,! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS 
,A ,P]SONAL ,REFLECTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,I W\LD LIKE TO RECALL A ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS-AN IDEALI/IC1 (T5 !ORETICALLY COH]5T ,LEFT ?AT MILITANTLY EMPHASIZ$ ITS 9T]NATIONALISM1 ITS RATIONALITY 9 ITS TREATM5T ( REALITY1 ITS DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT1 & ITS VIGOR\S REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS4 ,FROM A RETROSPECTIVE VIEWPO9T ( A HUNDR$ YE>S OR SO1 IT IS EASY TO F9D MANY FAIL+S 9 ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS3 ,I HAVE SP5T MU* ( MY [N LIFE CRITICIZ+ ! ,LEFT'S FAIL+S 7AS ,I SAW !M7 & MANY ( ITS PREMISES1 SU* AS ITS EMPHASIS ON ! HI/ORICAL PRIMACY ( ECONOMIC FACTORS 7AL?\< ?IS FAULT CAN BE OV]/AT$ BY IGNOR+ ITS SOCIAL IDEALISM71 ITS FIXATION ON ! PROLET>IAT AS A 0HEGEMONIC0 CLASS1 & ITS FAILURE TO UND]/& ! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY /ATUS HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 

,BUT ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS-! ,LEFT ( ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY-DID NOT HAVE \R DEVA/AT+ EXP]I5CES ) ,BOL%EVISM & P>TICUL>LY ,/AL9ISM TO CORRECT ITS WEAKNESSES4 ,IT DEVELOP$ 9 A TIME ( A RIS+ MASS MOVEM5T ( WORK+ PEOPLE-A PROLET>IAT1 9 P>TICUL>-?AT HAD NOT GA9$ ANY?+ FROM ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/ 7AS HAD ! PEASANTRY74 ,! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS1 NONE!LESS1 HAD FEATURES ?AT %\LD BE REG>D$ AS IMP]I%ABLE = ANY MOVEM5T ?AT SEEKS TO CREATE A BETT] WORLD-A RI* G5]OSITY ( SPIRIT1 A COMMITM5T TO A HUMANE WORLD1 A R>E DEGREE ( POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE1 A VIBRANT REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT1 & AN UNWAV]+ OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM4 ,!SE ATTRIBUTES W]E *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS1 BY :I* ,I MEAN NOT ! ,L59I/ 0,OLD ,LEFT0 OR ! ,MAOI/ 0,NEW ,LEFT0 ?AT FOLL[$1 BUT TRADITIONAL IDEAS UND]LY+ ! ,LEFT AS SU*4 ,!Y DEF9$ ! ,LEFT & DI/+UI%$ IT FROM LIB]ALISM1 PROGRESSIVISM1 RE=MISM1 & ! LIKE4 

,MY CONC]N1 H]E1 IS ?AT !SE ATTRIBUTES >E FAD+ RAPIDLY FROM ! PRES5T-DAY ,LEFT4 ,! ,LEFT TODAY HAS )DRAWN 9TO A /RID5T =M ( NATIONALISM & /ATISM1 PRESUMABLY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION02 AN 9*OATE NIHILISM1 PRESUMABLY UND] ! EGIS ( PO/MOD]NISM2 & AN E?NIC P>O*IALISM1 PRESUMABLY 9 ! NAME ( FI<T+ RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION4 ,NEW V]SIONS ( NATIONALISM1 A LACK ( CONC]N = DEMOCRACY1 & A FRAGM5T+ SECTORIALISM & P>O*IALISM AB\ND4 ,DOGMATISM & MORAL 9TIMIDATION HAVE TURN$ ?IS SECTORIALISM & P>O*IALISM 9TO A :IPLA%1 ONE ?AT SIL5CES ALL ANALYZES ?AT GO BEYOND M]E BUMP]-/ICK] SLOGANS4 

,TOO MANY C>E]S & REPUTATIONS >E BE+ MADE BY MANY 0LEAD]S0 9 ! PRES5T-DAY ,LEFT ?R\< %RILL VOICES RA!R ?AN CLE> 9SI<TS4 ,!IR SLOGANE]+ HAS NO CONT5T1 & !IR V]BIAGE (F]S LITTLE UND]/&+ ( ! FACT ?AT WE >E ALL ULTIMATELY ONE COMMUNITY ( HUMAN BE+S1 & ?AT WE CAN TRANSC5D ! M]E CONDITION$ REFLEXES ?AT UND]M9E \R COMMITM5T TO MUTUAL RECOGNITION & C>E = EA* O!R AS WELL AS ! PLANET4 ,I AM NOT SPEAK+ ( A ,NEW ,AGE 0ON5ESS0 ?AT IGNORES BASIC CLASS1 /ATUS1 & E?NIC DIVISIONS 9 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY1 DIVISIONS ?AT MU/ BE RESOLV$ BY RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,I AM DISCUSS+ ! FAILURE ( TODAY'S ,LEFT TO E/ABLI% ANY AFF9ITY ) A HUMANE ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS1 ONE ?AT CELEBRAT$ \R POT5TIAL = CREAT+ A %>$ HUMANITY & CIVILIZATION4 

,I REALIZE ONLY TOO WELL ?AT !SE REM>KS WILL BE VIEW$ BY MANY CONTEMPOR>Y LEFTI/S AS UNSATISFACTORY4 ,BUT 9 ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS1 ! WORK+ CLASS WAS AT LEA/ SE5 7H[EV] ]RONE\SLY7 AS ! 0NON-CLASS CLASS0-?AT IS1 AS A P>TICUL> CLASS ?AT WAS OBLIG$ BY 9H]5T T5D5CIES 9 CAPITALISM TO EXPRESS ! UNIV]SAL 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY AS WELL AS ITS POT5TIALITY TO CREATE A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,?IS NOTION AT LEA/ ASSUM$ ?AT !RE W]E UNIV]SAL HUMAN 9T]E/S ?AT C\LD BE SUB/ANTIAT$ & REALIZ$ UND] SOCIALISM1 COMMUNISM1 OR AN>*ISM4 ,TODAY'S ,LEFT IS 0DECON/RUCT+0 ?IS APPEAL TO UNIV]SALITY TO A PO9T :]E IT D5IES ITS VALIDITY & OPPOSES REASON ITSELF ON ! BASIS ?AT IT IS PURELY ANALYTICAL & 0UNFEEL+40 ,:AT HAS BE5 C>RI$ OV] TO \R TIME FROM ! SIXTIES IS A BASICALLY UNCRITICAL ASSORTM5T ( N>R[ 9T]E/S-&1 ONE IS OBLIG$ TO ADD1 ALLUR+ UNIV]SITY C>E]S-?AT HAVE R$UC$ UNIV]SALI/IC TO P>TICUL>I/IC CONC]NS4 ,! GREAT IDEAL ( AN EMANCIPAT$ HUMANITY-HOPEFULLY ONE 9 H>MONY ) NONHUMAN NATURE-HAS BE5 /EADILY ]OD$ BY P>TICUL>I/IC CLAIMS TO HEGEMONIC ROLES = G5D]-BIAS$1 E?NIC-BIAS$1 & O!R LIKE T5D5CIES4 

,!SE T5D5CIES ?REAT5 TO TURN ! ,LEFT BACK TO A MORE P>O*IAL1 EXCLUSION>Y1 & IRONICALLY1 MORE HI]>*ICAL PA/ 9S(> AS ONE GR\P1 :E!R ALONE OR 9 CONC]T ) O!RS1 AFFIRMS ITS SUP]IOR QUALIFICATIONS TO LEAD SOCIETY & GUIDE MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,:AT MANY ,LEFTI/S TODAY >E DE/ROY+ IS A GREAT TRADITION ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY & A BELIEF 9 ! POT5TIALITY = HUMANNESS1 ONE ?AT TRANSC5DS NATIONALITY1 E?NICITY1 G5D] DIFF]5CES1 & A POLITICS ( HEGEMONIC SUP]IORITY4 

,I CANNOT HOPE TO DEAL H]E ) ALL ! DETAILS ( ! SOCIAL IDEALISM1 HUMANISM1 & DRIVE = !ORETICAL COH]5CE ?AT MADE ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS SO DIFF]5T FROM ! PAP LEFTISM ?AT EXI/S TODAY4 ,9/EAD1 ,I %\LD LIKE TO FOCUS ON ! 9T]NATIONALI/ & CONF$]ALI/ T5D5CIES1 ! DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT1 ! ANTIMILIT>ISM1 & ! RATIONAL SECUL>ISM ?AT DI/+UI%$ IT FROM O!R POLITICAL & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( \R P]IOD4 

