,*APT] #c 
,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,B\RGEOIS ,CITY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#c4 ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,B\RGEOIS ,CITY 

  

,! E>LY DEVELOPM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS CITY IS1 9 MANY WAYS1 COMP>ABLE TO ! DE/RUCTIVE 9VASION ( ! COLONIAL WORLD BY CAPITALI/ RELATIONS4 ,9 ,5GL&1 ! 5CLOSURE MOVEM5T DISLODG$ ?\S&S ( FAMILIES FROM ! C\NTRY & !Y HAD NO REC\RSE BUT TO FLOCK TO ! T[NS4 ,! L>G] CITIES1 TO :I* MU* ( ?IS 9FLUX WAS DIRECT$1 LACK$ ! PHYSICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE FACILITIES = DEAL+ ) SO MANY BEGG>$ FAMILIES 7NOR W]E !Y P>TICUL>LY CONC]N$ ) !IR FATE71 ) ! H>% RESULT ?AT L>GE NUMB]S ( URBAN POOR SIMPLY P]I%$ 9 ! ,/REETS1 ,9 MANY CITIES1 5TIRE QU>T]S W]E R$UC$ TO FIL?Y HOVELS1 DEMORALIZ$ BY ,CRIME1 CONGE/ION1 DISEASE1 DRUNK5NESS1 & PRO/ITUTION4 ,AL?\< ! 5CLOSURE MOVEM5T EXT5D$ OV] TWO C5TURIES1 IT REA*$ ITS HI< PO9T 9 ! E>LY #a#hS4 ,FROM #ah TO #a#i#b1 MORE ?AN ?REE MILLION ACRES ( ,5GLI% C\NTRYSIDE W]E 5CLOS$1 AN >EA NE>LY AS L>GE AS ALL ! 5CLOSURES :I* OCCURR$ DUR+ ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY4 ,!SE SWEEP+ DISPOSSESSIONS ( VILLAG]S & T5ANT F>M]S FLOOD$ ! CITIES SO1 AS LATE AS ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 MORE ?AN HALF ( ! ADULT POPULATION 9 ,LONDON & 9 SOME SIXTY ,5GLI% & ,WEL% T[NS HAD NOT BE5 BORN 9 ! CITIES ( !IR RESID5CE4 

,DUR+ !SE BITT] YE>S1 ! DEMORALIZATION ( ! URBAN POPULATION 9 ,5GL& REA*$ APPALL+ PROPORTIONS1.<#b#d.> ,NE>LY ALL ! TRADITIONAL MORAL RE/RA9TS C>EFULLY RE>$ BY C5TURIES ( PRECAPITALI/ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T -- 9CLUD+ ! SACROSANCT PURITANICAL VALUES 9TRODUC$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF DUR+ ! ,RE=MATION ]A -- W]E %ATT]$ 9 A S+LE G5]ATION4 ,9 SLUMS & WORK+ CLASS QU>T]S21 DRUNK5NESS & PR(LIGACY RAPIDLY BECAME ! NORMAL CONDITION ( LIFE1 ,A MORAL BLI<T1 ) ITS RAMPANT DEBASEM5T ( FAMILY TIES1 SEXUALITY1 HUMAN SOLID>ITY2 & DIGNITY1 FOLL[$ DOGG$LY 9 ! WAKE ( URBAN BLI<T4 ,P]HAPS NOT SURPRIS+LY2 ! ,5GLI% POPULATION BEGAN TO SO> AT A DIZZY+ TEMPO DESPITE P]VASIVE MALN\RI%M]IT1 APPALL+ WORK+ CONDITIONS1 & 9COMP>ABLY BAD & UNHYGI5IC LIV+ CONDITIONS 9 ! CONGE/$ HOVELS4 ,! JOYLESS SEXUAL PROMISCUITY 9 WORK+ CLASS QU>T]S1 SO M>K$LY IRRESPONSIBLE 9 ITS DISREG>D ( ! NEWLY BORN1 REFLECT$ ! CONSCI\S IRRESPONSIBILITY ( ! B\RGEOISIE T[>D ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! EM]G+ PROLET>IAT4 ,AL?\< ! 9CREASE 9 URBAN POPULATION CAN BE P>TLY ACC\NT$ = BY ! 9FLUX ( C\NTRYFOLK 9TO ! CITIES1 BIR?RATES TOO BEGAN TO RISE1 ,9 #a#h1 ! POPULATION ( ,LONDON NUMB]$ LESS ?AN A MILLION PEOPLE1 BY #a#h#e1 IT 9CREAS$ TO TWO MILLION1 & AT ! T>N ( ! C5TURY IT REA*$ F\R MILLION11 AN UNPREC$5T$ FIGURE 9 URBAN HI/ORY4 ,B>ELY MANAGEABLE 9 #a#h1 ! CAPITAL ( ,5GL& HAD TURN$ 9TO A MON/R\S URBAN CANC] 9 A S+LE C5TURY4 

,TO ACC\NT = ?IS URBAN DECAY ) AN OPPROBRI\S WORD LIKE 0NEGLECT0 IS TO CONCEAL ! FACT ?AT ?IS V]Y MORAL -- OR IMMORAL -- /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS4 A FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL CONDITION1 OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 AN 9H]5T CONDITION ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC LIFE & S$ATION4 ,9 PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 0NEGLECT0 MI<T WELL BE SAID TO REFLECT AN IMMORAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS -- ! NEGLECT ( ONE'S K91 ( COMEMB]S ( ! TRIBE1 COMMUNITY1 OR GUILD -- = IT WAS A TRANSGRESSION ( ! A PRIORI SOCIAL RELATIONS 7HAT CON/ITUT$ P]SONAL LIFE1 ,HUMAN SOCIATION1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 IMPLI$ SOLID>ITY BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL BELONG$ TO A BASIC SOCIAL UNIT ?AT DEF9$ ! EGO & FROM :I* ! EGO1 9 TURN1 C\LD CLAIM SECURITY1 SOLICITUDE1 & ! IRR$UCIBLE MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFT4 ,EXCEPT = V]Y UNUSUAL CIRCUM/ANCES & 9 P]IODS ( SOCIAL DECAY1 !SE CLAIMS W]E NEV] IGNOR$ BY ! COMMUNITY OR BR\<T 9TO QUE/ION4 

,BUT ONCE ! TRADITIONAL COLLECTIVE CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 SO HI<LY *>G$ ) MY?IC & MORAL CONT5T1 >E DISSOLV$ BY TRADE 9TO MONADIC ONES1 ONCE ! CLAN1 TRIBAL1 VILLAGE1 OR GUILD NEXUS IS DISSOLV$ 9TO A CA% NEXUS1 ! 9DIVIDUAL IS D5UD$ ( ANY RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCIETY & TO O!R 9DIVIDUALS4 ,ALL CORPORATE & SOCIAL TIES MU/ DEF] TO ! NAK$ CLAIMS ( EGOTISM4 ,9DE$1 0SELF-PRES]VATION0 & ! DYNAMICS ( 0SOCIAL PROGRESS0 >E DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( SELF-9T]E/ PRECLUD+1 BY DEF9ITION1 ! TIME-HONOR$ TIES ( SOLID>ITY SO 9TEGRAL TO TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES4 ,! PRIMACY ( ! CORPORATE 0WE0 IS REPLAC$ BY ! PRIMACY ( ! SELF-SUFFICI5T 0,I40 ,! ,LEIBNITZIAN MONADS :I* 0HAVE NO W9D[S ?R\< :I* SOME?+ CAN COME 9 OR GO \T0 BECOME ! ELEM5TS ( SOCIATION -- 9DE$1 ( SOCIETY DEF9$ AS SU*4 ,NEGLECT O!R ?AN SELF-NEGLECT1 N[ ACQUIRES ! SEEM+LY POSITIVE VALUE ( A SELF-9T]E/ ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! CANONS ( TRADITIONAL LIB]ALISM1 S]VES ! G5]AL 9T]E/ BY REALIZ+ ITS [N EGOTI/ICAL GOALS4 ,! T]M 0SELF-9T]E/0 PROVIDES ! RATIONALE = :AT IS NEUTRALLY DESIGNAT$ AS 0SOCIAL BEHAVIOR0 & 0HUMAN 9T]ACTION40 ,TRADITIONAL SOCIETY1 :OSE DIVISIBILITY ALWAYS /OPP$ AT SOME COLLECTIVE LEVEL ( SOCIATION1 IS REPLAC$ UND] CAPITALISM BY ?IS FICTIVE W9D[LESS MONAD1 :I* N[ BECOMES ! ULTIMATE 0SOCIAL0 -- OR MORE PROP]LY1 ASOCIAL -- 5TITY4 ,HAV+ DISSOLV$ ALL SOCIAL TIES 9TO 0FREE0 & 0PRIVATE0 9DIVIDUALS1 ALL ?AT REMA9S ( ! EXPLICIT 9T]DEP5D5CE ( PEOPLE 9 PRECAPITALI/ COMMUNITIES IS A 0CIVIC COMPACT10 OR1 IF Y\ WILL1 A 0SOCIAL CONTRACT10 TO PROTECT LIVES & PROP]TY -- A 0CONTRACT0 ?AT COLONIZES SU* A LIMIT$ T]RA9 ( SOCIATION ?AT IT BECOMES A4 W>RANT = NEGLECT BEYOND ! CONT\RS ( PUBLIC ORD]4 ,BEYOND !SE CONT\RS1 EA* PRODUC] IS AN 5TITY UNTO HIMSELF1 BUSILY 5GAG$ 9 ! PURSUIT ( HIS [N PRIVATE AFFAIRS4 ,! LANGUAGE ( PHYSICS IS APPROPRIATE H]E3 SOCIETY IS R$UC$ TO A ME*ANICAL ,BR[NIAN MOVEM5T ( MOLECULES1 EA* B\NC+ AGA9/ ! O!R 9 ! C\RSE ( EX*ANG+ 0GOODS & S]VICES40 ,!RE APPE>S TO BE NO SOCIAL DIM5SION & NO DEVELOPM5T ( RELATIONS 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE O!R ?AN QUANTITATIVE ONES2 NOR IS IT SURPRIS+ TO F9D ?AT SOCIAL !ORY ITSELF ADOPTS ?IS QUANTIFICATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS AS ITS RESE>* NORMS1 & TURNS FROM SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY 9TO SOCIOLOGY4 

,YET1 DESPITE !SE APPE>ANCES1 A QUALITATIVE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T OCCURS4 BY R$UC+ EV]Y RELATION%IP TO A CA% NEXUS1CAPITAL REMOVES ALL ! MORAL & ES!TIC RE/RA9TS ?AT HELD ! GR[? ( E>LI] CITIES 9 *ECK4 ,! CONCEPT ( SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,ONCE 9TUITIVE TO PRECAPITALI/ COMMUNITIES1 IS REPLAC$ BY A S+LE GOAL3 PLUND]4 ,EV]Y 5TITY & HUMAN CAPACITY IS CONCEIV$ ( AS A RES\RCE = ! ACQUISITION ( PR(IT1 ! L&1 =E/S1 SEAS1 RIV]S1 ! LABOR ( O!RS1 & ULTIMATELY ALL ! V]ITIES ( SOCIAL LIFE FROM ?OSE :I* 9H]E 9 ! ,FAMILY TO ! COMMUNITY ITSELF4 ,! NEW 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL CLASSES FALL UPON ! SOCIAL BODY LIKE RAV5\S WOLVES ON A HELPLESS PREY1 & :AT REMA9S ( A ONCE VITAL SOCIAL ORGANISM IS ! TOM FRAGM5TS & 9DIGE/IBLE S9EWS ?AT L+] MORE 9 ! MEMORY ( HUMANITY ?AN 9 ! REALITIES ( SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE1 ,! ,AM]ICAN URBAN LOT ) ITS RU/$ CANS1 BROK5 GLASS1 & DEBRIS /REWN *AOTICALLY AMONG WE$S & SCRUB REFLECTS 9 ! M9USCULE ! RAVAG$ REMA9S ( =E/S1 WAT]WAYS1 %OREL9ES1 & COMMUNITIES4 

,SOCIETY IS N[ RUL$ BY COMPETITION2 & QUALITATIVE *ANGES 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS CONSI/ 9 ! ,FACT ?AT COMPETITION T5DS TO TRANS=M ! NUM]\S SMALL 5T]PRISES 9TO FEW] & FEW] C5TRALIZ$ 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL GIANTS4 ,ALL ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY BEG9 TO *ANGE ,CIVIC2 POLITICAL1 & CULTURAL GIGANTISM P>ALLEL 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL GIGANTISM4 ,SOCIAL LIFE ASSUMES DIM5SIONS SO F> REMOV$ FROM ! HUMAN SCALE & HUMAN CONTROL ?AT SOCIETY CEASES TO APPE> AS ! %ELT] ( HUMANITY4 ,RA!R1 IT BECOMES A DEMONIC =CE OP]AT+ F> ABOVE LIVE HEADS ( ITS HUMAN CON/ITU5TS1 OBEY+ A LAW ( DEVELOPM5T COMPLETELY ALI5 TO HUMAN GOATS4 ,CITIES & REGIONS >E DELIV]$ OV] TO AN AUTONOM\S NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 TO A SCALE ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE ?AT IS F> BEYOND ! COMPREH5SION ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,! CITY BECOMES AN AGGLOM]ATION ( DISPIRIT$ PEOPLE SCATT]$ AMONG COLD1 FEATURELESS /RUCTURES4 

