,*APT] #c 
,DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,MASS ,/RIKE ,MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,! MASS /RIKE1 AS IT APPE>S = ! MO/ P>T 9 ! DISCUSSION 9 ,G]MANY1 IS A V]Y CLE> & SIMPLY ?\<T \T1 %>PLY SKET*$ ISOLAT$ PH5OM5ON4 ,IT IS ! POLITICAL MASS /RIKE EXCLUSIVELY ?AT IS SPOK5 (4 ,:AT IS MEANT BY IT IS A S+LE GR& RIS+ ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT SPR++ FROM SOME POLITICAL MOTIVE ( ! HI<E/ IMPORTANCE1 & UND]TAK5 ON ! BASIS ( AN OPPORTUNE & MUTUAL UND]/&+ ON ! P>T ( ! CONTROLL+ AU?ORITIES ( ! NEW P>TY & ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 & C>RI$ ?R\< 9 ! SPIRIT ( P>TY DISCIPL9E & 9 P]FECT ORD]1 & 9 /ILL MORE P]FECT ORD] BR\<T TO ! DIRECT+ COMMITTEES AS A SIGNAL GIV5 AT ! PROP] TIME1 BY :I* COMMITTEES ! REGULATION ( SUPPORT1 ! CO/1 ! SACRIFICE - 9 A WORD1 ! :OLE MAT]IAL BALANCE ( ! MASS /RIKE - IS EXACTLY DET]M9$ 9 ADVANCE4 

,N[1 :5 WE COMP>E ?IS !ORETICAL S*EME ) ! REAL MASS /RIKE1 AS IT APPE>$ 9 ,RUSSIA FIVE YE>S AGO1 WE >E COMPELL$ TO SAY ?AT ?IS REPRES5TATION1 :I* 9 ! ,G]MAN DISCUSSION OCCUPIES ! C5TRAL POSITION1 H>DLY CORRESPONDS TO A S+LE ONE ( ! MANY MASS /RIKES ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE1 & ON ! O!R H& ?AT ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,RUSSIA DISPLAYS SU* A MULTIPLICITY ( ! MO/ V>I$ =MS ( ACTION ?AT IT IS ALTOGE!R IMPOSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( 0!0 MASS /RIKE1 ( AN AB/RACT S*EMATIC MASS /RIKE4 ,ALL ! FACTORS ( ! MASS /RIKE1 AS WELL AS ITS *>ACT]1 >E NOT ONLY DIFF]5T 9 ! DIFF]5T T[NS & DI/RICTS ( ! C\NTRY1 BUT ITS G5]AL *>ACT] HAS (T5 *ANG$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! MASS /RIKE HAS PASS$ ?R\< A DEF9ITE HI/ORY 9 ,RUSSIA1 & IS PASS+ /ILL FUR!R ?R\< IT4 ,:O1 !RE=E1 SPEAKS ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,RUSSIA MU/1 ABOVE ALL ?+S1 KEEP ITS HI/ORY BE=E HIS EYES4 

,! PRES5T (FICIAL P]IOD1 SO TO SPEAK1 ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS JU/LY DAT$ FROM ! RIS+ ( ! PROLET>IAT ON ,JANU>Y #b#b1 #a#i#e1 :5 ! DEMON/RATION ( #b1 WORK]S 5D$ 9 A FRI<TFUL BLOODBA? BE=E ! CZ>'S PALACE4 ,! BLOODY MASSACRE 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG WAS1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 ! SIGNAL = ! \TBREAK ( ! FIR/ GIGANTIC S]IES ( MASS /RIKES :I* SPREAD OV] ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIA )9 A FEW DAYS & :I* C>RI$ ! CALL TO ACTION ( ! REVOLUTION FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG TO EV]Y CORN] ( ! EMPIRE & AMONG ! WIDE/ SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG RIS+ ( ,JANU>Y #bb WAS ONLY ! CRITICAL MOM5T ( A MASS /RIKE1 :I* ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CZ>I/ CAPITAL HAD PREVI\SLY 5T]$ UPON 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#e4 ,! ,JANU>Y MASS /RIKE WAS )\T D\BT C>RI$ ?R\< UND] ! IMM$IATE 9FLU5CE ( ! GIGANTIC G5]AL /RIKE1 :I* 9 ,DECEMB] #aid BROKE \T 9 ! ,CAUCASUS1 9 ,BAKU1 & = A LONG TIME KEPT ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIA 9 SUSP5SE4 ,! EV5TS ( ,DECEMB] 9 ,BAKU W]E ON !IR P>T ONLY ! LA/ & P[]FUL RAMIFICATION ( ?OSE TREM5D\S MASS /RIKES :I*1 LIKE A P]IODIC E>?QUAKE1 %OOK ! :OLE ( S\? ,RUSSIA1 & :OSE PROLOGUE WAS ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,BATUM 9 ! ,CAUCASUS 9 ,M>* #a#i#b4 

,?IS FIR/ MASS /RIKE MOVEM5T 9 ! CONT9U\S S]IES ( PRES5T REVOLUTION>Y ]UPTIONS IS F9ALLY SEP>AT$ BY FIVE OR SIX YE>S FROM ! GREAT G5]AL /RIKE ( ! TEXTILE WORK]S 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 #ahif & #a#h#i#g1 & IF ?IS MOVEM5T IS APP>5TLY SEP>AT$ FROM ! PRES5T REVOLUTION BY A FEW YE>S ( APP>5T /AGNATION & /RONG REACTION1 EV]YONE :O KN[S ! 9N] POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT TO !IR PRES5T /AGE ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY WILL REALIZE ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! PRES5T P]IOD ( ! MASS /RUGGLES BEG9S ) ?OSE G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,!Y >E !RE=E IMPORTANT = ! PROBLEMS ( ! MASS /RIKE BECAUSE !Y ALREADY CONTA91 9 ! G]M1 ALL ! PR9CIPAL FACTORS ( LAT] MASS /RIKES4 

,AGA91 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG G5]AL /RIKE ( #ahif APPE>S AS A PURELY ECONOMIC P>TIAL WAGE /RUGGLE4 ,ITS CAUSES W]E ! 9TOL]ABLE WORK+ CONDITIONS ( ! SP9N]S & WEAV]S 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 A WORK+ DAY ( ?IRTE51 F\RTE5 OR FIFTE5 H\RS1 MIS]ABLE PIECEWORK RATES1 & A :OLE S]IES ( CONTEMPTIBLE *ICAN]IES ON ! P>T ( ! EMPLOY]S4 ,! WORK]S1 H[EV]1 PATI5TLY 5DUR$ ?IS CONDITION ( ?+S1 = A LONG TIME TILL AN APP>5TLY TRIVIAL CIRCUM/ANCE FILL$ ! CUP TO OV]FL[+4 ,! CORONATION ( ! PRES5T CZ>1 ,NI*OLAS ,I,I1 :I* HAD BE5 PO/PON$ = TWO YE>S ?R\< FE> ( ! REVOLUTION>IES1 WAS CELEBRAT$ 9 ,MAY #a#h#i#f1 & ON ?AT OCCASION ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG EMPLOY]S DISPLAY$ !IR PATRIOTIC ZEAL BY GIV+ !IR WORK]S ?REE DAYS COMPULSORY HOLIDAYS1 = :I*1 CURI\S TO RELATE1 !Y DID NOT DESIRE TO PAY !IR EMPLOYES4 ,! WORK]S ANG]$ BY ?IS BEGAN TO MOVE4 ,AFT] A CONF]5CE ( AB\T ?REE HUNDR$ ( ! 9TELLIG5T WORK]S 9 ! ,EKAT]9H( ,G>D5 A /RIKE WAS DECID$ UPON1 & ! FOLL[+ DEM&S W]E =MULAT$3 FIR/1 PAYM5T ( WAGES = ! CORONATION HOLIDAYS2 SECOND1 A WORK+ DAY ( T5 H\RS2 ?IRD1 9CREAS$ RATES = PIECEWORK4 ,?IS HAPP5$ ON ,MAY #b#d4 ,9 A WEEK EV]Y WEAV+ & SP9N+ E/ABLI%M5T WAS AT A /&/ILL & #d1 WORK]S W]E 9 ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,TODAY1 ?IS EV5T1 MEASUR$ BY ! GIGANTIC MASS /RIKE ( ! REVOLUTION1 MAY APPE> A LITTLE ?+4 ,9 ! POLITICAL POL> RIGIDITY ( ! ,RUSSIA ( ?AT TIME A G5]AL /RIKE WAS SOME?+ UNHE>D (2 IT WAS EV5 A COMPLETE REVOLUTION 9 LITTLE4 ,!RE BEGAN1 ( C\RSE1 ! MO/ BRUTAL P]SECUTION4 ,AB\T ONE ?\S& WORK]S W]E >RE/$ & ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS SUPPRESS$4 

,H]E1 ALREADY1 WE SEE ALL ! FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! LAT] MASS /RIKES4 ,! NEXT OCCASION ( ! MOVEM5T WAS :OLLY ACCID5TAL1 EV5 UNIMPORTANT1 ITS \TBREAK ELEM5T>Y2 BUT 9 ! SUCCESS ( ! MOVEM5T ! FRUITS ( ! AGITATION1 EXT5D+ OV] SEV]AL YE>S1 ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY W]E SE5 & 9 ! C\RSE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATORS /OOD AT ! HEAD ( ! MOVEM5T1 DIRECT$ IT1 & US$ IT TO /IR UP REVOLUTION>Y AGITATION4 ,FUR!R1 ! /RIKE WAS \TW>DLY A M]E ECONOMIC /RUGGLE = WAGES1 BUT ! ATTITUDE ( ! GOV]NM5T & ! AGITATION ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY MADE IT A POLITICAL PH5OM5ON ( ! FIR/ RANK4 ,& LA/LY1 ! /RIKE WAS SUPPRESS$2 ! WORK]S SUFF]$ A 0DEFEAT40 ,BUT 9 ,JANU>Y ( ! FOLL[+ YE> ! TEXTILE WORK]S ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG REPEAT$ ! G5]AL /RIKE ONCE MORE & A*IEV$ ?IS TIME A REM>KABLE SUCCESS3 ! LEGAL 9TRODUCTION ( A WORK+ DAY ( ELEV5 H\RS ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIA4 ,:AT WAS NEV]!LESS A MU* MORE IMPORTANT RESULT WAS ?IS3 S9CE ! FIR/ G5]AL /RIKE ( #ahif :I* WAS 5T]$ UPON )\T A TRACE ( ORGANIZATION OR ( /RIKE FUNDS1 AN 9T5SIVE TRADE-UNION FI<T BEGAN 9 ,RUSSIA PROP] :I* SPREAD FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG TO ! O!R P>TS ( ! C\NTRY & OP5$ UP 5TIRELY NEW VI/AS TO SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATION & ORGANIZATION1 & BY :I* TO ! APP>5TLY DEA?-LIKE PEACE ( ! FOLL[+ P]IOD1 ! REVOLUTION WAS PREP>$ = BY UND]GR\ND WORK4 