,9T]NATIONALISM1 ,NATIONALISM1 & ,CONF$]ATION 

,! NATIONALISM ?AT P]MEATES MU* ( ! ,LEFT ( ! EI<TIES & N9ETIES 7(T5 9 ! NAME ( 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION07 WAS L>GELY ALI5 TO ! F>-SEE+ ,LEFTI/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY & ! E>LY P>T ( ! PRES5T ONE4 ,9 US+ ! WORD ,LEFT1 ,I AM DRAW+ FROM ! LANGUAGE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i-#i#d SO ?AT ,I CAN 9CLUDE V>I\S TYPES ( AN>*I/ AS WELL AS SOCIALI/ ?\<T4 ,! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS NOT ONLY E/ABLI%$ ITS P$IGREE 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION BUT DEF9$ ITSELF 9 OPPOSITION TO ?AT REVOLUTION'S %ORTCOM+S1 SU* AS ! ,JACOB9 MESSAGE ( 0PATRIOTISM0 7AL?\< EV5 ?IS 0NATIONALI/IC0 NOTION HAD ITS ROOTS 9 ! BELIEF ?AT ,FRANCE BELONG$ TO ITS PEOPLE RA!R ?AN TO ! ,K+ ( ,FRANCE-:O WAS OBLIG$ TO *ANGE HIS TITLE TO ! ,K+ ( ! ,FR5* AFT] #a<i AS A RESULT74 

,REPELL$ BY ! REF]5CES ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES TO LA PATRIE1 ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS G5]ALLY CAME TO REG>D NATIONALISM AS A REGRESSIVE1 9DE$1 AS A DIVISIVE =CE ?AT SEP>AT$ HUMAN FROM HUMAN BY CREAT+ NATIONAL B\ND>IES4 ,! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS SAW ALL NATIONAL B\ND>IES AS ! B>B$ WIRE ?AT COMP>TM5TALIZ$ HUMAN BE+S BY DIVID+ !M ACCORD+ TO P>TICUL>I/IC LOYALTIES & COMMITM5TS ?AT OBSCUR$ ! DOM9ATION ( ALL OPPRESS$ PEOPLE BY RUL+ /RATA4 

,TO ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ! SUBJUGAT$ ( ! WORLD HAD NO C\NTRY4 ,!Y HAD ONLY !IR 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY TO SU/A9 !M1 !IR UNITY AS A CLASS ?AT WAS HI/ORICALLY DE/9$ TO REMOVE CLASS SOCIETY AS SU*4 ,H5CE ! R++ CONCLUSION ( ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O3 0,WORK+ ,M5 ( ,ALL ,C\NTRIES1 ,UNITE60 ,& 9 ! BODY ( ?AT WORK 7:I* ! AN>*I/ ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,RUSSIAN71 WE >E TOLD3 0,9 ! NATIONAL /RUGGLES ( ! PROLET>IANS ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 .<,COMMUNI/S.> PO9T \T & BR+ TO ! FRONT ! COMMON 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ALL NATIONALITY40 

,FUR!R1 ! ,MANIFE/O DECL>ES1 0,! WORK+ M5 HAVE NO C\NTRY4 ,WE CANNOT TAKE AWAY FROM !M :AT !Y HAVE NOT GOT40 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS DID GIVE !IR SUPPORT TO SOME NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES1 IT WAS L>GELY FROM !IR CONC]NS AB\T MATT]S ( GEOPOLITICS & ECONOMICS OR EV5 = S5TIM5TAL REASONS1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,IREL&1 RA!R ?AN PR9CIPLE4 ,!Y SUPPORT$ ! ,POLI% NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 = EXAMPLE1 PRIM>ILY BECAUSE !Y WANT$ TO WEAK5 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 :I* 9 !IR DAY WAS ! SUPREME C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y P[] ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 ,& !Y WI%$ TO SEE A UNIT$ ,G]MANY1 >GU+ 7V]Y WRONGLY1 9 MY VIEW7 ?AT ! NATION-/ATE WAS DESIRABLE 9 PROVID+ ! BE/ >5A = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 :I* !Y REG>D$ AS HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE 7AGA9 WRONGLY1 9 MY VIEW74 ,BUT NEV] DID !Y IMPUTE ANY VIRTUES TO NATIONALISM AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 

,SPECIFICALLY1 IT WAS ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS1 A POPUL>IZ] & ALSO A VULG>IZ] ( ,M>X'S ?\<T1 :O REG>D$ ! NATION-/ATE AS 0! NORMAL POLITICAL CON/ITUTION ( ! ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOISIE0 9 A LETT] TO ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 B>ELY A MON? BE=E ! PHYSICALLY DEBILITAT$ ,M>X DI$4 ,DEAL+ AS IT DID ) ,POL&'S /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,RUSSIA1 ,5GELS'S LETT] ADVANC$ :AT ,PAUL ,NETTL HAS CALL$ A 0N>R[ PREOCCUPATION0 ) ! 0RESURRECTION0 ( ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS LETT] LAT] CREAT$ A GREAT DEAL ( MIS*IEF 9 ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T3 IT PROVID$ SELF-PROCLAIM$ ,M>XI/ P>TIES LIKE ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY ) AN EXCUSE TO SUPPORT !IR [N C\NTRY 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d1 :I* SUBSEQU5TLY DE/ROY$ PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 

,BUT EV5 )9 ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T1 ,5GELS'S 0N>R[ PREOCCUPATION0 ) NATIONALISM DID NOT GO UN*ALL5G$ 9 ! PRE-#a#i#a#d ]A4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S REFUSAL TO B[ TO NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES 9 ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY WAS ( \T/&+ IMPORTANCE 9 P]PETUAT+ ! 9T]NATIONALI/ LEGACY ( SOCIALISM-%E WAS NO LESS A LEAD+ VOICE 9 ?AT P>TY ?AN %E WAS 9 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY & ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL G5]ALLY4 ,H] G5]AL VIEWS W]E CONSI/5TLY REVOLUTION>Y3 ! SOCIALI/ IDEAL ( A*IEV+ A COMMON HUMANITY1 %E HELD1 WAS 9COMPATIBLE ) NATIONALI/ P>O*IALISM4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#h1 ,LUXEMBURG WROTE3 

,SPEAK+ ( ! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION WE DISP5SE ) ! IDEA ( A NATION AS A :OLE4 ,IT BECOMES M]ELY A SOCIAL & POLITICAL UNITY .<= ! PURPOSES ( MEASUREM5T.>4 ,BUT IT WAS JU/ ?IS CONCEPT ( NATIONS AS ONE ( ! CATEGORIES ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY ?AT ,M>XI/ !ORY ATTACK$ MO/ FI]CELY1 PO9T+ \T UND] SLOGANS LIKE 0NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION0 OR 0FRE$OM ( ! CITIZ510 0EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW0-!RE LURKS ALL ! TIME A TWI/$ & LIMIT$ MEAN+4 ,9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON CLASSES1 ! NATION AS A UNI=M SOCIAL-POLITICAL :OLE SIMPLY DOES NOT EXI/4 ,9/EAD1 !RE EXI/S )9 EA* NATION CLASSES ) ANTAGONI/IC 9T]E/S & 0RI<TS40 ,!RE IS LIT]ALLY NO SOCIAL >5A-FROM ! /RONGE/ MAT]IAL RELATION%IP TO ! MO/ SUBTLE MORAL ONE-9 :I* ! POSSESS+ CLASSES & A SELF-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT C\LD TAKE ONE & ! SAME POSITION & FIGURE AS ONE UNDIFF]5TIAT$ NATIONAL :OLE4 .<EMPHASIS ADD$.> 

,%E EXPRESS$ !SE VIEWS MO/ %>PLY ) REF]5CE TO ! ,RUSSIAN1 ,OTTOMAN1 ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN1 & O!R EMPIRES ( ! DAY1 & %E GA9$ A SIZABLE NUMB] ( SUPPORT]S 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ,I MAY NOTE1 ,LUXEMBURG WAS BITT]LY OPPOS$ ON ?IS PO9T BY TWO ( ! MO/ 9SIPID VULG>IZ]S ( ,M>X'S !ORIES-,K>L ,KAUTSKY ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY & ,GEORGE ,PLEKHANOV ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ACTIVI/S LIKE ,JOSEF ,PILSUDSKI1 ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 :O WAS TO BECOME ! NOTORI\S 0/RONGMAN0 ( ,POL& DUR+ ! 9T]W> P]IOD4 ,IT WAS ,L591 9 P>TICUL>1 :O SUPPORT$ 0NATIONAL /RUGGLES0 L>GELY = OPPORTUNI/IC REASONS & = NOTIONS ?AT /EM FROM ,5GELS'S VIEW ( ! NATION-/ATE AS HI/ORICALLY 0PROGRESSIVE40 

,AN>*I/S W]E EV5 MORE HO/ILE ?AN MANY ,M>XI/ SOCIALI/S 9 !IR OPPOSITION TO NATIONALISM4 ,AN>*I/ !ORI/S & ACTIVI/S OPPOS$ ! =MATION ( NATION-/ATES EV]Y:]E 9 ! WORLD1 A VIEW ?AT PLAC$ !M POLITICALLY F> 9 ADVANCE ( ! ,M>XI/S4 ,ANY APPROVAL ( ! NATION-/ATE1 MU* LESS A C5TRALIZ$ 5TITY ( ANY K9D1 RAN CONTR>Y TO AN>*I/ ANTI-/ATISM & ITS COMMITM5T TO A UNIV]SALIZ$ CONCEPTION ( HUMANITY4 

