,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #b 

#aheeahee 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TEXT 3 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,I4 

,:Y ! ,COMMON ,LAW ,RI<T ( ,PROP]TY 9 ,IDEAS HAS NOT BE5 MORE FULLY ,ACKN[L$G$4 

,IT WILL1 ,I ?9K1 BE H]EAFT] RATIONALLY %[N1 ?AT ! NONE/ABLI%M5T1 9 ,5GL&1 ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IDEAS1 IS TO BE ATTRIBUT$ SOLELY TO ! OV]?R[ ( ! ANCI5T1 CON/ITUTIONAL1 ,COMMON ,LAW GOV]NM5T1 & TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( >BITR>Y P[] 9 ITS /EAD4 ,BUT TO UND]/& H[ SU* A CAUSE HAS BE5 PRODUCTIVE ( SU* AN EFFECT1 WE MU/ ATT5D SOME:AT TO EV5TS & DATES4 

,! ,GREAT ,*>T]--:I* WAS AT ONCE ! EMBODIM5T & GU>ANTEE ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW =M ( GOV]NM5T1 & :I*1 )9 AB\T TWO HUNDR$ YE>S FROM ! GRANT ( IT 9 #a#b#a#e1 WAS CONFIRM$ MORE ?AN ?IRTY TIMES1 WAS CONFIRM$ = ! LA/ TIME 9 #a#d#a#e4 ,IT HAD BE5 MU* 5CROA*$ UPON BE=E2 BUT FROM ?IS TIME ! GOV]NM5T DEG5]AT$ RAPIDLY 9TO ABSOLUTISM4 ,& SU* HAS N[ BE5 ITS *>ACT] = SOME F\R HUNDR$ YE>S4 

,9 SAY+ ?IS1 ,I DO NOT MEAN ?AT ABSOLUTE P[] HAS BE5 VE/$ 9 ! H&S ( ! K+ ALONE2 AL?\< AT TIMES HIS P[] HAS1 9 PRACTICE1 V]Y NE>LY APPROXIMAT$ TO ABSOLUTISM4 ,BUT ,I MEAN ?AT !RE HAS EXI/$ 9 ,5GL& A SELF-CON/ITUT$1 & UNCON/ITUTIONAL LEGISLATIVE P[]1 :I* HAS >BITR>ILY ASSUM$ ! PR]OGATIVE ( SETT+ ASIDE ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 OR LAW ( NATURE1 & SETT+ UP ITS [N WILL 9 ITS /EAD4 

,?IS LEGISLATIVE P[]1 :I* WAS :OLLY UNKN[N TO ! ,5GLI% ,CON/ITUTION1 & :I* HAD ITS ORIG9 SOLELY 9 A CONSPIRACY BETWE5 ! K+1 ! NOBILITY1 & ! WEAL? ( ! K+DOM1 TO RULE & PLUND] ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 HAS CONSI/$ ( ! K+ & ! P>LIAM5T UNIT$2 ! P>LIAM5T CONSI/+ ( ! HI<] ORD]S ( NOBILITY1 AS ONE BRAN*1 & ( A FEW REPRES5TATIVES ( ! CITIES1 BOR\<S1 & WEAL?Y FREEHOLD]S1 AS A SECOND BRAN*1 CALL$ ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS4 

,! RELATIVE 9FLU5CE ( ! K+1 ! NOBILITY1 & ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS1 9 CONTROLL+ LEGISLATION1 HAS GREATLY FLUCTUAT$4 ,EA* ,H\SE ( ,P>LIAM5T HAS AT TIMES BE5 ! TOOL OR CONF$]ATE ( ! K+ AGA9/ ! O!R4 ,AT O!R TIMES ! K+ W\LD CALL A P>LIAM5T ONLY AT LONG 9T]VALS2 EX]CIS+ NE>LY ABSOLUTE P[] MEAN:ILE4 ,BUT S9CE #a#f#h#h1 ! P[] ( ! CR[N HAS BE5 EFFECTUALLY BROK54 ,NEV]!LESS ! GOV]NM5T HAS H>DLY BE5 LESS >BITR>Y OR TYRANNICAL1 AS AGA9/ ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 ?AN IT WAS BE=E4 ,! NOBILITY1 ( C\RSE1 HAVE REPRES5T$ ONLY !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS1 7FALSELY SO CALL$17 HAS1 9 ITS BE/ E/ATE1 REPRES5T$1 AT MO/1 ONLY ! WEAL? ( ! K+DOM1 9/EAD ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ITS WOR/ E/ATE1 IT HAS BE5 MADE UP ( TOOLS ( ! K+1 TOOLS ( ! NOBILITY1 & ! REPRES5TATIVES & TOOLS ( WEAL?4 ,! SUFFRAGE HAS BE5 SO LIMIT$1 & O!RWISE >RANG$1 AS DESIGN$LY TO SECURE !SE RESULTS4 

,ONE ( ! FIR/ ACTS ( P>LIAM5T1 ON OBTA9+ ITS ASC5DANCY1 9 #a#f#h#h1 WAS TO IMPOSE UPON ! K+ AN OA?1 0,TO GOV]N ! PEOPLE ( ?IS K+DOM ( ,5GL&1 & ! DOM9IONS !RETO BELONG+1 ACCORD+ TO ! /ATUTES 9 ,P>LIAM5T AGRE$ ON1 & ! LAWS & CU/OMS ( ! SAME20 9 ! PLACE ( ! ANCI5T & CON/ITUTIONAL OA?1 ?AT 0! JU/ LAWS & CU/OMS1 :I* ! COMMON PEOPLE .<ACT+ AS JURORS.> HAD *OS51 %\LD BE PRES]V$20 ?US =MALLY ABOLI%+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 AS COMP>$ ) ! WILL ( P>LIAM5T4 

,TO GIVE MORE C]TA9 EFFECT TO ! >BITR>Y LEGISLATION ( ! K+1 & ( ! K+ & ! P>LIAM5T1 ! ,COMMON ,LAW JURIES HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$1 = SOME FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S LA/ PA/1 BY LAWS FIX+ SU* PROP]TY QUALIFICATIONS = JURORS AS W\LD EXCLUDE A L>GE1 PROBABLY MU* ! L>GE/1 PORTION ( ! PEOPLE1 & 9CLUDE G5]ALLY ONLY SU* AS W]E REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS2 & ALSO BY LAWS AU?ORIZ+ ! K+'S %]IFFS & O!R (FIC]S TO SELECT ! JURORS2 ?US 5ABL+ !M TO SECURE ?OSE FAVORABLE TO ! GOV]NM5T4 

,! JUDGES TOO HAVE ALWAYS BE5 APPO9T$ BY ! K+2 & UNTIL #a#f#h#h1 W]E REMOVABLE BY HIM AT PLEASURE4 ,BUT = FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S !Y HAVE ALSO BE5 LIABLE TO IMPEA*M5T & PUNI%M5T BY P>LIAM5T4 ,! CONSEQU5CE HAS BE5 ?AT !Y HAVE ALWAYS BE5 M]E TOOLS ( ! K+1 OR ( P>LIAM5T1 OR ( BO?2 SO MU* SO ?AT1 NOT)/&+ S9CE #a#c#d#d1 7)\T ANY EXCEPTION1 SO F> AS ,I KN[17 !Y HAVE BE5 SWORN TO MA9TA9 ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 & D5Y IT TO NO MAN = ANY CAUSE1 !Y HAVE = A LONG P]IOD UNANIM\SLY ADOPT$ & ACT$ UPON ! DOCTR9E1 ?AT P>LIAM5T IS OMNIPOT5T1 & ITS /ATUTES OBLIGATORY 9 ALL CASES :ATSOEV]1 ! ,COMMON ,LAW TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+4 ,& !Y HAVE ALSO BE5 ! 9/RUM5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T = IMPOS+ ?IS DOCTR9E UPON JURIES4 ,:5 ! TRU? ALL ! :ILE WAS1 ?AT1 BY ! ,5GLI% ,CON/ITUTION1 BO? ,H\SES ( ,P>LIAM5T1 AS LEGISLATIVE BODIES1 W]E PURELY USURP]S1 & NEV] HAD ! SLI<TE/ P>TICLE ( AU?ORITY TO LEGISLATE =1 OR B9D ! PEOPLE4 