,! \TBREAK ( ! ,CAUCASIAN /RIKE 9 ,M>* #aib WAS APP>5TLY AS ACCID5TAL & AS MU* DUE TO PURE ECONOMIC P>TIAL CAUSES 7AL?\< PRODUC$ BY QUITE O!R FACTORS7 AS ?AT ( #a#h#i#f4 ,IT WAS CONNECT$ ) ! S]I\S 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL CRISIS :I*1 9 ,RUSSIA1 WAS ! PRECURSOR ( ! ,JAPANESE W> & :I*1 TOGE!R ) IT1 WAS ! MO/ P[]FUL FACTOR ( ! NASC5T REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T4 ,! CRISIS PRODUC$ AN 5ORM\S MASS ( UNEMPLOYM5T :I* N\RI%$ ! AGITATION AMONG ! PROLET>IAN MASSES1 & !RE=E ! GOV]NM5T1 TO RE/ORE TRANQUILITY AMONG ! WORK]S1 UND]TOOK TO TRANSPORT ! 0SUP]FLU\S H&S0 9 BAT*ES TO !IR RESPECTIVE HOME DI/RICTS4 ,ONE SU* MEASURE1 :I* WAS TO AFFECT AB\T F\R HUNDR$ PETROLEUM WORK]S CALL$ =? A MASS PROTE/ 9 ,BATUM1 :I* L$ TO DEMON/RATIONS1 >RE/S1 A MASSACRE1 & F9ALLY TO A POLITICAL TRIAL 9 :I* ! PURELY ECONOMIC & P>TIAL AFFAIR SUDD5LY BECAME A POLITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y EV5T4 ,! REV]B]ATION ( ! :OLLY 0FRUITLESS0 EXPIR+ & SUPPRESS$ /RIKE 9 ,BATUM WAS A S]IES ( REVOLUTION>Y MASS DEMON/RATIONS ( WORK]S 9 ,NIZHNI ,NOVGOROD1 ,S>ATOV1 & O!R T[NS1 & !RE=E A MI<TY SURGE =W>D ( ! G5]AL WAVE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

,ALREADY 9 ,NOVEMB] #aib ! FIR/ G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y E*O FOLL[$ 9 ! %APE ( A G5]AL /RIKE AT ,RO/OV-ON-,DON4 ,DISPUTES AB\T ! RATES ( PAY 9 ! WORK%OPS ( ! ,VLADICAUCASUS ,RAILWAY GAVE ! IMPETUS TO ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,! MANAGEM5T S\<T TO R$UCE WAGES & !RE=E ! ,DON COMMITTEE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ISSU$ A PROCLAMATION ) A SUMMONS TO /RIKE = ! FOLL[+ DEM&S3 A N9E-H\R DAY1 9CREASE 9 WAGES1 ABOLITION ( F9ES1 DISMISSAL ( OBNOXI\S 5G9E]S1 ETC4 ,5TIRE RAILWAY WORK%OPS P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! /RIKE4 ,PRES5TLY ALL O!R 9DU/RIES JO9$ 9 & SUDD5LY AN UNPREC$5T$ /ATE ( AFFAIRS PREVAIL$ 9 ,RO/OV3 EV]Y 9DU/RIAL WORK WAS AT A /&/ILL1 & EV]Y DAY MON/] MEET+S ( FIFTE5 TO TW5TY ?\S& W]E HELD 9 ! OP5 AIR1 SOMETIMES SURR\ND$ BY A CORDON ( ,COSSACKS1 AT :I* = ! FIR/ TIME SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POPUL> SPEAK]S APPE>$ PUBLICLY1 9FLAMMATORY SPEE*ES ON SOCIALISM & POLITICAL FRE$OM W]E DELIV]$ & RECEIV$ ) IMM5SE 5?USIASM1 & REVOLUTION>Y APPEALS W]E DI/RIBUT$ BY T5S ( ?\S&S ( COPIES4 ,9 ! MID/ ( RIGID ABSOLUTI/ ,RUSSIA ! PROLET>IAT ( ,RO/OV WON = ! FIR/ TIME ! RI<T ( ASSEMBLY & FRE$OM ( SPEE* BY /ORM4 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT !RE WAS A MASSACRE H]E4 ,! DISPUTES OV] WAGES 9 ! ,VLADICAUCASUS ,RAILWAY WORK%OPS GREW 9 A FEW DAYS 9TO A POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKE & A REVOLUTION>Y /REET BATTLE4 ,AS AN E*O TO ?IS !RE FOLL[$ IMM$IATELY A G5]AL /RIKE AT ! /ATION ( ,TI*ORETZKAIA ON ! SAME RAILWAY4 ,H]E ALSO A MASSACRE TOOK PLACE & ALSO A TRIAL1 & ?US EV5 ,TI*ORETZKAIA HAS TAK5 ITS PLACE 9 ! 9DISSOLUBLE *A9 ( ! FACTORS ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,! SPR+ ( #aic GAVE ! ANSW] TO ! DEFEAT$ /RIKES 9 ,RO/OV & ,TI*ORETZKAIA2 ! :OLE ( ,S\? ,RUSSIA 9 ,MAY1 ,JUNE & ,JULY WAS AFLAME4 ,BAKU1 ,TIFLIS1 ,BATUM1 ,ELISAVETGRAD1 ,ODESSA1 ,KIEV1 ,NIKOLAEV & ,EKAT]9OSLAV W]E 9 A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ! LIT]AL MEAN+ ( ?OSE WORDS4 ,BUT H]E AGA9 ! MOVEM5T DID NOT >ISE ON ANY PRECONCEIV$ PLAN FROM ONE ANO!R2 IT FL[$ TOGE!R FROM 9DIVIDUAL PO9TS 9 EA* ONE FROM DIFF]5T CAUSES & 9 A DIFF]5T =M4 ,! BEG9N+ WAS MADE BY ,BAKU :]E SEV]AL P>TIAL WAGE /RUGGLES 9 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES & DEP>TM5TS CULM9AT$ 9 A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,9 ,TIFLIS1 ! /RIKE WAS BEGUN BY #b COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES :O HAD A WORK+ DAY FROM SIX O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+ TO ELEV5 AT NI<T4 ,ON ! F\R? ( ,JULY !Y ALL LEFT !IR %OPS & MADE A CIRCUIT ( ! T[N TO DEM& FROM ! PROPRIETORS ( ! %OPS ?AT !Y CLOSE !IR PREMISES4 ,! VICTORY WAS COMPLETE2 ! COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES WON A WORK+ DAY FROM EI<T 9 ! MORN+ TO EI<T 9 ! EV5+1 & ALL ! FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS & (FICES1 ETC1 IMM$IATELY JO9$ !M4 ,! NEWSPAP]S DID NOT APPE>1 & TRAMWAY TRAFFIC C\LD NOT BE C>RI$ ON UND] MILIT>Y PROTECTION4 

,9 ,ELISAVETGRAD ON ,JULY #d A /RIKE BEGAN 9 ALL ! FACTORIES ) PURELY ECONOMIC DEM&S4 ,!SE W]E MO/LY CONC$$1 & ! /RIKE 5D$ ON ! F\RTE5?4 ,TWO WEEKS LAT] H[EV] IT BROKE \T AGA94 ,! BAK]S ?IS TIME GAVE ! WORD & ! BRICKLAY]S1 ! JO9]S1 ! DY]S1 ! MILL-WORK]S1 & F9ALLY ALL FACTORY WORK]S JO9$ !M4 

,9 ,ODESSA ! MOVEM5T BEGAN ) A WAGE /RUGGLE 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* ! 0LEGAL0 WORK]S' UNION1 F\ND$ BY GOV]NM5T AG5TS ACCORD+ TO ! PROGRAM ( ! FAM\S G5D>ME ,ZUBATOV1 WAS DEVELOP$4 ,HI/ORICAL DIALECTICS HAD AGA9 SEIZ$ ! OCCASION TO PLAY ONE IF ITS MALICI\S LITTLE PRANKS4 ,! ECONOMIC /RUGGLES ( ! E>LI] P]IOD 7AMONG !M ! GREAT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#h#i#f7 HAD MISL$ ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9TO EXAGG]AT+ ! IMPORTANCE ( SO-CALL$ ECONOMICS1 & 9 ?IS WAY ! GR\ND HAD BE5 PREP>$ AMONG ! WORK]S = ! DEMAGOGIC ACTIVITIES ( ,ZUBATOV4 ,AFT] A TIME1 H[EV]1 ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y /REAM TURN$ R\ND ! LITTLE %IP ) ! FALSE FLAG & COMPELL$ IT TO RIDE RI<T AT ! HEAD ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN FLOTILLA4 ,! ,ZUBATOVIAN UNIONS GAVE ! SIGNAL = ! GREAT G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,ODESSA 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#d1 AS = ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#e4 ,! WORK]S ( ,ODESSA1 :O W]E NOT TO BE DECEIV$ BY ! APPE>ANCE ( FRI5DL9ESS ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T = ! WORK]S1 & ( ITS SYMPA?Y ) PURELY ECONOMIC /RIKES1 SUDD5LY DEM&$ PRO( BY EXAMPLE1 & COMPELL$ ! ,ZUBATOVIAN 0WORK]S UNION0 9 A FACTORY TO DECL>E A /RIKE = V]Y MOD]ATE DEM&S4 ,!Y W]E IMM$IATELY ?R[N ON ! /REETS1 & :5 !Y DEM&$ ! PROTECTION ( ! AU?ORITIES :I* WAS PROMIS$ !M BY !IR LEAD]1 ! G5TLEMAN VANI%$ & LEFT ! WORK]S 9 ! WILDE/ EXCITEM5T4 