,BAKUN9'S VIEWS ON ! SUBJECT ( NATIONALISM W]E V]Y =?RI<T4 ,)\T D5Y+ ! RI<T ( EV]Y CULTURAL GR\P1 9DE$ ! 0SMALLE/ FOLK-UNIT10 TO 5JOY ! FRE$OM TO EX]CISE ITS [N RI<TS AS A COMMUNITY1 HE W>N$3 

,WE %\LD PLACE HUMAN1 UNIV]SAL JU/ICE ABOVE ALL NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,& WE %\LD AB&ON ! FALSE PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY1 9V5T$ ( LATE BY ! DESPOTS ( ,FRANCE1 ,RUSSIA1 & ,PRUSSIA = ! PURPOSE ( CRU%+ ! SOV]EIGN PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY4444 ,EV]YONE :O S9C]ELY WI%ES PEACE & 9T]NATIONAL JU/ICE1 %\LD ONCE & = ALL R5\NCE ! GLORY1 ! MI<T1 & ! GREATNESS ( ! ,FA!RL&1 %\LD R5\NCE ALL EGOI/IC & VA9 9T]E/S ( PATRIOTISM4 

,9 %>P OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE'S PREEMPTION ( SOCIETAL FUNCTIONS ( COORD9ATION1 AN>*I/ !ORI/S ADVANC$ ! FUNDAM5TAL NOTION ( CONF$]ATION1 9 :I* COMMUNES OR MUNICIPALITIES 9 V>I\S REGIONS C\LD FREELY UNITE BY MEANS ( RECALLABLE DELEGATES4 ,! FUNCTIONS ( !SE CONF$]AL DELEGATES W]E /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE4 ,POLICY-MAK+ WAS TO BE LEFT TO ! COMMUNES OR MUNICIPALITIES !MSELVES 7AL?\< !RE WAS NO CLE> AGREEM5T AMONG AN>*I/S ON H[ ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS WAS TO FUNCTION74 

,NOR WAS CONF$]ALISM-AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO NATIONALISM & /ATISM-A PURELY !ORETICAL CON/RUCT4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 CONF$]ALISM & /ATISM HAD BE5 9 CONFLICT ) EA* O!R = C5TURIES4 ,?IS CONFLICT REA*$ BACK TO ! DI/ANT PA/1 BUT IT ]UPT$ V]Y %>PLY ?R\<\T ! ]A ( ! DEMOCRATIC & PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS1 NOTABLY 9 ! NEW ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DUR+ ! #a#g#hS1 9 ,FRANCE 9 #agic & #a#h#g#a1 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#b#a1 & 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN C\NTRIES1 NOTABLY ,ITALY & ,SPA91 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY-& AGA9 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f4 

,9 FACT1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 ! L>GE/ ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,EUROPE1 FLATLY OPPOS$ ,CATALAN NATIONALISM DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ITS L>GE/ FOLL[+ BY ! #a#i#cS WAS RECRUIT$ FROM ! ,CATALAN PROLET>IAT4 ,SO UNCOMPROMIS+ W]E AN>*I/ ATTEMPTS TO FO/] 9T]NATIONALISM ?AT CLUBS W]E =M$ EV]Y:]E AMONG ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S TO PROMOTE ! USE ( ,ESP]ANTO AS A WORLDWIDE MEANS ( COMMUNICATION4 ,F> MORE E?ICAL ?AN EV5 ,LUXEMBURG1 AN>*I/S G5]ALLY RAIS$ SO-CALL$ 0AB/RACT RI<TS0 ?AT W]E AN*OR$ 9 HUMANITY'S UNIV]SALITY & SOLID>ITY1 A VISION ?AT /OOD OPPOS$ TO ! 9/ITUTIONAL & IDEOLOGICAL P>TICUL>ISM ?AT DIVID$ HUMAN FROM HUMAN4 

,! ,COMMITM5T TO ,DEMOCRACY 

,! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS VIEW$ ANY ABRIDGM5T ( FREE EXPRESSION AS ABHORR5T & REACTION>Y4 ,) FEW EXCEPTIONS 7,L59'S VIEWS >E A CASE 9 PO9T71 ! 5TIRE ,LEFT ( ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES WAS N\RI%$ BY ! IDEALS ( 0POPUL> RULE0 & ! RADICALIZATION ( DEMOCRACY1 (T5 9 %>P REACTION TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN RULE ?AT HAD M>K$ ! ,JACOB9 PHASE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 7,! WORD DEMOCRACY1 ,I %\LD NOTE1 V>I$ GREATLY 9 ITS MEAN+1 RANG+ FROM FREE EXPRESSION & ASSEMBLY UND] REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS--! COMMON SOCIALI/ VIEW-TO FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY-! COMMON AN>*I/ VIEW47 ,EV5 ,M>X & ,5GELS1 :O W]E BY NO MEANS DEMOCRATS 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ COMMITT$ TO FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 WROTE 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ?AT 0TO RAISE ! PROLET>IAT TO ! POSITION ( RUL+ CLASS .<IS.> TO W9 ! BATTLE = DEMOCRACY0-A CLE> AV[AL ?AT 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY0 WAS FLAW$ 9 ITS SCOPE & IDEALS4 ,9DE$1 ! ELIM9ATION ( CLASSES & CLASS RULE BY ! PROLET>IAT WAS EXPECT$ TO YIELD 0AN ASSOCIATION1 9 :I* ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( EA* IS ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL0-AN AV[AL ?AT LIT]ALLY BECAME A SLOGAN COMP>ABLE TO 0,WORK+ ,M5 ( ,ALL ,C\NTRIES1 ,UNITE60 & ?AT P]SI/$ WELL 9TO ! ,LEFT ( ! #a#i#cS4 

,AS A ,M>XI/1 ,LUXEMBURG NEV] /RAY$ FROM ?IS #ahdh VISION4 ,9 FACT1 H] VISION ( REVOLUTION WAS 9TEGRALLY B\ND UP ) A PROLET>IAT ?AT 9 H] EYES WAS NOT ONLY PREP>$ TO TAKE P[] BUT WAS ACUTELY KN[L$GEABLE ( ITS HUMANI/IC TASK ?R\< EXP]I5CE & ! GIVE-&-TAKE ( FREE DISCUSSION4 ,H5CE H] FIRM BELIEF ?AT REVOLUTION W\LD BE ! WORK NOT ( A P>TY BUT ( ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,! ROLE ( ! P>TY1 9 EFFECT1 WAS TO $UCATE1 NOT TO COMM&4 ,9 H] CRITIQUE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 WRITT5 ONLY SIX MON?S BE=E %E WAS MURD]$ 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! FAIL$ ,SP>TACI/ UPRIS+ ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#i1 ,LUXEMBURG DECL>$3 

,FRE$OM ONLY = ! SUPPORT]S ( ! .<,BOL%EVIK.> GOV]NM5T1 ONLY = ! MEMB]S ( ONE P>TY-H[EV] NUM]\S !Y MAY BE-IS NO FRE$OM AT ALL4 ,FRE$OM IS ALWAYS & EXCLUSIVELY FRE$OM = ! ONE :O ?9KS DIFF]5TLY4 ,NOT BECAUSE ( ANY FANATICAL CONCEPTION ( 0JU/ICE0 BUT BECAUSE ALL ?AT IS 9/RUCTIVE1 :OLESOME1 & PURIFY+ 9 POLITICAL FRE$OM DEP5DS ON ?IS ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/IC & ITS EFFECTIV5ESS VANI%ES :5 0FRE$OM0 BECOMES A SPECIAL PRIVILEGE4 

,DESPITE H] SUPPORT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,LUXEMBURG LA%$ \T AT ,L59 OV] ?IS ISSUE AS E>LY AS #aiah 9 ! H>%E/ T]MS3 

,L59 IS COMPLETELY MI/AK5 9 ! MEANS HE EMPLOYS4 ,DECREE1 DICTATORIAL =CE ( ! FACTORY OV]SE]1 DRACONIAN P5ALTIES1 RULE BY T]ROR1 ALL !SE ?+S >E BUT PALLIATIVES4 ,! ONLY WAY TO REBIR? IS ! S*OOL ( PUBLIC LIFE ITSELF1 ! MO/ UNLIMIT$1 ! BROADE/ DEMOCRACY & PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,IT IS RULE BY T]ROR :I* DEMORALIZES4 

,& ) V]Y R>E PRESCI5CE = ?AT TIME 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 %E W>N$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP R$UC$ TO A M]E ELITE W\LD RESULT 9 A 0BRUTALIZATION ( PUBLIC LIFE10 SU* AS ULTIMATELY DID OCCUR UND] ,/AL9I/ RULE4 

