,! ,MA*9E ,AGA9/ ,! ,G>D5 

#aihe 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

,ONE CAN ONLY APPROA* ) TREPIDATION ! TASK ( WRIT+ AN 9TRODUCTION TO A TEXT ?AT TAKES AS ONE ( ITS !MES ! WAYS 9 :I* =EWORDS DOME/ICATE OR RECUP]ATE ! WORKS !Y 9TRODUCE4 ,TO =E/ALL ACCUSATIONS ( PROV+ ?IS !SIS1 ! 9TRODUCTORY REM>KS ?AT FOLL[ WILL !RE=E ATTEMPT TO OP5 UP DEBATE RA!R ?AN LIMIT IT ?R\< IMPOS+ A SUPPOS$LY DEF9ITIVE READ+ ( ! TWO ESSAYS PUBLI%$ 9 ?IS VOLUME4 

,!SE ESSAYS >E IMPORTANT FIR/ & =EMO/ BECAUSE !Y >E ! LA/ WORKS ( ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN4.<#a.> ,WRITT5 DUR+ ,FEBRU>Y & ,M>* #a#i#h#e1 & SUBSEQU5TLY TYPESET BY ! AU?OR1 !Y W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,OCTOB] #aihe ISSUE ( ! RADICAL PRIMITIVI/ ,DETROIT P]IODICAL1 ! ,FIF? ,E/ATE4 ,BUT ?IS WAS A PO/HUM\S ACT ( PUBLICATION1 = ,P]LMAN HAD TRAGICALLY DI$ :ILE UND]GO+ HE>T SURG]Y 9 ,JUNE #a#i#h#e4 ,ASIDE FROM HIS UNF9I%$ EPIC ,! ,/RAIT1 !RE=E1 !SE ESSAYS >E1 NOL5S VOL5S1 ,P]LMAN'S LA/ WILL & TE/AM5T4 

,! TWO ESSAYS1 0,TO ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,B0 & 0,ON ,! ,MA*9E 9 ! ,G>D501 >E CONC]N$ ) ,AM]ICAN LIT]ATURE & CULTURE1 OR MORE PRECISELY ,AM]ICAN LIT]ATURE & CULTURE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,LORRA9E ,P]LMAN1 ! AIM ( ! =M] ESSAY REMA9S ONE ( 0RECLAIM+ ,HAW?ORNE AS A FELL[ CRITIC1 NOT A CELEBRATOR ( ! ,9VAD]S' TAKEOV] ( ! CONT95T4 ,= SEV]AL YE>S1 ,FR$Y HAD BE5 /UDY+ ! MANY RESI/]S TO ! PROGRESS IMPOS$ BY ! >ROGANT ,EUROPEANS1 & HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ,MELVILLE1 ,HAW?ORNE & ,?OREAU HAD HELP$ HIM 5ORM\SLY TO DI/+UI% ! FRAUDUL5T FROM ! AU!NTIC40.<#b.> ,!SE COMM5TS E*O ,P]LMAN'S [N PREFATORY REM>KS TO HIS TWO ESSAYS1 :I* NOTE ?AT 0MANY ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA'S BE/-KN[N #a#i? C5TURY WRIT]S1 AMONG !M ,MELVILLE1 ,HAW?ORNE & ,?OREAU1 W]E PR(\ND CRITICS ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY40 ,BUT ! WAY 9 :I* ,P]LMAN *OOSES TO UND]TAKE ! RECLAMATION ( !SE AU?ORS REMA9S EQUALLY SIGNIFICANT4 

,AS 9DICAT$ ABOVE1 ,P]LMAN'S CONC]N C5T]S ON ! DOME/ICATION OR RECUP]ATION - :AT HE CALLS ! CONQU]+ & PACIFY+ - ( LIT]>Y TEXTS BY CRITICS = ! /ATUS QUO4 ,! FOCUS ( HIS CRITIQUE1 H[EV]1 REMA9S ONE MAN3 ,LEO ,M>X - AS REVIEW]_/ 9TRODUC] 9 ! FIR/ ESSAY1 AS AU?OR 9 ! SECOND ESSAY4 ,?IS *OICE IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,M>X MAY1 AS ,P]LMAN NOTES1 HAVE BE5 A ,PR(ESSOR AT ,AMH]/ ,COLLEGE 9 #a#i#e#i1 :5 HE WROTE ! ,=EWORD TO ! ,SIGNET ,CLASSIC $ITION ( ,HAW?ORNE'S ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT] :I* ,P]LMAN SO APTLY DISSECTS4 ,BUT BY ! TIME ,P]LMAN COMPOS$ HIS TWO ESSAYS 9 #a#i#h#e1 ,M>X HAD BECOME ,PR(ESSOR ( ,AM]ICAN ,CULTURAL ,HI/ORY AT ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,9/ITUTE ( ,TE*NOLOGY & AU?OR ( ,! ,MA*9E 9 ! ,G>D51 A /&>D & MU* CELEBRAT$ TEXT 9 ! FIELD ( ,AM]ICAN ,/UDIES4 ,9 CRITICIZ+ ,M>X1 !RE=E1 ,P]LMAN *ALL5GES ! 5TIRE NATURE ( ACADEMIC CON/RUCTIONS ( ,AM]ICAN CULTURE4 ,M>X EM]GES AS ! REPRES5TATIVE MAN ( ACADEMIA1 & AS A DISILLUSION$ EX-ACADEMIC1 ,P]LMAN ! 5GAG$ SOCIAL CRITIC KN[S FROM BITT] EXP]I5CE ! *>ACT] ( HIS 5EMY4 

,9 0,TO ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,B01 ,P]LMAN C5SURES ,M>X = ACT+ AS A LIT]>Y BROK]1 :E!R 9 HIS ROLE ( PUBLICIZ+ SLURS ON ,HAW?ORNE'S *>ACT] OR 9 HIS ROLE ( PROVID+ REACTION>Y MIS9T]PRETATIONS ( ,HAW?ORNE'S WORK4 ,P]LMAN'S EXPOSURE ( ,M>X'S IDEOLOGICAL MOTIVES REMA9S P]T95T1 BUT HIS ALT]NATIVE READ+S ( ,HAW?ORNE'S TEXTS >E NOT 5TIRELY UNPROBLEMATIC4 ,9 IDEOLOGICAL T]MS1 ,P]LMAN'S READ+S >E ?OR\<LY S\ND1 BUT 9 T]MS ( LIT]>Y H]M5EUTICS !Y >E LESS SATISFACTORY4 ,M>X'S 9T]PRETATIONS ( ,HAW?ORNE'S TEXTS >E *>ACT]IZ$ AS DI/ORT+1 BIGOT$1 R$UCTIONI/ & ABOVE ALL AS PROVID+ A REACTION>Y TEXTUAL CLOSURE4 ,!SE ACCUSATIONS >E TRUE1 BUT ONE CANNOT HELP WOND]+ :E!R ,P]LMAN'S AN>*IC READ+S DO NOT 5ACT A COMP>ABLE1 IF IDEOLOGICALLY CONTR>Y1 PROCESS ( TEXTUAL CLOSURE4 ,! SUBV]SIVE POT5TIAL ( ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT] 7= EXAMPLE7 C\LD BE SAID TO RESIDE PRECISELY 9 ITS RESI/ANCE TO TEXTUAL CLOSURE & ITS POLYSEMIC OP5NESS TO MULTIPLE H]M5EUTICS1 FIGUR$ 9 ! PLE?ORA ( MEAN+S AVAILABLE TO ! SYMBOL ( ! SC>LET LETT] ITSELF4 ,TO POSE ANY READ+ - AN>*IC OR REACTION>Y - AS DEF9ITIVE C\LD BE SE5 AS LIMIT+ ! TEXT'S RADICAL H]M5EUTIC HET]OG5EITY4 ,9 T]MS ( AN AN>*IC READ+1 ?IS C\LD BE CON/RU$ AS AN UNWITT+ TOTALIZATION :I* RISKS UND]M9+ ! LIB]ATORY PURPOSE ( ! TEXTUAL 9T]ROGATION4 

,AT ! LEVEL ( ,HAW?ORNE'S N>RATIVES1 TEXTUAL HET]OG5EITY IS REPRES5T$ BY FIGURES SU* AS ! REVEL]S 9 0,! ,MAYPOLE ( ,M]RY ,M\NT0 & ! 0M]RY COMPANY 9 ! =E/0 ( WIT*ES1 ,9DIANS1 \TLAWS & DISS5T]S 9 ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT]4 ,!SE HET]OG5E\S ASSEMBLAGES1 PRIM>Y EXAMPLES ( ,BAKHT9'S C>NIVALESQUE =CES ( 9SURRECTION1 >E CELEBRAT$ BY ,P]LMAN :5 HE GLEEFULLY REC\NTS H[ ! CRITICALLY SANITIZ$ 0SA9TS ( ,AM]ICAN LETT]S0 W]E RETURN$ TO !IR TRUE HOME 0AMONG MALCONT5TS1 9SURG5TS1 MIR? MAK]S & WIT*ES0 DUR+ ! #a#i#fS4 ,& YET DESPITE ?IS CELEBRATION ( POLYMORPH\SNESS1 ,P]LMAN 9SI/S UPON CONF9+ ! TEXTUAL PLAY ( =CES 9 ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT] )9 A MANI*EAN FRAMEWORK ( B9>Y OPPOSITIONS4 

,HAW?ORNE'S TEXT TAKES PLACE ON ! 9T]FACE BETWE5 ! T[N & ! =E/1 ! CITY & ! C\NTRY1 CIVILIZATION & ! WILD]NESS1 CULTURE & NATURE1 REPRESSION & LIB]ATION4 ,HE/] ,PRYNNE1 ! NOVEL'S PROTAGONI/1 LIVES ON ! B\ND>Y BETWE5 ! TWO SPH]ES - P]SECUT$ BY ! =CES ( CONTROL & YET DECL9+ ! (F] TO JO9 ! =CES ( RESI/ANCE MADE BY ! WIT* ,MI/RESS ,HIBB5S4 ,9 P>T ?IS FAILURE ON ,HE/]'S P>T TO COMMIT H]SELF D]IVES FROM ! ALLEGORICAL S*EMA ( ! TEXT4 ,IF ,HE/]'S HUSB& ,*ILL+WOR? REPRES5TS ,SCI5CE1 & ,HE/]'S LOV] ,DIMMESDALE REPRES5TS ,RELIGION1 !N ,HE/] H]SELF REPRES5TS ,>T4 ,& ,HAW?ORNE CONCEIVES ( ! >TI/ AS A TRANGRESSIVE1 IF RA!R PROBLEMATIC FIGURE4 ,?R\< H] NE$LECRAFT ,HE/]1 ! FIR/ ,AM]ICAN >TI/1 ORNAM5TS ! PATRI>*AL /ATE ?AT P]SECUTES H]4 ,& YET ! ISOLATION H] POSITION 5TAILS LEAVES H] FREE TO DEVELOP A RADICAL PROGRAM = PSY*OSOCIAL TRANS=MATION3 

0,AS A FIR/ /EP1 ! :OLE SY/EM ( SOCIETY IS TO BE TORN D[N1 & BUILT UP ANEW4 ,!N1 ! V]Y NATURE ( ! OPPOSITE SEX1 OR ITS LONG H]$IT>Y HABIT1 :I* HAS BECOME LIKE NATURE1 IS TO BE ESS5TIALLY MODIFI$1 BE=E WOMAN CAN BE ALL[$ TO ASSUME :AT SEEMS A FAIR & SUITABLE POSITION4 ,F9ALLY1 ALL O!R DIFFICULTIES BE+ OBVIAT$1 WOMAN CANNOT TAKE ADVANTAGE ( !SE PRELIM9>Y RE=MS1 UNTIL %E H]SELF %ALL HAVE UND]GONE A /ILL MI<TI] *ANGE40 

,BUT ,HE/] IS NO ACTIVI/3 H] !ORETICAL M$ITATIONS >E NEV] EMBODI$ 9 PRACTICE4 ,! ACTIVISM ( ! M]RY COMPANY 9 ! =E/ & ! !ORIZ+ ( ! 9TELLECTUAL \TCA/ >E NEV] SYN!SIZ$ 9TO A VISION>Y RESI/ANCE PRAXIS4 ,?IS FAILURE MAY CON/ITUTE A WORK+ DEF9ITION ( ! ,AM]ICAN TRAG$Y4 ,HE/] CAN TRANSGRESS ! BORD]L9E BETWE5 ! >EAS ( CONTROL & RESI/ANCE1 BUT CANNOT ALIGN H]SELF ) ! LATT] BECAUSE ( H] REFUSAL TO BE TRAPP$ 9 ?OSE B9>Y OPPOSITIONS ?AT *>ACT]IZE ,WE/]N ?\<T4 ,9 A S5SE ?IS TYPICALLY ANT9OMIAN RESI/ANCE TO HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES REMA9S POSITIVE4 ,BUT 9 ,HAW?ORNE'S N>RATIVE ( ,AM]ICA IT BECOMES P>ALYZ+ DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! =CES ( CONTROL & ! =CES ( RESI/ANCE 9 ! TEXT IS ULTIMATELY A FALSE OPPOSITION4 ,! TWO OPPOS+ =CES >E NOT HOMOG5E\S UNITS4 ,! ,PURITAN ,/ATE MAY BE REGIM5T$ & UNI=M1 BUT ITS OPPOSITION REMA9S MULTI=M1 PROLIF]ANT & AB]RANT - BUT ABOVE ALL PROTEAN1 IMPOSSIBLE TO P9PO9T & CON/ELLATE4 

,HE/] DOES NOT SEEM TO REALIZE H[ ?IS PLAY ( =CES QUALIFIES ?IS P>TICUL> B9>Y OPPOSITION1 MAK+ ! 9CORPORATION ( ! ELUSIVE RESI/ANCE 9TO SU* A /RUCTURE EXTREMELY DIFFICULT1 & ?US R5D]+ H] REFUSAL ( DI*OTOMIES 9APPLICABLE 9 ?IS 9/ANCE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 H[EV]1 ,P]LMAN APPE>S TO MAKE ! SAME MI/AKE4 ,HE SEEMS TO WANT TO SIMPLIFY ! TEXT1 ESPECIALLY BY COLLAPS+ ,HE/] 9TO ! RESI/ANCE1 & ?US PROVIDE A TEXTUAL CLOSURE BY RECLAIM+ ITS SUPPOS$LY 0REAL0 OR 0ORIG9AL0 MEAN+ AS ONE ANTI!TICAL TO P[]4 