,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS AT ONCE PLAC$ !MSELVES AT ! HEAD ( AFFAIRS1 & ! /RIKE MOVEM5T EXT5D$ TO O!R FACTORIES4 ,ON ! FIR/ DAY ( ,JULY #b1#e DOCK]S /RUCK WORK = AN 9CREASE ( WAGES FROM EI<TY KOPECKS TO TWO RUBLES1 & ! %ORT5+ ( ! WORK DAY BY HALF-AN-H\R4 ,ON ! SIXTE5? DAY ( ,JULY ! SEAM5 JO9$ ! MOVEM5T4 ,ON ! ?IRTE5? DAY ! TRAMWAY /AFF BEGAN A /RIKE4 ,!N A MEET+ TOOK PLACE ( ALL ! /RIK]S1 SEV5 OR EI<T ?\S& M52 !Y =M$ A PROCESSION :I* W5T FROM FACTORY TO FACTORY1 GR[+ LIKE AN AVALAN*E1 & PRES5TLY A CR[D ( =TY TO FIFTY ?\S& BETOOK !MSELVES TO ! DOCKS 9 ORD] TO BR+ ALL WORK !RE TO A /&/ILL4 ,A G5]AL /RIKE SOON REIGN$ ?R\<\T ! :OLE CITY4 

,9 ,KIEV1 A /RIKE BEGAN 9 ! RAILWAY WORK%OPS ON ,JULY #b#a/4 ,H]E1 ALSO1 ! IMM$IATE CAUSE WAS MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS ( LABOR1 & WAGE DEM&S W]E PRES5T$4 ,ON ! FOLL[+ DAY ! F\NDRY M5 FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE4 ,ON ,JULY #b#cRD1 AN 9CID5T OCCURR$ :I* GAVE ! SIGNAL = ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,DUR+ ! NI<T TWO DELEGATES ( ! RAILWAYM5 W]E >RE/$4 ,! /RIK]S IMM$IATELY DEM&$ !IR RELEASE1 & AS ?IS WAS NOT CONC$$1 !Y DECID$ NOT TO ALL[ TRA9S TO LEAVE ! T[N4 ,AT ! /ATION ALL ! /RIK]S ) !IR WIVES & FAMILIES SAT D[N ON ! RAILWAY TRACK - A SEA ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,!Y W]E ?REAT5$ ) RIFLE SALVOES4 ,! WORK]S B>$ !IR BREA/S & CRI$1 0,%OOT60 ,A SALVO WAS FIR$ 9TO ! DEF5SELESS SEAT$ CR[D1 & ?IRTY TO =TY CORPSES1 AMONG !M WOM5 & *ILDR51 REMA9$ ON ! GR\ND4 ,ON ?IS BECOM+ KN[N ! :OLE T[N ( ,KIEV W5T ON /RIKE ON ! SAME DAY4 ,! CORPSES ( ! MURD]$ WORK]S W]E RAIS$ ON HI< BY ! CR[D & C>RI$ R\ND 9 A MASS DEMON/RATION4 ,MEET+S1 SPEE*ES1 >RE/S1 ISOLAT$ /REET FI<TS - ,KIEV WAS 9 ! MID/ ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS SOON AT AN 5D4 ,BUT ! PR9T]S HAD WON A %ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY BY ONE H\R & A WAGE 9CREASE ( ONE RUBLE2 9 A YEA/ FACTORY ! EI<T-H\R DAY WAS 9TRODUC$2 ! RAILWAY WORK%OPS W]E CLOS$ BY ORD] ( ! M9I/RY2 O!R DEP>TM5TS CONT9U$ P>TIAL /RIKES = !IR DEM&S4 

,9 ,NIKOLAEV1 ! G5]AL /RIKE BROKE \T UND] ! IMM$IATE 9FLU5CE ( NEWS FROM ,ODESSA1 ,BAKU1 ,BATUM & ,TIFLIS1 9 SPITE ( ! OPPOSITION ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC COMMITTEE :O WANT$ TO PO/PONE ! \TBREAK ( ! MOVEM5T TILL ! TIME CAME :5 ! MILIT>Y %\LD HAVE LEFT ! T[N = MANEUV]S4 ,! MASSES REFUS$ TO HOLD BACK2 ONE FACTORY MADE A BEG9N+1 ! /RIKES W5T FROM ONE WORK%OP TO ANO!R1 ! RESI/ANCE ( ! MILIT>Y ONLY P\R$ OIL ON ! FIRE4 ,MASS PROCESSIONS ) REVOLUTION>Y SONGS W]E =M$ 9 :I* ALL WORK]S1 EMPLOYES1 TRAMWAYS (FICIALS1 M5 & WOM5 TOOK P>T4 ,! CESSATION ( WORK WAS COMPLETE4 ,9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ! BAK]S CAME \T ON /RIKE ON ,AUGU/ #e1 ON ! SEV5? ! M5 9 ! RAILWAY WORK%OPS1 & !N ALL ! O!R FACTORIES ON ,AUGU/ #h4 ,TRAMWAY TRAFFIC /OPP$1 & ! NEWSPAP]S DID NOT APPE>4 

,?US1 ! COLOSSAL G5]AL /RIKE 9 S\? ,RUSSIA CAME 9TO BE+ 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c4 ,BY MANY SMALL *ANNELS ( P>TIAL ECONOMIC /RUGGLES & LITTLE 0ACCID5TAL0 OCCURR5CES IT FL[$ RAPIDLY TO A RAG+ SEA1 & *ANG$ ! 5TIRE S\? ( ! CZ>I/ EMPIRE = SOME WEEKS 9TO A BIZ>RE REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' REPUBLIC4 0,BRO!RLY EMBRACES1 CRIES ( DELI<T & ( 5?USIASM1 SONGS ( FRE$OM1 M]RY LAU<T]1 HUMOR & JOY W]E SE5 & HE>D 9 ! CR[D ( MANY ?\S&S ( P]SONS :I* SURG$ ?R\< ! T[N FROM MORN+ TILL EV5+4 ,! MOOD WAS EXALT$2 ONE C\LD ALMO/ BELIEVE ?AT A NEW1 BETT] LIFE WAS BEG9N+ ON ! E>?4 ,A MO/ SOLEMN & AT ! SAME TIME AN IDYLLIC1 MOV+ SPECTACLE40 444 ,SO WROTE AT ! TIME ! CORRESPOND5T ( ! ,LIB]AL ,OSVOBO%D5YE ( ,PET] ,/RUVE4 

,! YE> #aid BR\<T ) IT W>1 & = A TIME1 AN 9T]VAL ( QUIET 9 ! MASS /RIKE MOVEM5T4 ,AT FIR/ A TR\BL$ WAVE ( 0PATRIOTIC0 DEMON/RATIONS >RANG$ BY ! POLICE AU?ORITIES SPREAD OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,! 0LIB]AL0 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WAS = ! TIME BE+ /RUCK TO ! GR\ND BY ! CZ>I/ (FICIAL *AUV9ISM4 ,BUT SOON ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS TOOK POSSESSION ( ! >5A2 REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' DEMON/RATIONS W]E OPPOS$ TO ! DEMON/RATIONS ( ! PATRIOTIC LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 :I* W]E ORGANIZ$ UND] POLICE PATRONAGE4 ,AT LA/1 ! %AMEFUL DEFEATS ( ! CZ>I/ >MY WOKE ! LIB]AL SOCIETY FROM ITS LE?>GY2 !N BEGAN ! ]A ( DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSES1 BANQUETS1 SPEE*ES1 ADDRESSES & MANIFE/OS4 ,ABSOLUTISM1 TEMPOR>ILY SUPPRESS$ ?R\< ! DISGRACE ( ! W>1 GAVE FULL SCOPE TO !SE G5TLEM51 & BY & BY !Y SAW EV]Y?+ 9 ROSY COLORS4 ,= SIX MON?S B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM OCCUPI$ ! C5T] ( ! /AGE & ! PROLET>IAT REMA9$ 9 ! %AD[S4 ,BUT AFT] A LONG DEPRESSION1 ABSOLUTISM AGA9 R\S$ ITSELF1 ! CAM>ILLA GA!R$ ALL ITS /R5G? & BY A S+LE1 P[]FUL MOVEM5T ( ! ,COSSACK'S HEEL ! :OLE LIB]AL MOVEM5T WAS DRIV5 9TO A CORN]4 ,BANQUETS1 SPEE*ES1 & CONGRESSES W]E PROHIBIT$ \T ( H& AS 09TOL]ABLE PRESUMPTION10 & LIB]ALISM SUDD5LY F\ND ITSELF AT ! 5D ( ITS TE!R4 

,BUT EXACTLY AT ! PO9T :]E LIB]ALISM WAS EXHAU/$1 ! ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT BEGAN4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #aid ! GREAT G5]AL /RIKE DUE TO UNEMPLOYM5T BROKE \T 9 ,BAKU2 ! WORK+-CLASS WAS AGA9 ON ! FIELD ( BATTLE4 ,AS SPEE* WAS =BIDD5 & R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE1 ACTION BEGAN4 ,9 ,BAKU = SOME WEEKS 9 ! MID/ ( ! G5]AL /RIKE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS RUL$ AS ABSOLUTE MA/]S ( ! SITUATION2 & ! PECULI> EV5TS ( ,DECEMB] 9 ! ,CAUCASUS W\LD HAVE CAUS$ AN IMM$IATE S5SATION IF !Y HAD NOT BE5 SO QUICKLY PUT 9 ! %ADE BY ! RIS+ TIDE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! FANTA/IC CONFUS$ NEWS ( ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,BAKU HAD NOT REA*$ ALL P>TS ( ! CZ>I/ EMPIRE :5 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#e2 ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG BROKE \T4 

,H]E ALSO1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 ! IMM$IATE CAUSE WAS TRIVIAL4 ,TWO M5 EMPLOY$ AT ! ,PUTILOV WORKS W]E DIS*>G$ ON ACC\NT ( !IR MEMB]%IP 9 ! LEGAL ,ZUBATOVIAN UNION4 ,?IS MEASURE CALL$ =? A SOLID>ITY /RIKE ON ,JANU>Y #af ( ! :OLE ( ! #a#b1 EMPLOY$ 9 ?IS WORKS4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS SEIZ$ ! OCCASION ( ! /RIKE TO BEG9 A LIVELY AGITATION = ! EXT5SION ( ! DEM&S & SET =? DEM&S = ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION1 FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ( ! PRESS1 ETC4 ,! UNRE/ AMONG ! ,PUTILOV WORK]S COMMUNICAT$ ITSELF QUICKLY TO ! REMA9D] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & 9 A FEW DAYS #a#d1 WORK]S W]E ON /RIKE4 ,JO9T CONF]5CES & /ORMY DISCUSSIONS L$ TO ! WORK+ \T ( ?AT PROLET>IAN *>T] ( B\RGEOIS FRE$OM ) ! EI<T-H\R DAY AT ITS HEAD ) :I*1 ON ,JANU>Y #b#bND1 #b1 WORK]S L$ BY ,FA!R ,GAPON1 M>*$ TO ! CZ>'S PALACE4 ,! CONFLICT ( ! TWO ,PUTILOV WORK]S :O HAD BE5 SUBJECT$ TO DISCIPL9>Y PUNI%M5T HAD *ANG$ )9 A WEEK 9TO ! PROLOGUE ( ! MO/ VIOL5T REVOLUTION 9 MOD]N TIMES4 

