,! ,LESSONS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 

#aicd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,TRA*T5B]G 

,TAGS 3 M5 & WOM51 WORK]S & PEASANTS1 W> 9 FRANCE1 CAPITALI/ & COLONIAL1 /RUGGLE = P[]1 FIR/ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 P>IS COMMUNE1 WORK+ CLASS1 SOVIET UNION1 NATIONAL GU>D4 

,TEXT 3 

,FROM3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PAMPHLETS ,NO4 #a#b1 SPONSOR$ BY ! ,JOHN ,RE$ ,CLUB1 AN ORGANIZATION ( REVOLUTION>Y WRIT]S & >TI/S 9 ,NEW ,YORK4  ,?IRD $ITION1 #a#i#c#d4 

  

,PHOTO ,AMELI5 ,BAYLE1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,ON ,M>* #a#h1 #a#h#g#a1 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S ( ,P>IS E/ABLI%$ ! ,COMMUNE4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ ATTEMPT AT A PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,AGA9 & AGA9 ! /ORY HAS BE5 TOLD3 H[ ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I 7! ,LITTLE7 ATTEMPT$ TO BOL/] UP ! DECAY+ REGIME ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE BY DECL>+ W> ON ,PRUSSIA 9 ,JULY1 #a#h#g#a2 H[ HE MET HIS DEBACLE AT ,S$AN & EXPOS$ ,P>IS TO ! ,PRUSSIAN TROOPS2 H[ A B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIM$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] & A SO-CALL$ ,GOV]NM5T ( ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ORGANIZ$2 H[ ?IS ,GOV]NM5T BETRAY$ ! BESIEG$ CITY & H[ ! ,P>ISIAN MASSES ROSE & >M$ !MSELVES = ITS DEF5SE2 H[ !Y PROCLAIM$ ! ,COMMUNE ON ,M>* #a#h1 :5 ! ,GOV]NM5T ATTEMPT$ TO DIS>M !IR ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 & H[ !Y TOOK ! GOV]NM5T ( ! CITY 9TO !IR [N H&S2 H[ ! TRAITOR\S ,?I]S ,GOV]NM5T )DREW TO ,V]SAILLES & !RE PLOTT$ ) ! ,PRUSSIANS ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,COMMUNE2 & H[ ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S HELD ! ,COMMUNE = SEV5TY-TWO DAYS1 DEF5D+ IT TO ! LA/ DROP ( BLOOD :5 ! ,V]SAILLES TROOPS HAD 5T]$ ! CITY & SLAU<T]$ T5S ( ?\S&S ( ! M5 & WOM5 :O D>$ TO SEIZE ! GOV]NM5T ( ! CAPITAL & RUN IT = ! B5EFIT ( ! EXPLOIT$ & DIS9H]IT$4 

,:]EV] WORK]S WILL GA!R TO HE> ONCE MORE ! /ORY ( ?IS H]OIC /RUGGLE--A /ORY ?AT HAS LONG S9CE BECOME A TREASURE ( PROLET>IAN LORE--!Y WILL HONOR ! MEMORY ( ! M>TYRS ( #a#h#g#a4 ,BUT !Y WILL ALSO REMEMB] ?OSE M>TYRS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( TODAY :O HAVE EI!R BE5 SLAU<T]$ OR /ILL SM>T 9 ! DUNGEONS ( CAPITALI/ & COLONIAL C\NTRIES1 = D>+ TO RISE AGA9/ !IR OPPRESSORS--AS ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S DID SIXTY ODD YE>S AGO4 

,! ,BATTLE-,FRONT IS ,F> ,FLUNG 

,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE LA/$ ONLY #gb DAYS1 BUT IT HAD A GREAT MANY VICTIMS4 ,MORE ?AN #a1 M5 & WOM5 W]E KILL$ OR EXIL$ TO ! COLONIES :5 ! B\RGEOISIE TRIUMPH$4 ,TODAY ! REVOLUTION>Y BATTLE-FRONT IS SPREAD OV] A GREAT] T]RITORY4 ,IT 5CIRCLES ALMO/ ! 5TIRE GLOBE4 ,FI]CE CLASS /RUGGLES >E BE+ F\<T 9 ALL CAPITALI/ & COLONIAL C\NTRIES2 & T5S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S & PEASANTS >E KILL$ OR IMPRISON$4 ,! TOTAL NUMB] ( VICTIMS ( FASCISM1 ! :ITE T]ROR & POLICE BRUTALITY DUR+ ! PA/ YE>S RUNS 9TO MANY HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S4 ,WORK]S EV]Y:]E >E RIS+ TO ! DEF5SE ( !SE VICTIMS ( CAPITALI/ CLASS JU/ICE1 & ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,COMMUNE CALLS ESPECIAL ATT5TION TO ?IS IMPORTANT CLASS DUTY ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ! WORK]S >E RALLY+ TO ! BANN] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR ,DEF5SE1 :I* LEADS !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ EV]Y MEANS ( CAPITALI/ P]SECUTION4 ,IT FI<TS = ! RI<T TO /RIKE & PICKET & AGA9/ P]SECUTIONS >IS+ FROM ALL WORK]S' /RUGGLES2 IT FI<TS LYN*+S & SOCIAL & POLITICAL DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ ,NEGROES2 IT FI<TS AGA9/ ! DEPORTATION ( =EIGN-BORN WORK]S & = ! VICTIMS ( EV]Y TYPE ( CAPITALI/ OPPRESSION & P]SECUTION4 

