,*APT] #d 
,COMMUNITY & ,CITY ,PLANN+ 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

#d4 ,COMMUNITY & ,CITY ,PLANN+ 

  

,CAN ! B\RGEOIS CITY BE RESCU$ FROM ITSELF8 ,OR1 TO ASK A MORE BASIC QUE/ION1 CAN ! HI< TRADITIONS ( URBANISM BE 9/ILL$ 9 ! MOD]N METROPOLIS8 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E SCI5CE ACQUIRES ! AURA ?AT ! >*AIC WORLD ONCE RES]V$ = MAGIC1 ! ANSW] T5DS TO BE BIAS$ T[>D TE*NICAL EXP]TIZE4 ,! PROBLEMS ( ! MOD]N CITY CAN 7& PRESUMABLY WILL7 BE RESOLV$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE ! GREATE/ URBAN 0KN[-H[0 -- ! CITY PLANN]S4 ,NOT ?AT !SE SPECIALI/S >E BELOV$ BY PEOPLE1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE 9 ! OLD] URBAN >EAS :OSE NEI<BORHOODS >E BE+ SAVAGELY REVITALIZ$4 ,HUT ! PRE/IGE ( ,AM]ICAN KN[-H[1 ( PR(ESSIONAL TE*NIQUE41 MY/IFIES ! M9DS ( ITS VICTIMS EV5 AS IT DISILLUSIONS !M 9 PRACTICE4 ,AS TO ! WID5+ GAP BETWE5 IDEAL & REAL1 ! CITY PLAN & ITS GROTESQUE ACTUALITY1 ?IS IS COM=TABLY EXPLA9$ AS ! WORK ( ! SELF-SEEK+1 ! GRE$Y1 & ! 9DIFF]5T4 ,!SE VILLA9\S TRAITS >E BE/[$ NOT ONLY ON L& SPECULATORS1 CON/RUCTION B>ONS1 GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRATS1 L&LORDS1 & CORPORATE 9T]E/S1 :O EM95TLY POSSESS !M1 BUT RA!R FLIPPANTLY1 ON ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 ,PEOPLE1 WE >E TOLD1 DON'T C>E 5\< AB\T !IR URBAN 5VIRONM5T TO DO ANY?+ = IT4 ,AN AB/RACT 0WE0 IS DI/ILL$ ,FROM ! M$LEY ( CONFLICT+ SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 A T>GET ( 9SIDI\S PROPAG&A ?AT DEM&S CONC]N1 BUT D5IES ! P[] ( ACTION TO ?OSE :O >E MO/ VICTIMIZ$ -- ! ORD9>Y URBAN DWELL] :O MU/ 5DURE ! METROPOLIS NOT ONLY AS A PLACE ( WORK BUT ALSO AS A WAY ( LIFE4 

,9 URBANISM ! C\NT]P>T ( ?IS AB/RACT 0WE0 IS ! AB/RACT DESIGN3 ! >*ITECTURAL SKET* ?AT WILL RESOLVE ! GRAVE/ URBAN PROBLEMS ) ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ KN[-H[4 ,FRANK ,FI%] OBS]VES3  
  

,ONE QUE/ION AB\T CITY PLANN+ MU/ HAVE COME TO ! M9D ( ANYONE :O HAS F+]$ ! MAGNIFIC5T VOLUMES 9 :I* ! PROPOSALS ( PLANN]S >E G5]ALLY PRES5T$4 ,:Y DO ?OSE GRE5 SPACES1 ?OSE C>EFULLY PLAC$ SKYSCRAP]S1 ?OSE PLEASANT RESID5TIAL DI/RICTS1 & EQUALLY PLEASANT FACTORY & WORK+ >EAS1 /ILL REMA9 DREAMS = ! MO/ P>T8 ,:Y >E \R CITIES H>DLY ANY LESS UGLY & UNPLEASANT ?AN !Y W]E ! AT ! HEI<T ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY'S ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION8 .<#c.>  
  

,FI%]'S REPLY1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 IS MORE REASONABLE ?AN MO/1 BUT ! QUE/ION ITSELF IS COMMONPLACE & IT NORMALLY CONTA9S LOAD$ PRESUPPOSITIONS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE IS ?AT A RATIONAL CITY IS PRIM>ILY A PRODUCT ( GOOD DESIGN+4 ,WILL 0GRE5 SPACES10 0PLEASANT RESID5TIAL DI/RICTS10 0EQUALLY PLEASANT FACTORY & WORK+ >EAS0 -- NOT TO M5TION 0C>EFULLY PLAC$ SKYSCRAP]S' -- 9 !MSELVES PRODUCE HUMAN1 RATIONAL1 OR EV5 VIABLE CITIES8 

,AS A DI/9CTIVE DISCIPL9E1 CITY PLANN+ >OSE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY NET ONLY BECAUSE ! GREAT CITIES ( ! WORLD HAD DET]IORAT$ APPALL+LY1 BUT BECAUSE PLANN+ & MORE PRECISELY DESIGN HAD BECOME MY/ICALLY REIFI$4 ,! C5TRAL NOTION ?AT ! CITY WAS ESS5TIALLY A MAN-MADE >RANGEM5T ( SPACE IMPUT$ TO ! ,ORGANIZATION ( SPACE PROBLEMS ?AT BASICALLY 9H]E 9 SOCIETY4 ,?IS CUNN+ OP]ATIONAL APPROA* BEGS ! V]Y QUE/IONS IT PROPOSES TO RESOLVE4 ,! EXT]NAL ATTRIBUTES ( AN 5TITY1 ! OBVI\S FACT ?AT ! 5TITY IS LOCAT$ 9 0SPACE0 & 0TIME_/' >C MADE 9TO ITS ESS5CE4 ,! F> MORE IMPORTANT FACT ?AT CITIES EMBODY MODES ( SOCIAL RELATIONS -- ?AT ?OSE RELATIONS MAY BE HI]>*ICAL OR EGALIT>IAN1 BAS$ ON DOM9ATION OR LIB]ATION1 PROMOTE CONFLICT OR H>MONY1 GOV]N$ BY ! M>KET OR BY PEOPLE -- >E EVAD$ BY A P]SPECTIVE ?AT FOCUSES ON SOCIALLY NEUTRAL CATEGORIES4 

,! SPATIAL CRIT]IA ( CITY PLANN+ DO NOT PROVIDE US ) AN 9DEX ,= JUDG+ BE VIABILITY ( URBAN 5TITIES4 ,9DE$1 SOME ( ! MO/ SOCIALLY & CULTURALLY VITAL CITIES 9 HI/ORY W]E SPATIALLY *AOTIC BY MOD]N /&>DS4 ,! RESID5TIAL QU>T]S ( CLASSICAL ,A!NS1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE BE5 DESCRIB$ BY ,MUM=D AS A 0RUBBLE ( H\SES444 BUILT ( UNBAK$ BRICK1 ) TIL$ RO(S1 OR EV5 MUD & WATTLE40.<#c#a.> ,A MADD5+ DISORD]LY MAZE1 ! /REETS W]E (T5 NO WID] ?AN ! SPAN REQUIR$ ,= A MAN & A DONKEY4 ,TO F9D ONE'S WAY ?R\< ?IS CONFUSION1 ONE1 9 TYPICAL ,GREEK FA%ION1 HAD TO KN[ ! CITY 9TIMATELY4 ,DICAE>*US1 9 HIS DESCRIPTION ( ,A!NS >\ND ! SECOND C5TURY ,B4,C41 COMPLA9S ?AT ! 0/REETS >E NO?+ BUT MIS]ABLE LANES1 ! H\SES MEAN1 ) A FEW BETT] ONES AMONG !M4 ,ON HIS FIR/ >RIVAL A /RANG] W\LD H>DLY BELIEVE ?AT ?IS IS ! ,A!NS ( :I* LIE LIAS HE>D SA MU*40.<#c#b.> 

,BUT ,A!NIAN LIFE WAS NOT MEANT TO BE LIV$ 9DOORS 9 RESPL5D5T PRIVACY1 = TO DO SO W\LD HAVE VITIAT$ !  
POLIS AS A COMMUNITY4 ,LIFE WAS TO BE SP5T 9 ! AGORA1 ! L>GE SQU>E 9 :I* CITIZ5S GA!R$ DAILY TO TRANSACT !IR AFFAIRS1 GOSSIP1 >GUE POLITICS1 & SELL !IR W>ES4 ,TO FULFILL ?IS FUNCTION1 ! POLIS HAD TO BE SCAL$ TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS -- 9 ,>I/OTLE'S WORDS1 A CITY ?AT C\LD BE 0TAK5 9 AT A S+LE VIEW40.<#c#c.> ,URBAN SPACE EVOLV$ SPONTANE\SLY \T ( ! DESIRE = 9TIMATE SOCIATION1 NOT \T ( A PRIORI CONSID]ATIONS ( TRADE1 RELIGION1 OR A GEOMETRY ( =MAL URBAN ES!TICS4 ,S9CE ! AGORA WAS ! AU!NTIC >5A ( ,A!NIAN LIFE1 ! 0/REET WAS NOT TREAT$ AS ! PR9CIPAL DESIGN ELEM5T BUT AS ! M9IMAL LEFTOV] SPACE = CIRCULATION10 NOTES ,PAUL ,SPREIREG5 -- ! AGORA1 ?AT IS1 & ! ,ACROPOLIS1 :I* S]V$ AS =TRESS & RELIGI\S C5T] ,SE5 FROM AN A]IAL VIEW1 ! /RUCTURES ( ! ,ACROPOLIS LACK ANY ORD]LY >RANGEM5T2 9DE$1 TO LAT] OBS]V]S1 0! COMPON5T BUILD+S W]E ONCE ?\<T TO LACK VISIBLE DESIGN RELATIONS10 ,SPREIREG5 OBS]VES4 ,! ,HELL5IC M9D1 H[EV]1 CONC]N$ ITSELF LITTLE ) A DESIGN ?AT IS MEANT TO PLEASE A COSMIC SUPRAHUMAN DEITY ?AT VIEWS MAN'S WORKS FROM ! SKIES1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 AN ,OLYMPIAN >*ITECT :O PLACES GEOMETRIC SYMMETRY ABOVE ! MUNDANE EXP]I5CES ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 ,! ,ACROPOLIS'S ,/RUCTURES 0W]E CONCEIV$1 BUILT1 & REBUILT OV] A LONG P]IOD ( OBS]VATION & REFLECTION -- TO BE SE5 BY ! HUMAN EYE & EXP]I5C$ BY PEOPLE MOV+ ON FOOT4 ,!IR DESIGN PR9CIPLE WAS NOT ! AB/RACT PLAN3 IT WAS ! REAL EXP]I5CE ( PEOPLE40 .<#c#d.> 

,! M$IEVAL COMMUNE RETA9$ ?IS SPIRIT ( SPONTANE\S HUMAN DESIGN & HUMAN SCALE -- NOT ,FROM ANY KN[L$GE ( ! POLIS1 BUT AS A NATURAL ACTUALIZATION ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT =M$ ! BASIS ( URBAN LIFE4 ,ONE MU/ BE BL9D TO URBAN *>M & BEAUTY TO DISMISS !SE E>LY ,EUROPEAN T[NS AS 0*AOTIC10 AL?\< ?IS T]M HAS BE5 US$ REPEAT$LY AN ACC\NTS ( ! COMMUNE4 ,CLOSE TO NATURE & TO ! L&1 ! M$IEVAL T[N AS A MATT] ( C\RSE FOLL[$ ! CONT\RS ( ! T]RA91 & 9 S]P5T9E FA%ION =M$ ?OSE TWI/+ LANES1 DELI<TFUL CUL-DE-SACS1 & N>R[ CURV+ /REETS ?AT /ILL *>M ! MOD]N VISITOR4 ,MUM=D HAS CAPTUR$ ! COMMUNE'S BEAUTY & VISUAL V>IETY ) UNMAT*$ DESCRIPTIVE PASSAGES3  
  

,ONE AWOKE 9 ! M$IEVAL T[N TO ! CR[+ ( A COCK1 ! *IRP+ ( BIRDS NE/+ UND] ! EAVES1 OR TO ! TOLL+ ( ! H\RS 9 ! MONA/]Y ON ! \TSKIRTS1 P]HAPS TO ! *IME ( BELLS 9 ! NEW BELL T[] 9 ! M>KET SQU>E1 TO ANN\NCE ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORK+ DAY1 OR ! OP5+ ( ! M>KET4.<#c#e.>  
  

,9 WALK+ D[N ! /REETS ( ! M$IEVAL T[N1 ONE F9DS 0NO /ATIC >*ITECTURE10 BUT A DYNAMIC HET]OG5EITY4 

,! MASSES SUDD5LY EXP& & VANI%1 AS ONE APPROA*ES !M OR DRAWS AWAY2 A DOZ5 PACES MAY ALT] ! RELATION ( ! =EGR\ND & BACKGR\ND1 OR ! L[] & UPP] RANGE ( ! L9O ( VISION4 ,! PR(ILES ( ! BUILD+S1 ) !IR /EEP GABLES1 !IR %>P RO( L9OS1 !IR P9NACLES1 !IR T[]S1 !IR TRAC]IES1 RIPPLE & H[1 BREAK & SOLIDIFY1 RISE & FALL1 ) NO LESS VITALITY ?AN ! /RUCTURES !MSELVES4.<#c#f.> 

,FROM AN ES!TIC VIEWPO9T1 ,MUM=D NOTES3  
  

A M$IEVAL T[N IS LIKE A M$IEVAL TAPE/RY3 ! EYE1 *ALL5G$ BY ! RI* 9TRICACY ( ! DESIGN1 ROAMS BACK & ,=? OV] ! 5TIRE FABRIC1 CAPTIVAT$ BY A D[]1 AN ANIMAL1 A HEAD1 L+]+ :]E IT PLEASES1 RETRAC+ ITS PA?1 TAK+ ! :OLE ONLY BY ! ASSIMILAT+ ( ITS P>TS1 NOT COMM&+ ! DESIGN AT A S+LE GLANCE4.<#c#g.>  
  

,?IS IS ! SPACE ( A LEISURELY CRAFT SOCIETY ?AT LOOKS NOT ONLY TO QUALITY BUT TO DETAIL4 ,! TOTALITY ACQUIRES ITS UNITY BY AN 9T]WEAV+ ( UNIQUE P>TICUL>S4 ,WE SEE 9 ?IS DESIGN PATT]N ! CIVIC EVID5CE ( AN AWAK5+ 9DIVIDUALITY ?AT1 ASIDE FROM ! ,GREEK POLIS WAS ! WE/]N WORLD'S CLAIM TO FRE$OM & P]SONALITY -- ?AT IS1 UNTIL ?IS CLAIM WAS DEBAS$ BY MASSIFICATION & EGOTISM4 ,IT WAS ALSO AN EGALIT>IAN SPACE ( MODE/ H\SES >ID %>$ RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,CONTRA/ ?IS CIVIC TAPE/RY ) ,B>OQUE HI]>*Y & ABSOLUTISM1 & ! *ANGE 9TRODUC$ BY ! C\RTLY CITIES ( ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES BECOMES PA9FULLY EVID5T4 ,MOM =D ADDS P]CEPTIVELY3  
  

,= ! B>OQUE EYE1 ?AT M$IEVAL =M IS TORTUR\S & ! EF=T TO 5COMPASS IT IS T$I\S2 = ! M$IEVAL EYE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! B>OQUE =M W\LD BE BRUTALLY DIRECT & OV]-UNIFI$4 ,!RE IS NO ONE 0RI<T0 WAY TO APPROA* A M$IEVAL BUILD+3 ! F9E/ FACE ( ! ,*>TRES CA!DRAL IS ! S\!RN ONE2 & ?\< P]HAPS ! BE/ VIEW ( ,NOT] ,DAME IS FROM ACROSS ! ,SE9E1 9 ! RE>1 ?AT VIEW1 ) ITS 5GIRDL+ GRE5 WAS NOT OP5$ UP TILL ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4.<#c#h.>  
  

