,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #d 

#aheeahee 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TEXT 3 

,S,E,C,T,I,O,N ,I,V4 

,REVIEW ( ! ,CASE ( ,DONALDSON & ANO!R1 VS4 ,BECKET & ANO!R4 

,?IS CASE CAME BE=E ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 9 #a#g#g#d1"9 ON AN APPEAL FROM AN 9JUNCTION AGA9/ PUBLI%+ A BOOK1 :OSE /ATUTORY T]M ( COPYRI<T HAD EXPIR$4 

,! ,LORDS DIRECT$ ! JUDGES TO GIVE !IR OP9IONS TO ! ,H\SE ON ! FOLL[+ QUE/IONS1 VIZ43 

#a4 0,:E!R AT COMMON LAW1 AN AU?OR ( ANY BOOK OR LIT]>Y COMPOSITION HAD ! SOLE RI<T ( FIR/ PR9T+ & PUBLI%+ ! SAME = SALE2 & MI<T BR+ AN ACTION AGA9/ ANY P]SON :O PR9T$1 PUBLI%$ & SOLD ! SAME )\T HIS CONS5T80 

#b4 0,IF ! AU?OR HAD SU* A RI<T ORIG9ALLY1 DID ! LAW TAKE IT AWAY1 UPON HIS PR9T+ & PUBLI%+ SU* BOOK OR LIT]>Y COMPOSITION2 & MI<T ANY P]SON AFT]W>DS REPR9T & SELL1 = HIS [N B5EFIT1 SU* BOOK OR LIT]>Y COMPOSITION1 AGA9/ ! WILL ( ! AU?OR80 

#c4 0,IF SU* ACTION W\LD HAVE LA9 AT COMMON LAW1 IS IT TAK5 AWAY BY ! /ATUTE ( #h? ,ANNE8 ,& IS AN AU?OR1 BY ! SAID /ATUTE1 PRECLUD$ FROM EV]Y REM$Y1 EXCEPT ON ! F\NDATION ( ! SAID /ATUTE1 & ON ! T]MS & CONDITIONS PRESCRIB$ !REBY80 

#d4 0,:E!R ! AU?OR ( ANY LIT]>Y COMPOSITION & HIS ASSIGNS1 HAD ! SOLE RI<T ( PR9T+ & PUBLI%+ ! SAME 9 P]PETUITY1 BY ! COMMON LAW80 

#e4 0,:E!R ?IS RI<T IS RE/RA9$1 IMPEA*$1 OR TAK5 AWAY BY ! /ATUTE #h? ,ANNE80 

,ON !SE QUE/IONS ELEV5 ( ! JUDGES DELIV]$ !IR OP9IONS4 ,LORD ,MANSFIELD1 FROM MOTIVES ( DELICACY1 DECL9$ GIV+ HIS OP9ION1 AL?\< IT WAS WELL KN[N ?AT HE ADH]$ TO ?AT HE HAD GIV5 9 ! CASE ( ,MILL> VS4 ,TAYLOR4 

,ON ! FIR/ ( !SE QUE/IONS1 T5 ( ! JUDGES ANSW]$ 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE1 & ONE 9 ! NEGATIVE4 

,TWO ( ! T51 H[EV]1 QUALIFI$ !IR OP9ION1 BY SAY+ ?AT ! AU?OR ( A BOOK 0C\LD NOT BR+ AN ACTION AGA9/ ANY P]SON :O PR9T$1 PUBLI%$1 & SOLD ! SAME1 UNLESS SU* P]SON OBTA9$ ! COPY BY FRAUD OR VIOL5CE40 

,ON ! SECOND QUE/ION1 F\R ( ! JUDGES ANSW]$ 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE1 & SEV5 9 ! NEGATIVE4 

,ON ! ?IRD QUE/ION1 SIX ( ! JUDGES ANSW]$ 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE1 & FIVE 9 ! NEGATIVE4 

,ON ! F\R? QUE/ION1 SEV5 ANSW]$ 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE1 & F\R 9 ! NEGATIVE4 

,ON ! FIF? QUE/ION1 SIX ANSW]$ 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE1 & FIVE 9 ! NEGATIVE4 

,! RESULT1 !RE=E1 /AT$ 9 BRIEF1 WAS AS FOLL[S3 

#a4,EI<T ( ! JUDGES 79CLUD+ ,LORD ,MANSFIELD7 W]E ( ! OP9ION ?AT 0,! AU?OR ( ANY LIT]>Y COMPOSITION1 & HIS ASSIGNS1 HAD ! SOLE RI<T ( PR9T+ & PUBLI%+ ! SAME 9 P]PETUITY1 BY ! COMMON LAW20 & F\R W]E ( A CONTR>Y OP9ION4 

#b4,SIX ( ! JUDGES 79CLUD+ ,LORD ,MANSFIELD7 W]E ( ! OP9ION ?AT ?IS COMMON LAW RI<T WAS NOT TAK5 AWAY BY ! /ATUTE #h? ,ANNE2 & SIX W]E ( A CONTR>Y OP9ION4 

,AFT] ! JUDGES HAD DELIV]$ !IR OP9IONS1 ! LORDS REV]S$ ! DECREE APPEAL$ FROM1 BY A VOTE ( TW5TY-TWO TO ELEV54 ,& ?IS DECISION HAS S9CE /OOD AS ! LAW ( ,5GL&4 

,H[ MANY ( ?OSE LORDS1 :O VOT$ = ! REV]SAL1 DID SO 9 ! BELIEF ?AT !RE WAS NO COPYRI<T AT COMMON LAW2 & H[ MANY DID SO 9 ! BELIEF ?AT ! COMMON LAW COPYRI<T HAD BE5 TAK5 AWAY BY ! /ATUTE1 DOES NOT APPE>4 ,! DECISION1 !RE=E1 DOES NOT /& AS A DECISION ?AT AN AU?OR HAD NOT A P]PETUAL COPYRI<T AT COMMON LAW2 BUT ONLY AS A DECISION ?AT1 IF HE HAD SU* A RI<T AT COMMON LAW1 ?AT RI<T HAD BE5 TAK5 AWAY BY ! /ATUTE4 

,! DIV]SITY ( OP9ION1 BO? AMONG ! JUDGES & ! LORDS1 DEPRIVE ?IS DECISION ( ALL WEI<T AS AN AU?ORITY4 ,! ONLY ?+S REALLY WOR?Y ( CONSID]ATION >E ! >GUM5TS URG$ ON ! ONE SIDE & ! O!R4 ,!SE >GUM5TS W]E V]Y SIMIL> TO ?OSE 9 ! CASE ( ,MILL> VS4 ,TAYLOR2 & ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS W]E LO/ FROM SUB/ANTIALLY ! SAME ]RORS1 9CONSI/5CIES1 & DEFICI5CIES1 9 ! >GUM5TS ( !IR ADVOCATES1 ?AT HAVE BE5 PO9T$ \T 9 ?AT CASE4 

,TO %[ ! VIEWS ?AT PREVAIL$1 ON BO? SIDES1 REG>D+ ! MO/ PROM95T PO9TS 9 ! CASE1 ,I GIVE ! FOLL[+ EXTRACTS4 

#a4 ,ON ! PO9T ( SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 A ME*ANICAL 9V5TION1 & A LIT]>Y COMPOSITION1 ,I GIVE ! :OLE ( ! >GUM5TS1 ON BO? SIDES1 SO F> AS !Y >E REPORT$1 AS FOLL[S4 

,W$D]BURN1 C\NSEL1 SPEAK+ = ! COPYRI<T1 MADE ! FATAL CONCESSION ?AT ! AU?OR ( A ME*ANICAL 9V5TION HAD1 AT COMMON LAW1 NO PROP]TY 9 HIS 9V5TION1 BUT ONLY 9 ! MA*9ES HE MADE2 & = SU* ABSURD REASONS AS !SE4 ,HE SAID3 

0,IT HAD BE5 CONT5D$ ?AT ! 9V5TOR ( AN ORR]Y WAS 9 ! SAME PR$ICAM5T AS AN AU?OR1 :5 HE PUBLI%$4 ,SU* AN ALLUSION CAME NOT TO ! PO9T4 ,! FIR/ %EET ( AN $ITION1 AS SOON AS IT WAS GIV5 IMPRESSION1 9 A MANN] LOAD$ AN AU?OR ) ! EXP5SES ( A :OLE $ITION2 & IF ?AT $ITION WAS FIVE ?\S& .<9.> NUMB]1 ! AU?OR WAS NOT REPAID = HIS LABOR & HAZ>D1 TILL ! LA/ ( ! FIVE ?\S& WAS SOLD4 ,! MAK] ( AN ORR]Y WAS AT NO O!R TR\BLE & *>GE1 ?AN ! TIME1 +5UITY1 & EXP5SE1 SP5T 9 MAK+ ONE ORR]Y2 & :5 HE HAD SOLD ?AT ONE1 HE WAS AMPLY PAID4 .<66.> ,ORR]Y MAK+ WAS AN 9V5TION1 & ! 9V5TOR REAP$ ! PR(IT ACCRU+ FROM IT4 ,WRIT+ A BOOK WAS AN 9V5TION1 & SOME PR(IT MU/ ACCRUE AFT] PUBLICATION2 :O %\LD REAP ! B5EFIT ( IT8 ,AU?ORS1 HE CONT5D$1 BO? FROM PR9CIPLES ( NATURAL JU/ICE1 & ! 9T]E/ ( SOCIETY1 HAD ! BE/ RI<T TO ! PR(ITS ACCRU+ FROM A PUBLICATION ( !IR IDEAS40 P4 #i#f#e4 

,?URL[1 C\NSEL1 9 REPLY1 AGA9/ ! COPYRI<T1 SAID3 

0,) REG>D TO ! OBS]VATION1 ?AT ! 9V5TOR ( AN ORR]Y WAS NOT AT ALL TO BE COMP>$ TO ! 9V5TOR ( A BOOK1 BECAUSE HE WAS PAID = HIS LABOR :5 HE HAD SOLD ONE ORR]Y2 !RE WAS NOT A MORE FALLACI\S DOCTR9E 9 ! P[] ( WORDS4 ,! MAK] ( A TIME-PIECE1 OR AN ORR]Y1 /OOD 9 ! SAME1 IF NOT 9 A WORSE PR$ICAM5T1 ?AN AN AU?OR4 ,! B>E 9V5TION ( !IR MA*9ES MI<T CO/ !M TW5TY ( ! MO/ LABORI\S YE>S 9 !IR :OLE LIFE2 & ! EXP5SE TO ! FIR/ 9V5TORS 9 PROCUR+1 PREP>+1 & PORTION+ ! METALS1 & O!R COMPON5T P>TS ( !IR MA*9ES1 WAS TOO 9F9ITE TO BE> EV5 = A MOM5T ! SUPPOSITION ?AT ! SALE ( ! FIR/ ORR]Y RECOMP5S$ IT4 ,& YET NO MAN W\LD D5Y ?AT AFT] AN ORR]Y WAS SOLD1 EV]Y ME*ANI/ HAD A RI<T TO MAKE ANO!R AFT] ITS MODEL40 P4 #i#f#i4 

,B>ON ,EYRE1 GIV+ HIS OP9ION AGA9/ ! COPYRI<T1 0CONSID]$ A BOOK PRECISELY UPON ! SAME FOOT+ ) ANY O!R ME*ANICAL 9V5TION4 ,9 ! CASE ( ME*ANIC 9V5TIONS1 IDEAS W]E 9 A MANN] EMBODI$1 SO AS TO R5D] !M TANGIBLE & VISIBLE2 A BOOK WAS NO MORE ?AN A TRANSCRIPT ( IDEAS2 & :E!R IDEAS W]E R5D]$ COGNIZABLE TO ANY ( ! S5SES1 BY MEANS ( ?IS OR ?AT >T1 ( ?IS OR ?AT CONTRIVANCE1 WAS ALTOGE!R IMMAT]IAL4 ,YET EV]Y ME*ANICAL 9V5TION WAS COMMON1 :IL/ A BOOK WAS CONT5D$ TO BE ! OBJECT ( EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY6 ,SO ?AT ,MR4 ,H>RISON1 AFT] CON/RUCT+ A TIME-PIECE1 AT ! EXP5SE ( =TY YE>S LABOR1 HAD NO ME?OD ( SECUR+ AN EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY 9 ?AT 9V5TION1 UNLESS BY A GRANT FROM ! /ATE4 ,YET IF HE WAS 9 A FEW H\RS TO WRITE A PAMPHLET1 DESCRIB+ ! PROP]TIES1 ! UTILITY1 & CON/RUCTION ( HIS TIME-PIECE1 9 SU* A PAMPHLET HE W\LD HAVE A RI<T SECUR$ BY COMMON LAW2 ?\< ! PAMPHLET CONTA9$ EXACTLY ! SAME IDEAS ON PAP]1 ?AT ! TIME-PIECE DID 9 CLOCK-WORK MA*9]Y4 ,! CLO?+ IS DISSIMIL>2 ! ESS5CES CLO!D W]E ID5TICALLY ! SAME4 

0,! B>ON URG$ ! EXACTITUDE ( ! RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 A BOOK & ANY O!R ME*ANICAL 9V5TION1 FROM V>I\S 9/ANCES ( AGREEM5T4 ,ON ! :OLE1 ! B>ON CONT5D$1 ?AT A ME*ANIC 9V5TION & A LIT]>Y COMPOSITION EXACTLY AGRE$ 9 PO9T ( SIMIL>ITY2 ! ONE !RE=E WAS NO MORE 5TITL$ TO BE ! OBJECT ( COMMON LAW PROP]TY ?AN ! O!R2 & AS ! COMMON LAW WAS 5TIRELY SIL5T ) RESPECT TO :AT IS CALL$ LIT]>Y PROP]TY1 AS ANCI5T USAGE WAS AGA9/ ! SUPPOSITION ( SU* A PROP]TY1 & AS NO EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( APPROPRIAT+ ?OSE O!R OP]ATIONS ( ! M9D1 :I* PASS UND] ! D5OM9ATION ( ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS1 WAS VE/$ 9 ! 9V5TOR BY ! COMMON LAW1 ! B>ON1 = !SE REASONS1 DECL>$ HIMSELF AGA9/ ! PR9CIPLE ( ADMITT+ ! AU?OR ( A BOOK1 ANY MORE ?AN ! 9V5TOR ( A PIECE ( ME*ANISM1 TO HAVE A RI<T AT COMMON LAW TO ! EXCLUSIVE APPROPRIATION & SALE ( ! SAME40 P4 #i#g#d4 

,JU/ICE ,A%UR/1 GIV+ HIS OP9ION 9 FAVOR ( ! COPYRI<T1 SAID3 

0,S9CE ! /ATUTE ( MONOPOLIES1 NO QUE/IONS C\LD EXI/ AB\T ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS4 ,MANUFACTURES W]E AT A V]Y L[ EBB TILL QUE5 ,ELIZABE?'S TIME4 ,9 ! REIGN ( ,JAMES ! ,FIR/1 ! /ATUTE ( MONOPOLIES WAS PASS$4 ,S9CE ?AT ACT NO 9V5TOR C\LD MA9TA9 AN ACTION )\T A PAT5T4 ,IT IS ! POLICY ( K+DOMS1 & PRES]VATION ( TRADE1 TO EXCLUDE !M40 P4 #i#g#g4 

,JU/ICE ,A/ON1 GIV+ HIS OP9ION 9 FAVOR ( ! COPYRI<T1 SAID3 

0,) REG>D TO ME*ANICAL 9/RUM5TS1 BECAUSE ! ACT AGA9/ MONOPOLIES HAD R5D]$ IT NECESS>Y = ! 9V5TORS ( !M TO SEEK SECURITY UND] A PAT5T1 IT C\LD BE NO >GUM5T :Y 9 LIT]>Y PROP]TY !RE %\LD BE NO COMMON LAW COPYRI<T4 ,HE ?\<T IT W\LD BE MORE LIB]AL TO CONCLUDE1 ?AT PREVI\S TO ! MONOPOLY /ATUTE1 !RE EXI/$ A COMMON LAW RI<T1 EQUALLY TO AN 9V5TOR ( A MA*9E1 & AN AU?OR ( A BOOK40 P4 #i#h#a4 

,B>ON ,P]ROTT1 SPEAK+ AGA9/ ! COPYRI<T1 SAID3 

0,AN 9V5TOR ( A MA*9E OR ME*ANICAL 9/RUM5T1 LIKE AN AU?OR1 GAVE HIS IDEAS TO ! PUBLIC4 ,PREVI\S TO PUBLICATION1 HE POSSESS$ ! JUS UT5DI1 FRU5DI1 ET DISPON5DI1 .<! RI<T ( US+1 5JOY+1 & DISPOS+ (1.> 9 AS FULL EXT5T AS ! WRIT] ( A BOOK2 & YET IT NEV] WAS HE>D ?AT AN 9V5TOR1 :5 HE SOLD ONE ( HIS MA*9ES1 OR 9/RUM5TS1 ?\<T ! PUR*AS]1 IF HE *OOSE IT1 HAD NOT A RI<T TO MAKE ANO!R AFT] ITS MODEL4 ,! RI<T ( EXCLUSIVELY MAK+ ANY ME*ANICAL 9V5TION WAS TAK5 AWAY FROM ! AU?OR OR 9V5TOR BY ! ACT AGA9/ MONOPOLIES ( ! #b#a/ ( ,JAMES ! ,FIR/4 ,:I* ACT SAV$ PR]OGATIVE COPYRI<TS1 & :I* W\LD HAVE M5TION$ :AT WAS N[ T]M$ LIT]>Y PROP]TY1 HAD AN IDEA EXI/$ ?AT !RE WAS A COMMON LAW RI<T = AN AU?OR OR HIS ASSIGNS EXCLUSIVELY TO MULTIPLY COPIES40 P4 #i#h#b4 