,9 ADDITION TO ALL !SE USURPATIONS1 = ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 ! K+1 = ! TWO OR ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S 5D+ 9 #a#f#d1 MA9TA9$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y & UNCON/ITUTIONAL C\RT1 ( ! MO/ >BITR>Y *>ACT]1 CALL$ ! ,/>-*AMB] C\RT1 COMPOS$ :OLLY ( HIS M9I/]S & 9/RUM5TS1 :O EX]CIS$ ! P[] ( SUMMON+ BE=E !M1 & PUNI%+ AT DISCRETION1 ANY ONE :O HAD BE5 GUILTY ( ANY ?+1 :I* !Y *OSE TO CONSID] A CONTEMPT ( ! ROYAL AU?ORITY4 ,MEMB]S ( P>LIAM5T W]E NOT EXEMPT FROM ?IS USURP$ JURISDICTION4 ,JURORS W]E (T5 BR\<T BE=E IT1 & REPRIM&$ OR PUNI%$ = ! V]DICTS !Y HAD R5D]$4 ,PRIVATE CITIZ5S1 :O HAD VIOLAT$ ! K+'S AU?ORITY 9 ANY WAY1 W]E BR\<T BE=E IT1 SUMM>ILY TRI$1 & PUNI%$ AT DISCRETION4 ,UND] SOME REIGNS ! AUDACITY & TYRANNY ( ?IS C\RT W]E SU* AS TO MAKE IT ! T]ROR ( ! K+DOM4 

,SU*1 9 G5]AL T]MS1 HAS BE5 ! ABSOLUTE & UNCON/ITUTIONAL *>ACT] ( ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T = SOME F\R HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,& ! CONSEQU5CE HAS BE51 ?AT !RE HAS BE5 NO ,COMMON ,LAW 9 =CE 9 ,5GL&1 DUR+ ?AT TIME1 EXCEPT SU* AS ?IS >BITR>Y LEGISLATIVE P[] HAS SE5 FIT TO SP>E4 

,BUT WE >E N[ TO %[ H[ ?IS /ATE ( ?+S HAS OP]AT$ TO PREV5T ! ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IDEAS4 

,IT IS )9 F\R HUNDR$ YE>S ?AT ! >T ( PR9T+ WAS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ,5GL&4 ,BUT IT WAS !N 9 SO RUDE A /ATE1 & ! PEOPLE 9 A CONDITION ( SU* IGNORANCE1 ?AT LITTLE PR9T+ WAS DONE = MANY YE>S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY FEW P]SONS W]E 5GAG$ 9 IT4 ,& V]Y FEW P]SONS WROTE BOOKS4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 NO QUE/IONS ( COPYRI<T W\LD BE LIKELY TO >ISE4 ,AT L5G? ! >T ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( ! GOV]NM5T1 FROM ITS BE+ =ESE5 ?AT IT MI<T PROVE DANG]\S BO? TO ! *UR* & ! /ATE4 ,& FROM ?IS TIME ! GOV]NM5T ASSUM$ UNLIMIT$ AU?ORITY OV] ! PRESS1 PROHIBIT+ ! PUBLICATION ( EV]Y ?+ H]ETICAL 9 POLITICS OR RELIGION1 & 5=C+ ITS RE/RICTIONS BY MEANS ( ! ,/>-*AMB] C\RT & O!RWISE1 9 ! MO/ SUMM>Y & TYRANNICAL MANN]4 ,!SE RE/RICTIONS CONT9U$1 ) NO IMPORTANT 9T]RUPTIONS1 D[N TO #a#f#i#d2 & W]E EFFECTUAL 9 CONF9+ ! LIB]TY ( PR9T+ TO SU* BOOKS AS ! GOV]NM5T APPROV$4 ,ONE MODE ( RE/RICTION1 :I* PREVAIL$ = AB\T ONE HUNDR$ YE>S1 WAS ?AT ( REQUIR+ EA* BOOK TO BE SPECIALLY LIC5S$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 BE=E IT C\LD BE PR9T$4 ,:5 A BOOK WAS ALL[$ TO BE PR9T$ AT ALL1 ! P]MISSION WAS )\T LIMITATION AS TO TIME2 & WAS USUALLY1 IF NOT UNIV]SALLY1 CONF9$ TO AU?ORS & !IR ASSIGNS4 ,!SE RE/RICTIONS UPON ! PRESS1 !RE=E1 NECESS>ILY OP]AT$ AS A P]PETUAL COPYRI<T UPON ! BOOKS ALL[$ TO BE PUBLI%$2 & SO LONG AS !Y W]E CONT9U$1 NO QUE/ION ( COPYRI<T AT ,COMMON ,LAW W\LD BE LIKELY TO >ISE 9 ! C\RTS4 ,IF ANY UNLIC5S$ P]SON PUBLI%$ A BOOK1 HE WAS PUNI%$1 NOT = 9FR++ ! AU?OR'S COPYRI<T1 BUT = PR9T+ )\T ! K+'S P]MISSION2 :I* ANSW]$ ! SAME PURPOSE = ! AU?OR4 

,AT ! EXPIRATION ( !SE RE/RICTIONS1 /ILL ANO!R CIRCUM/ANCE T5D$ TO KEEP ! LAW QUE/ION \T ( ! C\RTS4 ,! GREAT BODY ( ! PUBLI%]S W]E MEMB]S ( AN ANCI5T ASSOCIATION1 CALL$ ! ,/ATION]S' COMPANY4 ,& :5 !Y F\ND ?AT !IR COPYRI<TS W]E NO LONG] PROTECT$ BY ! LIC5S+ ACT ( ! GOV]NM5T1 !Y ADOPT$ AN ORD9ANCE AMONG !MSELVES1 IMPOS+ P5ALTIES UPON ANY ( !IR [N NUMB]1 :O %\LD 9FR+E ANO!R'S COPYRI<T4 

,FUR!RMORE1 9 ! YE> #a#g#a1 AN ACT ( P>LIAM5T W5T 9TO EFFECT1 SECUR+ TO ! PROPRIETORS ( BOOKS ALREADY PR9T$1 A COPYRI<T = TW5TY-ONE YE>S FROM ! DATE ( ?O OP]ATION ( ! ACT1 & TO ! AU?ORS ( BOOKS !REAFT] TO BE PR9T$1 A COPYRI<T = F\RTE5 YE>S1 ) A RI<T ( R5EWAL AT ! 5D ( ?AT TIME1 = ANO!R F\RTE5 YE>S1 IF ! AU?ORS %\LD !N BE LIV+4 ,?IS ACT KEPT ! QUE/ION ( COPYRI<T1 AT ,COMMON ,LAW1 \T ( ! C\RTS = /ILL ANO!R P]IOD4 

,AFT] ! EXPIRATION ( ! T]MS GRANT$ BY ?IS ACT1 SOME 9JUNCTIONS W]E GRANT$ AGA9/ 9FR+EM5TS1 APP>5TLY UPON ! GR\ND ?AT A RI<T EXI/$ AT ,COMMON ,LAW4 ,!SE 9JUNCTIONS1 H[EV]1 W]E ACQUIESC$ 91 & ! QUE/ION WAS NOT TRI$ AT LAW4 

,& ! QUE/ION NEV] CAME BE=E ! ,K+'S ,B5* UNTIL ! CASE ( ,TONSON VS4 ,COLL9S1"9 9 #a#g#f1 & #a#g#f#a1 :5 ! >GUM5TS W]E HE>D1 BUT ! C\RT REFUS$ TO GIVE ANY DECISION1 FROM A DISCOV]Y ( COLLUSION BETWE5 ! P>TIES4 ,& IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! CASE ( ,MILL> VS4 ,TAYLOR1 9 #a#g#f#i1 ?AT ! OP9ION ( ! ,K+'S ,B5* WAS OBTA9$2 :5 ?REE ( ! JU/ICES DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! RI<T1 & ONE OPPOS$ IT4 