,! EV5TS ?AT FOLL[$ UPON ?IS >E WELL KN[N1 ! BLOODBA? 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG CALL$ =? GIGANTIC MASS /RIKES & G5]AL /RIKE 9 ! MON? ( ,JANU>Y1 & ,FEBRU>Y 9 ALL ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S & T[NS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,POL&1 ,LI?UANIA1 ! ,BALTIC ,PROV9CES1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 ,SIB]IA1 FROM NOR? TO S\? & EA/ TO WE/4 ,ON CLOS] 9SPECTION1 H[EV]1 IT CAN BE SE5 ?AT ! MASS /RIKE WAS APPE>+ 9 O!R =MS ?AN ?OSE ( ! PREVI\S P]IOD4 ,EV]Y:]E AT ?AT TIME ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS W5T BE=E ) APPEALS2 EV]Y:]E WAS REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY ) ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PROLET>IAT EXPRESSLY /AT$ AS ! CAUSE & AIM ( ! G5]AL /RIKE2 EV]Y:]E1 AT ! SAME TIME1 !RE W]E DEMON/RATIONS1 SPEE*ES1 CONFLICTS ) ! MILIT>Y4 

,BUT EV5 H]E !RE WAS NO PR$ET]M9$ PLAN1 NO ORGANIZ$ ACTION1 BECAUSE ! APPEALS ( ! P>TIES C\LD SC>CELY KEEP PACE ) ! SPONTANE\S RIS+S ( ! MASSES2 ! LEAD]S HAD SC>CELY TIME TO =MULATE ! WAT*WORDS ( ! ONRU%+ CR[D ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,FUR!R1 ! E>LI] MASS & G5]AL /RIKES HAD ORIG9AT$ FROM 9DIVIDUAL COALESC+ WAGE /RUGGLES :I*1 9 ! G5]AL TEMP] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION & UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATION1 RAPIDLY BECAME POLITICAL DEMON/RATIONS2 ! ECONOMIC FACTOR & ! SCATT]$ CONDITION ( TRADE UNIONISM W]E ! />T+ PO9T2 ALL-EMBRAC+ CLASS ACTION & POLITICAL DIRECTION ! RESULT4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS N[ REV]S$4 

,! G5]AL /RIKES ( ,JANU>Y & ,FEBRU>Y BROKE \T AS UNIFI$ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS TO BEG9 ) UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS2 BUT ?IS ACTION SOON FELL 9TO AN UN5D+ S]IES ( LOCAL1 P>TIAL1 ECONOMIC /RIKES 9 SEP>ATE DI/RICTS1 T[NS1 DEP>TM5TS & FACTORIES4 ,?R\<\T ! :OLE ( ! SPR+ ( #aie & 9TO ! MIDDLE ( ! SUMM] !RE F]M5T$ ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( ! IMM5SE EMPIRE AN UN9T]RUPT$ ECONOMIC /RIKE ( ALMO/ ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT AGA9/ CAPITAL - A /RUGGLE :I* CAU<T1 ON ! ONE H&1 ALL ! PETTY B\RGEOIS & LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS1 COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES1 TE*NICIANS1 ACTORS & MEMB]S ( >TI/IC PR(ESSIONS - & ON ! O!R H&1 P5ETRAT$ TO ! DOME/IC S]VANTS1 ! M9OR POLICE (FICIALS & EV5 TO ! /RATUM ( ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 & SIMULTANE\SLY SURG$ FROM ! T[NS TO ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS & EV5 KNOCK$ AT ! IRON GATES ( ! MILIT>Y B>RACKS4 

,?IS IS A GIGANTIC1 MANY-COLOR$ PICTURE ( A G5]AL >RANGEM5T ( LABOR & CAPITAL :I* REFLECTS ALL ! COMPLEXITY ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & ( ! POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( EV]Y SECTION & ( EV]Y DI/RICT2 & ! :OLE LONG SCALE RUNS FROM ! REGUL> TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE ( A PICK$ & TE/$ TROOP ( ! PROLET>IAT DRAWN FROM L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY1 TO ! =MLESS PROTE/ ( A H&FUL ( RURAL PROLET>IANS1 & TO ! FIR/ SLI<T /IRR+S ( AN AGITAT$ MILIT>Y G>RISON1 FROM ! WELL-$UCAT$ & ELEGANT REVOLT 9 CUFFS & :ITE COLL>S 9 ! C\NT+ H\SE ( A BANK TO ! %Y-BOLD MURMUR+S ( A CLUMSY MEET+ ( DISSATISFI$ POLICEM5 9 A SMOKE-GRIM$ D>K & DIRTY GU>DROOM4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY ( ! LOV]S ( 0ORD]LY & WELL-DISCIPL9$0 /RUGGLES1 ACCORD+ TO PLAN & S*EME1 ACCORD+ TO ?OSE ESPECIALLY :O ALWAYS \<T TO KN[ BETT] FROM AF> 0H[ IT %\LD HAVE BE5 DONE10 ! DECAY ( ! GREAT POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKE ( ,JANU>Y #aie 9TO A NUMB] ( ECONOMIC /RUGGLES WAS PROBABLY 0A GREAT MI/AKE0 :I* CRIPPL$ ?AT ACTION & *ANG$ IT 9TO A 0/RAW FIRE40 ,BUT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ,RUSSIA1 :I* HAD TAK5 P>T 9 ! REVOLUTION BUT HAD NOT 0MADE0 IT1 & :I* HAD EV5 TO LE>N ITS LAW FROM ITS C\RSE ITSELF1 WAS AT ! FIR/ GLANCE PUT \T ( C\NT5ANCE = A TIME BY ! APP>5TLY FRUITLESS EBB ( ! /ORM-FLOOD ( ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,HI/ORY1 H[EV]1 :I* HAD MADE ?AT 0GREAT MI/AKE10 !REBY ACCOMPLI%$1 HE$LESS ( ! REASON+S ( ITS (FICI\S S*OOLMA/]1 A GIGANTIC WORK = ! REVOLUTION :I* WAS AS 9EVITABLE AS IT WAS1 9 ITS CONSEQU5CES1 9CALCULABLE4 

,! SUDD5 G5]AL RIS+ ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,JANU>Y UND] ! P[]FUL IMPETUS ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG EV5TS WAS \TW>DLY A POLITICAL ACT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DECL>ATION ( W> ON ABSOLUTISM4 ,BUT ?IS FIR/ G5]AL DIRECT ACTION REACT$ 9W>DLY ALL ! MORE P[]FULLY AS IT = ! FIR/ TIME AWOKE CLASS FEEL+ & CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS 9 MILLIONS UPON MILLIONS AS IF BY AN ELECTRIC %OCK4 ,& ?IS AWAK5+ ( CLASS FEEL+ EXPRESS$ ITSELF =?) 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT ! PROLET>IAN MASS1 C\NT$ BY MILLIONS1 QUITE SUDD5LY & %>PLY CAME TO REALIZE H[ 9TOL]ABLE WAS ?AT SOCIAL & ECONOMIC EXI/5CE :I* !Y HAD PATI5TLY 5DUR$ = DECADES 9 ! *A9S ( CAPITALISM4 ,!REUPON1 !RE BEGAN A SPONTANE\S G5]AL %AK+ ( & TUGG+ AT !SE *A9S4 ,ALL ! 9NUM]ABLE SUFF]+S ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT REM9D$ !M ( ! OLD BLE$+ W\NDS4 ,H]E WAS ! EI<T-H\R DAY F\<T =1 !RE PIECE-WORK WAS RESI/$1 H]E W]E BRUTAL =EM5 0DRIV5 (F0 9 A SACK ON A H&C>1 AT ANO!R PLACE 9FAM\S SY/EMS ( F9ES W]E F\<T AGA9/1 EV]Y:]E BETT] WAGES W]E /RIV5 = & H]E & !RE ! ABOLITION ( HOMEWORK4 ,BACKW>D1 DEGRAD$ OCCUPATIONS 9 L>GE T[NS1 SMALL PROV9CIAL T[NS1 :I* HAD HI!RTO DREAM$ 9 AN IDYLLIC SLEEP1 ! VILLAGE ) ITS LEGACY FROM FEUDALISM - ALL !SE1 SUDD5LY AWAK5$ BY ! ,JANU>Y LI<TN+1 BE?\<T !MSELVES ( !IR RI<TS & N[ S\<T FEV]I%LY TO MAKE UP = !IR PREVI\S NEGLECT4 

,H]E1 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE WAS NOT REALLY A DECAY1 A DISSIPATION ( ACTION1 BUT M]ELY *ANGE ( FRONT1 A SUDD5 & NATURAL ALT]ATION ( ! FIR/ G5]AL 5GAGEM5T ) ABSOLUTISM1 9 A G5]AL RECKON+ ) CAPITAL1 :I* 9 KEEP+ ) ITS *>ACT] ASSUM$ ! =M ( 9DIVIDUAL1 SCATT]$ WAGE /RUGGLES4 ,POLITICAL CLASS ACTION WAS NOT BROK5 9 ,JANU>Y BY ! DECAY ( ! G5]AL /RIKE 9TO ECONOMIC /RIKES1 BUT ! REV]SE1 AFT] ! POSSIBLE CONT5T ( POLITICAL ACTION 9 ! GIV5 SITUATION & AT ! GIV5 /AGE ( ! REVOLUTION WAS EXHAU/$1 IT BROKE1 OR RA!R *ANG$1 9TO ECONOMIC ACTION4 