,! /RUGGLE = P[]1 LIMIT$ TO A S+LE CITY 9 #a#h#g#a1 HAS S9CE BECOME WORLDWIDE4 ,ONE-SIX? ( ! WORLD ALREADY HAS BE5 WRE/$ FROM CAPITALI/ RULE1 & A ,WORK]S' ,COMMUNE HAS BE5 9 P[] = MORE YE>S ?AN ?AT ( ,P>IS LA/$ 9 WEEKS4 ,9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ! WORK]S NOT ONLY HAVE DEFEAT$ ! B\RGEOISIE & BEAT5 (F ! =EIGN 9VAD]S :O CAME TO ITS AID1 BUT HAVE SO FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES ?AT !Y ALREADY HAVE BEGUN TO BUILD ! ,SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ( :I* ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS A 0GLORI\S H>B+]40 

,W> ,?REAT5S ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 

,BUT 9 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD--9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES & ! BACKW>D COLONIES--! IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT IS DAY BY DAY ASSUM+ GREAT] PROPORTIONS & A DEEP] MEAN+4 ,! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( WORK]S' RULE 9 :AT WAS ONCE ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE & ! GREAT /RIDES T[>D BUILD+ ,SOCIALISM !RE--A CON/ANT 9SPIRATION & GUIDE PO/ TO ! WORK]S & PEASANTS SUFF]+ UND] IMP]IALI/ RULE--DRIVES ! CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5TS TO PLOT ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BY ORGANIZ+ C\NT]REVOLUTION AMONG ! B\RGEOIS REMNANTS 9 ! C\NTRY1 OR W> AGA9/ IT4 ,! RIVALRIES BETWE5 IMP]IALI/ P[]S WILL NO MORE /OP ?IS DRIVE = W> 9 :I* ! EXI/5CE ( A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T IS AT /AKE1 ?AN ! RIVALRY BETWE5 ! ,FR5* & ,PRUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE ( #ahaa C\LD DIVIDE !M :5 !IR COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/ DEM&$ ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,! TRIALS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL & ,M5%EVIK ,P>TIES HAVE COMPLETELY PROV$ ! CONSPIRACIES ( ! CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5TS & ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ?R\< C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A & ACTS ( SABOTAGE BY !IR AG5TS )9 ! C\NTRY4 ,CONT9U\S W> PROVOCATIONS DUR+ REC5T YE>S 9 ! ,F> ,EA/1 ! ]ECTION ( A VASSAL BUFF] /ATE 9 ,MAN*URIA BY ,JAPAN ) ! CONNIVANCE ( O!R IMP]IALI/ P[]S1 NOT)/&+ !IR CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S 9 LOOT+ ,*9A1 FOLL[S ! POLICY ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 5CIRCLEM5T & W> PREP>ATIONS AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ! ANNIHILATION ( ! ,SOVIETS E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,*9ESE WORK]S & PEASANTS4 

,9 COMMEMORAT+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #ahga ! WORK]S EV]Y:]E WILL BE> 9 M9D ?IS CON/ANT W> DANG] ?AT HANGS OV] ! ,SOVIET ,COMMUNE ( TODAY2 & !Y WILL ORGANIZE = ITS DEF5SE4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE SUFF]$ 9 P>T BECAUSE IT WAS ISOLAT$ FROM O!R 9DU/RIAL C5T]S & FROM ! VILLAGE DI/RICTS1 & BECAUSE ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T WAS !N /ILL TOO WEAK TO BE ( MAT]IAL ASSI/ANCE TO IT4 ,?AT IS NOT TRUE TODAY4 ,! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAS BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 & ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS 9 ! COLONIES4 ,! WORK+ MASSES WILL LEAP TO ITS DEF5SE & FI<T = IT BECAUSE !Y RECOGNIZE ?AT IT IS A P>T ( !IR [N /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM & IMP]IALISM4 