,LORD ,*IEF ,B>ON ,SMY!1 SPEAK+ = ! COPYRI<T1 SAID3 

0,AS TO ME*ANICAL 9V5TIONS1 HE DID NOT KN[ ?AT1 PREVI\S TO ! ACT ( #b#a/ ,JAMES ! ,FIR/1 .<! /ATUTE AGA9/ MONOPOLIES1.> AN ACTION W\LD NOT LIE AGA9/ ! P]SON :O PIRAT$ AN 9V5TION4 ,AN ORR]Y NONE BUT AN A/RONOM] C\LD MAKE2 & HE MI<T FA%ION A SECOND1 AS SOON AS HE HAD SE5 A FIR/2 IT WAS !N1 9 A DEGREE1 AN ORIG9AL WORK2 :]EAS1 9 MULTIPLY+ AN AU?OR'S COPY1 HIS NAME1 AS WELL AS HIS IDEAS1 W]E /OL51 & IT WAS PASS$ UPON ! WORLD AS ! WORK ( ! ORIG9AL AU?OR1 AL?\< HE C\LD NOT POSSIBLY AM5D ANY ]RORS :I* MI<T HAVE ESCAP$ 9 HIS FIR/ $ITION1 NOR CANCEL ANY P>T :I*1 SUBSEQU5T TO ! FIR/ PUBLICATION1 APPE>$ TO BE IMPROP]40 P4 #i#h#g4 

,LORD ,*IEF ,JU/ICE ,DE ,GRAY1 SPEAK+ AGA9/ ! COPYRI<T1 SAID3 

0,ABRIDGM5TS ( BOOKS1 TRANSLATIONS1 NOTES1 AS EFFECTUALLY DEPRIVE ! ORIG9AL AU?OR ( ! FRUIT ( HIS LABORS1 AS DIRECT P>TICUL> COPIES2 YET !Y >E ALL[ABLE4 ,! COMPOS]S ( MUSIC1 ! 5GRAV]S ( COPP]-PLATES1 ! 9V5TORS ( MA*9ES1 >E ALL EXCLUD$ FROM ! PRIVILEGE N[ CONT5D$ =2 BUT :Y1 IF AN EQUITABLE & MORAL RI<T IS TO BE ! SOLE F\NDATION ( IT8 ,!IR G5IUS1 !IR /UDY1 !IR LABOR1 !IR ORIG9ALITY1 IS AS GREAT AS AN AU?OR'S2 !IR 9V5TIONS >E AS MU* PREJUDIC$ BY COPYI/S1 & !IR CLAIM1 9 MY OP9ION1 /&S EXACTLY ON ! SAME FOOT+4 ,A NICE & SUBTLE 9VE/IGATION MAY1 P]HAPS1 F9D \T SOME LITTLE LOGICAL OR ME*ANICAL DIFF]5CES1 BUT NO SOLID DI/9CTION 9 ! RULE ( PROP]TY ?AT APPLIES TO !M1 CAN BE F\ND40 P4 #i#i4 

,LORD ,CAMD51 SPEAK+ AGA9/ ! COPYRI<T1 SAID3 

0,) RESPECT TO 9V5TORS1 ,I CAN SEE NO REAL & CAPITAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M & AU?ORS4 ,!IR M]IT IS EQUAL2 !Y >E EQUALLY B5EFICIAL TO SOCIETY2 OR P]HAPS ! 9V5TOR ( SOME ( ?OSE MA/]PIECES ( >T1 :I* HAVE BE5 M5TION$1 HAVE !RE ! ADVANTAGE4 ,ALL ! JUDGES1 :O HAVE BE5 ( A DIFF]5T OP9ION1 CONSCI\S ( ! =CE ( ! OBJECTION FROM ! SIMIL>ITY ( ! CLAIM1 HAVE TOLD Y\R LORD%IPS !Y DID NOT KN[ BUT ?AT AN ACTION W\LD LIE = ! EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY 9 A MA*9E AT COMMON LAW1 & *OSE TO RESORT TO ! PAT5TS4 ,IT IS1 9DE$1 EXTRAORD9>Y ?AT !Y %\LD ?9K SO2 ?AT A RI<T ?AT NEV] WAS HE>D (1 C\LD BE SUPPORT$ BY AN ACTION ?AT NEV] WAS BR\<T4 ,IF !RE BE SU* A RI<T AT COMMON LAW1 ! CR[N IS AN USURP]4 ,BUT !RE IS NO SU* RI<T AT COMMON LAW1 :I* DECL>ES IT A MONOPOLY4 ,NO SU* ACTION LIES4 ,RESORT MU/ BE HAD TO ! CR[N .<?AT IS1 TO ! K+'S PAT5T.> 9 ALL SU* CASES40 P4 #i#i#i4 

,! =EGO+ EXTRACTS CONTA9 ALL ?AT WAS SAID 9 ! CASE1 OR AT LEA/ ALL ?AT IS REPORT$1 RELATIVE TO ! SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS & 9V5TORS1 TO A COMMON LAW RI<T ( PROP]TY1 9 !IR IDEAS4 ,IF ! ADVOCATES ( ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS HAD HAD ! C\RAGE TO ADVOCATE ALSO ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS1 AS /\TLY AS ?OSE1 :O RESI/$ ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS1 9SI/$ UPON ! SIMIL>ITY ( RI<TS 9 ! TWO CASES1 A DIFF]5T DECISION ( ! CAUSE MI<T POSSIBLY HAVE BE5 EFFECT$4 ,AT ANY RATE1 SU* AN IMPULSE W\LD HAVE BE5 GIV5 TO 9QUIRY 9 ! TRUE DIRECTION1 AS W\LD V]Y LIKELY HAVE RESULT$ ]E ?IS 9 ! FULL E/ABLI%M5T ( ! RI<TS ( BO? AU?ORS & 9V5TORS4 

,! ONLY >GUM5T1 GIV5 AGA9/ ! COPYRI<T1 ?AT HAD ANY 9TR9SIC WEI<T OR M]IT1 WAS ?AT ( ,LORD ,*IEF ,JU/ICE ,DE ,GRAY1 :I* HAS ALREADY BE5 COMM5T$ UPON 9 A =M] *APT]2"9 & NE$ NOT BE FUR!R NOTIC$ H]E4 

,SOME ( ,LORD ,CAMD5'S >GUM5TS >E WOR?Y ( NOTICE2 NOT H[EV] = !IR 9TR9SIC WEI<T1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! HI< JUDICIAL RANK ( !IR AU?OR2 & BECAUSE ALSO !Y SEEM TO HAVE HAD GREAT 9FLU5CE ) ! LORDS1 9 9DUC+ !M TO VOTE AGA9/ ! COPYRI<T4 

#a4 ,HE HELD ?AT ! WANT ( PREC$5T TO SU/A9 ! RI<T1 WAS FATAL TO IT4 ,?US HE SAID3 

0,?AT EXCELL5T JUDGE1 ,LORD ,*IEF ,JU/ICE ,LEE1 US$ ALWAYS TO ASK ! C\NSEL1 AFT] HIS >GUM5T WAS OV]1 ',HAVE Y\ ANY CASE8' .<PREC$5T4.> ,I HOPE JUDGES WILL ALWAYS COPY ! EXAMPLE1 & NEV] PRET5D TO DECIDE UPON A CLAIM ( PROP]TY1 )\T ATT5D+ TO ! OLD BLACK LETT] ( \R LAW2 )\T F\ND+ !IR JUDGM5T UPON SOME SOLID WRITT5 AU?ORITY1 PRES]V$ 9 !IR BOOKS1 OR 9 JUDICIAL RECORDS4 ,9 ?IS CASE ,I KN[ !RE IS NONE SU* TO BE PRODUC$40 P4 #i#i#h4 

,& AGA91 ALLUD+ TO ! IDEA1 ?R[N \T BY ,A/ON & ,SMY!1 ?AT BUT = ! /ATUTE AGA9/ MONOPOLIES1 AN ACTION AT COMMON LAW MI<T BE SU/A9$ AGA9/ ONE :O %\LD PIRATE A ME*ANICAL 9V5TION1 HE SAID3 

0,IT IS1 9DE$1 EXTRAORD9>Y ?AT !Y %\LD ?9K SO2 ?AT A RI<T1 ?AT NEV] WAS HE>D (1 C\LD BE SUPPORT$ BY AN ACTION ?AT NEV] WAS BR\<T40 P4 #i#i#i4 

,I REPEAT HIS WORDS SO F> AS TO SAY1 0IT IS1 9DE$1 EXTRAORD9>Y0 ?AT AN EX-,LORD ,*ANCELLOR %\LD UTT] SU* OP9IONS AS !SE4 ,IF1 AS HE PRET5DS1 0A CASE10 A PREC$5T1 IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE ,COMMON ,LAW1 WE >E B\ND AT ONCE TO R5\NCE ! :OLE BODY ( ! ACKN[L$G$ ,COMMON ,LAW AS ILLEGITIMATE1 & DECL>E ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( !RE BE+ ANY SU* ?+ AS ,COMMON ,LAW AT ALL2 BECAUSE !RE WAS A TIME :5 A COMMON LAW 0CASE0 HAD NEV] BE5 DECID$2 :5 9DE$ A COMMON LAW RI<T HAD 0NEV] BE5 HE>D (20 :5 A COMMON LAW ACTION 0HAD NEV] BE5 BR\<T20 & :51 ( C\RSE1 ACCORD+ TO ,LORD ,CAMD5'S >GUM5T1 NO COMMON LAW C\RT HAD ANY JU/ AU?ORITY 0TO DECIDE UPON A CLAIM ( PROP]TY40 ,ALL COMMON LAW DECISIONS HI!RTO1 HAVE1 !RE=E1 ON HIS !ORY1 BE5 M]E USURPATIONS1 & ( C\RSE CAN BE NO AU?ORITY N[2 & ALL \R COMMON LAW RI<TS ( PROP]TY1 ( EV]Y NAME & NATURE1 ( NECESSITY FALL TO ! GR\ND4 ,?IS IS ! LEGITIMATE CONCLUSION ( HIS >GUM5T4 

,?IS >GUM5T ( ! WANT ( PREC$5T IS UTT]LY WOR?LESS1 :]E ! CASE IS A CLE> ONE ON PR9CIPLE4 ,NEW QUE/IONS 9 COMMON LAW--OR1 :AT1 ON ?IS PO9T IS ! SAME ?+1 9 NATURAL LAW--HAVE BE5 CONT9UALLY >IS+ EV] S9CE MANK9D FIR/ HAD CONTROV]SIES ) EA* O!R AB\T !IR RESPECTIVE RI<TS2 & OLD IDEAS HAVE GIV5 PLACE TO NEW ONES1 AS KN[L$GE HAS PROGRESS$4 ,& SU* WILL CONT9UE TO BE ! C\RSE ( ?+S AS LONG AS MAN IS A PROGRESSIVE BE+1 & HAS RI<TS TO BE ADJUDICAT$ UPON4 ,& ! FACT1 ?AT SU* OR SU* A P>TICUL> QUE/ION HAS NEV] >IS5 BE=E1 OR ?AT LEGAL SCI5CE HAS NEV] H]ET(ORE BE5 SUFFICI5TLY ADVANC$ TO DECIDE IT CORRECTLY1 IS NO REASON AT ALL :Y ! PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE & REASON >E NOT N[ ! TRUE & IMP]ATIVE RULES = ITS DECISION4 ,NEI!R ! IGNORANCE1 NOR ! 9JU/ICE ( ! PA/1 HAS ANY 9NATE AU?ORITY OV] ! PRES5T1 OR ! FUTURE4 ,!Y HAVE NOT ALT]$ ! NATURE ( M5'S RI<TS1 NOR ! NATURE ( TRU?1 NOR ABOLI%$ ! OBLIGATIONS ( JU/ICE4 ,IF MANK9D HAVE NOT A RI<T TO ! B5EFIT ( ALL NEW DISCOV]IES 9 LAW1 AS 9 ! O!R SCI5CES1 AS FA/ AS !Y >E MADE1 !Y HAVE NO RI<T TO ANY OLD DISCOV]IES ( ! SAME K9D2 = ! LATT] W]E AS ILLEGITIMATE 9 !IR ORIG9 AS ! =M]2 & ON ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ! LAW ( NATURE W\LD /& %ORN ( H] AU?ORITY TO CONTROL EI!R ! DECISIONS ( C\RTS1 OR ! CONDUCT ( M54 

,?IS PRET5SE ( ! NECESSITY ( A PREC$5T1 IS ! PRET5SE ( A PETTIFOGG]1 & NOT ! >GUM5T ( A LAWY]4 ,LORD ,CAMD5 HIMSELF1 9 ANO!R P>T ( HIS SPEE*1 VIRTUALLY ACKN[L$GES ITS UNS\NDNESS2 = HE SAYS1 0,\R LAW .<! COMMON LAW.> >GUES FROM PR9CIPLES1 CASES1 & ANALOGY40 7P4 #i#i#e47 ,YES1 FROM 0PR9CIPLES0 & 0ANALOGY10 NO LESS ?AN FROM 0CASES40 ,& HE %\LD HAVE SAID1 0FROM PR9CIPLES & ANALOGY10 9 PREF]5CE TO 0CASES20 = :]EV] PREVI\S 0CASES0 HAVE BE5 DECID$ CONTR>Y TO ! G5]AL 0PR9CIPLES & ANALOGIES0 ( ! COMMON LAW1 C\RTS >E B\ND TO OV]RULE !M1 9 ALL SUBSEQU5T DECISIONS4 

,LORD ,CAMD5'S GREAT PR$ECESSOR 9 ! *ANCELLOR%IP1 ,LORD ,BACON1 9CULCAT$ NO SU* N>R[ & ABSURD IDEAS1 AS TO ! NECESSITY ( PREC$5TS1 OR !IR AU?ORITY TO DEPRIVE MANK9D ( ! B5EFITS ( :ATEV] KN[L$GE !Y MI<T AFT]W>DS ACQUIRE4 ,SPEAK+ 0,( ,CASES ,OMITT$ 9 ,LAW10 HE SAYS3 

0,! N>R[ COMPASS ( MAN'S WISDOM CANNOT =ESEE ALL ! CASES :I* TIME MAY PRODUCE2 & !RE=E CASES OMITT$ & NEW DO (T5 >ISE40 ,HE !N GIVES RULES = JUDG+ ( !SE CASES2 AMONG :I* RULES IS ?IS4 0,LET REASON BE A FRUITFUL1 & CU/OM A B>R5 ?+40"9 

,IT REQUIRES NO WORDS TO PROVE :I* WAS ! GREAT] PHILOSOPH] ( ! TWO--,LORD ,BACON1 :5 HE SAID ?AT MANK9D DID NOT KN[ EV]Y ?+ FROM ! BEG9N+1 & ?AT1 9 JUDG+ ( NEW QUE/IONS1 REASON %\LD BE ALL[$ TO BE A FRUITFUL1 & CU/OM BUT A B>R51 S\RCE ( AU?ORITY2 OR ,LORD ,CAMD51 :5 HE HELD IT 9DISP5SABLE ?AT WE %\LD HAVE A PREC$5T = EV]Y ?+--OR1 :AT IS VIRTUALLY ! SAME ?+1 ?AT MANK9D HAVE N[ A RI<T TO USE ONLY ?AT KN[L$GE1 :I* WAS POSSESS$ AT ! ORIG9 ( ! RACE2 &1 9 TRU?1 NOT EV5 ?AT4 