,) ! REPRESSION ( POLITICAL LIFE 9 ! L& AS A :OLE1 LIFE 9 ! ,SOVIETS MU/ ALSO BECOME CRIPPL$4444 LIFE DIES \T 9 EV]Y PUBLIC 9/ITUTION1 BECOMES A M]E SEMBLANCE ( LIFE1 9 :I* ONLY ! BUREAUCRACY REMA9S AS ! ACTIVE ELEM5T4 

,= ! AN>*I/S1 DEMOCRACY HAD A LESS =MAL & MORE SUB/ANTIVE MEAN+4 ,BAKUN91 :O WAS PRESUMABLY CONTRA/+ HIS VIEWS ) ,R\SSEAU'S AB/RACT CONCEPTION ( ! CITIZ51 DECL>$3 

,NO1 ,I HAVE 9 M9D ONLY LIB]TY WOR?Y ( ?AT NAME1 LIB]TY CONSI/+ 9 ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL ! MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL P[]S LAT5T 9 EV]Y MAN2 A LIB]TY :I* DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ANY O!R RE/RICTIONS BUT ?OSE :I* >E TRAC$ BY ! LAWS ( \R [N NATURE1 :I*1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 IS TANTAM\NT TO SAY+ ?AT !RE >E NO RE/RICTIONS AT ALL1 S9CE !SE LAWS >E NOT IMPOS$ UPON US BY SOME \TSIDE LEGISLATOR /&+ ABOVE US OR ALONGSIDE US4 ,?OSE LAWS >E IMMAN5T1 9H]5T 9 US2 !Y CON/ITUTE ! V]Y BASIS ( \R BE+1 MAT]IAL AS WELL AS 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL2 & 9/EAD ( F9D+ 9 !M A LIMIT TO \R LIB]TY WE %\LD REG>D !M AS ITS REAL CONDITIONS & AS ITS EFFECTIVE REASON4 

,BAKUN9'S 0LIB]TY10 9 EFFECT1 IS ! FULFILLM5T ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY & IMMAN5T T5D5CY TO A*IEVE REALIZATION 9 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ?IS 0LIB]TY 444 F> FROM F9D+ ITSELF *ECK$ BY ! FRE$OM ( O!RS1 IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y CONFIRM$ BY IT40 ,/ILL FUR!R3 0,WE UND]/& BY FRE$OM FROM ! POSITIVE PO9T ( VIEW1 ! DEVELOPM5T1 AS COMPLETE AS POSSIBLE1 ( ALL FACULTIES :I* MAN HAS )9 HIMSELF1 &1 FROM ! NEGATIVE PO9T ( VIEW1 ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! WILL ( EV]YONE FROM ! WILL ( O!RS40 

,ANTIMILIT>ISM & ,REVOLUTION 

,! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS CONTA9$ MANY PACIFI/S1 BUT ITS MO/ RADICAL T5D5CIES ES*EW$ NONVIOL5CE & COMMITT$ !MSELVES TO ANTIMILIT>ISM RA!R ?AN PACIFISM AS A SOCIAL AS WELL AS A COMBATIVE ISSUE4 ,9 !IR VIEW1 MILIT>ISM IMPLI$ A REGIM5T$ SOCIETY1 A SUBORD9ATION ( DEMOCRATIC RI<TS 9 CRISIS SITUATIONS SU* AS W> OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 REVOLUTION4 ,MILIT>ISM 9CULCAT$ OB$I5CE 9 ! MASSES & CONDITION$ !M TO ! IMP]ATIVES ( A COMM& SOCIETY4 

,BUT :AT ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS DEM&$ WAS NOT ! SYMBOLIC IMAGE ( ! 0BROK5 RIFLE0-SO V]Y MU* 9 VOGUE !SE DAYS 9 PACIFI/ B\TIQUES-BUT ! TRA9+ & >M+ ( ! PEOPLE = REVOLUTION>Y 5DS1 SOLELY 9 ! =M ( DEMOCRATIC MILITIAS4 ,A RESOLUTION COAU?OR$ BY ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59 7A R>E EV5T7 & ADOPT$ BY ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #aif DECL>$ ?AT IT 0SEES 9 ! DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION ( ! >MY1 9 ! POPUL> MILITIA 9/EAD ( ! /&+ >MY1 AN ESS5TIAL GU>ANTEE = ! PREV5TION ( AGGRESSIVE W>S1 & = FACILITAT+ ! REMOVAL ( DIFF]5CES BETWE5 NATIONS40 

,?IS WAS NOT SIMPLY AN ANTIW> RESOLUTION1 AL?\< OPPOSITION TO ! W> ?AT WAS FA/ APPROA*+ WAS ! PR9CIPAL FOCUS ( ! /ATEM5T4 ,! >M+ ( ! PEOPLE WAS A BASIC T5ET ( ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS1 & PI\S DEM&S = GUN CONTROL AMONG TODAY'S LEFTI/S W\LD HAVE BE5 TOTALLY ALI5 TO ! ?9K+ ( ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS4 ,AS REC5TLY AS ! #a#i#cS1 ! CONCEPT ( 0! PEOPLE 9 >MS0 REMA9$ A BASIC T5ET ( 9DEP5D5T SOCIALI/1 NOT TO SPEAK ( AN>*I/1 MOVEM5TS ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AS ,I MYSELF SO WELL REMEMB]4 ,! NOTION ( S*OOL+ ! MASSES 9 RELIANCE ON ! POLICE & >MY = PUBLIC SAFETY1 MU* LESS ( TURN+ ! O!R *EEK 9 ! FACE ( VIOL5CE1 W\LD HAVE BE5 REG>D$ AS HE9\S4 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S W]E EV5 LESS AMBIGU\S ?AN SOCIALI/S4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! /ATE-CONTROLL$ MILITIA ?AT ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL WAS PREP>$ TO ACCEPT 9 ! #aif RESOLUTION CIT$ ABOVE1 ! AN>*I/S S\<T ! DIRECT >M+ ( ! MASSES4 ,9 ,SPA91 WEAPONS W]E SUPPLI$ TO AN>*I/ MILITANTS FROM ! V]Y 9CEPTION ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,! WORK]S & PEASANTS RELI$ ON !MSELVES1 NOT ON ! L>GESSE ( /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 TO OBTA9 ! MEANS = 9SURRECTION4 ,JU/ AS !IR NOTION ( DEMOCRACY MEANT DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 SO !IR NOTION ( ANTIMILIT>ISM MEANT ?AT !Y HAD TO C\NT]VAIL ! /ATE'S MONOPOLY ( VIOL5CE ) AN >M$ POPUL> MOVEM5T-NOT M]ELY A /ATE-SUBSIDIZ$ MILITIA4 

,SECUL>ISM & ,RATIONALISM 

,IT REMA9S TO ADD ?AT AN>*I/S & TO A GREAT EXT5T ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S ( ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS NOT ONLY TRI$ TO SPEAK 9 ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY BUT ABJUR$ ANY BODY ( IDEAS & PREJUDICES ?AT D5I$ HUMANITY ITS NATURALI/IC PLACE 9 ! S*EME ( ?+S4 ,!Y REG>D$ ! WOR%IP ( DEITIES AS A =M ( SUBJUGATION TO CREATIONS ( HUMAN MAK+1 AS ! MASK+ ( REALITY BY ILLUSION1 & AS ! MANIPULATION ( HUMAN FE>S1 ALI5ATION1 & ANOMIE BY CALCULAT$ ELITES 9 BEHALF ( AN OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL ORD]4 ,G5]ALLY1 ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS BOLDLY LAID CLAIM TO ! RATIONALI/ H]ITAGE ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T & ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 H[EV] MU* ?IS SADDL$ ! ,M>XI/S ) ME*ANI/IC IDEAS4 ,BUT ALSO1 ORGANIC =MS ( REASON1 BORR[$ FROM ,HEGEL1 COMPET$ ) ME*ANISM & CONV5TIONAL EMPIRICISM4 ,:]E 9TUITIONAL NOTIONS COMPET$ ) MAT]IALI/ ONES AMONG AN>*I/S1 !Y ATTRACT$ A SIZABLE BODY ( >TI/S TO ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/1 OR TO AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 RATIONALISM DID NOT CR[D \T EMOTIVE APPROA*ES ?AT FO/]$ A HI<LY MORAL SOCIALISM ?AT WAS (T5 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM LIB]T>IAN \TLOOKS4 ,BUT ALMO/ EV]Y ATTEMPT AP>T FROM C]TA9 9DIVIDUAL EXCEPTIONS WAS MADE TO PLACE ME*ANI/IC1 ORGANIC1 & EMOTIVE APPROA*ES TO REALITY 9 A RATIONAL FRAMEWORK-NOTABLY1 TO A*IEVE A COH]5T APPROA* TO SOCIAL ANALYSIS & *ANGE4 

,?AT ?IS 5DEAVOR L$ TO DISP>ATE T5D5CIES 9 ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS %\LD NOT SURPRISE US4 ,BUT ! NOTION ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY A*IEV$ BY RATIONAL AS WELL AS MORAL MEANS & IDEALI/IC S5TIM5TS =M$ A UNIFY+ \TLOOK = ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS4 ,FEW LEFTI/S W\LD HAVE ACCEPT$ ,WILLIAM ,BLAKE'S NOTION ( REASON AS 0M$DLESOME0 OR CURR5T PO/MOD]N VIEWS ( COH]5CE AS 0TOTALIT>IAN40 

,! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS WAS DIVID$ OV] ! QUE/ION ( :E!R !RE C\LD BE A PEACEFUL1 9DE$ RE=MI/IC1 EVOLUTION ( CAPITALISM 9TO SOCIALISM OR :E!R AN 9SURRECTION>Y BREAK ) ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM WAS UNAVOIDABLE4 ,! W>9ESS ( ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS T[>D RE=MS CAN P]HAPS BE/ BE SE5 9 ! FACT ?AT YE>S AGO1 S]I\S DEBATES OCCURR$ AMONG ,WE/]N LEFTI/S ( ALL K9DS ON :E!R !Y %\LD FI<T = ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 :I* MANY ?\<T W\LD MAKE CAPITALISM MORE PALATABLE TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 ! ,LEFT S]I\SLY DEBAT$ :E!R !IR ORGANIZATIONS %\LD TRY TO ALLEVIATE FAM9E CONDITIONS AMONG ! PEASANTRY LE/ !IR *>ITABLE EF=TS DEFLECT ! ANG] ( ! PEASANTRY AWAY FROM ,CZ>ISM4 

,BUT H[EV] S]I\S ?OSE DIFF]5CES W]E1 ATTEMPTS AT RE=M = ITS [N SAKE W]E NEV] P>T ( LEFTI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT-:I* TRULY DEF9$ SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS AS A ,LEFT-C]TA9LY DID NOT WANT TO IMPROVE ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 MU* LESS GIVE IT A 0HUMAN FACE40 0,CAPITALISM ) A HUMAN FACE0 WAS AN EXPRESSION !Y W\LD HAVE REG>D$ AS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS HOP$ TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM & 9ITIATE A RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL SY/EM1 NOT TO RATIONALIZE ! EXI/+ ORD] & MAKE IT ACCEPTABLE TO ! MASSES4 

,TO P>TICIPATE 9 /RUGGLES = RE=MS WAS SE5 AS A MEANS TO $UCATE ! MASSES1 NOT A WAY TO DOLE \T *>ITY OR IMPROVE !IR MAT]IAL LOT4 ,DEM&S = RE=MS W]E ALWAYS P]MEAT$ BY ! BROAD] MESSAGE ?AT FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION WAS NE$$4 ,! FI<T = ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 YE>S AGO1 & /RIKES = BETT] LIV+ CONDITIONS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( LEGISLATIVE IMPROVEM5TS = WORK+ PEOPLE1 W]E SE5 AS MEANS = MOBILIZ+ ! OPPRESS$1 = 5GAG+ !M 9 /RUGGLES1 & = DISCLOS+ ! LIMITS-& BASIC IRRATIONALISM-( CAPITALISM1 NOT SIMPLY OR EV5 SIGNIFICANTLY AS A MEANS = BETT]+ LIFE UND] CAPITALISM4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL A LAT] DAY ?AT RE=MS W]E ADVOCAT$ BY SO-CALL$ LEFTI/ P>TIES1 C&IDATES1 DEPUTIES1 & HUMANE DEVOTEES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! POOR1 & ! ELD]LY AS TE*NIQUES = 0HUMANIZ+0 CAPITALISM OR R5D]+ LEFTI/ C&IDATES MORE POPUL>-& ELECTABLE = PUBLIC (FICE4 

,TO ASK = IMPROV$ WORK+ & LIV+ CONDITIONS WAS SE5 AS A WAY ( DIRECTLY *ALL5G+ ! 0WAGE SY/EM0 & ! SOV]EIGNTY ( CAPITAL4 ,EV5 SO-CALL$ 0EVOLUTION>Y0 OR 0RE=MI/0 SOCIALI/S :O HOP$ TO EASE FROM CAPITALISM 9TO SOCIALISM W]E REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y BELIEV$ CAPITALISM HAD TO BE REPLAC$ BY A RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,!IR CONFLICTS ) ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S 9 ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS C5T]$ ON :E!R CAPITALISM C\LD BE REPLAC$ BY PIECEMEAL *ANGES1 NOT ON :E!R IT C\LD BE GIV5 A 0HUMAN FACE40 ,! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> & P>TICUL>LY ! REVOLUTIONS ?AT FOLL[$ IT LEFT RE=MI/ SOCIALISM 9 DEBRIS--BUT IT ALSO PRODUC$ A ,LEFT ?AT RADICALLY DEP>T$ 9 MANY ( ITS BASIC T5ETS FROM ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS4 

,! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> & ,BOL%EVISM 

,! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 & ! MURD] ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T 9 ! ,SP>TACUS ,LEAGUE UPRIS+ ( ,JANU>Y #aiai 7A DRAW+ ( SOCIALI/ BLOOD ?AT OCCURR$ ) ! 9DIRECT ASS5T ( ! (FICIAL ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS7 OP5$ A MAJOR BREA* 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,LEFT G5]ALLY4 

,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! W>1 NE>LY ALL ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( W>R+ ,EUROPE SUCCUMB$ TO NATIONALISM1 & !IR P>LIAM5T>Y FRACTIONS VOT$ TO GIVE W> CR$ITS TO !IR RESPECTIVE CAPITALI/ /ATES4 ,NOR DID ! ATTITUDES ( C]TA9 LEAD+ AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,KROPOTK91 PROVE TO BE MORE HONORABLE ?AN ?OSE ( ! 0SOCIAL PATRIOTS10 TO USE ,L59'S EPI!T = ! ,G]MAN & ,FR5* SOCIALI/ LEAD]S :O SUPPORT$ ONE OR ANO!R CAMP 9 ! W>4 

,TO ANALYZE ! REASONS :Y ?IS BREA* WAS OP5$ 9 ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS W\LD REQUIRE A /UDY 9 ITSELF4 ,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[] 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiag DID NOT CLOSE ! BREA*4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y-IT WID5$ IT1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! UNAVOIDABLE POL>IZATION ( ,BOL%EVISM AGA9/ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY BUT BECAUSE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN ELEM5TS ?AT HAD ALWAYS =M$ A P>T ( ! HI<LY CONSPIRATORIAL ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY HAD LITTLE COMMITM5T TO POPUL> DEMOCRACY4 ,L59 HAD NEV] VIEW$ 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY0 AS ANY?+ MORE ?AN AN 9/RUM5T ?AT C\LD BE US$ OR DISC>D$ AS EXP$I5CY REQUIR$4 ,MANY DEM&S W]E PLAC$ ON ! L>GELY ,BOL%EVIK REGIME ?AT WAS =M$ 9 ,NOVEMB] 7IT 9ITIALLY 9CLUD$ ,LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES AS WELL73 ! ADVANC+ ,G]MAN >MY ON ! EA/]N FRONT1 ! 9CR$IBLY SAVAGE CIVIL W> ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! ISOLATION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS FROM ! WORK]S & PEASANTS 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 & ! ATTEMPT BY ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS TO RECOV] A SOVIET DEMOCRACY ?AT HAD BE5 EFFAC$ BY ! BUREAUCRATIC ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,!SE DEM&S COMB9$ TO BR+ \T ! WOR/ FEATURES ( ,L59'S C5TRALI/ VIEWS & HIS OPPORTUNI/IC VIEWS ( DEMOCRACY4 ,BEG9N+ 9 ! E>LY TW5TIES1 ALL AFFILIATES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL W]E 0,BOL%EVIZ$0 BY ,Z9OVIEV & HIS ,/AL9I/ SUCCESSORS1 UNTIL ! COMMITM5T ( SOCIALISM TO DEMOCRACY WAS M>G9ALIZ$ & L>GELY FAD$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ( ! WORLD4 

,NO LESS IMPORTANT 9 UND]M9+ ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS W]E ! V>I\S MY?S1 POPUL>IZ$ BY ,L591 ?AT CAPITALISM HAD 5T]$ A UNIQUE1 9DE$ 0F9AL0 /AGE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 A /AGE M>K$ BY 0IMP]IALISM0 & WORLDWIDE 0/RUGGLES = NATIONAL LIB]ATION40 ,H]E1 AGA91 ,L59'S POSITION IS TOO COMPLEX TO BE DEALT ) CURSORILY2 BUT :AT IS IMPORTANT IS ?AT ! TRADITIONAL 9T]NATIONALISM ?AT HAD M>K$ ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS 9CREAS+LY GAVE WAY TO AN EMPHASIS ON 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES1 P>TLY = ! PURPOSE ( WEAK5+ ,WE/]N IMP]IALISM1 & P>TLY TO FO/] ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 COLONIZ$ C\NTRIES1 !REBY BR++ ! DOME/IC CLASS CONFLICT )9 !SE C\NTRIES TO ! TOP ( !IR NATIONAL AG5DAS4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT AB&ON ! RHETORIC ( 9T]NATIONALISM1 TO BE SURE1 ANY MORE ?AN ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS DID4 ,BUT 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES 7:I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS L>GELY HONOR$ 9 ! BREA* AT HOME1 AFT] !Y TOOK P[] 9 ! NEWLY =M$ ,SOVIET ,UNION7 UNCRITICALLY FO/]$ A COMMITM5T BY ! ,LEFT TO ! =MATION ( NEW NATION-/ATES4 ,NATIONALISM 9CREAS+LY CAME TO ! =EGR\ND ( SOCIALI/ !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! FIR/ 0,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS> ( ,NATIONALITIES0 9 ! NEW ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS ,JOSEPH ,/AL91 :O LAT] FO/]$ ?IS NATIONALI/IC TR5D 9 ,M>XISM-,L59ISM & :O DUR+ & AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> GAVE IT A DI/9CTLY 0PATRIOTIC0 QUALITY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,EXPRESSIONS CLAIM+ ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS ! 0FA!RL& ( ! WORK+ CLASS0 W]E UBIQUIT\S AMONG ,COMMUNI/S ( ! 9T]W> P]IOD1 & !IR P>TIES W]E MODEL$ ON ! C5TRALIZ$ ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY TO ALL[ = ,/AL9'S BLATANT 9T]F]5CE 9 !IR AFFAIRS4 