,9 A S5SE ! SAME IS TRUE ( ! ,ACROPOLIS1 DESPITE1 ITS SEEM+LY CLASSICAL COLDNESS4 ,VIEW$ FROM ALMO/ ANY ANGLE & DI/ANCE1 IT PRES5TS ! ASC5D+ PLANES ?AT 9VITE ! EYE TO MOVE /EP BY /EP FROM EA* /RUCTURE TO ! ,P>!NON4 

,?IS SPONTANE\S >TI/IC A*IEVEM5T ,H[S FROM A COMPLETE 9TEGRATION ( ES!TIC S5SIBILITY ) WORKADAY LIFE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 DIFFICULT = ! ,GREEKS & M$IEVAL BUR<]S TO EXCLUDE %OPS & V5DORS FROM !IR PUBLIC SQU>ES1 TO R$UCE !SE SQU>ES M]ELY TO ! VISUAL OBJECT ( PASSIVE LOIT]]S4 ,ONE DID NOT M]ELY L+] 9 !SE SQU>ES DUR+ ! AFT]H\RS ( WORK2 ONE LIV$ 9 !M & (T5 CONDUCT$ ! MA9 BUS9ESS ( LIFE !RE4 ,! PEOPLE :O BUILT ! POLIS & M$IEVAL COMMUNE W]E 9DEP5D5T1 CIVICLY D$ICAT$ SMALLHOLD]S -- F>M]S & CRAFTSM5 -- = :OM ES!TIC S5SIBILITY FUZ$ ) WORK1 TRADE1 & POLITICS1 ,?IS S5SIBILITY WAS NOT RES]V$ = RELIGION & ! MORE AB/RACT REALMS ( LIFE4 ,9DE$1 >T ITSELF WAS A CRAFT1 ! 0EXTRAORD9>Y0 R5D]$ ORD9>Y4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 :]E GOOD TA/E 9H]$ 9 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS !MSELVES1 !SE RELATIONS C\LD BE TRU/$ TO SPONTANE\SLY EVOLVE ! CITY AS A VITAL CIVIC 5TITY & A WORK ( >T4 

,CITY PLANN+1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS AN EXPRESSION ( MI/RU/ 9 ! SPONTANEITY ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & = GOOD REASON4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY DIVIDES VIRTUALLY ALL SPH]ES ( LIFE AGA9/ EA* O!R2 IT UNIV]SALIZES COMPETITION1 PR(IT1 & ! PRIMACY ( EX*ANGE VALUE OV] MUTUAL AID1 >T1 & UTILITY4 ,ES!TIC S5SIBILITY1 IF IT CAN HE CALL$ ?AT 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 BECOMES A M]*&ISABLE DEVICE2 >T1 EV5 ! CITY ITSELF1 A M>KETABLE COMMODITY4 ,! DAMAGE & DISLOCATIONS ?AT 0FREE 5T]PRISE0 9FLICT$ ON ! CITIES ( ! WE/]N WORLD OV] ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES REM9D US ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIAL RELATIONS1 IF LEFT UN*ECK$1 W\LD RAVAGE BEYOND R$EMPTION EV]Y ES!TIC TREASURE ?AT ! PA/ HAS LEFT TO ! PRES5T4 ,CITY PLANN+ F9DS ITS VALIDATION 9 ! 9TUITIVE RECOGNITION ?AT A BURGEON+ M>KET SOCIETY CANNOT NOT BE TRU/$ TO PRODUCE SPONTANE\SLY A HABITABLE1 SANIT>Y1 OR EV5 EFFICI5T CITY1 MU* LESS A BEAUTIFUL ONE4 

,BUT ! CRITICAL SELF-CONSCI\SNESS ( CITY PLANN+ DID NOT GO F> 5\<4 ,R>ELY C\LD CITY PLANN+ TRANSC5D ! DE/RUCTIVE SOCIAL CONDITIONS TO :I* IT WAS A RESPONSE4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT IT TURN$ 9 UPON ITSELF AS A SPECIALIZ$ PR(ESSION -- ! ACTIVITY ( >*ITECTS1 5G9E]S1 & SOCIOLOGI/S -- IT TOO FELL )9 ! N>R[ DIVISION ( LABOR ( ! V]Y SOCIETY IT WAS MEANT TO CONTROL4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 SOME ( ! MO/ HUMANI/IC NOTIONS ( URBANISM COME ,FROM AMATEURS :O RETA9 CONTACT ) ! AU!NTIC EXP]I5CES ( PEOPLE & ! MUNDANE AGONIES ( METROPOLITAN LIFE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! OV]:ELM+ PRAGMATIC M5TALITY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY MUT$ CITY PLANN+'S VISION>Y \TLOOK1 ONE HAD TO DEAL ) ! 0FACTS ( LIFE0 TO GET ANY?+ DONE1 NOT ) 0UTOPIAN S*EMES40 ,TO GET ANY?+ DONE1 9 EFFECT1 MEANT TO DO ONE'S CITY PLANN+ )9 ! P>AMET]S E/ABLI%$ BY ! SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,BUT ! SY/EM IS 9H]5TLY IRRATIONAL TO BEG9 )1 SO ?AT CITY PLANN+ F\ND ITSELF 9 ! IMPOSSIBLE SITUATION ( TRY+ TO R5D] RATIONAL A SOCIAL ORGANISM :OSE V]Y ESS5CE IS IRRATIONALITY -- PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION & ! SUBS]VI5CE ( HUMAN GOALS TO ECONOMIC ONES4 ,9S(> AS CITY PLANN+ DID NOT MAKE B\RGEOIS SOCIAL RELATIONS AS SU* ! VALID SUBJECT ( CRITICAL ANALYSIS -- A WORK ?AT WAS DONE BY ! RADICAL ,UTOPIANS1 ! AN>*I/S1 & BY ,M>X -- IT WAS RAPIDLY ASSIMILAT$ 7ASIDE FROM 0ECC5TRIC0 :O FR+E EV]Y DISCIPL9E7 9TO ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! HYPO/ATIZATION ( DESIGN & TE*NIQUE IS SIMPLY ! %AD[ ?AT PLANN]S CA/ ON ! H>% \TL9ES ( DEHUMANIZ+ SOCIAL RELATIONS -- RELATIONS ?AT DEBASE NOT ONLY ! URBAN DWELL] BUT ! CITY ITSELF4 ,! \TL9ES1 9 EFFECT1 >E BO? S(T5$ & OBSCUR$4 ,AS ,LEON>DO ,B5EVOLO OBS]VES1 0T[N-PLANN+ TE*NIQUE4 ,9V>IABLY LAGS BEH9D ! EV5TS IT IS SUPPOS$LY CONTROLL+ & IT RETA9S A /RICTLY REM$IAL *>ACT]40 .<#c#i.> ,EV5 ?IS /ATEM5T HAS IDEOLOGICAL ELEM5TS3 ! PROBLEM IS NOT ONE ( 0TE*NIQUE0 KEEP+ UP ) EV5TS2 CITY PLANN+ PLAYS NOT A 0REM$IAL0 ROLE BUT AN EXAC]BAT+ ONE4 

,A CRITICAL SUMM>Y ( ! CITY-PLANN+ MOVEM5T'S DEVELOPM5T L5DS COMPELL+ SUPPORT TO ,B5EVOLO'S V]DICT4 ,UNTIL ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 CITY PLANN+ WAS R>ELY C5T]$ ON ! CITY AS AN AUTONOM\S 5TITY1 NOR C\LD IT BE CALL$ 0PLANN+0 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,CONCEPTUALLY1 ! PRE-,HELL5IC ANCI5T CITY WAS SE5 AS A TEMPLE OR A =TRESS1 :ATEV] ADDITIONAL ,FUNCTIONS IT ACQUIR$ ALONG ! WAY OR H[EV] SIGNIFICANT !Y BECAME AT A LAT] PO9T4 ,ITS 0PLANN]S0 W]E PRIE/S & W>RIORS1 NOT ! G5]AL POPULACE OR SPECIALI/S 9 URBANISM4 ,! LAY\T ( ! CITY1 :5 IT WAS MORE ?AN A MILIT>Y BA/ION SITUAT$ 9 A DEF5SIBLE T]RA91 WAS DEF9$ BY RELIGI\S CONSID]ATIONS4 ,!SE CONSID]ATIONS HAD AN URBAN VALUE 9 !MSELVES1 = !Y GAVE ! CITY A =MAL UNITY ?AT RESI/$ ! CORROSIVE EFFECTS ( TRADE & COMM]CIAL SELF-9T]E/4 

,E4,A4 ,GUTKK9D1 DRAW+ UPON ! EXAMPLE ( PRECAPITALI/ CITIES 9 ,9DIA1 GIVES US A GLIMPSE ( ! FACTORS ?AT GUID$ ?IS =MAL UNITY4  
  

,! OLD T[NS ( ,9DIA W]E LIMIT$ 9 SIZE4 ,!Y REFLECT$ ! GR\ND PLAN ( ! WORLD AS DEVIS$ BY ! ,JA9AS1 A RELIGI\S GR\P ( ,NOR? ,9DIA RELAT$ TO ! ,BUDDHI/S4 ,! 9N]MO/ CIRCLE IS OCCUPI$ BY ! ,E>?1 :I* IS SURR\ND$ BY A CIRCUL> OCEAN4 ,9 ! C5T] RISES ,M]U1 ! WORLD M\NTA91 FROM :I* ISSUE F\R RIV]S SEP>AT+ F\R CONT95TS4 ,BEYOND ! CIRCUL> OCEAN IS ANO!R CIRCUL> CONT95T ) ITS M\NTA91 ,FOLL[$ BY ANO!R OCEAN & ANO!R CONT95T4 ,! B\ND+ (' ! T[N BY A WALL1 ! SITUATION ( ! TEMPLE OR ! PALACE 9 ! C5T]1 ! PR9CIPLE ( WALL$-9 QU>T]S1 ! SYMBOLISM ( FIGURES AS SE54 ,= 9/ANCE1 9 ! NUMB] ( GATES 7TWELVE GATES CORRESPOND+ TO ! TWELVE SIGNS ( ! ,ZODIAC71 ! SYMBOLISM ( COLORS -- ALL !SE FACTORS W]E A DIRECT TRANSPOSITION ( ! WORLD CONCEPT 9TO >*ITECTURE1 EV5 ?\< ! CITIES W]E MO/LY RECTANGUL>1 & ONLY V]Y OCCASIONALLY1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! OLD T[N ( ,CRIK%ATRA 9 ,BURMA1 CIRCUL>4 .<#d.>  
  

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 E>LY CITIES W]E NOT ONLY ECONOMICALLY DEP5D5T UPON ! L&1 BUT !Y (T5 9CLUD$ SPACE ,= ,FOOD CULTIVATION )9 ! URBAN P]IMET]4 ,T5O*TITLAN1 = EXAMPLE1 CONTA9$ MANY ( ! FAM\S 0FLOAT+ G>D5S0 ?AT ! ,AZTECS CREAT$ 9 ,LAKE ,TEXCOCO BY AN*OR+ MUD ) OSI] RE9=CEM5TS1 ADD+ TREES :OSE ROOTS F$ ! 5TIRE 5SEMBLE TO ! LAKE BOTTOM4 ,! ,MESOPOTAMIAN CITIES1 ,GUTK9D PO9TS \T1 09CLUD$ L>GE OP5 SPACES ?AT W]E US$ AS FIELDS1 G>D5S & OR*>DS1 CONTRIBUT+ TO ! FOOD SUPPLY ( ! POPULATION40 .<#d#a.> ,UNTIL ! M$IEVAL T[NS BECAME OV]CR[D$ T[>D ! 5D ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 G>D5+ & DAIRY+ W]E A NORMAL P>T ( FAMILY LIFE4 ,PLOTS W]E RES]V$ = GR[+ FOOD & EA* FAMILY RETA9$ SOME PIGS1 *ICK5S1 & A C[ OR TWO :I* C\LD BE PO/UR$ ON COMMON L&4 ,& IF OP5 SPACE WAS 9 %ORT SUPPLY1 ! C\NTRYSIDE WAS EASILY ACCESSIBLE TO ! URBAN DWELL]4 0,EV5 ANCI5T ,ROME1 ) ITS MILLION 9HABITANTS0 OBS]VE ,LYN* & ,RODW91 0WAS 9 VISIBLE RELATION TO ITS SURR\ND+ C\NTRYSIDE4 ,ONE C\LD EASILY WALK FROM ONE DI/RICT TO ANO!R OR ,FROM ! C5TRAL TO ! RURAL >EA40 .<#d#b.> 

,! /RIK+ FEATURE ( PRECAPITALI/ URBAN DESIGN IS ?AT IT IS CONDITION$ BY EXTRAURBAN FACTORS4 ,LIMIT$ BY A METAPHYSICAL OR HUMAN FOCUS1 IT SUBS]VES TRADE & MAT]IAL PRODUCTION TO 5DS O!R ?AN !MSELVES4 ,9 ! ,ASIAN CITIES1 ?IS FOCUS MAY BE ! GODS1 A RELIGI\S COSMOLOGY1 OR ! DEIFI$ MON>* & /ATE BUREAUCRACY2 9 ! POLIS ! ,FOCUS %IFTS /RIK+LY TO ! HUMAN COMMUNITY & F9DS EXPRESSION 9 ! C5TRALITY ?AT IS GIV5 TO ! AGORA2 & 9 ! M$IEVAL T[N ! URBAN FOCUS IS DIRECT$ T[>D ! HOME1 DESPITE ! GR[+ ,IMPORTANCE ( ! M>KETPLACE4 ,UNTIL LATE M$IEVAL TIMES1 NOT ONLY IS URBAN DEVELOPM5T PHYSICALLY & SOCIALLY LIMIT$ BY ! L&1 BUT ITS DESIGN CRIT]IA >E GUID$ BY RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL1 OR DI/9CTLY HUMAN CONSID]ATIONS4 ,ONE MAY F9D !SE CRIT]IA OPPRESSIVELY MONUM5TAL [+ TO ! SUPREMACY !Y GIVE TO POLITICAL & ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITY2 BUT R>ELY >E ! PRECAPITALI/ CITIES UGLY 9 ! NOTABLE ABS5CE ( ES!TIC VALUES4 ,H[EV] OPPRESSIVE ! MONUM5TALITY ( SU* URBAN 5VIRONM5TS MAY BE1 !Y CLE>LY 5GAG$ ! EMOTIONS ( ! URBAN DWELL] -- 9 ! POLIS & 9 ! FREE M$IEVAL T[N4 ,IDS DIRECT CIVIC P>TICIPATION AS WELL -- & IMPOS$ DI/9CT ES!TIC LIMITS ON ! RAMPANT EGOTISM ?AT WAS LAT] TO BE G5]AT$ BY ! B\RGEOIS M>KETPLACE4 

,PLANN+ ( SORTS SURETY EXI/$1 9ITIALLY1 AS WE HAVE NOT$1 BY PRIE/S & W>RIORS2 LAT]1 BY >*ITECTS & 5G9E]S1 ,BUT 9 ! EASE ( ! LATT]1 WE 5C\NT] -- NO LESS ?AN AMONG ! PRIE/S -- A /RONG EMPHASIS ON RELIGI\S OR METAPHYSICAL CONSID]ATIONS :I* ,ALEX&] ,TZONIS RA!R UNFELICIT\SLY DESCRIBES AS 0IRRATIONAL PLANN+0 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM MOD]N 0RATIONALI/0 URBAN DESIGN4 ,YET1 9 ALL FAIRNESS1 IT C\LD BE SAID ?AT ! 0PLANN]0 ( ! PRECAPITALI/ CITY FOLL[$ A RATIONALITY ( HIS [N4 ,HIS GOALS W]E DEF9$ NOT M]ELY BY FUNCTIONAL CONSID]ATIONS1 BUT BY CANONS ( BALANCE1 H>MONY1 & BEAUTY D]IV$ FROM COSMOLOGICAL OR PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATIONS4 ,FROM :AT LITTLE WE KN[' ( ,HIPPODAMUS1 P]HAPS ! E>LIE/ PR(ESSIONAL 0CITY PLANN]0 ( ANTIQUITY1 TO :OM ,>I/OTLE ]RONE\SLY IMPUT$ ! DISCOV]Y ( ! RECTIL9E> GRIDIRON LAY\T1 HE /RIKES US AS MORE ( A ,PY?AGOREAN-TYPE MY/IC ?AN ! FUNCTIONALI/ DESIGN] WE 5C\NT] SO COMMONLY 9 \R [N TIME4 ,HIPPODAMUS WAS OBSESS$1 ) ! COH]5CE PROVID$ BY TRIADS4 ,! L& IS DIVID$ AS ,>I/OTLE TELLS US  
  