,P]LMAN IS ON SUR] GR\ND 9 0,ON ,! ,MA*9E 9 ! ,G>D501 :]E HE ADEPTLY ANALYZES ,LEO ,M>X'S APOLOGETICS = ! ,FAU/IAN URGES ( ! ,WE/4 ,BUT EV5 H]E !RE >E PROBLEMATIC ELEM5TS1 & ONES NOT UNRELAT$ TO ISSUES ?AT >ISE 9 0,TO ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,B04 ,P]LMAN /ATES ?AT ! KN[L$GE ?AT 0!RE'S A 'BE=E' AS WELL AS AN '\TSIDE'0 TO ! CONTROL COMPLEX 7OR ,LEVIA?AN1 AS HE CALLS IT7 & ITS L9E> HIS-/ORY1 REMA9S CRUCIAL TO HIS ?\<T4 ,HE !N RI<TLY REPREH5DS ,M>X = D5Y+ ! AU!NTICITY ( ?IS PRIMITIVI/ IMPULSE & TRY+ TO EXPLA9 AWAY ITS DISCURSIVE 5CODEM5TS AS M]ELY EXAMPLES ( ! LIT]>Y CONV5TION ( ! PA/ORAL4 

,P]LMAN1 H[EV]1 SEEMS TO ASSUME ?AT 0PA/ORAL0 =MS ( LIT]>Y DISC\RSE1 /RIPP$ ( EXCRESC5CES 9 ! %APE ( DOME/ICAT+ CRITICAL 9T]PRETATIONS1 CAN PROVIDE DIRECT ACCESS TO ! 0\TSIDE40 ,HE USES ! IMAGE ( AN ELECTRICALLY *>G$ B>B$ WIRE F5CE TO *>ACT]IZE ! /RICT LIMITS PLAC$ >\ND LIFE 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMP WORLD ( ! CONTROL COMPLEX4 ,HE CORRECTLY CRITICIZES ,M>X = R$UCTIVELY ASS]T+ ?AT ! PROBLEMS ( CIVILIZATION CAN BE RESOLV$ ?R\< POLITICAL PROCESSES3 0,POLITICS1 ! 'SCI5CE ( P[]_/ ! '>T ( ! POSSIBLE' - IS ?AT A BREA* 9 ! F5CE OR ! F5CE ITSELF80 ,BUT ! QUE/ION APTLY ASK$ ( POLITICAL DISC\RSE C\LD ALSO BE DIRECT$ AT ITS LIT]>Y C\NT]P>T4 

,ON ONE LEVEL1 LIT]>Y DISC\RSE - LIKE ANY O!R SEMIOTIC SY/EM - CAN BE SE5 AS A SELF-REFLEXIVE1 CLOS$ SY/EM & ONE :OSE ORIG9S LIE )9 ! T]RA9 ( CIVILIZATION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT AT LEA/1 IT REMA9S DEBATABLE :E!R LANGUAGE 9 G5]AL & LIT]>Y DISC\RSE 9 P>TICUL> >E BREA*ES 9 ! F5CE OR ! F5CE ITSELF4 ,AT ANO!R LEVEL1 H[EV]1 SEMIOTIC SY/EMS MA9TA9 DIALOGIC RELATION%IPS1 NOT ONLY ) ONE ANO!R1 BUT ) SOCIO-MAT]IAL PROCESSES4 ,& )9 SU* NEGOTIATIONS CAN BE DISC]N$ ?OSE 9TIMATIONS ( ! 0\TSIDE0 ?AT 0PA/ORAL0 DISC\RSE PROVIDES4 ,IT IS H]E ?AT ! SUBV]SIVE POT5TIAL ( LIT]>Y DISC\RSE BECOMES APP>5T3 9 ! ABILITY ( A TEXT TO ACT \T REVOLUTION - RA!R ?AN M]ELY SPEAK ( REVOLUTION1 & 9 ! PROCESS POSSIBLY 9HIBIT ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE4 ,& 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ,P]LMAN'S HET]ODOX 9SI<TS >E CRUCIAL1 NOT M]ELY 9 APPREH5D+ A 0BE=E0 & AN 0\TSIDE10 BUT ALSO A 0BEYOND40 

,%ORTLY AFT] COMPOS+ !SE ESSAYS ,P]LMAN APPREH5D$ A 0BEYOND0 ( COSMIC DIM5SIONS4 ,BUT IT CANNOT BE CO9CID5TAL ?AT !SE LA/ WORKS >E BO? FITT+LY WRITT5 9 ! =M ( LETT]S4 ,9 ITSELF ?IS REMA9S 9DICATIVE ?AT UNTIL ! 5D HE1 LIKE ,HAW?ORNE1 CONT9U$ ! ATTEMPT 79 ! WORDS ( ! LATT]7 TO OP5 AN 9T]C\RSE ) ! WORLD4 

,JOHN ,MOORE 

  

,! ,MA*9E ,AGA9/ ,! ,G>D53 ,TWO ESSAYS ON ,AM]ICAN LIT]ATURE & CULTURE 

,PREFATORY ,NOTE 

,CRITIQUES ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 MAT]IAL PROGRESS1 TE*NOLOGY & 9DU/RY >E NOT A DISCOV]Y ( ! ,FIF? ,E/ATE4 ,HUMAN BE+S RESI/$ ! 9CURSIONS FROM ! E>LIE/ DAYS1 & MANY ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA'S BE/-KN[N #a#i? C5TURY WRIT]S1 AMONG !M ,MELVILLE1 ,HAW?ORNE & ,?OREAU1 W]E PR(\ND CRITICS ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,S9CE !SE WRIT]S BECAME 0CLASSICS ( ,AM]ICAN LIT]ATURE10 & !RE=E AVAILABLE TO ALL 9T]E/$ READ]S1 DEF5D]S ( (FICIAL VIEWS HAVE HAD TO C>RY ON A 0COLD W>0 AGA9/ !M4 ,! MO/ P[]FUL WEAPON HAS BE5 ! CLASSROOM ASSIGNM5T2 MO/ /UD5TS ATTACK$ BY ?IS WEAPON NEV] AGA9 CRACK$ A BOOK BY A 0CLASSIC40 ,O!R WAYS ( 0CONQU]+ & PACIFY+0 ! CLASSICS HAVE BE5 MORE SUBTLE3 ! AU?ORS W]E MALIGN$1 ! WORKS W]E MIS9T]PRET$1 ! CRITIQUES W]E DIV]T$ & AT TIMES 9V]T$4 

,! TWO ESSAYS BEL[ >E DESCRIPTIONS ( SOME ( ! ME?ODS US$ 9 ! 0COLD W>40 ,! FIR/ WAS SUBMITT$ 7BUT NOT PUBLI%$ 97 ! (FICIAL ORGAN ( ! 0COLD W>RIORS10 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,B4 ,! SECOND1 ORIG9ALLY A LETT]1 ATTEMPTS TO UNRAVEL & EXPOSE ! DIV]SIONS & 9V]SIONS ( ONE ( ! MORE 9FLU5TIAL 0COLD W>RIORS40 

,TO ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,B 

,:ILE SKIMM+ ?R\< A REC5T ISSUE ( Y\R MAGAZ9E1 ,I CAME ACROSS A C>ICATURE ( A MAN B>+ HIS *E/ & EXPOS+ A LETT] /AMP$ OR BR&$ ON IT4 ,I SUPPOS$ ?AT ! M>K WAS 9T5D$ TO BE A SC>LET LETT]1 EV5 ?\< ! C>TOON WAS BLACK & :ITE4 ,I LE>N$ ?AT ! BR&$ MAN 9 ! C>TOON WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ,NA?ANIEL ,HAW?ORNE1 AU?OR ( AN UN=GETTABLE EXPOSURE ( BIGOTS :O BR&$ HUMAN BE+S ) SC>LET LETT]S4 

,:AT CAN ?IS MEAN1 ,I WOND]$4 ,MY CURIOSITY BE+ >\S$1 ,I PLUNG$ 9TO ! >TICLE ACCOMPANY+ ! C>TOON4.<#c.> ,! >TICLE WAS BY A ,LEO ,M>X2 ,I DID NOT AT FIR/ REMEMB] ?AT ,I HAD 5C\NT]$ ?IS NAME BE=E4 ,! SUBJECT ( ! >TICLE WAS A BOOK ON ,HAW?ORNE'S ,SECRET BY A ,PHILIP ,Y\NG :O1 A FOOTNOTE TOLD ME1 RELI$ ON ,FREUD TO DO HIS PROB+4 ,MY WOND] WAS NOT DISPELL$ BY MY READ+ ( ! >TICLE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 MY WOND] GREW4 

,:ILE READ+ ! >TICLE1 ,I ?\<T ( ,HAW?ORNE'S ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT]4 ,Y\ MAY REMEMB] ! /ORY4 ,9 CASE Y\'VE =GOTT51 ,I'LL REM9D Y\4 ,! SETT+ IS ! ,NEW ,5GL& ( ! E>LIE/ ,F\ND+ ,FA!RS ( ,AM]ICAN ,DEMOCRACY4 ,! /ORY BEG9S 9 ! *APT] TITL$ 0,! ,M>KET ,PLACE10 ON 0! GRASS PLOT BE=E ! JAIL1 9 ,PRISON ,LANE40 ,ON A C]TA9 SUMM] MORN+1 0! GRIM RIGIDITY ?AT PETRIFI$ ! BE>D$ PHYSIOGNOMIES ( !SE GOOD PEOPLE444 C\LD HAVE BETOK5$ NO?+ %ORT ( ! ANTICIPAT$ EXECUTION ( SOME NOT$ CULPRIT1 ON :OM ! S5T5CE ( A LEGAL TRIBUNAL HAD BUT CONFIRM$ ! V]DICT ( PUBLIC S5TIM5T40 ,! CULPRIT MI<T BE 0A SLUGGI% BOND S]VANT1 OR AN UNDUTIFUL *ILD10 0AN IDLE & VAGRANT ,9DIAN10 OR IT 0MI<T BE1 TOO1 ?AT A WIT*444 WAS TO DIE UPON ! GALL[S40.<#d.> 

,ON ?IS P>TICUL> MORN+1 ! CULPRIT WAS A Y\NG WOMAN :O HAD GIV5 BIR? TO A *ILD1 A BABY GIRL :OSE FA!R WAS NOT ! Y\NG WOMAN'S LONG-ABS5T HUSB&4 ,= ?IS CRIME1 NOT AGA9/ NATURE BUT AGA9/ ! LAWS ( LEGISLATORS DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ 9 A R5[N$ ,NEW ,5GL& T[N C\NCIL1 ,HE/]1 ! CULPRIT1 IS NOT ONLY IMPRISON$2 %E IS CONDEMN$ TO WE> A BR& ON H] BREA/1 A SC>LET LETT] 0,A01 AS A LIFELONG REM9D] & VISIBLE SIGN ( H] 0S940 ,%E WAS FUR!R CONDEMN$1 ON EM]G+ FROM PRISON1 TO CLIMB A SCAFFOLD :I* 0CON/ITUT$ A PORTION ( ! P5AL MA*9E10 ! PLAT=M ( ! PILLORY1 :]E %E WAS TO EXPOSE H]SELF & H] BR& TO 0! /+S & V5OM\S /ABS ( PUBLIC CONTUMELY1 WREAK+ ITSELF 9 EV]Y V>IETY ( 9SULT40 ,ABOVE H] W]E 0! ,GOV]NOR & SEV]AL ( HIS C\NSELORS1 A JUDGE1 A G5]AL1 & ! M9I/] ( ! T[N2 ALL ( :OM SAT OR /OOD 9 A BALCONY ( ! MEET+ H\SE1 LOOK+ D[N UPON ! PLAT=M444 ,!Y W]E1 D\BTLESS1 GOOD M51 JU/ & SAGE4 ,BUT \T ( ! :OLE HUMAN FAMILY1 IT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 EASY TO SELECT ! SAME NUMB] ( WISE & VIRTU\S P]SONS :O %\LD BE LESS CAPABLE ( SITT+ 9 JUDGM5T ON AN ]R+ WOMAN'S HE>T4440.<#e.> 

,! REPRESSION ( AN 9DIVIDUAL BY ! IRON MA*9]Y ( ! ,/ATE HAS R>ELY BE5 SO P[]FULLY DEPICT$4 ,YET ?IS IS ONLY ! BEG9N+ ( ! /ORY4 ,! SEQUEL IS AN UNREL5T+ EXPOSURE ( ! ,BIGOTRY1 9 ITS V>I\S GUISES1 ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,WAY ( ,LIFE4 

,ONE ( ! M9I/]S ON ! BALCONY OV]LOOK+ ! PLAT=M IS 0! ,REV]5D ,MA/] ,DIMMESDALE1 H] GODLY PA/OR10 ( :OM ONE ( ! SPECTATORS SAYS ?AT HE 0'TAKES IT V]Y GRIEV\SLY TO HE>T ?AT SU* A SC&AL %\LD HAVE COME UPON HIS CONGREGATION4'0 

,& ONE ( ! SPECTATORS IS ! LONG-ABS5T HUSB&1 TURN+ UP JU/ 9 TIME TO SEE HIS BR&$ WIFE1 CLUT*+ ANO!R MAN'S *ILD1 ON ! PLAT=M ( ! PILLORY4 ,?IS MAN *ANGES HIS NAME TO ,*ILL+WOR? & UND]TAKES TO F9D ! FA!R ( HIS WIFE'S *ILD4 ,HIS RESE>*ES QUICKLY LEAD HIM TO 0! ,REV]5D ,MA/] ,DIMMESDALE1 H] GODLY PA/OR40 