,BY #a#i#c#f1 ! POLITICS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7OR :AT REMA9$ ( IT7 HAD VE]$ %>PLY AWAY FROM ! IDEALS ?AT HAD ONCE GUID$ ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS4 ,LUXEMBURG1 HONOR$ MORE AS A M>TYR ?AN AS A !ORI/1 WAS DISCR$IT$ BY ! ,/AL9I/ CABAL OR TOTALLY IGNOR$4 ,! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ESS5TIALLY MORIBUND4 ,IDEALISM BEGAN TO GIVE WAY TO A CRUDELY AMORAL OPPORTUNISM & TO AN ANTIMILIT>ISM ?AT WAS V>I\SLY EMPHASIZ$1 REJECT$1 OR MODIFI$ TO SUIT ! =EIGN POLICY ( ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME4 

,YET OPPOSITION !RE WAS-AS LATE AS #a#i#c#i-TO ?IS DEG5]ATION ( ! IDEAS ?AT HAD DEF9$ ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS-OPPOSITION FROM LEFT-W+ T5D5CIES 9 C]TA9 SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 FROM AN>*I/S1 & FROM DISSID5T ,COMMUNI/ GR\PS4 ,! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS DID NOT DISAPPE> )\T FURI\S DEBATES OV] !SE IDEALS OR )\T ATTEMPTS TO RETA9 ITS HI/ORIC PREMISES4 ,ITS IDEALS REMA9$ AT ! TOP ( ! REVOLUTION>Y AG5DA DUR+ ! 5TIRE 9T]W> P]IOD1 NOT ONLY AS A S\RCE ( POLEMICS BUT AS P>T ( AN >M$ CONFRONTATION 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f4 ,LEFTI/ P>TIES & GR\PS /ILL AGONIZ$ OV] ISSUES LIKE 9T]NATIONALISM1 DEMOCRACY1 ANTIMILIT>ISM1 REVOLUTION1 & !IR RELATION%IP TO ! /ATE-AGONIES ?AT L$ TO FURI\S 9TRAMURAL & 9T]P>TY CONFLICTS4 ,!SE ISSUES W]E BR&$ ON ! 5TIRE ]A BE=E !Y BEGAN TO FADE-& !IR FAD+ ALT]$ ! V]Y DEF9ITION ( LEFTISM ITSELF4 

,! ,LEFT & ! 0,COLD ,W>0 

,! 0,COLD ,W>0 9VAD$ ! HUMANI/IC AG5DA ( ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS BY TURN+ MO/ LEFTI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9TO P>TISANS ( ! ,WE/ OR ! ,EA/ & BY 9TRODUC+ A DUBI\S 0ANTI-IMP]IALISM0 9TO :AT BECAME ,COLD ,W> POLITICS4 0,NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 BECAME ! VIRTUAL C5T]PIECE ( ! 0,NEW ,LEFT0 & ( ! AG+ 0,OLD ,LEFT10 AT LEA/ !IR V>I\S ,/AL9I/1 ,MAOI/1 & ,CA/ROI/ V]SIONS4 

,IT %\LD BE UND]/OOD-AS ?IS ,LEFT DID NOT-?AT IMP]IALISM IS NOT UNIQUE TO CAPITALISM4 ,AS A MEANS ( EXPLOITATION & CULTURAL HOMOG5IZATION1 & AS A S\RCE ( TRIBUTE1 IT EXI/$ ?R\<\T ! ANCI5T1 M$IEVAL1 & E>LY MOD]N ]AS4 ,9 ANCI5T TIMES ! IMP]IAL HEGEMONY ( ,BABYLON WAS FOLL[$ BY ?AT ( ,ROME & ! M$IEVAL ,HOLY ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,9DE$1 ?R\<\T HI/ORY !RE HAVE BE5 ,AFRICAN1 ,9DIAN1 ,ASIAN1 & 9 MOD]N TIMES1 EXPANSIONI/ & EXPLOITATIVE 0SUB-IMP]IALI/0 /ATES ?AT W]E MORE PRECAPITALI/ ?AN CAPITALI/ 9 *>ACT]4 ,IF 0W> IS ! HEAL? ( ! /ATE10 W> HAS USUALLY MEANT EXPANSIONISM 7READ3 IMP]IALISM7 AMONG ! MORE COMM&+ /ATES ( ! WORLD & EV5 AMONG !IR CLI5T /ATES4 

,9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! V>I\S WRIT+S ON IMP]IALISM BY ,J4 ,A4 ,HOBSON1 ,RUDOLF ,HILF]D+1 & ,L591 AMONG O!RS1 DID NOT DISCOV] ! CONCEPT ( IMP]IALISM4 ,!Y SIMPLY ADD$ NEW1 UNIQUELY CAPITALI/ FEATURES TO E>LI] *>ACT]IZATIONS ( IMP]IALISM1 SU* AS ! 0EXPORT ( CAPITAL0 & ! IMPACT ( CAPITALISM ON ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( COLONIZ$ C\NTRIES4 ,BUT :AT CAPITALISM HAS ALSO EXPORT$ ) A V5GEANCE1 9 ADDITION TO CAPITAL ITSELF1 HAS BE5 NATIONALISM 7NOT ONLY DEM&S = CULTURAL AUTONOMY7 & NATIONALISM 9 ! =M ( C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES4 ,9DE$1 ! C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE HAS BE5 EXPORT$ TO PEOPLES :O MI<T MORE REASONABLY HAVE TURN$ TO CONF$]AL =MS ( /RUGGLE & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION 9 ASS]T+ !IR CULTURAL UNIQU5ESS & RI<T TO SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT MY CRITICISMS ( NATIONALISM & /ATISM >E NOT MEANT TO REJECT ! G5U9E ASPIRATIONS ( CULTURAL GR\PS = FULL EXPRESSION & SELF-GOV]NANCE4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY ! CASE :]E ATTEMPTS >E MADE TO SUBV]T !IR CULTURAL UNIQU5ESS & !IR RI<TS TO AUTONOMY4 ,! ISSUE ) :I* ,I AM CONC]N$ IS H[ !IR CULTURAL AUTONOMY IS EXPRESS$ & ! 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES !Y E/ABLI% TO MANAGE !MSELVES AS UNIQUE CULTURAL 5TITIES4 ,! CULTURAL 9TEGRITY ( A PEOPLE DOES NOT HAVE TO BE EMBODI$ 9 ! =M ( A NATION-/ATE4 ,IT %\LD1 9 MY VIEW1 BE EXPRESS$ 9 =MS ?AT RETA9 VALUABLE CULTURAL TRADITIONS & PRACTICES 9 CONF$]AL 9/ITUTIONS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,IT WAS GOALS SU* AS !SE 9 P>TICUL> ?AT W]E RAIS$ & PRIZ$ BY ! GREAT MAJORITY ( AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S1 EV5 C]TA9 ,M>XI/S1 9 ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS4 

,:AT HAS HAPP5$ 9/EAD IS ?AT ! EXPORT ( ! NATION-/ATE HAS POISON$ NOT ONLY ! MOD]N ,LEFT BUT ! HUMAN CONDITION ITSELF4 ,9 REC5T YE>S1 0,BALKANIZATION0 & P>O*IALISM HAVE BECOME VICI\S PH5OM5A ( DISA/R\S PROPORTIONS4 ,! REC5T & MU*-DESCRIB$ BREAKUP ( ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE HAS RESULT$ 9 BLOODY NATIONAL /RUGGLES & ASPIRATIONS = /ATE-=MATION ?AT >E PITT+ CULTURALLY DISP>ATE COMMUNITIES AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 WAYS ?AT ?REAT5 TO REGRESS TO B>B>ISM4 ,! 9T]NATIONALI/ IDEALS ?AT ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS ADVANC$1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! =M] 0SOCIALI/ BLOC10 HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ BY AN UGLY P>O*IALISM-DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,JEWS G5]ALLY & 9 MU* ( ,EUROPE AGA9/ 0=EIGN WORK]S0 FROM ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,9 ! ,NE> ,EA/1 ,AFRICA1 ,ASIA1 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 COLONIZ$ OR =M]LY COLONIZ$ PEOPLES HAVE DEVELOP$ IMP]IAL APPETITES ( !IR [N1 SO ?AT MANY ( :AT N[ PASS = =M] COLONIES ?AT HAVE BE5 LIB]AT$ FROM ,EURO-,AM]ICAN IMP]IALI/ P[]S >E N[ PURSU+ BRUTALLY IMP]IALI/ ASPIRATIONS ( !IR [N4 