,AL?\<1 !RE=E1 FROM V>I\S CAUSES1 ! QUE/ION NEV] CAME TO A CLE> DECISION1 UNTIL SOME ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S AFT] ! 9TRODUCTION ( PR9T+1 YET IT IS A WELL KN[N HI/ORICAL FACT1 ?AT = SOME HUNDR$ & FIFTY OR TWO HUNDR$ YE>S PRIOR TO ?AT DECISION1 7IF NOT FROM ! FIR/ 9TRODUCTION ( PR9T+17 IT WAS A PREVAIL+ OP9ION AMONG AU?ORS1 PUBLI%]S1 & 9 ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF1 ?AT ! ,COMMON ,LAW GAVE TO AU?ORS A P]PETUAL PROP]TY 9 !IR WORKS4 ,JOHN ,MILTON1 AS E>LY AS #a#f#d#d1 SPEAK+ 9 BEHALF ( ! RI<T ( AU?ORS TO PR9T !IR ?\<TS FREELY )\T GETT+ A LIC5SE = EA* BOOK1 ALLUD$ TO ! SUBJECT ( COPYRI<T1 & SAID1 0,?AT P>T .<( AN ORD] ( P>LIAM5T = LIC5S+ BOOKS.> :I* PRES]VES JU/LY EV]Y MAN'S COPY .<RI<T.>1 OR PROVIDES = ! POOR1 ,I T\* NOT0 .<DO NOT OBJECT TO.>4 ,ALSO1 0,! JU/ RETA9+ ( EA* MAN HIS SEV]AL COPY .<RI<T.>1 ,GOD =BID %\LD BE GA9SAID40 

,MY >GUM5T N[ IS1 ?AT IF ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 & ! ANCI5T CON/ITUTIONAL1 OR ,COMMON ,LAW =M ( GOV]NM5T1 HAD BE5 PRES]V$1 ?IS QUE/ION W\LD HAVE BE5 BR\<T TO ! SAME DECISION LONG BE=E ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S FROM ! 9TRODUCTION ( PR9T+ %\LD HAVE ELAPS$4 ,& :Y W\LD IT HAVE BE5 ?US BR\<T TO ?IS DECISION8 ,= V>I\S REASONS1 AS FOLL[S4 

,! QUE/ION W\LD1 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 HAVE COME BE=E JURIES2 & ?OSE JURIES W\LD HAVE BE5 FREE FROM ALL LEGISLATIVE AU?ORITY1 & SWORN SIMPLY TO DO JU/ICE4 ,& IT IS H>DLY PROBABLE !Y W\LD EV] HAVE PUZZL$ !MSELVES1 = A MOM5T1 ) ANY ( ! AB/RUSE OBJECTIONS :I* LAWY]S HAVE RAIS$4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE PROMPTLY FOLL[$ BO? !IR 9/9CTS & !IR REASON1 9 SAY+ ?AT AU?ORS1 LIKE O!R M51 %\LD CONTROL ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR4 ,IF ! QUE/ION HAD !N BE5 C>RI$ TO ! K+'S C\RT1 IT W\LD /ILL HAVE TO BE DECID$ ON NATURAL PR9CIPLES1 UNEMB>RASS$ BY ANY LEGISLATIVE 9T]F]5CE4 ,& IT W\LD V]Y LIKELY HAVE BE5 DECID$ RI<TLY FROM ! FIR/4 ,BUT EV5 IF ! JUDGM5TS ( ! JURIES HAD AT FIR/ BE5 REV]S$1 & ! CASES S5T BACK TO NEW JURIES = NEW TRIALS1 ! NEW JURIES W\LD MO/ LIKELY HAVE REPEAT$ ! ORIG9AL JUDGM5TS1 9ASMU* AS ! OP9IONS ( ! K+'S C\RT WAS ( NO LEGAL AU?ORITY OV] !M4 ,& ?US BY REPEAT$ JUDGM5TS 9 ! SAME CASES1 & BY NEW JUDGM5TS 9 NEW CASES1 ! JURIES W\LD HAVE =C$ UPON ! K+'S C\RT ! CONCLUSION1 ?AT ! S5SE ( ! NATION WAS 9 FAVOR ( ! RI<T2 & ! LAW W\LD CONSEQU5TLY HAVE BE5 SO RECOGNIZ$4 

,IF1 H[EV]1 IT %ALL BE ?\<T BY ANY ONE1 ?AT ! QUE/ION C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 SO EASILY SETTL$1 & ?AT JURIES W\LD HAVE BE5 9COMPET5T & UNFAVORABLE TRIBUNALS = ADJUDICAT+ ON SU* A MATT]1 HE WILL P]HAPS *ANGE ?AT OP9ION :5 HE REFLECTS1 ?AT1 IF ,COMMON ,LAW PR9CIPLES 9 G5]AL1 & ! ,COMMON ,LAW =M ( GOV]NM5T1 HAD BE5 PRES]V$1 ! COMMON PEOPLE1 LIV+ UND] ! PROTECTION ( EQUAL LAWS1 & 9 ! 5JOYM5T ( SU* FRE$OM AS ! ,COMMON ,LAW =M ( GOV]NM5T SECUR$1 W\LD HAVE RAPIDLY ADVANC$ 9 WEAL? & 9TELLIG5CE1 9/EAD ( BE+ CONDEMN$ TO SU* POV]TY1 IGNORANCE1 & DEGRADATION1 AS ! TYRANNICAL *>ACT] ( ! GOV]NM5T HAS SUBJECT$ !M TO4 ,PR9T+1 TOO1 W\LD ALWAYS HAVE BE5 FREE1 FROM ITS FIR/ 9TRODUCTION2 = IT IS NOT TO BE SUPPOS$ ?AT JURIES C\LD EV] HAVE BE5 9FLU5C$ BY SU* MOTIVES = RE/RA9+ ! FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 AS HAVE 9FLU5C$ RELIGI\S & POLITICAL TYRANTS1 :O FE>$ ITS EFFECTS ON !IR P[]4 ,! PRESS BE+ FREE1 & ! PEOPLE BE+ BO? FREE & PROSP]\S1 LIT]ATURE W\LD HAVE FL\RI%$2 & ! RAPID 5LI<T5M5T ( ! :OLE NATION1 ! COMMON PEOPLE NO LESS ?AN O!RS1 W\LD HAVE BE5 ! RESULT4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 AU?ORS W\LD HAVE BR\<T ! QUE/ION ( !IR RI<TS BO? BE=E ! PUBLIC1 & 9TO ! C\RTS1 AT AN E>LY P]IOD AFT] ! 9TRODUCTION ( PR9T+4 ,& ! QUE/ION1 AFT] BE+ ONCE BR\<T BE=E ! PUBLIC1 & ! C\RTS1 C\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 LAID TO RE/1 UNTIL ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS W]E ACKN[L$G$4 ,& ?AT ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 DONE LONG BE=E #a#g#f#i1 7?REE HUNDR$ YE>S AFT] ! 9TRODUCTION ( PR9T+17 ,I ?9K IT W\LD BE UNREASONABLE TO D\BT2 BECAUSE1 BE=E ?AT TIME1 ! PEOPLE W\LD NOT ONLY HAVE SUFFICI5TLY COMPREH5D$ ! QUE/ION1 AS ONE ( NATURAL JU/ICE1 BUT !Y W\LD ALSO HAVE LE>N$ ?AT IT WAS = !IR [N TRUE 9T]E/S TO 5C\RAGE LIT]ATURE1 BY PROTECT+ ! PROP]TY ( AU?ORS 9 !IR WORKS4 

,IF ! RI<T ( PROP]TY ( AU?ORS 9 !IR WORKS HAD BE5 ONCE E/ABLI%$1 UND] ! ,COMMON ,LAW =M ( GOV]NM5T1 ! RI<T W\LD HAVE BE5 P]PETUAL ( C\RSE2 BECAUSE JURIES W\LD NEV] HAVE ?\<T ( SO ABSURD AN IDEA1 AS ?AT ( ACKN[L$G+ ! PROP]TY1 & YET LIMIT+ ! RI<T 9 PO9T ( TIME2 & !RE WAS NO O!R LEGISLATIVE P[] COMPET5T TO E/ABLI% SU* A MON/ROSITY4 

,SU*1 !N1 WE MAY CONCLUDE1 W\LD HAVE BE5 ! RESULT1 AS REG>DS ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS4 

,! NEXT QUE/ION IS1 :AT W\LD HAVE BE5 ! FATE ( ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS1 HAD ! ,COMMON ,LAW SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T BE5 PRES]V$8 