,9 PO9T ( FACT1 :AT MORE C\LD ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,JANU>Y HAVE A*IEV$8 ,ONLY COMPLETE ?\<TLESSNESS C\LD EXPECT ?AT ABSOLUTISM C\LD BE DE/ROY$ AT ONE BL[ BY A S+LE 0LONG-DRAWN0 G5]AL /RIKE AFT] ! AN>*I/ PLAN4 ,ABSOLUTISM 9 ,RUSSIA MU/ BE OV]?R[N BY ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO OV]?R[ IT1 ! PROLET>IAT REQUIRES A HI< DEGREE ( POLITICAL $UCATION1 ( CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS & ORGANIZATION4 ,ALL !SE CONDITIONS CANNOT BE FULFILL$ BY PAMPHLETS & LEAFLETS1 BUT ONLY BY ! LIV+ POLITICAL S*OOL1 BY ! FI<T & 9 ! FI<T1 9 ! CONT9U\S C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,FUR!R1 ABSOLUTISM CANNOT BE OV]?R[N AT ANY DESIR$ MOM5T 9 :I* ONLY ADEQUATE 0EX]TION0 & 05DURANCE0 IS NECESS>Y4 ,! FALL ( ABSOLUTISM IS M]ELY ! \T] EXPRESSION ( ! 9N] SOCIAL & CLASS DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 

,BE=E ABSOLUTISM CAN1 & SO F> ?AT IT MAY1 BE OV]?R[N1 ! B\RGEOIS ,RUSSIA 9 ITS 9T]IOR1 9 ITS MOD]N CLASS DIVISIONS1 MU/ BE =M$4 ,?AT REQUIRES ! DRAW+ TOGE!R ( ! V>I\S SOCIAL LAY]S & 9T]E/S1 BESIDES ! $UCATION ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES1 & NOT LESS ( ! LIB]AL1 RADICAL PETTY B\RGEOIS1 CONS]VATIVE & REACTION>Y P>TIES2 IT REQUIRES SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 SELF-KN[L$GE & ! CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS NOT M]ELY ( ! LAY]S ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT ALSO ( ! LAY]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT ?IS ALSO CAN BE A*IEV$ & COME TO FRUITION 9 NO WAY BUT 9 ! /RUGGLE1 9 ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION ITSELF1 ?R\< ! ACTUAL S*OOL ( EXP]I5CE1 9 COLLISION ) ! PROLET>IAT AS WELL AS ) ONE ANO!R1 9 9CESSANT MUTUAL FRICTION4 ,?IS CLASS DIVISION & CLASS MATURITY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS ITS ACTION 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM1 IS ON ! ONE H&1 HAMP]$ & MADE DIFFICULT BY ! PECULI> LEAD+ ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAT &1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS SPURR$ ON & ACCEL]AT$4 ,! V>I\S UND]CURR5TS ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS ( ! REVOLUTION CROSS ONE ANO!R1 *ECK ONE ANO!R1 & 9CREASE ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT 9 ! 5D ACCEL]ATE & !REBY R5D] /ILL MORE VIOL5T ITS ]UPTIONS4 

,?IS APP>5TLY SIMPLE & PURELY ME*ANICAL PROBLEM MAY !RE=E BE /AT$ ?US3 ! OV]?R[ ( ABSOLUTISM IS A LONG1 CONT9U\S SOCIAL PROCESS1 & ITS SOLUTION DEM&S A COMPLETE UND]M9+ ( ! SOIL ( SOCIETY2 ! UPP]MO/ P>T BE PLAC$ L[E/ & ! L[]MO/ P>T HI<E/1 ! APP>5T 0ORD]0 MU/ BE *ANG$ TO A *AOS1 & ! APP>5TLY 0AN>*I/IC0 *AOS MU/ BE *ANG$ 9TO A NEW ORD]4 ,N[ 9 ?IS PROCESS ( ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ( OLD ,RUSSIA1 NOT ONLY ! ,JANU>Y LI<TN+ ( ! FIR/ G5]AL /RIKE1 BUT ALSO ! SPR+ & SUMM] ?UND]/ORMS ?AT FOLL[$ IT1 PLAY$ AN 9DISP5SABLE P>T4 ,! EMBITT]$ G5]AL RELATIONS ( WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL CONTRIBUT$ 9 EQUAL MEASURE TO ! DRAW+ TOGE!R ( ! V>I\S LAY]S ( ! PEOPLE & ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 TO ! CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT & TO ?AT ( ! LIB]AL & CONS]VATIVE B\RGEOISIE4 ,& JU/ AS ! URBAN WAGE /RUGGLE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! =MATION ( A /RONG MON>*I/ 9DU/RIAL P>TY 9 ,MOSC[1 SO ! CONFLAGRATION ( ! VIOL5T RURAL RIS+ 9 ,LIVONIA L$ TO ! RAPID LIQUIDATION ( ! FAM\S >I/OCRATIC-AGR>IAN ZEM/VO LIB]ALISM4 

,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ! P]IOD ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLES ( ! SPR+ & SUMM] ( #aie MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! URBAN PROLET>IAT1 BY MEANS ( ACTIVE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATION & DIRECTION1 TO ASSIMILATE LAT] ALL ! LESSONS ( ! ,JANU>Y PROLOGUE & TO GRASP CLE>LY ALL ! FUR!R TASKS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,!RE WAS CONNECT$ ) ?IS TOO1 ANO!R CIRCUM/ANCE ( AN 5DUR+ SOCIAL *>ACT]3 A G5]AL RAIS+ ( ! /&>D ( LIFE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & 9TELLECTUAL4 

,! ,JANU>Y /RIKES ( #aie 5D$ VICTORI\SLY ALMO/ ?R\<\T4 ,AS PRO( ( ?IS SOME DATA FROM ! 5ORM\S1 & /ILL = ! MO/ P>T1 9ACCESSIBLE MASS ( MAT]IAL MAY BE CIT$ H]E RELAT+ TO A FEW ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT /RIKES C>RI$ ?R\< 9 ,W>SAW ALONE BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ( ,POL& & ,LI?UANIA4 ,9 ! GREAT FACTORIES ( ! METAL 9DU/RY ( ,W>SAW3 ,LILPOS ,LTD42 ,RAN & ,L[5/E92 ,RUDZKI & ,CO42 ,BORMAN1 ,S*W$E & ,CO42 ,H&TKE1 ,G]LA* & ,PUL/2 ,GEISL] ,BROS42 ,EB]H]D1 ,WOLSKI & ,CO42 ,KONRAD & ,YANRUSZKIEWICZ ,LTD42 ,WEB] & ,DAEHU2 ,EWIZDZ9SKI & ,CO42 ,WOLONSKI ,WIRE ,WORKS2 ,GO/YNSKI & ,CO41 ,LTD42 ,RRUN & ,SON2 ,FRAGE ,NORBL92 ,W]N]2 ,BU*2 ,K5NEB]G ,BROS42 ,LABOR2 ,DITTUN> ,LAMP ,FACTORY2 ,S]K[SKI2 ,WESZK - TW5TY-TWO FACTORIES 9 ALL1 ! WORK]S WON AFT] A /RIKE ( F\R TO FIVE WEEKS 7FROM ,JANU>Y #b#d-#b#f7 A N9E-H\R DAY1 A #be P] C5T 9CREASE ( WAGES & OBTA9$ V>I\S SMALL] CONCESSIONS4 ,9 ! L>GE WORK%OPS ( ! TIMB] 9DU/RY ( ,W>SAW1 NAMELY ,K>MANSKI1 ,DAMIEKI1 ,GROMEL1 ,SZ]B9SKIK1 ,TWEM][SKI1 ,HORN1 ,DEV5SEE1 ,TWORK[SKI1 ,DAAB & ,M>T5S - TWELVE WORK%OPS 9 ALL - ! /RIKES HAD WON BY ! TW5TY-?IRD ( ,FEBRU>Y ! N9E-H\R DAY1 :I* !Y ALSO WON1 TOGE!R ) AN 9CREASE 9 WAGES1 AFT] A FUR!R /RIKE ( A WEEK4 

,! 5TIRE BRICKLAY+ 9DU/RY BEGAN A /RIKE ON ,FEBRU>Y #bg & DEM&$1 9 CON=MITY ) ! WAT*WORD ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ! EI<T-H\R DAY2 !Y WON ! T5-H\R DAY ON ,M>* #aa TOGE!R ) AN 9CREASE ( WAGES = ALL CATEGORIES1 REGUL> WEEKLY PAYM5T ( WAGES1 ETC4 ,! PA9T]S1 ! C>TWRI<TS1 ! SADDL]S & ! SMI?S ALL WON ! EI<T-H\R DAY )\T DECREASE ( WAGES4 

,! TELEPHONE WORK%OPS /RUCK = T5 DAYS & WON ! EI<T-H\R DAY & AN 9CREASE ( WAGES ( #a TO #ae P] C5T4 ,! L>GE L95-WEAV+ E/ABLI%M5T ( ,HIELLE & ,DIETRI* 7#a1 WORK]S7 AFT] A /RIKE LA/+ N9E WEEKS1 OBTA9$ A DECREASE ( ! WORK+ DAY BY ONE H\R & A WAGE 9CREASE ( #e TO #a P] C5T4 ,& SIMIL> RESULTS 9 5DLESS V>IATION W]E TO BE SE5 9 ! OLD] BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY 9 ,W>SAW1 ,LODZ1 & ,SOSNOVITZ4 

,9 ,RUSSIA PROP] ! EI<T-H\R DAY WAS WON 9 ,DECEMB] #aid BY A FEW CATEGORIES ( OIL WORK]S 9 ,BAKU2 9 ,MAY #aie BY ! SUG> WORK]S ( ! ,KIEV DI/RICT2 9 ,JANU>Y #aie ALL ! PR9T+ WORKS 9 ,SAM>A 7:]E AT ! SAME TIME AN 9CREASE ( PIECEWORK RATES WAS OBTA9$ & F9ES W]E ABOLI%$72 9 ,FEBRU>Y 9 ! FACTORY 9 :I* M$ICAL 9/RUM5TS = ! >MY >E MANUFACTUR$1 9 A FURNITURE FACTORY & 9 ! C>TRIDGE FACTORY 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,FUR!R1 ! EI<T-H\R DAY WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 ! M9ES AT ,VLADIVIO/OCK1 9 ,M>* 9 ! GOV]NM5T ME*ANICAL WORK%OPS DEAL+ ) GOV]NM5T /OCK & 9 ,MAY AMONG ! EMPLOYES ( ! ,TIFLIS ELECTRIC T[N RAILWAY4 ,9 ! SAME MON? A WORK+ DAY ( EI<T-&-A-HALF H\RS WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 ! L>GE COTTON-WEAV+ FACTORY ( ,M>OSOV 7& AT ! SAME TIME ! ABOLITION ( NI<T WORK & A WAGE 9CREASE ( #h P] C5T W]E WON72 9 ,JUNE AN EI<T-H\R DAY 9 A FEW OIL WORKS 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[2 9 ,JULY A WORK+ DAY ( EI<T-&-A-HALF H\RS AMONG ! SMI?S AT ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG DOCKS2 & 9 ,NOVEMB] 9 ALL ! PRIVATE PR9T+ E/ABLI%M5TS ( ! T[N ( ,OREL 7& AT ! SAME TIME AN 9CREASE ( TIME RATES ( #b P] C5T & PIECEWORK RATES ( #a P] C5T1 AS WELL AS ! SETT+ UP ( A CONCILIATION BO>D ON :I* WORK]S & EMPLOY]S W]E EQUALLY REPRES5T$47 