,! N[ CORPORATISM ( LATE CAPITALISM DIFF]S PR(\NDLY FROM TRADITIONAL CORPORATISM4 ,B\RGEOIS CORPORATISM AGGREGATES ! MONADS )\T TRANS=M+ !IR RELATIONS TO EA* O!R2 !Y >E RECON/ITUT$ 9TO AN ANONYM\S H]D1 NOT A P]SONALIZ$ 9T]DEP5D5T COLLECTIVITY1 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS D5I$ SOV]EIGNTY OV] ?OSE CONDITIONS ( LIFE ?AT1 MAKE = AU!NTIC 9DIVIDUALITY ,)\T GA9+ ! MUTUAL SUPPORT AF=D$ BY TRADITIONAL CORPORATISM4 ,! P]SONALIZ$ COLLECTIVITY1 REPRES5T$ BY ! CLAN1 TRIBE1 & GUILD1 IS REPLAC$ BY ! ANONYM\S BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTION OR AG5CY :I*1 9S(> AS IT PROVIDES A SOCIAL S]VICE ( VALUE1 DOES SO ) COLD 9DIFF]5CE4 ,AS ,DON ,M>T9DALE OBS]VES3  
  

,!RE IS A CONT9UAL BREAKD[N ( OLD] TRADITIONAL1 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURES BAS$ ON FAMILY TIES1 LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS1 CULTURE1 CA/E1 & /ATUS ) ! SUB/ITUTION ( AN ORD] RE/+ ON OCCUPATIONAL & VOCATIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,AMONG O!R ?+S ?IS MEANS ?AT ! GR[? ( ! CITY IS ACCOMPLI%$ BY A SUB/ITUTION ( 9DIRECT 0SECOND>Y0 RELATIONS = DIRECT1 FACE-TO-FACE 0PRIM>Y0 RELATIONS4 ,! *UR*1 S*OOL & FAMILY >E MODIFI$4 ,! S*OOL TAKES OV] SOME ( ! FUNCTIONS ( ! FAMILY4 ,! *UR* LOSES 9FLU5CE BE+ DISPLAC$ BY ! PR9T$ PAGE4.<#b#e.>  
  

,ONE CAN ADD ?AT ! CLOSE VOCATIONAL TIES FO/]$ BY ! GUILD >E DISPLAC$ BY ! BUREAUCRATIC MANIPULATION *>ACT]I/IC ( ! TRADE UNIONS ! M>KETPLACE & ! P]SONAL BUY]-SELL] RELATION%IP HAVE GIV5 WAY TO ! IMP]SONAL SUP]M>KET & MASS M]*&IZ+2 & ! POPUL> =MS ( COMMUNITY DECISIONMAK+ 7SU* AS ! ASSEMBLY & T[N-HALL MEET+7 HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ BY A ME*ANICAL ELECTORAL PROCESS :I* DELIV]S ! =MULATION ( POLICY 9TO ! H&S ( PRESELECT$ 0REPRES5TATIVES0 :OSE ROOTS 9 ! COMMUNITY >E T5U\S OR NONEXI/5T4 ,9 ITS E>LY REVOLUTION>Y PHASE1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY C\LD CLAIM ) A C]TA9 DEGREE ( JU/IFICATION ?AT IT S\<T ! LIB]ATION ( ! EGO FROM ! TRAMMELS ( CA/E1 RELIGI\S SUP]/ITION1 & AU?ORIT>IAN CORPORATISM4 ,TODAY1 9 ITS LATE1 DI/9CTLY CORPORATE PHASE1 ! SAME SOCIETY RETA9S ! 9DIVIDUALISM ( ITS E>LY P]IOD ALL ! MORE TO CREATE 9DIVIDUALS )\T 9DIVIDUALITY1 ISOLAT$ EGOS )\T P]SONALITY4 

,CAPITALISM IS PREEM95TLY AN ECONOMIC SY/EM1 ! DEMIURGE ( HOMO ECONOMIES AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! TRADITIONAL HOMO COLLECTIVICUS4 ,CIVIL SOCIETY IS ! BYPRODUCT ( ECONOMIC SOCIETY4 ,YET EV5 9 ! LATT] SPH]E1 ! MO/ SACROSANCT ( ALL1 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY LOSES ITS RELATION%IP TO HUMAN NE$S4 ,PRODUCTION OCCURS = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION1 DRIV5 ON REL5TLESSLY BY COMPETITION4 ,ALMO/ ACCID5TALLY DOES 9DU/RY RESPOND TO ! MAT]IAL REQUIREM5TS ( HUMANITY2 COMMODITIES >E PRODUC$ = EX*ANGE4 ,CAPITAL IS 9DIFF]5T TO !IR SOCIAL DE/9Y2 ! PRODUC] IS UNCONC]N$ :E!R COMMODITIES >E BEAUTIFUL OR UGLY1 DURABLE OR %ODDY1 SAFE OR DANG]\S4 ,ALL ?AT C\NTS IS REALIZ+ A SALE & MAK+ A PR(IT -- SO ?AT MORE SALES CAN BE REALIZ$ & MORE PR(ITS MADE TO SURVIVE ! P]ILS ( COMPETITION4 ,SO TOO ) ! CITY4 ,ALL PRET5SIONS ASIDE1 IT MATT]S LITTLE :E!R ! CITY IS UGLY1 :E!R IT DEBASES ITS 9HABITANTS1 :E!R IT IS ES!TICALLY1 SPIRITUALLY1 OR PHYSICALLY TOL]ABLE4 ,:AT C\NTS IS ?AT ECONOMIC OP]ATIONS OCCUR ON A SCALE & ) AN EFFECTIV5ESS TO MEET ! ONLY CRIT]ION ( B\RGEOIS SURVIVAL3 ECONOMIC GR[?4 

,WE CANNOT IGNORE ! DEVA/AT+ IMPACT ( ?IS CRIT]ION ON URBAN LIFE4 ,PRECAPITALI/ CITIES W]E LIMIT$ BY ! C\NTRYSIDE1 NOT ONLY EXT]NALLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! GR[? ( FREE CITIES 9EVITABLY CAME UP AGA9/ SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & MAT]IAL B>RI]S RE>$ BY 5TR5*$ AGR>IAN 9T]E/S1 BUT ALSO 9T]NALLY1 9S(> AS ! CITY REFLECT$ ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ON ! L&4 ,EXCEPT = ! LATE M$IEVAL CITIES1 EX*ANGE RELATIONS W]E NEV] COMPLETELY AUTONOM\S2 TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R1 !Y W]E PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( ! L&4 ,BUT ONCE EX*ANGE RELATIONS BEG9 TO DOM9ATE ! L& & F9ALLY TRANS=M AGR>IAN SOCIETY1 ! CITY DEVELOPS ACCORD+ TO ! WORK+S ( A SUPRASOCIAL LAW1 ,PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION1 TRANSLAT$ 9TO URBAN T]MS1 MEANS ! GR[? ( ! CITY = ITS [N SAKE -- )\T ANY 9TR9SIC URBAN OR HUMAN CRIT]IA TO >RE/ ?AT GR[?4 ,NO?+ 9HIBITS ?IS C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T BUT ! CATA/ROPHIC RESULTS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ITSELF4 ,! 0EXPLOD+ METROPOLIS10 F> FROM POS+ ! CLI*E ( 0URBAN REVITALIZATION10 N[ RAISES ! MORE CRUCIAL HI/ORIC PROBLEM ( URBAN EXHAU/ION4 ,! B\RGEOIS CITY HAS LIMITS TOO1 BUT !SE NO LONG] EM]GE FROM ! RELATION%IP ( ! CITY TO ! L&4 ,!Y EM]GE FROM 7HE EXPANSION ( ! V]Y EX*ANGE RELATIONS :I* >E SO BASIC TO URBAN DEVELOPM5T AS WE HAVE KN[N IT = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 

,! MO/ OBVI\S LIMITS ( ! B\RGEOIS CITY >C PHYSICAL4 ,! L>G] CITIES ( ! WORLD >E BREAK+ D[N UND] %E] EXCESS ( SIZE & GR[?4 ,!Y >E DIS9TEGRAT+ ADM9I/RATIVELY1 9/ITUTIONALLY1 & LOGI/ICALLY2 !Y >E 9CREAS+LY UNABLE TO PROVIDE ! M9IMAL S]VICES = HUMAN HABITATION1 P]SONAL SAFETY1 & ! MEANS = TRANSPORT+ PEOPLE & GOODS TO PLACES :]E !Y >E NE$$4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ OBVI\S 9DEX TO ! SCOPE ( !SE PROBLEMS1 VIEW$ 9 NUM]ICAL T]MS1 IS ! DATA ON CONTEMPOR>Y URBAN POPULATION TR5DS4 ,ACCORD+ TO REC5T DATA PREP>$ BY ! ,URBAN ,L& ,9/ITUTE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ALES A DECADE AGO CONTA9$ TW5TY-?REE 0,GREAT ,METROPOLITAN ,>EAS0 ) POPULATIONS ( A MILLION OR MORE1 R\<LY EMBRAC+ AB\T #d P]C5T ( ! NATIONAL POPULATION4 ,BY #a#g1 !RE W]E TW5TY-N9E ( !SE URBAN 5TITIES1 & !IR PROPORTION (-! POPULATION WAS #dd P]C5T4 ,) CLE>LY VOIC$ AL>M1 ! ,9/ITUTE PROJECTS ?AT IF PRES5T TR5DS CONT9UE 7& !RE IS NO REASON :Y !Y %\LDN'T71 BY ! YE> #b AB\T #fc P]C5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN POPULATION WILL LIVE 9 OV]:ELM+LY URBANIZ$ >EAS1 ,IF ?IS PROJECTION IS ACCURATE1 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE LIV+ 9 L>GE CITIES -- EV5 ALL[+ = DECL9+ F]TILITY RATES -- MAY WELL EXCE$ #ah MILLION2 9DE$1 IT MAY POSSIBLY EQUAL ! PRES5T NATIONAL POPULATION4.<#b#f.> 

,WE %ALL HAVE OCCASION TO EXAM9E ! GROTESQUE DI/ORTIONS ?IS /ATI/ICAL PICTURE SUGGE/S AB\T L& USE1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES1 & ULTIMATELY1 ! V]Y NATURE ( HUMAN S$ATION UND] MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,= ! PRES5T1 IT IS IMPORTANT LO EMPHASIZE ?AT ! ,9/ITUTE'S /ATI/ICS1 0/>TL+0 AS !Y MAY BE TO ITS COMPIL]S1 DO NOT FULLY CONVEY ! PR(\ND *ANGES ?IS GR[? 9DICTS ON ! L>G] CITIES ( ! WORLD & ! HI/ORICALLY DIFF]5T MEAN+ IT IMP>TS TO !M AS URBAN 5TITIES4 ,TODAY1 EV]Y ,CITY ) A MILLION OR MORE PEOPLE -- & 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES !RE >E AT LEA/ TWELVE CITIES & !IR 5VIRONS :OSE POPULATIONS EXCE$ TWO MILLION -- IS ! NODAL PO9T = >T IMM5SE URBAN BELT ?AT EXT5DS = SCORES ( MILES BEYOND ITS D[NT[N DI/RICT ?R\< SUBURBS & MUNICIPAL JURISDICTIONS ?AT >C 9DEP5D5T ONLY 9 AN ADM9I/RATIVE S5SE4 ,IF ! WORD 0CITY0 TRADITIONALLY CONVEY$ A CLE>LY DEF9ABLE URBAN 5TITY1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,*ICAGO1 ,LOS ,ANGELES -- OR ,P>IS1 ,LONDON1 ,ROME -- >E CITIES 9 NAME ONLY1 9 REALITY1 !Y >E IMM5SE URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS ?AT >E /EADILY LOS+ ANY DI/9CTIVE =M & QUALITY4 ,9DE$1 :AT GR\PS !SE CITIES TOGE!R UND] A COMMON RUBRIC IS NO LONG] ! CULTURAL & SOCIAL AM5ITIES ?AT ONCE DI/+UI%$ ! CITY FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE1 BUT ! COMMON PROBLEMS ?AT BETOK5 !IR CULTURAL DISSOLUTION & SOCIAL BREAKD[N4 

