HABIT ( 5=C+ AS LAW--= ! 0COMMON PEOPLE10 HAD NO O!R LEGAL MODE ( MAK+ !IR WI%ES1 ON MATT]S ( LAW1 AU?ORITATIVELY KN[N4 

,IT WAS ?IS ,COMMON ,LAW1 & ! RI<T ( ! 0COMMON PEOPLE0 TO BE JUDG$ BY IT1 & TO HAVE !IR RI<TS DET]M9$ BY IT1 9 ALL CIVIL & CRIM9AL CASES1 9 ! MANN] ?AT HAS N[ BE5 DESCRIB$--?AT IS1 BY JURIES ACT+ ACCORD+ TO !IR [N NOTIONS ( JU/ICE1 & 9DEP5D5TLY ( ALL LEGISLATIVE AU?ORITY ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T--?AT CON/ITUT$ ! ANCI5T BOA/$ LIB]TIES ( ,5GLI%M51 & ! V]Y ESS5CE & LIFE ( ! ,5GLI% ,CON/ITUTION4"9 

,! READ] WILL N[ BE ABLE TO JUDGE = HIMSELF :E!R ! ,COMMON ,LAW ( ,5GL& DOES1 OR DOES NOT1 9 !ORY1 SU/A9 ! RI<T ( AU?ORS & 9V5TORS TO A P]PETUAL PROP]TY 9 !IR IDEAS4 ,9 ORD] TO SETTLE ?IS QUE/ION1 HE HAS ONLY TO DECIDE :E!R IT BE JU/1 & ACCORD+ TO ?OSE PR9CIPLES ( NATURAL LAW1 BY :I* MANK9D HOLD !IR RI<TS ( PROP]TY 9 ALL ! O!R PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR1 ?AT !Y %\LD ALSO HAVE ! SAME RI<TS ( PROP]TY 9 !IR IDEAS4 ,IF IT W]E JU/1 ?AT M5 %\LD HAVE A RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !IR IDEAS1 !N ! ,COMMON ,LAW AU?ORIZ$ IT1 & IT WAS ! DUTY ( ALL ,COMMON ,LAW TRIBUNALS TO MA9TA9 ?AT PR9CIPLE 9 PRACTICE4 

,TAK+ IT = GRANT$ ?AT ! READ] WILL HAVE NO D\BT ?AT ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IDEAS CAME )9 ! !ORY1 & WAS EMBRAC$ 9 ! PR9CIPLES1 ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 ,I %ALL N[ PROCE$ TO %[ :Y ?IS RI<T HAS NOT BE5 HI!RTO MORE FULLY ACKN[L$G$4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ah$ 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bb 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #a -- ,ADD$4 

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