,! N9E-H\R DAY 9 ALL ! RAILWAY WORK%OPS 79 ,FEBRU>Y71 9 MANY GOV]NM5T1 MILIT>Y & NAVAL WORK%OPS1 9 MO/ ( ! FACTORIES ( ! T[N ( ,B]DIANSK1 9 ALL ! PR9T+ WORKS ( ! T[NS ( ,POLTAVA & ,MUNSK2 N9E-&-A-HALF H\RS 9 ! %IPY>DS1 ME*ANICAL WORK%OPS & F\NDRIES 9 ! T[N ( ,NIKOLAEV1 9 ,JUNE1 AFT] A G5]AL /RIKE ( WAIT]S 9 ,W>SAW1 9 MANY RE/AURANTS & CAFES 7& AT ! SAME TIME A WAGE 9CREASE ( #b TO #d P] C5T1 ) A TWO-WEEK HOLIDAY 9 ! YE>74 

,! T5-H\R DAY 9 ALMO/ ALL ! FACTORIES ( ! T[NS ( ,LODZ1 ,SOSNOVITZ1 ,RIGA1 ,KOVNO1 ,OVAL1 ,DORFAT1 ,M9SK1 ,KH>KOV1 9 ! BAK]IES ( ,ODESSA1 AMONG ! ME*ANICS 9 ,KI%9EV1 AT A FEW SMELT+ WORKS 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 9 ! MAT* FACTORIES ( ,KOVNO 7) AN 9CREASE ( WAGES ( #a P] C5T71 9 ALL ! GOV]NM5T M>9E WORK%OPS1 & AMONG ALL ! DOCK]S4 

,! WAGE 9CREASES W]E1 9 G5]AL1 SMALL] ?AN ! %ORT5+ ( H\RS BUT ALWAYS MORE SIGNIFICANT3 9 ,W>SAW 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,M>* #aie A G5]AL 9CREASE ( WAGES ( #ae P] C5T WAS FIX$ BY ! MUNICIPAL FACTORIES DEP>TM5T2 9 ! C5T] ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 ,IVANOVO ,VOSNES5SK1 ! WAGE 9CREASE AM\NT$ TO #g TO #ae P] C5T1 9 ,KOVNO ! 9CREASE AFFECT$ #gc P] C5T ( ! WORK]S4 ,A FIX$ M9IMUM WAGE WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 SOME ( ! BAK]IES 9 ,ODESSA1 9 ! ,NEVA %IPBUILD+ Y>DS 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ETC4 

,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT !SE CONCESSIONS W]E )DRAWN AGA91 N[ H]E & N[ !RE4 ,?IS H[EV] WAS ONLY ! CAUSE ( R5EW$ /RIFE & L$ TO /ILL MORE BITT] /RUGGLES = REV5GE1 & ?US ! /RIKE P]IOD ( ! SPR+ ( #aie HAS ( ITSELF BECOME ! PROLOGUE TO AN 5DLESS S]IES ( EV]-SPREAD+ & 9T]LAC+ ECONOMIC /RUGGLES :I* HAVE LA/$ TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,9 ! P]IOD ( ! \TW>D /AGNATION ( ! REVOLUTION1 :5 ! TELEGRAPH C>RI$ NO S5SATIONAL NEWS FROM ! ,RUSSIAN !AT] ( W> TO ! \TSIDE WORLD1 & :5 ! WE/ ,EUROPEAN LAID ASIDE HIS NEWSPAP] 9 DISAPPO9TM5T ) ! REM>K !RE 0WAS NO?+ DO+0 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! GREAT UND]GR\ND WORK ( ! REVOLUTION WAS 9 REALITY BE+ C>RI$ ON )\T CESSATION1 DAY-BY-DAY & H\R-BY-H\R1 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! EMPIRE4 ,! 9CESSANT 9T5SIVE ECONOMIC /RUGGLE EFFECT$1 BY RAPID & ABBREVIAT$ ME?ODS1 ! TRANSITION ( CAPITALISM FROM ! /AGE ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 ( PATRI>*AL UNME?ODICAL ME?ODS ( WORK+1 TO A HI<LY MOD]N1 CIVILIZ$ ONE4 

,AT ! PRES5T TIME ! ACTUAL WORK+ DAY 9 ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY LEAVES BEH9D1 NOT ONLY ! ,RUSSIAN FACTORY LEGISLATION 7?AT IS ! LEGAL WORK+ DAY ( ELEV5 H\RS7 BUT EV5 ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( ,G]MANY4 ,9 MO/ DEP>TM5TS ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY 9 ,RUSSIA ! T5-H\R DAY PREVAILS1 :I* 9 ,G]MANY IS DECL>$ 9 SOCIAL LEGISLATION TO BE AN UNATTA9ABLE GOAL4 ,& :AT IS MORE1 ?AT LONG$-= 09DU/RIAL CON/ITUTIONALISM10 = :I* !RE IS SO MU* 5?USIASM 9 ,G]MANY1 & = ! SAKE ( :I* ! ADVOCATES ( OPPORTUNI/ TACTICS W\LD KEEP EV] KE5 W9D FROM ! /AGNANT WAT]S ( !IR ALL-SUFF]+ P>LIAM5T>ISM1 HAS ALREADY BE5 BORN1 TOGE!R ) POLITICAL 0CON/ITUTIONALISM10 9 ! MID/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /ORM1 FROM ! REVOLUTION ITSELF6 ,9 ACTUAL FACT IT IS NOT M]ELY A G5]AL RAIS+ ( ! /&>D ( LIFE1 OR ! CULTURAL LEVEL ( ! WORK+-CLASS ?AT HAS TAK5 PLACE4 ,! MAT]IAL /&>D ( LIFE AS A P]MAN5T /AGE ( WELL-BE+ HAS NO PLACE 9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,FULL ( CONTRADICTIONS & CONTRA/S IT BR+S SIMULTANE\SLY SURPRIS+ ECONOMIC VICTORIES & ! MO/ BRUTAL ACTS ( REV5GE ON ! P>T ( ! CAPITALI/S2 TODAY ! EI<T-H\R DAY & TOMORR[ :OLESALE LOCK\TS & ACTUAL />VATION = ! MILLIONS4 

,! MO/ PRECI\S1 LA/+1 ?+ 9 ! RAPID EBB & FL[ ( ! WAVE IS ITS M5TAL S$IM5T3 ! 9TELLECTUAL1 CULTURAL GR[? ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* PROCE$S BY FITS & />TS1 & :I* (F]S AN 9VIOLABLE GU>ANTEE ( !IR FUR!R IRRESI/IBLE PROGRESS 9 ! ECONOMIC AS 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,& NOT ONLY ?AT4 ,EV5 ! RELATIONS ( ! WORK] TO ! EMPLOY] >E TURN$ R\ND2 S9CE ! ,JANU>Y G5]AL /RIKE & ! /RIKES ( #aie :I* FOLL[$ UPON IT1 ! PR9CIPLE ( ! CAPITALI/ 0MA/]Y ( ! H\SE0 IS DE FACTO ABOLI%$4 ,9 ! L>G] FACTORIES ( ALL IMPORTANT 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ! E/ABLI%M5T ( WORK]S' COMMITTEES HAS1 AS IF BY ITSELF1 TAK5 PLACE1 ) :I* ALONE ! EMPLOY] NEGOTIATES & :I* DECIDE ALL DISPUTES4 

,& F9ALLY ANO!R ?+1 ! APP>5TLY 0*AOTIC0 /RIKES & ! 0DISORGANIZ$0 REVOLUTION>Y ACTION AFT] ! ,JANU>Y G5]AL /RIKE >E BECOM+ ! />T+ PO9T ( A FEV]I% WORK ( ORGANIZATION4 ,DAME ,HI/ORY1 FROM AF>1 SMIL+LY HOAXES ! BUREAUCRATIC LAY FIGURES :O KEEP GRIM WAT* AT ! GATE OV] ! FATE ( ! ,G]MAN TRADE UNIONS4 ,! FIRM ORGANIZATIONS :I*1 AS ! 9DISP5SABLE HYPO!SIS = AN EV5TUAL ,G]MAN MASS /RIKE1 %\LD BE =TIFI$ LIKE AN IMPREGNABLE CITADEL - !SE ORGANIZATIONS >E 9 ,RUSSIA1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALREADY BORN FROM ! MASS /RIKE4 ,& :ILE ! GU>DIANS ( ! ,G]MAN TRADE UNIONS = ! MO/ P>T FE> ?AT ! ORGANIZATIONS WILL FALL 9 PIECES 9 A REVOLUTION>Y :IRLW9D LIKE R>E PORCELA91 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION %[S US ! EXACT OPPOSITE PICTURE2 FROM ! :IRLW9D & ! /ORM1 \T ( ! FIRE & GL[ ( ! MASS /RIKE & ! /REET FI<T+ RISE AGA91 LIKE ,V5US FROM ! FOAM1 FRE%1 Y\NG1 P[]FUL1 BUOYANT TRADE UNIONS4 

,H]E AGA9 A LITTLE EXAMPLE1 :I*1 H[EV]1 IS TYPICAL ( ! :OLE EMPIRE4 ,AT ! SECOND CONF]5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN TRADE UNIONS :I* TOOK PLACE AT ! 5D ( ,FEBRU>Y #aif 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,PET]SBURG TRADE UNIONS1 9 HIS REPORT ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 ( ! CZ>I/ CAPITAL SAID3 