9TO ?REE P>TS1 ONE SACR$1 ONE PUBLIC1 ! ?IRD PRIVATE3 ! FIR/ WAS SET AP>T TO MA9TA9 ! CU/OM>Y WOR%IP ( ! GODS1 ! SECOND WAS TO SUPPORT ! W>RIORS1 ! ?IRD WAS ! PROP]TY ( ! HUSB&M54.<#d#c.>  
  

,AP>T FROM ! PRACTICALLY-M9D$ ,ROMANS1 ?IS ORD] ( ?9K+ GUIDES CITY PLANN+ WELL 9TO ! ,R5AISSANCE4 

,9CREAS+LY1 ?IS ?9K+ C5T]$ ON SPECIFIC /RUCTURES & DI/RICTS1 RA!R ?AN ON ! CITY AS A :OLE1 REFLECT+ ! P>TICUL>IZ+ PROCESS & 9DIVIDUATION ?AT M>K$ ! TRANSITION TO ! MOD]N ]A1 ,BUT RELIGI\S & COSMOLOGICAL CANONS ( >*ITECTURE TEMP] ?IS DEVELOPM5T BLOCK !E R$UCTION ( ! CITY TO A M]E >5A = TRADE & COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,AS ,TZONIS OBS]VES3  
  

,MANY ,R5AISSANCE & ,M$IEVAL >*ITECTS %>$ ! BELIEF ?AT *UR*ES & O!R BUILD+S ( SPECIALIZ$ FUNCTIONS %\LD HE DESIGN$ ACCORD+ TO RULES DICTAT$ BY A 0DIV9E MODEL40 444 ,BO? P]IODS REQUIR$ C]TA9 BUILD+S TO BE =M$ ACCORD+ TO ABSOLUTE RULES CREAT$ & DET]M9$ BY ,GOD4 ,AS ,GOD WAS CONSID]$ 9 ,M$IEVAL TIMES ! ,>*ITECT ( ! ,UNIV]SE1 0ELEGANS >*ITECTUS10 :OSE RULES MAN AS DESIGN] HAD TO OBEY1 SO 9 ! ,R5AISSANCE ! >*ITECT WAS VALU$ 0LIKE A DEMIGOD 7'COME SEMIDEI'7 :5 HE COMPLI$ ) ,GOD'S CREATIONS40 ,ACCORD+LY1 >*ITECTURAL RULES 0W]E EXPECT$ TO E/ABLI% ! L9K BETWE5 ! DESIGN PRODUCT AUDITS DIV9E MODEL0 ,!RE=E >*ITECTURAL 9VE/IGATIONS W]E AIM$ T[>D ACCOMPLI%+ TWO TASKS2 ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! /RUCTURE ( ! DIV9E MODEL1 & ! 9V5TION ( MEANS = IMPLEM5T+ IT 9 ! >*ITECTURAL PRODUCTS4 ,A DESIGN PRODUCT IS 0TRUE0 OR 0H>MONIC0 OR 0P]FECT0 IF IT IS 0ACCORD+ TO MEASURE10 IF IT COMPLIES ) ! SACR$ PROTOTYPE4 .<#d#d.>  
  

,9 A S5SE1 ?IS APPROA* SPONTANE\SLY GUID$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY AS A :OLE4 ,TO F\ND A CITY WAS A SACR$ ACT & 9S(> AS ! CITY WAS BUILT >\ND ! TEMPLE1 IT WAS 9ITIALLY SACR$ T]RITORY4 ,NOT ?AT URBANISM LACK$ SECUL> DIM5SIONS1 9DE$ ! GRADUAL DIVORCE ( ! SACR$ FROM ! SECUL> 7ALREADY REFLECT$ CONSCI\SLY 9 ! PRAGMATIC FEATURES ( ,HIPPODAMUS'S TRIAD7 IS AN IMPORTANT GUIDE TO ! /EADY ASSIMILATION ( ! CITY TO COMM]CIAL 5DS4 ,YET EV5 9 ITS SECUL> ASPECT1 ! E>LY CITY REVEAL$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! L& ON ! T[NS1 ( RURAL PURSUITS ON URBANISM -- NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( ! G>D5S ?AT CRAFTSM5 CULTIVAT$1 BUT ALSO 9 ! CONT\RS & LAY\T ( ! CITY4 ,! RECTIL9E> PATT]N ( ! GRIDIRON CITY FOLL[$ ! 0LOGIC ( ! PL[02 ! CIRCUL> =M ( SETTLEM5T1 ! LOGIC ( PA/URAGE1 = ! CIRCLE IS 0AN IDEAL =M = F5C+ 9 CATTLE0 BY 5CLOS+ 0A MAXIMUM ( L& ) A M9IMUM ( F5CE40 .<#d#e.> ,ROMAN T[NS W]E LAID \T C]EMONI\SLY BY PRIE/LY GUIDANCE4 ,! PL[ ?AT DESCRIB$ ! P]IMET] = ! WALLS & ! CITY'S SY/EM ( F\R QU>T]S1 ) MAJOR & M9OR /REETS AT RECTANGLES TO EA* O!R1 HAD AN AGR>IAN RELIGIONS SIGNIFICANCE1 ,! SECUL>IZATION ( !SE TE*NIQUES & !IR TRANSMUTATION 9TO ECONOMIC1 MILIT>Y1 & ADM9I/RATIVE CRIT]IA = CITY PLANN+ IS A LAT] DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T REFLECTS ! 9CREAS+ SEP>ATION ( ! SOCIAL FROM ! SACR$1 ( SEP>ATE & GR[+ ANTAGONI/IC SOCIAL 9T]E/S FROM AN 9T]NALLY COH]5T COMMUNITY LIFE4 

,9 ,EUROPE1 FROM ! LATE ,R5AISSANCE ONW>D1 ! PROCESS ( SECUL>IZATION QUICK5$ AS AN E*O ( ! GR[+ EXPANSION1 ( CAPITALISM4 ,AS WEAL? & SOCIAL P[] BECAME 9CREAS+LY PRIVATIZ$1 ! >*ITECT'S VISION %IFT$1 9 ,TZONIS'S EXCELL5T =MULATION1 FROM ?AT ( 0MIRROR+ ! SECRET MAP ( ! ',CELE/IAL ,CITY' TO ?AT ( CREAT+ ! CONCRETE REALITY ( A ',PLEAS+ ,OBJECT4'0 ,LACK+ ANY GUIDANCE  
  

FROM A SUP]HUMAN =MULA ( COSMIC ORD]1 ! DESIGN] HAD TO SE>* 9TO ! DESIRES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IF ! DESIRES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL RECOMM5D$ DISORD]1 !N DISORD] WAS ACCEPTABLE TO GUIDE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! DESIGN PRODUCT4 .<#d#f.>  
  

,9 >*ITECTS LIKE ,P]RAUTT1 /RUCTURAL DESIGN ACQUIR$ AN 9CREAS+LY PSY*OLOGICAL BIAS1 A MATT] ( C\RTLY TA/E & MANN]S4 ,A C5TURY LAT]1 9 ! WORK ( ,LODOLI1 ! EMPHASIS %IFT$ TO /RUCTURAL EFFICI5CY1 :I* M>K$ A CONT9UATION ( ! LATE ,R5AISSANCE DEVELOPM5T RA!R ?AN A BREAK ) IT1 ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY 7& TO ! HORROR ( ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY ,ROMANS71 ,LODOLI EXPRESS$ A GREAT] ADMIRATION = ! SEW]S ( ,ROME ?AN ! SACRI/Y ( ,/4 ,PET]1 :I* HE REG>DS AS ! WOR/ BUILD+ 9 ! CITY1 ,9 FACT1 ,LODOLI1 AS ,TZONIS OBS]VES1  
  

M>KS NOT ONLY ! BEG9N+ ( ! P]IOD ( RATIONALIZATION 9 >*ITECTURE1 BUT ALSO ! 5D ( ! P]IOD ( ! 0,SPECULATIVE M9D10 ! 5D ( ! BRIEF P]IOD :5 ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS ?\<T TO BE EMANCIPAT$ FROM AU?ORITY4 ,LODOLI ALSO M>KS ! 5D ( ! P]IOD :5 !ORIES ( >*ITECTURE CONSID]$ ! DESIGN ( A BUILD+ TO BE DET]M9$ BY A SET ( 9DEP5D5T OBJECTIVES1 :E!R ! ,VITRUVIAN TRIAD 70,ACCOMMODATION1 ,H&SOM5ESS & ,LA/+NESS07 OR ,P]RAULT'S DI*OTOMY BETWE5 0,POSITIVE0 & 0,>BITR>Y0 VALUES4.<#d#g.>  
  

,!REAFT]1 >*ITECTURE & ITS !ORETICAL (FSPR+1 CITY PLANN+1 WAS TO BE DOM9AT$ BY /RUCTURAL EFFICI5CY & BY FUNCTIONALISM4 0,H&SOM5ESS0 9H]$ 9 ! CAPACITY ( ! DESIGN PRODUCT TO FACILITATE ! GOALS ?AT SOCIETY1 SPECIFICALLY ! B\RGEOIS M>KET ECONOMY1 ASSIGN$ TO A /RUCTURE OR A CITY4 ,WE MAY BYPASS ! V>I\S PHASES ( >*ITECTURAL HI/ORY S9CE ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 FROM ! 0RATIONALISM0 ( ! UTILIT>IAN ]A TO ?AT ( ! ,MOD]NI/S1 TO VALIDATE !SE GOALS4 ,! ROMANTIC P]IODS1 9SPIR$ BY ,R\SSEAU & ,BUSK91 W]E 9T]LUDES 9 A MU* BROAD] DEVELOPM5T ?AT DEBAS$ 5DS 9TO MEANS1 ! SPECULATIVE M9D 9TO ! PRAGMATIC1 ! METAPHYSICAL 9TO ! 9/RUM5TAL4 ,TO ! PRECAPITALI/ OR METAPHYSICAL M9D1 DESIGN WAS ! S]VANT ( COSMIC OR HUMAN GOALS2 FUNDAM5TALLY1 IT WAS ! MEANS TO EXPRESS & RE9=CE ! COH]5CE ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,9 ! >*AIC 7,TZONIS'S 0PR]ATIONAN ]A07 EFFICI5CY & FUNCTION >E NOT 5DS 9 !MSELVES3  
  

,GIV5 ! 9SECURITY1 ! GRAVE DANG]1 ! 9TELLECTUAL CAPACITY & ! LOVE2 ( MAN1 COMB9$ ) ! FACT ?AT ! MEANS ( AFFECT+ PRODUCTION >E POOR1 ! MEANS ( CONS]VATION ( PRODUCTS >E ELEM5T>Y1 & MEANS ( TRANSPORT+ PRODUCTS >E V]Y 9EFFECTUAL1 PR]ATIONAL MAN DOES NOT ECONOMIZE4 ,HE CREATES CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! FLUCTUATION ( AVAILABLE GOODS DO NOT P]MIT HO/ILITY1 AGGRESSION1 OR OPPRESSION BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S ( ! SAME SOCIAL GR\P4 ,?US ! ORD] ( ! MAN-MADE 5VIRONM5T IS ! PROJECTION ( ! NON-OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* HAS TO BE MA9TA9$ AT ANY CO/4.<#d#h.>  
  

,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! PRES5T C5TURY1 EFFICI5CY1 R$UC$ CO/S1 & />K FUNCTIONAL UTILITY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! M>KETPLACE BECOME ! ALL-IMPORTANT CRIT]IA = GAUG+ ! SUCCESS ( ANY 5T]PRISE1 :E!R ECONOMIC OR ES!TIC4 ,MOD]N >*ITECTURE & CITY PLANN+ TRANSLATE !SE 9/RUM5TALI/ CRIT]IA 9TO CANONS ( BEAUTY & CIVIC 9TEGRITY1 ,LE ,CORBUSI]'S DESCRIPTION ( ! CITY AS A 0TOOL0 & ,FRANK ,LLOYD ,WRI<T'S VIEW ( IT AS 0! ONLY POSSIBLE IDEAL MA*9E0 >E A P]FECT FIT1 DESPITE ! EXPRESS$ OPPOSITION ( ,WRI<T TO ,LE ,CORBUSI]'S WORK4 ,:E!R CONSCI\SLY OR NOT1 DESIGN IS HYPO/ATIZ$ ALL ! MORE AS A MEANS ( NEGLECT+ ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT VITIATE ITS MO/ RATIONAL GOALS1 ?IS BY PROGRAMM+ ! IRRATIONALITY ( ! SOCIETY 9TO ! DESIGN PRODUCT4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! MO/ WELL-9T5TION$ DESIGNS >E SUBV]T$ BY ! V]Y SOCIAL RELATIONS :OSE ILL-EFFECTS !Y >E MEANT TO MITIGATE4 ,AS G>NI%1 !SE DESIGN PRODUCTS ,FUNCTION LIKE A LID OV] A SEW]4 ,TZONIS'S PESSIMISM AB\T ! ,FUTURE ( MOD]NISM 9 AN 9H]5TLY OPPRESSIVE SOCIETY IS UN]R+3  
  

,! RATIONALI/IC ACROBATICS ( ! ,MOD]NI/IC ,MOVEM5T COLLAPSE4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 EFFICI5CY ( PRODUCTION & EXPANSION ( ! M>KET >E IRRECONCILABLE4 ,!RE=E1 VISUAL =M ASSUMES ! =CE TO CONSUME AS A VALUE 9 ITSELF & NOT = ! SAKE ( ! ACQUISITION ( UTILITIES4 ,! SO-CALL$ ,POP ,MOVEM5T :I* IS CREAT$ 7,I AM REF]R+ TO >*ITECTURE1 9 >T ! PH5OM5ON IS MORE COMPLEX7 REFLECTS NEI!R ! VALUES ( ! CONSUM] NOR HIS /YLE4 ,IT C>RIES ! VALUES ( CONSUMPTION1 CONSUMPTION AS A UTILITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ONCE MORE IT EXPRESSES ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! PRES5T ORGANIZATION ( P[]4 .<#d#i.>  
  

,OR /AT$ 9 BALD T]MS3 ,MOD]NISM & ! ,POP MOVEM5T BECOME COMMODITIES4 

,9 ! CASE ( CITY PLANN+1 ?IS DEBASEM5T ( COMMUNITY & HUMAN VALUES TO COMMODITIES ASSUMES ! DIM5SIONS ( AN IMM5SE 5VIRONM5TAL TRAG$Y4 ,UNLIKE >*ITECTURE1 :I* DEALS ) A S+LE /RUCTURE OR COMPLEX ( /RUCTURES1 CITY PLANN+ T5DS TO AFFECT ! G5]AL SURR\ND+S ( ! URBAN DWELL]4 ,UNTIL ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ATTEMPTS TO RECON/RUCT SY/EMATICALLY OLD CITIES OR LAY \T NEW ONES W]E L>GELY ISOLAT$ PROJECTS OR1 AT MO/1 UTOPIAN VISIONS :OSE ACTUALIZATION R>ELY W5T BEYOND EXP]IM5TAL 5DEAVORS1 ,L',5FANT'S PLANS = ,WA%+TON & ,HAUSSMANN'S REMODEL+ ( ,P>IS /& \T1 = BETT] OR WORSE1 AS R>E PROGRAMS = DEAL+ ) CITIES AS A :OLE4 ,MO/ ( ! CITIES 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA W]E SIMPLY LEFT TO ! T5D] M]CIES ( ! NEW 0FREE 5T]PRISE0 SY/EM ) ! RESULTS WE HAVE ALREADY DESCRIB$4 

