,! ,MASS ,/RIKE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,AN>*ISM & ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 

      #a1#f#c#i ,WORDS2 #a1#b#i#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,MASS ,/RIKE1 ,A ,HI/ORICAL & ,NOT AN ,>TIFICIAL ,PRODUCT 

      #a1#i#h#c ,WORDS2 #a#b1#b#f#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,MASS ,/RIKE ,MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA 

      #h1#f#c#h ,WORDS2 #e#c1#h#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,9T]ACTION ( ! ,POLITICAL & ! ,ECONOMIC ,/RUGGLE 

      #d1#a#h#h ,WORDS2 #b#e1#g#a#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,LESSONS ( ! ,WORK+-,CLASS ,MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ,APPLICABLE TO ,G]MANY 

      #b1#e#e#i ,WORDS2 #a#e1#i#b#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,CO-OP]ATION ( ,ORGANIS$ & ,UNORGANIS$ ,WORK]S ,NECESS>Y = ,VICTORY 

      #b1#c#e#i ,WORDS2 #a#d1#h#b#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,ROLE ( ! ,MASS ,/RIKE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION 

      #b1#i#b#d ,WORDS2 #a#h1#b#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,NE$ = ,UNIT$ ,ACTION ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 

      #e1#e#h#f ,WORDS2 #c#e1#h#a#c ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,AN>*ISM & ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 

,WRITT5 & FIR/ PUBLI%$3 #a#i#f4 
,S\RCE3 ,! ,MASS ,/RIKE1 ! ,POLITICAL ,P>TY & ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 
,PUBLI%]3 ,M>XI/ ,$UCATIONAL ,SOCIETY ( ,DETROIT1 #a#i#b#e4 
,TRANSLAT$3 ,PATRICK ,LAV94 
,ONL9E ,V]SION3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ,9T]NET ,>*IVE 7M>XI/S4ORG7 #a#i#i#i4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,A4 ,LEHR]4 

,ALMO/ ALL WORKS & PRON\NCEM5TS ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM ON ! SUBJECT ( ! MASS /RIKE DATE FROM ! TIME BE=E ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION .<( #a#i#e.>1 ! FIR/ HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ON A V]Y L>GE SCALE ) ! MEANS ( /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS !RE=E EVID5T ?AT !Y >E1 = ! MO/ P>T1 \T-(-DATE4 ,!IR /&PO9T IS ESS5TIALLY ?AT ( ,5GELS :O 9 #ahgc WROTE AS FOLL[S 9 HIS CRITICISM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y BLUND]+ ( ! ,BAKUN9I/S 9 ,SPA93 

0,! G5]AL /RIKE1 9 ! ,BAKUN9I/S' PROGRAM1 IS ! LEV] :I* WILL BE US$ = 9TRODUC+ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,ONE F9E MORN+ ALL ! WORK]S 9 EV]Y 9DU/RY 9 A C\NTRY1 OR P]HAPS 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 WILL CEASE WORK1 & !REBY COMPEL ! RUL+ CLASS EI!R TO SUBMIT 9 AB\T F\R WEEKS1 OR TO LAUN* AN ATTACK ON ! WORK]S SO ?AT ! LATT] WILL HAVE ! RI<T TO DEF5D !MSELVES1 & MAY USE ! OPPORTUNITY TO OV]?R[ ! OLD SOCIETY4 ,! PROPOSAL IS BY NO MEANS NEW3 ,FR5* & ,BELGIAN SOCIALI/S HAVE P>AD$ IT CONT9UALLY S9CE #a#h#d#h1 BUT = ALL ?AT IS ( ,5GLI% ORIG94 ,DUR+ ! RAPID & P[]FUL DEVELOPM5T ( ,*>TISM AMONG ! ,5GLI% WORK]S ?AT FOLL[$ ! CRISIS ( #a#h#c#g1 ! 'HOLY MON?' - A SUSP5SION ( WORK ON A NATIONAL SCALE - WAS PREA*$ AS E>LY AS #a#h#c#i1 & WAS RECEIV$ ) SU* FAVOR ?AT 9 ,JULY #ahdb ! FACTORY WORK]S ( ! NOR? ( ,5GL& ATTEMPT$ TO C>RY IT \T4 ,& AT ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,ALLIANCI/S AT ,G5EVA ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#h#g#c1 ! G5]AL /RIKE PLAY$ A GREAT P>T1 BUT IT WAS ADMITT$ ON ALL SIDES TO C>RY IT \T IT WAS NECESS>Y TO HAVE A P]FECT ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+-CLASS & A FULL W> *E/4 ,& ?AT IS ! CRUX ( ! QUE/ION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! GOV]NM5TS1 ESPECIALLY IF !Y >E 5C\RAG$ BY ! WORK]S' AB/5TION FROM POLITICAL ACTION1 WILL NEV] ALL[ ! FUNDS ( ! WORK]S TO BECOME L>GE 5\<1 & ON ! O!R H&1 POLITICAL EV5TS & ! 5CROA*M5TS ( ! RUL+ CLASS WILL BR+ AB\T ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S LONG BE=E ! PROLET>IAT GETS ! L5G? ( =M+ ?IS IDEAL ORGANIZATION & ?IS COLOSSAL RES]VE FUND4 ,BUT IF !Y HAD !SE1 !Y W\LD NOT NE$ TO MAKE USE ( ! R\NDAB\T WAY ( ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ORD] TO ATTA9 !IR OBJECT40 

,H]E WE HAVE ! REASON+ ?AT WAS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ATTITUDE ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY T[>DS ! MASS /RIKE 9 ! FOLL[+ DECADES4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON ! AN>*I/ !ORY ( ! G5]AL /RIKE - ?AT IS1 ! !ORY ( ! G5]AL /RIKE AS A MEANS ( 9AUGURAT+ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ! DAILY POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+-CLASS - & EXHAU/S ITSELF 9 ! FOLL[+ SIMPLE DILEMMA3 EI!R ! PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE >E NOT YET 9 POSSESSION ( ! P[]FUL ORGANIZATION & F9ANCIAL RES\RCES REQUIR$1 9 :I* CASE !Y CANNOT C>RY ?R\< ! G5]AL /RIKE2 OR !Y >E ALREADY SUFFICI5TLY WELL ORGANIZ$1 9 :I* CASE !Y DO NOT NE$ ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,?IS REASON+ IS SO SIMPLE & AT FIR/ GLANCE SO IRREFUTABLE ?AT1 = A QU>T] ( A C5TURY1 IT HAS R5D]$ EXCELL5T S]VICE TO ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T AS A LOGICAL WEAPON AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ PHANTOM & AS A MEANS ( C>RY+ \T ! IDEA ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE TO ! WIDE/ CIRCLES ( ! WORK]S4 ,! 5ORM\S /RIDES TAK5 BY ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S >E ! MO/ CONV9C+ EVID5CE ( ! VALUE ( ! TACTICS ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 :I* W]E 9SI/$ UPON BY ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 OPPOSITION TO ,BAKUN9ISM2 & ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 9 ITS POSITION ( VANGU>D ( ! 5TIRE 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T IS NOT 9 ! LEA/ ! DIRECT PRODUCT ( ! CONSI/5T & 5]GETIC APPLICATION ( !SE TACTICS4 