,WORK]S ,/UDY ,LESSONS ( ,COMMUNE 

,BUT ! WORK]S WILL NOT ONLY DRAW 9SPIRATION FROM ! H]OIC DE$S ( ! ,COMMUN>DS1 :O W]E 0READY TO /ORM ! HEAV5S0 7,M>X74 ,!Y WILL REVIEW ! /ORY ( ! ,COMMUNE 9 ! LI<T ( ITS A*IEVEM5TS AS WELL AS ( ! ]RORS & %ORTCOM+S = :I* ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S PAID SO DE>LY4 

,! ABS5CE ( A DISCIPL9$1 WELL-KNIT REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP BO? PRIOR TO & AFT] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,COMMUNE SPELL$ DISA/] AT ! \TSET4 ,!RE WAS NO UNIFI$ & !ORETICALLY S\ND WORK+ CLASS POLITICAL P>TY TO PUT ITSELF AT ! HEAD ( ?IS ELEM5TAL RIS+ ( ! MASSES4 ,SEV]AL GR\PS COMPET$ = LEAD]%IP--! ,PRUDHONI/S1 ! ,BLANQUI/S & ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S W]E ! MO/ REPRES5TATIVE ( !M4 ,& ?IS DOOM$ ! ,COMMUNE TO CONT9U$ CONFUSION & 9DECISION1 TO A LACK ( PLANN+ & ( A LONG RANGE PROGRAM4 ,PIECEMEAL1 DAY-TO-DAY TREATM5T ( A RAPIDLY DEVELOP+ REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION ) UTT] NEGLECT ( TACTICS SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 ! PRACTICE ( ! LEAD]S4 

,EV5 ! LIMIT$ AU?ORITY ( ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! UPRIS+ WAS REL9QUI%$4 ,AS ,M>X NOT$ 9 ! CELEBRAT$ LETT] TO HIS FRI5D ,KUGELMAN1 WRITT5 ON ,APRIL #a#b1 #a#h#g#a1 0! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE .<( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D.> REL9QUI%$ ITS P[]S TOO SOON TO PASS !M ON TO ! ,COMMUNE40 

,M>X1 ! C5TRALI/1 REALIZ$ ?AT A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,?I]S' GOV]NM5T C\LD HAVE BE5 C>RI$ \T BY ! ,P>IS WORK]S ONLY UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( A C5TRALIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y AU?ORITY ) MILIT>Y RES\RCES AT ITS COMM&4 ,?IS AU?ORITY WAS ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 BUT BY R5\NC+ ITS P[]S & TURN+ ITS AU?ORITY OV] TO ! LOOSELY ORGANIZ$ ,COMMUNE1 IT DISSIPAT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY ( ITS >M$ =CES4 

,YET1 EV5 :ILE HE ANALYZ$ ! WEAKNESSES ( ! ,COMMUNE ,M>X %[$ AN UNB\ND$ 5?USIASM = ! REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR ( ! ,COMMUN>DS4 ,9 ! LETT] TO ,KUGELMAN FROM :I* WE ALREADY HAVE QUOT$1 & :I* WAS WRITT5 ?REE WEEKS AFT] ! PROCLAIM+ ( ! ,COMMUNE1 HE GREW ALMO/ RHAPSODIC4 

0,:AT DEXT]ITY10 HE WROTE1 0:AT HI/ORICAL 9ITIATIVE1 :AT ABILITY = SELF-SACRIFICE !SE ,P>ISIANS DISPLAY4 ,AFT] SIX MON?S ( />VATION & DE/RUCTION1 CAUS$ MORE BY 9T]NAL TREA*]Y ?AN BY ! =EIGN 5EMY1 !Y RISE UND] ,PRUSSIAN BAYONETS AS ?\< !RE W]E NO W> BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 AS IF ! 5EMY W]E NOT AT ! GATES ( ,P>IS4 ,HI/ORY RECORDS NO SU* EXAMPLE ( H]OISM40 

,HE IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ ?IS UP1 H[EV]1 ) A CRITICISM ( AN ]ROR :I* WAS ONE ( ! CO/LIE/ ( ! ,COMMUNE3 0,IF !Y >E TO BE DEFEAT$ IT WILL BE BECAUSE ( !IR 'MAGNANIMITY4' ,!Y %\LD IMM$IATELY HAVE M>*$ ON ,V]SAILLES1 AS SOON AS ,V9Y & ! REACTION>Y PORTION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ESCAP$ FROM ,P>IS4 ,! OPPORTUNE MOM5T WAS MISS$ ON ACC\NT ( 'CONSCI5TI\SNESS4' ,!Y DID NOT WANT TO />T A CIVIL W>--AS IF ! MON/ROSITY ,?I]S HAD NOT ALREADY BEGUN IT ) HIS ATTEMPT TO DIS>M ,P>IS40 