,G5]ALLY1 ! FIR/ /EPS T[>D CITY PLANN+ CONSI/$ ( LEGISLATION & REGULATIONS TO DEAL ) ! T]RIBLE HYGI5IC CONDITIONS ?AT ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION HAD PRODUC$ DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,9CREAS+ EPIDEMICS ( *OL]A ?REAT5$ NOT ONLY ! POOR] QU>T]S ( DIE CITY BUT ALSO ! WEAL?Y ONES1 & !SE C\LD BE BR\<T UND] CONTROL ONLY BY CONSCI5TI\S EF=TS TO IMPROVE URBAN ,SANITATION & LIV+ CONDITIONS4 ,! #a#h#dS REM9D$ ! ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOISIE ?AT IT HAD A RE/IVE1 9CREAS+LY CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT ON ITS H&S2 ACCORD+LY1 ! MIDDLE P>T ( ! C5TURY OP5$ A P]IOD ( B\RGEOIS PAT]NALISM2 T[>D WORK+ CLASS DWELL+S1 AS WITNESS$ BY ! CON/RUCTION ( ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON'S  
CITIES \VRI]ES /ATE-SUBSIDIZ$ 0MODEL VILLAGES0 = ,5GLI% WORK]S1 & ! ,KRUPP SETTLEM5TS ,5 ! ,RUHR4 ,!SE PROGRAMS DID NOT APPRECIABLY AFFECT ! E/ABLI%$ CITIES1 NOR DID !Y GREATLY ALT] ! URBAN L&SCAPE ( ,EUROPE4 ,AS = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,MEL ,SCOTT NOT UNJU/LY OBS]VES ?AT AS LATE AS  
  

?AT PA9FUL DECADE N[ IRONICALLY CALL$ ! ,GAY ,N9ETIES !RE W]E FEW URBAN ,AM]ICANS :O W\LD HAVE SUBSCRIB$ TO ! BELIEF1 OR HOPE1 ?AT 5TIRE CITIES & METROPOLITAN REGIONS CAN BE DEVELOP$ & R5EW$ BY A CONT9U\S PROCESS ( DECISION-MAK+ BAS$ ON LONG-RANGE PLANN+4 .<#e.>  
  

,NOT ?AT SU* PLANS W]E ABS5T OR LACK$ A C]TA9 AM\NT ( SUPPORT AMONG SECTORS ( ! ,5GLI% & ,FR5* WORK+ CLASSES1 :I* W]E MO/ VICTIMIZ$ BY ! RECKLESS URBANIZATION ( ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,!SE PLANS1 =MULAT$ PRIM>ILY BY SU* SO-CALL$ UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S AS ,ROB]T ,[5 & ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 5VISION$ A TOTAL RE/RUCTUR+ ( URBAN LIFE ALONG L9ES ?AT M]G$ T[N ) C\NTRY & 9DU/RY ) AGRICULTURE4 ,[5'S IDEAL VILLAGE WAS SPELL$ \T 9 GREAT DETAILS 0SQU>ES ( BUILD+S0 W]E TO BE ]ECT$ 0TO ACCOMMODATE AB\T #a1#b P]SONS EA*2 & SURR\ND$ BY A QUANTITY ( L&1 FROM #a1 TO #a1#e ACRES40 ,! VILLAGE WAS TO HAVE A C5TRAL BUILD+ ) A PUBLIC KIT*51 AN 9FANT S*OOL & LECTURE ROOM1 A PLACE ( WOR%IP1 0LODG+ H\SES1 *IEFLY ,= ! M>RI$10 0DORMITORIES = ALL ! *ILDR5 EXCE$+ TWO 9 A FAMILY1 OR ABOVE ?REE YE>S ( AGE10 & SO =?4 ,! ,[5ITE VILLAGE ALL[$ = G>D5S 9 :I* WORK]S C\LD CULTIVATE !IR [N FOOD1 & BEYOND !SE1 0BUILD+S = ME*ANICAL & MANUFACTUR+ PURPOSES40 ,A /]N MORALI/1 ,[5 PROVISION$ = ! 9/RUCTION ( ! Y\NG TO PREV5T 0*ILDR5 FROM ACQUIR+ BAD HABITS10 & = ! POPULATION G5]ALLY1 A PROGRAM ( TRA9+1 LABOR1 & $UCATION 0AS %ALL REMOVE !M FROM UNNECESS>Y TEMPTATIONS1 & CLOSELY UNITE !IR 9T]E/ & DUTY40.<#e#a.> 

,F\RI]1 BY CONTRA/1 5VISION$ NEW COMMUNITIES ?AT W\LD REMOVE RE/RICTIONS ON H$ONI/IC BEHAVIOR &1 ALMO/ EMB>RASS+LY TO HIS DISCIPLES1 S\<T TO H>MONIZE SOCIAL RELATIONS ON ! BASIS ( PLEASURE4 ,HIS FAM\S 0PHALAN/]IES10 LIKE ! ,[5ITE S*EME1 W]E MEANT TO COMB9E AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY1 BUT ,F\RI] EMPHASIZ$ COOP]ATIVE LIV+ UND] A S+LE RO(4 ,?IS RO( WAS AMPLE 5\<4 0,A ,PHALANX IS REALLY A M9IATURE T[N10 OBS]V$ ITS DESIGN]1  
  

BUT )\T OP5 /REETS1 EXPOS$ TO ALL ! 9CLEM5CIES ( NATURE2 ALL P>TS ( ! BUILD+ CAN BE REA*$ BY A WIDE /REET-GALL]Y ON ! FIR/ FLOOR AT ! 5DS ( ?IS 0/REET0 EXCELL5TLY DESIGN$ CORRIDORS1 SUPPORT$ ON PILL>S OR NOT AS ! CASE MAY BE1 HEAT$ & V5TILAT$ AT ALL TIMES ( ! YE>1 PROVIDE PROTECT$1 W>M & ELEGANT COMMUNICATION ) ALL P>TS ( ! BUILD+ & ITS DEP5D5CIES4.<#e#b.>  
  

,! EMPHASIS 9 ,F\RI]'S WORK IS ON ELEGANCE1 PLEASURE1 & COM=T4 ,EV]Y DETAIL ( LIFE IS CLE>LY SPECIFI$3 ! NUMB] ( 9HABITANTS 9 EA* ,PHALANX 7#a1#f#b#a71 BAS$ ON ,F\RI]'S NOTION ( A 0COMPLETE SCALE ( *>ACT]S03 ! RATIO ( SEXES2 ! DIVISION ( PR(ITS2 ! LAY\T ( ROOMS1 D9+-HALLS1 LIBR>IES1 WORK%OPS1 ETC4 ,F\RI]1 AS A *ILD ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 WAS 9 HIS [N WAY A METICUL\S SCI5TI/1 A V]ITABLE SOCIAL ,NEWTON1 :O =MULAT$ A COMPLETE COSMOLOGY TO REPLACE ! ORD] ( HIS ]A4 ,AMONG ! ,UTOPIANS1 HE IS UNEQUAL$ 9 HIS IMAG9ATIVE SCOPE1 9 ! COH]5CE BE TRI$ TO PROVIDE TO ,IRIS S*EMES1 & 9 ! REM>KABLY LIB]ATORY CONCEPTS HE ADVANC$ 9 NE>LY ALL SPH]ES ( SOCIAL & P]SONAL ACTIVITY4 

,SU* RECON/RUCTIVE NOTIONS BEGAN TO WANE 9 SIGNIFICANCE AS LABOR UNIONS ACQUIR$ (FICIAL RECOGNITION 9 ! LATT] P>T ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & 9CREAS+LY ASSIMILAT$ ! WORK+ CLASSES TO ! SOCIAL ORD]4 ,ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 L>GELY CONTA9$ )9 ! E/ABLI%$ FRAMEWORK1 BEGAN TO GA9 EM95CE OV] IDEAS = FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGE1 DESPITE ! LIP S]VICE :I* LABOR P>TIES GAVE TO ! DREAM ( A NEW SOCIETY4 ,MOREOV]1 !SE RECON/RUCTIVE NOTIONS SUFF]$ A TELL+ !ORETICAL SETBACK ) ! SPREAD ( ,M>XISM ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 ,AS A SY/EM ( 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM40 ! ,M>XIAN CRITIQUE ,SCRUPUL\SLY DI/+UI%$6 ITSELF FROM ITS 0UTOPIAN0 ANTEC$5TS4 ,! ISSUE ( URBANISM BEGAN TO FALL BY ! WAYSIDE4 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 9 ,! ,H\S+ ,QUE/ION 7#a#h#g#b7 FIRMLY DEVALU$ MY ATTEMPTS TO =MULATE NEW S*EMES = ! CITY & = WORK+ CLASS H\S+ UNTIL AFT] A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,BAS$ ON ,G]MAN MAT]IAL1 ,5GELS'S WORK MADE A NUMB] ( 9CISIVE & RELEVANT CRITIQUES ( ATTEMPTS TO IMMOBILIZE ! ,G]MAN WORK]S ) /ABLE H\S+ SITES & TO R$UCE WAGES BY PROVID+ !M ) G>D5S = CULTIVAT+ FOOD4 ,CR$ITABLY1 HE L9KS HIS VIEWS ) ! MO/ VITAL CONCEPTS ( ,GW5 & ,F\RI]2 TO RESOLVE ! H\S+ PROBLEM -- &1 ONE MAY ADD1 ! URBAN PROBLEM AS A :OLE -- ,5GELS >GUES ?AT ! BIG CITIES MU/ BE DEC5TRALIZ$ & ! ANTI!SIS BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY OV]COME4 .<#e#c.> ,BUT ) ! VULG>IZATION ( ,M>XISM & ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO A P[]FUL POLITICAL IDEOLOGY1 EV5 ?IS TRADITION REC$$ TO ! BACKGR\ND4 ,AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ,5GELS'S WORK1 ! PROBLEMS ( URBANISM DID NOT BECOME A MAJOR !ME 9 ,M>XIAN !ORY & 7HE NOTION ( DEC5TRALIZATION71 EV5 :5 TAK5 UP BY ,M>XI/S1 HAS BE5 DISMISS$ AS A 0UTOPIAN0 ABSURDITY4 

,B5EVOLO1 ) CONSID]ABLE JU/IFICATION1 M>KS ! #ahdh REVOLUTION 9 ,EUROPE AS A CROSSROADS 9 ! SEP>ATION ( RECON/RUCTIVE TE*NICAL DESIGN FROM ITS ROOTS 9 A L>G] POPUL> MOVEM5T = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,[5ITES1 ! ,F\RI]I/S1 & O!R UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S HAD NOT M]ELY CONF9$ !IR NOTIONS ( IDEAL CITIES TO PAP]2 !Y W]E ACTIVI/S1 :O AGITAT$ = ! PRACTICAL REALIZATION ( !IR VIEWS4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 DESIGN UNIT$ !ORY ) PRAXIS4 ,! #ahdh REVOLUTION EXPLOD$ ANY MY? ?AT ! URBAN CRISIS C\LD BE RESOLV$ M]ELY BY GOOD WILL1 MORAL SUASION1 & RUL+ CLASS B5EVOL5CE ,! FUTURE ( DESIGN1 AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( SOCIAL ANALYSIS1 DEP5D$ HEAVILY UPON H[ DEEPLY RECON/RUCTIVE IDEALS C\LD BECOME 9TEGRALLY W$D$ TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! P]IOD4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ,M>XIAN IDEOLOGY L>GELY =ECLOS$ ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS ,B5EVOLO OBS]VES1  
  

,M>XI/ ,SOCIALISM1 9T5T ON EXPLA9+ ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION & ITS FAILURE 9 /RICTLY POLITICAL T]MS1 /RESS$ T9E CONTRADICTIONS ( ! E>LI] MOVEM5T BUT COMPLETELY ,LO/ SI<T ( ! L9K BETWE5 T5D5CIES 9 POLITICS & 9 T[N-PLANN+ :I*1 EV5 IF ,=MULAT$ 9 OV]-SIMPLIFI$ T]MS1 HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 FIRMLY MA9TA9$ ,M>X'S OV]:ELM+ ECONOMIC EMPHASIS ON ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 WAGE-TABOR & CAPITAL ALMO/ COMPLETELY BLANKET$ ANY CIVIC ISSUES4 

,FROM ?AT TIME ONW>D POLITICAL !ORY ALMO/ ALWAYS T5D$ TO DISP>AGE SPECIALI/ RESE>* & EXP]IM5T1 & ATTEMPT$ TO ASSIMILATE PROPOSALS = P>TIAL RE=M )9 ! RE=M ( SOCIETY G5]ALLY ,T[N-PLANN+1 ON ! O!R H&1 CUT ADRIFT FROM POLITICAL DISCUSSION1 T5D$ TO BECOME 9CREAS+LY A PURELY TE*NICAL MATT] AT ! S]VICE ( ! E/ABLI%$ P[]S4 ,?IS DID NOT MEAN1 H[EV]1 ?AT IT BECAME POLITICALLY NEUTRAL62 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT FELL )9 ! SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE ( ! NEW CONS]VATIVE IDEOLOGY :I* WAS EVOLV+ DUR+ !SE YE>S1 ( ,BONAP>TISM 9 ,FRANCE1 ( ! RE=M+ ,TORY GR\PS 9 ,5GL& & ( ,BISM>CKIAN IMP]IALISM 9 ,G]MANY4 .<#e#d.>  
  

,?US1 FROM ! \TSET1 ! MOD]N CITY-PLANN+ MOVEM5T -- :I* HAS ITS AU!NTIC 9CEPTION ) ,EB5EZ] ,H[>D'S 0G>D5 CITY0 S*EME ( ! #a#h#iS -- TURN$ TO DESIGN AS A SUB/ITUTE ,= RADICAL SOCIAL ANALYSIS & ACTION1 = BO? ( !SE >5AS HAD BE5 L>GELY MONOPOLIZ$ BY ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM4 ,AS ,FRANK ,FI%] OBS]VES1 ,H[>D  
  

WAS LESS CONC]N$ ?AN ! SOCIALI/S ) ! SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 OR POLITICAL CAUSES ( URBAN MIS]Y4 ,FRANKLY UTOPIAN1 HE COMB9$ C]TA9 IDEAS ( HIS TIME 9 A SPECIFIC & CREATIVE CONCEPTION ?AT HAS GUID$ MO/ ( ! ?9K+ ( CITY PLANN]S EV] S9CE4 ,! G>D5 CITY1 OR ! NOTION ( ! BALANC$ URBAN 5VIRONM5T1 WAS HIS ORIG9AL IDEA4 ,9/EAD ( LETT+ 9DU/RIAL CITIES GR[ PLANLESSLY & DEPOPULATE ! C\NTRYSIDE1 HE PROPOS$ TO BUILD CITIES ?AT W\LD COMB9E ! SOCIAL & CULTURAL FACILITIES ( ! CITY ) ! CLOS5ESS TO NATURE ( ! VILLAGE4 ,! 0IDIOCY ( RURAL LIFE0 & ! SLUMM9ESS ( CITY LIFE W\LD BO? BE OBVIAT$4 0,T[N & C\NTRY10 WROTE ,H[>D1 0MU/ BE M>RI$1 & \T ( ?IS UNION WILL SPR+ A NEW LIFE1 A NEW HOPE1 A NEW CIVILIZATION40 .<#e#e.>  
  