,NEW ,5GL& BIGOTRY IS COMP\ND$ ) HYPOCRISY4 ,! SELF-RI<TE\SNESS ( ! ,*OS5 ,PEOPLE RE/S ON LIES4 ,! LIES1 FUR!RMORE1 HAVE 9T]C\RSE ) ONE ANO!R & GIVE BIR? TO BROODS ( NEW LIES4 ,! GUILTY ,REV]5D CONFESSES TO HIS CONGREGATION1 HE EXPOSES HIMSELF AS A GREAT] S9N] ?AN ! CONDEMN$ CULPRIT1 HE B>ES ! SC>LET LETT] BR&$ ON HIS [N *E/4 ,& ! MORE HE CONFESSES1 ! MORE SA9TLY HE BECOMES 9 ! EYES ( HIS ADMIR+ FLOCK4 ,HIS CONFESSIONS CONFIRM & JU/IFY ! IRON LAWS & *A9S NE$$ TO KEEP S9N]S LESS SA9TLY ?AN ! ,REV]5D ON ! /RAI<T & N>R[ PA?4 

,) ! *>ACT] ( ,*ILL+WOR?1 ! 0BETRAY$0 HUSB&1 ,HAW?ORNE ADD$ ANO!R DIM5SION TO ! /ORY4 ,*ILL+WOR? IS NOT A N>R[ ,PURITAN BUT A MAN ( 0LE>N+ & 9TELLIG5CE444 EXT5SIVELY ACQUA9T$ ) ! M$ICAL SCI5CE ( ! DAY40 ,HE IS A DISPASSIONATE SCI5TIFIC RESE>*]1 A SUCCESSOR ( ! M$IEVAL ,9QUISITOR & =]UNN] ( ! MOD]N ,PSY*IATRI/4 ,*ILL+WOR? QUICKLY DISCOV]S ?AT ! PREA*] IS HIS MAN1 BUT HE DOES NOT EXPOSE ! SA9TLY ,REV]5D TO ! CONGREGATION1 HE DOES NOT H& ! CULPRIT OV] TO ! SECUL> >M4 ,SU* 9=M+ W\LD HAVE NO SCI5TIFIC 9T]E/4 ,*ILL+WOR? MOVES 9 ) ! GUILTY MAN & EXP]IM5TS ) ! GUILT 9 ! PRIVACY ( HIS [N CL9IC1 ALONE ) HIS PATI5T4 ,HE F9DS ! SORE1 /ICKS A KNIFE 9TO IT1 SL[LY TURNS ! KNIFE1 & GOES ON TURN+1 FASC9AT$ BY ! EFFECTS4 ,:ATEV] MOTIVE ( REV5GE HE MI<T HAVE HAD AT ! />T IS SOON =GOTT51 REPLAC$ BY FASC9ATION1 BY SCI5TIFIC 9T]E/ 9 HIS SQUIRM+ VICTIM'S BEHAVIOR4 ,*ILL+WOR? COMPLETES ! PICTURE ( A SOCIETY ?AT CONFRONTS NATURE & HUMANITY ) LIES1 9/RUM5TS ( TORTURE & LE?AL WEAPONS4 

,AS AN ALLEGORY ( ! BR&+ ( ?IS CONT95T ) ! SC>LET LETT] 0,A01 AS AN ALLEGORY ( ,AM]ICA - Y\NG1 MIDDLE-AG$ & OLD - ,HAW?ORNE'S /ORY IS OV]:ELM+4 ,MELVILLE'S ,! ,CONFID5CE ,MAN IS NEI!R AS ALL-EMBRAC+ NOR AS CLE>4 ,! EXPOSURE ( EV]Y (FICIAL ,AM]ICAN VIRTUE IS AS FRE% TODAY AS :5 IT WAS WRITT51 & IT CONT9UES TO BE A FE/]+ SORE ON ! 0IMAGE0 ( ,AM]ICA4 

,9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 SU* FE/]+ SORES >E 0LIQUIDAT$02 ! AU?ORS' NAMES >E REMOV$ FROM 5CYCLOP$IAS & LIBR>Y CATALOGS1 ! /ORIES >E REMOV$ FROM BOOK/ORES2 ! ,/ATE SEES TO IT ?AT ! /ORY & ! AU?OR NEV] EXI/$4 

,AM]ICAN ME?ODS >E MU* SUBTL]4 ,H]E IT IS NOT =GOTT5 ?AT ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* GA9$ 9 /ATURE BY TURN+ H]ETICS 9TO ,CA?OLIC SA9TS4 ,H]E H]ETICAL AU?ORS W]E TURN$ 9TO 0,AM]ICAN CLASSICS0 :ILE ! ANTI-,AM]ICAN PURPORT ( !IR WORK WAS H&$ OV] TO ! SECUL> >M4 ,H]E ! SECUL> >M SAW TO IT ?AT READ]S READ ! EXPOSURES ! SAME WAY ,REV]5D ,DIMMESDALE'S CONGREGATION HE>D HIS CONFESSIONS1 AS YET ANO!R PRO( ( ! VIRTUE ( ! AU?ORITIES SITT+ OR /&+ ON ! BALCONY OV]LOOK+ ! PLAT=M ( ! PILLORY4 

,) !SE ?\<TS & RECOLLECTIONS PASS+ ?R\< MY M9D :ILE ,I READ ! REVIEW ( ,HAW?ORNE'S ,SECRET 9 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,B1 ,I SUDD5LY REMEMB]$ :]E ,I HAD PREVI\SLY SE5 ! NAME ( ! REVIEW]4 ,I F\ND MY OLD COPY ( ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT]1 A #aiei ,SIGNET ,CLASSIC1 & !RE1 ON ! TITLE PAGE1 BEL[ ! AU?OR & TITLE1 ,I SAW ! WORDS3 0,) A ,=EWORD BY ,LEO ,M>X40 ,A PR(ESSOR AT ,AMH]/ ,COLLEGE4 ,! V]Y MAN :O REVIEW$ ,HAW?ORNE'S ,SECRET4 ,I REMEMB]$ ?AT MY ,SIGNET ,CLASSIC CONTA9$ DIFF]5T WORKS BY DIFF]5T AU?ORS1 ! %ORT] A POLEMIC AGA9/ ! LONG]4 ,I RE-READ ! ,=EWORD & CONFIRM$ MY MEMORY4 ,SURE 5\<1 ! ,=EWORD IS LIKE A NE>LY-OPAQUE L5S 9T5D$ TO HELP /UD5TS /AY ON ! /RAI<T & N>R[ PA? :ILE W&]+ 9 ! =E/2 IT IS A CRUT*1 A MAP1 A 0,H[ TO READ ?IS BOOK )\T GETT+ LO/0 GUIDE2 IT REMOVES ! /+ & MAKES ! 0GREAT ,AM]ICAN CLASSIC0 SAFE = :OLESOME ,AM]ICAN /UD5TS4 

,9 ?IS ,=EWORD1 ,PR(ESSOR ,M>X W>NS ?AT 05T]+ ! WORLD ( ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT] IS LIKE WALK+ 9 A L>GE1 MANY-SID$ HALL ( MIRRORS40 ,HE1 ! ,PR(ESSOR1 POSSESSES ! KEY TO ?IS LABYR9?4 ,! KEY IS ! ,PR(ESSOR'S VIEW ( 0! WILD]NESS40 ,! L&SCAPE1 ! GEOGRAPHY IS 0NO M]E BACKDROP2 IT IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM POLICY & ACTION & MEAN+40 ,TO ,PR(ESSOR ,LEO ,M>X1 ! WILD]NESS IS 0GRIM40 ,ITS GRIMNESS CAN EV5 BE FELT 09 ! GRIM MOOD ( ! CR[D WAIT+ AT ! PRISON DOOR40 ,! ,PR(ESSOR GRUDG+LY ADMITS ?AT 0SOME ( ! GRIMNESS CAN BE EXPLA9$ 9 O!R WAYS10 BUT HE PROMPTLY DISPOSES ( ! 0O!R WAYS02 HE 9SI/S ?AT IT IS NEI!R ! ,PURITAN COLONY NOR ITS ,BIGOTRY1 BUT RA!R ! ,WILD]NESS ?AT IS 0GRIM40 ,& HE DRIVES HIS PO9T HOME4 0,H]E IS A T9Y \TPO/ ( ,5GLI% SOCIETY CUT (F FROM CIVILIZATION BY ! OCEAN ON ONE SIDE & A VA/1 UNEXPLOR$ REA* ( WILD NATURE ON ! O!R4 ,:AT ?IS MAY PORT5D IS QUIETLY SUGGE/$ BY ! APPE>ANCE ( A SAVAGE AT ! $GE ( ! CR[D40.<#f.> ,?IS /ATEM5T DOES NOT COME FROM A RACI/ 0,9DIAN-KILL]0 ( ! ,JACKSONIAN ]A ( MASS EXT]M9ATIONS2 IT COMES FROM \R CONTEMPOR>Y1 ,AMH]/ ,PR(ESSOR ,LEO ,M>X1 A C5TURY AFT] ! HOLOCAU/ P]PETRAT$ ON ?IS CONT95T'S ORIG9AL 9HABITANTS WAS (FICIALLY T]M9AT$4 ,! W> IS /ILL GO+ ON4.<#g.> ,! ,WILD]NESS IS /ILL A PLACE ?AT HAS TO BE EXTIRPAT$1 5CLOS$1 PACIFI$ & PROCESS$4 ,! WILD =E/ IS A PLACE ( 0TEMPT+ LIC5SE10 0A PLACE :]E PEOPLE ELUDE ! RULES ( ! COMMUNITY1 444A PLACE :]E NO LAWS OBTA92 9 %ORT A MORAL WILD]NESS40.<#h.> 

,! WILD]NESS IS R$1 LIKE ,HE/]'S LETT]4 ,& ! ,PR(ESSOR1 LIKE ! SA9TLY ,REV]5D1 IS 0COMMITT$ TO ! IRON SIDE1 ) ALL ?AT IMPLIES AB\T MAN'S WEAKNESS & HIS 9ESCAPABLE NE$ = RE/RA9T1 ORD] & 9/ITUTIONAL CONTROL40 ,FROM ?AT SIDE1 ! IRON SIDE1 ,PR(ESSOR ,M>X DECL>ES W> ON ,HAW?ORNE1 :O 0 DELIB]ATELY 5LI/S US ALL ON ,HE/]'S SIDE10 ON ! WILD SIDE1 =1 9 ! ,PR(ESSOR'S WORDS1 0,HE/] IS P]FECTLY WILL+ TO DISREG>D ALL ?AT M5 7SIC7 HAVE 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/ - RELIGION1 TRADITION1 LAW & SOCIETY4 ,%E BELIEVES 9 ! NEW BEG9N+40 ,PR(ESSOR ,M>X DOES NOT1 & HE TURNS SOM]SAULTS 9 ORD] TO PULL ! 0GREAT ,AM]ICAN AU?OR0 AWAY FROM 0! S5TIM5TAL SIDE0 OV] TO HIS SIDE4 0,HAW?ORNE CALLS =? \R W>ME/ IMPULSES - \R SYMPA?Y = ! LONELY1 \R SOLID>ITY ) ! P]SECUT$1 \R AN>*IC URGE = FULFILLM5T N[2 & !N1 :5 \R G5TLE/ SELVES HAVE BE5 EXPOS$1 HE =CES US TO RECOGNIZE !IR FALLIBILITY40.<#i.> 

,NO:]E 9 ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT] DID ,HAW?ORNE =CE US TO RECOGNIZE ! FALLIBILITY ( \R AN>*IC URGE1 BUT ,PR(ESSOR ,M>X WI%ES HE HAD2 HIS WI% BECOMES FACT & F9ALLY IT BECOMES 0! MORAL0 ( ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT]3 0,HAW?ORNE F9ALLY W\LD HAVE US SEE ?AT AS A PR9CIPLE ! WILD ROSE IS NO MORE ADEQUATE ?AN IRON40 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT1 0HAV+ WEI<T$ ! >GUM5T SO HEAVILY ON ! S5TIM5TAL SIDE1 IT IS NO EASY TASK TO RE/ORE ! BALANCE40.<#a.> ,I READILY ADMIT ?AT IT IS NO EASY TASK = ME TO IMAG9E A 0BALANCE0 BETWE5 A WILD ROSE & IRON2 ,I PICTURE ! FL[] FIRMLY HELD 9 A VISE2 9 HUMAN T]MS1 ,I IMAG9E AN 9DIVIDUAL1 GIFT$ ) LIFE & ?\<T1 5CAS$ 9 >MOR4 

,( C\RSE ! ,PR(ESSOR DOES NOT1 = HE CANNOT1 QUOTE ! MORAL ) ,HAW?ORNE'S WORDS4 ,HE TELLS US ?AT ,HAW?ORNE PLAC$ ?IS MORAL 9 0! F9AL *APT]0 :]E 0HE SPELLS \T ! LESSON10 :]E 0! LANGUAGE IS SO SIMPLE1 ! AU?OR SO \TSPOK51 & ! MEAN+ SO PLA9 ?AT WE SC>CELY RECOGNIZE ! MORAL - MU* LESS ITS PR(UNDITY40.<#a#a.> 

,I GLANC$ AT ,*APT] #bd ( ,HAW?ORNE'S /ORY1 TITL$ 0,CONCLUSION10 & ,I ADMIT ?AT ,I C\LD 0SC>CELY RECOGNIZE0 ANY?+ LIKE ,PR(ESSOR ,M>X'S MORAL1 0MU* LESS ITS PR(UNDITY40 ,BUT !N ,I NOTIC$ ?AT MY ,SIGNET ,CLASSIC CONTA9$ YET ANO!R 0F9AL *APT]0 AFT] ! /ORY'S F9AL *APT]1 A %ORT /ORY WRITT5 BY ,HAW?ORNE AT A DIFF]5T TIME & 9 A DIFF]5T SPIRIT1 A /ORY ) ! TITLE 0,5DICOTT & ! ,R$ ,CROSS40 ,I REALIZ$ ?AT ,PR(ESSOR ,M>X HAD COMMITT$ A SLEI<T ( H&1 ?AT HE HAD SET A TRAP = HIS /UD5TS1 BY APP5D+ ?IS /ORY TO ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT]4 