,BUT1 BE=E ANSW]+ ?IS QUE/ION1 LET US SEE :AT !IR FATE HAS ACTUALLY BE51 UND] ! >BITR>Y SY/EM ?AT HAS PREVAIL$4 

,PAT5TS = NEW 9V5TIONS HAVE1 9 ,5GL&1 ALWAYS BE5 CLASS$ UND] ! HEAD ( 0MONOPOLIES0 >BITR>ILY GRANT$ BY ! CR[N4 

,N[ ! GRANT+ ( MONOPOLIES--BY :I* ,I MEAN ! GRANT+ EXCLUSIVELY TO ONE :AT IS ! RI<T ( ALL--WAS PLA9LY 9COMPATIBLE ) ! ,COMMON ,LAW4 ,IT MU/ ALSO HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE = ! K+1 9 CASES :]E HIS GRANTS W]E CLE>LY UNJU/ & UNREASONABLE1 TO MA9TA9 !IR 9VIOLABILITY1 SO LONG AS ! ANCI5T CON/ITUTIONAL =M ( GOV]NM5T WAS PRES]V$2 BECAUSE HE C\LD PUNI% 9FR+EM5TS UPON HIS GRANTS1 ONLY BY ! CONS5T ( JURIES1 :O W\LD JUDGE ( ! MATT] ON ITS M]ITS1 9DEP5D5TLY ( HIS AU?ORITY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 WE >E TOLD ?AT1 FROM A V]Y ANCI5T DATE1 ! K+S HAVE BE5 9 ! HABIT ( GRANT+ TO 9DIVIDUALS ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO PRACTICE NEW >TS & MANUFACTURES1 9TRODUC$ BY !M 9TO ! K+DOM4 ,IT WAS IMMAT]IAL :E!R ?OSE1 :O 9TRODUC$ !M1 W]E ALSO ! 9V5TORS ( !M1 OR HAD LE>N$ !M 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES4 ,IT WAS 5\< ?AT !Y W]E ! FIR/ TO 9TRODUCE !M 9TO ,5GL&4 

,H[ F> !SE GRANTS W]E EFFECTUAL1 9 ! E>LY TIMES1 = ! PURPOSES 9T5D$ BY !M--?AT IS1 H[ F> !Y W]E SU/A9$ BY ! JUDGM5TS ( JURIES--,I DO NOT KN[4 ,TO MY M9D1 IT IS NOT AT ALL PROBABLE ?AT !Y W]E UNIV]SALLY SU/A9$4 ,YET ,I ?9K WE MAY REASONABLY CONCLUDE ?AT SOME ( !M W]E SU/A9$2 O!RWISE ! PRACTICE ( GRANT+ !M W\LD H>DLY HAVE BE5 CONT9U$4 ,IF1 !N1 ANY CONSID]ABLE PORTION ( !M W]E SU/A9$1 ?AT FACT 9DICATES ?AT EV5 9 ?AT RUDE & IGNORANT AGE1 ! UNLE>N$ COMMON PEOPLE--( :OM ! JURIES W]E COMPOS$--HAD SOME NATURAL & JU/1 ?\< IMP]FECT1 APPRECIATION1 EI!R ( A MAN'S RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 HIS 9V5TION1 OR ( !IR MORAL 9DEBT$NESS TO ONE :O GAVE A NEW & VALUABLE >T TO ! PUBLIC4 ,& ?IS FACT T5DS ALSO TO %[ ?AT1 ) ! PROGRESS ( KN[L$GE1 & ! 9CREAS$ EXP]I5CE ( ! UTILITY ( NEW 9V5TIONS1 ! PR9CIPLE ( A MAN'S RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 HIS IDEAS1 W\LD HAVE MADE ITS WAY1 AS A PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL LAW1 9TO ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE1 & LONG ]E ?IS HAVE BE5 ACT$ UPON1 AS SU*1 BY ! JURIES1 HAD ! ,COMMON ,LAW 9/ITUTIONS BE5 PRES]V$4 

,5GLI% JUDGES1 AS F> BACK AT LEA/ AS #a#c#f#f1 HAVE HELD ?AT GRANTS BY ! K+ TO 9DIVIDUALS ( ! EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGE ( PRACTIC+ = A TIME A NEW >T OR MANUFACTURE 9TRODUC$ BY !M 9TO ! K+DOM1 W]E CONSI/5T ) ! ,COMMON ,LAW4 ,! REASON GIV51 9 A CASE ( ?AT DATE1 WAS 0?AT >TS & SCI5CES1 :I* >E = ! PUBLIC GOOD1 >E GREATLY FAVOR$ 9 LAW1 & ! K+1 AS *IEF GU>DIAN ( ! COMMON WEAL1 HAS P[] & AU?ORITY1 BY HIS PR]OGATIVE1 TO GRANT MANY PRIVILEGES1 = ! SAKE ( ! PUBLIC GOOD1 AL?\< PRIMA FACIE !Y APPE> TO BE CLE>LY AGA9/ COMMON RI<T40 

,COKE SAYS1 0,! REASON :]E=E SU* A PRIVILEGE IS GOOD 9 LAW1 .<?AT IS1 AT ! ,COMMON ,LAW1.> IS BECAUSE ! 9V5TOR BR+E? TO & = ! COMMONWEAL? A NEW MANUFACTURE BY HIS 9V5TION1 CO/S1 & *>GES1 & !RE=E IT IS REASON ?AT HE %\LD HAVE A PRIVILEGE = HIS REW>D1 7& ! 5C\RAGEM5T ( O!RS 9 ! LIKE17 = A CONV5I5T TIME40"9 

,N[1 ,I DO NOT CITE !SE OP9IONS ( JUDGES AS ANY PRO( AT ALL1 ?AT ! ,COMMON ,LAW RECOGNIZES A MAN'S RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 HIS 9V5TIONS4 ,NO SU* PRO( IS NE$$1 = ! NATURE ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW ITSELF E/ABLI%ES ?AT PO9T4 ,BESIDES1 ! OP9IONS !MSELVES >E ALTOGE!R TOO LOOSE & CRUDE TO BE WOR? ANY ?+ = ?AT PURPOSE2 = !Y APPLY AS WELL TO P]SONS :O BR+ 9V5TIONS FROM O!R C\NTRIES1 AS TO 9V5TORS !MSELVES2 & !Y ALSO ABSURDLY ASSIGN REASONS ( EXP$I5CY TO ! PUBLIC1 9/EAD ( REASONS ( RI<T TO ! 9V5TOR1 AS ! GR\NDS ON :I* ! ,COMMON ,LAW ALL[S ( SU* GRANTS4 ,! OP9IONS W]E ALSO GIV5 BY JUDGES1 :O W]E EI!R ! CREATURES ( ! CR[N ALONE1 OR ( ! CR[N & P>LIAM5T1 & :O D\BTLESS W]E 9 ! HABIT ( SANCTION+ EV]Y ?+ :I* ! K+ & ! P>LIAM5T DESIR$ !M TO SANCTION4 ,BUT ,I CITE !M AS EVID5CE ?AT1 = AT LEA/ FIVE C5TURIES1 !RE HAVE PREVAIL$1 9 ,5GL&1 A G5]AL S5SE ( OBLIGATION1 OR 9DEBT$NESS1 ON ! P>T ( ! PUBLIC1 T[>DS ONE :O 9TRODUCES A NEW >T1 & AN IDEA ?AT HE \<T 9 SOME WAY TO BE PAID4 ,& MY >GUM5T IS1 ?AT IF >BITR>Y P[] HAD NEV] 9T]F]$ TO *ECK ! PROGRESS ( KN[L$GE1 & TO EX]CISE ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY OV] ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS1 AS WELL AS ( O!RS1 ?IS PUBLIC S5SE ( OBLIGATION1 & ?IS VAGUE IDEA ?AT AN 9V5TOR %\LD BE PAID1 W\LD LONG AGO HAVE F\ND BODY & =M 9 A WELL DIGE/$ SY/EM ( NATURAL LAW1 BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( A MAN'S ABSOLUTE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! PRODUCTIONS ( HIS M9D4 