,9 ALL ( !SE CITIES1 TRANSPORTATION IS A S\RCE ( GR[+ FRU/RATION BECAUSE ( OV]CR[D$ PUBLIC TRANSPORT FACILITIES & ?OR\<F>ES2 IT T5DS TO BE UNRELIABLE1 HAZ>D\S1 & (T5 NE> P>ALYZES4 ,URBAN AIR IS S]I\SLY POLLUT$ & URBAN WA/ES >E REA*+ UNMANAGEABLE PROPORTIONS4 ,LIV+ QU>T]S >E 9 %ORT SUPPLY & %ODDY CON/RUCTION ?REAT5S TO TURN MANY NEWLY BUILT QU>T]S 9TO PREMATURE SLUMS4 ,SEGREGATION ALONG RACIAL & ECONOMIC L9ES IS SO MU* ON ! 9CREASE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,AM]ICAN CITIES FOLL[+ ! MASSIVE 9FLUX ( BLACKS & ,PU]TO ,RICANS 9TO URBAN >EAS1 ?AT CITIES >E 9T]NALLY DIVID$ 9TO MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE1 BITT]LY HO/ILE 5CLAVES -- :ITE AGA9/ BLACK & ,LAT91 POOR AGA9/ WELL-TO-DO & WEAL?Y4 ,TAXES & ADM9I/RATIVE CO/S >E UNI=MLY ON ! RISE2 9 FACT1 F9ANCIAL CRISES HAVE TURN$ FROM ISOLAT$ EPISODES 9TO A *RONIC FISCAL CONDITION4 ,CRIMES >E MULTIPLY+ TO A PO9T :]E1 EV5 9 PRIVILEG$ >EAS1 ! URBAN DWELL] LIVES UND] A D>K5+ PALL ( FE> = HIS P]SONAL SAFETY4 ,9DU/RIES HAVE BE5 MIGRAT+ /EADILY ,FROM ! L>G] CITIES1 LEAV+ BEH9D A LAZ>US /RATUM ( ! URBAN POPULATION ?AT EXI/S P>TLY ON A DOLE1 P>TLY ON CRIME1 P>TLY ON ! SICK FAT ( ! CITY4 ,$UCATION IS AT ! PO9T ( MORAL & ADM9I/RATIVE BREAKD[N2 ! S*OOLS1 9 MANY >EAS1 APPROXIMATE JUV5ILE PRISONS :OSE /AFFS >E OCCUPI$ MORE ) ! PROBLEMS ( ORD] & DISCIPL9E ?AN P$AGOGY4 ,NO?+ MORE VISIBLY REVEALS ! OV]ALL DECAY ( ! MOD]N CITY ?AN ! UBIQUIT\S FIL? & G>BAGE ?AT GA!RS 9 ITS /REETS1 ! NOISE & MASSIVE CONGE/ION ?AT FILLS ITS ?OR\<F>ES1 ! APA?Y ( ITS POPULATION T[>D CIVIC ISSUES1 & ! <A/LY 9DIFF]5CE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL T[>D ! PHYSICAL VIOL5CE ?AT IS PUBLICLY 9FLICT$ ON O!R MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! CITIES CONT9UE TO EXP& -- )\T MEAN+ OR =M -- DESPITE ! FACT ?AT = MANY URBAN C5T]S ! PROBLEMS ( GR[? HAVE REA*$ EM]G5CY PROPORTIONS4 

,IT MAY BE USEFUL TO EXAM9E SOME ( !SE PROBLEMS AS !Y APPLY TO ! TWO LEAD+ CITIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 ,LOS ,ANGELES & ,NEW ,YORK4 ,URBAN LIT]ATURE T5DS TO VIEW !SE CITIES AS CONTRA/S4 ,LOS ,ANGELES AS A COMP>ATIVELY NEW CITY )\T A VISIBLE TRADITION TO MOLD ITS DEVELOPM5T2 ,NEW ,YORK AS A ,CITY TEMP]$ BY /&>DS FROM AN E>LI] URBAN WAY ( LIFE4 ,YET PRECISELY BECAUSE ?IS CONTRA/ WAS ONCE VALID1 IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT TODAY ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! TWO CITIES >E RAPIDLY WAN+4 ,BO? CITIES >E BESET NOT ONLY BY ! SAME PROBLEMS1 BUT ! ,=M ( ,NEW ,YORK IS SL[LY APPROXIMAT+ ?AT ( ,LOS ,ANGELES4 ,?IS CONV]G5CE *>ACT]IZES NOT ONLY ALL L>GE ,AM]ICAN CITIES BUT ALSO CITIES ABROAD1 :OSE TRADITIONS REA* BACK TO ! CLASSICAL1 HUMANI/IC ]A ( URBAN DEVELOPM5T4 

,MOD]N ,LOS ,ANGELES1 9 A S5SE1 IS ONLY A FEW DECADES OLD4 ,! CITY HAS GR[N SO L>GE SO QUICKLY ?AT IT RETA9S ONLY ! VE/IGES ( AN URBAN C5T] DESPITE REC5T ATTEMPTS TO REVITALIZE ITS AMBIGU\S D[NT[N DI/RICT4 ,H>% REALITY COMPELS US TO VIEW ?IS URBAN 5TITY AS ! V]Y ANTI!SIS ( AN AU!NTIC COMMUNITY4 ,! CITY IS ACTUALLY A REGION2 A FANTA/IC AGGLOM]ATE ( %ODDY /RUCTURES1 G>I% NEON LI<TS1 OV]SIZE SUP]M>KETS1 VULG>LY B$ECK$ GAS /ATIONS1 & SNAK+ FREEWAYS = MOTOR TRAFFIC4 ,! (FICIAL CITY >EA ( #dd SQU>E MILES1 LIKE ITS (FICIAL POPULATION FIGURE ( #b4#c MILLION1 IS AN URBAN FICTION4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,LOS ,ANGELES SPREADS \T = ALMO/ FIVE ?\S& SQU>E MILES1 FROM ! COA/ TO ! ,SANTA ,MONICA M\NTA9S1 5GULF+ SCORES ( 09DEP5D5T COMMUNITIES0 & C\NTY >EAS4 ,IT SEEM$1 = A TIME1 ?AT ! M\NTA9 RANGES W\LD (F] A NATURAL B>RI] TO URBAN EXPANSION4 ,94 REC5T YE>S1 H[EV]1 NEW T5TACLES ( ,LOS ,ANGELES HAVE REA*$ \T 9 ALMO/ EV]Y DIRECTION1 PROB+ 9TO ! ,MOJAVE ,RESORT SEV5TY-FIVE MILES AWAY & EV5 5CROA*+ UPON ! ,PALM ,SPR+S >EA & ! ,COA*ELLA ,VALLEY4 ,OV] SEV5 MILLION PEOPLE OCCUPY ! ,LOS ,ANGELES-,LONG ,BEA* ,/&>D ,METROPOLITAN ,/ATI/ICAL ,>EA -- AN URBAN CANC] ?REE TIMES ! SIZE ( ,RHODE ISL&4 

,! 5ORMITY ( ?IS METROPOLITAN >EA YIELDS A *>ACT]I/IC RESULT3 ! CITY PROP] IS NOT US$ 9 ANY HUMAN S5SE4 ,IT IS M]ELY A PLACE 9 :I* TO WORK4 ,PEOPLE NEI!R /ROLL ALONG ITS MA9 /REET NOR DO !Y CONGREGATE 9 ITS SQU>ES4 ,LOS ,ANGELES IS NORMALLY SE5 ?R\< A W9D%IELD4 ,BECAUSE ( ! CITY'S 5ORM\S SIZE1 ! C> IS ! ESS5TIAL & UNAVOIDABLE MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION3 AB\T #ie P]C5T ( TRAVEL 9 ! METROPOLITAN >EA IS DONE BY C>4 ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT !RE IS ,ONE AUTOMOBILE = EV]Y #b4#e PEOPLE1 COMP>$ ) #c4#e 9 ,DETROIT1 ! AUTOMOTIVE CAPITAL ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,& !SE C>S >E 9 DAILY USE1 BR++ WAGE E>N]S TO !IR JOBS1 *ILDR5 TO S*OOLS1 & %OPP]S TO LOCAL /ORES4 ,R\<LY #f P]C5T ( ! C5TRAL CITY'S L& IS DEVOT$ TO P>K+ LOTS1 ROADS1 & G>AGES1 9 ADDITION TO ! CONSID]ABLE >EA ?AT IS OCCUPI$ BY ITS MULTITUDE ( GASOL9E & S]VICE /ATIONS4 

,IT IS NOT 5\< TO SAY ?AT ,LOS ,ANGELES IS AN OV]GR[N SUBURB MADE POSSIBLE BY MOTOR VEHICLES & FREEWAYS1 = ?IS SUGGE/S C]TA9 NATURAL AM5ITIES -- TREES1 %RUBS1 & OP5 FIELDS -- ?AT >E A SECOND>Y VALUE TO ! S\!RN ,CALI=NIA METROPOLIS4 ,9 ,LOS ,ANGELES1 ! AUTOMOBILE IS NOT ONLY A MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 BUT A /ATE ( M9D ?AT %APES ! CITIZ5'S S5SIBILITY T[>D HIS 5VIRONM5T1 LIFE /YLE1 & CONCEPT ( SPACE & TIME4 ,SO COMMITT$ IS ! PSY*E ( ! ,ANGEL9O TO ! MOTOR VEHICLE ?AT A PROPOSAL TO BUILD A MASS TRANSIT SY/EM = ! CITY WAS RES\ND+LY DEFEAT$ 9 A POPUL> REF]5DUM4 ,TO TRAVEL FIFTY OR SIXTY MILES TO A *OICE RE/AURANT -- POSSIBLY1 DRIV+ TWO H\RS 9 ORD] TO :ILE AWAY ONE -- IS (T5 NO MORE DEBATABLE AN ISSUE ?AN TO TRAVEL A SMALL] DI/ANCE TO & ,FROM WORK DAILY4 ,! F\R :EELS ( A C>1 ! D9 ( FREEWAY TRAFFIC1 ! SPACE 5CLOS$ BETWE5 A W9D%IELD & A BACK W9D[ BECOME ! ESS5TIAL ELEM5TS ( AN URBAN SPACE ?AT F9DS ,ITS C\NT]P>T 9 ! HOME ?AT IS AN EXT5SION ( ! G>AGE4 ,?IS ME*ANIZ$1 PLA/IC1 & TACKY WORLD BLUNTS ! ,ANGEL9O'S TA/E = NATURE2 ! SEMBLANCE ( ! ORGANIC T5DS TO SUFFICE ,= ! REAL ?+4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ONE F9DS ?AT ,LOS ,ANGELES CITY AU?ORITIES >RAY$ PLA/IC 0VEGETATION0 ALONG A /RET* ( FREEWAY TO REPLACE %RUBS ?AT W]E P]I%+ FROM AIR POLLUTION4 ,! REASON = ?IS 9SPIR$ EXP]IM5T WAS NET L[] CO/S1 9DE$1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 MORE EXP5SIVE TO VACUUM-CLEAN ! SYN!TIC PRODUCT ?AN P]IODICALY RE/ORE ! REAL VEGETATION4 ,H>D AS ,IT MAY BE TO BELIEVE1 ! CIVIC AU?ORITIES ?\<T ?AT ! PLA/IC 0PLANTS0 W]E MORE 0ATTRACTIVE0 ?AN REAL ONES4 

,GASOL9E EXHAU/S FROM MILLIONS ( MOTOR VEHICLES PRODUCE AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES -- A CITY ?AT IS NOTORI\SLY BURD5$ BY TEMP]ATURE 9V]SIONS & PHOTO*EMICAL SMOG4 ,9 ! CELLULOID WORLD ( S\!RN ,CALI=NIA1 DEAL+ ) ?IS PROBLEM ASSUMES ! QUALITIES ( A TE*NOCRATIC NI<TM>E4 ,! ONLY ADM9I/RATIVE 9/ITUTION >\ND :I* ,LOS ,ANGELES COH]ES IS ITS DI/RICT-WIDE ,AIR ,POLLUTION ,CONTROL ,BO>D -- AN AG5CY =M$ TO DEAL ) A POT5TIALLY LE?AL 5VIRONM5T4 ,LOS ,ANGELES'S MUNICIPAL APP>ATUS MAY SPRAWL LIKE ! METROPOLIS ITSELF1 ITS CULTURE MAY BE AS DIFFUSE AS ITS URBAN C5T]1 BUT ! CITY ACQUIRES CIVIC COH]5CE & 5]GY :5 IT IS COMPELL$ TO COPE ) ! 5VIRONM5TAL RESULTS ( ITS UNIQUE =M ( URBAN BLI<T4 ,?IS BO>D HAS 5ORM\S P[]S4 ,ITS ?REE-/AGE 0SMOG AL]T0 SY/EM /IPULATES ?AT IT CAN BR+ ALL TRAFFIC1 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY1 & EV5 P[] G5]ATION TO A VIRTUAL HALT4 ,PRESUMABLY1 IF ! F9AL AL]T -- A 0G5]AL EM]G5CY0 -- FAIL$ TO COPE ) A POLLUTION CRISIS1 ,ANGEL9OS MI<T USE !IR MOTOR VEHICLES TO FLEE TO ! M\NTA9S OR ELSE1 AS ONE ANONYM\S ,TIME MAGAZ9E WRIT] ACIDLY SUGGE/$1 A SQUADRON ( PLANES C\LD 0SWEEP OV] ! CITY & DU/ IT ) ,MILT[N40 

,9 A METROPOLIS ( SU* 5ORM\S DIM5SIONS AS ,LOS ,ANGELES1 IT W\LD BE PREPO/]\S TO SPEAK ( A MEAN+FUL MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T4 ,MORE APPROPRIATELY1 ONE MI<T DESCRIBE ! ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS ( ! CITY AS AN IMP]SONAL /ATE P[]1 AS REMOV$ 9 MANY RESPECTS FROM CIVIC IMM$IACY AS ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T ?\S&S ( MILES AWAY4 ,LITTLE EXI/S TO BRIDGE ! *ASM BETWE5 ! AV]AGE CITIZ51 PURSU+ HIS PRIVATE 9T]E/S1 & A MASSIVE GOV]N+ BUREAUCRACY ,FOLL[+ ITS [N LAW ( LIFE4 ,H>DLY ANYONE LOVES ?IS CITY1 EXCEPT P]HAPS ?OSE :O PR(IT FROM IT1 LIKE REAL E/ATE OP]ATORS1 POLITICIANS1 & BUS9ESSM5 ,& EV5 !Y (T5 PREF] NOT TO LIVE 9 IT4 ,PEANS TO ,CALI=NIA'S CLIMATE1 M\NTA9S1 =E/S1 & AGRICULTURE -- EV5 TO A NUMB] ( ,CALI=NIA'S CITIES -- (T5 EXCLUDE ,LOS ,ANGELES4 ,! METROPOLIS IS BRA% RA!R ?AN VITAL1 N]V\S RA!R ?AN 5]GETIC1 & ABOVE ALL1 DISA/R\SLY BIG -- BIG 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT HAS BE5 MASS MANUFACTUR$1 PUT TOGE!R *EAPLY & %ODDILY2 ITS HUMAN QUALITIES /IFL$ BY SPIRITUAL & CIVIC POV]TY4 