,H[>D1 9 FACT1 HAD BE5 /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 P>TICUL>LY ,BELLAMY'S ,LOOK+ ,BACKW>D & ! WORK ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ !ORETICIAN4 ,BUT AS A PRAGMATIC MAN1 ,H[>D ESS5TIALLY DIVE/$ HIS S*EME = ! 0M>RIAGE0 ( T[N & C\NTRY ( ITS SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ ELEM5TS4 ,FI%]'S JUDGM5T ( ,H[>D'S SOCIAL HORIZON IS NOT 9ACCURATE1 ,IT IS WOR? NOT+1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! SOCIALI/S W]E AS LACK+ 9 RECON/RUCTIVE VISION AS ,H[>D WAS 9 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9SI<T4 ,EV5 SO MILD A GR\P A@& ! ,FABIAN ,SOCIETY 9ITIALLY D5IGRAT$ ! G>D5 CITY PROPOSAL 9 T]MS SO %ALL[ & PRAGMATIC AS TO REVEAL MORE AB\T ! ,BRITI% SOCIALI/ M5TALITY AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY ?AN ! FEASIBILITY ( ,H[>D'S PROJECT4 ,) SMUG SATISFACTION ! ,FABIAN ,NEWS ( ,DECEMB] #ahih NOT$3  
  

,HIS PLANS W\LD HAVE BE5 9 TIME IF !Y HAD BE5 SUBMITT$ TO ! ,ROMANS :5 !Y CONQU]$ ,BRITA94 ,!Y SET AB\T LAY+-\T CITIES1 & \R =EFA!RS HAVE DWELT 9 !M TO ?IS DAY4 ,N[ ,MR4 ,H[>D PROPOSES TO PULL !M ALL D[N & SUB/ITUTE G>D5 CITIES1 EA* DULY BUILT ACCORD+ TO PRETTY COLOR$ PLANS1 NICELY DESIGN$ ) A RUL] & COMPASS4 ,! AU?OR HAS READ MANY LE>N$ & 9T]E/+ WRIT]S1 & ! EXTRACTS BE MAKES FROM !IR BOOKS >E LIKE PLUMS 9 ! UNPALATABLE D\< ( HIS ,UTOPIAN S*EM+4 ,WE HAVE GOT TO MAKE ! BE/ ( \R EXI/+ CITIES1 & PROPOSALS = BUILD+ NEW ONES >E AB\T AS USEFUL AS W\LD HE >RANGEM5TS = PROTECTION AGA9/ VISITS FROM ,MR4 ,WELLS'S ,M>TIANS4  
  

,YET1 !SE 9ANE COMM5TS MU/ NOT DET] US FROM RECOGNIZ+ ! LIMITS ( ! G>D5 CITIES' PROPOSAL4 ,9 ,H[>D'S WORK1 DESIGN IS ASSIGN$ ! TASK ( A*IEV+ SWEEP+ GOATS ?AT ACTUALLY 9VOLVE REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES 9 ! 5TIRE ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & CULTURAL FABRIC ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,COMP>$ TO ! METROPOLIS1 ,H[>D'S G>D5 CITY IS ATTRACTIVE 5\<3 A COMPACT URBAN 5TITY ( AB\T ?IRTY ?\S& PEOPLE1 SCAL$ TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS1 & SURR\ND$ BY A GRE5 BELT TO LIMIT GR[? & PROVIDE OP5 L& = RECREATIONAL & AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES4 ,SUITABLE >EAS ( ! GRE5 BELT >E TO BE OCCUPI$ BY F>M]S 7,H[>D LIMIT$ ?IS AGRICULTURAL POPULATION TO TWO ?\S&71 ! L>G] URBAN POPULATION ( ?IRTY ?\S& WILL 5GAGE 9 MANUFACTUR+1 COMM]CE1 & S]VICES4 ,ALL L& IS TO BE HELD 9 TRU/ & LEAS$ TO OCCUPANTS ON A R5TAL BASIS1 ,H[>D SPELL$ \T MANY DESIGN & FISCAL DETAILS1 ( HIS PROPOSAL1 BUT HE WAS C>EFUL TO EMPHASIZE AT ! V]Y \TSET ( HIS BOOK1 ,G>D5 ,CITIES ( ,TOMORR[1 ?AT !SE W]E 0M]ELY SUGGE/IVE1 & WILL PROBABLY BE MU* DEP>T$ FROM10.<#e#f.> 

,BUT EV51 ! MO/ G5]\S MODIFICATIONS ( ,H[>D'S G>D5 CITY DO NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT ! PROJECT IS A /RUCTURAL DESIGN -- &1 AS SU*1 IS LIMIT$ 9 :AT IT CAN (F]4 ,D\BTLESS1 EV5 A /RUCTURAL DESIGN1 IF IT IS GOOD 5\<1 HAS A VALUE ( ITS [N1 BUT = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES IT FALLS ,)9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! 0PLEAS+ OBJECT40 ,IT MAY PROVIDE ! BASIS = GREAT] HUMAN CONTIGUITY1 ! /RUCTURAL 9/RUM5TS = COMMUNITY1 A MEASURE ( CONTACT ) NATURE1 POSSIBLY TA/EFUL >*ITECTURE1 & EASY ACCESS ) PLACES ( WORK1 %OPP+ C5T]S1 & S]VICE 5T]PRISES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT LEAVES UNDEF9$ ! NATURE ( HUMAN CONTIGUITY1 COMMUNITY1 & ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! URBAN DWELL] & ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,MO/ IMPORTANT1 IT LEAVES UNDEF9$ ! NATURE ( ,WORK1 ! CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! PROBLEM ( DI/RIBUT+ GOODS & S]VICES EQUITABLY1 & ! CONFLICT+ SOCIAL 9T]E/S ?AT COLLECT >\ND !SE ISSUE4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,H[>D'S S*EME DOES PROVIDE AN ORI5TATION T[>D ALL ( !SE PROBLEMS -- NAMELY1 A SY/EM ( B5EVOL5T CAPITALISM ?AT PRESUMABLY AVOIDS ! 0EXTREMES0 ( COMMUNISM & 09DIVIDUALISM40 ,H[>D'S ,G>D5 ,CITIES ( ,TOMORR[ IS P]MEAT$ BY AN UND]LY+ ASSUMPTION1 SO TYPICALLY ,BRITI%1 ?AT A COMPROMISE CAN BE /RUCK BETWE5 AN 9TR9SICALLY IRRATIONAL MAT]IAL REALITY & A MORAL IDEOLOGY ( HI<-M9D$ CONCILIATION4 

,YET ! (FICES1 9DU/RIAL FACTORIES1 & %OPP+ C5T]S ?AT >C 9T5D$ TO PROVIDE ! G>D5 CITY ) ! MEANS ( LIFE >E !MSELVES BATTLEGR\NDS ( CONFLICT+ SOCIAL 9T]E/S4 ,)9 !SE >5AS WE F9D ! S\RCES ( ALI5AT$ LABOR1 ( 9COME DIFF]5TIALS1 & ( DISP>ITIES BETWE5 WORK-TIME & FREE-TIME4 ,BY ITSELF1 NO /RUCTURAL DESIGN CAN RECONCILE ! CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S & SOCIAL DIFF]5CES ?AT GA!R B5EA? ! SURFACE ( ! G>D5 CITY4 ,!SE 9T]E/S & DIFF]5CES MU/ BE DEALT ) L>GELY ,ON !IR [N T]MS -- BY F>-REA*+ *ANGES 9 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT A SOCIAL RESOLUTION ( ! PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY ! B\RGEOIS FACTORY1 (FICE1 & %OPP+ C5T] OBVIATES ! NE$ = A /RUCTURAL DESIGN ?AT WILL PROMOTE COMMUNITY & A BALANCE BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY2 RA!R1 ?AT ONE )\T ! O!R IS A TRUNCAT$ SOLUTION1 & H5CE1 NO SOLUTION AT ALL4 

,H[>D'S G>D5 CITY1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 FALLS F> %ORT ( UTOPIAS & HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ?AT ADVANC$ HI<LY PROGRESSIVE CRIT]IA 9 DEAL+ ) PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T & MODES ( WORK4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,GREEK  
POLIS1 :I* ADM9I/]$ ITS AFFAIRS ON ! BASIS ( A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 ,H[>D M]ELY PROPOSES A ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL & A DEP>TM5TAL /RUCTURE BAS$ ON ELECTIONS4 ,! G>D5 CITY HAS NO ME*ANISM = RECALL+ POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVES ( ! SORT ?AT WAS E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,UNLIKE ,MORE'S ,UTOPIA1 !RE IS NO PROPOSAL = ROTAT+ AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL WORK4 ,9 ! G>D5 CITY1 ! MODE ( SOCIAL LABOR IS DECID$ BY ! NE$S ( CAPITAL4 ,9ASMU* AS ,H[>D'S ECONOMIC HORIZON IS NOT SUB/ANTIALLY BROAD] ?AN ?AT ( ANY B5EVOL5T B\RGEOIS ( HIS DAY1 NOTIONS ( 9DU/RIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T >E ABS5T FROM HIS WORK1 ,MUM=D'S 5COMIUMS TO ,H[>D'S 0/ATESMAN%IP0 NOT)/&+1 ,G>D5 ,CITIES = ,TOMORR[ IS NOT OV]LY BURD5$ BY GREAT 9SI<TS 9TO ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ( ! DAY3 ITS SUP]FICIALITY ON IBIS SCORE REVEALS ?AT ,H[>D WAS MORE ( A DESIGN] ?AN ! P]CEPTIVE SOCIAL ANALY/ ,MUM=D MAKES HIM \T TO BE4 

,! 9TR9SIC LIMITS ( ,H[>D'S G>D5 CITY1 9DE$1 ( ! ?IRTY-ODD 0NEW T[NS0 ?AT HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$ 9 ,5GL& & ?OSE ?AT >E EM]G+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 >C ?AT !SE COMMUNITIES DO NOT 5COMPASS ! FULL RANGE & POSSIBILITIES ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE4 ,NEI<BORL9ESS IS MI/AK5 = ORGANIC SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE & MUTUAL AID2 WELL-MANICUR$ P>KS = ! H>MONIZATION ( HUMANITY ) NATURE2 ! PROXIMITY ( WORK PLACES = ! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW MEAN+ = WORK & ITS 9TEGRATION ) PLAY2 AN ECLECTIC MIX ( RAN*-H\SES1 SLAB-LIKE AP>TM5T BUILD+S1 & BA*ELOR-TYPE FLATS = SPONTANE\S >*ITECTURAL V>IETY2 %OPP+-M>T PLAZAS & A VA/ EXPANSE ( LAWN = ! AGORA2 LECTURE HALLS = CULTURAL C5T]S2 HOBBY CLASSES = VOCATIONAL V>IETY2 B5EVOL5T TRU/S OR MUNICIPAL C\NCILS = SELF-ADM9I/RATION4 ,ONE CAN ADD 5DLESSLY TO ?IS LI/ ( MISPLAC$ CRIT]IA = COMMUNITY ?AT S]VE TO OBFUSCATE RA!R ?AN CL>IFY ! HI< ATTA9M5TS ( ! URBAN TRADITION ,AL?\< PEOPLE MAY E>N !IR 9COMES )\T LEAV+ !SE COMMUNITIES -- & A SUB/ANTIAL PORTION MU/ TRAVEL = CONSID]ABLE DI/ANCES TO ! C5TRAL CITY TO DO SO -- ! NATURE ( !IR WORK & ! 9COME-DIFF]5TIALS ?AT GR\P !M 9TO ALI5 SOCIAL CLASSES >E NOT A MATT] ( S]I\S COMMUNITY CONC]N4 ,A VA/ >EA ( LIFE IS ?US REMOV$ FROM ! COMMUNITY & DELIV]$ TO A SOCIO-ECONOMIC SY/EM ?AT EXI/S AP>T FROM IT4 ,9DE$1 ! APPE>ANCE ( COMMUNITY S]VES ! IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTION ( CONCEAL+ ! 9COMPLET5ESS ( AN 9TIMATE & %>$ SOCIAL LIFE1 ,KEY ELEM5TS ( ! SELF >E =M$ \TSIDE ! P>AMET]S ( ! DESIGN -- BY =CES ?AT /EM FROM ECONOMIC COMPETITION1 CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 SOCIAL HI]>*Y1 DOM9ATION1 & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 ,AL?\< PEOPLE >E BR\<T TOGE!R TO 5JOY C]TA9 CONV5I5CES & PLEASANTRIES1 !Y REMA9 AS TRUNCAT$ & CULTURALLY IMPOV]I%$ AS !Y WORE 9 ! METROPOLIS1 ) ! DIFF]5CE ?AT ! />K REALITY ( URBAN DECAY 9 ! BIG CITIES REMOVES ANY VEIL ( APPE>ANCES FROM1 ! 9COMPLET5ESS & CONTRADICTIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,!SE 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS HAVE NOT BE5 FAC$ ) C&OR BY EI!R ! SUPPORT]S OR OPPON5TS ( ! G>D5 CITY CONCEPT4 ,?AT ! 0NEW T[NS0 ( ,5GL&1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & O!R C\NTRIES MODEL$ ON ! G>D5 CITY DESIGN HAVE NOT AWAK5$ 0! S(T NOTES BRO!RL9ESS & GOODWILL0 ,H[>D DESCRIB$ AS !IR ESS5TIAL GOAL2 ?AT !Y HAVE NOT PLAC$ 09 /RONG H&S IMPLEM5TS ( PEACE & CON/RUCTION0 SO ?AT IMPLEM5TS ( W> & DE/RUCTION MAY DROP USELESSLY D[N0 -- ALL ( ?IS IS PA9FULLY OBVI\S FACT4 .<#e#g.> ,NOR IS !RE ANY PROMISE ?AT !Y WILL APPROXIMATE SU* F>-REA*+ GOALS4 ,9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 ! NEW T[NS DIFF] FROM SUBURBS PRIM>ILY BECAUSE JOB-COMMUT+ IS %ORT & MO/ S]VICES CAN BE SUPPLI$ )9 ! COMMUNITY ITSELF4 ,9 ! WOR/ ( CASES1 !Y >E ESS5TIALLY B$ROOM SUBURBS ( ! METROPOLIS & ADD 5ORM\SLY TO ITS CONGE/ION DUR+ WORK+ H\RS4 

,NOR HAS REALITY BE5 ANY K9D] TO ! DEVOTEES ( ! METROPOLIS4 ,! OLD CITIES KEEP GR[+ EV5 AS ! NUMB] ( NEW T[NS MULTIPLY1 EA* URBAN =M SL[LY 5CROA*+ ON ! O!R & CREAT+ URBAN BELTS ?AT ?REAT5 TO UND]M9E ! 9TEGRITY ( BO?4 ,JANE ,JACOBS'S SPIRIT$ DEF5SE ( TRADITIONAL NEI<BORHOODS %>ES ALL ! UNREALITIES ?AT M> ,FR$]IC ,J4 ,OSBORN'S DEF5SE ( ,H[>D'S VISION4 ,?IS NEI<BORHOOD WORLD IS DY+3 ! SAME =CES ?AT TRUNCATE ! 9HABITANT ( ! NEW T[N ATE DELIV]+ ! SMALL %OP OV] TO ! SUP]M>KET & ! OLD T5EM5T COMPLEX TO ! ASEPTIC HI<-RISE SUP]BLOCK4 ,D\BTLESS 5CLAVES ( NEI<BORHOOD LIFE WILL CONT9UE TO EXI/S BUT !Y WILL REMA9 M]ELY 5CLAVES -- 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY ! C\NT]P>T ( ! EXI/+ M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE T[NS ?AT ATTRACT ! T\RI/ TO ,EUROPE = VISUAL RESPITE FROM ! URBAN MONOTONY ?AT IS RAPIDLY PREVAIL+ 9 MO/ CITIES ( ! WORLD4 