,! T5D5CY T[>DS ?IS RESULT HAS BE5 GREATLY OB/RUCT$ BY ! >BITR>Y *>ACT] ( ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T1 = ! LA/ F\R OR FIVE C5TURIES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ?OSE P]IODS1 :5 ! P[] ( ! K+ WAS AT ITS HEI<T1 HE WAS 9 ! HABIT ( GRANT+ A GREAT V>IETY ( MONOPOLIES1 )\T ANY PRET5SE ( NEW 9V5TIONS1 BUT ONLY AS A MEANS ( REW>D+ FAVORITES1 OR ( RAIS+ REV5UE4 ,& !SE MONOPOLIES W]E MA9TA9$ ?R\< ! 9/RUM5TALITY ( ! ,/>-*AMB] C\RT1 :I* SUMM>ILY PUNI%$ 9FR+]S4 ,!SE MONOPOLIES W]E SO NUM]\S1 UNJU/1 & OPPRESSIVE1 ?AT P>LIAM5T1 9 #a#f#b#c1 9T]F]$ TO SUPPRESS !M2 & AN ACT WAS PASS$ = ?AT PURPOSE1 SPECIALLY ON ! GR\ND ?AT !Y W]E CONTR>Y TO ! ,COMMON ,LAW4 ,YET1 9 ?IS ACT1 :I* WAS 9T5D$ TO BE EFFECTUAL = ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL MONOPOLIES1 EXCEPT SU* AS W]E EI!R CONSI/5T ) ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 OR SUPPOS$ TO BE B5EFICIAL TO ! PUBLIC1 PAT5TS = NEW 9V5TIONS1 & LIC5SES = PR9T+1 W]E SPECIALLY EXCEPT$ FROM ! G5]AL PROHIBITION2 ?US AGA9 P>TIALLY RECOGNIZ+ ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IDEAS1 BY 9DICAT+ IT TO BE ! S5SE ( ! NATION1 ?AT BO? JU/ICE & POLICY REQUIR$ ?AT AU?ORS & 9V5TORS %\LD RECEIVE SOME REW>D = !IR LABORS2 & ?AT ! MO/ REASONABLE & EXP$I5T MODE ( SECUR+ ?IS 5D1 WAS1 BY GIV+ TO AU?ORS AN UNLIMIT$ MONOPOLY ( !IR WORKS1 & TO 9V5TORS A MONOPOLY ( !IR 9V5TIONS = A LIMIT$ TIME4 

,BUT FROM ALL ?IS IT MU/ NOT BE 9F]R$ ?AT CORRECT SCI5TIFIC VIEWS ( ! LAW ( NATURE ON ?IS SUBJECT1 HAD MADE ANY GREAT PROGRESS2 NOR C\LD !Y DO SO1 = SCI5TIFIC VIEWS ( ! LAW ( NATURE1 RELATIVE TO ANY SUBJECT1 MAKE LITTLE PROGRESS 9 ! MID/ ( DESPOTISM & IGNORANCE4 ,BUT MY >GUM5T IS1 ?AT1 BUT = ! DESPOTISM1 NO G5]AL IGNORANCE W\LD HAVE PREVAIL$2 ! PRESS W\LD HAVE BE5 FREE2 ! PEOPLE W\LD HAVE BECOME 5LI<T5$2 W\LD HAVE BE5 FREE 9 ! *OICE ( !IR PURSUITS2 9V5TIONS W\LD HAVE MULTIPLI$2 !IR IMPORTANCE W\LD HAVE COME TO BE MORE JU/LY APPRECIAT$2 ! LAW RELATIVE TO !M1 BE+ LEFT TO RE/1 AS IT W\LD HAVE DONE1 UPON NATURAL PR9CIPLES1 W\LD NECESS>ILY HAVE BECOME AN IMPORTANT SUBJECT ( 9VE/IGATION1 79 CONNECTION ) ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS17 & FROM ! NECESSITY ( ! CASE1 IT W\LD HAVE MADE PROGRESS4"9 ,& IS IT 9 ! LEA/ EXTRAVAGANT--IS IT NOT 9DE$ 5TIRELY )9 ! LIMITS ( PROBABILITY1 TO SUPPOSE ?AT AN 9V5TOR'S PROP]TY 9 HIS 9V5TION W\LD LONG AGO HAVE BE5 RECOGNIZ$ AS A RI<T1 F\ND$ 9 NATURE1 9/EAD ( BE+ REG>D$ AS ?AT CONTEMPTIBLE & DETE/ABLE ?+1 :I* ! ,5GLI% GOV]NM5T P]SI/S 9 REG>D+ IT1 TO WIT1 NOT A RI<T1 BUT A PRIVILEGE1 GRANT$ TO AN 9V5TOR BY ! CR[N1 AS A M]E MATT] ( ROYAL GRACE1 FAVOR1 & DISCRETION8"4 

,BUT ,I WI% N[ TO %[ :Y ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS1 TO A P]PETUAL PROP]TY 9 !IR 9V5TIONS1 HAS NEV] COME DI/9CTLY BE=E ! ,5GLI% C\RTS1 AS A QUE/ION ( ,COMMON ,LAW4 

,PRIOR TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( PR9T+1 & = A CONSID]ABLE TIME AFT]1 !RE C\LD HAVE BE5 BUT V]Y FEW 9V5TIONS1 ( ANY CONSID]ABLE IMPORTANCE1 MADE 9 ,5GL&4"9 ,! ,5GLI% W]E NOT NATURALLY AN 9V5TIVE PEOPLE4 ,! ,ITALIANS & ,G]MANS W]E MU* 9 ADVANCE ( !M 9 ?AT RESPECT4 ,! ,5GLI% W]E AN AGRICULTURAL & MILIT>Y1 & NOT A ME*ANICAL1 PEOPLE4 ,MO/ ( !IR 9V5TIONS W]E BR\<T FROM ! CONT95T1 & EV5 ?OSE D\BTLESS W]E NOT NUM]\S4 ,! >T ( PR9T+1 AFT] SOME LAPSE ( TIME1 BEGAN TO 9CREASE ! M5TAL ACTIVITY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,YET ?IS ACTIVITY1 = A LONG TIME1 TOOK ! DIRECTIONS ( LIT]ATURE1 POLITICS1 RELIGION1 COLONIZATION1 COMM]CE1 & W>1 RA!R ?AN ( 9V5TION1 OR PROGRESS 9 ! >TS4 ,9DE$ IT IS ONLY )9 ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S1 OR !REAB\TS1 ?AT MANY IMPORTANT 9V5TIONS HAVE BE5 MADE 9 ,5GL&4 

,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT WAS NATURAL ?AT ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS1 AS A QUE/ION ( ,COMMON ,LAW 9 ! C\RTS1 %\LD LAG BEH9D ?OSE ( AU?ORS2 & = V>I\S REASONS1 AS FOLL[S4 

#a4 ,ONE'S AU?OR%IP ( A BOOK C\LD MU* MORE EASILY BE PROV$1 TO ! SATISFACTION ( A JURY1 ?AN ONE'S AU?OR%IP ( AN 9V5TION4 ,?AT PRO( C\LD ALSO BE MU* MORE EASILY P]PETUAT$1 ?AN 9 ! CASE ( AN 9V5TION2 BECAUSE A BOOK1 ONCE PUBLI%$1 G5]ALLY C>RI$ ! AU?OR'S NAME ) IT1 :]EBY ! LATT] BECAME AT ONCE NOTORI\S1 & FALSE CLAIMS TO ! AU?OR%IP BECAME =EV] AFT] IMPOSSIBLE TO BE E/ABLI%$4 ,:]EAS1 9 ! CASE ( AN 9V5TION1 UNLESS ! PRO( ( AU?OR%IP W]E MADE AT ONCE1 TO ! SATISFACTION ( ! K+1 & A PAT5T OBTA9$1 ! EVID5CE W\LD SOON EI!R BE 5TIRELY LO/1 OR BECOME SO UNC]TA9 AS TO BE 9SUFFICI5T TO E/ABLI% ONE'S RI<T4 

#b4 ,! NUMB] ( PR9T]S W]E SO FEW1 & ?OSE FEW SO WELL KN[N1 ?AT ! 9FR+EM5T ( AN AU?OR'S COPYRI<T WAS MU* MORE SURE ( BE+ DETECT$1 ?AN AN 9FR+EM5T ( ONE'S 9V5TION4 ,! LATT] C\LD EASILY BE CONCEAL$1 IF P]PETRAT$ AT SOME DI/ANCE FROM ! LOCALITY ( ! 9V5TOR2 BECAUSE !RE WAS SO LITTLE TRAVEL & 9T]C\RSE 9 ?OSE DAYS1 AMONG ! COMMON PEOPLE1 ?AT AN 9V5TION C\LD BE EASILY PRACTIC$ A LONG TIME SO PRIVATELY AS NOT TO BECOME KN[N TO A P]SON AT A DI/ANCE4 

#c4 ,COPYRI<TS W]E P]PETUAL2 :]EAS PAT5TS = NEW 9V5TIONS W]E TEMPOR>Y4 ,! =M] TOO W]E OBTA9$ )\T ANY IMPORTANT CO/ OR TR\BLE2 :]EAS IT WAS D\BTLESS A V]Y S]I\S & EXP5SIVE UND]TAK+ TO PROVE1 TO ! SATISFACTION ( ! CR[N1 ONE'S AU?OR%IP ( AN 9V5TION1 & GET A PAT5T = IT4 ,!RE W]E ALSO D\BTLESS MANY MORE BOOKS WRITT51 ?AN !RE W]E IMPORTANT 9V5TIONS MADE4 ,= !SE REASONS1 ! COPYRI<TS ( BOOKS W]E D\BTLESS MU* MORE NUM]\S ?AN ! PAT5TS = 9V5TIONS4 ,!SE COPYRI<TS1 TOO1 V]Y MANY ( !M1 W5T 9TO ! H&S ( PR9T]S1 :O W]E ABLE TO DEF5D !M 9 ! C\RTS2 :]EAS IT IS LIKELY ! 9V5TORS W]E G5]ALLY TOO POOR TO GO TO LAW = !IR RI<TS4 