,BUT1 LEAV+ !SE CONSID]ATIONS ( AN AB/RACT NATURE--SUFFICI5T REASONS HAVE ALREADY BE5 GIV5 9 ?IS *APT]1 :Y 9V5TORS HAVE NEV] BR\<T !IR COMMON LAW RI<TS BE=E ! ,5GLI% C\RTS = ADJUDICATION1 )\T SUPPOS+ IT TO HAVE BE5 [+ TO ANY WANT ( SOLIDITY 9 ! RI<TS !MSELVES4 ,& :5 ! JUDGES ( ,5GL&1 = HUNDR$S ( YE>S1 HAVE BE5 ! S]VILE TOOLS1 & NO?+ BUT ! S]VILE TOOLS1 EI!R ( K+S OR P>LIAM5TS1 OR BO?2 &1 AS SU*1 HAVE HABITUALLY )HELD ALL ! CON/ITUTIONAL & COMMON LAW RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE1 AT ! SLI<TE/ BIDD+ ( >BITR>Y P[]2 IT ILL BECOMES ONE ( !SE JUDGES N[ TO (F]1 AS AN >GUM5T AGA9/ ! EXI/5CE ( ONE ( !SE PROSCRIB$ COMMON LAW RI<TS1 ! FACT ?AT ! RI<T HAS NEV] BE5 BR\<T BE=E !MSELVES = ADJUDICATION1 ) ! C]TA9TY ?AT IT W\LD BE SPURN$ & TRAMPL$ UND] FOOT BY !M2 & ) ! FUR!R C]TA9TY ?AT SU* A PREC$5T1 ONCE CREAT$1 W\LD BE CIT$1 BY !MSELVES & !IR SUCCESSORS1 = AN 9DEF9ITE P]IOD !REAFT]1 AS A SUFFICI5T W>RANT = SIMIL> \TRAGES 9 ALL SUBSEQU5T CASES4 

,:5 ,5GLI% JUDGES %ALL HAVE %[N SUFFICI5T REV]5CE = ?AT ,COMMON ,LAW1 :I* !Y HAVE BE5 SWORN TO SUPPORT1 TO MA9TA9 IT AGA9/ ! AU?ORITY ( UNCON/ITUTIONAL LEGISLATURES & LEGISLATION1 IT WILL BE QUITE AS SOON AS !Y CAN1 ) ANY DEC5CY EV51 (F] SU* AN OBJECTION AS ?IS ( ,LORD ,CAMD5'S4 ,& IT W\LD BE BUT A POOR COMPLIM5T TO !IR UND]/&+S1 TO SUPPOSE ?AT1 EV5 !N1 !Y W\LD S]I\SLY 5T]TA9 IT2 9ASMU* AS ! QUE/ION ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW RI<TS ( 9V5TORS1 IS ONE1 :I*1 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S1 W\LD BE LIKELY TO ACQUIRE PROM95CE1 ONLY 9 SU* AN ADVANC$ /ATE ( BO? CIVILIZATION & FRE$OM1 7ESPECIALLY ! LATT]17 AS CAN H>DLY BE SAID TO HAVE EV] EXI/$ 9 ,5GL&2 C]TA9LY NOT UNTIL )9 A COMP>ATIVELY REC5T P]IOD4 

#b4 ,ANO!R ( ,LORD ,CAMD5'S >GUM5TS WAS ?IS1 VIZ43 0,IF !RE BE SU* A RI<T AT COMMON LAW1 ! CR[N IS AN USURP]40 ,?AT IS1 IF 9V5TORS HAVE A COMMON LAW RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !IR 9V5TIONS1 ! CR[N IS AN USURP] 9 GRANT+ !M PAT5TS1 ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT !Y HAVE NO SU* RI<TS1 BUT CAN ONLY 5JOY SU* PRIVILEGES AS HE1 9 HIS 0GRACI\S PLEASURE & CONDESC5SION10 MAY SEE FIT TO GRANT !M4 

,?IS >GUM5T1 ?AT 0! CR[N IS AN USURP]10 CAN H>DLY NE$ AN ANSW]1 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,IT C]TA9LY IS NOT ONE ?AT NE$ FRI<T5 AN ,AM]ICAN C\RT \T ( ITS S5SES1 OR EV5 \T ( ITS 9TEGRITY2 AL?\< IT IS ONE ?AT W\LD BE V]Y LIKELY TO FRI<T5 AN ,5GLI% C\RT \T ( BO?4 ,& ESPECIALLY W\LD IT BE QUITE C]TA9 TO PRODUCE !SE EFFECTS UPON SU* A BODY AS ! LORDS1 :O !MSELVES1 BO? 9 !IR LEGISLATIVE & JUDICIAL CAPACITIES1 >E1 CON/ITUTIONALLY1 NO?+ BUT USURP]S4 ,!Y1 ( C\RSE1 W\LD NOT D>E TO GIBBET ! K+1 = ACT+ AS !IR [N ACCOMPLICE 9 USURPATION4 ,& H5CE ! WEI<T1 :I*1 WE MAY REASONABLY PRESUME1 ?IS >GUM5T HAD1 9 ! DECISION ( ! QUE/ION BE=E !M4"9 

,BUT ,LORD ,CAMD5 NE$ NOT HAVE BE5 AL>M$ AT ! APPREH5SION1 ?AT IF 9V5TORS W]E ALL[$ !IR COMMON LAW RI<TS1 ! CR[N W\LD1 BY CONSEQU5CE1 HAVE BE5 PROV$ AN USURP]4 ,! GRANT+ ( PAT5TS WAS NOT1 ORIG9ALLY--:ATEV] IT BE N[--AN ACT ( USURPATION ON ! P>T ( ! K+4 ,IT WAS A LEGITIMATE ACT ( LEGISLATION1 AT A TIME :5 ! LEGISLATIVE P[] WAS PRACTICALLY1 AS IT ALWAYS WAS CON/ITUTIONALLY1 VE/$ SOLELY 9 HIMSELF4 ,& IT WAS ALSO SU* AN EX]CISE ( ?AT P[]1 AS %[$ QUITE AS MU* REG>D = JU/ICE1 & = ! CON/ITUTIONAL & COMMON LAW RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE1 AS C\LD REASONABLY BE EXPECT$ ( HIM1 9 ! D>K & B>B>\S AGE1 9 :I* ! GRANT+ ( PAT5TS ORIG9AT$4 ,IT WAS1 9 %ORT1 AN HONE/ ATTEMPT TO DO EQUITY--ACCORD+ TO ! DEGREE ( KN[L$GE !N EXI/+ ON ! SUBJECT--T[>DS ACKN[L$G$ PUBLIC B5EFACTORS2 &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 TO PROMOTE ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE1 BY 5C\RAG+ NEW 9V5TIONS4 ,! PAT5T WAS SIMPLY AN AU!NTICAT$ COPY ( A /ATUTE1 PASS$ BY ! K+1 5ACT+ ?AT ! 9V5TOR1 OR ! 9TRODUC] ( AN 9V5TION1 %\LD HAVE AN EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGE TO USE ! 9V5TION = A SPECIFIC T]M1 AS A JU/ REW>D = HIS LABORS1 & = ! B5EFITS HE HAD CONF]R$ UPON ! NATION4 ,?IS PAT5T1 OR COPY ( ! /ATUTE1 AU!NTICAT$ BY ! K+'S SEAL1 WAS GIV5 TO ! PAT5TEE1 ?AT HE MI<T PRODUCE IT 9 C\RTS OR ELSE:]E1 9 PRO( ( ! EXI/5CE ( ! /ATUTE ITSELF2 ! /ATUTES NOT BE+ G5]ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ?OSE DAYS1 EXCEPT BY PROCLAMATION4 ,& ?IS /ATUTE1 SO AU!NTICAT$1 WAS !N 5TITL$ TO RESPECT & OBS]VANCE1 BY ! JUDGES & JURIES ?R\<\T ! K+DOM1 SO F> AS !Y %\LD ?9K IT CONSI/5T ) ! COMMON LAW1 & NO FUR!R4 ,SU* WAS ! ORIG9AL1 CON/ITUTIONAL NATURE ( A PAT5T1 = A ME*ANICAL 9V5TION4 

,! /ATUTES1 OR PAT5TS1 !RE=E1 :I* SECUR$ TO 9V5TORS ! EXCLUSIVE USE ( !IR 9V5TIONS1 W]E P]FECTLY CONSI/5T ) ! COMMON LAW1 = ! T]M = :I* !Y W]E 9 =CE2 & !Y W]E 9CONSI/5T ) ! COMMON LAW ONLY 9 ?IS1 ?AT !Y LIMIT$ ! RI<TS ( ! 9V5TORS TO A FIX$ T]M1 9/EAD ( SECUR+ !M 9 P]PETUITY4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT--IF NOT ! ONLY IMPORTANT--0USURPATIONS0 !RE HAVE BE5 9 ! MATT]1 HAVE BE5 ( A MORE MOD]N DATE1 AS FOLL[S4 #a4 ,! USURPATIONS ( AN UNCON/ITUTIONAL LEGISLATURE--! ,H\SES ( ,LORDS & ,COMMONS--9 PROHIBIT+ ! K+ FROM GRANT+ PAT5TS TO 9V5TORS = ANY MORE ?AN A LIMIT$ TIME4 #b4 ,! USURPATIONS ( ! JUDICI>Y1 9 HOLD+ ?AT PAT5TS1 ?\< GRANT$ ONLY = A BRIEF T]M1 W]E 9CONSI/5T ) ! COMMON LAW1 & !RE=E TO BE DEFEAT$1 IF POSSIBLE1 BY PR9CIPLES ( CON/RUCTION1 :I* HAD NO JU/ APPLICATION TO !M1 & BY GR\NDLESS IMPUTATIONS ( FRAUD1 ON ! P>T ( ! PAT5TEE1 9 CASES ( ! SLI<TE/ V>IATION FROM ACCURACY 9 ! SPECIFICATION4 

,SO F>1 !RE=E1 FROM ! K+'S 0USURPATION0 BE+ PROV$1 BY PROV+ ! COMMON LAW RI<T ( 9V5TORS1 TO AN EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY 9 !IR IDEAS1 ! ONLY WAY ( DISPROV+ HIS USURPATION1 9 GRANT+ SU* PAT5TS AT ?IS DAY1 IS BY ASS]T+1 9/EAD ( D5Y+1 ?AT RI<T2 & ALSO BY ASS]T+ ?AT ! PAT5T IS GRANT$ TO MAKE ! RI<T MORE SECURE ?AN IT W\LD O!RWISE BE4 

,! PR]OGATIVE ( GRANT+ SU* PAT5TS1 IS A M]E RELIC ( ! ANCI5T SOLE LEGISLATIVE P[] ( ! K+4 ,AS SU*1 IT IS P]FECTLY CON/ITUTIONAL4 ,:ILE ! RI<T1 :I* IT IS US$ TO PROTECT1 IS ALSO A P]FECTLY CON/ITUTIONAL ONE1 9ASMU* AS IT HAS ITS IMMUTABLE F\NDATIONS 9 ! PR9CIPLES ( ?AT COMMON1 OR NATURAL LAW1 :I* ALONE1 ) V]Y FEW EXCEPTIONS1 IT WAS ! DESIGN ( ! ,5GLI% CON/ITUTION TO MA9TA94 

#c4 ,COM+ TO ! QUE/ION ( 0POLICY10 ,LORD ,CAMD5 SAID3 

0,IF !RE BE NO F\NDATION ( RI<T = ?IS P]PETUITY1 BY ! POSITIVE LAWS ( ! L&1 IT WILL1 ,I BELIEVE1 F9D AS LITTLE CLAIM TO 5C\RAGEM5T UPON PUBLIC PR9CIPLES ( S\ND POLICY1 OR GOOD S5SE4 ,IF !RE BE ANY ?+ 9 ! WORLD COMMON TO ALL MANK9D1 SCI5CE & LE>N+ >E 9 !IR NATURE PUBLICI JURIS1 .<SUBJECTS ( COMMON RI<T1.> & !Y \<T TO BE FREE & G5]AL AS AIR OR WAT]4 ,!Y =GET !IR ,CREATOR1 AS WELL AS !IR FELL[ CREATURES1 :O WI% TO MONOPOLIZE HIS NOBLE/ GIFTS & GREATE/ B5EFITS4 ,:Y DID WE 5T] 9TO SOCIETY AT ALL1 BUT TO 5LI<T5 ONE ANO!R'S M9DS1 & IMPROVE \R FACULTIES1 = ! COMMON WELF>E ( ! SPECIES8 ,?OSE GREAT M51 ?OSE FAVOR$ MORTALS1 ?OSE SUBLIME SPIRITS1 :O %>E ?AT RAY ( DIV9ITY :I* WE CALL G5IUS1 >E 5TRU/$ BY ,PROVID5CE ) ! DELEGAT$ P[] ( IMP>T+ TO !IR FELL[ CREATURES ?AT 9/RUCTION :I* HEAV5 MEANT = UNIV]SAL B5EFIT2 !Y MU/ NOT BE NIGG>DS TO ! WORLD1 OR HO>D UP = !MSELVES ! COMMON /OCK4 ,WE KN[ :AT WAS ! PUNI%M5T ( HIM :O HID HIS TAL5T1 & ,PROVID5CE HAS TAK5 C>E ?AT !RE %ALL NOT BE WANT+ ! NOBLE/ MOTIVES & 9C5TIVES = M5 ( G5IUS TO COMMUNICATE TO ! WORLD ?OSE TRU?S & DISCOV]IES1 :I* >E NO?+ IF UNCOMMUNICAT$4 ,KN[L$GE HAS NO VALUE OR USE = ! SOLIT>Y [N]2 TO BE 5JOY$ IT MU/ BE COMMUNICAT$4 ',SCIRE TUUM NIHIL E/1 NISI TE SCIRE HOC SCIAT ALT]4' .<,Y\R [N KN[L$GE IS NO?+1 UNLESS ANO!R KN[ ?AT Y\ POSSESS IT4.> ,GLORY IS ! REW>D ( SCI5CE1 & ?OSE :O DES]VE IT1 SCORN ALL MEAN] VIEWS4 ,I SPEAK NOT ( ! SCRIBBL]S = BREAD1 :O TEASE ! PRESS ) !IR WRET*$ PRODUCTIONS2 F\RTE5 YE>S IS TOO LONG A PRIVILEGE = !IR P]I%ABLE TRA%4 ,IT WAS NOT = GA91 ?AT ,BACON1 ,NEWTON1 ,MILTON1 ,LOCKE1 9/RUCT$ & DELI<T$ ! WORLD2 IT W\LD BE UNWOR?Y SU* M5 TO TRAFFIC ) A DIRTY BOOKSELL] = SO MU* A %EET ( A LETT] PRESS4 ,:5 ! BOOKSELL] (F]$ ,MILTON FIVE P\ND = HIS ,P>ADISE ,LO/1 HE DID NOT REJECT IT1 & COMMIT HIS POEM TO ! FLAMES2 NOR DID HE ACCEPT ! MIS]ABLE PITTANCE AS ! REW>D ( HIS LABOR2 HE KNEW ?AT ! REAL PRICE ( HIS WORK WAS IMMORTALITY1 & ?AT PO/]ITY W\LD PAY IT4 ,SOME AU?ORS >E AS C>ELESS AB\T PR(IT AS O!RS >E RAPACI\S ( IT2 & :AT A SITUATION W\LD ! PUBLIC BE 9 ) REG>D TO LIT]ATURE1 IF !RE W]E NO MEANS ( COMPELL+ A SECOND IMPRESSION ( A USEFUL WORK TO BE PUT =?1 OR WAIT TILL A WIFE OR *ILDR5 >E TO BE PROVID$ = BY ! SALE ( AN $ITION8 ,ALL \R LE>N+ WILL BE LOCK$ UP 9 ! H&S ( ! ,TONSONS & ,L9TONS ( ! AGE1 :O WILL SET :AT PRICE UPON IT !IR AV>ICE *OOSES TO DEM&1 TILL ! PUBLIC BECOME AS MU* !IR SLAVES1 AS !IR [N HACKNEY COMPIL]S >E40 #ag ,P>L4 ,HI/4 #i#i#i-#a14 

,I D\BT IF SU* POOR FU/IAN & SOPHI/RY AS ?IS CAN DES]VE AN ANSW]1 EV5 :5 COM+ FROM AN EX-,LORD ,*ANCELLOR4 ,YET IT MAY NOT BE UNWOR?Y ( ATT5TION1 AS AN 9DEX TO ! MOTIVES :I* F9ALLY CONTROLL$ ! DECISION ( ! ,LORDS2 = IT IS FAIR TO PRESUME ?AT ,LORD ,CAMD5 HAD AT LEA/ A TOL]ABLE UND]/&+ ( ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL ATTRIBUTES ( ! BODY HE WAS ADDRESS+1 & ( ! 9FLU5CES MO/ LIKELY TO DET]M9E !IR ADJUDICATION4 

,IF1 !N1 HE MEANT TO LAY IT D[N AS A RULE1 ?AT 0PUBLIC PR9CIPLES( S\ND POLICY & GOOD S5SE0 REQUIRE ?AT ALL 0?OSE GREAT M51 ?OSE FAVOR$ MORTALS1 ?OSE SUBLIME SPIRITS1 :O %>E ?AT RAY ( DIV9ITY1 :I* WE CALL G5IUS10 %\LD BE PLAC$ )\T ! PALE ( ! COMMON PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE1 & DEPRIV$ ( ALL !IR NATURAL OR COMMON LAW RI<TS ( PROP]TY1 WE CAN HAVE NO DIFFICULTY 9 APPRECIAT+ HIS IDEAS ( 0PUBLIC PR9CIPLES ( S\ND POLICY & GOOD S5SE40 ,BUT IF HE DO NOT CONTEMPLATE ?IS G5]AL DE/RUCTION ( ALL !IR COMMON LAW RI<TS ( PROP]TY1 IT IS NOT SO EASY TO SEE ON :AT 0PR9CIPLE0 IT IS1 ?AT HE SELECTS !IR 9TELLECTUAL PRODUCTIONS1 AS SPECIAL OBJECTS ( CONFISCATION4 