,! .<#a#i#e.> ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAS N[ EFFECT$ A RADICAL REVISION ( ! ABOVE PIECE ( REASON+4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE IT HAS A*IEV$ A GR&IOSE REALIZATION ( ! IDEA ( ! MASS /RIKE & - AS WE %ALL DISCUSS LAT] - HAS EV5 MATUR$ ! G5]AL /RIKE & !REBY OP5$ A NEW EPO* 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,IT DOES NOT1 ( C\RSE1 FOLL[ FROM ?IS ?AT ! TACTICS ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE RECOMM5D$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E FALSE OR ?AT CRITICISM APPLI$ BY !M TO AN>*ISM WAS 9CORRECT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! SAME TRA9 ( IDEAS1 ! SAME ME?OD1 ! ,5GELS-,M>XIAN TACTICS1 :I* LAY AT ! F\NDATION ( ! PREVI\S PRACTICE ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* N[ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION >E PRODUC+ NEW FACTORS & NEW CONDITIONS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 :I* IS ! FIR/ HI/ORICAL EXP]IM5T ON ! MODEL ( ! CLASS /RIKE1 NOT M]ELY DOES NOT AF=D A V9DICATION ( AN>*ISM1 BUT ACTUALLY MEANS ! HI/ORICAL LIQUIDATION ( AN>*ISM4 ,! SORRY EXI/5CE TO :I* ?IS M5TAL T5D5CY WAS CONDEMN$ 9 REC5T DECADES BY ! P[]FUL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ,G]MANY MAY1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 BE EXPLA9$ BY ! EXCLUSIVE DOM9ATION & LONG DURATION ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y P]IOD4 ,A T5D5CY PATT]N$ 5TIRELY UPON ! 0FIR/ BL[0 & 0DIRECT ACTION10 A T5D5CY 0REVOLUTION>Y0 9 ! MO/ NAK$ PIT*=K S5SE1 CAN ONLY TEMPOR>ILY LANGUI% 9 ! CALM ( P>LIAM5T>IAN DAY &1 ON A RETURN ( ! P]IOD ( DIRECT OP5 /RUGGLE1 CAN COME TO LIFE AGA9 & UNFOLD ITS 9H]5T /R5G?4 

,RUSSIA1 9 P>TICUL>1 APPE>$ TO HAVE BECOME ! EXP]IM5TAL FIELD = ! H]OIC DE$S ( AN>*ISM4 ,A C\NTRY 9 :I* ! PROLET>IAT HAD ABSOLUTELY NO POLITICAL RI<TS & EXTREMELY WEAK ORGANIZATIONS1 A MANY-COLOR$ COMPLEX ( V>I\S SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION1 A *AOS ( CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S1 A L[ /&>D ( $UCATION AMONG ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 EXTREME BRUTALITY 9 ! USE ( VIOL5CE ON ! P>T ( ! PREVAIL+ REGIME - ALL ?IS SEEM$ AS IF CREAT$ TO RAISE AN>*ISM TO A SUDD5 IF P]HAPS %ORT-LIV$ P[]4 ,& F9ALLY1 ,RUSSIA WAS ! HI/ORICAL BIR?PLACE ( AN>*ISM4 ,BUT ! FA!RL& ( ,BAKUN9 WAS TO BECOME ! BURIAL-PLACE ( HIS TEA*+S4 ,NOT ONLY DID & DO ! AN>*I/S 9 ,RUSSIA NOT /& AT ! HEAD ( ! MASS /RIKE MOVEM5T2 NOT ONLY DOES ! :OLE POLITICAL LEAD]%IP ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION & ALSO ( ! MASS /RIKE LIE 9 ! H&S ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* >E BITT]LY OPPOS$ AS 0B\RGEOIS P>TIES0 BY ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S1 OR P>TLY 9 ! H&S ( SU* SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS AS >E MORE OR LESS 9FLU5C$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & MORE OR LESS APPROXIMATE TO IT - SU* AS ! T]RORI/ P>TY1 ! 0SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>IES0 - BUT ! AN>*I/S SIMPLY DO NOT EXI/ AS A S]I\S POLITICAL T5D5CY 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,ONLY 9 A SMALL ,LI?UANIAN T[N ) P>TICUL>LY DIFFICULT CONDITIONS - A CONFUS$ M$LEY ( DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES AMONG ! WORK]S1 AN EXTREMELY SCATT]$ CONDITION ( SMALL-SCALE 9DU/RY1 A V]Y SEV]ELY OPPRESS$ PROLET>IAT - 9 ,BIALY/OK1 !RE IS1 AMONG ! SEV5 OR EI<T DIFF]5T REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS A H&FUL ( HALF-GR[N 0AN>*I/S0 :O PROMOTE CONFUSION & BEWILD]M5T AMONG ! WORK]S TO ! BE/ ( !IR ABILITY2 & LA/LY 9 ,MOSC[1 & P]HAPS 9 TWO OR ?REE O!R T[NS1 A H&FUL ( PEOPLE ( ?IS KIDNEY MAKE !MSELVES NOTICEABLE4 

,BUT AP>T FROM !SE FEW 0REVOLUTION>Y0 GR\PS1 :AT IS ! ACTUAL ROLE ( AN>*ISM 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION8 ,IT HAS BECOME ! SIGN ( ! COMMON ?IEF & PLUND]]2 A L>GE PROPORTION ( ! 9NUM]ABLE !FTS & ACTS ( PLUND] ( PRIVATE P]SONS >E C>RI$ \T UND] ! NAME ( 0AN>*I/-COMMUNISM0 - ACTS :I* RISE UP LIKE A TR\BL$ WAVE AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION 9 EV]Y P]IOD ( DEPRESSION & 9 EV]Y P]IOD ( TEMPOR>Y DEF5SIVE4 ,AN>*ISM HAS BECOME 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 NOT ! !ORY ( ! /RUGGL+ PROLET>IAT1 BUT ! IDEOLOGICAL SIGNBO>D ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 :O1 LIKE A S*OOL ( %>KS1 SW>M 9 ! WAKE ( ! BATTLE%IP ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,& !RE) ! HI/ORICAL C>E] ( AN>*ISM IS WELL-NI< 5D$4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,RUSSIA HAS BE5 REALIZ$ NOT AS MEANS ( EVAD+ ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+-CLASS1 & ESPECIALLY ( P>LIAM5T>ISM1 NOT AS A MEANS ( JUMP+ SUDD5LY 9TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY MEANS ( A !ATRICAL C\P1 BUT AS A MEANS1 FIR/LY1 ( CREAT+ = ! PROLET>IAT ! CONDITIONS ( ! DAILY POLITICAL /RUGGLE & ESPECIALLY ( P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 :I* MASS /RIKES >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT WEAPON1 IS1 BY ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 & ABOVE ALL BY ! PROLET>IAT1 CONDUCT$ = ?OSE POLITICAL RI<TS & CONDITIONS :OSE NECESSITY & IMPORTANCE 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+-CLASS ,M>X & ,5GELS FIR/ PO9T$ \T1 & 9 OPPOSITION TO AN>*ISM F\<T = ) ALL !IR MI<T 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?US HAS HI/ORICAL DIALECTICS1 ! ROCK ON :I* ! :OLE TEA*+ ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM RE/S1 BR\<T IT AB\T ?AT TODAY AN>*ISM1 ) :I* ! IDEA ( ! MASS /RIKE IS 9DISSOLUBLY ASSOCIAT$1 HAS ITSELF COME TO BE OPPOS$ TO ! MASS /RIKE :I* WAS COMBAT$ AS ! OPPOSITE ( ! POLITICAL ACTIVITY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 APPE>S TODAY AS ! MO/ P[]FUL WEAPON ( ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL RI<TS4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION MAKES IMP]ATIVE A FUNDAM5TAL REVISION ( ! OLD /&PO9T ( ,M>XISM ON ! QUE/ION ( ! MASS /RIKE1 IT IS ONCE AGA9 ,M>XISM :OSE G5]AL ME?OD & PO9TS ( VIEW HAVE !REBY1 9 NEW =M1 C>RI$ (F ! PRIZE4 ,! ,MOOR'S BELOV$ CAN DIE ONLY BY ! H& ( ! ,MOOR4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,MASS ,/RIKE1 ,A ,HI/ORICAL & ,NOT AN ,>TIFICIAL ,PRODUCT 