#d4 ,S9CE #a#f#b#c1 7UNTIL #a#h#c#e17 PAT5TS HAVE BE5 GRANT$ BUT = F\RTE5 YE>S2 & 7BE=E ! ,5GLI% BECAME SO EM95TLY A MANUFACTUR+ NATION7 A NEW MANUFACTURE C\LD BE 9TRODUC$ BUT SO SL[LY1 ?AT UNLESS ! 9V5TION W]E ( GREAT IMPORTANCE1 A PAT5T = SO %ORT A P]IOD1 W\LD BE ( TOO LITTLE VALUE TO BE WOR? ! CO/ ( PROCUR+4 

#e4 ,! FACT1 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T MADE NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ?OSE :O IMPORT$ 9V5TIONS1 & ?OSE :O MADE !M1 T5D$ TO CONFUSE M5'S NOTIONS AS TO ! RI<TS ( REAL 9V5TORS4 ,& ! FUR!R FACT1 9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ?AT PAT5TS GRANT$ TO M]E IMPORT]S ( 9V5TIONS1 W\LD JU/LY BE REG>D$ ) ODIUM1 IF PROLONG$ = ANY CONSID]ABLE TIME1 T5D$ TO RECONCILE M5 TO ! PRACTICE ( PROTECT+ ORIG9AL 9V5TORS = A %ORT P]IOD ALSO2 & ?IS MADE !IR RI<TS ( TOO LITTLE VALUE TO BE WOR? PROTECT+ BY EXP5SIVE LITIGATION4 

#f4 ,A ME*ANICAL 9V5TION IS MU* MORE DIFFICULT TO BE DEF9$1 OR DESCRIB$1 TO ! SATISFACTION ( A JURY1 ?AN ! CONT5TS ( A BOOK2 & !RE=E IT W\LD BE MU* MORE DIFFICULT TO PROVE1 TO ! SATISFACTION ( A JURY1 ! 9FR+EM5T ( A PAT5T1 ?AN ( A COPYRI<T4 

#g4 ,A CLAIM = COPYRI<T W\LD MEET ) FEW] OB/ACLES FROM ! PREJUDICES ( A JURY1 ?AN A CLAIM = AN 9V5TION2 BECAUSE A BOOK 9T]F]$ ) NO MAN'S 9T]E/S2 :]EAS LABOR-SAV+ 9V5TIONS W]E (T5 V]Y ODI\S1 ON ACC\NT ( !IR TURN+ L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE \T ( EMPLOYM5T4 ,WE1 ( ?IS DAY1 :O HAVE BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO LOOK UPON A NEW LABOR-SAV+ 9V5TION AS ONE ( ! GREATE/ BLESS+S1 CAN H>DLY FAIL TO BE A/ONI%$ AT ! ANCI5T PREJUDICES AGA9/ SU* AS SUP]S$$ O!R LABOR4 ,AS AN ILLU/RATION ( !SE PREJUDICES1 IT MAY BE /AT$1 ?AT IT IS LESS ?AN TWO HUNDR$ YE>S1 S9CE A SAW-MILL 9 ,5GL& WAS PULL$ D[N BY A MOB1 ON ACC\NT ( ITS 9T]F]+ ) ! EMPLOYM5T ( ! SPLITT]S & HEW]S ( TIMB]4 ,COKE ALSO GIVES A CURI\S ILLU/RATION1 NOT M]ELY ( ! POPUL> PREJUDICE1 BUT ALSO ( ! GOV]NM5T'S PREJUDICE1 AGA9/ A NEW 9V5TION1 IF IT W]E ONE ?AT W\LD DEPRIVE MANY P]SONS ( !IR EMPLOYM5T4 ,HE SAYS1 

0,!RE WAS A NEW 9V5TION F\ND \T H]ET(ORE ?AT BONNETS & CAPS MI<T BE ?ICK5$ 9 A FULL+ MILL1 BY :I* MEANS MORE MI<T BE ?ICK5$ & FILL$ 9 ONE DAY1 ?AN BY ! LABORS ( F\RSCORE M5 :O GOT !IR LIV+ BY IT4 ,IT WAS ORDA9$ ?AT BONNETS & CAPS %\LD BE ?ICK5$ & FILL$ BY ! /R5G? ( M51 & NOT 9 A FULL+ MILL1 = IT WAS HOLD5 9CONV5I5T TO TURN SO MANY LABOR+ M5 TO IDL5ESS40"9 

#h4 ,9V5TORS NOT BE+ LIT]>Y M51 & P]HAPS (T5 :OLLY ILLIT]ATE M51 C\LD NOT ADVOCATE !IR [N RI<TS1 AS ! AU?ORS C\LD !IRS4 ,!Y HAD NO ,JOHN ,MILTONS AMONG !M TO SPEAK = !M4 ,!Y C\LD ONLY LET !IR DE$S SPEAK = !MSELVES4 ,BESIDES1 !Y W]E D\BTLESS TOO MU* 5GROSS$ 9 !IR 9V5TIONS1 7AS MO/ 9V5TORS >E EV5 AT ?IS DAY17 TO GIVE MU* ?\<T TO !IR LEGAL RI<TS4 ,!Y NATURALLY ACCEPT$ SU* PROTECTION AS ! GOV]NM5T (F]$ !M1 )\T RAIS+ ANY FUR!R QUE/ION AB\T IT4 

,= ALL !SE REASONS1 & P]HAPS = O!RS1 IT WAS NATURAL ?AT ! P]PETUAL RI<T ( 9V5TORS %\LD BE BEH9D ! P]PETUAL RI<T ( AU?ORS1 9 COM+ 9TO ! C\RTS1 AS A QUE/ION ( ,COMMON ,LAW4 ,& SU* WAS ! FACT4 ,NOT ONLY SO1 BUT1 UN=TUNATELY = ! 9V5TORS1 :5 ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS DID F9ALLY COME BE=E ! ,K+'S ,B5*1 AS A ,COMMON ,LAW QUE/ION1 9 #a#g#f#i1 ?AT C\RT1 :ILE IT SU/A9$ ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS1 GRATUIT\SLY PREJUDG$ & CONDEMN$ ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS )\T A HE>+1 AS WE %ALL H]EAFT] SEC4 ,! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS VIRTUALLY DID ! SAME 9 #a#g#g#d4 

,BEYOND & ABOVE ALL ?IS1 ! ACT ( P>LIAM5T ( #a#f#b#h1 EXPRESSLY =BADE PAT5TS TO BE GRANT$ = A LONG] P]IOD ?AN F\RTE5 YE>S4 ,& ?IS PROHIBITION REMA9$ 9 =CE UNTIL ! ACT ( #a#h#c#e1 :I* ALL[$ AN EXT5SION ( SEV5 YE>S 9 C]TA9 CASES4 ,SO ?AT ! ,COMMON ,LAW RI<TS ( 9V5TORS C\LD BE SET UP1 9 C\RT1 ONLY ON ONE OR BO? ( !SE TWO GR\NDS1 VIZ43 #a4 ,?AT ! ACT ( P>LIAM5T1 LIMIT+ ! DURATION ( ! PAT5T1 WAS CON/ITUTIONALLY VOID--A GR\ND1 :I* IS TRUE 9 ITSELF1 BUT :I* NO C\RT 9 ,5GL& W\LD ?9K ( SU/A9+4 #b4 ,?AT ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS W]E NOT D]IV$ FROM1 & DID NOT DEP5D ON1 !IR PAT5TS--A GR\ND1 :I* IS ALSO TRUE 9 ITSELF1 BUT :I* PAT5TEES C\LD NOT BE EXPECT$ TO UND]/&1 OR AT LEA/ TO HAVE CONFID5CE 91 AS A GR\ND ( SUCCESSFUL LITIGATION1 CONSID]+ ?AT ! UNI=M PRACTICE ( ! C\RTS HAD BE5 TO HOLD ! CONTR>Y4 