,M>X1 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGI/1 KNEW ?AT :5 ! 5EMY ( REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS WAS ON ! RUN1 IT WAS ! JOB ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D TO PURSUE ,?I]S' DEFEAT$ >MY & ANNIHILATE IT1 RA!R ?AN TO ALL[ IT TIME TO REORGANIZE ITS =CES & RETURN TO FI<T ! ,P>IS WORK]S4 

,! 0MAGNANIMITY0 ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,COMMUNE :I* ,M>X CRITICIZ$ L$ !M TO ALL[ ! M9I/]S ( ! ,?I]S GOV]NM5T & ITS REACTION>Y SUPPORT]S TO DEP>T TO ,V]SAILLES 9 PEACE1 !RE TO REORGANIZE !IR =CES & CONSPIRE AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNE3 IT KEPT !M FROM TAK+ HO/AGES FROM AMONG ! PROM95T B\RGEOIS LEAD]S :O REMA9$ 9 ! CITY & :O TOOK ! OPPORTUNITY TO ACT AS SPIES & =M C5T]S ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4 ,HAD ! ,COMMUNE DIS>M$ ?OSE TROOPS :I* W]E UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! REACTION>Y GOV]NM5T & HELD !M 9 ! CITY1 !Y C\LD HAVE WON OV] A GREAT P>T ( !M1 & NEUTRALIZ$ O!RS4 ,9/EAD !Y W]E P]MITT$ TO LEAVE FREELY = ,V]SAILLES1 & TO REMA9 !RE UND] ! CONT9U$ TUTELAGE ( ! REACTION>Y MILIT>I/S4 

,AFT] ! CAPTURE ( P[] COMES ! IMM$IATE TASK ( HOLD+ IT & US+ IT TO SPREAD & DEEP5 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,:5 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S SEIZ$ P[] 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g1 !Y DID NOT RE/ !RE4 ,HAV+ LE>N$ FROM ! MI/AKES ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS L$ ! WORK]S TO A FUR!R (F5SIVE1 NOT TO 5D UNTIL EV]Y VE/IGE ( ! OLD ORD] HAD BE5 UPROOT$ & DE/ROY$ 9 ! 5TIRE C\NTRY & ! WORK+ CLASS FIRMLY 5TR5*$4 

,! ,COMMUNE ,FI<TS = ,P[] 

,! ,COMMUNE WAS A /RUGGLE = P[] ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT WAS NOT M]ELY A *ANGE ( ADM9I/RATION ?AT ! ,P>IS WORK]S SAW 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,! CLE>E/ AMONG ! LEAD]S1 ! FOLL[]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 KNEW ?AT ! CONFLICT WAS ASSUM+ ! PROPORTIONS ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AL?\< !Y1 AS WELL AS ! O!RS1 FAIL$ TO WORK \T ! TACTICS NECESS>Y = ! DIRECTION ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,9 ANO!R LETT] TO ,KUGELMAN 7,APRIL #a#g7 ,M>X GAVE HIS 9T]PRETATION 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 0,! /RUGGLE ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & ITS ,/ATE MA*9E HAS1 ?ANKS TO ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 5T]$ A NEW PHASE4 ,H[EV] IT MAY 5D1 A NEW L&M>K ( 9T]NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE HAS BE5 A*IEV$40 

,?IS WAS PRECISELY ,L59'S ATTITUDE REG>D+ ! ,DECEMB] UPRIS+ 9 ,MOSC[ 9 #a#i#e4 ,! REVOLUTIONI/S ( ,MOSC[1 :O HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! MASSES1 HAD EI!R TO ACCEPT ! PROVOCATION ( ! ,CZ>'S TROOPS OR GO D[N 9 MORAL DEFEAT BE=E ! ,MOSC[ WORK]S4 ,?\< DEFEAT$1 ! REVOLUTIONI/S CAME \T ( ?AT UNEQUAL /RUGGLE GLORIFI$ BY ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS ( ,RUSSIA4 

,:ILE ! PANICKY ,M5%EVIKS W]E MUTT]+ ! ,PLEKHANOV =MULA1 0,!Y %\LD NOT HAVE RESORT$ TO >MS10 ,L59 SAW 9 ! H]OIC /RUGGLE ( ! ,MOSC[ WORK]S ! REVOLUTION>Y WILL TO CONQU] ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS4 

,COMM5T+ ON ,M>X'S OBS]VATION ?AT ! ,P>IS WORK]S HAD TO TAKE UP ! FI<T1 ,L59 WROTE3 0,M>X C\LD APPRECIATE ?AT !RE W]E MOM5TS 9 HI/ORY :5 A /RUGGLE ( ! MASSES1 EV5 9 A HOPELESS CAUSE1 WAS NECESS>Y = ! SAKE ( ! FUTURE $UCATION ( !SE MASSES & !IR TRA9+ = ! NEXT /RUGGLE40 