,! FIR/ REVISION ( ! QUE/ION ( ! MASS /RIKE :I* RESULTS FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ,RUSSIA RELATES TO ! G5]AL CONCEPTION ( ! PROBLEM4 ,TILL ! PRES5T TIME ! ZEAL\S ADVOCATES ( AN 0ATTEMPT ) ! MASS /RIKE0 9 ,G]MANY ( ! /AMP ( ,B]N/E91 ,EISN]1 ETC41 & ALSO ! /RONGE/ OPPON5TS ( SU* AN ATTEMPT AS REPRES5T$ 9 ! TRADE-UNION CAMP BY1 = EXAMPLE1 ,BOMBELBURG1 /& :5 ALL IS SAID & DONE1 ON ! SAME CONCEPTION1 & ?AT IS ! AN>*I/ ONE4 ,! APP>5T POL> OPPOSITES DO NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUDE EA* O!R BUT1 AS ALWAYS1 CONDITION1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 SUPPLEM5T EA* O!R4 ,= ! AN>*I/ MODE ( ?\<T IS DIRECT SPECULATION ON ! 0GREAT ,KLADD]ADATS*10 ON ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION M]ELY AS AN EXT]NAL & 9ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/IC4 ,ACCORD+ TO IT1 :AT IS ESS5TIAL IS ! :OLE AB/RACT1 UNHI/ORICAL VIEW ( ! MASS /RIKE & ( ALL ! CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE G5]ALLY4 

,= ! AN>*I/ !RE EXI/ ONLY TWO ?+S AS MAT]IAL SUPPOSITIONS ( HIS 0REVOLUTION>Y0 SPECULATIONS - FIR/1 IMAG9ATION1 & SECOND GOODWILL & C\RAGE TO RESCUE HUMANITY FROM ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/ VALE ( TE>S4 ,?IS FANCIFUL MODE ( REASON+ SIXTY YE>S AGO GAVE ! RESULT ?AT ! MASS /RIKE WAS ! %ORTE/1 SURE/ & EASIE/ MEANS ( SPR++ 9TO ! BETT] SOCIAL FUTURE4 ,! SAME MODE ( REASON+ REC5TLY GAVE ! RESULT ?AT ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE WAS ! ONLY REAL 0DIRECT ACTION ( ! MASSES0 & ALSO ! ONLY REAL REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE - :I*1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 IS ! LATE/ NOTION ( ! ,FR5* & ,ITALIAN 0SYNDICALI/S40 ,! FATAL ?+ = AN>*ISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 ?AT ! ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE IMPROVIS$ 9 ! AIR W]E NOT ONLY A RECKON+ )\T !IR HO/1 ?AT IS1 !Y W]E PURELY UTOPIAN1 BUT ?AT !Y1 :ILE NOT RECKON+ 9 ! LEA/ ) ! DESPIS$ EVIL REALITY1 UNEXPECT$LY BECAME 9 ?IS EVIL REALITY1 PRACTICAL HELPS TO ! REACTION1 :]E PREVI\SLY !Y HAD ONLY BE51 = ! MO/ P>T1 REVOLUTION>Y SPECULATIONS4 

,ON ! SAME GR\ND ( AB/RACT1 UNHI/ORICAL ME?ODS ( OBS]VATION /& ?OSE TODAY :O W\LD1 9 ! MANN] ( A BO>D ( DIRECTORS1 PUT ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,G]MANY ON ! CAL5D> ON AN APPO9T$ DAY1 & ?OSE :O1 LIKE ! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! TRADE-UNION CONGRESS AT ,COLOGNE1 W\LD BY A PROHIBITION ( 0PROPAG&A0 ELIM9ATE ! PROBLEM ( ! MASS /RIKE FROM ! FACE ( ! E>?4 ,BO? T5D5CIES PROCE$ ON ! COMMON PURELY AN>*I/IC ASSUMPTION ?AT ! MASS /RIKE IS A PURELY TE*NICAL MEANS ( /RUGGLE :I* CAN BE 0DECID$0 AT !IR PLEASURE & /RICTLY ACCORD+ TO CONSCI5CE1 OR 0=BIDD50 - A K9D ( POCKETKNIFE :I* CAN BE KEPT 9 ! POCKET CLASP$ 0READY = ANY EM]G5CY10 & ACCORD+ TO ! DECISION1 CAN BE UNCLASP$ & US$4 ,! OPPON5TS ( ! MASS /RIKE DO 9DE$ CLAIM = !MSELVES ! M]IT ( TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION ! HI/ORICAL GR\NDWORK & ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! PRES5T CONDITIONS 9 ,G]MANY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! 0REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICI/S0 :O HOV] 9 ! AIR1 & DO NOT AT ANY PO9T RECKON ) ! H>D REALITIES & ! POSSIBILITIES & IMPOSSIBILITIES4 0,FACTS & FIGURES2 FIGURES & FACTS60 !Y CRY1 LIKE ,MR4 ,GRADGR9D 9 ,DICK5S' ,H>D ,TIMES4 