,BY CONTRA/4 ,NEW ,YORK EVOKES A MEASURE ( CIVIC LOYALTY1 IF ,LOS ,ANGELES ,IS METROPOLITAN1 ,NEW ,YORK IS COSMOPOLITAN4 ,! EA/]N CITY PRES]VES A UNIQUELY ,EUROPEAN FLAVOR ?AT REFLECTS ITS GREAT] AGE1 /ABILITY1 & CULTURAL HET]OG5EITY4 ,UNTIL ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( /REET CRIMES BEGAN TO DRIVE PEOPLE 9DOORS AFT] D>K4 ,NEW ,YORK]S DID MORE WALK+ -- SPIRITUALLY1 AS WELL PHYSICALLY4 ,! CITY HAD ITS [N *>MS2 ITS DI/9CTIVE E?NIC NEI<BORHOODS1 ITS V>I$ DIET ( VISUAL EXP]I5CES4 ,C5TRAL & L[] ,MANHATTAN1 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO D[NT[N ,LAS ,ANGELES1 COLLECT$ LOCAL 9HABITANTS AS WELL AS T\RI/S ON A CULTURAL & %OPP+ SPREE4 ,DESPITE ITS WAN+ REPUTATION4 ,NEW ,YORK IS /ILL ! PUBLI%+1 !ATRICAL1 & LIT]>Y C5T] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 A PRODUCT ( ,ITS WORLDLY \TLOOK1 IT HAS A MULTITUDE ( BOOK/ORES1 A L>GE NUMB] ( UNIV]SITIES1 & MANY NI*ES ?AT >E OCCUPI$ BY SOPHI/ICAT$ PR(ESSIONALS & CREATIVE ECC5TRICS4 ,) EA* PASS+ YE>1 H[EV]1 ! CULTURAL REPUTATION ( ! CITY IS DECL9+2 & AS AN URBAN 5TITY4 ,NEW ,YORK IS FAC+ ! SAME CIVIC1 LOGI/ICAL1 & /RUCTURAL PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT ,LOS ,ANGELES4 ,QUE5S1 ! MO/ REC5TLY COLONIZ$ ( ,NEW ,YORK'S B$ ROOM BOR\<S10 ALREADY REPRODUCES SOME ( ! MO/ REPELL5T FEATURES ( ! MORE D5SELY OCCUPI$ >EAS ( ,LOS ,ANGELES2 ! LONG1 WIDE1 FEATURELESS AV5UES DESIGN$ PRIM>ILY ,= MOTOR C> TRAFFIC1 ! >*ITECTURALLY TA/ELESS HI<-RISE AP>TM5T H\SES1 ! SIDE /REETS L9$ BY UNI=M TWO-/ORY DWELL+S1 ! DULL VI/AS ?AT REA* T[>D ! DI/ANT SPIRES ( ,MANHATTAN 9 ONE DIRECTION & ! VACUITY ( ,JAMAICA ,BAY 9 ! O!R4 

,! 9CREAS+ APPROXIMATION ( ,NEW ,YORK TO ,LOS ,ANGELES OCCURR$ BY /AGES4 ,AS REC5TLY AS ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 ,NEW ,YORK /ILL PRES]V$ A VITAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ITS CULTURAL C5T]S 9 ,MANHATTAN & ITS \TLY+ RESID5TIAL DI/RICTS4 ,! BOR\<S RETA9$ !IR COLORFUL E?NIC NEI<BORHOODS & YET !SE WORE L9K$ BY A HI<LY S]VICEABLE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SY/EM TO D[NT[N >EAS4 ,! P]IPH]Y ( ! CITY1 :]E ! SUBWAYS & ELEVAT$ L9ES T]M9AT$1 =M$ A GRE5 OP5 >EA :I* CLE>LY DEM>CAT$ ! CITY PROP] FROM ! T[NS TO ! NOR? & RURAL ,LONG ,ISL&4 ,!SE W]E ! DELI<TFUL PICNIC & RECREATION SPOTS :I* ATTRACT$ URBAN DWELL]S FROM ALL P>TS ( ! ,CITY ON ,WEEK5DS1 A REFRE%+ PRES]VE ( C\NTRYSIDE ?AT (F]$ A DELI<TFUL CONTRA/ TO MORE D5SELY OCCUPI$ DI/RICTS4 ,)9 LITTLE MORE ?AN A DECADE1 !SE LOVELY >EAS W]E FILL$ 9 BY %ABBILY BUILT SUBURBAN DEVELOPM5TS AT D5SITIES AV]AG+ SEV5 H\SES TO AN ACRE4 ,H]E1 AS ! DEVELOPM5TS SPREAD ,\T /ILL FUR!R = MILES1 M]G+ ) ! T[NS >\ND ! CITY1 URBAN HET]OG5EITY WAS REPLAC$ BY SUBURBAN HOMOG5EITY1 ! SUBWAY BY ! COMMUT] RAILROADS1 & ! MOTOR C> BECAME AN 9CREAS+LY SIGNIFICANT FEATURE ( RESID5TIAL LIFE4 ,BY ! MID-#a#i#eS1 A M]E #c1 ACRES ( UNUS$ L& REMA9$ )9 ! #cai SQU>E MILES ( ! (FICIAL B\ND>IES ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 MORE ?AN HALF ( :I* W]E LOCAT$ 9 ,/AT5 ,ISL&1 

,! SIXTIES OP5$ ANO!R /AGE2 ! REGION BEYOND ! CITY'S SUBURBAN FR+E WAS OCCUPI$ LESS D5SELY4 ,A MORE EXP5SIVE K9D ( HOME APPE>$ ON ,L& ZON$ 9 ,LOTS ( A HALF ACRE OR MORE4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T1 :I* IS /ILL GO+ ON S HAS PRODUC$ AN 5TIRELY NEW SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY2 A CULTURE BAS$ ON ! AUTOMOBILE1 ! SUBURBAN %OPP+ C5T]1 & A HI<-9COME POPULATION ?AT DEP5DS UPON ! CITY ECONOMICALLY BUT IS COMPLETELY SEV]$ FROM IT CULTURALLY4 ,H]E1 TW5TY OR ?IRTY MILES AWAY ,FROM ,TIMES ,SQU>E1 0IS EVOLV+ A TYPE ( URBAN >EA )\T P>ALLEL 9 EA/]N ,NOR? ,AM]ICA3 AN IMPORTATION ,FROM ! UNIV]SAL SPRAWL ( ,LOS ,ANGELES10 OBS]VES ,PET] ,HALL4  
  

,IT DEP5DS ALMO/ :OLLY ON ! AUTOMOBILE1 = A F9ELY DEVELOP$ RAILROAD NET1 OR EV5 ADEQUATE EXPRESS BUS TRANSPORTATION1 IS NO LONG] ECONOMIC4 ,! COMMUT] B\ND = ,MANHATTAN MU/ DRIVE LONG DI/ANCES TO A SUBURBAN RAILHEAD2 HIS WIFE NE$S A SECOND C> = ! LONG J\RNEY TO ! %OPP+ C5T]4 ,! E>LY DEVELOPM5TS >E T5D+ TO CLU/] >\ND ! 9FREQU5T JUNCTIONS ON ! FREEWAYS2 BUT ?IS WILL BE POSSIBLE ONLY = A PRIVILEG$ FEW4 ,& LOS+ ! TRADITIONAL ADVANTAGES ('URBAN LIFE1 ! NEW SUBURBANITES WILL NOT GA9 COMPLETE RURAL SECLUSION EI!R4 ,TRUE1 !Y WILL NOT USUALLY BE ABLE TO GLIMPSE !IR NEI<BORS' H\SES ?R\< TREES2 BUT !Y WILL /ILL LIVE AT T5 TIMES RURAL D5SITIES4 ,?IS NEW TYPO ( SUBURBIA NE$S A NEW NAME1 ,SOME ,AM]ICANS CALL IT 0EXURBIA40 ,! ,REGIONAL ,PLAN ,ASSOCIATION HAVE *RI/5$ IT 0SPREAD CITY40.<#b#g.>  
  

,TO ! 9HABITANTS ( 0SPREAD CITY10 ,NEW ,YORK IS AN OBJECT ( ACTIVE HO/ILITY4 ,AL?\< !Y DEP5D UPON ! CITY = !IR MEANS ( LIFE1 !Y >E OBLIVI\S TO ITS CIVIC PROBLEMS1 IMPATI5T ) ITS 9CONV5I5CES1 DISLOYAL TO ITS POLITICAL 9T]E/S1 & DESP]ATELY FE>FUL ( ITS 5CROA*M5T ON !IR 5CLAVES4 ,!Y >C ,NEW ,YORK]S 9 FACT & DEP5D UPON ! CITY = !IR WELL-BE+1 BUT !IR HATR$ ( ,NEW ,YORK IS AS P>O*IAL & *AUV9I/IC AS ! HO/ILITY ?AT ! RURAL DWELL] FEELS T[>D ALL L>GE CITIES4 ,DIVORC$ BY RESID5CE FROM ! TAX BASE ?AT SUPPORTS ! CITY'S ESS5TIAL S]VICES1 !Y PROVIDE ONLY A M9IMAL CONTRIBUTION TO ITS REV5UES4 ,! BAD CONSCI5CE !Y -- & SUBURBANITES G5]ALLY -- FEEL T[>D ! CITY F9DS A P]V]T$ EXPRESSION 9 ! REPRES5TATIVES !Y S5D TO ! /ATE LEGISLATURE3 REACTION>IES :O >E RESPONSIBLE = ! MO/ V9DICTIVE MEASURES AGA9/ ,NEW ,YORK4 

,YET !SE SUBURBANITES & EXURBANITES DOG ! CITY'S /REETS ) !IR C>S2 !Y FLOOD ITS SUBWAYS1 ADD+ 5ORM\SLY TO ! CONGE/ION ( ITS PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SY/EM1 & !Y PLACE A /AGG]+ BURD5 ON ITS S]VICES4 ,BY ! T58 ( ?\S&S !Y 5T] ! CITY 9 AUTOMOBILES1 FILL+ ITS /REETS & OV]TAX+ ITS P>K+ FACILITIES2 OV] #a#e1 >RIVE EA* DAY 9 ITS D[NT[N >EA BY COMMUT] RAILROAD1 & IMM5SE NUMB]S FILL ITS SUBWAYS AT T]M9AL /ATIONS OR = %ORT RIDES FROM BUS & RAILROAD T]M9ALS4 ,!Y FL[ 9TO ! IMM5SE ?RONG ( MORE ?AN #a4#f MILLION :O PEOPLE ! CITY'S (FICE BUILD+S1 MANUFACTUR+ PLACES1 & RETAIL \TLETS S\? ( #f#a/ ,/REET1 P]HAPS ! MO/ COMPACT & D5SE BUS9ESS DI/RICT 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 A CITY :OSE TRANSPORTATION SY/EM IS ALREADY CONGE/$ & OV]TAX$ TO 9HUMAN PROPORTIONS1 !Y ADD ! CRITICAL 9CREM5T ?AT R$UCES IT TO A *RONIC CRISIS4 

,!Y >E /RANG]S TO ?IS CITY NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( !IR ACTIVE DISLOYALTY TO ITS 9T]E/S BUT1 P]HAPS MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY1 BECAUSE ( !IR OBLIVION TO ITS AGONY4 ,! COMMUT] TRA9S1 BUSSES1 & AUTOMOBILES ?AT SWOOP PA/ ,NEW ,YORK'S PROLIF]AT+ <ETTOES >E 5CLAVES ( AN ALI5 CULTURE ?AT IS 9 MUTUAL W> ) ! URBAN 5VIRONM5T4 ,TO ! <ETTO DWELL]1 !SE CONVEYANCES >E NOT MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 NOR >E ! PEOPLE :O OCCUPY !M M]E /RANG]S2 !Y >E ! SELF-5CLOS$ /RANG]S AS 5EMIES1 ,! >*AIC HATR$ & FE> ( ! ,\TSID]1 ( ! NON-BELONG] :O IS NECESS>ILY A FOE UNTIL HIS FRI5D%IP HAS BE5 VALIDAT$ BY RITUAL1 W$S UP LIKE A PRIMORDIAL MY? FROM ! URBAN 5VIRONM5T ?AT TRADITIONALLY WAS ! SOLV5T ( ALL SU* MY?S -- ! CITY ?AT REPLAC$ K9%IP TIES ) CIVIL TIES1 ! WORLD ( P>O*IAL IGNORANCE BY ! WORLD ( CIVIC CULTURE4 ,N[ !RE IS NO RITUAL TO DISSOLVE ?IS >*AIC E/RANGEM5T1 = ! /RANG] (F]S NO FRI5D%IP -- M]ELY ! ANCE/RAL ODOR ( FE> & PANIC :5 BLACK FACES MEET :ITE1 WELL-N\RI%$ BODIES1 MALN\RI%$ ONES1 EV5 IF ONLY ?R\< ! W9D[' PANES ( A TRA9 OR MOTOR VEHICLE4 ,! DI/ANCE MU/ BE MA9TA9$ LIKE ! NO-MAN'S-L& BETWE5 OPPOS+ >MIES4 ,! VEHICLE ?AT CONVEYS ! SUBURBANITE & EXURBANITE 9TO TIRE CITY IS NOT A CULTURAL 5CLAVE1 BUT A =TRESS4 