,= ! EM]G5CE ( AN AU!NTIC ,LEFT :AT IS DISA/R\S H]E IS ?AT LEFTI/S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPE (T5 CONDONE APPALL+ BEHAVIOR ON ! P>T ( =M] COLONIES1 9 ! NAME ( 0SOCIALISM10 0ANTI-IMP]IALISM10 & ( C\RSE 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION40 ,! PRES5T-DAY ,LEFT IS NO LESS A VICTIM ( ! 0,COLD ,W>0 ?AN COLONIZ$ PEOPLES :O W]E PAWNS 9 IT4 ,LEFTI/S HAVE ALL BUT JETTISON$ ! IDEALS ( ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS1 & 9 SO DO+1 !Y HAVE COME TO ACCEPT A K9D ( CLI5T /ATUS ( !IR [N-FIR/1 9 ! #a#i#cS1 AS SUPPORT]S ( ! 0WORK]S' FA!RL&0 9 ! ,EA/1 & MORE REC5TLY AS SUPPORT]S ( =M] COLONIES B5T ON !IR [N IMP]IALI/ ADV5TURES4 

,:AT MATT]S IS NOT :E!R SU* LEFTI/S 9 ,EUROPE OR ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DO OR DO NOT SUPPORT 0LIB]AT$0 NATION-/ATES ?AT >E EI!R NEWLY EM]G+1 SUBIMP]IALI/1 OR IMP]IALI/4 ,:E!R ,WE/]N LEFTI/S 0SUPPORT0 !SE NATION-/ATES & !IR 5DEAVORS MEANS AS MU* TO ?OSE /ATES AS SEAGULL-DROPP+S ON AN OCEAN %ORE4 ,RA!R1 :AT REALLY MATT]S-& :AT IS ! MORE S]I\S TRAG$Y-IS ?AT !SE LEFTI/S R>ELY ASK :E!R PEOPLES !Y SUPPORT ACCEPT /ATI/ REGIMES OR CONF$]AL ASSOCIATIONS1 :E!R !Y OPPRESS O!R CULTURES1 OR :E!R !Y OPPRESS !IR [N OR O!R POPULATIONS-LET ALONE :E!R !Y !MSELVES %\LD BE SUPPORT+ A NATION-/ATE AT ALL4 

,9DE$1 MANY LEFTI/S FELL 9TO ! HABIT ( OPPOS+ ! IMP]IALISM ( ! SUP]P[]S 9 A M]E REACTION TO ! SIDES ?AT W]E L9$ UP 9 ! 0,COLD ,W>40 ,?IS 0,COLD ,W>0 M5TALITY P]SI/S EV5 AFT] ! 0,COLD ,W>0 HAS COME TO AN 5D4 ,MORE ?AN EV]1 LEFTI/S TODAY >E OBLIG$ TO ASK IF !IR 0ANTI-IMP]IALI/0 & 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 CONC]NS HELP TO FO/] ! EM]G5CE ( MORE NATION-/ATES & MORE E?NIC & 0SUB-IMP]IALI/0 RIVALRIES4 ,!Y MU/ ASK1 :AT *>ACT] IS ANTI-IMP]IALISM TAK+ TODAY8 ,IS IT VALIDAT+ E?NIC RIVALRIES1 ! EM]G5CE ( DOME/IC TYRANNIES1 SUB-IMP]IALI/ AMBITIONS1 & A RAPACI\S COLLECTION ( MILIT>I/IC REGIMES8 

,CLE>LY1 P>O*IALISM IS ONE PRODUCT ( ! NEW 0ANTI-IMP]IALI/0 NATIONALISM & /ATISM ?AT HAVE BE5 N\RI%$ BY ! 0,COLD ,W>0 & ! R$UCTION ( SPECI\S LEFTI/S TO M9IONS ( OLD ,/AL9I/ & ,MAOI/-TYPE CONFLICTS DRESS$ 9 ! G>B ( 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION40 ,P>O*IALISM CAN ALSO FUNCTION 9T]NALLY1 P>TLY AS AN EXT5SION ( ! 0,COLD ,W>0 9TO DOME/IC SPH]ES ( LIFE4 ,SELF-/YL$ SPOKESPEOPLE = E?NIC GR\PS :O LIT]ALLY PIT ONE RACIAL GR\P AGA9/ ANO!R1 DEHUMANIZ+ 7= :ATEV] REASON7 ONE TO 5HANCE ! O!R2 SPOKESPEOPLE = G5D] GR\PS ?AT P>ALLEL SU* EXCLUSION>Y E?NIC GR\PS 9 OPPOSITION TO !IR SEXUAL C\NT]P>TS2 SPOKESPEOPLE = RELIGI\S GR\PS ?AT DO ! SAME ) RESPECT TO O!R RELIGI\S GR\PS-ALL REFLECT ATAVI/IC DEVELOPM5TS ?AT W\LD HAVE HAD NO PLACE 9 ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS4 ,?AT ! RI<TS ( E?NIC1 G5D]1 & LIKE /RATA ( A GIV5 POPULATION MU/ BE *]I%$ & ?AT CULTURAL DI/9CTIONS MU/ BE PRIZ$ IS NOT 9 QUE/ION H]E4 ,BUT AP>T FROM ! JU/IFI$ CLAIMS ( ALL !SE GR\PS1 !IR AIMS %\LD BE S\<T )9 A HUMAN-ORI5T$ FRAMEWORK1 NOT )9 AN EXCLUSION>Y OR P>O*IAL FOLK-ORI5T$ ONE4 ,IF AN AU!NTIC ,LEFT IS ONCE AGA9 TO EM]GE1 ! MY? ( A 0HEGEMONIC0 GR\P ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE1 :I* SEEKS TO RE>RANGE HUMAN RELATIONS 9 A NEW HI]>*ICAL PYRAMID1 MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY ! GOAL ( A*IEV+ AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY 9 :I* DIFF]5CES 5RI* ! :OLE4 ,9 ANCI5T TIMES1 ! SLAVES ( ,SICILY :O REVOLT$ & =C$ ALL FREE M5 TO FI<T AS GLADIATORS 9 ! ISL&'S AMPHI!AT]S BEHAV$ NO DIFF]5TLY FROM !IR MA/]S4 ,!Y REPRODUC$ :AT WAS /ILL A SLAVE CULTURE1 REPLAC+ ONE K9D ( SLAVE BY ANO!R4 

,MOREOV]1 IF !RE IS TO BE A ,LEFT ?AT 9 ANY S5SE RESEMBLES ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS1 IT CANNOT BE M]ELY 0LEFT ( C5T]40 ,LIB]ALISM-) ITS M5U ( SMALL RE=MS ?AT OBSCURE ! IRRATIONALITY ( ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY & MAKE IT MORE SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE-IS AN >5A 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,LIB]ALISM HAS NO 0LEFT0 ?AT CAN BE REG>D$ AS ITS K9 OR ITS CRITICAL NEI<BOR4 ,! ,LEFT MU/ /AKE \T ITS [N >5A1 ONE ?AT /&S 9 REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION TO ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY1 NOT ONE ?AT P>TICIPATES AS A 0LEFTI/0 P>TN] 9 ITS WORK+S4 