,IF !RE REALLY W]E ANY 0M50 SO 0GREAT10 ANY 0MORTALS0 SO 0FAVOR$10 ANY 0SPIRITS0 SO 0SUBLIME10 ?AT !IR BODIES C\LD LIVE ON ! 0GLORY0 & 0IMMORTALITY10 :I* 0PO/]ITY WILL PAY10 !RE MI<T BE--:AT !RE IS NOT N[--SOME LITTLE REASON :Y SOCIETY1 :ILE BE+ 5RI*$ & 5LI<T5$ BY !M1 %\LD BE EXECUS$ = ROBB+ !M ( ALL O!R MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,BUT S9CE ! GREATE/ ( M51 ! MO/ FAVOR$ ( MORTALS1 & ! SUBLIME/ ( SPIRITS1 WILL JU/ AS SOON DIE )\T EAT+1 AS ANY ( ! RE/ ( MANK9D1 IT IS QUITE 9DISP5SABLE1 9 ORD] ?AT !Y MAY LIVE1 & GIVE ! WORLD ! B5EFIT ( !IR LABORS1 ?AT1 :ILE LABOR+1 !Y HAVE SOME NUTRIM5T MORE SUB/ANTIAL ?AN PROSPECTIVE 0GLORY0 & 0IMMORTALITY40 

,BUT ,LORD ,CAMD5 ASSUMES--AS M5 MORE IGNORANT1 & !RE=E MORE EXCUSABLE1 ?AN HIMSELF1 HAVE (T5 DONE--?AT VALUABLE IDEAS CO/ !IR AU?ORS NEI!R TIME NOR LABOR2 ?AT ! PRODUCTION ( !M 9T]RUPTS NONE ( ?OSE COMMON PURSUITS1 BY :I* O!R M5 PROCURE !IR SUBSI/5CE2 & H5CE HE BR&S !M AS 0NIGG>DS10 & 0RAPACI\S10 IF !Y DEM& ANY PRICE = ! 9VALUABLE COMMODITIES !Y (F] TO MANK9D4 ,YET HE WELL KNEW ! 9JU/ICE & FALSEHOOD ( SU* AN IDEA4 ,HE KNEW ?AT ! GREATE/ G5IUSES HAVE USUALLY BE5 AMONG ! GREATE/ LABOR]S 9 ! WORLD4 ,SO R>ELY 9DE$ HAS G5IUS PRODUC$ ANY ?+ VALUABLE )\T EF=T1 ?AT IT HAS BE5 A V]Y COMMON OP9ION AMONG M51 ?AT G5IUS ITSELF WAS ONLY LABOR 9 ITS HI<E/ 9T5SITY4 

,MORE %AMELESS MEANNESS1 9JU/ICE1 OR FALSEHOOD HAS SELDOM BE5 SE51 ?AN 9 ?IS ATTEMPT ( ,LORD ,CAMD5 TO DEPRIVE ! MO/ USEFUL & M]ITORI\S1 AS WELL AS ! MO/ SELF-SACRIFIC+ 9DIVIDUALS1 ( ! B5EFIT ( ! COMMON PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE1 9 !IR EF=TS TO LIVE BY P]=M+ = SOCIETY ! MO/ VALUABLE LABORS4 

,P]HAPS1 H[EV]--NOT TO DO HIM 9JU/ICE--IT MAY BE ?\<T ?AT A CLUE TO HIS REASONS = ?IS APP>5TLY >BITR>Y EXCEPTION ( 9TELLECTUAL PROP]TY FROM ! PROTECTION ( ! LAW1 IS TO BE F\ND 9 HIS REM>K1 ?AT1 

0,IF !RE BE ANY ?+ 9 ! WORLD COMMON TO ALL MANK9D1 SCI5CE & LE>N+ >E 9 !IR NATURE PUBLICI JURIS1 .<SUBJECTS ( COMMON RI<T1.> & !Y \<T TO BE AS FREE & G5]AL AS AIR OR WAT]40 

,! ANSW] IS1 ?AT !RE IS NOT 0ANY ?+ 9 ! WORLD0--NOT EV5 0AIR OR WAT]0--?AT IS1 09 ITS NATURE10 0COMMON TO ALL MANK9D10 OR 0FREE OR G5]AL10 9 ANY SU* S5SE AS HE ASSUMES IT TO BE--?AT IS1 9 ANY S5SE ?AT =BIDS ITS BE+ MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY TO ANY POSSIBLE EXT5T1 TO :I* IT IS PRACTICABLE = 9DIVIDUALS TO TAKE EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION ( IT4 

0,AIR0 & 0WAT]0 >E FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D1 ONLY 9 ! SAME S5SE 9 :I* L&1 & TREES1 & GOLD1 & IRON1 & DIAMONDS1 & ALL O!R MAT]IAL ?+S1 >E FREE & COMMON TO !M4 ,& ?AT S5SE IS ?IS4 ,L&1 TREES1 GOLD1 IRON1 & DIAMONDS1 9 ! /ATE 9 :I* !Y ORIG9ALLY EXI/ 9 NATURE1 TO WIT1 UNAPPROPRIAT$1 >E FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D--?AT IS1 !Y >E 0FREE0 TO BE APPROPRIAT$1 OR MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BY 9DIVIDUALS2 & ALL MANK9D HAVE EQUAL RI<TS1 & EQUAL FRE$OM1 TO APPROPRIATE !M1 OR MAKE !M !IR PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ?OSE COMMODITIES >E 0FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D10 & 9 NO O!R4 ,SO SOON AS !Y >E ?US APPROPRIAT$1 !Y >E NO LONG] FREE OR COMMON TO ALL MANK9D1 BUT HAVE BECOME ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS SO APPROPRIAT+ !M2 :O !NCE=? HAVE A RI<T ( ABSOLUTE & EXCLUSIVE DOM9ION OV] !M AGA9/ ! WORLD4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! SAME ) 0AIR & WAT]40 ,9 !IR NATURAL CONDITION--?AT IS1 UNAPPROPRIAT$--!Y >E FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D--?AT IS1 FREE TO BE APPROPRIAT$1 OR MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,& ALL MANK9D HAVE EQUAL RI<TS & EQUAL FRE$OM TO APPROPRIATE1 OR MAKE !M !IR PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 AIR & WAT] >E FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D1 & 9 NO O!R LEGAL S5SE4 ,SO SOON AS !Y >E ?US APPROPRIAT$1 !Y >E NO LONG] FREE OR COMMON TO ALL MANK9D2 BUT HAVE BECOME ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS SO APPROPRIAT+ !M2 :O !NCE=? HAVE A RI<T ( ABSOLUTE & EXCLUSIVE DOM9ION OV] !M1 AGA9/ ! WORLD1 UNTIL !Y EI!R CONS5T TO P>T ) ! RI<T1 OR UNTIL !Y >E DEPRIV$ ( IT BY ! OP]ATION ( SOME PHYSICAL LAW ( NATURE :I* !Y CANNOT RESI/4 

,!RE IS NO?+1 !RE=E1 09 !IR NATURE10 AS ,LORD ,CAMD5 ASSUMES1 ?AT =BIDS 0AIR OR WAT]0 TO BE MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY2 &1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 !RE >E P]HAPS NO MAT]IAL SUB/ANCES 9 ! WORLD1 ?AT >E MORE FREQU5TLY APPROPRIAT$1 OR MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ?AN AIR & WAT]4 ,AT EV]Y BREA? WE MAKE PRIVATE PROP]TY ( SO MU* AIR AS WE 9HALE4 ,:5 WE EXHALE IT1 WE AB&ON \R RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT4 ,WE AB&ON \R RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! AIR WE EXHALE1 = TWO REASONS1 NAMELY1 *OICE1 & NECESSITY2 FROM *OICE1 BECAUSE IT IS NOT WOR? PRES]V+--AIR BE+ SO ABUNDANT ?AT WE HAVE NO NECESSITY TO RETA9 ANY PORTION ( IT = A SECOND USE2 FROM NECESSITY1 BECAUSE WE EXHALE IT 9TO ! SURR\ND+ AIR1 :]E WE CAN NO LONG] ID5TIFY IT1 AS ?AT :I* HAS BE5 \RS4 

,WE MAKE PRIVATE PROP]TY ( AIR ALSO1 :5 WE 5CLOSE IT 9 \R DWELL+S1 & W>M IT TO ADAPT IT TO \R COM=T4 ,WE AB&ON \R RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT1 :5 WE OP5 \R DOORS & W9D[S TO LET \T ! AIR ?AT HAS BECOME IMPURE1 & TO LET 9 ?AT :I* IS PURE4 

,?IS AIR1 :I* WE ?US 5CLOSE 9 \R DWELL+S1 &1 BY W>M+ OR O!RWISE1 FIT = \R USE1 IS AS MU* PRIVATE PROP]TY1 :ILE IT IS ?US 5CLOS$1 AS ! GOLD OR ! DIAMONDS WE HAVE DUG FROM ! E>?2 & NO MAN HAS ANY MORE RI<T TO 9HALE IT1 )\T \R CONS5T1 OR TO OP5 \R DOORS & LET IT ESCAPE1 ?AN HE HAS TO /EAL \R GOLD OR \R DIAMONDS4 

,M5 DO NOT (T5 BUY & SELL AIR1 SOLELY BECAUSE IT IS SO ABUNDANT1 & SO EASY ( ACQUISITION BY ALL1 ?AT IT WILL SELDOM BR+ ANY PRICE 9 ! M>KET2 & NOT BECAUSE1 AS ,LORD ,CAMD5 ASSUMES1 !RE IS ANY ?+ 09 ITS NATURE10 ?AT LEGALLY =BIDS \R MAK+ M]*&ISE ( SU* QUANTITIES AS WE CAN TAKE POSSESSION (4 

,! SAME IS TRUE ( WAT] AS ( AIR4 ,H>DLY ANY ?+1 EXCEPT AIR1 IS MORE FREQU5TLY MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY ?AN WAT]4 ,EV]Y TIME A MAN DIPS WAT] FROM A SPR+ OR A /REAM1 HE MAKES IT HIS PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,IT AT ONCE BECOMES HIS1 AGA9/ ! :OLE WORLD BESIDES4 ,& NO MAN HAS A RI<T TO OBJECT TO ITS BE+ MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ON ! GR\ND ?AT IT IS 09 ITS NATURE10 FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D4 ,9 ITS NATURAL CONDITION IT IS FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D1 ONLY 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ UNAPPROPRIAT$--! PROP]TY ( NO ONE--& !RE=E FREE TO BE APPROPRIAT$ BY :OMSOEV] PLEASES TO TAKE POSSESSION ( IT1 & MAKE IT HIS PROP]TY4 ,IT IS ONLY BY BE+ ?US APPROPRIAT$1 & MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ?AT IT CAN BE MADE USEFUL TO MANK9D4 

,! WAT] 9 ! OCEAN IS FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D1 ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT IS UNAPPROPRIAT$--! PROP]TY ( NO ONE--& !RE=E FREE TO BE APPROPRIAT$ BY ANYONE AT HIS PLEASURE OR DISCRETION4 ,& IT IS ONLY BY APPROPRIAT+ IT1 & MAK+ IT PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ?AT IT IS MADE ( ANY USE TO MANK9D4 ,?US ?AT PORTION ( ! OCEAN1 :I* A MAN1 AT ANY P>TICUL> MOM5T1 OCCUPIES ) HIS BODY1 HIS VESSEL1 HIS AN*OR1 OR HIS HOOK1 IS1 = ?AT MOM5T1 HIS PRIVATE PROP]TY AGA9/ ! WORLD4 ,:5 HE REMOVES HIS BODY1 VESSEL1 AN*OR1 OR HOOK1 HE AB&ONS HIS PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! WAT] HE ONCE POSSESS$4 ,HE MAKES ?IS AB&ONM5T1 BO? FROM *OICE1 & FROM NECESSITY2 FROM *OICE1 BECAUSE HE NO LONG] NE$S ?AT P>TICUL> WAT] = USE2 & FROM NECESSITY1 BECAUSE HE CAN NO LONG] ID5TIFY IT AS ?AT :I* HAD BE5 HIS4 

,WAT] IS NOT ONLY A LEGITIMATE OBJECT ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & CONT9UALLY CONV]T$ 9TO PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BUT IT IS1 TO A V]Y CONSID]ABLE EXT5T1 MADE AN >TICLE ( M]*&ISE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 L>GE QUANTITIES ( WAT] >E BR\<T1 9 AQU$UCTS1 9TO CITIES = SALE4 ,S+LE 9DIVIDUALS SOMETIMES BR+ IT 91 9 SMALL QUANTITIES1 = ! SAME PURPOSE4 ,9 ITS CONGEAL$ /ATE1 IT IS S5T1 9 L>GE QUANTITIES1 TO DI/ANT P>TS ( ! WORLD AS M]*&ISE4 ,YET NOBODY1 NOT EV5 ,LORD ,CAMD51 WAS EV] FOOLI% 5\< TO OBJECT TO ! LEGITIMACY ( ?IS COMM]CE1 ON ! GR\ND ?AT WAT] WAS1 09 ITS NATURE10 FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D1 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ 9CAPABLE ( LEGAL APPROPRIATION4 

,! IDEA1 ?AT 0AIR & WAT]0--MEAN+ !REBY ! GREAT BODY ( AIR & WAT]-->E ! COMMON PROP]TY ( ALL MANK9D--US+ ! T]M PROP]TY 9 ITS LEGAL S5SE--IS A V]Y COMMON1 BUT A V]Y ]RONE\S ONE2 & IT IS ONE FROM :I* MANY FALLACI\S >GUM5TS >E DRAWN1 ?AT ?IS1 ?AT1 & ! O!R SPECIES ( PROP]TY \<T ALSO TO BE FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D4 ,:]EAS ! TRU? IS ?AT ! GREAT BODY ( AIR & WAT] >E NOT PROP]TY AT ALL4 ,!Y >E NEI!R ! 0COMMON PROP]TY ( ALL MANK9D10 NOR ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,!Y SIMPLY EXI/ UNAPPROPRIAT$2 FREE TO BE MADE PROP]TY2 BUT :5 APPROPRIAT$ BY ONE1 !Y >E NO LONG] FREE TO BE APPROPRIAT$ BY ANO!R4 

,! REM>K1 !RE=E1 ?AT AIR & WAT] >E 0FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D10 CAN NEV] BE US$1 ) TRU?1 TO SIGNIFY ?AT ONE MAN HAS ANY MORE LEGAL RI<T TO 9T]F]E )1 OR LAY ANY CLAIM TO1 SU* QUANTITIES ( AIR OR WAT] AS ANO!R MAN HAS TAK5 POSSESSION ( OR APPROPRIAT$1 ?AN HE HAS TO 9T]F]E )1 OR LAY CLAIM TO1 SU* QUANTITIES ( L&1 GOLD1 IRON1 OR DIAMONDS1 AS ANO!R MAN HAS APPROPRIAT$4 

,IF1 !RE=E1 :5 ,LORD ,CAMD5 SPEAKS ( AIR & WAT] AS BE+1 09 !IR NATURE10 FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D1 HE MEAN ?AT !Y CANNOT LAWFULLY OR RI<TFULLY BE APPROPRIAT$1 OR MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY1 HE MANIFE/S A DEGREE ( IGNORANCE1 ?\<TLESSNESS1 OR M5DACITY1 ?AT IS 5TIRELY DISGRACEFUL TO HIM2 S9CE !RE IS NO LEGAL PROPOSITION :ATEV]1 ?AT IS MORE 5TIRELY CLE>1 OR MORE UNIV]SALLY ACT$ UPON1 ?AN ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL HAS A NATURAL RI<T TO MAKE PRIVATE PROP]TY ( AIR & WAT]1 TO ANY POSSIBLE EXT5T ?AT HE CAN TAKE POSSESSION ( !M1 )\T 9T]F]+ ) O!RS 9 ! EX]CISE ( ! SAME RI<T4 ,AIR & WAT] W\LD BE ( NO USE TO MANK9D1 UNLESS !Y C\LD BE MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY4 

,BUT IF HE ONLY MEAN ?AT AIR & WAT]1 UNAPPROPRIAT$1 >E FREE & COMMON TO BE APPROPRIAT$1 & MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BY ALL MANK9D1 !N HIS ASS]TION ?AT 0SCI5CE & LE>N+0 \<T TO BE EQUALLY FREE--?AT IS1 EQUALLY FREE TO BE APPROPRIAT$1 & MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY--ONLY MAKES AGA9/ ! V]Y PO9T HE WAS TRY+ TO E/ABLI%1 VIZ43 ?AT SCI5CE & LE>N+ \<T NOT TO BE MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,& !RE IS CONSEQU5TLY NO S5SE :ATEV] 9 HIS >GUM5T4 ,IT IS M]E IDIOCY4 