,>E ! \TSID]S )9 ! URBAN MILIEU TO BE BLAM$ = MORE ?AN ! COMMON RUN ( 9S5SITIVITIES ?AT P]MEATE B\RGEOIS SOCIETY8 ,?IS TRAGIC 9HUMAN WORLD IS NOT ( !IR MAK+1 & !IR TREASUR$ PRIVILEGES >E DUBI\S POSSESSIONS4 ,! CAPITALI/ M>KET1 BY AN 9EXORABLE LOGIC ?AT W\LD COLONIZE ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE IF IT C\LD1 M]ELY GRADUATES E/RANGEM5T FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL ( ! BUY]-SELL] RELATION%IP TO ! ,CIVIC LEVEL ( ! <ETTO RELATION%IP4 ,A TRUE COMMUNITY CANNOT GR[ \T ( MONADS1 & 9S(> AS MONADIC RELATION%IPS 9VADE ALL O!R RELATION%IPS & TRANS=M !M1 !Y M]ELY REPRODUCE !MSELVES AGGLOM]ATIONS ( MONADS4 ,! WORD 0<ETTO10 :I* 9CREAS+LY DEF9ES ! 9T]NAL LIMITS ( ! B\RGEOIS CITY1 MU/ BE GIV5 A BROAD] MEAN+ ?AN IT HAS TODAY4 ,! \TW>D RADIATION ( URBAN SOCIETY FROM ITS CIVIC NUCLEI READS LIKE A SPECTRUM ( 9CREAS+LY DEPRIV$ OR SEEM+LY PRIVILEG$ <ETTOES2 ! MAT]IALLY D5I$ BLACK & ,PU]TO ,RICAN <ETTOES 9 ! C5TRAL P>TS ( ! CITY 7M>BL$ BY WELL-POLIC$ 5CLAVES ( FE>FUL :ITES72 ! MAT]IALLY MORE AFFLU5T BUT SPIRITUALLY D5I$1 SUBURBANITE FR+E1 UNIT$ BY ITS AV]SION F> ! CITY PROP]2 & F9ALLY ?AT PA!TIC C>ICATURE ( ALL PRIVILEGE 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! BELEAGU]$ EXURBANITE FR+E1 9W>DLY P>ALYZ$ BY A SUSPICION ( 9VAD]S FROM ! C5TRAL CITY & SUBURBS1 ,JU/ AS ! B\RGEOIS M>KETPLACE MAKES EA* 9DIVIDUAL A /RANG] TO ANO!R1 SO ! B\RGEOIS CITY E/RANGES !SE C5TRAL & FR+E >EAS FROM EA* O!R4 ,! P>ADOX ( ! B\RGEOIS CITY IS ?AT IT UNITES !SE >EAS 9T]NALLY NOT 9 ! FELICIT\S HET]OG5EITY ( UNITY 9 DIV]SITY ?AT M>K$ ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE -- A HET]OG5EITY UNIFI$ BY MUTUAL AID & A COMMON MUNICIPAL TRADITION -- BUT RA!R 9 ! SUSPICIONS1 ANXIETIES1 & HATR$S ( ! /RANG] FROM ! 0O!R0 <ETTO4 ,! CITY1 ONCE ! %ELT] ( ! /RANG] FROM RURAL P>O*IALISM1 IS N[ ! PRIM>Y S\RCE ( E/RANGEM5T4 ,<ETTO B\ND>IES COMPRISE ! UNSE5 9T]NAL WALLS )9 ! CITY ?AT ONCE1 AS REAL WALLS1 SECUR$ ! CITY & SEP>AT$ IT FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! B\RGEOIS CITY ASSIMILATES RURAL P>O*IALISM AS A P]MAN5T & FE/]+ URBAN CONDITION4 ,NO LONG] >E ! ELEM5TS ( ! CITY CEM5T$ BY MUTUAL AID1 A %>$ CULTURE1 & A S5SE ( COMMUNITY2 RA!R1 !Y >E CEM5T$ BY A SOCIAL DYNAMITE ?AT ?REAT5S TO EXPLODE ! URBAN TRADITION 9TO ITS V]Y ANTI!SIS4 

,! 9TEGRITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL EGO DEP5DS UPON ITS ABILITY TO 9TEGRATE ! MANY DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( HUMAN LIFE -- WORK & PLAY1 REASON & EMOTION1 M5TAL & S5SU\S1 ! PRIVATE & ! SOCIAL -- 9TO A COH]5T & CREATIVE :OLE1 ,BY NO MEANS #ce ?IS PROCESS ( 9TEGRATION A /RICTLY PRIVATE & P]SONAL ACTIVITY2 9DE$1 TOR MO/ 9DIVIDUALS1 ! POSSIBILITY ( 9TEGRAT+ ONE'S EGO DEP5DS 5ORM\SLY UPON ! EXT5T TO :I* SOCIETY ITSELF IS 9TEGRAT$ EXI/5TIALLY 9 ! C\RSE ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,! CLAN1 VILLAGE1 & M$IEVAL COMMUNE W]E HUMANLY SCAL$ & P]SONALLY COMPREH5SIBLE TOTALITIES 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL SATISFI$ ALL FACETS ( LIFE1 ,)9 !SE KM GR\PS & CIVIC 5TITIES1 ONE F\ND ONE'S MATE1 RE>$ ONE'S *ILDR51 WORK$ & PLAY$1 ?\<T & DREAM$1 WOR%IP$ & P>TICIPAT$ 9-! ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIAL LIFE -- ALT ( ?IS )\T FEEL+ ?AT ANY ONE ( !SE FACETS WAS DIVORC$ FROM OR OPPOS$ TO O!RS ,H]E1 ONE C\LD TRULY SAY ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL MICROCOSM REFLECT$ ! SOCIAL MACROCOSM2 ! P>TICUL>1 ! G5]AL4 ,SEP>AT$ FROM ! CLAN1 VILLAGE1 OR COMMUNE1 ! 9DIVIDUAL WI!R$2 BUT ?IS TS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL EGO WAS 0SUBORD9AT$0 TO ! COLLECTIVITY4 ,BA!R1 ! EGO WAS1 9 ITSELF1 ! :OLE AS IT WAS MANIFE/$ 9 ! P>TICUL>1 = EA* 9DIVIDUAL EMBODI$ ! UNITY & MULTIFACET$ NATURE ( ! LIFE ( ! :OLE4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO TOTALIT>IAN SOCIETIES ?AT SUBORD9ATE ! 9DIVIDUAL TO A L>G] SOCIAL ME*ANISM & SUPRA 9DIVIDUAL 5DS1 ! CLAN1 VILLAGE1 & COMMUNE -- & MO/ EM95TLY1 ! POLLS -- N\RI%$ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! EGO BY RECRY/ALLIZ+ ITS MANY-SID$ SOCIAL GOALS & POSSIBILITIES AS 9DIVIDUAL ONES4 

,! B\RGEOIS CITY SEP>ATES !SE FACETS ( LIFE & DELIV]S !M1 ONE BY ONE1 TO 9/ITUTIONS1 D5UD+ ! EGO ( ! RI* CONT5T ( LIFE4 ,WORK IS REMOV$ FROM ! HOME & ASSIMILAT$ BY GIANT ORGANIZATIONS 9 (FICES & 9DU/RIAL FACTORIES4 ,IT LOSES ITS COMPREH5SIBILITY TO ! 9DIVIDUAL NOT ONLY AS A RESULT ( ! M9UTE DIVISION ( LABOR1 BUT [+ ALSO TO ! SCALE ( COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS4 ,PLAY BECOMES ORGANIZ$ & ! IMAG9ATIVE FACULTIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL >E PREEMPT$ BY MASS M$IA ?AT DEF9E ! V]Y DAYDREAMS ( ! EGO4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL ,IS R$UC$ TO A VIC>I\S SPECTATOR ( HIS [N FANCIES & PLEASURES4 ,REASON & 9TELLECT >E BR\<T UND] ! TE*NICAL SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ACADEMY & ! SPECIALI/4 ,POLITICAL LIFE IS TAK5 OV] BY IMM5SE BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT MANIPULATE PEOPLE AS4 0MASSES0 & 9SIDI\SLY TRY TO 5G9E] PUBLIC CONS5T4 ,! MO/ PRIVATE DOMA9S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL -- ! HOME1 *ILD-RE>+ FUNCTIONS1 SEXUALITY1 & ! QUIET MOM5TS RES]V$ = P]SONAL REFLECTION & M$ITATION -- BECOME ! FAIR GAME ( ! AG5CIES & 9/RUM5TS ( MASS CULTURE :I* DICTATE ! NORMS ( $UCATION1 P>5TAL LOVE1 PHYSICAL BEAUTY1 P]SONAL DRESS1 HOME FURNI%+S1 & ! MO/ 9TIMATE ASPECTS ( HUMAN 9T]RELATION%IPS1 SOCIAL LIFE1 AS EMBODI$ BY ! MASSIFI$ CITY1 RE>S ITSELF ABOVE P]SONAL LIFE1 R$UC+ ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM A MICROCOSM ( ! :OLE TO M]ELY ONE ( ITS P>TS4 ,! P>TICUL>ITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS PRES]V$1 BUT ITS MANY-FACET$ CONT5T IS ACTIVE1 LIKE A FRAGM5T ( A JIGSAW PUZZLE1 ! 9DIVIDUAL IS SEP>ABLE FROM ! :OLE -- 9 FACT1 HE IS COMPELL$ BY ! M>KET RELATION%IP TO F5D = HIMSELF -- BUT HIS P>TICUL>ITY & SEP>ABILITY >E MEAN+LESS UNLESS1 TO USE A REVEAL+ COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSION1 HE 0FITS HIMSELF 9TO ! PICTURE40 ,! URBAN EGO1 :I* ONCE CELEBRAT$ ITS MANY-FACET$ NATURE [+ TO ! WEAL? ( EXP]I5CE PROVID$ BY ! CITY1 EM]GES ) ! B\RGEOIS CITY AS ! MO/ IMPOV]I%$ EGO TO APPE> 9 ! C\RSE ( URBAN DEVELOPM5T4 

,ALMO/ EV]Y ASPECT ( URBAN LIFE TODAY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! METROPOLIS1 FO/]S ?IS EGO IMPOV]I%M5T4 ,METROPOLITAN SPACE PRODUCES NEI!R ! ACTIVE FEEL+ ( AWE1 :I* SWEEP+ AV5UES 9 ,B>OQUE CITIES LIKE ,P>IS 9SPIRE1 NOR ! DOME/IC FEEL+ ( HOMEYNESS EVOK$ BY ! M$IEVAL QU>T]S ( T[NS LIKE ,NUREMB]G ,IT CREATES A FEEL+ ( 9SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! T[]+ SKYSCRAP]S ( ,NEW ,=K1 :I* >E ,9VAD+ ! D[NT[N DI/RICTS ( NE>LY ALL ,AM]ICAN CITIES1 DIM9I% ONE'S S5SE ( UNIQU5ESS & P]SONAL SOV]EIGNTY4 ,! GIGANTISM ( ! /RUCTURES DW>FS ! S\SE ( 9DIVIDUALITY 9 ?OSE :O WALK 9 !IR %AD[S & ! LESS =TUNATE ONES :O OCCUPY !IR CUBICLES4 ,IT MATT]S LITTLE :E!R ?IS EFFECT IS CALCULAT$ OR NOT2 ! IMPORTANT PO9T IS ?AT IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL4 