,! /ORY ( 0,5DICOTT & ! ,R$ ,CROSS10 J>R+ AS A CONCLUSION TO ! TALE IT FOLL[S1 SEEMS TO %[ ITS AU?OR AS A DEF5D] ( IRON ,PURITANS & AN 5EMY ( ! SC>LET & ! WILD2 IT SEEMS TO CONTA9 ,PR(ESSOR ,M>X'S 0LESSON40 ,H]E ! FAM\S ,PURITAN GOV]NOR ,5DICOTT1 9 HIS 0POLI%$ BREA/PLATE10 CONFRONT$ ! BE>]S ( ,5GL&'S 0BANN] ( ! ,R$ ,CROSS40 0,9 CLOSE VIC9ITY0 TO ,5DICOTT /OOD 0! SACR$ $IFICE0 AS WELL AS 0?AT IMPORTANT 5G9E ( ,PURITANIC AU?ORITY1 ! :IPP+ PO/40 ,NE>BY1 0AT ONE CORN] ( ! MEET+ H\SE WAS ! PILLORY1 & AT ! O!R ! /OCKS02 ! HEAD ( AN ,EPISCOPALIAN WAS 09CAS$0 9 ! ONE1 ! FEET ( A 0FELL[ CRIM9AL0 9 ! O!R4 ,A WOMAN WORE 0A CLEFT /ICK 9 H] TONGUE1 9 APPROPRIATE RETRIBUTION = HAV+ WAGG$ ?AT UNRULY MEMB] AGA9/ ! ELD]S ( ! *UR*40 0,AMONG ! CR[D W]E SEV]AL :OSE PUNI%M5T W\LD BE LIFELONG2 SOME1 :OSE E>S HAD BE5 CROPP$4442 O!RS1 :OSE *EEKS HAD BE5 BR&$ ) ! 9ITIALS ( !IR MISDEMEANORS2 ONE1 ) HIS NO/RILS SLIT & SE>$2 & ANO!R1 ) A HALT] AB\T HIS NECK4440 ,! ,K+'S M5 W]E ALSO ON H&1 ) !IR BANN]1 ?REAT5+ TO CURB ! P[]S ( ! ,PURITAN AU?ORITIES4 ,5DICOTT ORD]$ ! ,5GLI% BANN] L[]$ 0&1 BR&I%+ HIS SWORD1 ,5DICOTT ?RU/ IT ?R\< ! CLO?1 & ) HIS LEFT H& R5T ! ,R$ ,CROSS COMPLETELY \T ( ! BANN]40 ,! /ORY 5DS ) A MORAL1 A LESSON4 0,) A CRY ( TRIUMPH1 ! PEOPLE GAVE !IR SANCTION TO ONE ( ! BOLDE/ EXPLOITS :I* \R HI/ORY RECORDS4 ,& =EV] HONOR$ ! NAME ( ,5DICOTT6 ,WE LOOK BACK ?R\< ! MI/ ( AGES1 & RECOGNIZE 9 ! R5D+ ( ! ,R$ ,CROSS FROM ,NEW ,5GL&'S BANN] ! FIR/ OM5 ( ?AT DELIV]ANCE :I* \R FA!R'S CONSUMMAT$ AFT] ! BONES ( ! /]N ,PURITAN HAD LA9 MORE ?AN A C5TURY 9 ! DU/40.<#a#b.> 

,WE RECOGNIZE 9 ,5DICOTT ! =]UNN] ( ! ,JACKSONS & ! ,REAGANS4 ,WE SEE ! GLORI\S ORIG9S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,WAY ( ,LIFE4 0,! LANGUAGE IS SO SIMPLE1 ! AU?OR SO \TSPOK51 & ! MEAN+ SO PLA9 ?AT WE SC>CELY RECOGNIZE ! MORAL4440 ,A LAZY /UD5T C\LD SIMPLY LEAP FROM ! ,=EWORD TO ! BOOK'S LA/ P>AGRAPH TO LE>N :AT IT ALL MEANT4 ,! MORAL1 ! PR(\ND LESSON1 IS PATRIOTIC2 IT CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ AS 0,/>S & ,/RIPES ,=EV]60 

,! LA/ P>AGRAPH ( ! ,SIGNET ,CLASSIC $ITION ( ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT] ANNIHILATES ALL ?AT PREC$ES IT4 ,HEMM$ 9 BETWE5 ,PR(ESSOR ,M>X'S ,=EWORD & ! PATRIOTIC LA/ P>AGRAPH1 ,HAW?ORNE'S TALE LO/ ITS /+ &1 LIKE ,JOAN ( ,>C1 C\LD SAFELY BE PLAC$ AMONG ! ANGELS4 

,YET ONLY A P]SON /EEP$ 9 ! METAPHYSICS ( EMPIRE-BUILD+ C\LD READ ?IS LA/ P>AGRAPH )\T SUSPECT+ ?AT ITS AU?OR HAD HIS TONGUE 9 HIS *EEK4 ,EV5 A /UD5T :O ALL[$ ! LA/ P>AGRAPH TO ANNIHILATE ALL ?AT PREC$$ IT C\LD HAVE DISABUS$ H]SELF BY SIMPLY READ+ YET ANO!R ( ,HAW?ORNE'S %ORT /ORIES1 A /ORY ) ! TITLE 0,! ,MAYPOLE ( ,M]RY ,M\NT40 ,IF ?IS /ORY HAD ALSO BE5 APP5D$ TO ! ,SIGNET ,CLASSIC $ITION1 NO READ] C\LD HAVE MISS$ ! IRONY ( ! SEEM+LY PATRIOTIC LA/ P>AGRAPH1 NOR C\LD ANY READ] HAVE READ ?AT P>AGRAPH AS A CELEBRATION ( ! FEATS ( ,5DICOTT & HIS IMP]IAL SUCCESSORS4 

,9 ! /ORY ( ! ,MAYPOLE1 ,HAW?ORNE MADE HIS VIEW ( ,5DICOTT'S ,AM]ICA AMPLY CLE>4 ,IF ,EUROPEANS HAD TO L& ON ?IS CONT95T'S %ORES1 !Y NE$ NOT HAVE BR\<T !IR REPRESSIVE ,/ATE MA*9]Y1 !IR PRISONS1 PILLORIES & /OCKS1 !IR G5OCIDAL MILIT>ISM & !IR ,BIGOTRY ) !M4 ,ANO!R ALT]NATIVE EXI/$4 ,!RE W]E 9ITIALLY TWO DIFF]5T GR\PS ( SETTL]S ON ,NEW ,5GL&'S %ORES3 ,5DICOTT & HIS ,PURITANS W]E 9 ,SALEM2 ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T PEOPLE W]E 9 ,M\NT ,WOLLA/ON 7:I* !Y R5AM$ ,M]RY ,M\NT74 

,?OSE AT ,M]RY ,M\NT W]E EV]Y?+ ! ,PURITANS W]E NOT4 0,JOLLITY & GLOOM W]E CONT5D+ = AN EMPIRE40.<#a#c.> ,AT ,M]RY ,M\NT1 0! ,MAYPOLE WAS ! BANN] /AFF444 ,!Y :O RE>$ IT1 %\LD !IR BANN] BE TRIUMPHANT1 W]E TO P\R SUN%9E OV] ,NEW ,5GL&'S RUGG$ HILLS1 & SCATT] FL[] SE$S ?R\<\T ! SOIL40 ,!SE PEOPLE LAU<$1 DANC$ 9 MASKS1 C>\S$ & =NICAT$1 & !Y 9VIT$ !IR NEI<BORS1 ! PEOPLE ( ! WOODL&S1 ! ORIG9AL 9HABITANTS1 TO JO9 !M 9 !IR FE/IVALS4 

0,BUT A B& ( ,PURITANS1 :O WAT*$ ! SC5E1 9VISIBLE !MSELVES1 COMP>$ ! MASQUES TO ?OSE DEVILS & RU9$ S\LS ) :OM !IR SUP]/ITION PEOPL$ ! BLACK WILD]NESS40 ,S5S+ ! 9VISIBLE ?REAT1 ! DANC]S & C>\S]S SADLY REFLECT$ ?AT 0NO?+ ( FUTURITY WILL BE BRI<T] ?AN ! M]E REMEMBRANCE ( :AT IS N[ PASS+40 ,IT WAS AN EPO* :5 0MIR? MAK]S ( EV]Y SORT444 BEGAN TO BE DISC\NT5ANC$ BY ! RAPID GR[? ( ,PURITANISM4440.<#a#d.> 

0,NOT F> FROM ,M]RY ,M\NT WAS A SETTLEM5T ( ,PURITANS1 MO/ DISMAL WRET*ES1 :O SAID !IR PRAY]S BE=E DAYLI<T1 & !N WR\<T 9 ! =E/ OR ! CORNFIELD TILL EV5+ MADE IT PRAY] TIME AGA9444 ,A P>TY ( !SE GRIM ,PURITANS1 TOIL+ ?R\< ! DIFFICULT WOODS1 EA* ) A HORSELOAD ( IRON >MOR TO BURD5 HIS FOOT/EPS1 W\LD SOMETIMES DRAW NE> ! SUNNY PREC9CTS ( ,M]RY ,M\NT444 ,! M5 ( IRON %OOK !IR HEADS & FR[N$ SO D>KLY ?AT ! REVEL]S LOOK$ UP IMAG9+ ?AT A MOM5T>Y CL\D HAD OV]CA/ ! SUN%9E444 ,%\LD ! GRIZZLY SA9TS E/ABLI% !IR JURISDICTION OV] ! GAY S9N]S1 !N W\LD !IR SPIRITS D>K5 ALL ! CLIME1 & MAKE IT A L& ( CL\D$ VISAGES1 ( H>D TOIL1 ( S]MON & PSALM =EV]444 ! LEAD] ( ! HO/ILE P>TY /OOD 9 ! C5T]444 ,SO /]N WAS ! 5]GY ( HIS ASPECT1 ?AT ! :OLE MAN1 VISAGE1 FRAME & S\L1 SEEM$ WR\<T ( IRON1 GIFT$ ) LIFE & ?\<T1 YET ALL ( ONE SUB/ANCE ) HIS HEADPIECE & BREA/PLATE4 ,IT WAS ! ,PURITAN ( ,PURITANS2 IT WAS ,5DICOTT HIMSELF6444 ,& ) HIS KE5 SWORD ,5DICOTT ASSAULT$ ! HALL[$ ,MAYPOLE4 ,NOR LONG DID IT RESI/ HIS >M4 ,IT GROAN$ ) A DISMAL S\ND2 IT %[]$ LEAVES & ROSE BUDS UPON ! REMORSELESS 5?USIA/444 ',!RE1' CRI$ ,5DICOTT1 LOOK+ TRIUMPHANTLY ON HIS WORK1 ',!RE LIES ! ONLY ,MAYPOLE 9 ,NEW ,5GL&4 ,! ?\<T IS /RONG )9 ME ?AT1 BY ITS FALL1 IS %AD[$ =? ! FATE ( LI<T & IDLE MIR? MAK]S1 AMONG US & \R PO/]ITY444 ,:]E=E1 B9D ! HEA!N CREW1 & BE/[ ON !M A SMALL MATT] ( /RIPES APIECE1 AS E>NE/ ( \R FUR!R JU/ICE4 ,SET SOME ( ! ROGUES 9 ! /OCKS444 ,FUR!R P5ALTIES1 SU* AS BR&+ & CROPP+ ( E>S1 %ALL BE ?\<T ( H]EAFT]'444 ',& %ALL NOT ! Y\?'S HAIR BE CUT8' ASK$ ,PET] ,PALFREY1 LOOK+ ) ABHORR5CE AT ! LOVELOCK & LONG GLOSSY CURLS ( ! Y\NG MAN4 ',CROP IT =?)1 & ?AT 9 ! TRUE PUMPK9 %ELL FA%ION1' ANSW]$ ! CAPTA94 ',!N BR+ !M ALONG444 !RE BE QUALITIES 9 ! Y\?1 :I* MAY MAKE HIM VALIANT TO FI<T1 & SOB] TO TOIL1 & PI\S TO PRAY2 & 9 ! MAID51 ?AT MAY FIT H] TO BECOME A MO!R 9 \R ,ISRAEL444'0 ,?OSE NOT EXT]M9AT$ W\LD BE R$UC$ TO WAGE-WORK]S & H\SEKEEP]S2 LOVE & LAU<T] W\LD GIVE WAY TO 9DU/RY1 PLAYFULNESS TO ,BIGOTRY & FL[]S TO %E>S ( IRON4 0,AS ! MORAL GLOOM ( ! WORLD OV]P[]S ALL SY/EMATIC GAIETY1 EV5 SO WAS !IR HOME ( WILD MIR? MADE DESOLATE AMID ! SAD =E/40.<#a#e.> 

,! AU?OR ( ! /ORY ( ! ,MAYPOLE CANNOT EASILY BE MADE TO C>RY ,PR(ESSOR ,LEO ,M>X'S MORAL2 HE CANNOT EASILY BE VISUALIZ$ /&+ ALONGSIDE 0BOLD0 & 0HONOR$0 ,5DICOTT2 HE CAN MORE EASILY BE VISUALIZ$ 9 ,5DICOTT'S PILLORY1 ALONGSIDE HIS FRI5DS ,EM]SON1 ,MELVILLE & ,?OREAU1 ONE 9 ! /OCKS1 ! SECOND ) HIS E>S CROPP$1 ! ?IRD ) HIS NO/RILS SLIT & SE>$4 ,DESPITE HIS PLACE ( BIR? & HIS ILLU/RI\S ANCE/RY1 ! 0GREAT ,AM]ICAN WRIT]0 CAN BE CONSID]$ A =]UNN] ( ALL ! ,UNAM]ICANS1 A BEACON TO AN>*I/IC & S$ITI\S ALI5S :O LONG$ = ! IMM95T OV]?R[ ( ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T4 