0,JANU>Y #b#b1 #a#i#e1 :I* WA%$ AWAY ! ,GAPON UNION1 WAS A TURN+ PO9T4 ,! WORK]S 9 L>GE NUMB]S HAVE LE>N$ BY EXP]I5CE TO APPRECIATE & UND]/& ! IMPORTANCE ( ORGANIZATION1 & ?AT ONLY !Y !MSELVES CAN CREATE !SE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! FIR/ TRADE UNION - ?AT ( ! PR9T]S - ORIG9AT$ 9 DIRECT CONNECTION ) ! ,JANU>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! COMMISSION APPO9T$ TO WORK \T ! T>IFFS FRAM$ ! /ATUTES1 & ON ,JULY #ai ! UNION BEGAN ITS EXI/5CE4 ,JU/ AB\T ?IS TIME ! UNION ( (FICE-WORK]S & BOOKKEEP]S WAS CALL$ 9TO EXI/5CE40 

0,9 ADDITION TO ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* EXT5D ALMO/ OP5LY1 !RE >OSE FROM ,JANU>Y TO ,OCTOB] #aie SEMI-LEGAL & ILLEGAL TRADE UNIONS4 ,TO ! =M] BELONG$1 = EXAMPLE1 ! UNION ( *EMI/S' ASSI/ANTS & COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES4 ,AMONG ! ILLEGAL UNIONS SPECIAL ATT5TION MU/ BE DRAWN TO ! WAT*MAK]S' UNION1 :OSE FIR/ SECRET SESSION WAS HELD ON ,APRIL #b#d?4 ,ALL ATTEMPTS TO CONV5E A G5]AL OP5 MEET+ W]E %ATT]$ ON ! OB/9ATE RESI/ANCE ( ! POLICE & ! EMPLOY]S 9 ! =M ( ! ,*AMB] ( ,COMM]CE4 ,?IS MIS*ANCE HAS NOT PREV5T$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! UNION4 ,! TAILORS & TAILORESSES UNION WAS F\ND$ 9 #aie AT A MEET+ 9 A WOOD AT :I* SEV5TY TAILORS W]E PRES5T4 ,AFT] ! QUE/ION ( =M+ ! UNION WAS DISCUSS$ A COMMISSION WAS APPO9T$ :I* WAS 5TRU/$ ) ! TASK ( WORK+ \T ! /ATUTES4 ,ALL ATTEMPTS ( ! COMMISSION TO OBTA9 A LEGAL EXI/5CE = ! UNION W]E UNSUCCESSFUL4 ,ITS ACTIVITIES W]E CONF9$ TO AGITATION & ! 5ROLL+ ( NEW MEMB]S 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK%OPS4 ,A SIMIL> FATE WAS 9 /ORE = ! %OEMAK]S' UNION4 ,9 ,JULY1 A SECRET NI<T MEET+ WAS CONV5$ 9 A WOOD NE> ! CITY4 ,OV] #a %OEMAK]S ATT5D$2 A REPORT WAS READ ON ! IMPORTANCE ( TRADE UNIONISM1 ON ITS HI/ORY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ITS TASKS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT WAS !N DECID$ TO =M A TRADE UNION2 A COMMISSION ( TWELVE WAS APPO9T$ TO WORK \T ! /ATUTES & CALL A G5]AL MEET+ ( %OEMAK]S4 ,! /ATUTES W]E DRAWN UP1 BUT 9 ! MEANTIME IT HAD NOT BE5 F\ND POSSIBLE TO PR9T !M NOR HAD ! G5]AL MEET+ BE5 CONV5$40 

,!SE W]E ! FIR/ DIFFICULT BEG9N+S4 ,!N CAME ! ,OCTOB] DAYS1 ! SECOND G5]AL /RIKE1 ! CZ>'S MANIFE/O ( ,OCTOB] #c & ! BRIEF 0CON/ITUTION P]IOD40 ,! WORK]S ?REW !MSELVES ) FI]Y ZEAL 9TO ! WAVES ( POLITICAL FRE$OM 9 ORD] TO USE IT =?) = ! PURPOSE ( ! WORK ( ORGANIZATION4 ,BESIDES DAILY POLITICAL MEET+S1 DEBATES & ! =MATION ( CLUBS1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( TRADE UNIONISM WAS IMM$IATELY TAK5 9 H&4 ,9 ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB] =TY NEW TRADE UNIONS APPE>$ 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,PRES5TLY A 0C5TRAL BUREAU10 ?AT IS1 A TRADE-UNION C\NCIL1 WAS E/ABLI%$1 V>I\S TRADE-UNION PAP]S APPE>$1 & S9CE ,NOVEMB] A C5TRAL ORGAN HAS ALSO BE5 PUBLI%$1 ,! ,TRADE ,UNION4 

,:AT WAS REPORT$ ABOVE CONC]N+ ,PET]SBURG WAS ALSO TRUE ON ! :OLE ( ,MOSC[ & ,ODESSA1 ,KIEV & ,NIKOLAEV1 ,S>ATOV & ,VORONEZH1 ,SAM>A & ,NIZHNI ,NOVGOROD1 & ALL ! L>G] T[NS ( ,RUSSIA1 & TO A /ILL HI<] DEGREE 9 ,POL&4 ,! TRADE UNIONS ( DIFF]5T T[NS SEEK CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R & CONF]5CES >E HELD4 ,! 5D ( ! 0CON/ITUTION P]IOD10 & ! RETURN TO REACTION 9 ,DECEMB] #aie PUT A /OP = ! TIME BE+ TO ! OP5 WIDESPREAD ACTIVITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 BUT DID NOT1 H[EV]1 ALTOGE!R EXT+UI% !M4 ,!Y OP]ATE AS ORGANIZATIONS 9 SECRET & OCCASIONALLY C>RY ON QUITE OP5 WAGE /RUGGLES4 ,A PECULI> MIXTURE ( ! LEGAL & ILLEGAL CONDITION ( TRADE-UNION LIFE IS BE+ BUILT UP1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! HI<LY CONTRADICTORY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 

,BUT 9 ! MID/ ( ! /RUGGLE ! WORK ( ORGANIZATION IS BE+ MORE WIDELY EXT5D$1 9 A ?OR\<GO+1 NOT TO SAY P$ANTIC FA%ION4 ,! TRADE-UNIONS ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ( ,POL& & ,LI?UANIA1 = EXAMPLE1 :I* AT ! LA/ CONGRESS 79 ,JULY #a#i#f7 W]E REPRES5T$ BY FIVE DELEGATES FROM A MEMB]%IP ( #a1 >E FURNI%$ ) ! USUAL /ATUTES1 PR9T$ MEMB]%IP C>DS1 ADHESIVE /AMPS1 ETC4 ,& ! SAME BANK]S & %OEMAK]S1 5G9E]S & PR9T]S ( ,W>SAW & ,LODZ :O 9 ,JUNE #aie /OOD ON ! B>RICADES & 9 ,DECEMB] ONLY AWAIT$ ! WORD FROM ,PET]SBURG TO BEG9 /REET FI<T+1 F9D TIME & >E EAG]1 BETWE5 ONE MASS /RIKE & ANO!R1 BETWE5 PRISON & LOCK\T1 & UND] ! CONDITIONS ( A SIEGE1 TO GO 9TO !IR TRADE-UNION /ATUTES & DISCUSS !M E>NE/LY4 ,!SE B>RICADE FI<T]S ( YE/]DAY & TOMORR[ HAVE 9DE$ MORE ?AN ONCE AT MEET+S SEV]ELY REPRIM&$ !IR LEAD]S & ?REAT5$ !M ) )DRAWAL FROM ! P>TY BECAUSE ! UNLUCKY TRADE-UNION MEMB]%IP C>DS C\LD NOT BE PR9T$ QUICKLY 5\< - 9 SECRET PR9T+ WORKS UND] 9CESSANT POLICE P]SECUTION4 ,?IS ZEAL & ?IS E>NE/NESS CONT9UE TO ?IS DAY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! FIR/ TWO WEEKS ( ,JULY #aif FIFTE5 NEW TRADE UNIONS APPE>$ 9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 SIX 9 ,KO/ROMA1 SEV]AL 9 ,KIEV1 ,POLTAVA1 ,SMOL5SK1 ,*]KASSY1 ,PROSKURVO1 D[N TO ! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT PROV9CIAL T[NS4 

,9 ! SESSION ( ! ,MOSC[ TRADE-UNION C\NCIL ( ,JUNE #d ?IS YE>1 AFT] ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! REPORTS ( 9DIVIDUAL TRADE-UNION DELEGATES1 IT WAS DECID$ 0?AT ! TRADE-UNIONS %\LD DISCIPL9E !IR MEMB]S & RE/RA9 FROM /REET RIOT+ BECAUSE ! TIME IS NOT CONSID]$ OPPORTUNE = ! MASS /RIKE4 ,9 ! FACE ( POSSIBLE PROVOCATION ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T1 C>E %\LD BE TAK5 ?AT ! MASSES DO NOT /REAM \T 9 ! /REETS40 ,F9ALLY1 ! C\NCIL DECID$ ?AT IF AT ANY TIME ONE TRADE-UNION BEGAN A /RIKE ! O!RS %\LD HOLD BACK FROM ANY WAGES MOVEM5T4 ,MO/ ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLES >E N[ DIRECT$ BY ! TRADE-UNIONS4 