,IT IS NO LONG] A NEW CONCEPT ?AT URBAN SPACE CAN BE HI]>*ICAL OR EGALIT>IAN2 ES!TIC QUALITIES ASIDE1 A REVEAL+ HI/ORY ( >*ITECTURE & CITY PLANN+ CAN BE WRITT5 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ?IS P]SPECTIVE4 ,(T51 9 ! OLD CITIES ( ,EUROPE1 ! CONV]G5CE ( WIDE PROCESSIONAL AV5UES ON BULKY PALACES 9 ! ,B>OQUE DI/RICTS CONTRA/S %>PLY )1 ! N>R[ W9D+ /REETS 9 ! M$IEVAL QU>T]S1 L9$ ) SMALL DWELL+S & %OPS2 ! FIR/ IS SCAL$ TO OV]P[] & AWE4 ! SECOND IMP>TS A S5SE ( W>M?1 9TIMACY1 & COMMUNITY4 ,! EYE TELLS US AT A GLANCE ?AT URBAN SPACE HAS BE5 ORGANIZ$ TO EXPRESS TWO DIFF]5T POLITICAL & CIVIC PR9CIPLES4 ,RUT SU* A P]SPECTIVE ALONE DOES NOT SUFFICE LO EXPLA9 ! FULL PSY*IC IMPACT ( ! UNIQUE /RUCTURAL MONUM5TALIZE ?AT IS P]VAD+ ! METROPOLIS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 /RUCTURAL MONUM5TAL ISM IS NOT NEW TO ! CITY -- OR1 AS ! GREAT MEGALI?IC 5SEMBLES ( >*AIC SOCIETY REVEAL1 TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,BUT ! MONUM5TALISM ( ! PRECAPITALI/ CITY DIFF]$ 9 C]TA9 FUNDAM5TAL RESPECTS FROM ! MONUM5TALISM ( ! METROPOLIS4 ,9 ! ANCI5T CITIES ( ! ,NE> ,EA/ & ,ASIA -- & LAT] 9 ,ROME & ! ,B>OQUE CAPITALS ( ,EUROPEAN ABSOLUTE MON>*S -- ! SIZE ( A PUBLIC /RUCTURE WAS A FUNCTION ( P[]4 ,URBAN APACE WAS UNDISGUIS$LY HI]>*ICAL3 IT MONUM5TALIZ$ AU?ORITY & 9SPIR$ AWE ( ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,?IS P[]1 H[EV]1 WAS R>ELY AB/RACT P[]4 ,DEIFI$ ,PH>AOH & EMP]OR1 OR TEMPORAL RUL] & MON>* -- P[] WAS ! ATTRIBUTE ( A LIV+ P]SONAGE1 ( A HUMAN BE+1 :OSE AU?ORITY WAS COMPREH5SIBLE1 :OSE WISDOM & FALLIBILITY C\LD BE WEI<$ & TE/$1 &1 :5 NECESS>Y1 :OSE /ATUS C\LD BE ALT]$1 

,! ORGANIC NATURE ( ?IS P[] F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! ORGANIC DIM5SION ?AT WAS ADD$ TO PUBLIC /RUCTURES1 H[EV] GEOMETRIC !IR OV]ALL DESIGN4 ,ORNAM5TATION -- IDS =MS BORR[$ FROM ! NATURAL WORLD OR ! HUMAN BODY -- REMA9$ AN 9SEP>ABLE FEATURE ( ! /RUCTURE4 ,9DE$1 IF AU?ORITY DID NOT TRANSFIX RUL]%IP 9 COMMONLY RECOGNIZABLE =MS1 IT WAS MEAN+LESS TO ! BEHOLD]4 ,= MO/ PRECAPITALI/ COMMUNITIES1 AB/RACT P[] HAD YET TO BE CREAT$ -- EV5 MANA1 ! >*AIC V]SION ( AB/RACT P[]1 EXI/S ONLY 9S(> AS IT MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ! WORLD ( EV]YDAY BE+S & OBJECTS4 ,ONLY AMONG ! ANCI5T ,JEWS1 :OSE NAMELESS GOD PORT5DS ! AB/RACT NATURE ( SOCIAL P[]1 DO WE F9D /R+5T 9JUNCTIONS AGA9/ GRAV5 IMAGES1 AL?\< NOT AGA9/ ORNAM5TATION4 

,VIEW$ AGA9/ ?IS HI/ORIC TABLEAU1 ! MOD]N METROPOLIS CON/ITUTES A %>P RUPTURE ) TRADITIONAL EXPRESSIONS ( AU?ORITY & URBAN SPACE4 ,IT RETA9S HI]>*ICAL SPACE BY VIRTUE ( ITS /RUCTURAL GIGANTISM -- BUT HI]>*ICAL SPACE ( A V]Y SPECIAL K9D4 ,P[] IS UTT]LY AB/RACT$ BY TRANSF]R+ IT FROM P]SONS TO 9/ITUTIONS1 FROM DEF9ABLE 9DIVIDUALS TO FACELESS BUREAUCRACIES4 ,AL?\< P[] -- & P[]LESSNESS -- >E FELT LIKE A TWIT*+ N]VE 9 EV]Y SPH]E ( LIFE1 ! LOCUS ( !SE FE$+S & =CES BECOMES DIFFUSE1 ,TO AN 9CREAS+ EXT5T1 ! URBAN DWELL] CAN NO LONG] CLE>LY ID5TIFY ! S\RCE ( HIS PROBLEMS & MIS=TUNES2 P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 HE CAN F9D NO ONE AGA9/ :OM HE CAN ASS]T HIS [N P[] & !REBY RETA9 A S5SE ( CONTROL OV] ! =CES ?AT SEEM TO GUIDE HIS DE/9Y4 ,! P]SONIFI$ P[]S ?AT ONCE ADM9I/]$ SOCIETY EVAPORATE FROM ! SOCIAL T]RA94 ,!Y >E REPLAC$ BY 0! SY/EM10 ! VAGUE ANONYM\S APP>ATUS ?AT LACKS DEF9ITE B\ND>IES & =MS4 

,! IMM5SE CANYONS ( SKYSCRAP]S ?AT 5VELOP ! URBAN DWELL] 9 ! L>GE CITIES ( ! WORLD BO? REFLECT & FO/] ! ANONYMITY ( METROPOLITAN1 SOCIETY4 ,! SO>+ /RUCTURES >E NO LONG] NAM$ AFT] 9DIVIDUALS2 !Y NORMALLY BE> ! NAME ( ! BUREAUCRATIC CORPORATIONS ?AT ]ECT$ !M4 ,!Y >E ! FEATURELESS MEGALI?S ( AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SOCIETY -- IMM5SE1 ORNAM5TLESS1 GEOMETRIC SLABS ?AT (F] NO GRIP ON :I* ! IMAG9ATION CAN FA/54 ,H]METICALLY SEAL$ FROM WEA!R & CLIMATE1 >TIFICIALLY ILLUM9AT$ ?R\<\T ! DAY4 ODORLESS1 SANITIZ$4 & SELF-CONTA9$ TO A PO9T :]E MANY ( !SE /RUCTURES >E L9K$ TO EA* O!R BY A LABYR9? ( UND]GR\ND PASSAGEWAYS1 !IR MO/ DEMONIC EFFECT IS ! S5SE ( P[]LESSNESS !Y 9CULCATE 9 ?OSE :O LIVE & WORK 9 !IR MID/1 ,IF HI/ORY TELLS US ?AT ! DIV9E CITY ONCE COMPET$ ) ! E>?LY CITY = ASC5DANCY OV] ! HUMAN SPIRIT1 TODAY IT CAN BE REASONABLY SAID ?AT BO? HAVE BE5 PREEMPT$ BY ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ & DEP]SONALIZ$ CITY2 = ! METROPOLIS IS NO WORK ( MAN OR GOD1 BUT RA!R ( ! FACELESS BUREAUCRACIES ?AT HAVE ACQUIR$ CONTROL OV] SOCIETY & D5ATURE ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 

,! S5SE ( P[]LESSNESS ?AT ! SO>+ /RUCTURAL SLABS IMP>T TO ! MOD]N URBANITE IS DEEP5$ BY ! ANONYM\S CR[DS 9 :I* HE IS IMM]S$4 ,! BODIES ?AT T\* EA* O!R 9 ! SUBWAYS1 9 ! ELEVATORS ( ! GREAT BUILD+S1 & 9 ! /REETS >E SURR\ND$ BY A PSY*IC FIELD ( 9DIFF]5CE4 ,H]D$ TOGE!R1 !Y EXUDE AN ACTIVE =CE ( MUTUAL UNCONC]N1 9DE$1 ( LAT5T HO/ILITY1 & RE9=CE RA!R ?AN ALLAY ! UBIQUIT\S LACK ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY4 ,TO BREAK ?IS FIELD ( 9DIFF]5CE IS REG>D$ AS AN ECC5TRICITY AT HO/ & A HO/ILE ACT AT WOR/1 ,P>ADOXICALLY1 EA* 9DIVIDUAL RECOGNIZES ! O!R'S P]SONAL SOV]EIGNTY BY ACTS ( NONRECOGNITION4 ,ANY DESIRE TO COMMUNICATE IS MUT$ BY ! UNSPOK5 UND]/&+ -- A PSY*IC EQUIVAL5T ( ! 0SOCIAL CONTRACT0 -- ?AT ! URBANITES P]SONALITY CAN ONLY RETA9 ITS 9TEGRITY 9 A MASS SOCIETY BY A SULL5 9W>DNESS1 BY A DUMB IMPREGNABILITY TO CONTACT ) ! MASS4 ,! SEGM5T$ ROLES ?AT BUREAUCRATIZATION IMPOSES ON ! EGO >E RESI/$ BY ! MY? ?AT A BLASE 9DIFF]5CE TO ! WORLD AT L>GE IS A MODE ( )DRAWAL FROM A HOMOG5IZ$ SOCIETY2! ANOMIE ?AT P]VADES ! CR[D CAN ONLY BE EXORCIZ$ BY CL++ TO ONE'S S5SE ( PRIVACY & BY T5D+ TO ONE'S [N AFFAIRS4 

,BUT ?IS UN>TICULAT$ /ANCE ( EXCLUSIVITY1 SOCIAL )DRAWAL1 & ISOLATION ACTUALLY DEEP5S MASSIFICATION & RE9=CES ! SOV]EIGNTY ( SUPRASOCIAL =CES OV] SOCIETY1 ( SUPRA9DIVIDUA6 =CES OV] ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,AS ,MAX ,HORKHEIM] OBS]VES1 TRUE 9DIVIDUALITY  
  

IS IMPAIR$ :5 EA* MAN DECIDES TO %IFT = HIMSELF4 ,AS ! ORD9>Y MAN )DRAWS FROM P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 SOCIETY L5DS TO REV]T TO ! LAW ( ! JUNGLE1 :I* CRU%ES ALL VE/IGES ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,! ABSOLUTELY ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL HAS ALWAYS BE5 AN ILLUSION4 ,! MO/ E/EEM$ P]SONAL QUALITIES1 SU* AS 9DEP5D5CE1 WILL TO FRE$OM1 SYMPA?Y1 & ! S5SE ( JU/ICE1 >E SOCIAL AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUAL VIRTUES4 ,! FULLY DEVELOP$ 9DIVIDUAL IS ! CONSUMMATION ( A FULLY DEVELOP$ SOCIETY4 ,! EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT AN EMANCIPATION FROM SOCIETY1 HUT ! DELIV]ANCE ( SOCIETY FROM ATOMIZATION1 AN ATOMIZATION ?AT MAY ROA* ITS PEAK 9 P]IODS ( COLLECTIVIZATION & MASS CULTURE4.<#b#h.>  
  

,9 RETIR+ FROM >5AS & FACETS ( LIFE ?AT W]E ONCE CON/ITUTIVE FACTORS 9 ! =MATION ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 ! EGO M]ELY 5L>GES ! SPACE = ! V]Y =CES ?AT MUTILATE ! EGO ITSELF4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL :O )DRAWS 9TO HIMSELF & HIS PRIVATE CONC]NS1 :O =TIFIES HIMSELF ) SOCIAL NEUTRALITY & CIVIC 9DIFF]5CE1 ALL ! MORE DELIV]S HIS PRIVACY TO ! 9VASIVE SOCIAL =CES FROM :I* HE TRIES TO ESCAPE1 ,ONCE ?IS PROCESS GOES F> 5\<1 IT IS NOT HE :O DECIDES HIS DE/9Y1 BUT AN 9CREAS+LY BUREAUCRATIC & AU?ORIT>IAN APP>ATUS :OSE 9T]E/S >E 9IMICAL TO HIS [N4 

,P]HAPS 9 NO >EA ( LIFE IS ?IS REGRESSIVE PROCESS MORE PA!TICALLY REVEAL$ ?AN 9 ?AT ULTIMATE REFUGE = PRIVACY & 9TIMACY -- ! HOME4 ,! HI<-RISE AP>TM5T BUILD+1 BY VIRTUE ( ITS V]Y /RUCTURE1 =MS ! RESID5TIAL C\NT]P>T ( ! (FICE SKYSCRAP]4 ,H]E1 PRIVATE LIFE IS CONSCI\SLY MASSIFI$ & PUBLICLY ADM9I/]$4 ,! NE$ TO COMPACT ?\S&S ( PEOPLE 9TO M9IMAL ACREAGE )\T PAY+ ! TOLL 9 DISEASE & OV]T MIS]Y DEM&$ BY ! SLUM YIELDS ITS [N PSY*IC TOLL 9 PHYSICAL GIGANTISM & BUREAUCRATIC MANIPULATION4 ,/RUCTURAL MONUM5TALISM1 9 ! =M ( RESID5TIAL SKYSCRAP]S & %OPP+ COMPLEXES1 ) !IR ODI\S HOMOG5EITY & H]METIC 5VIRONM5TS1 9VADES ! NEI<BORHOOD & DE/ROYS IT4 ,ASIDE FROM !IR FEATURELESS GIGANTISM1 !SE RESID5TIAL >EAS ALL[ = NO SPONTANE\S S$ATION & NOVEL LIFE /YLE84 ,9 A H\S+ DEVELOPM5T :OSE BEEHIVE AP>TM5T DWELL]S NUMB] 9 ! ?\S&S & :OSE TILE-L9$ CORRIDORS DIVIDE 9TO IMM5SE W+S1 NEI<BORL9ESS IS (T5 EXHAU/$ BY A NOD ( ! HEAD4 ,! /&>DIZATION ( ! DWELL+S FO/]8 A /&>DIZATION ( PRIVATE LIFE ?AT SUBV]TS ! PHYSICAL & P]SONAL HET]OG5EITY SO VITAL TO ! GIVE-&-TAKE ( MEAN+FUL COMMUNICATION4 ,ONE CAN ONLY PUT A LIMIT$ AM\NT ( ONE'S AU!NTIC P]SONALITY 9TO !SE /RICTLY FUNCTIONAL AP>TM5T CUBICLES -- & QUITE (T51 V]Y LITTLE ( ?AT P]SONALITY WILL BE TOL]AT$ BY ! BUREAUCRACIES :I* ADM9I/] ! /RUCTURES4 ,?AT ! >*ITECTURE ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS IS FEATURELESS ! CORRIDORS ( ! BUILD+S 9/ITUTIONAL1 & ! AP>TM5TS !MSELVES NO?+ MORE TB4AN A SUITE ( (FICES IS NOT ACCID5TAL2 ! DEVELOPM5TS >E BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ,= SELF-REPRODUCTION & SELF-MA9 T5ANCY JU/ AS ! (FICE SKYSCRAP]S >E BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS = COMM]CE & ADM9I/RATION4 