,IT WAS ?IS HOPEFUL VIEW ( ! ,P>IS UPRIS+ APPLI$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( #aie ?AT L$ ,L59 TO MA9TA9 9 #aig 9 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,KUGELMAN LETT]S3 0,! WORK+ CLASS ( ,RUSSIA HAS ALREADY DEMON/RAT$ ONCE & WILL PROVE AGA9 ?AT IT IS ABLE TO '/ORM ! HEAV5S40' ,& 9 #aiag IT DID4 

,! DECREES ( ! ,COMMUNE SEP>AT+ ! *UR* FROM ! ,/ATE CONFISCAT+ *UR* PROP]TY1 TAK+ OV] ! DES]T$ FACTORIES1 ABOLI%+ ! PAYM5T ( F9ES LEVI$ UPON WORK]S1 PROHIBIT+ NI<T WORK 9 BAKE%OPS1 ETC41 W]E ALL ACTS ( GREAT SOCIAL IMPORT4 ,!SE W]E ! ACTS ( A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T LEGISLAT+ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT ! ,COMMUNE DID NOT TAKE OV] ALL ! FACTORIES4 ,IT DID NOT TAKE OV] ! ,BANK ( ,FRANCE4 ,9/EAD1 IT W5T !RE TO BORR[ 7SIC67 MONEY = ITS REVOLUTION>Y NE$S4 

,AL?\< ! ,COMMUNE SEIZ$ ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE1 IT TRI$ TO OP]ATE )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! OLD ,/ATE APP>ATUS4 ,M>X W>N$ AGA9/ ?IS :51 9 HIS ,APRIL #a8 LETT]1 HE WROTE ( 0! DE/RUCTION ( ! BUREAUCRATIC POLITICAL MA*9E0 AS A PR]EQUISITE = A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,9 HIS CLASSIC /UDY ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 AN ADDRESS READ TO ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL TWO DAYS AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,COMMUNE1 HE DEVOT$ A GOOD DEAL ( ATT5TION TO ! SUBJECT1 & =MULAT$ ?IS !ORETICAL CONCLUSION3 0,! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT SIMPLY LAY HOLD ( ! READY-MADE ,/ATE MA*9]Y & WIELD IT = ITS [N PURPOSE40 

,9 #a#h#i#a1 ! #b? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ,5GELS WROTE AN 9TRODUCTION TO A NEW ,G]MAN $ITION ( ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE4 ,9 CRITICIZ+ ! ,COMMUNE = NOT TAK+ OV] ! ,BANK ( ,FRANCE & US+ IT = ITS [N ADVANTAGE1 ,5GELS PO9TS \T ?AT ! ,COMMUNE TRI$ TO UTILIZE ! OLD GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS4 

,HE COMES BACK TO :AT ,M>X TOOK UP 9 HIS 0,ADDRESS0 BY ASS]T+ ?AT 0! ,COMMUNE %\LD HAVE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! WORK]S1 HAV+ ASSUM$ P[]1 CANNOT RULE ) ! OLD ,/ATE P[]1 ! MA*9]Y US$ BE=E = ITS [N EXPLOITATION40 ,5GELS CONCLUDES3 0,9 TRU?1 ! ,/ATE IS NO?+ BUT AN APP>ATUS = ! OPPRESSION ( ONE CLASS BY ANO!R1 9 A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC NOT LESS ?AN 9 A MON>*Y40 

,! ,COMMUNE--! ,FIR/ ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION 

,MANY >E ! LESSONS :I* ! ,COMMUNE HAS BEQUEA!D TO ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,L591 HAVE /UDI$ ! ,COMMUNE CLOSELY1 & ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S %[$ ?AT !Y MA/]$ ! LESSONS ( ! FIR/ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,! ,COMMUNE IS ! GREAT TRADITION ( ! ,FR5* WORK+ CLASS4 ,! MUTE WALLS ( ,P]E ,LA*AISE REM9D ! ,FR5* WORK]S ( ! H]OISM ( !IR PROLET>IAN FA!RS :O F\<T = FRE$OM FROM WAGE SLAV]Y4 ,! ,COMMUNE IS ALSO ! H]ITAGE ( ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ REVOLUTION 9 :I* WORK]S NOT ONLY F\<T BUT :I* !Y ALSO CONTROLL$ & DIRECT$ T[>DS PROLET>IAN AIMS4 