,IF HE MEAN ?AT SCI5CE & LE>N+ \<T TO BE AS FREE TO BE APPROPRIAT$1 OR MADE PRIVATE PROP]TY1 AS AIR OR WAT]1 NEI!R AU?ORS NOR 9V5TORS CAN OBJECT TO ! PR9CIPLE2 = ?AT IS ! V]Y PR9CIPLE !Y !MSELVES >E CONT5D+ =4 ,!Y ADMIT ?AT ! B\NDLESS FIELDS ( KN[L$GE1 LIKE ! B\NDLESS FIELDS ( AIR & WAT]1 >E OP5 & FREE TO ALL MANK9D ALIKE2 & ALL !Y CLAIM IS1 ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL %ALL HAVE AN EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY 9 ALL ! KN[L$GE ?AT HE HIMSELF1 BY ! EX]CISE ( HIS [N P[]S1 & )\T OB/RUCT+ O!RS 9 ! EX]CISE ( !IRS1 CAN TAKE EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION (2 ?AT !Y HAVE ! SAME NATURAL RI<T TO AN EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY 9 !IR EXCLUSIVE ACQUISITIONS ( KN[L$GE1 :I* !Y & ALL O!R M5 HAVE 9 !IR EXCLUSIVE ACQUISITIONS ( AIR1 ( WAT]1 ( L&1 ( IRON1 ( GOLD1 OR ( ANY O!R MAT]IAL COMMODITIES1 :I*1 SO LONG AS !Y REMA9$ UNAPPROPRIAT$1 W]E FREE & OP5 TO ALL MANK9D--?AT IS1 FREE & OP5 TO BE APPROPRIAT$2 BUT :I*1 :5 APPROPRIAT$1 >E NO LONG] FREE & OP5 TO ALL MANK9D1 BUT >E ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE APPROPRIAT$ !M4 ,CAN ,LORD ,CAMD51 OR ANYONE ELSE1 D5Y ?AT ! PR9CIPLE IS AS S\ND1 OR AS APPLICABLE1 9 ! ONE CASE1 AS 9 ! O!R8 

,BUT P]HAPS IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ,LORD ,CAMD5'S REM>K IS TO BE TAK5 9 /ILL ANO!R1 & AN ECONOMICAL S5SE1 VIZ43 ?AT 0SCI5CE & LE>N+0 \<T TO BE AS ABUNDANT1 AS EASY ( ACQUISITION1 & !RE=E AS *EAP1 AS 0AIR OR WAT]40 ,IF ?IS BE :AT HE MEANS1 ALL ?AT NE$ BE SAID 9 REPLY IS1 ?AT ! ,AU?OR ( ,NATURE HAPP5$ TO DIFF] FROM HIM 9 OP9ION4 ,IF ,HE HAD BE5 ( ,LORD ,CAMD5'S M9D1 AS TO :AT WAS BE/ = MANK9D 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ,HE W\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE MADE ALL ! KN[L$GE1 :I* M5 ORD9>ILY NE$ OR DESIRE1 AS ABUNDANT1 AS EASY ( ACQUISITION BY ALL1 & CONSEQU5TLY AS *EAP1 AS >E !IR REQUISITE SUPPLIES ( AIR & WAT]4 ,BUT ,HE HAS NOT DONE SO4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 :ILE ,HE HAS MADE MANY K9DS ( KN[L$GE V]Y EASY ( ACQUISITION1 & !RE=E V]Y *EAP1 & EV5 VALUELESS1 AS >TICLES ( M]*&ISE1 ,HE HAS MADE O!R K9DS ATTA9ABLE1 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 ONLY BY GREAT TOIL & EF=T4 ,!SE BE+ ( GREAT VALUE TO MANK9D1 & PRODUC$ ONLY BY GREAT LABOR1 >E CAPABLE ( COMM&+ A PRICE 9 ! M>KET2 BECAUSE IT IS *EAP] = M5 TO BUY !M ?AN TO PRODUCE !M = !MSELVES4 ,& ?IS PRICE1 BY ! LAWS ( TRADE1 :I* >E BUT ! LAWS ( NATURE1 WILL BE GOV]N$--LIKE ! PRICES ( ALL O!R COMMODITIES--BY ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION1 & ! DEM& = USE4 ,& !RE IS NO MORE REASON :Y ! PRODUC]S ( !SE R>E1 CO/LY1 & VALUABLE IDEAS1 %\LD GIVE !M TO ! WORLD1 & RECEIVE NO COMP5SATION = ! LABOR ( PRODUC+ !M1 ?AN !RE IS :Y ! PRODUC]S ( ANY O!R VALUABLE COMMODITIES %\LD GIVE !M TO ! WORLD1 & RECEIVE NO COMP5SATION = !IR LABOR 9 PRODUC+ !M4 

,BUT ,LORD ,CAMD5'S PR9CIPLE IS1 ?AT :5 ONE MAN HAS DUG DEEP1 & TOIL$ H>D1 TO ACQUIRE KN[L$GE1 ANO!R MAN %\LD1 BY LAW1 BE FREE TO %>E IT ) HIM1 )\T HIS CONS5T1 & )\T MAK+ HIM ANY COMP5SATION4 ,WAS HE EV] WILL+ TO APPLY ?AT PR9CIPLE TO 0WAT]80 ,:5 HE HAD DUG DEEP1 OR TOIL$ H>D1 TO OBTA9 WAT]1 WAS HE WILL+ ?AT ANO!R1 :O HAD PURSU$ HIS [N PLEASURE OR 9T]E/S MEAN:ILE1 %\LD1 BY LAW1 HAVE EQUAL RI<TS 9 IT ) HIMSELF1 )\T ASK+ HIS P]MISSION1 OR MAK+ HIM ANY COMP5SATION = HIS LABOR8 ,ANY ?+ BUT ?AT6 ,HIS PR9CIPLE1 9 REG>D TO 0WAT]10 & TO ALL MAT]IAL COMMODITIES1 WAS--AS HE HIMSELF EXPRESS$ IT 9 REG>D TO L&1 :I* IS1 09 ITS NATURE1 AS FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D AS AIR OR WAT]0--?AT 0,NO MAN CAN SET HIS FOOT UPON MY GR\ND1 )\T MY LIC5SE40"9 

,BUT HE SAYS1 0,!Y =GET !IR ,CREATOR1 AS WELL AS !IR FELL[ CREATURES1 :O WI% TO MONOPOLIZE HIS NOBLE/ GIFTS & GREATE/ B5EFITS40 

,?IS AFFECTATION ( PIETY MEANS ?AT ! PRODUC]S ( IDEAS >E MORALLY B\ND TO GIVE ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR AS FREELY TO ALL MANK9D1 AS ! ,CREATOR DOES ! PRODUCTS ( NATURE--?AT IS1 )\T MONEY & )\T PRICE4 ,IF M5 W]E LIKE !IR ,CREATOR1 NOT DEP5D5T UPON !IR LABOR = SUBSI/5CE1 !RE W\LD BE SOME REASON 9 SU* FANTA/ICAL MORALITY AS ?IS4 ,BUT :ILE ! PRODUC]S ( IDEAS HAVE BODIES TO BE F$ & CLO!D1 IT IS AS RIDICUL\S TO TALK ( !IR BE+ UND] A MORAL OBLIGATION TO GIVE ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR FREELY TO ALL MANK9D1 AS IT W\LD BE TO TALK ( ! MORAL OBLIGATION ( ! PRODUC]S ( FOOD OR CLO?+ TO GIVE ! PRODUCTS ( !IR 9DU/RY FREELY TO ALL MANK9D4 ,9 REALITY1 MANY ( ! PRODUC]S ( IDEAS >E ! GREATE/ PRACTICAL PRODUC]S ( FOOD & CLO?+2 = !Y SUPPLY ?AT KN[L$GE1 :I* IS ! MO/ EFFICI5T 9/RUM5T 9 PRODUC+ FOOD & CLO?+4 

,DID ,LORD ,CAMD51 AS JUDGE OR *ANCELLOR1 EV] ACT UPON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT IT WAS HIS DUTY TO GIVE HIS IDEAS FREELY TO ALL MANK9D8 ,NOT HE4 ,HE DEM&$ TITLES1 & SAL>IES1 & P5SIONS1 9 EX*ANGE = HIS IDEAS2 SAL>IES & P5SIONS TOO1 NOT GRANT$ TO HIM BY VOLUNT>Y CONTRACT ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE :O PAID !M--AS >E ! PRICES PAID TO AU?ORS & 9V5TORS--BUT EXTORT$ FROM !M BY ?AT >BITR>Y GOV]NM5T1 :I* HE \<T TO HAVE RESI/$1 &1 IF POSSIBLE1 OV]?R[N2 BUT ( :I* HE *OOSE RA!R TO MAKE HIMSELF ! 9/RUM5T4 ,IT WAS QUITE CONSONANT ) HIS IDEAS ( LAW & MORALITY1 TO ASSI/ ?IS TYRANNICAL P[] 9 ACTUALLY PLUND]+ ! PEOPLE ( !IR MONEY1 ?AT IT MI<T BE PAID OV] TO HIMSELF = HIS [N FALSE & WOR?LESS IDEAS2 BUT IT WAS1 9 HIS VIEW1 IMMORAL & ILLEGAL = AU?ORS & 9V5TORS TO SELL !IR IDEAS = :AT !Y W\LD BR+1 ON VOLUNT>Y CONTRACT1 9 FREE & OP5 M>KET4 

,ONLY TWO DAYS AFT] RECEIV+ HIS (FICE AS ,LORD ,*ANCELLOR1 ?IS SUP]LATIVE MORALI/ & JUDGE WROTE TO ! M9I/]1 TO HAVE HIS SAL>Y1 P5SION1 & EQUIPAGE MONEY1 SECUR$ TO HIMSELF1 & A LUCRATIVE (FICE = HIS SON4"9 ,& ! OP9ION HE GAVE1 9 ?IS CASE ( ,DONALDSON VS4 ,BECKET1 V9DICAT+ ! CR[N AGA9/ ! *>GE ( USURPATION1 9 D5Y+ ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS1 & EXHORT+ HIS [N FELL[ USURP]S1 ! ,LORDS1 TO D5Y & DE/ROY ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS1 IS A SPECIM5 ( ! IDEAS HE 9T5D$ TO FURNI% ! GOV]NM5T 9 RETURN4 ,TO SELL HIMSELF & ALL HIS FALSE & TYRANNICAL POLITICAL IDEAS TO ! GOV]NM5T1 WAS1 9 HIS OP9ION1 A P]FECTLY LEGITIMATE COMM]CE2 BUT ! SALE ( USEFUL KN[L$GE TO ! PEOPLE1 WAS AN ACT 9T]DICT$ BY LAW & MORALITY4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 MANY SU* JUDGES & MORALI/S AS HE4 

,BUT HE SAYS ?AT M5 ( G5IUS 0>E 5TRU/$ BY ,PROVID5CE ) ! DELEGAT$ P[] ( IMP>T+ TO !IR FELL[ CREATURES ?AT 9/RUCTION1 :I* ,HEAV5 MEANT = UNIV]SAL B5EFIT40 

,YES1 M5 ( G5IUS >E UND\BT$LY DESIGN$ BY ,PROVID5CE TO LABOR 9TELLECTUALLY = ! B5EFIT ( MANK9D4 ,YET IT WAS LEFT = HIS LORD%IP TO ANN\NCE ! DISCOV]Y ( A SPECIAL REVELATION1 TO ! EFFECT ?AT IT WAS ALSO ! DESIGN ( ,PROVID5CE ?AT !Y %\LD LIVE )\T EAT+2 OR1 :AT IS ! SAME ?+1 ?AT !Y %\LD RECEIVE NO?+ 9 EX*ANGE = ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR4 ,?IS IMPORTANT REVELATION HE ?9KS HE HAS F\ND 9 ! P>ABLE ( ! SLO?FUL S]VANT4 0,WE KN[10 SAYS HE1 0:AT WAS ! PUNI%M5T ( HIM :O HID HIS TAL5T40 ,SELL+ IDEAS 9 ! M>KET1 ?IS SAGACI\S LORD HOLDS TO BE EQUIVAL5T TO HID+ !M 9 ! E>?4 ,!Y CAN BE ( NO USE TO MANK9D1 UNLESS GIV5 TO !M 0FREELY60 

,UP TO ?IS TIME1 ! WORLD HAD NEV]1 ,I BELIEVE1 CONCEIV$ ?IS P>ABLE TO BE A REBUKE = NOT GIV+ AWAY ONE'S TAL5T2 BUT ONLY = NOT TRAD+ ) IT1 OR US+ IT1 9 A WAY TO BR+ AN 9COME4 ,BUT TAK5 9 ?IS LA/ S5SE1 IT W\LD NOT HAVE GREATLY B5EFIT$ HIS LORD%IP'S >GUM5T4 

,?IS NEW READ+ ( ! SCRIPTURE1 H[EV]1 WAS QUITE APROPOS TO ! QUE/ION BE=E !M1 = ! REASON ?AT ,5GLI% LORDS HAVE1 ( C\RSE1 BE5 UNABLE :OLLY TO ESCAPE ! TA9T ( ! COMMON HUMANITY1 ! COMMON JU/ICE1 & ! COMMON S5SE1 ( ! COMMON PEOPLE2 & !RE IS NO KN[+ H[ F> !IR WEAKNESSES1 9 ?OSE RESPECTS1 MI<T HAVE C>RI$ !M1 9 ! ADJUDICATION ( ?IS QUE/ION ( 9TELLECTUAL PROP]TY1 IF ! CONSCI5TI\S & RELIGI\S SCRUPLES1 :I* !IR ORD] HAVE = AGES 5T]TA9$1 AGA9/ ALL[+ MANK9D TO 5JOY ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR1 HAD NOT BE5 APPEAL$ TO1 & =TIFI$1 BY ! AU?ORITY ( SCRIPTURE4 

,HAD ?IS NEW 9T]PRETATION ( ! P>ABLE1 FALL5 FROM ONE ( ?OSE DIGNIT>IES ( ! *UR*1 :O OCCUPY SEATS 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 APP>5TLY TO L5D ! LI<T1 AS WELL AS ! SANCTION1 ( RELIGION TO ! ACTION ( ?AT BODY1 WE MI<T HAVE ?\<T ?AT IT ACCORD$ P]FECTLY1 BO? ) HIS PR(ESSION1 & HIS PRACTICE4 ,BUT COM+ FROM A LAY LORD1 & ADDRESS$ TO O!R LAY LORDS1 9 !IR CAPACITY ( COMMON LAW JUDGES1 & TAK5 9 CONNECTION ) ! DECISION :I* FOLL[$1 IT IS P]HAPS TO BE REG>D$ ONLY AS AN ILLU/RATION ( ! S5SE1 9 :I* !Y HOLD ,*RI/IANITY TO BE A P>T ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW4 

,BUT ,LORD ,CAMD5 SAYS FUR!R1 ?AT ! PRODUC]S ( IDEAS 0MU/ NOT BE NIGG>DS1 & HO>D UP = !MSELVES ! COMMON /OCK40 

,?IS1 WE >E TO SUPPOSE1 IS BUT ANO!R SPECIM5 ( ! REASON+S1 BY :I* M5'S RI<TS >E DET]M9$ 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS4 

,!RE W\LD PLA9LY BE AS MU* S5SE 9 SAY+ ?AT ?OSE :O PRODUCE :EAT1 & BR+ IT TO M>KET1 & ASK A PRICE = IT1 >E !RE=E 0NIGG>DS TO ! WORLD1 & HO>D UP = !MSELVES ! COMMON /OCK10 AS !RE IS 9 SAY+ IT ( ! PRODUC]S ( IDEAS4 ,! PRODUC] ( IDEAS1 LIKE ! PRODUC] ( :EAT1 BR+S ! PRODUCTS ( HIS LABOR TO M>KET TO-DAY1 ?AT HE MAY EX*ANGE !M = ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 & ?US LIVE & BE ABLE TO PRODUCE O!R IDEAS TO-MORR[2 :I* O!R IDEAS HE WILL BR+ TO M>KET 9 LIKE MANN]4 ,HE SELLS HIS IDEAS1 TOO1 OR AT LEA/ MANY ( !M1 = ONE P]C5T ( !IR ACTUAL VALUE = ECONOMICAL PURPOSES4 ,IF ?IS IS BE+ A 0NIGG>D TO ! WORLD1 & HO>D+ UP = HIMSELF ! COMMON /OCK10 IT IS UN=TUNATE = ! WORLD ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 SO FEW SU* NIGG>DS 9 IT2 = IT IS ONLY ! WANT ( A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( !M1 ?AT HAS KEPT MANK9D 9 IGNORANCE & POV]TY1 & R5D]$ !M ! EASY DUPES ( SU* HYPOCRITES AS ,CAMD51 & ! EASY PREY ( SU* ROBB]S AS ?OSE TO :OM HE WAS ADDRESS+ HIS >GUM5TS4 