,:AT ! TRADE-UNION OPPON5T ( ! MASS /RIKE UND]/&S BY ! 0HI/ORICAL BASIS0 & 0MAT]IAL CONDITIONS0 IS TWO ?+S - ON ! ONE H& ! WEAKNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ON ! O!R H&1 ! /R5G? ( ,PRUSSIAN-,G]MAN MILIT>ISM4 ,! 9ADEQUATE ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S & ! IMPOS+ ,PRUSSIAN BAYONET - !SE >E ! FACTS & FIGURES UPON :I* !SE TRADE-UNION LEAD]S BASE !IR PRACTICAL POLICY 9 ! GIV5 CASE4 ,N[ IT IS QUITE TRUE ?AT ! TRADE-UNION CA% BOX & ! ,PRUSSIAN BAYONET >E MAT]IAL & V]Y HI/ORICAL PH5OM5A1 BUT ! CONCEPTION BAS$ UPON !M IS NOT HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM 9 ,M>X'S S5SE BUT A POLICEMANLIKE MAT]IALISM 9 ! S5SE ( ,PUTTKAMM]4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! CAPITALI/ POLICE /ATE RECKON ON MU*1 & 9DE$1 EXCLUSIVELY1 ) ! OCCASIONAL REAL P[] ( ! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT AS WELL AS ) ! MAT]IAL MI<T ( ! BAYONET1 & FROM ! COMP>ATIVE EXAMPLE ( !SE TWO R[S ( FIGURES ! COM=T+ CONCLUSION IS ALWAYS DRAWN ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y LABOR MOVEM5T IS PRODUC$ BY 9DIVIDUAL DEMAGOGUES & AGITATORS2 & ?AT !RE=E !RE IS 9 ! PRISONS & BAYONETS AN ADEQUATE MEANS ( SUBDU+ ! UNPLEASANT 0PASS+ PH5OM5A40 

,! CLASS-CONSCI\S ,G]MAN WORK]S HAVE AT LA/ GRASP$ ! HUMOR ( ! POLICEMANLIKE !ORY ?AT ! :OLE MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T IS AN >TIFICIAL1 >BITR>Y PRODUCT ( A H&FUL ( CONSCI5CELESS 0DEMAGOGUES & AGITATORS40 

,IT IS EXACTLY ! SAME CONCEPTION1 H[EV]1 ?AT F9DS EXPRESSION :5 TWO OR ?REE WOR?Y COMRADES UNITE 9 A VOLUNT>Y COLUMN ( NI<T-WAT*M5 9 ORD] TO W>N ! ,G]MAN WORK+-CLASS AGA9/ ! DANG]\S AGITATION ( A FEW 0REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICI/S0 & !IR 0PROPAG&A ( ! MASS /RIKE02 OR1 :5 ON ! O!R SIDE1 A NOISY 9DIGNATION CAMPAIGN IS 5G9E]$ BY ?OSE :O1 BY MEANS ( 0CONFID5TIAL0 AGREEM5TS BETWE5 ! EXECUTIVE ( ! P>TY & ! G5]AL COMMISSION ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 BELIEVE !Y CAN PREV5T ! \TBREAK ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,G]MANY4 

,IF IT DEP5D$ ON ! 9FLAMMATORY 0PROPAG&A0 ( REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICI/S OR ON CONFID5TIAL OR PUBLIC DECISIONS ( ! P>TY DIRECTION1 !N WE %\LD NOT EV5 YET HAVE HAD 9 ,RUSSIA A S+LE S]I\S MASS /RIKE4 ,9 NO C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD - AS ,I PO9T$ \T 9 ,M>* #aie 9 ! ,SA*SIS*E ,>BEIT]ZEITUNG - WAS ! MASS /RIKE SO LITTLE 0PROPAGAT$0 OR EV5 0DISCUSS$0 AS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& ! ISOLAT$ EXAMPLES ( DECISIONS & AGREEM5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY EXECUTIVE :I* REALLY S\<T TO PROCLAIM ! MASS /RIKE ( !IR [N ACCORD - AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! LA/ ATTEMPT 9 ,AUGU/ ( ?IS YE> AFT] ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,DUMA - >E ALMO/ VALUELESS4 

,IF1 !RE=E1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION TEA*ES US ANY?+1 IT TEA*ES ABOVE ALL ?AT ! MASS /RIKE IS NOT >TIFICIALLY 0MADE10 NOT 0DECID$0 AT R&OM1 NOT 0PROPAGAT$10 BUT ?AT IT IS A HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON :I*1 AT A GIV5 MOM5T1 RESULTS FROM SOCIAL CONDITIONS ) HI/ORICAL 9EVITABILITY4 ,IT IS NOT1 !RE=E1 BY AB/RACT SPECULATIONS ON ! POSSIBILITY OR IMPOSSIBILITY1 ! UTILITY OR ! 9JURI\SNESS ( ! MASS /RIKE1 BUT ONLY BY AN EXAM9ATION ( ?OSE FACTORS & SOCIAL CONDITIONS \T ( :I* ! MASS /RIKE GR[S 9 ! PRES5T PHASE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE - 9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS NOT BY SUBJECTIVE CRITICISM ( ! MASS /RIKE FROM ! /&PO9T ( :AT IS DESIRABLE1 BUT ONLY BY OBJECTIVE 9VE/IGATION ( ! S\RCES ( ! MASS /RIKE FROM ! /&PO9T ( :AT IS HI/ORICALLY 9EVITABLE1 ?AT ! PROBLEM CAN BE GRASP$ OR EV5 DISCUSS$4 

,9 ! UNREAL SPH]E ( AB/RACT LOGICAL ANALYSIS IT CAN BE %[N ) EXACTLY ! SAME =CE ON EI!R SIDE ?AT ! MASS /RIKE IS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE & SURE TO BE DEFEAT$1 & ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE & ?AT ITS TRIUMPH CANNOT BE QUE/ION$4 ,& !RE=E ! VALUE ( ! EVID5CE L$ ON EA* SIDE IS EXACTLY ! SAME - & ?AT IS NIL4 ,!RE=E1 ! FE> ( ! 0PROPAGATION0 ( ! MASS /RIKE1 :I* HAS EV5 L$ TO =MAL ANA?AMAS AGA9/ ! P]SONS ALLEG$ TO BE GUILTY ( ?IS CRIME1 IS SOLELY ! PRODUCT ( ! DROLL CONFUSION ( P]SONS4 ,IT IS JU/ AS IMPOSSIBLE TO 0PROPAGATE0 ! MASS /RIKE AS AN AB/RACT MEANS ( /RUGGLE AS IT IS TO PROPAGATE ! 0REVOLUTION40 0,REVOLUTION0 LIKE 0MASS /RIKE0 SIGNIFIES NO?+ BUT AN EXT]NAL =M ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* CAN HAVE S5SE & MEAN+ ONLY 9 CONNECTION ) DEF9ITE POLITICAL SITUATIONS4 

,IF ANYONE W]E TO UND]TAKE TO MAKE ! MASS /RIKE G5]ALLY1 AS A =M ( PROLET>IAN ACTION1 ! OBJECT ( ME?ODOLOGICAL AGITATION1 & TO GO H\SE-TO-H\SE CANVAS+ ) ?IS 0IDEA0 9 ORD] TO GRADUALLY W9 ! WORK+-CLASS TO IT1 IT W\LD BE AS IDLE & PR(ITLESS & ABSURD AN OCCUPATION AS IT W\LD BE TO SEEK TO MAKE ! IDEA ( ! REVOLUTION OR ( ! FI<T AT ! B>RICADES ! OBJECT ( A SPECIAL AGITATION4 ,! MASS /RIKE HAS N[ BECOME ! C5T] ( ! LIVELY 9T]E/ ( ! ,G]MAN & ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+-CLASS BECAUSE IT IS A NEW =M ( /RUGGLE1 & AS SU* IS ! SURE SYMPTOM ( A ?OR\<GO+ 9T]NAL REVOLUTION 9 ! RELATIONS ( ! CLASSES & 9 ! CONDITIONS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS A TE/IMONY TO ! S\ND REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CT & TO ! QUICK 9TELLIG5CE ( ! MASS ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ! OB/9ATE RESI/ANCE ( !IR TRADE-UNION LEAD]S1 !Y >E APPLY+ !MSELVES TO ?IS NEW PROBLEM ) SU* KE5 9T]E/4 