,BESIDES1 ! TASK ( 9V5TORS TO SECURE TO !MSELVES EV5 SU* RI<TS AS ! ACTS ( P>LIAM5T 9T5D$ !Y %\LD 5JOY1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 TOO H>D A ONE1 TO LEAVE !M ANY CONFID5CE = ADVANC+ NEW CLAIMS1 7H[EV] JU/ 9 !MSELVES17 9 MANIFE/ OPPOSITION TO ! 9T5TION ( P>LIAM5T1 & ! PRACTICES ( C\RTS4 ,= ! C\RTS1 P]SI/+ 9 ! IDEA ?AT A PAT5T WAS1 9 SOME SORT AT LEA/1 AN >BITR>Y GRANT ( AN UNJU/ MONOPOLY1 HAVE1 UNTIL QUITE REC5TLY1 BE5 9 ! HABIT ( EX]T+ !IR +5UITY TO 9VALIDATE EV5 SU* PAT5TS AS W]E GRANT$4 ,= EXAMPLE4 ,IF A SPECIFICATION CLAIM$ A P>TICLE TOO MU*1 OR WAS A P>TICLE DEFICI5T 9 ! DESCRIPTION ( ! >T1 ! C\RTS1 9/EAD ( HOLD+ ! PAT5T GOOD = :ATEV] WAS GOOD1 AS !Y W]E B\ND TO DO1 W\LD TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! ]ROR TO 9VALIDATE ! PAT5T ALTOGE!R4 ,?US1 AS LATE AS #a#h#b#i1 09 ! CASE ( ,FELTON VS4 ,GREAVES1 ! TITLE ( ! PLA9TIFF'S PAT5T DESCRIB$ ! 9V5TION TO BE A MA*9E = GIV+ A F9E $GE TO KNIVES1 RAZORS1 SCISSORS1 & O!R CUTT+ 9/RUM5TS2 BUT IT APPE>$ ?AT ! 9V5TION1 AS DESCRIB$ 9 ! SPECIFICATION1 WAS 9APPLICABLE = ! %>P5+ ( SCISSORS2 & ,LORD ,T5T]D51 ,*IEF ,JU/ICE1 !RE=E HELD ! PAT5T TO BE VOID1 & NONSUIT$ ! PLA9TIFF40"9 ,& 9 #a#h#a#f1 09 ! CASE ( ,CO*RANE VS4 ,SME?UR/1 IT APPE>$ ?AT ! PLA9TIFF'S PAT5T WAS = AN IMPROV$ ME?OD ( LI<T+ CITIES1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES2 BUT HIS 9V5TION REALLY WAS AN IMPROV$ /REET LAMP2 & IT WAS HELD BY ,MR4 ,JU/ICE ,LE ,BLANC ?AT ! TITLE WAS TOO G5]AL 9 ITS T]MS1 & ! PAT5T VOID40"4 

,!SE CASES >E GIV5 M]ELY AS ILLU/RATIONS ( ! ABSURDITIES & ATROCITIES1 :I* ! C\RTS HAVE HABITUALLY PRACTIC$1 UP TO A V]Y REC5T DATE1 :5 ADJUDICAT+ UPON ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS4 ,IT SEEMS NEV] TO HAVE 5T]$ !IR HEADS1 ?AT IT WAS ANY P>T ( ! OBJECT ( A PAT5T1 TO SECURE TO AN 9V5TOR ! QUIET POSSESSION ( :AT WAS EXCLUSIVELY HIS [N4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y HAVE TREAT$ A PAT5T AS A B>GA91 BETWE5 ! PUBLIC & ! 9V5TOR1 ( ?IS K9D1 TO WIT4 ,!Y CONSID]$ ?AT ! >T1 9/EAD ( BE+ AN HONE/ PRODUCT ( ! 9V5TOR'S LABOR1 & !RE=E HIS [N1 WAS ONE1 :I* RI<TFULLY BELONG$ TO ! PUBLIC1 & :I* HAD M]ELY HAPP5$ TO BECOME KN[N ONLY TO ! 9V5TOR2 & ?AT HE1 LIKE ! DOG 9 ! MANG]1 W\LD NEI!R USE IT1 NOR LET O!RS USE IT1 UNLESS HE C\LD GET SOME?+ = HIS SECRET4 ,!Y ( C\RSE HELD ?AT HE REALLY \<T TO GIVE ! SECRET FREELY TO ! PUBLIC2 & ?AT ANY ATTEMPT1 ON HIS P>T1 TO GET A PRICE = IT1 WAS M]ELY AN ATTEMPT AT LEVY+ BLACK MAIL1 & %\LD BE DEFEAT$ IF POSSIBLE4 ,!Y !N CONSID]$ ?AT ! PUBLIC1 F9D+ !MSELVES 9 ?IS UN=TUNATE PR$ICAM5T1 !IR RI<TS LOCK$ UP 9 ! BREA/ ( A SC\NDREL1 ACT+ UND] ! =CE ( AN UNJU/ NECESSITY1 MADE A CONTRACT ) HIM1 7?R\< !IR REPRES5TATIVE1 ! K+17 BY :I* !Y AGRE$ TO GIVE HIM A MONOPOLY ( ! >T = F\RTE5 YE>S1 PROVID$ HE W\LD GIVE ! >T FREELY TO ! PUBLIC =EV] AFT]W>DS4 ,TO SECURE ! B5EFITS ( ?IS B>GA9 TO ! PUBLIC1 ! K+ REQUIR$ ! VILLA9 TO PUT ON ! K+'S RECORDS SU* AN ACCURATE DESCRIPTION ( ! >T1 AS ?AT O!R M51 BY READ+ ! DESCRIPTION1 MI<T BE ABLE TO UND]/& & PRACTICE ! >T4 ,IF1 N[1 ?IS SPECIFICATION HAVE DESCRIB$ ! 9V5TION AS BE+ A P>TICLE MORE ?AN IT REALLY WAS1 ! C\RTS HAVE SAID ?AT ! 9V5TOR HAD PRACTIC$ A FRAUD1 & OBTA9$ A PAT5T1 )\T GIV+ = IT ! FULL PRICE AGRE$ UPON2 & ?AT !RE=E ! PAT5T WAS VOID3 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! SPECIFICATION HAVE NOT SO FULLY DESCRIB$ ! 9V5TION1 AS ?AT IT MAY BE 5TIRELY KN[N BY O!R P]SONS ON READ+ ! DESCRIPTION1 !N ! C\RTS HAVE SAID ?AT ! 9V5TOR WAS A *EAT1 BECAUSE HE HAD NOT MADE KN[N ! 9V5TION1 :I* HE AGRE$ TO MAKE KN[N1 AS ! PRICE ( HIS PAT5T2 ?AT HE HAS !RE=E OBTA9$ HIS PAT5T ON FALSE PRET5SES1 & ?AT IT IS CONSEQU5TLY VOID4 ,?US1 IF ! C\RTS1 BY SPLITT+ A HAIR 'TWIXT NOR? & NOR?-WE/ SIDE1 C\LD SO CON/RUE A SPECIFICATION AS TO MAKE ! PAT5TEE TO HAVE DEFRAUD$ ! PUBLIC1 TO ! AM\NT ( A F>?+1 9 ! PRICE AGRE$ TO BE PAID BY HIM = HIS PAT5T1 !Y HAVE HELD ?AT ! PAT5T WAS VOID2 AS IF ! PAT5TEE W]E A SW9DL]1 GETT+ UNJU/ MONOPOLIES \T ( ! PUBLIC BY FALSE REPRES5TATIONS1 9/EAD ( BE+1 AS HE NO D\BT USUALLY HAS BE51 A SIMPLE HONE/ MAN1 :O WI%$ TO SECURE TO HIMSELF ! PRODUCTS ( HIS HONE/ LABOR1 BUT :O WAS NOT SUFFICI5TLY SKILL$ 9 LETT]S1 LAW1 & ! >TS1 TO KN[ :E!R OR NOT HIS 9V5TION W]E DESCRIB$ ) ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE ACCURACY1 ( :I* ! CASE ADMITT$4 

,?IS IS ! SPIRIT 9 :I* ,5GLI% C\RTS UP TO A V]Y REC5T DATE1 IF NOT 9DE$ UP TO ! PRES5T DATE1 HAVE ADJUDICAT$ UPON ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS4 ,:]EAS1 IF ! ,COMMON ,LAW RI<TS ( 9V5TORS W]E ACKN[L$G$1 IT W\LD BE ! DUTY ( C\RTS TO RECOGNIZE ! SUFFICI5CY ( A SPECIFICATION1 IF IT DESCRIB$ ! 9V5TION ) SU* G5]AL ACCURACY1 AS TO PUT SECOND P]SONS REASONABLY ON !IR GU>D AGA9/ 9FR++ IT4 