,WRIT+ ON ! #d? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ,L59 SAID3 0,9 MOD]N SOCIETY ! PROLET>IAT1 5SLAV$ BY CAPITAL ECONOMICALLY1 CANNOT RULE POLITICALLY BE=E BREAK+ ! *A9S :I* B9D IT TO CAPITAL4 ,?IS IS :Y ! ,COMMUNE HAD TO DEVELOP ALONG SOCIALI/ L9ES1 ?AT IS1 TO ATTEMPT TO OV]?R[ ! RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! RULE ( CAPITAL1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]40 

,! ,COMMUNE WAS ! FIR/ ATTEMPT AT PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,IT WAS NOT VICTORI\S BUT IT WAS ! PROTOTYPE ( ! SUCCESSFUL DICTATOR%IP 9AUGURAT$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S =TY-SIX YE>S AFT]W>DS4 ,5GELS CLOSES HIS 9TRODUCTION TO ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 QUOT$ ABOVE1 ) ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE3 0,! ,G]MAN PHILI/9E 7READ ',SOCIALI/'--,A4 ,T47 HAS REC5TLY BE5 POSSESS$ ( A :OLESOME FE> = ! PHRASE3 DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 

,WELL !N1 G5TLEM51 DO Y\ WANT TO KN[ :AT ?IS DICTATOR%IP IS LIKE8 ,LOOK AT ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE6 ,?IS WAS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT60 

,! ,SOVIET1 9TRODUC$ 9 #aie AS A NEW =M ( REPRES5TATIVE WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATION & FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ 9 #aiag AS A PROLET>IAN =M ( GOV]NM5T1 IS ( A HI<] TYPE ?AN ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 &1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 0! ONLY =M CAPABLE ( 9SUR+ ! LEA/ PA9FUL TRANSITION TO ,SOCIALISM40 ,L59 MA9TA9S1 NEV]!LESS1 ?AT ?IS NEW /ATE APP>ATUS CAN BE TRAC$ DIRECTLY TO ! ,COMMUNE4 ,HE SPEAKS ( ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T 0/&+ ON ! %\LD]S ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE10 ?AT IT IS A 0CONT9UATION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE10 & ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY %\LD /ATE 9 ITS PROGRAM ?AT IT /RIVES 0= ,SOVIET P[]1 = ! ,SOVIET TYPE ( GOV]NM5T1 = A GOV]NM5T ( ! TYPE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE40 

,! ,GREAT ,SOVIET ,COMMUNE WAS E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S 9 #aiag UND] MORE FAVORABLE OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS1 ) A /RONGLY WELD$ REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN P>TY TO LEAD !M1 :I* ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S DID NOT POSSESS4 ,SOVIET ,COMMUNES HAVE ALSO BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,*9A 9 ! MID/ ( ! IMP]IALI/-RIDD5 ,F> ,EA/--ALL DIRECT L9EAL DESC5DANTS ( ! %ORT-LIV$ PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP ( #a#h#g#a1 

,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE IS AN EPO*-MAK+ A*IEVEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS4 ,M>X'S TRIBUTE AT ! CLOSE ( HIS HI/ORIC 0,ADDRESS0 TE/IFIES TO ! FEALTY ( ! WORLD'S PROLET>IAT TO ! MEMORY ( ! VALIANT ,COMMUN>DS & TO ! CAUSE 9 BEHALF ( :I* !Y F\<T3 0,WORK+M5'S ,P>IS1 ) ITS ,COMMUNE1 WILL BE =EV] CELEBRAT$ AS ! GLORI\S H>B+] ( ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,ITS M>TYRS >E 5%R9$ 9 ! GREAT HE>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ITS EXT]M9ATORS HI/ORY HAS ALREADY NAIL$ TO ?AT PILLORY FROM :I* ALL ! PRAY]S ( !IR PRIE/S WILL NOT AVAIL TO R$EEM !M40 

,& =TY YE>S AFT]W>DS1 9 #a#i#a#a1 ,L59 CONCLUD$ AN >TICLE ON ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,COMMUNE ) ! FOLL[+ TR5*ANT WORDS3 0,! CAUSE ( ! ,COMMUNE IS ! CAUSE ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! CAUSE ( ! COMPLETE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,IT IS ! CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! :OLE WORLD4 ,& 9 ?IS S5SE IT IS IMMORTAL40 

,9 ! FOLL[+ PAGES ! READ] WILL F9D ! /ORY ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE TOLD 9 PICTURES4 ,?IS IS A M$IUM 9 :I* LITTLE WORK+ CLASS LIT]ATURE HAS PREVI\SLY BE5 DONE4 ,IT IS GRAPHIC1 DRAMATIC & SIMPLE & %\LD GIVE TO ! READ] ! /ORY ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,! %ORT TEXT PR9T$ B5EA? ! DRAW+S WILL FILL 9 SU* GAPS AS !Y LEAVE & AID 9 UND]/&+ !M4  