,BUT IT DOES NOT MEET ! CASE1 9 ! PRES5CE ( ?IS 9T]E/ & ( ?IS F9E1 9TELLECTUAL ?IR/ & DESIRE = REVOLUTION>Y DE$S ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S1 TO TREAT !M TO AB/RACT M5TAL GYMNA/ICS ON ! POSSIBILITY OR IMPOSSIBILITY ( ! MASS /RIKE2 !Y %\LD BE 5LI<T5$ ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! 9T]NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ?AT REVOLUTION1 ! %>P5+ ( CLASS ANTAGONISMS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ! WID] POLITICAL P]SPECTIVES ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY1 & ! ROLE & ! TASKS ( ! MASSES 9 ! COM+ /RUGGLES4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS =M WILL ! DISCUSSION ON ! MASS /RIKE LEAD TO ! WID5+ ( ! 9TELLECTUAL HORIZON ( ! PROLET>IAT1 TO ! %>P5+ ( !IR WAY ( ?9K+1 & TO ! /EEL+ ( !IR 5]GY4 

,VIEW$ FROM ?IS /&PO9T H[EV]1 ! CRIM9AL PROCE$+S DESIR$ BY ! 5EMIES ( 0REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICISM0 APPE> 9 ALL !IR ABSURDITY1 BECAUSE1 9 TREAT+ ( ! PROBLEM1 ONE DOES NOT ADH]E /RICTLY TO ! TEXT ( ! ,J5A RESOLUTION4 ,! 0PRACTICAL POLITICIANS0 AGREE TO ?IS RESOLUTION IF NE$ BE1 BECAUSE !Y C\PLE ! MASS /RIKE *IEFLY ) ! FATE ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 FROM :I* IT FOLL[S ?AT !Y CAN BELIEVE 9 TWO ?+S - FIR/1 ?AT ! MASS /RIKE IS ( A PURELY DEF5SIVE *>ACT]1 & SECOND1 ?AT ! MASS /RIKE IS EV5 SUBORD9ATE TO P>LIAM5T>ISM1 ?AT IS1 HAS BE5 TURN$ 9TO A M]E APP5DAGE ( P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,BUT ! REAL K]NEL ( ! ,J5A RESOLUTION 9 ?IS CONNECTION IS ?AT 9 ! PRES5T POSITION ( ,G]MANY AN ATTEMPT ON ! P>T ( ! PREVAIL+ REACTION ON ! P>LIAM5T>Y VOTE W\LD 9 ALL PROBABILITY BE ! MOM5T = ! 9TRODUCTION (1 & ! SIGNAL =1 A P]IOD ( /ORMY POLITICAL /RUGGLES 9 :I* ! MASS /RIKE AS A MEANS ( /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY MI<T WELL COME 9TO USE = ! FIR/ TIME4 

,BUT TO SEEK TO N>R[ & TO >TIFICIALLY SMO!R ! SOCIAL IMPORTANCE1 & TO LIMIT ! HI/ORICAL SCOPE1 ( ! MASS /RIKE AS A PH5OM5ON & AS A PROBLEM ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE BY ! WORD+ ( A CONGRESS RESOLUTION IS AN UND]TAK+ :I* = %ORT-SI<T$NESS CAN ONLY BE COMP>$ ) ! VETO ON DISCUSSION ( ! TRADE-UNION CONGRESS AT ,COLOGNE4 ,9 ! RESOLUTION ( ! ,J5A ,CONGRESS1 ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS (FICIALLY TAK5 NOTICE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE :I* ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION .<( #a#i#e.> HAS EFFECT$ 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE1 & HAS ANN\NC$ ITS CAPACITY = REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T & ITS P[] ( ADAPTABILITY TO ! NEW DEM&S ( ! COM+ PHASE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,!RE9 LIES ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,J5A RESOLUTION4 ,AS = ! PEACEFUL APPLICATION ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,G]MANY1 HI/ORY WILL DECIDE ?AT AS IT DECID$ IT 9 ,RUSSIA - HI/ORY 9 :I* ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ) ITS DECISIONS IS1 IT IS TRUE1 AN IMPORTANT FACTOR1 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ONLY ONE FACTOR AMONG MANY4 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,MASS ,/RIKE ,MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA 

,! MASS /RIKE1 AS IT APPE>S = ! MO/ P>T 9 ! DISCUSSION 9 ,G]MANY1 IS A V]Y CLE> & SIMPLY ?\<T \T1 %>PLY SKET*$ ISOLAT$ PH5OM5ON4 ,IT IS ! POLITICAL MASS /RIKE EXCLUSIVELY ?AT IS SPOK5 (4 ,:AT IS MEANT BY IT IS A S+LE GR& RIS+ ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT SPR++ FROM SOME POLITICAL MOTIVE ( ! HI<E/ IMPORTANCE1 & UND]TAK5 ON ! BASIS ( AN OPPORTUNE & MUTUAL UND]/&+ ON ! P>T ( ! CONTROLL+ AU?ORITIES ( ! NEW P>TY & ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 & C>RI$ ?R\< 9 ! SPIRIT ( P>TY DISCIPL9E & 9 P]FECT ORD]1 & 9 /ILL MORE P]FECT ORD] BR\<T TO ! DIRECT+ COMMITTEES AS A SIGNAL GIV5 AT ! PROP] TIME1 BY :I* COMMITTEES ! REGULATION ( SUPPORT1 ! CO/1 ! SACRIFICE - 9 A WORD1 ! :OLE MAT]IAL BALANCE ( ! MASS /RIKE - IS EXACTLY DET]M9$ 9 ADVANCE4 

,N[1 :5 WE COMP>E ?IS !ORETICAL S*EME ) ! REAL MASS /RIKE1 AS IT APPE>$ 9 ,RUSSIA FIVE YE>S AGO1 WE >E COMPELL$ TO SAY ?AT ?IS REPRES5TATION1 :I* 9 ! ,G]MAN DISCUSSION OCCUPIES ! C5TRAL POSITION1 H>DLY CORRESPONDS TO A S+LE ONE ( ! MANY MASS /RIKES ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE1 & ON ! O!R H& ?AT ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,RUSSIA DISPLAYS SU* A MULTIPLICITY ( ! MO/ V>I$ =MS ( ACTION ?AT IT IS ALTOGE!R IMPOSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( 0!0 MASS /RIKE1 ( AN AB/RACT S*EMATIC MASS /RIKE4 ,ALL ! FACTORS ( ! MASS /RIKE1 AS WELL AS ITS *>ACT]1 >E NOT ONLY DIFF]5T 9 ! DIFF]5T T[NS & DI/RICTS ( ! C\NTRY1 BUT ITS G5]AL *>ACT] HAS (T5 *ANG$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! MASS /RIKE HAS PASS$ ?R\< A DEF9ITE HI/ORY 9 ,RUSSIA1 & IS PASS+ /ILL FUR!R ?R\< IT4 ,:O1 !RE=E1 SPEAKS ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,RUSSIA MU/1 ABOVE ALL ?+S1 KEEP ITS HI/ORY BE=E HIS EYES4 