,BUT HE SAYS AGA91 0,:AT A SITUATION W\LD ! PUBLIC BE 9 ) REG>D TO LIT]ATURE1 IF !RE W]E NO MEANS ( COMPELL+ A SECOND IMPRESSION ( A USEFUL WORK TO BE PUT =?1 OR WAIT TILL A WIFE OR *ILDR5 >E TO BE PROVID$ = BY ! SALE ( AN $ITION8 ,ALL \R LE>N+ WILL BE LOCK$ UP 9 ! H&S ( ! ,TONSONS & ,L9TONS ( ! AGE1 :O WILL SET :AT PRICE UPON IT !IR AV>ICE *OOSES TO DEM&40 

,?IS APPALL+ 9T]ROGATORY CAN P]HAPS BE BE/ ANSW]$ BY PRES5T+ ANO!R1 :I* IS AT LEA/ EQUALLY AL>M+1 & EQUALLY RATIONAL1 VIZ43 ,:AT A SITUATION W\LD ! PUBLIC BE 9 ) REG>D TO :EAT1 IF !RE W]E NO MEANS ( COMPELL+ ! PRODUC]S TO BR+ IT TO M>KET1 UNTIL !IR WIVES OR *ILDR5 W]E TO BE PROVID$ = BY ! SALE ( IT8 ,ALL ! :EAT WILL BE LOCK$ UP 9 ! H&S ( ! [N]S1 :O WILL SET :AT PRICE UPON IT !IR AV>ICE *OOSES TO DEM&4 

,! ONLY REM$Y = ?IS FRI<TFUL /ATE ( ?+S1 W\LD BE1 ACCORD+ TO ,LORD ,CAMD5'S NOTIONS ( 0S\ND POLICY & GOOD S5SE10 TO DECL>E ?AT :EAT \<T TO BE AS FREE & COMMON TO ALL MANK9D AS AIR OR WAT]2 ?AT M5 =GET !IR ,CREATOR1 AS WELL AS !IR FELL[ CREATURES1 :5 !Y CLAIM TO [N ! :EAT !Y HAVE PRODUC$ BY !IR LABOR2 ?AT !Y MU/ NOT BE NIGG>DS TO ! WORLD1 & HO>D UP = !MSELVES ! COMMON /OCK2 ?AT !Y %\LD BE> 9 M9D ! PUNI%M5T ( HIM :O HID HIS TAL5T2 ?AT ! MAN :O FREELY GIVES AWAY HIS :EAT--ESPECIALLY IF HE DO IT 9 SUFFICI5T QUANTITIES TO A/ONI%1 AS WELL AS TO SUPPLY1 ! WORLD1 WILL BE SUFFICI5TLY REW>D$ BY ! SUBLUN>Y 0GLORY0 & 0IMMORTALITY0 :I* 0PO/]ITY WILL PAY20 & !RE=E IT \<T TO BE ADJUDG$1 BY A NE/ ( USURP]S & TYRANTS1 CALL+ !MSELVES ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 ?AT ?OSE :O PRODUCE :EAT1 HAVE NO EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 IT4 

,ALL ?IS W\LD BE C>RY+ \T ,LORD ,CAMD5'S !ORY TO ! LETT]1 & NO?+ MORE4 

,BUT HIS LORD%IP'S RES\RCES1 ON ?IS QUE/ION1 >E NOT YET EXHAU/$4 ,HE HAS ONE >GUM5T LEFT1 :I* P]HAPS OV]TOPS 9 DIGNITY1 AS MU* AS IT OV]BALANCES 9 WEI<T1 ALL ?AT HAVE PREC$$ IT4 ,IT IS ?IS4 

0,IT W\LD BE UNWOR?Y SU* M5 .<AS ,BACON1 ,NEWTON1 ,MILTON1 & ,LOCKE.>1 TO TRAFFIC ) A DIRTY BOOKSELL]60 

,IF !SE GREAT M5 HAD BE5 LIV+ AT ! TIME1 !Y C\LD NOT HAVE FELT O!RWISE ?AN GRATEFUL = ! ANXIETY :I* ,LORD ,CAMD5 MANIFE/$ = ! PRES]VATION ( !IR DIGNITY2 AL?\< !Y MI<T1 P]HAPS1 HAVE ?\<T IT WAS C>RY+ ! PO9T A LITTLE TOO F>1 = HIM TO ?9K ( TAK+ ! C>E ( IT \T ( !IR [N H&S4 ,SO EXCESSIVE A GU>DIAN%IP AS ?AT1 !Y MI<T POSSIBLY HAVE FELT CON/RA9$ TO DECL9E4 

,IT IS NEV]!LESS TRUE1 ?AT BOOKSELL]S >E--AT LEA/ MANY ( !M--V]Y 0DIRTY0 FELL[S4 ,YET1 EV5 H]E1 !RE MAY BE A QUE/ION1 AS TO :O >E ! DIRTY1 & :O ! RESPECTABLE1 ONES4 ,& ON ?IS PO9T1 ,I APPREH5D ! WORLD >E LIKELY TO DIFF] FROM HIS LORD%IP1 AS WIDELY P]HAPS AS ON ! TRUE 9T]PRETATION ( SCRIPTURE1 OR ! TRUE 0PR9CIPLES ( S\ND POLICY & GOOD S5SE40 ,HE EVID5TLY E/EEM$ ?OSE BOOKSELL]S DIRTY1 :O PAY AU?ORS = !IR WORKS2 :ILE ! WORLD MAY POSSIBLY ?9K ?OSE ! RESPECTABLE1 & ! O!RS ! DIRTY ONES4 ,IT WILL BE A DIFFICULT QUE/ION TO SETTLE1 IF IT %ALL BE F\ND ?AT TWO SU* AU?ORITIES1 AS ! WORLD & HIS LORD%IP1 DIFF] 9 REG>D TO IT4 

,LORD ,CAMD5 D\BTLESS ?\<T IT W\LD BE MU* MORE CONSI/5T ) ! TRUE DIGNITY ( A MAN ( G5IUS1 TO LIVE1 AS SO MANY M5 ( G5IUS HAVE LIV$1 9 HUMILIAT+ DEP5D5CE UPON SOME LORD1 :O %\LD CONDESC5D TO PATRONIZE HIM1 OR TO BECOME A P5SION] & FLATT]] ( ! CR[N1 ?AN TO LIVE BY SELL+ HIS WORKS TO ! BOOKSELL]S1 & ?R\< !M TO ! PEOPLE4 ,& HE ATTEMPTS TO SCRE5 ,MILTON FROM ! DISGRACE1 :I* HE ASSUMES W\LD HAVE ATTA*$ TO HIM1 IF HE HAD ACCEPT$ ! FIVE P\NDS = HIS ,P>ADISE ,LO/1 \T ( ANY REG>D TO ! WORLDLY VALUE ( ?AT SUM4 ,HE EVID5TLY IMAG9ES ?AT ,MILTON MU/ HAVE ACCEPT$ IT 9 SOME POETIC OR FIGURATIVE S5SE1 RA!R ?AN FROM ANY SU* VULG> MOTIVE AS A CONSID]ATION ( H[ MU* BREAD OR MEAT IT W\LD BUY4 ,BUT 9 ?IS HE IS UNQUE/IONABLY MI/AK54 ,IT IS MORALLY C]TA9 ?AT ! PRICE ( ! IMMORTAL POEM W5T TO PAY BUT*]S & BAK]S1 ! SAME AS IT W\LD HAVE DONE1 IF IT HAD BE5 ! E>N+S ( A COBBL]2 & ?AT HE ACCEPT$ ! FIVE P\NDS1 SOLELY BECAUSE ! POEM W\LD BR+ NO MORE1 & BECAUSE ! UTILITY ( EV5 SU* A SUM AS ?AT1 WAS SOME?+ :I* HE C\LD NOT AF=D TO DISREG>D4 

,WE CAN IMAG9E SOME V]Y TOL]ABLE REASONS :Y LORDS %\LD NOT 0PATRONIZE0 ,MILTON1 NOR K+S GRANT HIM P5SIONS2 SU* REASONS1 = EXAMPLE1 AS ?AT1 NOT)/&+ HE WAS A POET1 HE HAD A SOME:AT 9VET]ATE HABIT ( EXPRESS+ ! HOMELY OP9ION1 ?AT1 :5 K+S DID NOT BEHAVE !MSELVES WELL1 ! PEOPLE \<T TO CUT !IR HEADS (F4 ,NO?+ IS MORE NATURAL ?AN ?AT ?IS VULG> TURN ( M9D %\LD HAVE 9JUR$ HIS PROSPECTS ) ! GREAT1 & CONSEQU5TLY MADE IT NECESS>Y = HIM TO LIVE BY HIS [N LABOR1 9DEP5D5TLY ( !IR B\NTY4 ,P]HAPS IF HE HAD BE5 A CONTEMPOR>Y ( ,LORD ,CAMD51 ! LATT] MI<T HAVE TAK5 PITY ON HIM1 APPRECIAT$ HIM1 & (F]$ TO 9/RUCT HIM 9 ! >T ( LIV+ 9 A MANN] MORE CONSI/5T ) ! DIGNITY ( A G5TLEMAN4 ,IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO KN[ ! P>TICUL> WAY1 9 :I* HIS REF9$ LORD%IP W\LD HAVE 9TRODUC$ ! SUBJECT ( A ROYAL P5SION1 OR SOME NOBLEMAN'S 0PATRONAGE10 TO ! POOR1 BUT PR\D OLD ,R\NDHEAD4 ,D\BTLESS A PRUD5T REG>D = HIS [N DIGNITY W\LD HAVE SUGGE/$ TO HIM1 ?AT SU* A PROPOSITION C\LD BE MADE ) SAFETY1 ONLY AT A RESPECTFUL DI/ANCE FROM ! POET'S BOOTS4 

,IF ! S*OL>S & POETS ( ,5GL&1 S9CE ,MILTON'S TIME1 HAD 9H]IT$ A TI! ( HIS SPIRIT1 ) BUT A TI! ( HIS G5IUS1 NO SU* BODY ( USURP]S AS ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS W\LD HAVE EV] TAK5 IT UPON !MSELVES TO ADJUDGE1 EI!R ?AT AU?ORS HAD NO RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR1 OR EV5 ?AT1 IF !Y HAD SU* RI<TS BY NATURE1 P>LIAM5T HAD AU?ORITY TO DE/ROY !M4 ,9 FACT1 !RE W\LD1 9 #a#g#g#d1 HAVE BE5 NO SU* JUDICIAL OR POLITICAL BODY AS ! ,LORDS 9 EXI/5CE4 

,IF M5 EV] DES]V$ ! POLITICAL OPPRESSIONS1 TO :I* !Y W]E SUBJECT$1 !RE IS P]HAPS NO CLASS ( P]SONS1 :O HAVE MORE RI*LY DES]V$ TO HAVE !IR RI<TS /RICK5 D[N BY ! H& ( USURPATION1 ?AN ?OSE S*OL>S ( ,5GL&1 :O HAVE LACK$ ! SPIRIT & ! PR9CIPLE TO DEF5D ! CON/ITUTION & LIB]TIES ( !IR C\NTRY1 AGA9/ ! TYRANNY ( SU* USURP]S AS ! ,H\SES ( ,LORDS & ,COMMONS4 

,I HAVE N[ BE/[$1 P]HAPS MORE ATT5TION ?AN !Y DES]V$1 UPON ,LORD ,CAMD5'S >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( :AT HE CALLS ?OSE 0PUBLIC PR9CIPLES ( S\ND POLICY & GOOD S5SE10 :I* =BID ?AT AU?ORS %\LD BE ACKN[L$G$ TO HAVE ANY COMMON LAW RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !IR IDEAS4 ,P]HAPS NO?+ C\LD ILLU/RATE MORE =CIBLY ! DEGRADATION ( LIT]ATURE1 & ( LIT]>Y M51 ?AN ! FACT ?AT SU* FALSE1 FRIVOL\S1 ABSURD1 & %AMELESS REASONS C\LD BE GRAVELY URG$ BY AN EX-,LORD ,*ANCELLOR1 BE=E ! HI<E/ JUDICIAL TRIBUNAL ( ! K+DOM1 AS >GUM5TS AGA9/ ! RI<TS ( 9TELLECTUAL M51 & %\LD APP>5TLY HAVE PRODUC$ ! EFFECTS HE DESIGN$ BY !M1 )\T BR++ EI!R UPON HIMSELF OR ! TRIBUNAL1 ONE EFFECTIVE RETRIBUTORY BL[4 ,IT MAY REASONABLY BE D\BT$ :E!R1 9 FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S1 ! ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 OR 9DE$ ANY O!R JUDICIAL TRIBUNAL1 HAVE /RUCK D[N A PR9CIPLE1 ?AT WAS MORE IMPORTANT1 OR EV5 EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 TO ! PROGRESS ( MANK9D 9 WEAL?1 CIVILIZATION1 & FRE$OM4 ,& YET ! IMM$IATE VICTIMS--M5 TOO1 :OSE ATTA9M5TS & HABITS \<T TO FIT !M PECULI>LY = ! DEF5SE ( !IR [N & ! PUBLIC RI<TS--TAMELY ACQUIESCE 9 ! WRONG = F\R-FIF?S ( A C5TURY4 

,! 9JU/ICE WAS DONE1 TOO1 UND] CIRCUM/ANCES ( UNUSUAL 9SULT & OPPRESSION--?AT IS1 IT WAS DONE ON ! MO/ PALPABLY FRIVOL\S1 FALSE1 HE>TLESS1 & RIDICUL\S PRETEXTS--7ADMITT+ ?AT ,LORD ,CAMD5'S REASONS ( POLICY PRODUC$ ANY EFFECT27 & BY A GROSSLY & MANIFE/LY UNCON/ITUTIONAL TRIBUNAL1 SITT+ 9 A C\NTRY BOA/+ ( ITS FRE$OM4 ,/ILL ! M51 :O %\LD HAVE BE5 >\S$1 BY ! ACT1 TO V9DICATE !IR [N RI<TS1 & ! RI<TS ( !IR NATION1 HAVE EV] S9CE *OS51 NEI!R TO RES5T ! 9SULT1 NOR RETALIATE ! 9JURY2 BUT RA!R TO =EGO !IR SELF-RESPECT1 AS WELL AS !IR RI<TS1 & TO FLATT] & FAWN UPON ?OSE :O ?US TRAMPLE !M & !IR FELL[ M51 ! LE>N$ & ! IGNORANT1 ! G5IUS & ! CL[N1 9DISCRIM9ATELY UND] FOOT--SP>+ ONLY SU* M5 AS ,*>LES ,PRATT1 7AFT]W>DS MADE ,LORD ,CAMD517 :O C\LD BE BRIB$ BY (FICES1 TITLES1 SAL>IES1 & P5SIONS1 TO BECOME !IR TOOLS 9 ! WORK4 

,IF ! LIT]>Y M5 ( ,5GL& DO NOT H]EAFT] SET !MSELVES TO ! WORK ( WRIT+ ?IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL & TYRANNICAL C\RT \T ( EXI/5CE1 !Y WILL DES]VE LITTLE SYMPA?Y 9 ANY WRONGS !Y MAY SUFF] AT ITS H&S4 

,BY WAY ( (FSET TO ,LORD ,CAMD5'S 0PUBLIC PR9CIPLES ( S\ND POLICY & GOOD S5SE10 ON ?IS SUBJECT1 ,I H]E (F] A S+LE SUGGE/ION4 

,IT HAS HI!RTO PROV$ AS BAD 9 POLICY1 AS IT IS 9 MORALS1 = MANK9D TO ?9K ( GETT+ ! USE ( M5'S IDEAS BY ROBB]Y1 9/EAD ( COMP5SATION4 ,M51 :O HAVE IDEAS TO IMP>T TO O!RS1 >E V]Y APT ALSO TO HAVE IDEAS = !IR [N USE2 & NO AM\NT ( HYPOCRITICAL PREA*+1 OR JUDICIAL DECISIONS1 :E!R !Y COME FROM A ,LORD ,*ANCELLOR1 OR FROM SU* A BODY ( VAMPIRES AS ! ,5GLI% ,H\SE ( ,LORDS1 OR FROM ANY O!R QU>T] :ATEV]1 WILL BE LIKELY EV] TO P]SUADE !M1 9 ANY GREAT NUMB]S1 TO ACT UPON ! NOTION ?AT IT IS !IR RELIGI\S DUTY TO DIE ( />VATION1 9 ORD] ?AT !Y MAY GIVE !IR KN[L$GE 0FREELY TO ALL MANK9D40 ,!IR CONSCI5CES >E R>ELY SO T5D] AS TO BE 9 ANY DANG] ON SU* A PO9T AS ?AT4 ,!Y KN[ ?AT !Y HAVE AS FAIR A RI<T TO ACQUIRE1 BY !IR LABOR1 ! NECESS>IES1 COM=TS1 & EV5 LUXURIES ( LIFE1 AS O!R M52 &--REPREH5SIBLE & LAM5TABLE AS IT MAY BE & IS--EXP]I5CE ABUNDANTLY PROVES1 ?AT IF !IR FELL[ M5 AT L>GE WILL SEIZE ! PRODUCTS ( !IR 9TELLECTUAL TOIL1 )\T MAK+ !M COMP5SATION1 V]Y MANY ( !IR NUMB] WILL SELL !IR IDEAS TO ?OSE :O WILL PAY--TO K+S1 & LORDS1 & TYRANTS--TO AID 9 PLUND]+1 OPPRESS+1 & DEGRAD+ !IR FELL[ M51 9/EAD ( 5LI<T5+1 5RI*+1 & ELEVAT+ !M4 ,& ,LORD ,CAMD5 HIMSELF IS BY NO MEANS A V]Y BAD OR REM>KABLE EXAMPLE ( ?IS *OICE ( ALT]NATIVES1 ON ! P>T ( AN 9TELLECTUAL MAN4 ,HE HAS G5]ALLY BE5 E/EEM$ A GOOD1 RA!R ?AN A BAD MAN4 ,WAS A LIB]AL MAN 9 HIS POLITICS4 ,HIS NATURAL 9/9CTS1 ,I ?9K1 W\LD HAVE MU* MORE /RONGLY 9DUC$ HIM TO LABOR = MANK9D1 ?AN AGA9/ !M1 IF ! LABOR C\LD HAVE BE5 EQUALLY PR(ITABLE TO HIMSELF4 ,& SIMIL> EXAMPLES >E EV]Y :]E ?ICK >\ND US4 ,9 FACT1 !Y CON/ITUTE ! RULE1 RA!R ?AN ! EXCEPTION1 9 ! CASE ( 9TELLECTUAL M5 AS A CLASS4 