,MOD]N CITY PLANN+ (F]S NO SOLUTION TO ?IS DISMAL T5D5CY1 = IT PRESUPPOSES ! V]Y SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT >E PRODUC+ ! PRES5T URBAN BLI<T4 ,EV5 ! SOCIAL GOALS ?AT ,H[>D HOP$ TO A*IEVE PRIM>ILY BY MEANS ( DESIGN >E GIV+ WAY TO AN ACKN[L$GM5T ?AT ! CITY1 AS WE KN[ IT TODAY1 IS H]E TO /AY -- & ! SOON] WE ACCEPT ?IS FACT1 ! BETT]4 ,?IS ACQUIESC5CE TO ! URBAN /ATUS QUO 7D\BTLESS SUBJECT TO NEW DESIGN ELEM5TS7 IS FATAL4 ,TO ,FI%]1 ! FAILURE ( CITY PLANN+ TODAY /EMS FROM ! NE$ ,= PLANN]S 0TO ?9K MORE DEEPLY AB\T ! K9D ( LIFE = :I* !Y >E PLANN+1 & UND]/& ITS IDEALS & ITS MEAN+1 & ! V>IETY ( =MS 9 :I* IT MAY EXPRESS ITSELF10.<#e#h.> ,9 A S5SE1 MOD]N CITY PLANN+1 BY UNCONSCI\SLY ASSIMILAT+ COMMODITY RELATIONS AS SOCIAL IDEALS1 HAS LIV$ UP TO ,FI%]'S DEM& ) A V5GEANCE4 ,IT HAS HELP$ TO PRODUCE DESIGNS ?AT DEBASE ! CITY TO A M>KETPLACE & RAIS$ /RUCTURES ?AT HAVE TURN$ IT 9TO %E HOME ( CONC5TRAT$ BUREAUCRATIC P[]4 ,H]E1 ! TACK ( CONSCI\SNESS BECOMES A =M ( CONSCI\SNESS1 & ! OPPORTUNISM ( TE*NICAL SUCCESS AS A GOAL 9 ITSELF DEGRADES URBAN LIFE PRECISELY TO ! DEGREE ?AT TE*NIQUE CELEBRATES ITS P[] TO CONTROL ! CITY'S DE/9Y4 

,BUT ,FI%]'S DEM& IS OBVI\SLY NOT DESIGN$ TO VALIDATE ! IDEALS ( ! /ATUS QUO4 ,& 9S(> AS HE SEES ! CITY AS A WAY ( LIFE1 HIS WORDS MI<T WELL HAVE BE5 TAK5 FROM ,>I/OTLE'S ,POLITICS4 ,TO ! ,GREEKS1 ! CITY WAS MORE ?AN A PRODUCT ( DESIGN+ TE*NIQUE OR ( RATIONALLY PLAC$ /RUCTURES1 ,!SE CONSID]ATIONS W]E SECOND>Y TO ! VISION ?AT ! CITY WAS ! DOMA9 ( FRE$OM & ! 0GOOD LIFE10 AN >5A 9 :I* PEOPLE =M$ AN ORGANIC TOTALITY )\T LOS+ ! 9DIVIDUALITY SO ESS5TIAL TO DIV]SITY & CREATIVITY4 

,MOD]N CITY PLANN+ (F]S US FUNCTIONAL URBAN DESIGNS )\T HUMAN VALUES & RATIONALLY ORGANIZ$ SPACE )\T CIVIC CONT5T1 ,TO RELIEVE CONGE/ION )\T PROVID+ = 9TIMATE COMMUNICATION -- OR EV5 TO OP5 NEW L9ES ( COMMUNICATION )\T CREAT+ ! SOCIAL SOIL = MEAN+FUL HUMAN CONTACT -- IS A P>ODY ( ! HI< TRADITIONS ( URBANISM4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ! BASIS = A VITAL URBAN 5TITY CONSI/$ NOT PRIM>ILY ( ITS DESIGN ELEM5TS BUT ( ! NUCLE> RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE ?AT PRODUC$ !SE ELEM5TS4 ,HUMAN SCALE WAS MORE ?AN A DESIGN ON A DRAW+ BO>D2 IT EM]G$ FROM ! 9TIMATE ASSOCIATION PROVID$ BY ! CLAN1 ! GUILD1 & ! CIVIC UNION ( FREE1 9DEP5D5T F>M]S & CRAFTSM54 ,KNITT$ TOGE!R AT ! BASE ( A CIVIC 5TITY1 PEOPLE CREAT$ A CITY ?AT =MALLY & /RUCTURALLY %ELT]$ !IR MO/ ESS5TIAL & MEAN+FUL SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,IF !SE RELATIONS W]E BALANC$ & H>MONI\S1 SO TOO W]E ! DESIGN ELEM5TS ( ! CITY4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 !Y W]E DI/ORT$ & ANTAGONI/IC1 ! DESIGN ELEM5TS ( ! CITY REVEAL$ ?IS 9 ITS MONUM5TALISM & EXTRAVAGANT GR[?4 ,HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATIONS PRODUC$ HI]>*ICAL APACE2 EGALIT>IAN RELATIONS1 EGALIT>IAN SPACE4 ,UNTIL CITY PLANN+ ADDRESSES ITSELF TO ! NE$ = A RADICAL CRITIQUE ( ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY & DRAWS ITS DESIGN ELEM5TS FROM A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 IT WILT REMA9 M]E IDEOLOGY -- ! S]VANT ( ! V]Y SOCIETY ?AT IS PRODUC+ ! URBAN CRISIS ( \R TIME4 

,! #a#i#fS OP5$ AN 5TIRELY NEW ]A 9 ! MOD]N DEF9ITION ( ! CITY1 OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 ( A HUMANI/IC COMMUNITY4 ,IT IS A NOTEWOR?Y FACT ?AT ?IS ]A ACQUIR$ LITTLE ( VALUE FROM ! WORK ( ! PR(ESSIONAL CITY PLANN]S1 :O CONT9U$ TO S9K DEEP] 9TO %ALL[ PROBLEMS ( DESIGN & TE*NICAL EXP]TIZE2 RA!R1 ITS 9SPIRATION CAME FROM ! C\NT]CULTURAL VALUES & 9/ITUTIONS =MULAT$ ALMO/ 9TUITIVELY BY Y\NG PEOPLE :O W]E BREAK+ AWAY FROM SUBURBIA & ! REGIM5TATION ( ! MULTIV]SITY4 ,9 ! COMMUNES ( DROP\T Y\? & 9 ACTIVI/ UPSURGES SU* AS ,PEOPLE'S ,P>K 9 ,B]KELEY1 F> MORE ?AN DESIGN CRIT]IA W]E =MULAT$4 ,H[EV] NAIVELY1 NEW VALUES = HUMAN SOCIATION W]E POS$ ?AT (T5 ,9VOLV$ A TOTAL BREAK ) ! COMMODITY SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,! FULL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS MOVEM5T -- A MOVEM5T ?AT HAS YET TO F9D ITS [N CONFID5CE & ITS WAY ?R\< ! MAZE ( MOD & POP CULTURE -- HAVE NOT RECEIV$ ! ATT5TION !Y DES]VE FROM ! 0URBANI/S10 ,= ! VALUES ( ?IS CULTURE1 C>RI$ TO !IR LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 POSE ! PROBLEM ( DEVELOP+ 5TIRETY NEW COMMUNITIES 9 A H>MONIZ$1 ECOLOGICALLY BALANC$ SOCIETY4 

,! Y\NG PEOPLE ( ! SIXTIES :O TRI$ TO =MULATE NEW VALU] ( SOCIATION -- VALUES ?AT HAVE S9CE BE5 GR\P$ UND] ! RUBRIC ( ! 0C\NT]CULTURE0 -- UNQUE/IONABLY COMPRIS$ A PRIVILEG$ SOCIAL /RATUM4 ,!Y CAME S ,= ! MO/ P>T1 FROM AFFLU5T1 :ITE1 MIDDLE-CLASS SUBURBS & ! BETT] UNIV]SITIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! 5CLAVES & TRA9+ GR\NDS ( ! NEW ,AM]ICAN TE*NOCRACY1 ,TO ADDUCE !IR PRIVILEG$ /ATUS AS EVID5CE ( ! TRIFL+ NATURE ( ! MOVEM5T ITSELF & CASUALLY DISMISS IT1 AS SO MANY WRIT]S HAVE DONE1 SIDE/EPS A KEY QUE/ION3 :Y DID PRIVILEGE LEAD TO A REJECTION ( ! SOCIAL & MAT]IAL VALUES ?AT HAD PRODUC$ !SE V]Y PRIVILEGES 9 ! FIR/ PLACE8 ,:Y DIDN'T !SE Y\NG PEOPLE1 LIKE SO MANY BE=E !M 9 PREVI\S G5]ATIONS1 TAKE UP ! BASIC VALUES ( !IR P>5TS & EXP& ! >5A ( PRIVILEGE !Y HAD 9H]IT$8 

,!SE QUE/IONS REVEAL A BASIC *ANGE 9 ! MAT]IAL PREMISES = RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD ,BY ! SIXTIES1 ! SO-CALL$ ,FIR/ ,WORLD HAD UND]GONE SWEEP+ TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES -- *ANGES :I* OP5$ A NEW SOCIAL P]SPECTIVE = ! ]A ?AT LAY AHEAD4 ,TE*NOLOGY HAD ADVANC$ TO A PO9T :]E ! VALUES SPAWN$ BY MAT]IAL SC>CITY1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE VALUES FO/]$ BY ! B\RGEOIS ]A1 NO LONG] SEEM$ MORALLY OR CULTURALLY RELEVANT ,! WORK E?IC1 ! MORAL AU?ORITY IMPUT$ TO MAT]IAL D5IAL1 P>SIMONY1 & S5SUAL R5UNCIATION1 ! HI< SOCIAL VALUATION PLAC$ ,ON COMPETITION & 0FREE 5T]PRISE10 ! EMPHASIS ON A PRIVATIZATION & 9DIVIDUATION BAS$ ON EGOTISM1 SEEM$ OBSOLETE 9 ! LI<T ( TE*NOLOGICAL A*IEVEM5TS ?AT (F]$ ALT]NATIVES 5TIRELY CONTR>Y TO ! PREVAIL+ HUMAN CONDITION -- A LIFETIME FREE FROM TOIL & A MAT]IALLY SECURE SOCIAL DISPOSITION ORI5T$ T[>D COMMUNITY & ! FULL EXPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN P[]S4 ,! NEW ALT]NATIVES OP5$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES MADE ! *]I%$ VALUES ( ! PA/ SEEM NOT ONLY OBSOLETE & UNJU/ BUT GROTESQUE4 ,AS ,I HAVE PO9T$ \T ELSE:]E1 !RE IS NO P>ADE1 9 ! FACT ?AT ! WEAKE/ L9K 9 ! OLD SOCIETY TURN$ \T TO BE ?AT V]Y /RATUM :I* 5JOY$ ! REAL PRIVILEGE ( REJECT+ FALSE PRIVILEGE4.<#e#i.> 

,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! TE*NOLOGICAL CONTE/ ( ! 0C\NT]CULTURE0 WAS CONSCI\SLY GRASP$ & ELABORAT$ 9TO A L>G] P]SPECTIVE = SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,9DE$1 ! \TLOOK ( MO/ MIDDLE-CLASS DROP\T Y\? & /UD5TS REMA9$ L>GELY 9TUITIVE & (T5 FELL PREY TO ! FADDISM NURTUR$ BY ! E/ABLI%$ SOCIETY4 ,! ]RATIC FEATURES ( ! NEW MOVEM5T1 ITS FEV]I% METABOLISM & ITS QUIXOTIC OSCILLATIONS1 CAN BE P>TLY EXPLA9$ BY ?IS LACK ( ADEQUATE CONSCI\SNESS4 ,QUITE (T51 MANY Y\NG PEOPLE W]E VICTIMS ( *EAP EXPLOITATION BY COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S4 ,L>GE NUMB]S ( !M1 EXULTANT 9 !IR NEWLY DISCOV]$ S5SE ( LIB]ATION1 LACK$ A SIGNIFICANT AW>5ESS ?AT COMPLETE FRE$OM1 IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 A PREVAIL+ SY/EM ( UNFRE$OM 9S(> AS !Y ASPIR$ TO RAPIDLY TO REPLACE ! DOM9ANT CULTURE BY !IR [N EXAMPLE & BY MORAL SUASION1 !Y FAIL$4 ,BUT 9S(> AS !Y BEGAN TO SEE !MSELVES AS ! MO/ ADVANC$ SECTOR ( A L>G] MOVEM5T TO REVOLUTIONIZE SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 !Y SUCCE$$ 9 KEEP+ ! C\NT]CULTURE ALIVE1 & IT LIVES TODAY 9 ALT]NAT+ EBBS & FL[S AS ! MA9/REAM ( A HI/ORIC 5LI<T5M5T ?AT MAY EV5TUALLY *ANGE EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( ! NEW MOVEM5T IS ! EMPHASIS IT PLACES ON P]SONAL RELATIONS AS ! LOCUS ( SEEM+LY AB/RACT SOCIAL IDEALS -- ! ATTEMPT IT MAKES TO TRANSLATE FRE$OM & LOVE 9TO EXI/5TIAL REALITIES ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,IF FRE$OM 9 ITS FULLE/ S5SE IS A SOCIETY BAS$ ON SELF-ACTIVITY & SELF-MANAGEM5T1 A SOCIETY 9 :I* EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL HAS CONTROL OV] H] OR HIS DAILY LIFE1 !N ! C\NT]CULTURE MAY BE JU/LY DESCRIB$ AS ! ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE ?AT SELF1 FREE ( ! VALUES SPAWN$ BY HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 ?AT WILL YIELD LIB]AT$ SOCIAL =MS ( MANAGEM5T & ACTIVITY4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ?IS DEGREE ( FRE$OM CAN BE DEF9ITIVELY A*IEV$ ONLY AFT] SWEEP+ REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES 9 SOCIETY2 BUT Y\NG PEOPLE W]E QUITE RI<T 9 S5S+ ?AT EXI/5TIAL P]SONAL GOALS MU/ BE DEF9$ & /RIV5 = EV5 TODAY1 )9 ! REALM ( UNFRE$OM1 IF FUTURE REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES >E TO BE SWEEP+ 5\< & NOT BOG D[N 9 BUREAUCRATIC MODES ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T4 ,?IS FOCUS ADD$ AIL ESS5TIAL PSY*OLOGICAL ELEM5T TO AB/RACT SOCIAL DOCTR9ES ?AT W]E =MULAT$ BY TRADITIONAL RADICAL !ORI/S4 ,ACCORD+LY1 9 ITS MO/ ADVANC$ & !ORETICALLY CONSCI\S =MS1 ! C\NT]CULTURE REA*$ DIRECTLY 9TO & S\<T TO *ANGE RADICALLY ! LIV$ RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE AS SEXUAL BE+S & AS MEMB]S ( FAMILIES1 $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & WORK PLACES4 ,ONE MU/ RETURN TO ! ,WRIT+S ( ! E>LY AN>*I/S1 :OSE APPEAL WAS (T5 LIMIT$1 TO RECOV] ! MORAL & PSY*OLOGICAL DIM5SIONS ?IS APPROA* ADD$ TO SOCIALI/ !ORIES ( ! SIXTIES1 MO/ ( :I* HAD BECOME SO D5UD$ ( HUMANI/IC QUALITIES ?AT !Y W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN ECONOMI/IC /RATEGIES = SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,?IS P]SONALI/IC YET SOCIALLY 9VOLV$ APPROA* YIELD$ RIOT ONLY AN 9CREAS+LY EXPLICIT CRITIQUE ( DOCTR9AIRE SOCIALI/ !ORY1 BUT ALSO ( DESIGN-ORI5T$ CITY PLANN+4 ,MU* HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! 0RETREAT0 ( DROP\T Y\? TO RURAL COMMUNES4 ,F> LESS KN[N IS ! EXT5T TO :I* ECOLOGICALLY-M9D$ C\NT]CULTURAL Y\? BEGAN TO SUBJECT CITY PLANN+ TO A DEVA/AT+ REVIEW1 (T5 ADVANC+ ALT]NATIVE PROPOSALS TO DEHUMANIZ+ URBAN 0REVITALIZATION0 & 0REHABILITATION0 PROJECTS4 ,G5]ALLY1 !SE ALT]NATIVES /EMM$ FROM A P]SPECTIVE T[>D DESIGN ?AT WAS RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( CONV5TIONAL CITY PLANN]S4 ,= ! C\NT]CULTURAL PLANN]S1 ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ANY DESIGN WAS NOT 0! PLEAS+ OBJECT0 OR ! 0EFFICI5CY0 ) :I* IT EXP$IT$ TRAFFIC1 COMMUNICATIONS1 & ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES4 ,RA!R1 !SE NEW PLANN]S CONC]N$ !MSELVES PRIM>ILY ) ! RELATION%IP ( DESIGN TO ! FO/]+ ( P]SONA6 9TIMACY1 MANY-SID$ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 NONHI]>*ICAL MODES ( ORGANIZATION1 COMMUNI/IC LIV+ >RANGEM5TS1 & MAT]IAL 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! M>KET ECONOMY4 ,DESIGN1 H]E1 TOOK ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE NOT FROM AB/RACT CONCEPTS ( SPACE OR A FUNCTIONAL 5DEAVOR TO IMPROVE ! /ATUS QUO1 BUT FROM AN EXPLICIT CRITIQUE ( ! /ATUS QUO & A CONCEPTION ( ! FREE HUMAN RELATION%IPS ?AT W]E TO REPLACE IT4 ,! DESIGN ELEM5TS ( A PLAN FOLL[$ FROM RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL ALT]NATIVES4 ,! ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO REPLACE HI]>*ICAL SPACE BY 0LIB]AT$ SPACE40 