,! PRES5T (FICIAL P]IOD1 SO TO SPEAK1 ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS JU/LY DAT$ FROM ! RIS+ ( ! PROLET>IAT ON ,JANU>Y #b#b1 #a#i#e1 :5 ! DEMON/RATION ( #b1 WORK]S 5D$ 9 A FRI<TFUL BLOODBA? BE=E ! CZ>'S PALACE4 ,! BLOODY MASSACRE 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG WAS1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 ! SIGNAL = ! \TBREAK ( ! FIR/ GIGANTIC S]IES ( MASS /RIKES :I* SPREAD OV] ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIA )9 A FEW DAYS & :I* C>RI$ ! CALL TO ACTION ( ! REVOLUTION FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG TO EV]Y CORN] ( ! EMPIRE & AMONG ! WIDE/ SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG RIS+ ( ,JANU>Y #bb WAS ONLY ! CRITICAL MOM5T ( A MASS /RIKE1 :I* ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CZ>I/ CAPITAL HAD PREVI\SLY 5T]$ UPON 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#e4 ,! ,JANU>Y MASS /RIKE WAS )\T D\BT C>RI$ ?R\< UND] ! IMM$IATE 9FLU5CE ( ! GIGANTIC G5]AL /RIKE1 :I* 9 ,DECEMB] #aid BROKE \T 9 ! ,CAUCASUS1 9 ,BAKU1 & = A LONG TIME KEPT ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIA 9 SUSP5SE4 ,! EV5TS ( ,DECEMB] 9 ,BAKU W]E ON !IR P>T ONLY ! LA/ & P[]FUL RAMIFICATION ( ?OSE TREM5D\S MASS /RIKES :I*1 LIKE A P]IODIC E>?QUAKE1 %OOK ! :OLE ( S\? ,RUSSIA1 & :OSE PROLOGUE WAS ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,BATUM 9 ! ,CAUCASUS 9 ,M>* #a#i#b4 

,?IS FIR/ MASS /RIKE MOVEM5T 9 ! CONT9U\S S]IES ( PRES5T REVOLUTION>Y ]UPTIONS IS F9ALLY SEP>AT$ BY FIVE OR SIX YE>S FROM ! GREAT G5]AL /RIKE ( ! TEXTILE WORK]S 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 #ahif & #a#h#i#g1 & IF ?IS MOVEM5T IS APP>5TLY SEP>AT$ FROM ! PRES5T REVOLUTION BY A FEW YE>S ( APP>5T /AGNATION & /RONG REACTION1 EV]YONE :O KN[S ! 9N] POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT TO !IR PRES5T /AGE ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY WILL REALIZE ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! PRES5T P]IOD ( ! MASS /RUGGLES BEG9S ) ?OSE G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,!Y >E !RE=E IMPORTANT = ! PROBLEMS ( ! MASS /RIKE BECAUSE !Y ALREADY CONTA91 9 ! G]M1 ALL ! PR9CIPAL FACTORS ( LAT] MASS /RIKES4 

,AGA91 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG G5]AL /RIKE ( #ahif APPE>S AS A PURELY ECONOMIC P>TIAL WAGE /RUGGLE4 ,ITS CAUSES W]E ! 9TOL]ABLE WORK+ CONDITIONS ( ! SP9N]S & WEAV]S 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG2 A WORK+ DAY ( ?IRTE51 F\RTE5 OR FIFTE5 H\RS1 MIS]ABLE PIECEWORK RATES1 & A :OLE S]IES ( CONTEMPTIBLE *ICAN]IES ON ! P>T ( ! EMPLOY]S4 ,! WORK]S1 H[EV]1 PATI5TLY 5DUR$ ?IS CONDITION ( ?+S1 = A LONG TIME TILL AN APP>5TLY TRIVIAL CIRCUM/ANCE FILL$ ! CUP TO OV]FL[+4 ,! CORONATION ( ! PRES5T CZ>1 ,NI*OLAS ,I,I1 :I* HAD BE5 PO/PON$ = TWO YE>S ?R\< FE> ( ! REVOLUTION>IES1 WAS CELEBRAT$ 9 ,MAY #a#h#i#f1 & ON ?AT OCCASION ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG EMPLOY]S DISPLAY$ !IR PATRIOTIC ZEAL BY GIV+ !IR WORK]S ?REE DAYS COMPULSORY HOLIDAYS1 = :I*1 CURI\S TO RELATE1 !Y DID NOT DESIRE TO PAY !IR EMPLOYES4 ,! WORK]S ANG]$ BY ?IS BEGAN TO MOVE4 ,AFT] A CONF]5CE ( AB\T ?REE HUNDR$ ( ! 9TELLIG5T WORK]S 9 ! ,EKAT]9H( ,G>D5 A /RIKE WAS DECID$ UPON1 & ! FOLL[+ DEM&S W]E =MULAT$3 FIR/1 PAYM5T ( WAGES = ! CORONATION HOLIDAYS2 SECOND1 A WORK+ DAY ( T5 H\RS2 ?IRD1 9CREAS$ RATES = PIECEWORK4 ,?IS HAPP5$ ON ,MAY #b#d4 ,9 A WEEK EV]Y WEAV+ & SP9N+ E/ABLI%M5T WAS AT A /&/ILL & #d1 WORK]S W]E 9 ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,TODAY1 ?IS EV5T1 MEASUR$ BY ! GIGANTIC MASS /RIKE ( ! REVOLUTION1 MAY APPE> A LITTLE ?+4 ,9 ! POLITICAL POL> RIGIDITY ( ! ,RUSSIA ( ?AT TIME A G5]AL /RIKE WAS SOME?+ UNHE>D (2 IT WAS EV5 A COMPLETE REVOLUTION 9 LITTLE4 ,!RE BEGAN1 ( C\RSE1 ! MO/ BRUTAL P]SECUTION4 ,AB\T ONE ?\S& WORK]S W]E >RE/$ & ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS SUPPRESS$4 