,IT IS POOR ECONOMY1 !RE=E1 ON ! P>T ( ! COMMON PEOPLE1 TO ATTEMPT1 BY /EAL+ !IR KN[L$GE1 9/EAD ( BUY+ IT1 TO DEFRAUD 9TELLECT ( ITS WAGES4 ,IF !Y REFUSE TO PAY 9TELLECT = DEF5D+1 5LI<T5+1 5RI*+1 & ELEVAT+ !M1 !Y WILL NO D\BT CONT9UE TO F9D1 AS !Y EV] HI!RTO HAVE F\ND1 ?AT 9TELLECT1 BY S]V+ !IR OPPRESSORS1 WILL COMPEL !M TO PAY = !IR [N DEGRADATION & DE/RUCTION4 

.<"9 .> ,SOME P]SONS OBJECT TO ?IS PR9CIPLE1 = ! REASON ?AT1 AS !Y SAY1 A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL MI<T1 9 ?IS WAY1 TAKE POSSESSION ( A :OLE CONT95T1 IF HE HAPP5$ TO BE ! FIR/ DISCOV]]2 & MI<T HOLD IT AGA9/ ALL ! RE/ ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,BUT ?IS OBJECTION >ISES :OLLY FROM AN ]RONE\S VIEW ( :AT IT IS1 TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ANY ?+4 ,TO SIMPLY /& UPON A CONT95T1 & DECL>E ONE'S SELF ! POSSESSOR ( IT1 IS NOT TO TAKE POSSESSION ( IT4 ,ONE W\LD1 9 ?AT WAY1 TAKE POSSESSION ONLY ( :AT HIS BODY ACTUALLY COV]$4 ,TO TAKE POSSESSION ( MORE ?AN ?IS1 HE MU/ BE/[ SOME VALUABLE LABOR UPON IT1 SU*1 = EXAMPLE1 AS CUTT+ D[N ! TREES1 BREAK+ UP ! SOIL1 BUILD+ A HUT OR A H\SE UPON IT1 OR A F5CE >\ND IT4 ,9 !SE CASES1 HE HOLDS ! L& 9 ORD] TO HOLD ! LABOR :I* HE HAS PUT 9TO IT1 OR UPON IT4 ,& ! L& IS HIS1 SO LONG AS ! LABOR HE HAS EXP5D$ UPON IT REMA9S 9 A CONDITION TO BE VALUABLE = ! USES = :I* IT WAS EXP5D$2 BECAUSE IT IS NOT TO BE SUPPOS$ ?AT A MAN HAS AB&ON$ ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR SO LONG AS !Y REMA9 9 A /ATE TO BE PRACTICALLY USEFUL TO HIM4 

.<"9 .> 0,TO DISCOV]10 & 0TO TAKE POSSESSION (10 AN IDEA1 >E ONE & ! SAME ACT2 :ILE TO DISCOV]1 & TO TAKE POSSESSION (1 A MAT]IAL ?+1 >E SEP>ATE ACTS4 ,BUT ?IS DIFF]5CE 9 ! TWO CASES CANNOT AFFECT ! PR9CIPLE WE >E DISCUSS+4 

.<"9 .>,JU/ICE ,YATES1 9 ! CASE ( ,MILL> VS4 ,TAYLOR1 #d ,BURR[S #b#c#c4 

.<"9 .> ,!RE IS A TRANSLATION ( ,R5\>D'S ,>GUM5T 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,JURI/1 ,NO4 #d#c1 7,OCT4 #a#h#c#i17 P4 #c#i4 

.<"9 .> ,!RE >E D\BTLESS EXCEPTIONS TO ?IS RULE1 = TWO M5 HAVE BE5 KN[N TO 9V5T ! SAME ?+1 )\T ANY AID FROM EA* O!R4 ,BUT SU* CASES >E V]Y R>E4 

.<"9 .> ,MILL> VS4 ,TAYLOR1 #d ,BURR[S #b#c#f#d--#e4 

.<"9 .> ,DONALDSON VS4 ,BECKET1 #ag ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,HI/4 #i#i#a4 

.<"9 .> ,:5 IT IS SAID1 9 *APT] FIR/1 PAGE #a#i1 ?AT 0AN AU?OR SELLS HIS IDEAS 9 HIS VOLUMES10 ?AT 0AN $ITOR SELLS HIS 9 HIS %EETS10 @&C41 IT IS NOT MEANT ?AT !Y NECESS>ILY SOLD AN 5TIRE & UNQUALIFI$ RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 !IR IDEAS2 BUT ONLY A P>TIAL OR QUALIFI$ RI<T1 VIZ43 A RI<T TO ! M5TAL POSSESSION & M5TAL 5JOYM5T ( !M4 ,:E!R ! PUR*AS] ACQUIRES ANY FUR!R RI<T ( PROP]TY ?AN ?IS1 9 ! IDEAS DESCRIB$ 9 ! VOLUMES & PAP]S1 WILL DEP5D ON ! PR9CIPLES LAID D[N 9 ?IS *APT]4 

.<"9 .> ,IT IS P]HAPS WOR?Y ( NOTICE1 9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ?AT A MAN CAN ACQUIRE1 FROM A WRITT5 DESCRIPTION1 ! SAME M5TAL POSSESSION ( H\SES & L&S1 ?AT HE CAN ( IDEAS4 ,?AT IS1 HE CAN ACQUIRE ! SAME KN[L$GE ( H\SES & L&S1 ?AT HE CAN ( IDEAS2 & ?IS KN[L$GE ( IDEAS IS ALL ! POSSESSION ( !M ?AT HE CAN1 9 ANY WAY1 ACQUIRE4 ,IT W\LD SEEM1 !RE=E1 ?AT IF ?IS M]ELY M5TAL POSSESSION ( ?+S1 :I* IS ACQUIR$ BY READ+ AB\T !M1 W]E ( ANY IMPORTANCE1 9 LAW1 IT \<T TO HAVE ! SAME IMPORTANCE & EFFECT1 9 ! CASE ( H\SES & L&S1 AS 9 ! CASE ( IDEAS4 

.<"9 .> ,I %ALL ASSUME 9 ?IS *APT]1 = PURPOSES ( >GUM5T1 ?AT NOT MORE ?AN ONE P]C5T ( ! WEAL? PRODUC$ BY LABOR-P]=M+ 9V5TIONS1 GOES 9TO ! POCKETS ( ! 9V5TORS2 OR W\LD GO 9TO !IR POCKETS1 UND] A SY/EM ( P]PETUAL PROP]TY1 ON !IR P>T1 9 !IR 9V5TIONS4 ,H[ NE> ! TRU? ?IS E/IMATE MAY BE1 O!RS CAN JUDGE AS WELL AS MYSELF4 ,IT IS OBVI\SLY SUFFICI5TLY NE> ! TRU? = ! PURPOSES ( FAIR ILLU/RATION4 

.<"9 .> ,I SAY ! 9V5TORS1 AS A CLASS1 VIRTUALLY (F] TO FE$ ! PEOPLE ( ,5GL& AT ONE P]C5T UPON EXI/+ PRICES1 BECAUSE ,I ASSUME ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL 9V5TOR ASKS1 = HIS 9V5TION1 NOT MORE ?AN ONE P]C5T ( ! AGRICULTURAL WEAL? IT PRODUCES4 

.<"9 .> ,I SAY ! 9V5TORS (F] TO SUPPLY ! PEOPLE ) MANUFACTUR$ COMMODITIES1 AT ! RATE ( ONE P]C5T ON EXI/+ PRICES1 BECAUSE ,I ASSUME1 AS BE=E1 ?AT 9V5TORS W\LD SELL ! USE ( !IR 9V5TIONS1 = ONE P]C5T ( ! WEAL?1 :I* ?OSE 9V5TIONS W\LD CREATE4 

.<"9 .> ,A DAY OR TWO BE=E H&+ ?IS *APT] TO ! PR9T]1 MY EYE FELL UPON ! FOLL[+ >TICLE1 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TRIBUNE1 ( ,SEPT4 #a#e1 #a#h#e#d1 :I* FAIRLY ILLU/RATES ! WRET*$ ECONOMY ( ! IMP]FECT PROTECTION AF=D$ TO 9V5TORS4 ,IT W\LD APPE>1 FROM ?IS >TICLE1 ?AT IF ! RI<TS ( 9V5TORS HAD BE5 JU/LY PROTECT$ 9 #a#h#b#d1 ! WORLD W\LD HAVE HAD ! B5EFIT ( AN IMPROV$ REAP+ MA*9E1 SOME TW5TY YE>S BE=E IT DID HAVE IT4 ,IF ANY MAN CAN TELL H[ MANY ?\S&S ( MILLIONS ( DOLL>S WOR? ( HUMAN LABOR W\LD HAVE BE5 SAV$1 TAK+ ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD TOGE!R1 DUR+ ?OSE TW5TY YE>S1 BY ! USE ( SU* A MA*9E1 HE WILL P]HAPS BE ABLE TO =M SOME TOL]ABLE E/IMATE ( ! NET PR(IT1 :I* ! WORLD HAS REALIZ$1 FROM ITS IGNORANCE1 MEANNESS1 & DI%ONE/Y1 9 PRACTICALLY D5Y+ ?AT ,MR4 ,MAY HAD ANY RI<T ( PROP]TY 9 HIS 9V5TION4 ,& :5 ! CALCULATOR %ALL HAVE ASC]TA9$ H[ MU* CLE> GA9 ! WORLD HAS ?US MADE1 BY KEEP+ BACK1 = TW5TY YE>S1 ! USE ( ! REAP+ MA*9E1 HE WILL P]HAPS BE ABLE TO MAKE SOME CONJECTURAL COMPUTATION1 7IF HE CAN F9D FIGURES 9 :I* TO WRITE IT17 ( ! AGGREGATE LOSS IT HAS SUFF]$ FROM KEEP+ BACK1 9 LIKE MANN]1 ! USE (1 & P]HAPS =EV] SUPPRESS+1 ?\S&S1 & T5S ( ?\S&S1 ( O!R IMPORTANT 9V5TIONS1 :I* IT MI<T HAVE HAD ! USE ( DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD1 & = AGES BE=E1 IF ITS LEGISLATION HAD BUT ADOPT$ ! PR9CIPLES ( COMMON HONE/Y1 9/EAD ( OP5 KNAV]Y1 T[>DS 9V5TORS4 

,! $ITOR ( ! ,TRIBUNE HAS ACQUIR$ A HI< REPUTATION AS A POLITICAL ECONOMI/1 BY HIS UNWE>I$ ADVOCACY ( RE/RICTIONS ON TRADE1 AS ! GR& 9/RUM5TALITY = /IMULAT+ PRODUCTION4 ,IS !RE NO S>CASM ON ! POLITICAL ECONOMY ( ! AGE1 9 ! FACT1 ?AT SU* A MAN %\LD DRAW NO MORE IMPORTANT ,9F]5CES1 FROM ! 9CID5T HE RELATES1 ?AN ! M]ELY P]SONAL ONE1 ?AT ! ,MESSRS4 ,MAY1 FA!R & SON1 LO/ ! *ANCE ( 0AN AMPLE 9DEP5D5CE = !M BO?20 & ! ADDITIONAL ONE1 ?AT SOMEBODY \<T TO 0WRITE ?AT MO/ 9T]E/+ & 9/RUCTIVE ( ALL UNWRITT5 BOOKS--! ,ROMANCE & ,REALITY ( ,9V5TION10 0NOT ONLY AS A DES]V$ MEM5TO ( WORLD-ACKN[L$G$ M]IT1 DUE AS WELL TO LIV+ AS TO DEAD1 BUT AS A /IMULANT TO ! HE>TS & LABORS ( A CLASS EXI/+ EV]Y :]E >\ND US80 ,/RANGE 9DE$ IS IT1 ?AT IT %\LD NEV] OCCUR TO HIM ?AT !RE C\LD BE ANY MORE FITT+ 0MEM5TO ( ACKN[L$G$ M]IT10 NOR ANY MORE PROP] OR NECESS>Y 0/IMULANT TO ! HE>TS & LABORS0 ( 9V5TORS1 ?AN A BOOK1 DESCRIPTIVE ( !IR /RUGGLES & ADV]SITIES4 ,YET1 LUDICR\S1 IF NOT HE>TLESS & 9SULT+1 AS >E !SE 9F]5CES ( ! $ITOR ( ! ,TRIBUNE1 IT %\LD BE M5TION$1 ?AT HE IS PROBABLY 9 ADVANCE ( MO/ PUBLIC M51 BO? 9 HIS SYMPA?IES & PR9CIPLES1 9 BEHALF ( 9V5TORS4 ,I SUBMIT1 H[EV]1 ?AT IT IS NOT 9 5TIRELY GOOD TA/E = ONE1 :OSE [N IDEAS >E NO F>!R ADVANC$ ON ?IS SUBJECT1 TO TALK QUITE SO CONTEMPTU\SLY ( ?OSE 0BOORI% M9DS10 :O 0REFUS$ TO BE CONV9C$0 BY 0DEMON/RATION10 & :O1 9 ITS 9FANCY1 C\LD EV5 0NICKNAME0 A VALUABLE 9V5TION AS 0,H>VEY'S ,FOLLY10 & 0,H>VEY'S ,GREAT ,AMAZEM5T40 

0,! ,V,I,C,I,S,S,I,T,U,D,E,S ,( ,9,V,5,T,O,R,S4 

0,! PRIVATE HI/ORY ( MANY 9V5TIONS1 IF FULLY WRITT5 \T1 W\LD =M A VOLUME ( ABUNDANT DIM5SIONS4 ,ITS *APT]S W\LD UNFOLD A WORLD ( PRACTICAL ROMANCE2 ! /RUGGLES ( +5I\S POV]TY1 :I* NO DISC\RAGEM5T C\LD P>ALYZE2 ! UNDY+ P]SEV]ANCE ( M9DS CONSCI\S ( COLOSSAL /R5G?2 ! HOPES1 ! FE>S1 ! BITT] DISAPPO9TM5TS ( COMM&+ G5IUS2 ! TRIUMPHS ?AT HAVE SOMETIMES CR[N$ ! LABORS ( !SE PATI5T TOIL]S 9 !IR SOLIT>Y WORK-%OPS2 ! BRILLIANT RECOMP5SE ( M]E LUCK OR ACCID5T2 ! VILLA9Y ( CONFID5TIAL FRI5DS--9 FACT A MEASURELESS CATALOG ( CONT+5CIES1 :I* SEEM PECULI> TO 9V5TORS AS A CLASS4 ,AU?ORS--( BOOKS ONLY--HAVE HAD !IR CALAMITIES COLLECT$ & AMPLIFI$ ) A T\*+ PA?OS4 ,! ,PURSUIT ( ,KN[L$GE UND] ,DIFFICULTIES1 GA!R$ UP 9TO A VOLUME TOO SMALL TO EMBODY MORE ?AN A MEAG] FRACTION ( ITS HE>T-DEPRESS+ EXP]I5CES1 HAS FIX$ ! ATT5TION & T\*$ ! SYMPA?IES ( K9DR$ M9DS1 :]EV] ITS COLLECT$ RECORDS HAVE BECOME KN[N4 ,SOME C>EFUL H& %\LD ALSO GA!R UP ! ,VICISSITUDES ( ,9V5TORS1 NOT ONLY AS A DES]V$ MEM5TO ( WORLD-ACKN[L$G$ M]IT1 DUE AS WELL TO LIV+ AS TO DEAD1 BUT AS A /IMULANT TO ! HE>TS & LABORS ( A CLASS EXI/+ EV]Y:]E >\ND US1 & 5L>G+ AS ! CIRCLE ( ! >TS & SCI5CES EXT5DS4 