,AMONG ! MANY SIMIL> PLANS TO BE DEVELOP$ TN ! LATE SIXTIES & E>LY SEV5TIES1 P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPRESSIVE WAS =MULAT$ BY AN AD HOC GR\P 9 ,B]KELEY FROM ,PEOPLE'S ,>*ITECTURE1 ! LOCAL ,T5ANTS ,UNION1 & MEMB]S ( ! LOCAL FOOD COOP]ATIVE OR 0,FOOD ,CONSPIRACY0 ,! PLAN 7]RONE\SLY ATTRIBUT$ BY ,!ODORE ,ROSZAK 9 HIS EXCELL5T WORK ,S\RCES TO ! ,B]KELEY ,TRIBE1 AN 0UND]GR\ND0 NEWSPAP]7 %[S A REM>KABLY HI< DEGREE ( RADICAL SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT DRAWS ITS 9SPIRATION FROM ! 0,PEOPLE'S ,P>K0 EPISODE 9 ,MAY #a#i#f#i1 :5 DROP\T Y\?1 /UD5TS1 & LAT] ORD9>Y CITIZ5S ( ,B]KELEY F\<T = MORE ?AN A WEEK ) POLICE TO RETA9 A LOVELY P>K & PLAYGR\ND :I* !Y HAD SPONTANE\SLY ,CREAT$ ,\T ( A NEGLECT$1 G>BAGE-/REWN LOT [N$ BY ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CALI=NIA4 ,! P>K1 EV5TUALLY RECLAIM$ BY ITS UNIV]SITY PROPRIETORS AT ! CO/ ( A Y\NG MAN'S LIFE1 MANY SEV]E 9JURIES1 & MASSIVE >RE/S1 IS AT ?IS WRIT+ A P>K+ LOT & PAV$ SOCC] FIELD4 ,BUT ! MEMORY ( ! EPISODE HAS WAN$ SL[LY ,TO ! Y\NG ,B]KELEY PLANN]S1 0,PEOPLE'S ,P>K WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ECOLOGY ,MOVEM5T40 ,& ! PLAN1 5TITL$ A ,BLUEPR9T = A ,COMMUNAL ,5VIRONM5T IS RADICALLY 0C\NT]CULTURAL40 0,! REVOLUTION>Y CULTURE10 DECL>ES ! ,BLUEPR9T1 0GIVES US NEW1 COMMUNAL1 ECO-VIABLE WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ \R LIVES1 :ILE PEOPLE'S POLITICS GIVES US ! MEANS TO RESI/ ! ,SY/EM40.<#f.> ,! ,BLUEPR9T IS NOT ONLY A PROJECT = RECON/RUCTION BUT = /RUGGLE ON A WIDE SOCIAL T]RA9 AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]4 

,! PLAN AIMS AT MORE ?AN ! /RUCTURAL R$ESIGN+ ( AN EXI/+ COMMUNITYIT AV[S & EXPLORES A NEW WAY ( LIFE AT ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y LEVEL OH HUMAN 9T]C\RSE4 ,?IS NEW WAY ( LIFE IS COMMUNAL & ECONOMICALLY DIVORC$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE FROM COMMODITY RELATION%IPS4 ,! DESIGN GIVES EXPRESSION TO A BASIC GOAL2 0,COMMUNAL WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ \R LIVES HELP TO CUT D[N ON CONSUMPTION1 TO PROVIDE = BASIC HUMAN NE$S MORE EFFICI5TLY1 TO RESI/ ! SY/EM1 TO SUPPORT \RSELVES & OV]COME ! MIS]Y ( ATOMIZ$ LIV+40 ,9 ?IS S+LE S5T5CE1 ! SOCIAL & PRIVATE >E ?OR\<LY FUZ$1 ,DESIGN IS ASSIGN$ ! FUNCTION ( >TICULAT+ A NEW LIFE /YLE ?AT /&S OPPOS$ TO ! REPRESSIVE ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4.<#f#a.> 

,%ELT] 9 ! ,BLUEPR9T IS R$ESIGN$ TO 0OV]COME ! FRAGM5TATION ( \R LIVES 444 TO 5C\RAGE COMMUNICATION & BREAK D[N PRIVATIZATION40 ,! PLAN OBS]VES ?AT ) 0WOM5'S LIB]ATION1 & A NEW COMMUNAL MORALITY ! NUCLE> FAMILY IS BECOM+ OBSOLETE40 ,ACCORD+LY1 FLOOR PLANS >E PROPOS$ :I* ALL[ = L>G] MULTIPURPOSE ROOMS :I* PROMOTE MORE 9T]ACTION -- 0SU* AS COMMUNAL D9+ ROOMS1 MEET+ SPACES1 & WORK >EAS40 ,ME?ODS >E SUGGE/$ = TURN+ RO(S & EXT]IOR UPP] WALLS 9TO COMMUNICAT+ L9KS ) NEI<BOR+ H\SES AS WELL AS BETWE5 ROOMS & UPP] /ORIES4 .<#f#b.> 

0,ALL L& 9 ,B]KELEY IS TREAT$ PURELY AS A M>KETABLE COMMODITY10 OBS]VES ! ,BLUEPR9T4 0,SPACE IS P>CEL$ 9TO NEAT CONSUM] PACKAGES4 ,9 BETWE5 R[S ( L& P>CELS >E TRANSPORTATION 'CORRIDORS' TO KEEP PEOPLE FL[+ FROM WORKPLACE TO M>KET40 ,! ,BLUEPR9T PROPOSES ! DISMANTL+ ( BACKY>D & SIDEY>D F5CES TO OP5 L& AS 9T]IOR P>KS & G>D5S1 ,PLAT=M 0BRIDGEWAYS0 BETWE5 H\SES >E SUGGE/$ TO BREAK D[N ! /RICT DIVISION BETWE5 9DOOR & \TDOOR SPACE4 ,! PURPOSE ( !SE SUGGE/IONS IS NOT M]ELY TO BR+ NATURE 9TO ! URBAN DWELL]'S HORIZON1 BUT TO OP5 9TIMATE AV5UES ( COMMUNICATION BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,! CONC]N ( ! PLAN IS NOT M]ELY ) PUBLIC PLAZAS & P>KS1 BUT ! IMM$IATE NEI<BORHOODS :]E PEOPLE LIVE !IR DAILY LIVES4 ,) MAGNIFICANT 9S\CIANCE1 ! PLAN TOSSES ALL CONSID]ATIONS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY TO ! W9DS BY SUGGE/+ ?AT VACANT LOTS BE APPROPRIAT$ BY NEI<BORHOODS & TURN$ 9TO COMMUNAL SPACE4.<#f#c.> 

,HALF ! /REETS ( ,B]KELEY1 ! PLAN NOTES1 C\LD BE EASILY CLOS$ (F TO /IMULATE COLLECTIVE TRANSPORTATION EXP]IM5TS & R$UCE TRAFFIC CONGE/ION 9 RESID5TIAL >EAS4 ,?IS W\LD 0FREE T5 TIMES MORE L& >EA = PUBLIC USE ?AN WE N[ HAVE 9 P>K ACREAGE4 ,9T]SECTIONS C\LD BECOME P>KS1 G>D5S1 PLAZAS1 ) PAV+ MAT]IAL RECOV]$ & US$ TO MAKE >TIFICIAL HILLS40 ,! PLAN RECOMM5DS ?AT ,B]KELEY RESID5TS %\LD WALK OR BICYCLE TO PLACES :5EV] FEASIBLE4 ,IF MOTOR VEHICLES MU/ BE US$1 !Y %\LD BE POOL$ & MA9TA9$ ON A COMMUNAL BASIS4 ,PEOPLE %\LD DRIVE TOGE!R TO COMMON DE/9ATIONS 9 ORD] TO R$UCE ! NUMB] ( VEHICLES4 

,COMMUNITY S]VICES WILT MAKE A 0QUANTUM LEAP0 :5 0SMALL GR\PS ( NEI<BORS MOBILIZE RES\RCES & 5]GY 9 ORD] TO CEM5T FRAGM5T$ NEI<BORHOODS BACK TOGE!R & BEG9 TO TAKE C>E ( BUS9ESS 7FROM *ILD C>E TO $UCATION7 ON A LOCAL LEVEL & 9 AN 9TEGRAT$ WAY10 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ! ,BLUEPR9T SUGGE/S ?AT M5 & WOM5 %\LD ROTATE ! USE ( !IR HOMES = *ILD C>E C5T]S4 ,FIR/-AID SKILLS & KN[L$GE ( MORE ADVANC$ M$ICAL TE*NIQUES %\LD BE MOBILIZ$ ON A NEI<BORHOOD BASIS4 ,F9ALLY1 WA/ES %\LD BE COLLECTIVELY RECYCL$ TO AVOID POLLUTION & WA/E ( RES\RCES4.<#f#d.> 

,AT ITS CORE1 ! PLAN ADVANCES A REFRE%+LY IMAG9ATIVE PROGRAM = RURALIZ+ ! CITY & FO/]+ ! MAT]IAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ITS 9HABITANTS4 ,COMMUNALLY WORK$ BACKY>D G>D5S C\LD BE CREAT$ & FOOD CULTIVAT$ ORGANICALLY4 ,H]E1 ! PLAN 5T]S 9TO ! SPECIFICS ( COMPO/+1 MUL*+1 & ! PREP>ATION ( SE$L+S4 ,A 0,PEOPLE'S ,M>KET0 C\LD BE E/ABLI%$ 0:I* WILL RECEIVE ! ORGANIC PRODUCTS ( RURAL COMMUNES & SMALL F>M]S1 & DI/RIBUTE !M TO ! NEI<BORHOOD .<FOOD.> CONSPIRACIES4 ,SU* A M>KET PLACE WILL HAVE O!R USES -- CRAFTSPEOPLE CAN SELL !IR W>ES !RE40 ,! PLAN SEES ! ,PEOPLE'S ,M>KET AS A 0SOLID EXAMPLE ( ,CREATIVE ?9K+ AB\T COMMUNAL USE ( SPACE4 ,ITS /RUCTURE WILL BE PORTBLE4 & WILL BE BUILT 9 SU* A WAY AS TO S]VE NEI<BORHOOD KIDS2 AS PLAY EQUIPM5T ON NON-M>KET DAYS40.<#f#e.> 

,! ,BLUEPR9T CREATES NO ILLUSION ?AT ?IS 5SEMBLE ( RECON/RUCTIVE IDEAS WILL 0LIB]ATE0 ,B]KELEY OR O!R COMMUNITIES4 ,IT SEES 9 ! REALIZATION ( !SE CONCEPTS ! FIR/ /EPS T[>D REORI5T+ ! 9DIVIDUAL SELF FROM A PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE ( ISOLATION1 EGOTISM1 & DEP5D5CE ON BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS TO 9ITIATIVES FROM BEL[ ?AT WILL RECOV] COMMUNAL CONTACTS & FACE-TO-FACE NETWORKS ( MUTUAL AID4 ,ULTIMATELY1 SOCIETY ITSELF WILL HAVE TO BE REORGANIZ$ BY ! GREAT MAJORITY :O >E N[ =C$ 9TO HI]>*ICAL SUBS]VI5CE TO ! ,FEW4 ,BUT UNTIL !SE SWEEP+ *ANGES >E A*IEV$1 A NEW /ATE ( M9D1 BUTTRESS$ BY WORK+ COMMUNITY TIES1 MU/ BE FA%ION$ SO ?AT PEOPLE WILL BE ABLE TO FUZE !IR DEEPLY P]SONAL DESIRES ) HI<] SOCIAL IDEALS4 ,UNLESS ?IS FUSION IS A*IEV$1 !SE IDEALS WILL REMA9 AB/RACTIONS & WILL NEV] BE REALIZ$ AT ALL4 

,MANY ( ! ,BLUEPR9T'S TE*NICAL SUGGE/IONS >E NOT NEW4 ,! NOTION ( RO( OP5+S TO L9K H\SES TOGE!R IS BORR[$ ,FROM ,PUEBLO ,9DIAN VILLAGES1 ! URBAN G>D5S FROM M$IEVAL COMMUNES & PRECAPITALI/ T[NS G5]ALLY1 ! P$E/RIAN /REETS & PLAZAS ,FROM ! ,R5AISSANCE CITIES & E>LI] URBAN =MS4 ,9 ! CONTE/ ( AN 9CREAS+LY BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY1 H[EV]1 !  
,BLUEPR9T IS UNIQUE 9 D]IV+ ITS CONCEPTS FROM RADICALLY NEW LIFE /YLES & RE9=C+ !M 9 A S+LE 5SEMBLE ) MANY DETAILS ( TRADITIONAL DESIGN4 ,D\BTLESS1 QUITE A FEW ( ! DESIGN PROPOSALS 9 ! PLAN CAN BE ASSIMILAT$ PIECEMEAL TO NEW CON/RUCTION PROJECTS )\T HAV+ A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON CONV5TIONAL WAYS ( LIFE4 ,?IS HAS BE5 ! FATE ( MANY RADICAL IDEAS & >T =MS 9 ! PA/4 ,BUT !  
,BLUEPR9T IS TRUE TO ITSELF 9S(> AS IT IS NOT M]ELY A /RUCTURAL PLAN4 ,! AU!NTIC CONT5T ( ITS PROPOSALS IS ! K9D ( LIFE 9 :I* ITS DESIGN ELEM5TS >E ROOT$4 ,! PREMISE ( ! PLAN1 9 ADVANCE ( ANY DESIGN1 IS A CULTURE C\NT] TO ! PREVAIL+ ONE -- A CULTURE ?AT EMPHASIZES COMMUNITY RA!R ?AN ISOLATION1 ! %>+ ( RES\RCES & SKILLS RA!R ?AN !IR PRIVATIZ$ POSSESSION & ACCUMULATION1 9DEP5D5CE FROM RA!R ?AN DEP5D5CE UPON ! B\RGEOIS M>KETPLACE1 LOV+ RELATIONS & MUTUAL AID RA!R ?AN EGOTISM & COMPETITION4 ,! PLANN]S1 :E!R OR NOT !Y W]E CONSCI\S ( !IR HI/ORIC ANTEC$5TS1 W]E PRES5T+ !IR VISION ( URBAN LIFE 9 ,HELL5IC T]MS4 ,! TRULY HUMAN CITY1 TO !M1 IS A WAY ( LIFE ?AT FO/]S ! 9TEGRATION ( 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY1 ( T[N & C\NTRY1 ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL NE$S )9 A FRAMEWORK ?AT RETA9S ! 9TEGRITY ( EA*4 ,A NEW SYN!SIS IS TO BE A*IEV$ :I* MAKES ! FULFILLM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL & URBAN NE$S COMPLEM5T>Y TO ! FULFLL,LM5I ( SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL NE$S4 