,! /&>DIZATION ( PRIVATE LIFE 9 !SE HI<-RISE DEVELOPM5TS MAY REA* APPALL+ PROPORTIONS4 ,! IMM5SELY LONG QUEUES BE=E SUP]M>KET CA% REGI/]S AS ! D9N] H\R APPROA*ES REM9D1 ! OBS]V] ?AT EV]YONE %OPS & EATS V]Y MU* ! SAME ?+ AT ! SAME TIME4 ,A WALK ?R\< ! CORRIDORS ( A HI<-RISE BUILD+ IS REVEAL+4 ,FROM DOOR TO DOOR ! RATTLE ( DI%ES 9T]RUPTS ! D9 ( SIMIL> TELEVISION PROGRAMS2 ! NOISES REVEAL A TURGID UNI=MITY ( LIFE RHY?MS >ID P]SONAL 9T]RELATION%IPS4 ,! 5TIRE /RUCTURE IS SIMPLY ONE IMM5SE AP>TM5T1 ALMO/ NE$LESSLY DIVID$ BY ?9LY P>TITION$ WALLS4 ,AT AN ADM9I/RATIVELY ORDA9$ H\R1 ! KNOB ( ! TELEVISION SET IS TURN$ (F -- & SO IS ?IS WAY ( LIFE4 ,AN E]IE SIL5CE PREVAILS1 OCCASIONALLY BROK5 BY A DOME/IC QU>REL OR ! S\NDS ( A DISPLAC$ ECC5TRIC :OSE MUT$ RECORD PLAY] OR MUSICAL 9/RUM5T REM9DS ONE ?AT ! HUMAN SPIRIT /ILL FLICK]S 9 ! D>KNESS ( A MASS SOCIETY4 

,SUBURBIA IS NO DIFF]5T1 M]ELY MORE AFFLU5T4 ,9 ! CO/LI] PRIVATE DWELL+S ?AT FR+E ! CITY PROP]1 EV]YDAY LIFE REMA9S AS /&>DIZ$ -- & H5CE AS SOCIALIZ$ -- AS ! MORE DIRECTLY ADM9I/]$ & REGULAT$ LIFE ( ! SUP]BLOCK1 BUT N[ IT CAN BE %>$ ) A DOG1 A C>1 A LAWN1 ,OR P]HAPS A FL[] B$1 ,NEV]!LESS ! RETREAT FROM ! SOCIAL TOTALITY IS AS ILLUSORY 9 ! SUBURBS AS IT IS 9 ! LESS PRIVILEG$ SUP]BLOCK DI/RICTS ( ! CITY PROP]4 ,= EV]Y?+ ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL SURR5D]S TO ! SOCIETY AT L>GE IS TURN$ 9TO A LEV] = OP5+ ANO!R MONADIC W9D[ TO ! 9VASION ( ?AT SOCIETY1 ,?R\< ! M$IUM ( ! CULTURE 9DU/RY1 ! SOCIAL TOTALITY ASSIMILATES EV5 ! AMUSEM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! WORK PROCESS FROM :I* HE IS SEEK+ A REFUGE4 ,ME*ANIZATION EX]CISES 0SU* P[] OV] A MAN'S LEISURE & HAPP9ESS1 & SO PR(\NDLY DET]M9ES ! MANUFACTURE ( AMUSEM5T GOODS1 ?AT HIS EXP]I5CES >E 9EVITABLY AFT]-IMAGES ( ! WORK PROCESS ITSELF10 OBS]VE ,HORKHEIM] & ,!ODOR ,ADORNO4  
  

,! O/5SIBLE CONT5T IS M]ELY A FAD$ =EGR\ND2 :AT S9KS 9 IS ! AUTOMATIC SUCCESSION ( /&>DIZ$ OP]ATIONS4 ,:AT HAPP5S AT WORK1 9 ! FACTORY1 OR 9 ! (FICE CAN ONLY BE ESCAP$ FROM BY APPROXIMATION TO IT 9 ONE'S LEISURE TIME4 ,ALL AMUSEM5T SUFF]S FROM ?IS 9CURABLE MALADY4 ,PLEASURE H>D5S 9TO BOR$OM BECAUSE1 IF IT IS TO REMA9 PLEASURE1 IT MU/ NOT DEM& ANY EF=T & !RE=E MOVES RIGOR\SLY 9 ! WORN GROOVES ( ASSOCIATION4 ,NO 9DEP5D5T ?9K+ MU/ BE EXPECT$ FROM ! AUDI5CE3 ! PRODUCT PRESCRIBES EV]Y REACTION2 NOT BY ITS NATURAL ,/RUCTURE 7:I* COLLAPSES UND] REFLECTION71 BUT BY SIGNALS1 .<#b#i.>  
  

,YET1 AFT] ALL HAS BE5 SAID AB\T ! PRIVATIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE1 IT IS HOT A GIV5 ?AT ! URBAN DWELL] DESIRES ! ALT]NATIVE ( )DRAWAL FROM CIVIC AFFAIR2 HE IS SC>CELY GIV5 MORE ?AN ! SEMBLANCE ( A *OICE4 ,R>ELY IS LIE P]MITT$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT :]E HE WILL LIVE1 ! K9D ( DWELL+ HE WILL OCCUPY1 ! TAXES HE WILL PAY1 & ! DE/9Y ( ! OV]ALL URBAN 5VIRONM5T ,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 !SE DECISIONS >E MADE BY 9/ITUTIONS OV] :I* HE EXORCIZES LITTLE OR NO CONTROL4 ,AT MO/ HE IS P]MITT$ TO *OOSE BETWE5 ALT]NATIVES ?AT !SE 9/ITUTIONS PRES5T1 A SLY PROC$URE :I* PROVIDES ! =M ( AUTONOMY & POPUL> CONTROL1 BUT MAKES A MOCK]Y ( ITS CONT5T4 ,ACCORD+LY1 HIS CIVIC BAH TIES >E DEF9$ BY 9ITIATIVES FROM ABOVE2 :E!R HE WILL RESI/ A PROPOS$ HI<WAY ?AT ?REAT5S TO DIVIDE HIS NEI<BORHOOD & POLLUTE IT ) GASOL9E EXHAU/S & NOISE1 A PROPOS$ UNCLE> P[] PLANT1 A PROPOS$ R$EVELOPM5T S*EME ?AT WILL REPLACE OLD NEI<BORHOOD DWELL+S BY MON/] HI<-RISE SUP]BLOCKS1 & SO =?4 ,IT IS NOT HE :O EX]CISES !SE 9ITIATIVES2 RA!R1 !Y COME FROM AG5CIES :I* HE NEV] CON/ITUT$1 BUS9ESS 9T]E/S :I* HAVE NO ROOTS 9 HIS COMMUNITY1 & POLITICAL FIGURES :O >E UNRESPONSIVE TO HIS NE$S4 

,! PA/ C5TURY BE>S WITNESS TO A /EADY ]OSION ( ! URBAN DWELL]'S P>TICIPATION 9 ! SOCIAL DECISIONMAK+ PROCESS1 ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ALI/ MY?OLOGY NOT)/&+1 POPUL> CONTROL OV] MUNICIPAL POLICY IS 9 RAPID DECAY4 ,& ! L>G] ! MUNICIPALITY -- ! MORE 9COMPREH5SIBLE ITS DIM5SIONS & ! MORE 0COMPLEX0 ,US PROBLEMS -- ! MORE COMPLETE ?IS DECOMPOSITION4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y CIVIC PROBLEM IS RESOLV$ NOT BY ACTION ?AT GOES TO ITS SOCIAL ROOTS1 BUT BY LEGISLATION ?AT FUR!R RE/RICTS ! RI<TS ( ! CITIZ5 AS AN AUTONOM\S BE+ & 5HANCES ! P[] ( SUPRA9DIVIDUAL AG5CIES4 ,CRIME IS DEALT ) BY CONF]R+ /RONG] P[]S ON ! POLICE2 TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULTIES1 BY VE/+ MORE CONTROL 9 NON-ELECT$ BUREAUCRACIES & COMMISSIONS2 NEI<BORHOOD PROBLEMS1 BY /R5G!N+ ! AU?ORITY ( CITY PLANN+ AG5CIES2 URBAN ADM9I/RATIVE PROBLEMS1 BY CREAT+ CITY MANAG]S :O >C BEYOND ! REA* ( PUBLIC ,9FLU5CE OR BY EXT5D+ ! EXECUTIVE P[]S ( ! MAYORS1 ,9/EAD ( DEC5TRALIZ+ MUNICIPAL P[] BY RESCAL+ IT TO NEI<BORHOOD DIM5SIONS SO ?AT CIVIC PROBLEMS CAN BECOME MORE COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! URBAN DWELL] & OP5 NEW AV5UES TO HIS P>TICIPATION1 ! TR5D IS OV]:ELM+LY 9 ! V]Y OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,ADJAC5T CITIES >E M]G$ OR CLU/]$ TOGE!R 9TO REGIONS ?AT R$UCE ! URBAN DWELL] TO ! TOTALLY PASSIVE OBJECT ( SUP]-AG5CIES1 AG5CIES :I* OR*E/RATE ! DRAMA ( CIVIC LIFE ON AN EPIC SCALE4 

,AL?\< ! URBAN DWELL] MAY BE P]MITT$ TO VOICE HIS OP9IONS AT PUBLIC HE>+S &1 LESS DIRECTLY1 9 ! ELECTORAL PROCESS1 EXP]I5CE EV5TUALLY TEA*ES HIM ?AT DECISIONS W9* 9TIMATELY AFFECT HIS LIFE >E MADE BEH9D HIS BACK1 ) LITTLE REG>D TO HIS 9T]E/S4 ,GRADUALLY1 HE SUCCUMBS TO ! REALITY PR9CIPLE ( MUNICIPAL LIFE4 ,9UR$ TO DECEIT1 CORRUPTION1 FRAGM5TATION1 & P[]LESSNESS1 HE S9KS 9TO CYNICAL 9DIFF]5CE4 ,?IS /ATE ( M9D HAS A QUIXOTICALLY ACTIVE DIM5SION3 ! MOD]N URBAN DWELL] RESPONDS TO ! WANTON DISREG>D ( HIS [N 9T]E/S BY DISREG>D+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! P[]S ?AT RULE HIS LIFE4 ,ALMO/ UNCONSCI\SLY1 HE TAKES REV5GE ON !SE P[]S BY IGNOR+ !IR ADMONITIONS & REGULATIONS4 ,! MASSIVE GR[? ( MISDEMEANORS 9 ALL ! GREAT CITIES ( ! WORLD -- FROM ! :OLESALE NONPAYM5T ( TRAFFIC TICKETS & LITT]+ ( /REETS TO V&ALISM AGA9/ ALL =MS ( 0PUBLIC PROP]TY0 -- IS !4 PRODUCT NOT ( POPUL> 9DIFF]5CE1 BUT ( POPUL> HO/ILITY4 ,SWELL+ ?IS TIDE ( PETTY CRIMES IS ! 5ORM\S 9CREASE1 ( MAJOR CRIMES -- BURGL>IES1 MUGG+S1 RAPES1 & MURD]S -- ?AT R$UCE 5TIRE DI/RICTS ( ! CITY TO URBAN JUNGLES4 

,ONE MU/ GO BACK TO ! DRAFT RIOTS 9 ,NEW ,YORK A C5TURY AGO OR ! ,GORDON RIOTS 9 ,LONDON TWO C5TURIES AGO TO F9D P]IODS ?AT MAT* ! ]OSION ( URBAN MORALE TODAY4 ,! ROT )9 ! CITIES IS N[ SO PALPABLE ?AT1 H[EV] MU* ATTEMPTS >E MADE TO CONCEAL IT ) COSMETIC S*EMES = URBAN REVITALIZATION1 ! /5* ( DECAY RISES FROM B5EA? ! SLICK DRAW+S & ! BLUEPR9TS TO FILL ! NO/RILS4 ,AN URBAN TOTALITY ?AT HAS LO/ ALL MEAN+ TO ! GREAT MAJORITY :O DWELL 9 IT IS ALREADY SPIRITUALLY DEAD4 ,! ORD9>Y URBANITE1 TO BE SURE1 CAN TRY TO RELATE TO HIS JOB1 HIS HOME & ,FAMILY1 & HIS IMM$IATE ASSOCIATES & FRI5DS2 BUT :5 ! OV]ALL CITY 5VIRONM5T ?AT =MS ! FRAMEWORK ( !SE 9T]RELATION%IPS IS TOTALLY MEAN+LESS TO HIM -- 9DE$1 ! OBJECT ( HIS ACTIVE HO/ILITY -- !N ITS CIVIC METABOLISM HAS COME TO A VIRTUAL HALT4 ,FROM A CONSCI\SLY ?RIV+ 5TITY1 ! CITY PASSES 9TO A COMATOSE /AT] IT MAY TE*NICALLY EXHIBIT ALL ! OV]T FUNCTIONS ( LIFE UND] ! M9I/RATIONS ( ITS SUP]-AG5CIES & EXECUTIVE BODIES1 BUT = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES IT IS 9 A T]M9AL CONDITION4 