,PR(ESSOR ,M>X HEMM$ 9 ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT]1 BUT TO NO AVAIL4 ,ONLY A FEW %ORT YE>S AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( HIS ,SIGNET ,CLASSIC1 HIS /UD5TS BEGAN TO SCATT] FL[] SE$S ?R\<\T ! SOIL1 TO LAU<1 DANCE1 C>\SE & =NICATE1 TO ID5TIFY ) ALL ?AT WAS 0D>K10 0WILD10 & 0SAVAGE0 TO ! ,PR(ESSOR4 ,REBELS REPELL$ BY ! METAPHYSICS ( ,9DIAN-HAT+ & EMPIRE-BUILD+ TURN$ !IR BACKS ON ! 5TIRE IRON $IFICE ( VIOL5T ,AM]ICANISM ) ALL ITS ,BIGOTRY & ,RACISM4 ,& SOME ( ! REBELS SAW ! AU?OR ( 0,! ,MAY ,POLE ( ,M]RY ,M\NT10 & ALSO ! AU?OR ( ,! ,CONFID5CE ,MAN1 AS PRECURSORS ( ! REBELLION4.<#a#f.> 

,IT APPE>$ AS IF ! SA9TS ( ,AM]ICAN LETT]S W]E AB\T TO FALL AMONG MALCONT5TS1 9SURG5TS1 MIR? MAK]S & WIT*ES4 ,SOME?+ HAD TO BE DONE4 ,A NEW ME?OD ( EXORCIZ+ ! SUBV]SIVE PURPORT ( ANCI5T /ORIES HAD TO BE F\ND4 

,ANO!R COMP>ISON ) ! ,U,S,S,R CAN BE 9/RUCTIVE4 ,!RE AN 9DIVIDUAL :O PUBLICLY REBELS AGA9/ ! PA?OLOGICAL BEHAVIOR ( ! ,/ATE IS PROMPTLY >RE/$ & 9C>C]AT$ 9 A PSY*IATRIC HOSPITAL4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL'S CRITIQUE IS 9V]T$2 IT IS TURN$ AGA9/ HIM4 ,ALL TORTURES1 ALL CRIMES >E P]MITT$ TO ! ,/ATE2 !Y >E ITS NORM2 ! ,/ATE CAN EV5 BR& AN 9DIVIDUAL ) A LETT] 0,I0 7,9SANE7 IF ! 9DIVIDUAL REFUSES TO TAKE P>T 9 ! ,/ATE'S CRIMES4 ,IT BECOMES ! TASK ( ! ,/ATE'S TORTUR]S1 9 ?IS CASE PSY*IATRI/S1 TO REMAKE ! 9DIVIDUAL 9TO A 0NORMAL0 P>TICIPANT 9 (FICIALLY SANCTION$ 9SANITY1 NAMELY TO BREAK ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SPIRIT4 

,H]E ! SAME RESULT IS OBTA9$ ) SOME:AT DIFF]5T ME?ODS4 ,! LESSONS ( ! E>LY ,PIONE]S HAVE NOT BE5 =GOTT54 ,H]E CRITICS >E NOT 9C>C]AT$ 9 ! OV]CR[D$ PRISONS & PSY*IATRIC HOSPITALS1 TO BE F$ & LODG$ AT PUBLIC EXP5SE4 ,H]E CRITICS >E BR&$ ON ! PLAT=M ( ! PILLORY2 H]E ! TORTURE IS NOT 9FLICT$ 9SIDE ! CONF9ES ( ! P5AL 9/ITUTION1 BUT 9 PUBLIC VIEW4 ,& ?ANKS TO ! PROGRESS ( 9=MATION TE*NOLOGY1 EV5 LONG-DEAD CRITICS CAN BE BR&$ & DISPLAY$ ON ! MOD]N PLAT=MS4 

,9 #aiei ,PR(ESSOR ,LEO ,M>X HEMM$ 9 ,HAW?ORNE'S ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT] BUT FAIL$ TO REMOVE ITS /+4 ,TW5TY-SIX YE>S LAT]1 ! ,PR(ESSOR TURN$ ON ! AU?OR4 ,HE DISCOV]$ ! DOSSI] PUBLI%$ AS ,HAW?ORNE'S ,SECRET3 ,AN ,UNTOLD ,TALE1 BY ,PHILIP ,Y\NG1 0A BIOGRAPHICAL CRITIC ) SOME?+ ( A REPUTATION AS A GIFT$ LIT]>Y DETECTIVE40.<#a#g.> ,I WAS TEMPT$ TO REF] TO ! DETECTIVE AS A MOD]N ,*ILL+WOR? BUT ,I REMEMB]$ ?AT1 9 HIS E>LI] ,=EWORD1 ! ,PR(ESSOR HAD W>N$ ?AT ?IS *>ACT] WAS NOT LIFELIKE2 0?IS COLD-BLOOD$ MAN IS A /OCK *>ACT]1 A VILLA9 \T ( ! ,FAU/ MY? :O ANTICIPATES ! HE>TLESS PSY*IATRI/ ( CURR5T LORE40.<#a#h.> ,S9CE ,*ILL+WOR? WAS ONLY A 0/OCK *>ACT]0 \T ( MY?1 & S9CE EV5 ! 0HE>TLESS PSY*IATRI/0 EXI/S ONLY 9 0CURR5T LORE10 ,I WILL REFRA9 FROM COMP>+ ! LIT]>Y 9QUISITOR TO ANYONE ELSE2 ,I'LL /ICK TO ! FACTS4 

,PR(ESSOR ,M>X SAYS ?AT 0,Y\NG HAS ALT]$ ! WAY WE ?9K AB\T A MAJOR AU?OR & HIS WORK4 ,HE HAS LEFT US ) A ,HAW?ORNE :O 9 ONE IMPORTANT RESPECT BE>S A /RIK+ RESEMBLANCE TO HIS [N CREATION1 ,>?UR ,DIMMESDALE3 9 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 HIS SECRET GUILT & HIS PUBLIC DISC\RSE40.<#a#i.> 

,HAW?ORNE'S SECRET1 AS ! BR&$ FIGURE 9 ! C>TOON ALREADY TOLD US1 IS ,9CE/1 SEXUAL RELATIONS ) HIS SI/]4 

,YET ! WOND] ( IT ALL - & ,PR(ESSOR ,M>X ADMITS ?IS - IS ?AT 0,Y\NG HAS NO EVID5CE :ATEV] ( AN ACTUAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,HAW?ORNE & HIS SI/]06.<#b.> 

,! 5TIRE 0CASE0 RE/S ON 9S9UATION4 ,! ONLY 0PROV5 FACT0 IS ?AT ,HAW?ORNE HAD A SI/]4 ,! ONLY O!R 9=MATION 9 ! DOSSI] IS ?AT TWO SI/]S ( ,HAW?ORNE'S FIR/ ,AM]ICAN ANCE/OR W]E F\ND GUILTY ( 9CE/ BY A ,PURITAN C\RT4 ,?IS 9=MATION IS APP>5TLY NOT (F]$ AS A JOKE4 ,! READ] IS ASK$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ,PURITAN C\RT REA*$ ITS V]DICT ON ! BASIS ( EVID5CE MORE SUB/ANTIAL ?AN ,PHILIP ,Y\NG'S4 ,! READ] IS ALSO ASK$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ! PROP5SITY TO 9CE/ IS H]$IT>Y4 

,A LATT]-DAY APOLOGI/ = ! IRON ,PURITANS MI<T /ILL BELIEVE 9 ! FAIR-M9D$NESS ( A ,PURITAN TRIAL2 O!RS WILL ONLY WOND] :AT ! TWO WOM5 HAD ACTUALLY DONE1 IF ANY?+ AT ALL4 ,A LATT]-DAY BELIEV] 9 ! RACIAL TRANSMISSION ( CULTURAL TRAITS MI<T BE DISPOS$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ! PROP5SITY TO 9CE/ IS SIMIL>LY TRANSMITT$2 O!RS WILL BE AS REPELL$ BY ! G5EALOGICAL AS BY ! RACI/ ,BIGOTRY4 

,A QU>T] ( A C5TURY AGO1 ! ,PR(ESSOR TRI$ TO REMOVE ! 0GRIMNESS0 FROM ! ,F\ND+ ,FA!RS & TRANSF] IT TO ! ,WILD]NESS4 ,N[ HE IS TRY+ TO REMOVE ! GUILT FROM ! ,/ATE & TRANSF] IT TO ! CRITIC4 

,N[ MY WOND] IS DISPELL$4 ,I ?9K ,I F9ALLY UND]/& :AT ALL ?IS MEANS4 ,WE'VE RETURN$ TO ! N[-GRASSLESS PLOT BE=E ! JAIL1 9 ,PRISON ,LANE4 ,WE1 ! READ]S1 >E SPECTATORS LOOK+ UP AT A SCAFFOLD :I* IS CALL$ ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,B4 ,ON ?IS SCAFFOLD OR PLAT=M /&S ! AU?OR ( ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT] & 0,! ,MAYPOLE ( ,M]RY ,M\NT10 B>+ HIS *E/ TO DISPLAY A SC>LET 0,I04 ,ABOVE HIM >E ! ,GOV]NOR & SEV]AL ( HIS C\NSELORS1 A JUDGE1 A G5]AL1 A PR(ESSOR & A LIT]>Y DETECTIVE1 ALL ( !M SITT+ OR /&+ 9 A BALCONY1 LOOK+ D[N UPON ! PLAT=M4 ,!SE GOOD PEOPLE >E DRESS$ 9 ALL !IR F9]Y1 BUT 9 ! PLACE :]E !IR FACES %\LD BE1 NO?+ IS VISIBLE BUT A CAPITAL LETT] 0,B01 ITS COLORS R$1 :ITE & BLUE1 ITS PATT]N ( />S & /RIPES V>Y+ FROM ONE P]SONAGE TO ! NEXT4 

,FEBRU>Y #aihe 

,ON ,! ,MA*9E 9 ! ,G>D5 

,Y\R COMM5TS AS WELL AS ! URG+S ( O!R FRI5DS /IMULAT$ ME TO READ ,LEO ,M>X'S BOOK1 ,! ,MA*9E 9 ! ,G>D58.<#b#a.> ,I QUICKLY RECOGNIZ$ ! REVIEW] ( ,HAW?ORNE'S ,SECRET & ALSO ! AU?OR ( ! ,=EWORD TO MY ,SIGNET ,CLASSIC $ITION ( ,HAW?ORNE'S SUP]B NOVEL4 ,BUT ,I DO NOT REGRET READ+ ! BOOK4 ,! C5TRAL !MES ( ,LEO ,M>X'S BOOK HAVE = SEV]AL YE>S BE5 AMONG MY MA9 CONC]NS1 & ! BOOK'S RANGE AS WELL AS ! PR(UNDITY ( MANY ( ITS OBS]VATIONS IMPRESS$1 PROVOK$ & DI/URB$ ME4 

,Y\ MAY BE RI<T 9 Y\R ASSESSM5T ( ,LEO ,M>X 79 ?IS BOOK7 AS 0MORE HI/ORICAL OBS]V] ?AN ADVOCATE40 ,HE DOES LET HIS 0*>ACT]S0 SPEAK = !MSELVES1 & HE DOES NOT MAKE HIS [N VIEWS OBTRUSIVE4 ,BUT HIS [N VIEWS DO COME ?R\<2 BY ! 5D ( ! BOOK HE UNOBTRUSIVELY EXPRESSES A COH]5T \TLOOK ON NATURE1 HUMANITY & TE*NOLOGY2 TO A READ] ) DIFF]5T & (T5 DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ VIEWS1 ,LEO ,M>X DOES NOT SEEM A M]E OBS]V]1 BUT AN ADVOCATE4 

,A B>B$ WIRE F5CE CAN BE DESCRIB$ 9 MANY WAYS4 ,TO ONE OBS]V] IT MAY LOOK LIKE A DEVICE = ! PROTECTION ( GOOD PEOPLE FROM CRIM9ALS & PR$ATORY BEA/S2 TO ANO!R IT MAY LOOK LIKE A DEVICE CREAT$ BY CRIM9ALS & PR$ATORY BEA/S TO REPRESS GOOD PEOPLE4 ,! SIDE FROM :I* ! OBS]V] SEES ! F5CE IS IMPORTANT1 BUT NOT DET]M9+2 IMAG9ATION 5ABLES AN \TSID] TO 0SEE0 ) ! EYES ( AN 9SID]1 OR AN 9SID] ) ! EYES ( AN \TSID]4 ,! VANTAGE PO9T MAY 7OR MAY NOT7 PROVIDE 9SI<TS1 BUT IT DOES NOT MAKE ONE AN AU?ORITY4 ,I1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE NEV] BE5 9C>C]AT$ 9 A CONC5TRATION CAMP1 YET ,I'VE T5D$ TO SEE B>B$ WIRE F5CES ) ! EYES ( ! VICTIMS IMPRISON$ 9 !M4 ,O!R PEOPLE ,I'VE KN[N1 :O W]E NO CLOS] TO 7& NO FUR!R FROM7 ! F5CES ?AN ,I1 HAVE T5D$ TO SEE ALL SU* F5CES1 EXCEPT ! SPECIFIC ONE BEH9D :I* !IR K9 P]I%$1 ) ! EYES ( ?OSE :O B5EFITT$ FROM F5CES4 ,NATURALLY WE >GU$4 ,WE HURL$ 0REALITY0 9TO EA* O!R'S FACES4 ,LEO ,M>X'S BOOK IS A CONT9UATION ( ?AT >GUM5T4 ,LEO ,M>X HURLS 0REALITY0 9TO MY FACE1 A REALITY ,I'VE *OS5 NOT TO ACCEPT1 HIS REALITY4 