0,LET US TAKE A SOLIT>Y 9/ANCE1 UNKN[N TO FAME1 BUT ILLU/RATIVE ( ! COMMON DIFFICULTIES :I* OB/RUCT ! PA? ( POOR & +5I\S M54 ,! :OLE WORLD HAS BECOME FAMILI> ) ! GREAT ,AM]ICAN ,REAP]1 :I* ! ,LONDON ,EXHIBITION FIR/ 9TRODUC$ TO ,EUROPEAN OBS]VATION4 ,YET AS LONG AGO AS #a#h#b#d1 A Y\NG BOY 9 ,WA%+TON ,C\NTY1 ,NEW ,YORK--,H>VEY ,MAY1 BY NAME--CONCEIV$ ! IDEA ( A MA*9E = SIMIL> PURPOSES4 ,HE TRI$ HIS FIR/ EXP]IM5T ) %E>S1 ! BLADES ( :I* W]E SO CURV$ AS TO PRES5T NE>LY ! SAME ANGLES ( $GE1 FROM HEEL TO PO9T1 :ILE CUTT+4 ,! FOLL[+ YE> HE TRI$ AGA91 US+ A REEL & SICKLE $GE1 BUT RETURN$ TO ! VIBRAT+ $GES4 ,CONT9U+ !SE TRIALS1 AMID A WORLD ( DIFFICULTIES & OPPOSITION1 ! SNE]S & RIDICULE ( A COMMUNITY ( BOORI% M9DS1 HE AT LA/ SUCCE$$ COMPLETELY4 ,HIS CRUDELY-BUILT MA*9E--= NO ONE AW>D$ HIM ! *EAP AID ( SYMPA!TIC 5C\RAGEM5T1 MU* LESS PRACTICAL ME*ANICAL HELP--EXT5D$ 9TO ! GRA9 TO ! RI<T1 & WAS M\NT$ ON ! H9D :EELS ( HIS FA!R'S LUMB]-WAGON4 ,) L>GE :EELS & SIMPLE GE]+1 A S+LE HORSE DREW ! 9V5TOR & HIS BRO!R ON ! MA*9E1 & IT ACTUALLY CUT HEAVY RYE AT ! RATE ( AN ACRE AN H\R4 ,?OSE :O LOOK$ ON & WITNESS$ ITS M>VEL\S P]=MANCE1 REFUS$ TO BE CONV9C$4 ,! SCI5CE ( DEMON/RATION WAS UNKN[N TO !IR VOCABUL>Y4 ,HIS NEI<BORS DID CONDESC5D TO GRANT ?AT ! :OLE AFFAIR WAS QUITE ORIG9AL1 BUT COMPLIM5T$ HIM BY CALL+ IT ',H>VEY'S ,FOLLY4' ,FUR!R TRIALS1 H[EV]1 ONLY R5D]$ ! MA*9E EV5 MORE P]FECT1 :]EUPON IT RECEIV$ ! FUR!R NICKNAME ( ',H>VEY'S ,GREAT ,AMAZEM5T4' ,MR4 ,MAY1 9 WRIT+ REC5TLY ( ?IS PROMIS+ G]M ( :AT HAS S9CE UNFOLD$ 9TO A GREAT 9DU/RIAL IMPROVEM5T1 SAYS1 ) T\*+ SIMPLICITY1 ?AT HE 9T5D$ TAK+ \T A PAT5T1 BUT ',MY FA!R REFUS$ TO HELP ME 9 ?IS2 = HE SAID ! PAT5T LAWS W]E ONLY CALCULAT$ TO DRAW M5 9TO RU9\S LAWSUITS4 ,I TRI$ TO GET HELP FROM O!RS1 BUT ALL REFUS$ TO HELP ME :5 !Y LE>N$ MY FA!R'S VIEWS ON ! PAT5T LAWS4' ,?US1 ) ! EVID5CE ( SUCCESS BE=E HIM1 ?IS Y\?FUL G5IUS WAS COMPELL$ TO SEE HIS GREAT 9V5TION P]I%4 ,O!R 9V5TORS 9 ! SAME PROLIFIC FIELD1 HAVE GA!R$ 9 ABUNDANT H>VE/S ( GOLD FROM ! PR(ITS ( !IR REAP]S4 ,HAD ! OV]-CAUTI\S FA!R /IMULAT$1 ) JUDICI\S SYMPA?Y & ADVICE1 ! G5IUS ( HIS PROMIS+ SON1 ! PRODUCT W\LD 9 ALL PROBABILITY HAVE BE5 AN AMPLE 9DEP5D5CE = !M BO?4 

0,WE MI<T ILLU/RATE ! SAME C\RSE ( ?\<T BY A ?\S& O!R 9/ANCES EQUALLY T\*+1 BUT ! SUGGE/ION IS SUFFICI5T4 ,:O WILL WRITE ?AT MO/ 9T]E/+ & 9/RUCTIVE ( ALL UNWRITT5 BOOKS--! ,ROMANCE & ,REALITY ( ,9V5TION80 

.<"9 .> ,I HAVE NO SPECIAL KN[L$GE ON ! PO9T M5TION$ 9 ! TEXT1 & ONLY GIVE MY OP9ION AS A MATT] ( CONJECTURE4 

.<"9 .> ,JONES ON ,BAILM5TS #a#c#c4 

.<"4 .> #a ,K5T #e#b#b4 #g? $ITION4 

.<"9 .> ,AMONG ! EXCEPTIONS REF]R$ TO1 >E !SE--?AT A WOM51 ON M>RIAGE1 %ALL LOSE ! CONTROL ( H] PROP]TY1 H] NATURAL RI<T ( MAK+ CONTRACTS1 @&C42 ?AT A *ILD1 BORN \T ( W$LOCK1 %ALL NOT 9H]IT ! FA!R'S E/ATE2 & SOME O!RS NOT NECESS>Y TO BE NAM$4 ,!SE EXCEPTIONS TO ! PR9CIPLES ( NATURAL LAW1 >E ( SU* ANTIQUITY1 ?AT ! TIME & MODE ( !IR E/ABLI%M5T >E N[ UNKN[N4 ,& NO LAWS :ATEV]1 CONTR>Y TO ! LAW ( NATURE1 >E P>TS ( ! ,COMMON ,LAW1 UNLESS !Y HAVE BE5 9 =CE FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL4 ,IT WILL BE %[N H]EAFT] ?AT NO IMMEMORIAL LAW HAS EXI/$ 9 ,5GL&1 ADV]SE TO ! RI<TS ( AU?ORS & 9V5TORS TO A P]PETUAL PROP]TY 9 !IR IDEAS4 

.<"9 .> ,= ! HI/ORICAL PRO(S ?AT ! ,COMMON ,LAW & ! ,5GLI% ,CON/ITUTION W]E SU* AS HAVE H]E BE5 DESCRIB$1 ,I REF] ! READ] TO MY 0,ESSAY ON ! ,TRIAL BY ,JURY40 

.<"9 .>,WM4 ,BLACK/ONE #ca & #c#b#a4 

.<"9 .> ,= !SE & V>I\S O!R AU?ORITIES1 %[+ ! OP9IONS ( ,5GLI% JUDGES1 ?AT PAT5TS = NEW 9V5TIONS W]E GOOD AT ,COMMON ,LAW1 SEE ,H9DM>* ON ,PAT5TS1 *4 #a & #b4 ,ALSO ,COKE'S *APT] ON ,MONOPOLIES1 #c ,9/4 #a#h#a4 

.<"9 .> ,ONE REASON :Y NO MORE PROGRESS HAS BE5 MADE 9 O!R BRAN*ES ( NATURAL LAW1 HAS BE51 ?AT NATURAL LAW HAS BE5 SUP]S$$ BY >BITR>Y LEGISLATION2 & ALL ! LEGAL M9D ( ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA1 HAS BE5 5GROSS$1 = C5TURIES1 9 9T]PRET+ & 5=C+ ?IS LEGISLATION1 9/EAD ( PURSU+ ! /UDY ( NATURAL LAW AS A SCI5CE4 ,ANO!R REASON IS1 ?AT ! PROGRESS ( NATURAL LAW1 9 ANY DIRECTION1 IS DANG]\S TO >BITR>Y 9/ITUTIONS2 & !RE=E C\RTS1 SITT+ UND] ! AU?ORITY ( >BITR>Y GOV]NM5TS1 SY/EMATICALLY IGNORE ALL DISCOV]IES 9 NATURAL LAW1 UNTIL !Y HAVE FIR/ BE5 SANCTION$ BY ! LEGISLATIVE P[]4 ,& ?IS LA/ EV5T G5]ALLY HAPP5S ONLY :5 ! GOV]NM5T F9DS ?AT A REVOLUTION1 DANG]\S TO ITS EXI/5CE1 IS IMP5D+4 

.<"4 .> ,AN ,5GLI% PAT5T IS GRANT$ 9 !SE SUP]CILI\S & 9SOL5T T]MS4 ,AFT] RECIT+ ?AT ! APPLICANT HAS 0HUMBLY PETITION$0 ! CR[N = A PAT5T1 IT ADDS1 

0,& WE1 .<! QUE51.> BE+ WILL+ TO GIVE 5C\RAGEM5T TO ALL >TS & 9V5TIONS1 :I* MAY BE = ! PUBLIC GOOD1 >E GRACI\SLY PLEAS$ TO CONDESC5D TO ! PETITION]'S REQUE/4 ,KN[ YE1 !RE=E1 ?AT WE1 ( \R ESPECIAL GRACE1 C]TA9 KN[L$GE1 & M]E MOTION1 HAVE GIV5 & GRANT$1 & BY !SE PRES5TS1 = US1 \R HEIRS1 & SUCCESSORS1 DO GIVE & GRANT UNTO ! SAID ,A4 ,B41 HIS EXECUTORS1 @&C41 \R ESPECIAL LIC5SE1 FULL P[]1 SOLE PRIVILEGE1 & AU?ORITY1 ?AT HE ! SAID ,A4 ,B41 HIS EXECUTORS1 @&C41 %ALL & LAWFULLY MAY MAKE1 USE1 EX]CISE1 & V5D HIS SAID 9V5TION10 @&C4 

,IS IT NOT NE>LY AN 9F9ITE 9SULT1 ?AT SU* M5 AS ,>KWRI<T & ,WATT1 :O W]E ( T5 ?\S& TIMES MORE VALUE TO MANK9D ?AN ALL ! K+S & QUE5S ?AT TIME HAS EV] PRODUC$1 OR EV] WILL PRODUCE1 %\LD BE NECESSITAT$ TO HOLD !IR NATURAL RI<TS TO ! PRODUCTS ( !IR [N LABOR1 ON SU* T]MS AS !SE8 ,IF A GREAT] 9SULT CAN BE CONCEIV$1 IT W\LD SEEM TO BE1 ?AT AU?ORS1 & SU* AU?ORS AS ,JOHN ,MILTON1 %\LD BE COMPELL$ TO ASK 0LIC5SE0 ( A K+ TO PR9T !IR [N ?\<TS4 ,?IS 9SULT TO AU?ORS IS NO LONG] PRACTIC$2 BECAUSE ! AU?ORS1 ) TRU? ON !IR SIDE1 PROV$ !MSELVES /RONG] ?AN ! K+4 ,:5 9V5TORS ASS]T !IR RI<TS 9 LIKE MANN]1 !Y WILL NO LONG] BE NECESSITAT$ TO ACCEPT !M AS GRANTS1 OR FAVORS1 0GRACI\SLY0 BE/[$ ON !M BY ! GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,COMMON ,LAW NEV] REQUIR$ ?AT A FREEBORN ,5GLI%MAN %\LD 0HUMBLY PETITION0 ! CR[N = ! 5JOYM5T ( HIS NATURAL RI<TS ( PROP]TY2 NOR ?AT HE %\LD EV] ACCEPT ?OSE RI<TS AS A GRANT ORIG9AT+ 9 ! 0GRACI\S PLEASURE & CONDESC5SION0 ( ! K+4 ,& IF ! CON/ITUTIONAL SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T HAD BE5 PRES]V$1 SU* DEGRADATION1 ON ! P>T ( 9V5TORS1 W\LD NOT1 AT ?IS DAY C]TA9LY1 HAVE BE5 WITNESS$4 

.<"9 .> ,DUR+ ! FIR/ TW5TY YE>S ( ! PRES5T C5TURY !RE W]E BUT ONE HUNDR$ & ?REE PAT5TS A YE>1 ON AN AV]AGE1 GRANT$ = BO? =EIGN & DOME/IC 9V5TIONS4 7,SEE ,PRIT*>D'S LI/ ( ,PAT5TS47 ,FROM ?IS FACT ONE CAN JUDGE SOME:AT H[ FEW 9V5TIONS C\LD HAVE BE5 MADE 9 =M] TIMES1 :5 ! POPULATION WAS COMP>ATIVELY SMALL1 & ! >TS HAD MADE SO LITTLE COMP>ATIVE PROGRESS4 

.<"9 .>,COKE'S #c ,9/4 #a#h#d4 

.<"9 .>,H9DM>* #d#f4 #c ,C>4 & ,PAYNE #f#a#a4 

.<"4 .>,H9DM>* #d#f4 #a ,/>KIE'S ,R4 #b#e4 

.<"9 .> #d ,BURR[S #b#c#c4 

.<"9 .>,*APT]IV1PAGES #a#a#i-#a#b-#a#c#c4 

.<"9 .>,P>LIAM5T>Y ,HI/ORY1 ,VOL4 #a#g1 P4 #i#h#a4 

.<"9 .>,PAGE #f#h4 

.<"9 .>,*APT]IV1PAGE #a#a#c4 

.<"9 .>,*APT]IV4 

.<"9 .>,P>LIAM5T>Y ,HI/ORY1 ,VOL4 #a#g1 P4 #i#e#c4 

.<"9 .>,*APT]IV1PAGE #a#a#e4 

.<"9 .>,ADVANCEM5T ( ,LE>N+1 ,B4 #h1 ,APHORISMS #a & #a#a4 

.<"9 .> ,I SAY1 9 ! TEXT1 ?AT 0! LORDS1 BO? 9 !IR LEGISLATIVE & JUDICIAL CAPACITIES1 >E1 CON/ITUTIONALLY1 NO?+ BUT USURP]S40 

,BY ! ,5GLI% CON/ITUTION1 AN ORD] ( NOBILITY C\LD EXI/ ONLY ON ! F\NDATION ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM4 ,:5 ?AT SY/EM WAS ABOLI%$1 ALL DI/9CTIONS ( POLITICAL RANK1 9F]IOR TO ?AT ( ! K+1 W]E1 CON/ITUTIONALLY SPEAK+1 ABOLI%$ ) IT4 ,& ALL ! LEGISLATIVE & JUDICIAL P[]1 S9CE EX]CIS$ BY ! LORDS1 AS A BODY1 HAS BE5 A %E] USURPATION4 ,?IS USURPATION WAS ORIG9ALLY ACCOMPLI%$ BY !M1 BY MEANS ( !IR WEAL?1 & BY CONSPIR+ ) ! K+1 ! KNI<TS1 & ! 0=TY %ILL+ FREEHOLD]S10 SO CALL$ 7ORIG9ALLY REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS72 A CLASS1 :OM ,MACK9TO% DESIGNATES AS 0A FEW FREEHOLD]S !N ACC\NT$ WEAL?Y40 7,MACK9TO%'S ,HI/4 ( ,5G41 ,*4 #c47 ,! SAME K9D ( 9FLU5CES1 :I* ORIG9ALLY 5ABL$ !M TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS USURPATION1 HAVE 5ABL$ !M HI!RTO TO SU/A9 IT4 ,IT NEV] HAD ! LEA/ AU?ORITY 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! K+DOM4 

.<"9 .>,CAMPBELL'S ,LIVES ( ! ,LORD ,*ANCELLORS1 ,VOL4 #e1 P4 #b#a#e4 ,5TICK VS4 ,C>R+TON1 #ai ,/ATE ,TRIALS #a#f#f4 

.<"9 .> ,! FOLL[+ IS A COPY ( HIS NOTE4 

0,! FAVORS ,I AM TO REQUE/ FROM Y\R ,GRACE'S DISPAT*1 >E AS FOLL[S4 

#a4 ,MY PAT5T = ! SAL>Y4 

#b4 ,PAT5T = ,G,B,P#a1#e A YE> UPON ! ,IRI% E/ABLI%M5T1 9 CASE MY (FICE %\LD DET]M9E BE=E ! TELL]%IP DROPS4 

#c4 ,PAT5T = TELL]%IP = MY SON4 

#d4 ,! EQUIPAGE MONEY2 ,LORD ,WOR?+TON TELLS ME IT IS ,G,B,P#b14 ,?IS ,I BELIEVE IS ORD]$ BY A W>RANT FROM ! ,TREASURY TO ! ,EX*EQU]40 

,CAMPBELL'S ,LIVES ( ! ,LORD ,*ANCELLORS1 ,VOL4 V1 P4 #b#b#a4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ah$ 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bb 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #f1 ,SECTION #d -- ,ADD$4 

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