,! C\NT]CULTURAL MOVEM5T HAS S9CE SUBSID$ FROM ! HI<PO9T IT REA*$ 9 ! SIXTIES ,! BEAUTIFUL HOPES :I* Y\NG PEOPLE SO 5?USIA/ICALLY ADVANC$ 9 DROP\T & RADICAL /UD5T COMMUNITIES HAVE BE5 DILUT$ BY ! H>% #c (T5 BRUTAL HO/ILITY ( AN ADULT PUBLIC ?AT1 ,[+ TO ITS [N CONDITION+ & 9SECURITIES1 HAS 5TR5*$ ITSELF 9 ! /ATUS QUO & S\<T RESPITE FROM ANY *ALL5GES TO TRADITIONAL VALUES4 ,A ,NE&]?AL /ATE P[]1 BY *>ACT]IZ+ CREATIVITY AS 0P]MISSIV5ESS0 & 5?USIASM AS 0LIC5SE10 HAS ADD$ ITS [N TELL+ WEI<T TO ! ?RU/ AGA9/ 9NOVATION & SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,:]E ! C\NT]CULTURE HAS MANAG$ TO HOLD ITS [N AGA9/ OV]TLY HO/ILE SOCIAL =CES1 IT HAS HAD TO CONT5D ) A POLITICAL MODE ( DOPE-P$DL+ 9 ! =M ( SECT>IAN ,M>XISM & 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 VOYEURISM4 ,>*AIC IDEOLOGIES & MODES ( ORGANIZATION ASSUME ! SEMBLANCE ( RADICALISM & FE/] LIKE TOXIC G]MS 9 ! W\NDS OP5$ BY PUBLIC MALAISE & POLITICAL REPRESSION4 

,YET EV5 ?IS EBB+ PHASE ( A MU* L>G] DEVELOPM5T C\LD HE VALUABLE1 P]HAPS EV5 9DISP5SABLE1 AS A SOB]+ P]IOD ( MATURATION4 ,A NEW WORLD WILL NOT BE GA9$ M]ELY BY /REW+ ! PA?WAY TO ! FUTURE ) FL[]S4 ,! 9TUITIVE IMPULSES ?AT EXPLOD$ ) SU* NAIVE 5?USIASM 9 ! SIXTIES1 ONLY TO BECOME H>% & DEHUMANIZ+ 9 ! PSEUDORADICALISM ?AT CLOS$ ! DECADE1 W]E NEV] ADEQUATE TO ! LONG-RANGE HI/ORIC PROJECT ( DEVELOP+ A WID] PUBLIC CONSCI\SNESS ( ! NE$ = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,BY ! LATE SIXTIES1 ! C\NT]CULTURE CEAS$ TO SPEAK TO ,AM]ICA ) UND]/&+ & 9 RELEVANT T]MS1 ,ITS POLITICIZATION TOOK ! WOR/ POSSIBLE =M -- >ROGANCE & A S5SELESSLY VIOL5T RHETORIC4 ,F> MORE ?AN ! FL[]S ( ! MID-SIXTIES1 ! ANGRY CL5*$ FI/S ( ! LATE SIXTIES W]E IRRELEVANT 9 TRY+ TO REA* AN 9CREAS+LY AL>M$ & UNCOMPREH5D+ PUBLIC4 ,IT HAS F9ALLY BECOME EVID5T ?AT A CRUDE COMMITM5T TO MUSCLE P[] BY SELF-APPO9T$ POLITICAL 0VANGU>DS0 WILL NO MORE EFFECTUATE RADICAL *ANGE ?AN AN 9TUITIVE COMMITM5T TO FL[] P[]4 ,ONLY A UNITY ( 9TUITION ) REASON1 ( HOPEFUL 5?USIASM ) PATI5T WISDOM1 ( EMOTIONAL S5SIBILITY ) A COH]5T CONSCI\SNESS CAN HOPE TO MAKE ! C\NT]CULTURE AN 9FLU5TIAL =CE1 P]HAPS ! P>AM\NT =CE1 9 RE%AP+ ,AM]ICAN LIFE & C>RY+ IT BEYOND ! CRE/S REA*$ 9 ! SIXTIES4 

,C]TA9 DEM&S RAIS$ BY ! C\NT]CULTURE MOVEM5T >E IMP]I%ABLE4 ,NO MATT] H[ F> ! MOVEM5T ITSELF MAY REC$E ,FROM ITS E>LI] EM95CE1 !SE DEM&S MU/ BE RECOV]$ & ADVANC$ IF !RE IS TO BE ANY FUTURE = SOCIETY AT ALL4 ,9 CALL+ = A MELD+ ( ! AB/RACT IDEALS ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION ) ?OSE ( P]SONAL LIB]ATION1 9 SEEK+ TO =M ! NUCLE> LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/IC RELATION%IPS SO NECESS>Y TO RE> A TRULY EMANCIPAT$ SOCIETY1 9 TRY+ TO SUBV]T ! 9FLU5CE ( ! COMMODITY NEXUS ON ! 9DIVIDUAL SELF & ITS RELATION%IP ) O!R SELVES1 9 EMPHASIZ+ ! NE$ = A SPONTANE\S EXPRESSION ( SEXUALITY1 S5SUALITY1 & A HUMANI/IC S5SIBILITY1 9 *ALL5G+ HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION 9 ALL ITS =MS & MANIFE/ATIONS1 >ID F9ALLY1 9 TRY+ TO SYN!SIZE NEW1 DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES BAS$ ON AN ECOLOGICAL \TLOOK ?AT UNITES ! MO/ ADVANC$ FEATURES ( URBAN & RURAL LIFE -- 9 RAIS+ ALT ( !SE DEM&S AS A S+LE 5SEMBLE1 ! C\NT]CULTURE GAVE A MOD]N EXPRESSION TO A HI/ORIC MA9/REAM ( HUMAN DREAMS & ASPIRATIONS4 ,& IT DID SO NOT FROM A HOPELESSLY VISION>Y UTOPIANISM1 BUT BAS$ ON ! REAL TE*NOLOGICAL & MAT]IAL POSSIBILITIES AT H& 9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD4 ,?OSE DEM&S CAN NEV] BE FULLY SUBM]G$ BY POLITICAL OR PSY*IC REPRESSION4 ,!Y >E ! VOICE ( SELF-CONSCI\S REASON ?AT1 ONCE >TICULAT$ !ORETICALLY & RE9=C$ BY MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ?AT R5D] !M POSSIBLE1 >E S$IM5T$ 9TO ! COLLECTIVE UNCONSCI\S ( HUMANITY4 ,! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! C\NT]CULTURE1 :5 IT MATURES TO ! LEVEL ( !ORETICAL SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & SELF-DISCIPL9$ RATIONALITY1 IS TO HELP MAKE ?IS COLLECTIVE UNCONSCI\S ACUTELY CONSCI\S4 ,TO FULFILL ?IS RESPONSIBILITY1 ! CONSCI\S NUCLEI ?AT CRY/ALLIZE )9 ! UNDEF9$ C\NT]CULTURAL MATRIX =M$ 9 ! SIXTIES REQUIRE PATI5CE1 WISDOM1 & AN UNFLAGG+ AW>5ESS ?AT !Y >E ROOT$ 9 ! MA9/REAM ( HI/ORY ?AT LEADS TO ! FUTURE1 H[EV] MU* !IR EF=TS TO PROMOTE CONSCI\SNESS MAY SUFF] P]IODIC SETBACKS4 

,?IS PROJECT IS /RONGLY FAVOR$ BY ! H>% FACT ?AT FEW *OICES >E LEFT TODAY = ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,!4 CITY HAS COMPLET$ ITS HI/ORIC EVOLUTION4 ,ITS DIALECTIC FROM ! VILLAGE1 TEMPLE >EA1 =TRESS1 OR ADM9I/RATIVE C5T]1 EA* DOM9AT$ BY AGR>IAN 9T]E/S1 TO ! POLIS & M$IEVAL COMMUNE DUR+ AN ]A :5 T[N & C\NTRY W]E 9 SOME K9D ( EQUILIBRIUM1 TO ! B\RGEOIS CITY :I* COMPLETELY DOM9ATES ! C\NTRYSIDE1 N[ CULM9ATES 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! MEGALOPOLIS1 ! ABSOLUTE NEGATION ( ! CITY4 ,NO LONG] CAN WE SPEAK ( A CLE>LY DEF9$ URBAN 5TITY ) AN AU!NTICALLY COLLECTIVE 9T]E/ OR \TLOOK ( ITS [N4 ,JU/ AS EA* PHASE OR MOM5T ( ! CITY HAS ITS [N 9T]NAL LIMITS1 ! MEGALOPOLIS REPRES5TS ! LIMITS ( ! CITY AS SU* -- ( CIVITAS AS DI/+UI%$ FROM  
COMMUNITAT4 ,! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE1 AN ! =M ( T9E /ATE1 DISSOLVES ! LA/ VE/IGES ( ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE1 REPLAC+ ALL COMMUNITY LIES BY BUREAUCRATIC ONES1 ,P]SONIFI$ SPACE & ! HUMAN SCALE DIS9TEGRATE 9TO 9/ITUTIONAL SPACE & URBAN GIGANTISM1 HI]>*ICALLY GR\ND$ 9 ! IMP]SONAL DOM9ATION ( ONE HUMAN BY ANO!R & ! DE/RUCTION ( NATURE BY A RAPACI\S SOCIETY MOTIVAT$ BY PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS 0ANTI-CITY10 NEI!R URBAN NOR RURAL 9 ANY TRADITIONAL S5SE1 AF=DS NO >5A = COMMUNITY & G5U9E SOCITATION4 ,AT MO/1 ! MEGALOPOLIS IS A PAT*WORK ( MUTUALLY HO/ILE 5CLAVES OR GBETTOES1 EA* ( :I* IS 9T]NALLY 0UNIT$0 NOT BY A POSITIVE H>MONY ( CREATIVE IMPULSES BUT RA!R BY A NEGATIVE HO/ILITY T[>D ! /RANG] ON ITS P]IMET]4 ,PHYSICALLY1 MORALLY1 & LOGI/ICALLY1 ?IS URBAN CANC] IS 9 RAPID DECAY4 ,IT DOES NOT FUNCTION ON ITS [N T]MS AS AN >5A = ! EFFICI5T PRODUCTION & M>KET+ ( COMMODITIES4 ,TO SAY ?AT ?IS CREATURE IS BREAK+ D[N IS AN UND]/ATEM5T3 ! MEGALOPOLIS IS AN ACTIVE =CE 9 SOCIAL DISSOCIATION & PSY*IC DISSOLUTION4 ,IT IS ! NEGATION ( ! CITY AS AN >5A ( CLOSE HUMAN PROXIMITY & PALPABLE CULTURAL TRADITION1 & AS A MEANS ( COLLECT+ CREATIVE HUMAN 5]GIES4 

,TO RE/ORE URBANITY AS A MEAN+FUL T]RA9 = SOCIATION1 CULTURE1 & COMMUNITY1 ! MEGALOPOLIS MU/ BE RU?LESSLY DISSOLV$ & REPLAC$ BY NEW DEC5TRALIZ$ ECO-COMMUNITIES1 EA* C>EFULLY TAILOR$ TO ! NATURAL ECOSY/EM 9 :I* IT IS LOCAT$4 ,ONE MI<T REASONABLY SAY ?AT !SE ECOCOMMUNITIES WILL POSSESS ! BE/ FEATURES ( !  
POLIS & M$IEVAL COMMUNE1 SUPPORT$ BY R\ND$ ECO-TE*NOLOGIES ?AT RESCALE ! MO/ ADVANC$ ELEM5TS ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY -- 9CLUD+ SU* 5]GY S\RCES AS SOL> & W9D P[] -- TO LOCAL DIM5SIONS4 ,! EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY WILL BE RE/OR$ -- NOT AS A SPRAWL+ SUBURB ?AT MI/AKES A LAWN OR PAT* ( /RATEGICALLY PLAC$ TREES = NATURE1 BUT AS AN 9T]ACTIVE FUNCTIONAL ECOCOMMUNITY ?AT UNITES 9DU/RY ) AGRICULTURE1 M5TAL WORK ) PHYSICAL1 9DIVIDUALITY ) COMMUNITY4 ,NATURE WILL NOT BE R$UC$ TO A M]E SYMBOL ( ! NATURAL1 A SPECTATORIAL OBJECT TO BE SE5 FROM A W9D[ OR DUR+ A /ROLL1 IT WILL BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ALL ASPECTS ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE1 FROM WORK TO PLAY4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS ,=M CAN ! NE$S ( NATURE BECOME 9TEGRAT$ ) ! NE$S ( HUMANITY & YIELD AN AU!NTIC ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS ?AT TRANSC5DS ! 9/RUM5TALI/ 05VIRONM5TAL0 \TLOOK ( ! SOCIAL & SANIT>Y 5G9E]4 

,\R PLACE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! CITY IS UNIQUE4 ,PRECAPITALI/ CITIES EI!R /AGNAT$ )9 !IR LIMITS OR DE/RUCTIVELY EXPLOD$ BEYOND !M AS A RESULT ( ! 9COMPLETE TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT P]PETUAT$ MAT]IAL SC>CITY4 ,IF ! CITY WAS NOT FROZ5 AS 9 ,ASIA & ! ,NE> ,EA/ BY H]$IT>Y CA/ES & AGR>IAN HI]>*IES1 ITS UNITY WAS DISSOLV$ BY ! COMMODITY & M>KETPLACE4 ,MOD]N TE*NOLOGY HAS N[ REA*$ SO ADVANC$ A LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT IT P]MITS HUMANITY TO RECON/RUCT URBAN LIFE ALONG L9ES ?AT C\LD FO/] A BALANC$1 WELL-R\ND$1 & H>MONI\S COMMUNITY ( ,9T]E/S AMONG PEOPLE & BETWE5 HUMANITY ANTI NATURE4 ,?IS ECOCOMMUNITY1 :I* W\LD BE MORE ?AN A CITY1 W\LD HAVE NO LIMITS O!R ?AN ?OSE CONSCI\SLY FA%ION$ BY HUMAN CREATIVITY1 REASON1 & ECOLOGICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,! ECOCOMMUNITY1 SUPPORT$ BY A RATIONAL EEOTE*NOLOGY1 W\LD BE AN ORGANIC URBAN 5TITY RESPIRITIZ$ BY A NEW S5SIBILITY & RE9=C$ BY A NEW SECURITY 9 MAT]IAL LIFE -- AN AU!NTIC >5A = ! H>MONIZATION & FULFILLM5T ( HUMANITY'S DEEPE/ & MO/ CREATIVE IMPULSES4 

,! ALT]NATIVE TO ?IS DEVELOPM5T CAN ONLY BE ! HORRIFY+ DIS9TEGRATION ( URBAN LIFE 9TO A CONDITION ( *RONIC SOCIAL W>1 P]SONAL VIOL5CE1 & BUREAUCRATIC MOBILIZATION4 ,IF ! >*AIC HI]OGLYPH ( ! CITY WAS A WALL 9T]SECT$ BY TWO ROADS1 ! SYMBOL ( ! MEGALOPOLIS IS RAPIDLY BECOM+ ! POLICE BADGE SUP]IMPOS$ BY A GUN4 ,9 ?IS K9D ( CITY1 SOCIAL IRRATIONALITY WILL TAKE ITS TOLL AS ! ABSOLUTE DIVISION ( HUMAN FROM HUMAN UNTIL A F9AL H>VE/ IS REAP$ 9 ! REV5GE ( NATURE ON HUMANITY4 ,! LIMITS ( ! MEGALOPOLIS CAN BE =MULAT$ AS NO?+ LESS ?AN ! LIMITS ( SOCIETY ITSELF AS AN 9/RUM5T ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,LEFT TO !IR [N DEVELOPM5T1 !SE UND]LY+ ELEM5TS ( ! MEGALOPOLIS SPELL ! DOOM NOT ONLY ( ! CITY AS SU* BUT ( HUMAN SOCIATION4 ,= 9 SU* A 0WORLD1 TE*NOLOGY1 SUBS]V$ TO IRRATIONAL =CES1 BECOMES ! 9/RUM5T NOT ( H>MONY & SECURITY1 BUT ! SY/EMATIC PLUND]+ ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT & ! NATURAL WORLD4 

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