,WILL ,!RE ,BE A ,LEFT ,TODAY8 

,C]TA9LY ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS F\<T AGA9/ 9NUM]ABLE IRRATIONALITIES 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]1 SU* AS LONG DEBILITAT+ WORK+ H\RS1 DESP]ATE HUNG]1 & ABJECT POV]TY4 ,IT DID SO BECAUSE ! P]PETUATION ( !SE IRRATIONALITIES W\LD HAVE COMPLETELY DEMORALIZ$ ! =CES FI<T+ = BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,IT (T5 RAIS$ SEEM+LY 0RE=MI/0 DEM&S1 BUT IT DID SO TO REVEAL ! FAILURE ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] TO MEET ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y NE$S ( D5I$ PEOPLE4 ,9 FI<T+ = !SE 0RE=MS10 H[EV]1 ! CONC]N ( ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS WAS EXPLICITLY & UNWAV]+LY FOCUS$ ON ! NE$ TO *ANGE ! :OLE SOCIAL ORD]1 NOT ON MAK+ IT LESS IRRATIONAL & MORE PALATABLE4 ,TODAY1 ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS W\LD HAVE ALSO F\<T ) DESP]ATION AGA9/ ! =CES ?AT >E DEPLET+ ! OZONE LAY]1 DE/ROY+ ! =E/S1 & PROLIF]AT+ ! NUCLE> P[] PLANTS 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE LIFE ITSELF ON ?IS PLANET4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 H[EV]1 ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT !RE >E MANY PROBLEMS ?AT CANNOT BE SOLV$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT HELD1 H[EV] 0UNREALI/ICALLY0 IT MAY SEEM1 TO ITS REVOLUTION>Y POSITION RA!R ?AN CURRY PUBLIC FAVOR OR SURR5D] ITS ID5TITY TO OPPORTUNI/IC PROGRAMS4 ,AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T1 HI/ORY DOES NOT ALWAYS PRES5T ! ,LEFT ) CLE>-CUT ALT]NATIVES OR IMM$IATELY 0EFFECTIVE0 C\RSES ( ACTION4 ,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#d1 = EXAMPLE1 NO =CES EXI/$ ?AT C\LD HAVE PREV5T$ ! \TBREAK ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 NOT EV5 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ?AT HAD COMMITT$ ITSELF TO OPPOSITION TO ! W>4 ,! ,LEFT HAD TO LIVE AN 9EFFECTUAL1 (T5 HIDD51 FRU/RAT+ LIFE AMID ! EFFLUVIUM ( POPUL> J+OISM ?AT 5GULF$ SO MU* ( ,EUROPE1 9CLUD+ MO/ ( ! WORK]S 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 #a#i#c#h1 !RE WAS NO LONG] ANY POSSIBILITY ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION C\LD BE RESCU$ FROM FASCI/ MILIT>Y ATTACKS & 9SIDI\S ,/AL9I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION1 DESPITE ! VALIANT /RUGGLES ?AT CONT9U$ = ! GREAT] P>T ( A YE> !REAFT]4 

,REGRETTABLY1 !RE >E SOME IMPOSSIBLE SITUATIONS 9 :I* AN AU!NTIC ,LEFT CAN ONLY TAKE A MORAL /ANCE1 ) NO HOPE ( 9T]V5+ SUCCESSFULLY4 ,9 SU* CASES1 ! ,LEFT CAN ONLY PATI5TLY TRY TO $UCATE ?OSE :O >E WILL+ TO LI/51 TO ADVANCE ITS IDEAS TO RATIONAL 9DIVIDUALS1 H[EV] SMALL !IR NUMB]S MAY BE1 & TO ACT AS AN E?ICAL =CE 9 OPPOSITION TO ! 0>T ( ! POSSIBLE10 TO USE A FAM\S LIB]AL DEF9ITION ( POLITICS4 ,A REC5T CASE 9 PO9T WAS AN ADMIRABLE SLOGAN ?AT WAS RAIS$ AT ! 9CEPTION ( ! ,GULF W>1 NAMELY 0,NEI!R ,SIDE ,IS ,RI<T0-A SLOGAN ?AT OBVI\SLY DID NOT RESONATE ) ! NATIONALI/IC ATTITUDE ( ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE1 NOR ONE ?AT WAS LIKELY TO BE POLITICALLY EFFECTIVE4 ,9DE$1 TO *OOSE SIDES 9 ! ,GULF W> W\LD HAVE BE5 TO CONFUSE ,AM]ICAN NATIONAL *AUV9ISM ) DEMOCRACY1 ON ! ONE H&1 OR TO CONFUSE AN 9DIFF]5CE TO ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9'S TOTALIT>IANISM ) 0ANTI-IMP]IALISM10 ON ! O!R4 ,?IS EM95TLY MORAL POSITION TRIES TO ADVANCE A HUMANI/IC VIEWPO9T 9 ! FACE ( ! REPELL5T POLITICAL & ECONOMIC REALITY ?AT M>K$ BO? CAMPS 9 ! CONFLICT4 

,TO PRET5D ?AT AN AU!NTIC ,LEFT CAN ALWAYS (F] A PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO EV]Y PROBLEM 9 SOCIETY IS *IM]ICAL4 ,(F]+ 0LESS] EVILS0 AS A SOLUTION TO EV]Y EVIL ?AT ?IS SOCIETY G5]ATES WILL LEAD TO ! WOR/ ( ALL POSSIBLE EVILS-! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,LEFT 9TO A LIB]AL MORASS ( 5DLESS COMPROMISES & HUMILIATIONS4 ,AMID ALL ITS FI<TS 9 SUPPORT ( CONCRETE ISSUES1 AN AU!NTIC ,LEFT ADVANCES ! MESSAGE ?AT ! PRES5T SOCIETY MU/ BE DEMOLI%$ & REPLAC$ BY ONE ?AT IS RATIONAL4 ,SU* WAS ! CASE ) SOCIALI/S LIKE ,EUG5E ,V4 ,DEBS & AN>*I/S LIKE ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 9 ! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS4 ,PUT BLUNTLY3 ,:AT ?IS SOCIETY USUALLY DOES %\LD NOT DET] ,LEFTI/S FROM PROB+ ! LOGIC ( EV5TS FROM A RATIONAL /&PO9T OR FROM CALL+ = :AT SOCIETY %\LD DO4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO ADAPT ! RATIONAL 0%\LD0 TO ! IRRATIONAL 0IS0 VACATES ?AT SPACE ON ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM ?AT %\LD BE OCCUPI$ BY A ,LEFT PREMIS$ ON REASON1 FRE$OM1 & ECOLOGICAL HUMANISM4 ,! NE$ TO /EADFA/LY MA9TA9 ! PR9CIPAL COMMITM5TS ?AT M9IMALLY DEF9E A ,LEFT MAY NOT ALWAYS BE POPUL>1 BUT ! ALT]NATIVE TO ! MON/R\S IRRATIONALITIES ?AT P]MEATE PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY MU/ ALWAYS BE KEPT OP51 FO/]$1 & DEVELOP$ IF WE >E EV] TO A*IEVE A FREE SOCIETY4 

,IT MAY WELL BE ?AT 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE AN AU!NTIC ,LEFT HAS LITTLE1 IF ANY1 PROSPECTS ( GA9+ A L>GE FOLL[+4 ,BUT IF IT SURR5D]S ! MO/ BASIC PR9CIPLES ?AT DEF9E IT-9T]NATIONALISM1 DEMOCRACY1 ANTIMILIT>ISM1 REVOLUTION1 SECUL>ISM1 & RATIONALISM-AS WELL AS O!RS1 LIKE CONF$]ALISM1 ! WORD ,LEFT WILL NO LONG] HAVE ANY MEAN+ 9 \R POLITICAL VOCABUL>Y4 ,ONE MAY CALL ONESELF A LIB]AL1 A SOCIAL DEMOCRAT1 A 0REALO0 ,GRE51 OR A RE=MI/4 ,?AT IS A *OICE ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS FREE TO MAKE1 ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONVICTIONS4 ,BUT = ?OSE :O CALL !MSELVES LEFTI/S1 !RE %\LD BE A CLE> UND]/&+ ?AT ! USE ( ! T]M ,LEFT 9VOLVES ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ?AT LIT]ALLY DEF9E & JU/IFY ! USE ( ! WORD4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT C]TA9 IDEAS LIKE NATIONALISM1 P>O*IALISM1 AU?ORIT>IANISM-& C]TA9LY1 = AN>*I/S ( ALL K9DS1 ANY COMMITM5T TO A NATION-/ATE-& SYMBOLS LIKE ! BROK5 RIFLE ( PACIFISM >E TOTALLY ALI5 TO ! PR9CIPLES ?AT DEF9E ! ,LEFT4 ,SU* IDEAS1 9TRODUC$ 9TO POLITICS1 HAVE NO PLACE 9 ANY POLITICS ?AT CAN AU!NTICALLY BE *>ACT]IZ$ AS LEFTI/4 ,IF NO SU* POLITICS EXI/S1 ! T]M ,LEFT %\LD BE P]MITT$ TO P]I% ) HONOR4 

,BUT IF ! ,LEFT W]E TO F9ALLY DISAPPE> BECAUSE ( ! MELD+ ( RE=MI/1 LIB]AL1 NATIONALI/1 & P>O*IAL VIEWS1 NOT ONLY W\LD MOD]N SOCIETY LOSE ! 0PR9CIPLE ( HOPE10 TO USE ,]N/ ,BLO*'S EXPRESSION1 AN ABID+ PR9CIPLE ?AT HAS GUID$ ALL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/2 ! ,LEFT W\LD CEASE TO BE ! CONSCI5CE ( SOCIETY4 ,NOR C\LD IT ADVANCE ! BELIEF ?AT ! PRES5T SOCIETY IS TOTALLY IRRATIONAL & MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY ONE ?AT IS GUID$ BY REASON1 AN ECOLOGICAL E?ICS1 & A G5U9E CONC]N = HUMAN WELF>E4 ,= MY P>T1 ?AT IS NOT A WORLD 9 :I* ,I W\LD WANT TO LIVE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,LEFT ,?AT ,WAS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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