,?AT MOD]N URBAN 5TITIES CAN CONT9UE TO GR[ DESPITE !IR SPIRITUAL & PHYSICAL DECAY IS EVID5CE ( ! UNIQUE PA?OLOGY ( ! B\RGEOIS CITY2 ! BREAKD[N ( ! SELF-CON/ITUTIVE RE/RA9TS ?AT TRADITIONALLY GAVE ! CITY ITS DEF9ABILITY & CULTURAL VITALITY4 ,MUM=D'S P>ADOXICAL DESCRIPTION ( ! METROPOLIS AS ! 0ANTI-CITY0 IS UN]R+2 LIMITLESS EXPANSION IS ITSELF A LIMIT1 A SELF-DEV\R+ PROCESS 9 :I* CONT5T IS SURR5D]$ TO =M & REALITY TO APPE>ANCE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 OV5 AS ! URBAN SPRAWL CONT9UES1 IT DEURBANIZES ! URBAN DWELL] BY RE/OR+ 9 HIM ALL ! P>O*IAL QUALITIES ( ! RURAL DWELL] )\T ! COMP5SATIONS ( A COMMUNITY LIFE2 EV5 AS URBAN D5SITIES 9CREASE -- P>TICUL>LY 9 ! B\RGEOIS CITY'S HI/ORIC ,LOCUS1 ! COMM]CIAL & MANUFACTUR+ DI/RICT -- !Y DIM9I% ! CULTURAL EFFECTS ( CONTIGUITY BY SUB/ITUT+ ATOMIZATION = COMMUNICATION1 ,! COLONIZATION ( SPACE BY MOD]N URBAN 5TITIES1 F> FROM PRODUC+ ! HET]OG5EITY ?AT MADE ! TRADITIONAL CITY A FEA/ ( VISUAL & CULTURAL /IMULI YIELDS A DEVA/AT+ HOMOG5EITY & /&>DIZATION ?AT IMPOV]I%ES ! HUMAN SPIRIT1 ,MOD]N URBAN 5TITIES >E NO LONG] S\RCES ( 9DIVIDUATION2 !Y >C ! >5AS  
P> EXCELL5CE ( PSY*IC & PHYSICAL MASSIFICATION -- ! AGGREGATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9TO A H]D4 ,?IS MASSIFICATION ISOLATES RA!R ?AN RELATES2 IT PRODUCES NO 0COMMON M9D0 9 ,GU/AV ,LE,BON'S S5SE1 BUT M9DLESSNESS & APA?Y4 ,! B\RGEOIS CITY1 IF CITY IT CAN /ILL BE CALL$1 IS A PLACE :]E ONE F9DS NOT HUMAN CONTIGUITY & ASSOCIATION1 BUT ANONYMITY & ISOLATION4 ,! LIMITS ( ! B\RGEOIS CITY CAN BE SUMM$ UP 9 TIRE FACT ?AT ! MORE !RE IS ( URBANISM1 ! LESS !RE IS ( URBANITY4 

,H]E1 ! FACTORY1 AS BO? S\RCE & MODEL ( ! B\RGEOIS CITY1 ACQUIRES A MULTIFACET$ MEAN+4 ,AS ! EMBODIM5T ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 ( PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION1 IT BECOMES ! G5IE ?AT EFFECTUATES UNLIMIT$ ECONOMIC GR[? AS WELL AS PROVID+ ! MA9 COMPON5TS ( UNLIMIT$ URBAN GR[?4 ,TO ! B\RGEOIS M9D1 MOREOV]1 !RE IS A S5SE 9 :I* IT =MS ! /RUCTURAL MODEL = SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 P]HAPS MORE ?AN ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD1 ! NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR T5DS TO PATT]N ITSELF ON ! FACTORY DIVISION ( LABOR1 NOT ONLY CONCEPTUALLY BUT ALSO AS ECONOMIC REALITY4 ,TO CAPITAL1 9 FACT1 ! 5TIRE CONT95T IS NO?+ BUT A HUGE ,9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISE -- ITS REGIONS DEP>TM5TALIZ$ ACCORD+ TO RES\RCES & FAVORABLE LOCALES = COMM]CIAL & MANUFACTUR+ OP]ATIONS4 ,?IS M5TALITY IS BETRAY$ 9 ALMO/ EV]Y SPEE* AT BUS9ESS GA!R+S4 ,ECOLOGICAL CONSID]ATIONS >E GIV5 ONLY TOK5 ACKN[L$GM5TS SOIL4 ,=E/S1 M9]ALS1 & WAT]WAYS >E M]ELY 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 :OSE EXPLOITATION REQUIRES NO JU/IFICATION EXCEPT :5 AN IDEOLOGICAL V5E] ( 05VIRONM5TAL CONC]N0 IS REQUIR$ TO ALLAY ! FEEL+S ( AN >\S$ PUBLIC4 

,?IS FACTORY M5TALITY F9DS ITS MO/ TELL+ EXPRESSION 9 ! MAN-MADE WORLD ( ! CITY4 ,EV]Y ES!TIC URBAN PATT]N 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/ T5DS TO BE SACRIFIC$ TO ! GRID SY/EM 79 MOD]N TIMES1 ! FACTORY PATT]N P> EXCELL5CE71 :I* FACILITATES ! MO/ EFFICI5T TRANSPORTATION ( GOOD8 & PEOPLE4 ,/REAMS >E OBLIT]AT$1 V>IATIONS 9 ! L&SCAPE EFFAC$ )\T ! LEA/ S5SITIVITY TO NATURAL BEAUTY1 MAGNIFIC5T /&S ( TREES REMOV$1 EV5 TREASUR$ >*ITECTURAL & HI/ORICAL MONUM5TS DEMOLI%$1 &1 :]EV] POSSIBLE1 ! T]RA9 IS LEVEL$ TO RESEMBLE A FACTORY FLOOR1 ,! ANGUL> & CURV$ /REETS ( ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE1 :I* AT EV]Y TURN DELI<T$ ! EYE ) A NEW & UNEXPECT$ SC5IC TABLEAU1 >E REPLAC$ BY /RAI<T MONOTON\S VI/AS ( ! SAME FEATURELESS BUILD+S & %OPS4 ,LOVELY SQU>ES 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/ >E R$UC$ TO NODAL PO9TS = TRAFFIC1 & HI<WAYS >E WANTONLY C>V$ 9TO VITAL NEI<BORHOODS1 DIVID+ & ,ANALLY SUBV]T+ !M4 ,! B\RGEOIS CITY1 MORE ?AN ANY O!R 9 HI/ORY1 PURGES ! PA/ & REPLACES ITS R$EMPTION1 AN ESS5TIAL NOTION 9 ,HEGEL'S CONCEPT ( FRE$OM1 ) AN ET]NALITY ?AT CONSI/S 9 A M9DLESS CONTEMPORANEITY4 ,HI/ORY1 AS A VISIBLE FACT 9 ! MONUM5TS IT LEAVES BEH9D1 MAY BE RETA9$1 BUT ONLY AS AN >*AEOLOGICAL CURIOSITY2 CAPITALISM IS ET]NAL ONLY 9 ITS CAPACITY TO ACCEL]ATE ! PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION ( COMMODITIES4 ,TO ! ANCI5TS1 ! RAZ+ ( A CAPTUR$ CITY WAS ! TOK5 ( ! 5EMY'S TOTAL EXT9CTION2 = AS LONG AS ! CITY /OOD1 ! 5EMY WAS /ILL UNCONQU]$4 ,EV5 AFT] ITS CAPTURE1 ! CITY PROVID$ HIM ) HI/ORICAL VISIBILITY4 ,TO ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS1 :O DEMOLI%ES HIS [N CITY DAILY 9 A RE/LESS FR5ZY ( CON/RUCTION & DE/RUCTION1 ALL ?AT DES]VES ET]NALITY IS ! SWELL+ FL[ ( TRANSI5T COMMODITIES4 ,! PA/ IS A REM9D] ?AT ET]NALITY HIS A QUALITATIVE DIM5SION ?AT IS ALI5 TO ! PRODUCTION ( EVANESC5T EX*ANGE VALUES4 

,LIKE EV]Y FACTORY1 ! B\RGEOIS CITY NOT ONLY DEV\RS M5 BUT ITS [N RAW MAT]IAL -- L&4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ?IS OCCURS AT ! RATE ( SOME ?REE ?\S& ACRES A DAY4 ,S9CE ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 MORE ?AN ?IRTY MILLION ACRES HAVE BE5 BURI$ UND] CONCRETE & /EEL1 MU* ( IT AGRICULTURALLY PRODUCTIVE L&4 ,TO FE$ ! IMM5SE POPULATIONS ?AT >E ABSORB$ BY ! CITIES1 AGRICULTURE TOO MU/ BE 9DU/RIALIZ$1 ?AT IS1 R$UC$ TO A FACTORY OP]ATION4 ,?IS IS A*IEV$ BY SPRAY+ CROPS ) H>MFUL *EMICALS1 SATURAT+ ! SOIL ) 9ORGANIC F]TILIZ]S1 COMPACT+ IT ) HUGE H>VE/+ EQUIPM5T1 & LEVEL+ ! T]RA9 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,VIEW$ 9 T]MS ( POPULATION & L& USE1 APPALL+ DISLOCATIONS DEVELOP BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY4 ,! MAJORITY ( ,AM]ICANS COLLECT ALONG ! HI<LY URBANIZ$ SEABO>D >EAS ( ! CONT95T & 9 ! =MLESS URBAN BELTS ( ! MIDWE/1 :ILE RURAL COMMUNITIES LANGUI% & DIE4 ,ONE 9 ?REE RURAL C\NTIES %[S A LOSS ( POPULATION1 BUT ! CITIES CONT9UE TO GR[ 9EXORABLY & BLI<T ! LA/ SEMI-RURAL REFUGES FROM URBAN CONGE/ION1 ,R\<LY A QU>T] TO A ?IRD ( ! ,AM]ICAN POPULATION N[ RESIDES 9 ! COA/AL BELT BETWE5 S\!RN ,NEW ,HAMP%IRE & NOR!RN ,VIRG9IA1 ! URBAN-SUBURBAN REGION :I* ,JEAN ,GOTTMANN HAS APTLY NAM$ 0MEGALOPOLIS40 ,9 ?IS >EA1 BETWE5 ?IRTY & =TY MILLION PEOPLE OCCUPY ONLY T5 ?\S& SQU>E MILES1 OR ?REE TO F\R ?\S& PEOPLE TO A SQU>E MILE ( URBAN & SUBURBAN L&4 ,! D5SITIES SO> AS ONE APPROA*ES ! MAJOR URBAN >EAS UNTIL !Y REA* AN AV]AGE ( EI<TY ?\S& PEOPLE P] SQU>E MILE 9 ,MANHATTAN & SUB/ANTIALLY MORE 9 ! OLD] SLUM >EAS ( ! BOR\<4 

,! ECOLOGICAL BURD5 ! B\RGEOIS CITY PLACES ON ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T IS /AGG]+4 ,! CITY IS NOT ONLY A VICTIM ( AIR & WAT] POLLUTION1 BUT A GRAVE POLLUTANT 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,ITS DEM& = WAT] UPSETS ! HYDROLOGIC CYCLE ( ! 5TIRE REGION SURR\ND+ IT1 & ! SOLID WA/ES IT PRODUCES >E GR[+ BEYOND RATIONAL CONTROL4 ,NEW ,YORK ALONE G5]ATES #c1 TONS ( G>BAGE DAILY1 ASIDE FROM ! SEWAGE EFFLU5T ?AT FL[S 9TO ITS RIV]S & BAYS4 ,9 ! MEANTIME ! B\RGEOIS CITY CONT9UES TO GR[4 ,DAILY1 IT SPREADS OV] ! C\RT1 TRY SIDE LIKE A RAMPANT CANC] & DE/ROYS WAT]WAYS & MASSES ( L& :OSO PRES]VATION MAY WELL PROVIDE ! 9DISP5SABLE AGRICULTURAL M>G9 ( SURVIVAL = HUMANITY 9 ! AGES ?AT LIE AHEAD4 ,! ?\<T ?AT !RE IS NO LIMIT TO ?IS URBAN GR[? REM9DS US1 9 FACT1 ?AT ! NATURAL WORLD RAISES A DECISIVE ECOLOGICAL LIMIT ( ITS [N -- BUT ONE1 P]HAPS1 ?AT MAY NOT BE FELT UNTIL ! DAMAGE HAS BE5 IRREP>ABLE & ! RECOV]Y ( A BALANC$ ECOLOGY IRREV]SIBLE4 

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