,H]E1 ALREADY1 WE SEE ALL ! FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! LAT] MASS /RIKES4 ,! NEXT OCCASION ( ! MOVEM5T WAS :OLLY ACCID5TAL1 EV5 UNIMPORTANT1 ITS \TBREAK ELEM5T>Y2 BUT 9 ! SUCCESS ( ! MOVEM5T ! FRUITS ( ! AGITATION1 EXT5D+ OV] SEV]AL YE>S1 ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY W]E SE5 & 9 ! C\RSE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATORS /OOD AT ! HEAD ( ! MOVEM5T1 DIRECT$ IT1 & US$ IT TO /IR UP REVOLUTION>Y AGITATION4 ,FUR!R1 ! /RIKE WAS \TW>DLY A M]E ECONOMIC /RUGGLE = WAGES1 BUT ! ATTITUDE ( ! GOV]NM5T & ! AGITATION ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY MADE IT A POLITICAL PH5OM5ON ( ! FIR/ RANK4 ,& LA/LY1 ! /RIKE WAS SUPPRESS$2 ! WORK]S SUFF]$ A 0DEFEAT40 ,BUT 9 ,JANU>Y ( ! FOLL[+ YE> ! TEXTILE WORK]S ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG REPEAT$ ! G5]AL /RIKE ONCE MORE & A*IEV$ ?IS TIME A REM>KABLE SUCCESS3 ! LEGAL 9TRODUCTION ( A WORK+ DAY ( ELEV5 H\RS ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIA4 ,:AT WAS NEV]!LESS A MU* MORE IMPORTANT RESULT WAS ?IS3 S9CE ! FIR/ G5]AL /RIKE ( #ahif :I* WAS 5T]$ UPON )\T A TRACE ( ORGANIZATION OR ( /RIKE FUNDS1 AN 9T5SIVE TRADE-UNION FI<T BEGAN 9 ,RUSSIA PROP] :I* SPREAD FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG TO ! O!R P>TS ( ! C\NTRY & OP5$ UP 5TIRELY NEW VI/AS TO SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATION & ORGANIZATION1 & BY :I* TO ! APP>5TLY DEA?-LIKE PEACE ( ! FOLL[+ P]IOD1 ! REVOLUTION WAS PREP>$ = BY UND]GR\ND WORK4 

,! \TBREAK ( ! ,CAUCASIAN /RIKE 9 ,M>* #aib WAS APP>5TLY AS ACCID5TAL & AS MU* DUE TO PURE ECONOMIC P>TIAL CAUSES 7AL?\< PRODUC$ BY QUITE O!R FACTORS7 AS ?AT ( #a#h#i#f4 ,IT WAS CONNECT$ ) ! S]I\S 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL CRISIS :I*1 9 ,RUSSIA1 WAS ! PRECURSOR ( ! ,JAPANESE W> & :I*1 TOGE!R ) IT1 WAS ! MO/ P[]FUL FACTOR ( ! NASC5T REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T4 ,! CRISIS PRODUC$ AN 5ORM\S MASS ( UNEMPLOYM5T :I* N\RI%$ ! AGITATION AMONG ! PROLET>IAN MASSES1 & !RE=E ! GOV]NM5T1 TO RE/ORE TRANQUILITY AMONG ! WORK]S1 UND]TOOK TO TRANSPORT ! 0SUP]FLU\S H&S0 9 BAT*ES TO !IR RESPECTIVE HOME DI/RICTS4 ,ONE SU* MEASURE1 :I* WAS TO AFFECT AB\T F\R HUNDR$ PETROLEUM WORK]S CALL$ =? A MASS PROTE/ 9 ,BATUM1 :I* L$ TO DEMON/RATIONS1 >RE/S1 A MASSACRE1 & F9ALLY TO A POLITICAL TRIAL 9 :I* ! PURELY ECONOMIC & P>TIAL AFFAIR SUDD5LY BECAME A POLITICAL & REVOLUTION>Y EV5T4 ,! REV]B]ATION ( ! :OLLY 0FRUITLESS0 EXPIR+ & SUPPRESS$ /RIKE 9 ,BATUM WAS A S]IES ( REVOLUTION>Y MASS DEMON/RATIONS ( WORK]S 9 ,NIZHNI ,NOVGOROD1 ,S>ATOV1 & O!R T[NS1 & !RE=E A MI<TY SURGE =W>D ( ! G5]AL WAVE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 

,ALREADY 9 ,NOVEMB] #aib ! FIR/ G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y E*O FOLL[$ 9 ! %APE ( A G5]AL /RIKE AT ,RO/OV-ON-,DON4 ,DISPUTES AB\T ! RATES ( PAY 9 ! WORK%OPS ( ! ,VLADICAUCASUS ,RAILWAY GAVE ! IMPETUS TO ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,! MANAGEM5T S\<T TO R$UCE WAGES & !RE=E ! ,DON COMMITTEE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ISSU$ A PROCLAMATION ) A SUMMONS TO /RIKE = ! FOLL[+ DEM&S3 A N9E-H\R DAY1 9CREASE 9 WAGES1 ABOLITION ( F9ES1 DISMISSAL ( OBNOXI\S 5G9E]S1 ETC4 ,5TIRE RAILWAY WORK%OPS P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! /RIKE4 ,PRES5TLY ALL O!R 9DU/RIES JO9$ 9 & SUDD5LY AN UNPREC$5T$ /ATE ( AFFAIRS PREVAIL$ 9 ,RO/OV3 EV]Y 9DU/RIAL WORK WAS AT A /&/ILL1 & EV]Y DAY MON/] MEET+S ( FIFTE5 TO TW5TY ?\S& W]E HELD 9 ! OP5 AIR1 SOMETIMES SURR\ND$ BY A CORDON ( ,COSSACKS1 AT :I* = ! FIR/ TIME SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POPUL> SPEAK]S APPE>$ PUBLICLY1 9FLAMMATORY SPEE*ES ON SOCIALISM & POLITICAL FRE$OM W]E DELIV]$ & RECEIV$ ) IMM5SE 5?USIASM1 & REVOLUTION>Y APPEALS W]E DI/RIBUT$ BY T5S ( ?\S&S ( COPIES4 ,9 ! MID/ ( RIGID ABSOLUTI/ ,RUSSIA ! PROLET>IAT ( ,RO/OV WON = ! FIR/ TIME ! RI<T ( ASSEMBLY & FRE$OM ( SPEE* BY /ORM4 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT !RE WAS A MASSACRE H]E4 ,! DISPUTES OV] WAGES 9 ! ,VLADICAUCASUS ,RAILWAY WORK%OPS GREW 9 A FEW DAYS 9TO A POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKE & A REVOLUTION>Y /REET BATTLE4 ,AS AN E*O TO ?IS !RE FOLL[$ IMM$IATELY A G5]AL /RIKE AT ! /ATION ( ,TI*ORETZKAIA ON ! SAME RAILWAY4 ,H]E ALSO A MASSACRE TOOK PLACE & ALSO A TRIAL1 & ?US EV5 ,TI*ORETZKAIA HAS TAK5 ITS PLACE 9 ! 9DISSOLUBLE *A9 ( ! FACTORS ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,! SPR+ ( #aic GAVE ! ANSW] TO ! DEFEAT$ /RIKES 9 ,RO/OV & ,TI*ORETZKAIA2 ! :OLE ( ,S\? ,RUSSIA 9 ,MAY1 ,JUNE & ,JULY WAS AFLAME4 ,BAKU1 ,TIFLIS1 ,BATUM1 ,ELISAVETGRAD1 ,ODESSA1 ,KIEV1 ,NIKOLAEV & ,EKAT]9OSLAV W]E 9 A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ! LIT]AL MEAN+ ( ?OSE WORDS4 ,BUT H]E AGA9 ! MOVEM5T DID NOT >ISE ON ANY PRECONCEIV$ PLAN FROM ONE ANO!R2 IT FL[$ TOGE!R FROM 9DIVIDUAL PO9TS 9 EA* ONE FROM DIFF]5T CAUSES & 9 A DIFF]5T =M4 ,! BEG9N+ WAS MADE BY ,BAKU :]E SEV]AL P>TIAL WAGE /RUGGLES 9 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES & DEP>TM5TS CULM9AT$ 9 A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,9 ,TIFLIS1 ! /RIKE WAS BEGUN BY #b COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES :O HAD A WORK+ DAY FROM SIX O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+ TO ELEV5 AT NI<T4 ,ON ! F\R? ( ,JULY !Y ALL LEFT !IR %OPS & MADE A CIRCUIT ( ! T[N TO DEM& FROM ! PROPRIETORS ( ! %OPS ?AT !Y CLOSE !IR PREMISES4 ,! VICTORY WAS COMPLETE2 ! COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES WON A WORK+ DAY FROM EI<T 9 ! MORN+ TO EI<T 9 ! EV5+1 & ALL ! FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS & (FICES1 ETC1 IMM$IATELY JO9$ !M4 ,! NEWSPAP]S DID NOT APPE>1 & TRAMWAY TRAFFIC C\LD NOT BE C>RI$ ON UND] MILIT>Y PROTECTION4 