,= ME ! KN[L$GE ?AT !RE IS AN 0\TSIDE10 ! KN[L$GE 7& NOT M]ELY ! BELIEF7 ?AT ! RE/ ( ! WORLD DOES NOT CONSI/ ( CONC5TRIC CIRCLES ( B>B$ WIRE1 HAS BE5 CRITICAL4 ,LEO ,M>X QUALIFIES SU* KN[L$GE AS 0NAIVE1 AN>*IC PRIMITIVISM0 7P4 #a#a7 & DISMISSES IT AS AN 0ESCAPE FROM ! ,REALITY ,PR9CIPLE0 7P4 #i71 A 0RECOIL FROM ! PA9 & RESPONSIBILITY ( LIFE 9 A COMPLEX CIVILIZATION4440 7P4 #b#b74 ,I REF] TO ! 0\TSIDE0 ) T]MS LIKE ,COMMUNITY1 ,FRE$OM1 & SOMETIMES ,NATURE1 & ,I REALIZE ?AT O!RS HAVE US$ ! T]MS1 CONCEPTS & LIT]>Y CONV5TIONS ?AT W]E AVAILABLE 9 O!R TIMES & PLACES2 ,ANCI5T ,GREEKS1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! DAYS ( ,HELL5I/IC DESPOTISM1 REF]R$ TO ! 0\TSIDE0 ) POETIC IMAGES ( A PA/ORAL ,>CADIA1 & SOME ,WE/]N ,EUROPEANS1 DUR+ !IR ,R5AISSANCE1 BORR[$ ?IS LANGUAGE4 ,! /ATEM5TS BECAME /ILT$1 & !Y ADMITT$LY CONVEY$ LESS & LESS4 ,BUT ,LEO ,M>X ASS]TS ?AT !SE /ATEM5TS NEV] CONVEY$ ANY?+ AT ALL1 ?AT !Y HAD NEV] BE5 ANY?+ MORE ?AN 0LIT]>Y PATT]NS0 7P4 #a#h71 POETIC GIMMICKS4 ,HE GOES ON TO CLAIM ?AT SU* /ATEM5TS EXPRESS ! OPPOSITE ( :AT !Y CLAIM TO EXPRESS1 ?AT !Y 0REVEAL ! 9ADEQUACY ( ! ,>CADIAN SITUATION AS AN IMAGE ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE0 7P4 #b#c71 ?AT !Y 0CALL 9TO QUE/ION444 ! ILLUSION ( PEACE & H>MONY 9 A GRE5 PA/URE4440 7P4 #b#e74 ,= ?IS MAN1 W> & DI%>MONY >E ! REALITIES1 EV5 9 GRE5 PA/URES4 

,AFT] ,I HAD READ TW5TY-FIVE PAGES1 MY MA9 ?\<T WAS3 ,I'LL BE DAMN$ IF ,I'M GO+ TO READ ?IS :OLE BOOK4 ,AS SOMEONE :O CONSID]$ ,KROPOTK9'S ,MUTUAL ,AID MORE 9=MATIVE AB\T SPECIES SURVIVAL ?AN ALL ( ,D>W9'S WORDS AB\T ! 0/RUGGLE = SURVIVAL10 ,I WAS REPELL$ BY ,LEO ,M>X'S CRUDE LATT]-DAY ,D>W9ISM4 ,BUT Y\ 7& O!R FRI5DS ( M9E7 HAD RECOMM5D$ ,M>X'S BOOK1 SO ,I READ ON4 ,! !MES HE WAS TACKL+ W]E DE> TO ME2 ,I C\LD SEE ?AT HE WAS HEAD+ T[>D A CONFRONTATION ) PR(\ND CRITICS ( HIS 0REALITY02 ,I WOND]$ H[ HE W\LD WIGGLE \T ( ! CORN]S 9 :I* ! CRITICS LEFT HIM4 ,I ?\<T HE WAS B5T ON REPEAT+ ! FEAT ( RHETORICIAN ,DANIEL ,WEB/]1 A FEAT ,LEO ,M>X DESCRIBES AS FOLL[S3 0HIS TRICK IS R$UCTION 9 ! TE*NICAL LIT]>Y S5SE ( GIV+ 9 TO A FEEL+ OR IDEA 9 ORD]1 EV5TUALLY1 TO TAKE IT BACK0 7P4 #b#a#c74 ,WEB/]1 A FRI5D ( ,9DU/RY1 PRET5D$ TO BE DISMAY$ BY ! DEVA/ATION ONLY 9 ORD] 0TO NEUTRALIZE ! DISSONANCE G5]AT$ BY 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,! RHETORIC =MS AN EMOTIONAL BOND BETWE5 ! ORATOR & ! PUBLIC4 ,IT PUTS HIM 9 T\* ) ! MASS SURGE T[>D COM=T1 /ATUS1 WEAL? & P[] ?AT RULES ! SOCIETY444 ,WEB/] UND]/&S ! PRACTICAL POLITICAL TRU? - ! FACTS ( P[]0 7P4 #b#a#g74 

,SO DOES ,LEO ,M>X4 ,HIS FACTS ( P[] BEG9 9 ! ,AM]ICA ( ! #a#h#dS1 ) :AT ,W4 ,W4 ,RO/[ CALL$ ! 0TAKE-(F0 9TO 9DU/RIALISM 7P4 #b#i74 ,AT ?AT MOM5T1 ESCAPI/S FROM ! REALITY PR9CIPLE HAVE 0A S5SE ( ! MA*9E AS A SUDD51 %OCK+ 9TRUD] UPON A FANTASY ( IDYLLIC SATISFACTION0 7P4 #b#f74 ,REALI/S >E EUPHORIC4 ,! MIDDLEMAN1 ! 5TREPR5EUR1 ! MAN :O UND]TAKES TO CUT UP ! 5VIRONM5T 9TO PROCESS$1 SALABLE COMMODITIES1 BECOMES ! MODEL REALI/4 ,! TYPE WAS ALREADY 5VISION$ BY ,WILLIAM ,%AKESPE>E 9 ! *>ACT] ( ,PROSP]O1 ! AUTOCRAT :O WIELD$ HIS EMPIRE'S 9HABITANTS AS 0H&S0 & EV5 CONCOCT$ A TEMPE/ TO %IPWRECK HIS FOES4 ,PROSP]O'S REALITY IS 0A SYMBOLIC MIDDLE L&SCAPE CREAT$ BY ! M$IATION BETWE5 >T & NATURE0 7P4 #g#a71 NAMELY BY :AT ,?OR/E9 ,VEBL5 CALL$ ,BUS9ESS ,5T]PRISE4 

,?IS 0GREAT REVOLUTION 9 SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY10 ?IS 0MASSIVE %IFT 9 PREVAIL+ IDEAS AB\T MAN'S RELATION TO NATURE0 7P4 #g#d71 ?IS 0M+L+ ( M9D ) BRUTE MATT]0 7P4 #i#c7 BECOMES ,AM]ICA'S 0ALL-EMBRAC+ IDEOLOGY0 7P4 #h#h74 ,PAGE AFT] PAGE DESCRIBES ?IS EUPHORIA = 0?AT IRREV]SIBLE & ACCEL]AT+ PROCESS ( *ANGE N[ REG>D$ AS ! V]Y P[]H\SE ( HI/ORY40 ,! RAP$ L&SCAPE1 REF]R$ TO AS A 0WELL-ORD]$ G>D50 IS 0MAGNIFI$ TO CONT95TAL SIZE0 7P4 #a#d#a72 ! RAPE REQUIRES 0A /RONG]1 MORE C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T ) P[] TO 5=CE UNI=M ECONOMIC POLICIES0 7P4 #a#e#b74 ,) SU* A GOV]NM5T & ) MA*9]Y1 ,PROSP]O'S HEIRS 0CONQU] NATURE10 REMAKE A 0WA/E L&0 9TO A SYN!TIC G>D51 0ABOLI% SPACE & TIME0 BY IMPRISON+ SURVIV+ HUMAN BE+S 9 5CLOS$ SPACES & CLOCK TIME1 SET \T T[>D ! 0LIB]ATION ( ! :OLE WORLD0 7PP4 #a#h#c-#b#f PASSIM7 & USE ! LANGUAGE ( PA/ORALISM TO ADV]TISE ! REAL E/ATE & ! M]*&ISE ( !IR PROCESS$ WORLD4 

,LEO ,M>X IS NOT HIMSELF AN ADV]TIZ] ( ! IMPROV$ REAL E/ATE4 ,HE DOES NOT PRETTIFY ,AM]ICA'S 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,BUT HE EXPRESSES A C]TA9 NO/ALGIA = ! P]IOD :5 9TELLECTUALS W]E URG$ TO 0CONQU] ! NEW T]RITORY OP5$ UP BY 9DU/RIALIZATION0 7P4 #b#d#a71 ! P]IOD :5 !RE WAS 0NO?+ 9H]5TLY UGLY AB\T FACTORIES & RAILROADS0 7IBID474 ,& HE EXPRESSES SOME?+ CLOSE TO CONTEMPT T[>D E>LY CRITICS ( ?AT CONQUE/ ( 0NEW T]RITORY40 

,HE DISMISSES ,MONTAIGNE'S CRITIQUE ( ! ,EUROPEAN EXPROPRIATORS1 0,ON ,CANNIBALISM10 AS 0ONE ( ! F\NTA9HEADS ( MOD]N PRIMITIVISM0 7P4 #d#i7 7& = ,LEO ,M>X1 ! WORD 0PRIMITIVE0 IS NEI!R POSITIVE NOR NEUTRAL74 ,HE EXPECTS ! READ] TO *UCKLE :5 HE SAYS ?AT 0,:AT F9ALLY 5ABLES US TO TAKE ! IDEA ( A SUCCESSFUL 'RETURN TO NATURE' S]I\SLY IS ITS TEMPOR>9ESS0 7P4 #f#i74 

,HE BL&LY CLAIMS ?AT 0IT WAS NOT EASY = 9TELLIG5T M5 TO MA9TA9 A PRIMITIVI/ POSITION10 & HE 0PROVES0 ?IS CLAIM 9 ! ODDE/ MANN]3 0,JEAN ,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU WAS DRAWN TO ! SPONTANEITY & FRE$OM HE ASSOCIAT$ ) PRIMITIVE LIFE2 BUT HE TOO HAD TO FACE ! UND5IABLE FACT ?AT 'NATURAL MAN' WAS1 BY ,EUROPEAN /&>DS1 AMORAL1 UNCREATIVE & M9DLESS0 7PP4 #a#a-#a#b74 ,! 0FACT0 7( ,EUROPEAN SUP]IORITY7 IS SO 0UND5IABLE0 TO ,LEO ,M>X ?AT ,T4 ,JEFF]SON'S OCCASIONAL CLAIM TO ! CONTR>Y /RIKES HIM AS A 0*>M+ ABSURDITY0 7P4 #a#b74 

,HE F9DS ?AT ,?OREAU'S ,WALD5 GOES 0TO ! V]GE ( AN>*IC PRIMITIVISM0 7P4 #b#d#e71 BUT HE1 ,LEO ,M>X1 RESCUES ,?OREAU FROM FALL+ 9TO ! ABYSS4 ,HE CONSID]S ,?OREAU'S 09DICTM5T ( ! ,CONCORD 'ECONOMY'0 TO BE 0OV]DRAWN10 BUT HE ASSURES ! READ] ?AT 0,?OREAU FEELS NO SIMPLE-M9D$ ,LUDDITE HO/ILITY T[>D ! NEW 9V5TIONS0 7P4 #b#d#g74 ,?OREAU SAID1 0,I WILL NOT HAVE MY EYES PUT \T & MY E>S SPOIL$ BY ITS 7! RAILROAD'S7 SMOKE & /EAM & HISS+40 ,9 ,LEO ,M>X'S TRANSLATION1 ,?OREAU 0SAYS ?AT ! PA/ORAL WAY ( LIFE444 IS DOOM$0 7P4 #b#e#d71 & AFT] A FEW MORE SU* TRANSLATIONS1 HE DEMON/RATES ?AT ,?OREAU 0R$EEMS MA*9E P[]0 7P4 #b#f#a74 

,HIS TRANSLATION ( ,HAW?ORNE'S /ORY 0,E?AN ,BR&0 IS EV5 MORE SANGU9E4 ,HAW?ORNE'S *>ACT] SEP>AT$ HIMSELF FROM ! :ISP]+ =E/1 FROM ! LIFE GIV+ SUN1 & SET \T ON A QUE/ = ! FIRE ?AT FUEL$ ,BLAKE'S 0,SATANIC ,MILLS10 ! FIRE ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 AS KN[L$GE AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 ( ,SCI5CE & ,9DU/RY1 ( ! ,WE/]N ,SPIRIT'S DOM9ATION OV] ! WILD]NESS4 ,! MAN'S 9TELLECT BECAME SEV]$ FROM HIS HE>T &1 AT ! 5D ( HIS QUE/1 BURD5$ BY A 0S5SE ( LOSS1 ANXIETY & DISLOCATION10 HE ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! FIRE4 ,& :5 ! ,SATANIC FIRE WAS AT LA/ EXT+UI%$1 NATURE RECOV]$ H] =M] GR&EUR4 ,LEO ,M>X PO9TS \T ?AT ,HAW?ORNE IS IRONIC 9 HIS DESCRIPTION ( NATURE'S RECOV]Y 7PRESUMABLY MORE IRONIC ?AN 9 HIS DESCRIPTION ( ! ,SATANIC FIRE71 !RE=E ! /ORY IS A P>ODY ( ITS APP>5T MESSAGE & ITS REAL MESSAGE IS SURELY ! OPPOSITE ( ITS APP>5T MESSAGE 7PP4 #b#f#i-#b#g#e PASSIM74 

,9 ADDITION TO DEFLECT+ ! CRITICAL CONT5T ( /ORIES1 ,LEO ,M>X REF]S TO ! OLD >GUM5T ?AT TE*NOLOGY FUR!RS DEMOCRACY 7P4#a#g#d71 BUT WRIT+ HIS [N BOOK 9 ! AGE ( TE*NOCRATIC TOTALIT>IANISMS1 HE DOES NOT (F] ?IS >GUM5T AS HIS [N4 ,HE ALSO WANTS TO MAKE SURE ! READ] KN[S ?AT 0!RE WAS NO EFFECTIVE OPPOSITION TO 9DU/RIALIZATION0 7P4 #a#h7 7AL?\< HE DOES NOT TELL :AT R5D]$ ! OPPOSITION 9EFFECTIVE71 ?AT OV]:ELM+ MAJORITIES W]E 5AMOR$ ) /EAM & RAILS - BUT HE KN[S ?AT OV]:ELM+ MAJORITIES W]E ALSO 5AMOR$ ) ,HITL]1 ) ,NIXON1 ) ,REAGAN1 & HE DOESN'T MAKE MU* ( ?IS >GUM5T EI!R4 ,HE (F]S YET ANO!R >GUM5T1 A BIZ>RE ONE 9 A BOOK :OSE SUBJECT IS ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 NATURE & >TIFICE3 ! MA*9E1 ! >TIFICE1 IS ALSO A P>T ( NATURE1 AS EV]Y?+ ELSE IS4 ,BUT HE QUICKLY DROPS ?IS >GUM5T S9CE1 ) NO OPPOSITION1 !RE'S NO BOOK4 