,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#h#g1 ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE DREW !IR C\NTRY 9TO A W> ) ,PRUSSIA4 ,! GOV]NM5T & LEAD]S ( ! >MY W]E CORRUPT4 ,!RE WAS A S]IES ( DEFEATS4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #h1 UNTRA9$ & ILL-EQUIPP$ M5 W]E ?R[N AGA9/ ! GREAT  

,PRUSSIAN W> MA*9E4 ,! ,FR5* W]E SURR\ND$ & DEFEAT$4 ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I & NE>LY HALF HIS >MY W]E CAPTUR$1 AS W]E ! ,P>IS DEF5SES2 & ! ,PRUSSIANS SWEPT ON TO ! CAPITAL4 

,BUT ! CITY'S MASSES HAD ORGANIZ$ A ,NATIONAL ,GU>D4 ,!Y ALREADY FELT ! %ORTAGE ( FOOD3 LONG L9ES ( ! HUNGRY /OOD AB\T ! BAK]IES WAIT+ = BREAD4 ,BUT !Y PROCUR$ A NUMB] ( CANNON = !IR DEF5SE & PLAC$ !M ON ! ,P>IS RAMP>TS4 

,9 ?IS MOVE ! WEAL?Y SAW A DANG] TO !MSELVES1 NO LESS ?AN TO ! ,PRUSSIANS4 ,! MASSES W]E >\S$ TO A REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR3 !IR GUNS C\LD BE SWUNG T[>D ! B\RGEOISIE )9 ! WALLS AS EASILY AS AGA9/ ! FOE )\T4 

,AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO CAPTURE ! CANNON4 ,! AL>M WAS GIV53 ! :OLE CITY ( WORK]S1 WOM5 AS WELL AS M51 TURN$ \T TO !IR DEF5SE4 ,& ! ,GOV]NM5T TROOPS RA!R FRAT]NIZ$ ?AN ATTACK$ ! DEF5D]S4 

,ON ,M>* #ah ! ,COMMUNE WAS PROCLAIM$4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T )DREW ) ITS TROOPS TO ,V]SAILLES4 ,! ,COMMUN>DS ALL[$ ! DEP>TURE1 ?\< ! TROOPS C\LD HAVE BE5 WON OV]2 & ! CITY'S RI* :O SW>M$ \T ( ,P>IS %\LD HAVE BE5 HELD AS HO/AGES4 

,! CITY1 ORGANIZ$ 9TO >RONDISSEM5TS1 OR DI/RICTS1 WAS N[ HEAD$ BY GR\PS ( ,COMMUN>DS--M5 & WOM51 WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS--:O W]E1 SAYS ,L591 CREAT+ 0A NEW TYPE ( /ATE--! ,WORK]S' ,/ATE40 

,& 9 ! /REETS ! CR[DS /OOD TO READ ! PROCLAMATIONS ( ?IS NEW ,/ATE3 SEP>ATION ( ! *UR*2 NO MORE NI<T WORK 9 BAK]IES2 NO BACK R5T = ! POOR2 ! >RE/ ( PRIE/S2 ! RE-OP5+ ( AB&ON$ FACTORIES2 ! ABOLITION ( F9ES AGA9/ WORK]S4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 9 ,V]SAILLES1 ,?I]S & HIS REACTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 AID$ BY ,PRUSSIAN (FIC]S1 W]E PLANN+ AN ATTACK ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,?\S&S ( CAPTUR$ ,FR5* SOLDI]S W]E TO BE RETURN$ & >M$ = ! ONSLAU<T--= :I*1 H[EV]1 ! ,COMMUN>DS W]E ALSO PREP>+4 

,B>RICADES W]E ]ECT$ 9 ! /REETS4 ,M5 & WOM5 LABOR$ TO CON/RUCT & MAN !M4 ,BUT ! :OLE CITY C\LD NOT BE HELD4 ,! B\RGEOIS :O REMA9$ 9 ,P>IS COMMUNICAT$ ITS VULN]ABLE PLACES TO ,V]SAILLES2 & FROM ,MAY #bb TO ,MAY #b#h1 A BLOODY WEEK1 ! TROOPS P\R$ ?R\< UNDEF5D$ GATES4 ,! ,COMMUN>DS1 FI<T+ VALIANTLY1 W]E DRIV5 TO A LA/ /& 9 ONE SMALL SECTION ( ,P>IS ,EV]Y PAVEM5T WAS A BATTLEFIELD2 EV]Y H\SE A =T4 ,! ,COMMUN>DS1 WORN & EXHAU/$1 W]E FALL+ BACK BE=E AN ADVANCE ?AT SP>$ NEI!R WOMAN NOR *ILD4 