,?US ! GREAT ECONOMIC /RUGGLE :I* PROCE$$ FROM ! ,JANU>Y G5]AL /RIKE1 & :I* HAS NOT CEAS$ TO ! PRES5T DAY1 HAS =M$ A BROAD BACKGR\ND ( ! REVOLUTION FROM :I*1 9 CEASELESS RECIPROCAL ACTION ) ! POLITICAL AGITATION & ! EXT]NAL EV5TS ( ! REVOLUTION1 !RE EV] >ISE H]E & !RE N[ ISOLAT$ EXPLOSIONS1 & N[ GREAT SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?US !RE FLAME UP AGA9/ ?IS BACKGR\ND ! FOLL[+ EV5TS ONE AFT] ! O!R2 AT ! ,MAY ,DAY DEMON/RATION !RE WAS AN UNPREC$5T$1 ABSOLUTE G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,W>SAW :I* 5D$ 9 A BLOODY 5C\NT] BETWE5 ! DEF5SELESS CR[D & ! SOLDI]S4 ,AT ,LODZ 9 ,JUNE A MASS \T+1 :I* WAS SCATT]$ BY ! SOLDI]S1 L$ TO A DEMON/RATION ( #a1 WORK]S AT ! FUN]AL ( SOME ( ! VICTIMS ( ! BRUTAL SOLDI]Y & TO A R5EW$ 5C\NT] ) ! MILIT>Y1 & F9ALLY1 ON ,JUNE #b#c1 #bd & #b#e1 PASS$ 9TO ! FIR/ B>RICADE FI<T 9 ! CZ>I/ EMPIRE4 ,SIMIL>LY 9 ,JUNE ! FIR/ GREAT REVOLT ( ! SAILORS ( ! ,BLACK ,SEA ,FLEET EXPLOD$ 9 ! H>BOR ( ,ODESSA FROM A TRIFL+ 9CID5T ON BO>D ! >MOR$ VESSEL ,POTEMK9 :I* REACT$ IMM$IATELY ON ,ODESSA & ,NIKOLAEV 9 ! =M ( A VIOL5T MASS /RIKE4 ,AS A FUR!R E*O FOLL[$ ! MASS /RIKE & ! SAILORS' REVOLTS 9 ,KRON/ADT1 ,LIBAU & ,VLADIVO/OK4 

,9 ! MON? ( ,OCTOB] ! GR&IOSE EXP]IM5T ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG WAS MADE ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! EI<T-H\R DAY4 ,! G5]AL C\NCIL ( WORK]S DELEGATES DECID$ TO A*IEVE ! EI<T-H\R DAY 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MANN]4 ,?AT MEANS ?AT ON ! APPO9T$ DAY ALL ! WORK]S ( ,PET]SBURG %\LD 9=M !IR EMPLOY]S ?AT !Y >E NOT WILL+ TO WORK MORE ?AN EI<T H\RS A DAY1 & %\LD LEAVE !IR PLACES ( WORK AT ! 5D ( EI<T H\RS4 ,! IDEA WAS ! OCCASION ( LIVELY AGITATION1 WAS ACCEPT$ BY ! PROLET>IAT ) 5?USIASM & C>RI$ \T1 BUT V]Y GREAT SACRIFICES W]E NOT !REBY AVOID$4 ,?US = EXAMPLE1 ! EI<T-H\R DAY MEANT AN 5ORM\S FALL 9 WAGES = ! TEXTILE WORK]S :O HAD HI!RTO WORK$ ELEV5 H\RS & ?AT ON A SY/EM ( PIECEWORK4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 !Y WILL+LY ACCEPT$4 ,)9 A WEEK ! EI<T-H\R DAY PREVAIL$ 9 EV]Y FACTORY & WORK%OP 9 ,PET]SBURG1 & ! JOY ( ! WORK]S KNEW NO B\NDS4 ,SOON1 H[EV]1 ! EMPLOY]S1 /UPEFI$ AT FIR/1 PREP>$ !IR DEF5SES2 EV]Y:]E !Y ?REAT5$ TO CLOSE !IR FACTORIES4 ,SOME ( ! WORK]S CONS5T$ TO NEGOTIATE & OBTA9$ H]E A WORK+ DAY ( T5 H\RS & !RE ONE ( N9E H\RS4 ,! ELITE ( ! ,PET]SBURG PROLET>IAT1 H[EV]1 ! WORK]S 9 ! L>GE GOV]NM5T 5G9E]+ E/ABLI%M5TS1 REMA9$ UN%AK51 & A LOCK\T 5SU$ :I* ?REW FROM =TY-FIVE TO FIFTY ?\S& M5 ON ! /REETS = A MON?4 ,AT ! SETTLEM5T ! EI<T-H\R DAY MOVEM5T WAS C>RI$ 9TO ! G5]AL /RIKE ( ,DECEMB] :I* ! GREAT LOCK\T HAD HAMP]$ TO A GREAT EXT5T4 

,MEAN:ILE1 H[EV]1 ! SECOND TREM5D\S G5]AL /RIKE ?R\<\T ! :OLE EMPIRE FOLL[S 9 ,OCTOB] AS A REPLY TO ! PROJECT ( ! ,BULYG9 ,DUMA - ! /RIKE TO :I* ! RAILWAYM5 GAVE ! SUMMONS4 ,?IS SECOND GREAT ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT ALREADY BE>S A *>ACT] ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ! FIR/ ONE 9 ,JANU>Y4 ,! ELEM5T ( POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS ALREADY PLAYS A MU* BIGG] ROLE4 ,H]E ALSO1 TO BE SURE1 ! IMM$IATE OCCASION = ! \TBREAK ( ! MASS /RIKE WAS A SUBORD9ATE & APP>5TLY ACCID5TAL ?+3 ! CONFLICT ( ! RAILWAYM5 ) ! MANAGEM5T OV] ! P5SION FUND4 ,BUT ! G5]AL RIS+ ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT :I* FOLL[$ UPON IT WAS CONDUCT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) CLE> POLITICAL IDEAS4 ,! PROLOGUE ( ! ,JANU>Y /RIKE WAS A PROCESSION TO ! CZ> TO ASK = POLITICAL FRE$OM3 ! WAT*WORD ( ! ,OCTOB] /RIKE RAN AWAY ) ! CON/ITUTIONAL COM$Y ( CZ>ISM6 

,& ?ANKS TO ! IMM$IATE SUCCESS ( ! G5]AL /RIKE1 TO ! CZ>'S MANIFE/O ( ,OCTOB] #c1 ! MOVEM5T DOES NOT FL[ BACK ON ITSELF1 AS 9 ,JANU>Y BUT RU%ES OV] \TW>DLY 9 ! EAG] ACTIVITY ( NEWLY ACQUIR$ POLITICAL FRE$OM4 ,DEMON/RATIONS1 MEET+S1 A Y\NG PRESS1 PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS & BLOODY MASSACRES AS ! 5D ( ! /ORY1 & !REUPON NEW MASS /RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS - SU* IS ! /ORMY PICTURE ( ! ,NOVEMB] & ,DECEMB] DAYS4 ,9 ,NOVEMB]1 AT ! 9/ANCE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 ,PET]SBURG ! FIR/ DEMON/RATIVE MASS /RIKE IS >RANG$ AS A PROTE/ DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! BLOODY DE$S & PROCLAMATION ( A /ATE ( SIEGE 9 ,POL& & ,LIVONIA4 

,! F]M5TATION AFT] ! BRIEF CON/ITUTIONAL P]IOD & ! GRUESOME AWAK5+ F9ALLY LEADS 9 ,DECEMB] TO ! \TBREAK ( ! ?IRD G5]AL MASS /RIKE ?R\<\T ! EMPIRE4 ,?IS TIME ITS C\RSE & ITS \TCOME >E ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE 9 ! TWO E>LI] CASES4 ,POLITICAL ACTION DOES NOT *ANGE 9TO ECONOMIC ACTION AS 9 ,JANU>Y1 BUT IT NO LONG] A*IEVES A RAPID VICTORY AS 9 ,OCTOB]4 ,! ATTEMPTS ( ! CZ>I/ CAM>ILLA ) REAL POLITICAL FRE$OM >E NO LONG] MADE1 & REVOLUTION>Y ACTION !RE)1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 & ALONG ITS :OLE L5G?1 KNOCK$ AGA9/ ! /RONG WALL ( ! PHYSICAL VIOL5CE ( ABSOLUTISM4 ,BY ! LOGICAL 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T ( PROGRESSIVE EXP]I5CE ! MASS /RIKE ?IS TIME *ANGES 9TO AN OP5 9SURRECTION1 TO >M$ B>RICADES1 & /REET FI<T+ 9 ,MOSC[4 ,! ,DECEMB] DAYS 9 ,MOSC[ CLOSE ! FIR/ EV5TFUL YE> ( ! REVOLUTION AS ! HI<E/ PO9T 9 ! ASC5D+ L9E ( POLITICAL ACTION & ( ! MASS /RIKE MOVEM5T4 

,! ,MOSC[ EV5TS %[ A TYPICAL PICTURE ( ! LOGICAL DEVELOPM5T & AT ! SAME TIME ( ! FUTURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ON ! :OLE3 !IR 9EVITABLE CLOSE 9 A G5]AL OP5 9SURRECTION1 :I* AGA9 ON ITS P>T CANNOT COME 9 ANY O!R WAY ?AN ?R\< ! S*OOL ( A S]IES ( PREP>ATORY P>TIAL 9SURRECTIONS1 :I* 5D 9 P>TIAL \TW>D 0DEFEATS0 &1 CONSID]$ 9DIVIDUALLY1 MAY APPE> TO BE 0PREMATURE40 

,! YE> #aif BR+S ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,DUMA & ! ,DUMA 9CID5TS4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 FROM A /RONG REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CT & CLE> KN[L$GE ( ! SITUATION1 BOYCOTTS ! :OLE CZ>I/ CON/ITUTIONAL F>CE1 & LIB]ALISM AGA9 OCCUPIES ! C5T] /AGE = A FEW MON?S4 ,! SITUATION ( #aid APPE>S TO HAVE COME AGA91 A P]IOD ( SPEE*ES 9/EAD ( ACTS1 & ! PROLET>IAT = A TIME WALK 9 ! %AD[ 9 ORD] TO DEVOTE !MSELVES ! MORE DILIG5TLY TO ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE & ! WORK ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,! MASS /RIKES >E NO LONG] SPOK5 (1 :ILE ! CLATT]+ ROCKETS ( LIB]AL RHETORIC >E FIR$ (F DAY AFT] DAY4 ,AT LA/1 ! IRON CURTA9 IS TORN D[N1 ! ACTORS >E DISP]S$1 & NO?+ REMA9S ( ! LIB]AL ROCKETS BUT SMOKE & VAPOR4 ,AN ATTEMPT ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY TO CALL =? A MASS /RIKE1 AS A DEMON/RATION = ! ,DUMA & ! REOP5+ ( ! P]IOD ( LIB]AL SPEE*MAK+1 FALLS ABSOLUTELY FLAT4 ,! ROLE ( ! POLITICAL MASS /RIKE ALONE IS EXHAU/$1 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! TRANSITION ( ! MASS /RIKE 9TO A G5]AL POPUL> RIS+ IS NOT YET ACCOMPLI%$4 ,! LIB]AL EPISODE IS PA/1 ! PROLET>IAN EPISODE IS NOT YET BEGUN4 ,! /AGE REMA9S EMPTY = ! TIME BE+4 

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