,:5 WE CONSID] = H[ LONG A P]IOD 9V5TORS HAVE BE5 COMPELL$ TO DEAL ) SU* PETTIFOGG]S1 %>P]S1 & ASSES1 AS !SE C\RTS HAVE ?US %[N !MSELVES TO BE1 IT IS P]HAPS NOT TO BE WOND]$ AT1 ?AT !Y HAVE NEV] SE5 FIT TO ASK ANY ?+ MORE AT !IR H&S ?AN WAS GIV5 !M BY ACTS ( P>LIAM5T--! ONLY LAW ! JUDGES HAVE ACKN[L$G$ ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,!Y HAVE ACCORD+LY TURN$ !IR ATT5TION TO GETT+ IMPROVEM5TS 9 ACTS ( P>LIAM5T1 RA!R ?AN TO ASS]T+ !IR ,COMMON ,LAW RI<TS4 

,LOOK+ BACK1 N[1 OV] ! GR\ND1 = FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S1 WE SEE1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ADVANTAGES1 :I* ! ,COMMON ,LAW RI<TS ( 9V5TORS HAVE 5JOY$2 &1 ON ! O!R1 ! DISADVANTAGES UND] :I* !Y HAVE LABOR$4 

,UND] ! HEAD ( ADVANTAGES1 WE MAY RECKON1 ?AT DUR+ ALL ?AT TIME1 7FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S17 IT HAS BE5 HELD1 BY K+S1 C\RTS1 & P>LIAM5TS1 TO BE CONSI/5T ) ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 = ! K+ TO GRANT1 BO? TO ACTUAL 9V5TORS1 & TO ! M]E IMPORT]S ( NEW 9V5TIONS1 A TEMPOR>Y MONOPOLY ( ! USE ( !IR 9V5TIONS2 & ?AT = MORE ?AN TWO HUNDR$ YE>S1 7S9CE #a#f#b#c17 ! S5TIM5T ON ?IS PO9T HAS BE5 SO /RONG1 & SO /RONG ALSO ! CONVICTION ( ! GOOD POLICY ( 5C\RAG+ ! >TS 9 ?IS WAY1 ?AT !SE MONOPOLIES HAVE1 BY A SPECIAL ACT ( P>LIAM5T1 /OOD EXCEPT$ \T ( ! PROHIBITION LAID UPON MONOPOLIES 9 G5]AL4 

,UND] ! HEAD ( DISADVANTAGES1 WE MAY RECKON1 ?AT ! ,5GLI% W]E NOT ORIG9ALLY AN 9V5TIVE PEOPLE2 ?AT IT IS ONLY )9 A HUNDR$ YE>S1 OR !REAB\TS1 ?AT !IR M9DS HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>LY TURN$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( 9V5TIONS2 ?AT FROM ! FIR/1 ! GRANT ( A PAT5T = A NEW 9V5TION1 HAS BE5 HELD1 BY ! GOV]NM5T1 TO BE AN ACT ( GRACE1 FAVOR1 & DISCRETION1 ON ! P>T ( ! CR[N1 & NOT ANY ?+ :I* A SUBJECT C\LD CLAIM AS A RI<T2 ?AT ! RI<TS ( A REAL 9V5TOR HAVE ALWAYS BE5 PLAC$ ON ! SAME FOOT+ ) ! IMP]T95T & GR\NDLESS CLAIMS ( A M]E IMPORT] ( AN 9V5TION1 & HAVE1 !RE=E1 NECESS>ILY BE5 DISCR$IT$ BY ! ASSOCIATION2 ?AT PAT5TS = NEW 9V5TIONS1 FROM BE+ ALWAYS CLASS$ AMONG >BITR>Y MONOPOLIES1 HAVE ALWAYS HAD TO BE>1 BY ASSOCIATION1 MORE OR LESS ( ! ODIUM :I* JU/LY ATTA*ES TO ?OSE VIOLATIONS ( COMMON RI<T2 &1 F9ALLY1 ?AT = MORE ?AN TWO HUNDR$ YE>S1 7?AT IS1 S9CE #a#f#b#c17 !RE HAS BE5 AN IMP]ATIVE ACT ( P>LIAM5T1 7:I* JUDGES1 9 VIOLATION ( !IR OA?1 & !IR DUTY1 ALWAYS B[ TO1 9 PREF]5CE TO ! ,COMMON ,LAW17 PROHIBIT+ ! GRANT ( A PAT5T = ANY MORE ?AN A LIMIT$ P]IOD4 

,N[1 ! :OLE OBJECT ( ! >GUM5T 9 ?IS SECTION1 IS SIMPLY ?IS4 ,FIR/1 TO PROVE1 REASONABLY1 ?AT IF ! ANCI5T ,COMMON ,LAW SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 PRES]V$1 & >BITR>Y P[]1 NEI!R ?AT ( ! K+1 NOR ?AT ( ! K+ & P>LIAM5T1 HAD EV] 9T]F]$ ) ! QUE/ION ( 9TELLECTUAL PROP]TY1 ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS1 TO A P]PETUAL PROP]TY 9 !IR IDEAS1 W\LD HAVE BE5 FIR/ E/ABLI%$2 & ?AT1 TOO1 LONG BE=E ! DECISION 9 !IR FAVOR BY ! ,K+'S ,B5* 9 #a#g#f#i4 ,&1 SECONDLY1 ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! RI<TS ( ACTUAL 9V5TORS1 7NOT ( IMPORT]S ( 9V5TIONS17 TO A P]PETUAL PROP]TY 9 !IR IDEAS1 W\LD ALSO HAVE SPE$ILY FOLL[$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS4 ,& ?AT BO? !SE EV5TS W\LD HAVE OCCURR$ LONG BE=E N[4 

,CONSID]+1 !N1 ON ! ONE H&1 ?AT ! CLAIMS ( 9V5TORS1 AS BE+ F\ND$ 9 ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 W]E AT LEA/ P>TIALLY RECOGNIZ$ SO LONG AGO AS FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S2 & CONSID]+ ALSO1 ?AT ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS W]E ALSO1 AT LEA/ P>TIALLY1 RECOGNIZ$1 NE>LY AS SOON AFT] ! 9V5TION ( PR9T+ AS !RE W]E ANY AU?ORS HAV+ RI<TS TO BE PROTECT$2 & !N CONSID]+ ALSO1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! >BITR>Y *>ACT] ( ! GOV]NM5T DUR+ ALL ?IS TIME1 ! RE/RICTIONS ON ! PRESS1 ! OPPRESSION1 & CONSEQU5T POV]TY & IGNORANCE ( ! PEOPLE2 & ALSO ! >BITR>Y LIMITATIONS1 IMPOS$ BY ACTS ( P>LIAM5T1 = ! LA/ TWO HUNDR$ & ?IRTY YE>S1 UPON ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS1 & = ! LA/ ONE HUNDR$ & =TY YE>S1 UPON ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS2 CONSID]+ ALL !SE ?+S1 ,I ?9K ! CONCLUSION IS C]TA9LY A REASONABLE ONE1 ?AT IF ! ANCI5T CON/ITUTIONAL ,COMMON ,LAW =M ( GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 PRES]V$1 & KN[L$GE & WEAL? HAD BE51 7AS UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES !Y W\LD HAVE BE517 NOT ONLY IMM5SELY 9CREAS$1 BUT MORE EQUALLY DIFFUS$ AMONG ! PEOPLE1 ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 AS A SCI5CE1 W\LD HAVE MADE SU* PROGRESS1 & LIT]ATURE & ! >TS W\LD HAVE SO COMM5D$ !MSELVES TO ! APPROBATION & PROTECTION ( ! PEOPLE1 ?AT ! RI<TS ( BO? AU?ORS & 9V5TORS1 TO A P]PETUAL PROP]TY 9 !IR IDEAS1 W\LD HAVE BE5 LONG S9CE E/ABLI%$4 

,& ! TRUE ME?OD ( PROCE$+1 AT ?IS DAY1 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS & 9V5TORS1 IS TO REE/ABLI% ! CON/ITUTIONAL AU?ORITY ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW OV] ACTS ( P>LIAM5T4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ah$ 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bb 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #b -- ,ADD$4 

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