,LEO ,M>X IS NOT %Y OR SECRETIVE AB\T REVEAL+ ! PURPOSE ( ALL HIS DEBUNK+1 HIS RIDICULE1 HIS TRANSLATIONS & REVISIONS4 ,HIS AIM IS TO RUB \R NOSES 9 :AT HE CONSID]S ! /9K+ REALITY BEH9D ! FRAGRANT PA/ORALISM4 0,TODAY444 WE CAN EASILY SEE :AT WAS WRONG ) ! PA/ORAL !ORY0 7P4 #a#a#d71 HE CONFID5TLY ANN\NCES4 ,?AT !ORY WAS BL9D OR 9DIFF]5T TO ! FACT ?AT 0! SAVAGES1 ! LIMITLESS SPACES1 & ! VIOL5T CLIMATE ( ! C\NTRY DID ?REAT5 TO 5GULF ! NEW CIVILIZATION0 7P4 #d#d74 

,DEAL+ ) AN AU?OR 7,BEV]LEY7 :O 0COMES \T ) AN ALMO/ 5TIRELY FAVORABLE IMPRESSION ( ! NATIVES0 7P4 #g#i71 ,LEO ,M>X MAKES HA/E TO TELL US ?AT ?IS AU?OR 0DOES NOT %Y AWAY FROM ! UNPLEASANT TRU? 7SIC7 AB\T ! ,9DIANS4 ,HE DESCRIBES ! MASSACRE ( ! COLONI/S4440 7IBID474 ,LEO ,M>X ADMITS ?AT ,BEV]LEY 09V>IABLY PUTS ! ULTIMATE BLAME ON ! ALO(1 SUP]IOR ,5GLI%0 7IBID474 7,! ,5GLI% MAY HAVE BE5 ALO(2 !Y ?\<T !MSELVES SUP]IOR2 !Y ALSO POSSESS$ ! ADDITIONAL ATTRIBUTE ( BE+ 9VAD]S1 AN ATTRIBUTE ?AT IS NOT M5TION$ ONCE 9 ,LEO ,M>X'S BOOK AB\T ,AM]ICA47 ,LEO ,M>X DOES NOT LET ,BEV]LEY GET AWAY ) BLAM+ ! ,5GLI%4 ,HE DOES NOT CALL ,BEV]LEY A LI> - NOT QUITE4 ,HE SAY1 0,BEV]LEY'S ,9DIANS >E AN ADMIRABLE PEOPLE4 ,!Y >E GAY1 G5TLE1 LOV+1 G5]\S & FAI?FUL4 ,& = HIM ! REASON IS NOT F> TO SEEK4 ,IT IS IMPLICIT 9 HIS CONTROLL+ IMAGE1 ! G>D5 L&SCAPE4440 7P4 #h74 ,SU* PEOPLE >E NO?+ BUT FIGM5TS ( 0,BEV]LEY'S RUL+ METAPHOR10 !Y >E FICTIONAL 9HABITANTS ( PA/ORAL MY?S4 

,LEO ,M>X KN[S :O ?OSE PEOPLE REALLY W]E1 & HE USES ,MELVILLE'S NOVEL ,TYPEE AS A VEHICLE = CONVEY+ HIS KN[L$GE TO US4 0,9 ,TYPEE1 AS 9 ,! ,TEMPE/1 ! MOVEM5T T[>D NATURE IS *ECK$ BY ,CALIBAN - BY A ,MELVILLIAN C\NT]P>T1 ?AT IS1 TO ,%AKESPE>E'S '?+ ( D>KNESS'0 7P4 #b#h#d74 ,= ,LEO ,M>X1 ,%AKESPE>E'S ,PROSP]O SYMBOLIZES ! 9VAD+ 0CIVILIZATION02 ,%AKESPE>E'S ,CALIBAN SYMBOLIZES ! EXT]M9AT$ 0SAVAGES40 ,CALIBAN IS AN ANAGRAM = ,CANNIBAL2 IT IS A M9DLESS1 CRUEL ?+ ?AT ?REAT5S 0TO 5GULF ! NEW CIVILIZATION02 0444! ,TYPEES >E 9 FACT CANNIBALS4 ,9 A S]IES ( QUIET BUT S9I/] EPISODES ,MELVILLE LEADS HIS H]O TO ! $GE ( PRIMITIVE HORROR0 7IBID474 

,LEO ,M>X DISREG>DS ,MELVILLE'S WORDS AB\T RACI/ HI/ORIAN ,FRANCIS ,P>KMAN1 WORDS ?AT ,MELVILLE WROTE AFT] HIS EXT5D$ /AY ) ,S\? ,SEA ,ISL&]S1 AFT] HE WROTE ,TYPEE3 0,:5 WE >E 9=M$ ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT = ANY :ITE MAN1 AFT] A DOME/ICATION AMONG ! ,9DIANS1 TO HOLD !M MU* BETT] ?AN BRUTES444 WE BEG LEAVE TO DISS5T444 ,:Y %\LD WE CONTEMN !M8 ,BECAUSE WE >E BETT] ?AN !Y8 ,ASSUR$LY NOT444 ,WE >E ALL ( US - ,ANGLO-,SAXONS1 ,DYAKS1 & ,9DIANS - SPRUNG FROM ONE HEAD1 & MADE 9 ONE IMAGE4 ,& IF WE REGRET ?IS BRO!RHOOD N[1 WE %ALL BE =C$ TO JO9 H&S H]EAFT]4 ,A MIS=TUNE IS NOT A FAULT2 & GOOD LUCK IS NOT M]ITORI\S0 7,MELVILLE1 0,ON ,P>KMAN'S ,9DIANS0 9 ,W4 ,WA%BURN1 ,! ,9DIAN & ! ,:ITE ,MAN1 #a#i#f#d74 

,= ,LEO ,M>X1 ! MIS=TUNE ( BE+ EXPROPRIAT$ & EXT]M9AT$ IS A FAULT2 IT IS ?IS ?AT MAKES ! VICTIMS ,CALIBANS4 ,HIS BOOK IS NOT A COMP>ATIVE /UDY ( ! EAT+ PRACTICES ( ,ROMANS1 ,5GLI%M5 & ,S\? ,SEA ,ISL&]S2 ITS AU?OR DOES NOT ASK :E!R ! CRIME IS 9 ! KILL+ OR 9 ! EAT+2 NOR IS HE CONC]N$ TO DET]M9E :O 05GULF$0 :OM4 

,*>GES ( ,CANNIBALISM & HUMAN SACRIFICE HAVE BE5 RECRUIT+ CALLS = ,F9AL ,SOLUTIONS & JU/IFICATIONS = MASS EXT]M9ATIONS4 ,IF ! ,NAZIS HAD C>RI$ !IR ,F9AL ,SOLUTION ?R\< AS COMPLETELY AS ,AM]ICAN SETTL]S DID !IRS1 ,I MYSELF W\LD N[ BE A SKELETON ( AN ANONYM\S F\R YE> OLD ,EUROPEAN ,CANNIBAL4 

,LEO ,M>X DOES NOT HE$ ,MELVILLE'S W>N+ TO ,P>KMAN2 HE C>ELESSLY PLAYS ) ! T]M ,CANNIBAL AS IF IT W]E A TOY2 HE 5DS UP APPLY+ IT TO ! WILD]NESS AS SU*1 TO ALL ( NATURE1 AGA9 US+ A WORK ( ,MELVILLE1 ?IS TIME ! ONE ON ! :ALE1.<#b#b.> AS HIS VEHICLE4 ,! REALITY BEH9D ! PA/ORAL DESIGN1 HE TELLS US1 IS A 0PRIMITIVE M9DLESSNESS0 7P4 #b#h#i71 0A HIDE\S1 M5AC+ WILD]NESS1 HABITAT ( CANNIBALS & %>KS LOCAT$ BEYOND 7OR HIDD5 B5EA? ! SURFACE (7 ! BL& GRE5 PA/URES0 7P4 #b#h#e74 ,/>BUCK1 ONE ( ! NOVEL'S *>ACT]S1 IS A FOOL = 0HIS HABITUAL T5D5CY TO D5Y ! CANNIBAL UND]SIDE ( REALITY0 7P4 #c#a#d74 ,SO N[ WE KN[ 0:AT WAS WRONG ) ! PA/ORAL !ORY40 

,G5OCIDE8 ,DEVA/ATION8 ,NOT 9 ,LEO ,M>X'S BOOK4 ,CANNIBALS >E NOT HUMAN BE+S2 !IR EXT]M9ATION DOESN'T C\NT4 ,A 0HIDE\S WILD]NESS0 IS ALREADY DESOLATE2 IT CANNOT BE DEVA/AT$2 IT IS A WA/E L&1 & 0A WA/E L& CAN BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A G>D50 7P4 #a#h#c72 0444 ! RAW L&SCAPE IS AN IDEAL SETT+ = TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS0 7P4 #b#c72 ! TE*NOLOGY 0IS ANO!R \TCROP ( ?AT 9T]NATIONAL UPSURGE ( 5]GY444 SUPPLANT+ OBSOLETE =MS 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE SPH]E ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR0 7P4 #b#c#a74 

,! PACIFICATION 7T]RORIZATION & EXT]M9ATION7 ( ! 9DIG5\S POPULATION & ITS V>I\S 0OBSOLETE0 CULTURES & COMMUNITIES1 ! DEVA/ATION ( ! 0RAW0 =E/S1 VALLEYS & PRAIRIES1 >E C>RI$ ?R\< ) UNMAT*$ 5]GY4 ,BUT ! PROMISE ( ! MA*9E 9 ! G>D5 IS NOT REALIZ$2 ! ACTUAL A*IEVEM5TS DO NOT W>RANT ! 0CONFID5CE444 ?AT RISES ABOVE ALL POSSIBLE D\BTS10 ! CONFID5CE ( A ,:ITMAN :O 0S+S ! A*IEVEM5T ( 5G9E]S0 7P4 #b#b#b74 

,LEO ,M>X TELLS US ?AT ! 0PREMONITION ( MANK9D'S IMPROV+ CAPACITY = SELF-DE/RUCTION0 WAS 0NOT :OLLY FANCIFUL0 7P4 #a#h#d74 ,HE LETS ,C>LYLE1 ,EM]SON & ,K>L ,M>X SPEAK ( 0ALI5ATION 7PP4 #a#g#f-#a#g#i PASSIM7 & ( ! 0USE ( ! \T] WORLD AS A COMMODITY0 7P4 #b#c7 )\T TRANSLAT+ OR DEBUNK+ !M4 

,9 ! LA/ ?IRD ( ! BOOK1 HE NOT ONLY GIVES 9 TO CRITIQUES1 LIKE ,DANIEL ,WEB/]2 HE IMM]SES HIMSELF 9 ! 0D>K] VIEW ( LIFE02 HE BECOMES ,JOB WRE/L+ ) HIS S\L4 

,! SEP>ATION ( 9TELLECT FROM HE>T DOES NOT ONLY LEAD TO A S5SE ( LOSS1 ANXIETY & DISLOCATION4 ,LEO ,M>X TELLS US IT LEADS 79 ,MELVILLE'S WORDS7 TO 0'A SY/EM ( CRUEL COGS & :EELS1 SY/EMATICALLY GR9D+ UP 9 ONE COMMON HOPP] ALL ?AT MI<T M9I/] TO ! WELL-BE+ ( ! CREW'0 7P4 #b#h#f74 0,9 ,MELVILLE'S H]O ! ?RU/ ( ,WE/]N MAN = ULTIMATE KN[L$GE IS S9EW$ ) HATR$0 7P4 #b#i#c74 0,MELVILLE USES MA*9E IMAG]Y TO RELATE ! UNDISGUIS$ KILL+ & BUT*]Y ( :AL+ TO ! CONCEAL$ VIOL5CE ( 'CIVILIZ$' ,WE/]N SOCIETY0 7P4 #b#i#f74 0,! ,AGE ( ,MA*9]Y TRANS=MS M5 9TO OBJECTS0 7P4 #b#i#h74 0,! MEANS >E SANE1 ! MOTIVE & OBJECT MAD0 7P4 #c74 ,AHAB1 ! SEQUEL TO ,PROSP]O1 0D$ICAT$ TO AN UNBRIDL$ ASSAULT UPON PHYSICAL NATURE1 SELECTS & AW>DS M5 :O ADAPT TO ! DEM& = EXTREME REPRESSION0 7P4 #c#a#e74 ,& AT LA/1 ,LEO ,M>X REF]S TO ! PILOT'S QUE/ AS ! 0PSY*IC EQUIVAL5T ( ! %>K-LIKE CANNIBALISM ( ! SEA0 7P4 #c#a#f74 

,N[ ,LEO ,M>X RAISES ! AL>M4 ,H[ COME8 ,! REASON IS NOT F> TO SEEK4 ,E>LI] ONLY A HIDE\S WILD]NESS & %>K-LIKE CANNIBALS W]E ATTACK$4 ,N[ ,PROSP]O HIMSELF IS ?REAT5$ BY ! PRODUCTS ( HIS 0>TS40 ,N[ ! B5EFICI>IES ( ! F5CES F9D !MSELVES F5C$-94 