,/ILL FI<T+ AMONG ! FLAM+ RU9S ( ! CITY1 !Y W]E CAPTUR$4 ,?\S&S W]E KILL$ :]E !Y /OOD2 O!R ?\S&S--*ILDR51 ! OLD & SICK--W]E H]D$ TO OP5 PLACES TO BE %OT4 ,EA* DETA*M5T ( ! MADD5$ ,V]SAILLES TROOPS WAS AN EXECUTION]'S GANG1 SUMM>ILY KILL+ EV]Y SUSPECT$ SYMPA?IZ]4 ,! ,COMMUNE WAS BE+ DR[N$ 9 ITS [N BLOOD4 

,& ! WEAL?Y1 MANY ( :OM HAD N[ RETURN$1 /OOD ON ! CURBS TO WAT* ! <A/LY P>ADE & CONGRATULATE !MSELVES ON !IR VICTORY4 

,! ,:ITE ,T]ROR KNEW NO B\NDS4 ,AT ,P]E ,LA*AISE ,CEMET]Y1 AT A DOZ5 O!R PO9TS1 ?\S&S ( ,COMMUN>DS W]E H]D$ TOGE!R & %OT4 ,G5]AL ,GALLIFET1 ! ,BUT*] ( ! ,COMMUN>DS1 /OOD BY & WAT*$ :ILE ! TROOPS FIR$ 9TO ! DEFIANT CR[DS MASS$ AGA9/ ! WALLS4 ,HUGE M\NDS W]E =M$ ( CORPSES & ?OSE NOT YET DEAD4 

,A P>T ( 0,! ,WALL ( ! ,COMMUN>DS0 /ILL /&S2 & ! SCULPTUR$ FACES ?AT PE] FROM IT >E AT ONCE A *ALL5GE TO CAPITALI/ RULE & A MONUM5T TO ! M>TYRS ( ! ,COMMUNE4 

,9 ?AT ONE WEEK #d1 WORK]S W]E SLAU<T]$4 ,!N ?OSE ,COMMUN>DS :O HAD SO F> ESCAP$ W]E H]D$ TOGE!R & GIV5 MOCK TRIALS4 ,) MONOTON\S REGUL>ITY !Y W]E F\ND GUILTY & EXECUT$ OR %IPP$ TO ! TROPICAL COLONIES4 

,!RE !Y W]E =C$ TO SLAVE AT ! MO/ DIFFICULT LABOR4 ,!Y HAD HELP$ F\ND ! FIR/ GOV]NM5T ( WORK]S2 & 9 REV5GE ! VICTORI\S B\RGEOISIE S5T !M TO DIE ( FEV]1 OV]WORK & 9ATT5TION1 UND] ! T5D] M9I/RATIONS ( ! ,FR5* =EIGN TROOPS4 

,) ! GREATE/ C>E & UND]/&+ ,K>L ,M>X HAD FOLL[$ ! =TUNES ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ITS FALL1 HE SPOKE TO ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD ON ! LESSONS ( ITS RISE & FALL4 

0,WORK+M5'S ,P>IS10 HE SAID1 0) ITS ,COMMUNE1 WILL =EV] BE CELEBRAT$ AS ! GLORI\S H>B+] ( A NEW SOCIETY40 

,M>* #a#h1 ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 IS ONE ( ! MILE/ONES ( ! ADVANC+ WORK+ CLASS4 ,S9CE #a#h#g#a1 IT HAS BE5 A DAY ( CELEBRATION & RE-D$ICATION ( ! WORK]S 9 EV]Y C\NTRY4 

,! ,COMMUNE LIVES AGA96 

,9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g1 =TY-SIX YE>S AFT] ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ! WORK]S ( ,RUSSIA UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 ) ,L59 AT ITS HEAD1 E/ABLI%$ ! FIR/ WORK]S' /ATE ROOT$ 9 P]MAN5CE4 ,!SE ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUN>DS DIRECT$ FROM ,SMOLNY BY ,L59--TROOPS ( WORK]S FROM ! FACTORIES1 ! ,AURORA /EAM+ UP ! ,NEVA1 & ! SOLDI]S & SAILORS :O JO9$ ! ,PROLET>IAN ,REVOLUTION--DEFEAT$ ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T UND] ! SLOGAN3 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS40 

0,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE10 SAID ,L591 0WAS ! FIR/ /EP40 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY N[ BE+ BUILT 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION IS ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORK]S' M>* TO A ,WORLD ,PROLET>IAN ,COMMUNE4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aicc 3 ,! ,LESSONS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,SEPTEMB] #a#f1 #bag 3 ,! ,LESSONS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,LESSONS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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