,N[ ,LEO ,M>X HIMSELF BECOMES A CRITIC1 ALONGSIDE ! GR&SON ( ,PRESID5T ,JOHN ,QU9CY ,ADAMS1.<#b#c.> ,PROSP]O'S DIRECT HEIR4 ,N[ ,LEO ,M>X ACCEPTS A CONTRA/1 NOT BETWE5 0PRIMITIVE AN>*Y0 & A 0WELL-ORD]$ G>D510 BUT BETWE5 ! ,VIRG9 & ! ,DYNAMO1 BETWE5 0TWO K+DOMS ( =CE10 BETWE5 ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* & ,CAPITALI/ ,/ATE1 MO!R & SON4 ,BUT ! ,VIRG9 ,MO!R1 ! ,*UR*1 =]UNN] & 9ITIATOR ( ! ,DYNAMO ?AT E/ABLI%$ ITS DOM9ION OV] ! WORLD'S CONT95TS1 IS NOT AS MEAN+FUL TO ,LEO ,M>X AS IT WAS TO ,H5RY ,ADAMS1 SO ,M>X IS LEFT ) ONLY ONE K+DOM ( =CE4 ,& 9 ?IS K+DOM1 :ATEV] IS /ILL AN>*IC & PRIMITIVE1 9 FACT :ATEV] /ILL LIVES1 IS ALREADY 0DOOM$0 BY ! WAIT+ BULLDOZ]S1 BY ! *EMICAL WA/ES1 BY ! /OCKPILES ( BOMBS4 

,N[ ,LEO ,M>X IS NO LONG] AS SANGU9E AB\T HIS 0WILL+NESS TO ACCEPT ! WORLD AS HE F9DS IT0 7P4 #c#a#i74 ,N[ A MAN :O ACCEPTS ! 0FACTS ( HI/ORY10 :O TAKES TE*NOLOGY = GRANT$1 :O REG>DS ! AUTOMOBILE AS A 0SPONTANE\S FRUIT ( AN ,$5IC TREE10 IS CALL$ A 0MANUFACTUR$ MAN0 & EV5 A 0MOD]N PRIMITIVE0 BY ,LEO ,M>X 7P4 #c#f#c74 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE SAYS1 0UNTIL WE CONFRONT ! UNALT]ABLE444 !RE CAN BE NO R$EMPTION FROM A SY/EM ?AT MAKES M5 ! TOOLS ( !IR TOOLS0 7P4 #c#e#e74 

,BUT 0! UNALT]ABLE10 ! 0REAL10 ! 0FACT ( HI/ORY0 IS ?AT WE \RSELVES1 ! LIV+1 ! V]Y BIOSPH]E ?AT SU/A9S LIFE1 >E N[ M]E ILLUSIONS1 M]E FIGM5TS ( A POET'S IMAG9ATION1 9 ! FACE ( ! NUCLE> & *EMICAL 0REALITIES0 ( ,P5TAGON & ,KREML94 ,:AT 0R$EMPTION0 IS /ILL AVAILABLE TO US8 

,LEO ,M>X CONT9UES TO DISP>AGE ! 0BELAT$ RITUALI/IC )DRAWAL 9 ! DIRECTION ( 'NATURE'0 7P4 #c#f#d72 HE BEMOANS ! 09ABILITY ( \R WRIT]S TO CREATE A SURROGATE = ! IDEAL ( ! MIDDLE L&SCAPE0 7PP4 #c#f#d-#c#f#e72 HE CONCLUDES ?AT 0! MA*9E'S SUDD5 5TRANCE 9TO ! G>D5 PRES5TS A PROBLEM ?AT ULTIMATELY BELONGS NOT TO >T BUT TO POLITICS0 7P4 #c#f#e74 ,:AT POLITICS8 ,! POLITICS ( ! ,BUREAU ( ,9DIAN ,AFFAIRS1 ( ,DIS>MAM5T ,CONF]5CES1 ( A ,PROSP]O-LIKE ,FUEHR]1 ( A SEIZURE ( P[] BY ,! ,P>TY8 

,POLITICS1 ! 0SCI5CE ( P[]10 ! 0>T ( ! POSSIBLE0 - IS ?AT A BREA* 9 ! F5CE OR ! F5CE ITSELF8 ,CAN IT PROVIDE WAYS TO LEAVE ! CAMP1 OR ONLY WAYS TO ADM9I/] ! CAMP8 ,LEO ,M>X1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 HAS REA*$ ! ULTIMATE IMPASSE4 ,TO REA* ?IS IMPASSE1 ! MOD]N ,JOB HAD TO /ACK ! EVID5CE2 HE HAD TO BE :AT ,C4 ,W4 ,MILLS CALL$ A 0CRACKPOT REALI/02 HE HAD TO PROJECT ,CANNIBALISM1 ! 0/RUGGLE = SURVIVAL10 TO ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORLD & TO ALL ITS CORN]S2 HE HAD TO APPROA* ! ,BIOSPH]E & ITS 9HABITANTS ) A PHILOSOPHY 0S9EW$ ) HATR$40 

,HE HIMSELF TOLD US 0?AT ! ,NEW ,5GL& ,PURITANS FAVOR$ ! HIDE\S WILD]NESS IMAGE ( ! ,AM]ICAN L&SCAPE0 BECAUSE 0COLONIES E/ABLI%$ 9 ! DES]T REQUIRE AGGRESSIVE1 9TELLECTUAL1 CONTROLL$ & WELL DISCIPL9$ PEOPLE0 7P4 #d#c74 ,HE DID NOT TELL US ?AT ! AGGRESSIV5ESS WAS REQUIR$ BECAUSE ! 9VAD]S W]E SETT+ \T TO 05GULF0 ! PREVI\S 9HABITANTS ( ! 0DES]T40 ,LIKE ! ,PURITANS1 HE TRANSF]R$ ! 0CANNIBALISM0 FROM ! AGGRESSORS ONTO ! VICTIMS4 

,BUT AS ,MELVILLE SAID ( AN E>LI]1 SIMIL> TRANSF]5CE3 0,WE BEG TO DISS5T40 ,! T]M ,CANNIBAL1 AFT] ALL1 REF]S TO HUMAN BE+S :O DEV\R O!R HUMAN BE+S2 AT MO/ IT REF]S TO ANIMALS :O DEV\R !IR [N K9D4 ,LEO ,M>X 5L>GES ! T]M TO EMBRACE ! WILD]NESS1 ! OCEAN1 & EV5 ! HUNT$ :ALE4 ,IF HIS 5L>G$ T]M CAN BE APPLI$ TO ! OCEAN1 IT CAN ALSO BE APPLI$ TO ANO!R 5TITY - ! ,9DU/RIAL ,SY/EM4 

,9 A CURI\S PASSAGE 9 ! MIDDLE ( HIS BOOK1 ,LEO ,M>X HAD SUMM>IZ$ ,K>L ,M>X'S OBS]VATION ?AT 0)9 CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 ACCOMPANY+ ! DIVISION ( LABOR & MASS MANUFACTUR+1 ! WORK+MAN'S PRODUCT MAY WELL BECOME HIS '5EMY'0 7P4 #a#g#g74 ,LEO ,M>X HAD UND]/OOD ?IS TO MEAN ?AT 0! MORE HE PRODUCES1 444! MORE DANG] !RE IS ?AT ! M>KET WILL BE GLUTT$ & ?AT HE WILL LOSE HIS JOB0 7IBID472 HE R$UC$ ! PROBLEM TO ONE ?AT 0POLITICS0 CAN DEAL )4 

,BUT ! E>LI] ,M>X'S OBS]VATION SURELY ALSO MEANS ?AT ! WORK+MAN'S PRODUCT MAY BE ! B>B$ WIRE ?AT IMPRISONS HIM1 ?AT ! WORK+MAN PRODUCES ! 9TEGUM5T ?AT 5CASES HIM1 ?AT ! WORK+MAN IS A DEV\R$ HUMAN BE+ :O LABORS )9 ! BELLY ( A BEA/ :I* C\LD APTLY BE NAM$ ,CANNIBAL4 

,! 5L>G$ T]M FITS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,SY/EM MU* MORE SNUGLY ?AN IT FITS ! 5TITIES TO :I* ,LEO ,M>X APPLIES IT4 ,OCEANS1 W9DS1 :ALES & %>KS HAVE1 AFT] ALL1 EXI/$ = EONS )\T DEV\R+ ! C\NTLESS SPECIES ( PLANTS & ANIMALS NOR ! 9NUM]ABLE HUMAN COMMUNITIES & CULTURES1 :]EAS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,SY/EM HAS EXI/$ = A B>E FEW C5TURIES & IT HAS ALREADY CONSUM$ NUM]\S SPECIES ( PLANTS & ANIMALS1 MA/ICAT$ MO/ COMMUNITIES & DISSOLV$ ! V>I$ HUMAN CULTURES ) ITS LE?AL ACIDS4 

,BY REMOV+ ! T]M ,CANNIBAL FROM ! 5TITIES TO :I* ,LEO ,M>X APPLI$ IT1 & BY APPLY+ IT TO ! 5TITY IT FITS SO WELL1 WE CAN IMM$IATELY SEE ?AT ,LEVIA?AN OR ,CANNIBAL OR 0SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/0 IS NOT ALL !RE IS1 IS NOT 0REALITY02 WE CAN SEE ?AT ! >TIFICIAL BEA/ HAS DEV\R$ MU*1 BUT NOT YET ALL2 WE CAN SEE ?AT !RE'S A 0BE=E0 AS WELL AS AN 0\TSIDE40 

,AS LONG AS WE /ILL LIVE & S+1 WE'RE NOT DOOM$1 WE REMA9 AT LEA/ AS REAL AS ,IT2 FRE$OM REMA9S MORE ?AN A MY?1 FIGM5T OR LIT]>Y FL\RI%2 ! EXT]M9AT$ LIVE ON 9 US AS \R DREAM SPIRITS & GUIDES4 ,EV5 IF WE CANNOT YET SEE ! BREA*ES 9 ! ELECTRICALLY *>G$ B>B$ WIRE1 WE ALREADY KN[ ?AT 9MATES F\ND !IR WAY \T ( ! 5TRAILS ( E>LI] ME*ANICAL MON/]S1 CAMP$ \TSIDE ! HULKS ?AT HAD SEEM$ SO REAL1 & SAW ! AB&ON$ >TIFICIAL C>CASSES COLLAPSE & DECOMPOSE4 

,M>* #aihe 

  

.<#a.> ,!Y >E ALSO IMPORTANT BECAUSE !Y CON/ITUTE ! ONLY SU/A9$ PIECES ( LIT]>Y CRITICISM 9 ,P]LMAN'S CORPUS4 

.<#b.> ,LORRA9E ,P]LMAN1 ,HAV+ ,LITTLE1 ,BE+ ,MU*3 ,A ,*RONICLE ( ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN'S ,FIFTY ,YE>S 7,DETROIT3 ,BLACK & ,R$1 #a#i#h#i71 P4#a#b#b4 

.<#c.> ,LEO ,M>X1 0,ALL 9 ! ,FAMILY0 7A REVIEW ( ,PHILIP ,Y\NG1 ,HAW?ORNE'S ,SECRET3 ,AN ,UNTOLD ,TALE2 ,BO/ON3 ,D4 ,R4 ,GOD9E1 #a#i#h#d71 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,BOOKS1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#d1 #a#i#h#e1 PP4 #b#i-#c#b4 

.<#d.> ,NA?ANIEL ,HAW?ORNE1 ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT] 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,SIGNET ,CLASSICS2 ,NEW ,AM]ICAN ,LIBR>Y1 #a#i#e#i74 

.<#e.> ,IBID4 

.<#f.> ,LEO ,M>X1 ,=EWORD TO ,IBID41 PP4 VII-XII4 

.<#g.> ,SEE ,FR$]ICK ,TURN]1 ,BEYOND ,GEOGRAPHY3 ,! ,WE/]N ,SPIRIT ,AGA9/ ! ,WILD]NESS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,VIK+ ,PRESS1 #a#i#h74 

.<#h.> ,LEO ,M>X1 ,=EWORD TO ,IBID41 PP4 VII-XII4 

.<#i.> ,IBID4 

.<#a.> ,IBID4 

.<#a#a.> ,IBID4 

.<#a#b.> ,NA?ANIEL ,HAW?ORNE1 0,5DICOTT & ! ,R$ ,CROSS10 APP5D$ TO ,! ,SC>LET ,LETT] 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,SIGNET ,CLASSICS2 ,NEW ,AM]ICAN ,LIBR>Y1 #a#i#e#i71 PP4 #b#d#g-#b#e#d4 

.<#a#c.> ,NA?ANIEL ,HAW?ORNE1 0,! ,MAYPOLE ( ,M]RY ,M\NT0 9 ,SELECT$ ,TALES & ,SKET*ES 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,HOLT1 ,R9EH>T & ,W9/ON1 #a#i#f#g71 PP4 #a#c#h-#a#d#i4 

.<#a#d.> ,IBID4 

.<#a#e.> ,IBID4 

.<#a#f.> ,RI*>D ,DR9NON1 ,FAC+ ,WE/3 ,! ,METAPHYSICS ( ,9DIAN-,HAT+ & ,EMPIRE-,BUILD+ 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,M]IDIAN2 ,NEW ,AM]ICAN ,LIBR>Y1 #a#i#h74 

.<#a#g.> ,LEO ,M>X1 0,ALL 9 ! ,FAMILY01 ,IBID41 FT4 #c1 PP4 #b#i-#c#b4 

.<#a#h.> ,LEO ,M>X1 ,=EWORD TO ,IBID41 PP4 VII-XII4 

.<#a#i.> ,LEO ,M>X1 0,ALL 9 ! ,FAMILY01 ,IBID41 FT4 #c1 PP4 #b#i-#c#b4 

.<#b.> ,IBID4 

.<#b#a.> ,LEO ,M>X1 ,! ,MA*9E 9 ! ,G>D53 ,TE*NOLOGY & ! ,PA/ORAL ,IDEAL 9 ,AM]ICA 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#d74 

.<#b#b.> I4E41 ,MOBY ,DICK4 

.<#b#c.> I4E41 ,H5RY ,ADAMS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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,NOVEMB] #c1 #aihd 3 ,! ,MA*9E ,AGA9/ ,! ,G>D5 -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#f1 #bb 3 ,! ,MA*9E ,AGA9/ ,! ,G>D5 -- ,ADD$4 
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