,9 ,ELISAVETGRAD ON ,JULY #d A /RIKE BEGAN 9 ALL ! FACTORIES ) PURELY ECONOMIC DEM&S4 ,!SE W]E MO/LY CONC$$1 & ! /RIKE 5D$ ON ! F\RTE5?4 ,TWO WEEKS LAT] H[EV] IT BROKE \T AGA94 ,! BAK]S ?IS TIME GAVE ! WORD & ! BRICKLAY]S1 ! JO9]S1 ! DY]S1 ! MILL-WORK]S1 & F9ALLY ALL FACTORY WORK]S JO9$ !M4 

,9 ,ODESSA ! MOVEM5T BEGAN ) A WAGE /RUGGLE 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* ! 0LEGAL0 WORK]S' UNION1 F\ND$ BY GOV]NM5T AG5TS ACCORD+ TO ! PROGRAM ( ! FAM\S G5D>ME ,ZUBATOV1 WAS DEVELOP$4 ,HI/ORICAL DIALECTICS HAD AGA9 SEIZ$ ! OCCASION TO PLAY ONE IF ITS MALICI\S LITTLE PRANKS4 ,! ECONOMIC /RUGGLES ( ! E>LI] P]IOD 7AMONG !M ! GREAT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#h#i#f7 HAD MISL$ ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9TO EXAGG]AT+ ! IMPORTANCE ( SO-CALL$ ECONOMICS1 & 9 ?IS WAY ! GR\ND HAD BE5 PREP>$ AMONG ! WORK]S = ! DEMAGOGIC ACTIVITIES ( ,ZUBATOV4 ,AFT] A TIME1 H[EV]1 ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y /REAM TURN$ R\ND ! LITTLE %IP ) ! FALSE FLAG & COMPELL$ IT TO RIDE RI<T AT ! HEAD ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN FLOTILLA4 ,! ,ZUBATOVIAN UNIONS GAVE ! SIGNAL = ! GREAT G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,ODESSA 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#d1 AS = ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#e4 ,! WORK]S ( ,ODESSA1 :O W]E NOT TO BE DECEIV$ BY ! APPE>ANCE ( FRI5DL9ESS ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T = ! WORK]S1 & ( ITS SYMPA?Y ) PURELY ECONOMIC /RIKES1 SUDD5LY DEM&$ PRO( BY EXAMPLE1 & COMPELL$ ! ,ZUBATOVIAN 0WORK]S UNION0 9 A FACTORY TO DECL>E A /RIKE = V]Y MOD]ATE DEM&S4 ,!Y W]E IMM$IATELY ?R[N ON ! /REETS1 & :5 !Y DEM&$ ! PROTECTION ( ! AU?ORITIES :I* WAS PROMIS$ !M BY !IR LEAD]1 ! G5TLEMAN VANI%$ & LEFT ! WORK]S 9 ! WILDE/ EXCITEM5T4 

,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS AT ONCE PLAC$ !MSELVES AT ! HEAD ( AFFAIRS1 & ! /RIKE MOVEM5T EXT5D$ TO O!R FACTORIES4 ,ON ! FIR/ DAY ( ,JULY #b1#e DOCK]S /RUCK WORK = AN 9CREASE ( WAGES FROM EI<TY KOPECKS TO TWO RUBLES1 & ! %ORT5+ ( ! WORK DAY BY HALF-AN-H\R4 ,ON ! SIXTE5? DAY ( ,JULY ! SEAM5 JO9$ ! MOVEM5T4 ,ON ! ?IRTE5? DAY ! TRAMWAY /AFF BEGAN A /RIKE4 ,!N A MEET+ TOOK PLACE ( ALL ! /RIK]S1 SEV5 OR EI<T ?\S& M52 !Y =M$ A PROCESSION :I* W5T FROM FACTORY TO FACTORY1 GR[+ LIKE AN AVALAN*E1 & PRES5TLY A CR[D ( =TY TO FIFTY ?\S& BETOOK !MSELVES TO ! DOCKS 9 ORD] TO BR+ ALL WORK !RE TO A /&/ILL4 ,A G5]AL /RIKE SOON REIGN$ ?R\<\T ! :OLE CITY4 

,9 ,KIEV1 A /RIKE BEGAN 9 ! RAILWAY WORK%OPS ON ,JULY #b#a/4 ,H]E1 ALSO1 ! IMM$IATE CAUSE WAS MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS ( LABOR1 & WAGE DEM&S W]E PRES5T$4 ,ON ! FOLL[+ DAY ! F\NDRY M5 FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE4 ,ON ,JULY #b#cRD1 AN 9CID5T OCCURR$ :I* GAVE ! SIGNAL = ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,DUR+ ! NI<T TWO DELEGATES ( ! RAILWAYM5 W]E >RE/$4 ,! /RIK]S IMM$IATELY DEM&$ !IR RELEASE1 & AS ?IS WAS NOT CONC$$1 !Y DECID$ NOT TO ALL[ TRA9S TO LEAVE ! T[N4 ,AT ! /ATION ALL ! /RIK]S ) !IR WIVES & FAMILIES SAT D[N ON ! RAILWAY TRACK - A SEA ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,!Y W]E ?REAT5$ ) RIFLE SALVOES4 ,! WORK]S B>$ !IR BREA/S & CRI$1 0,%OOT60 ,A SALVO WAS FIR$ 9TO ! DEF5SELESS SEAT$ CR[D1 & ?IRTY TO =TY CORPSES1 AMONG !M WOM5 & *ILDR51 REMA9$ ON ! GR\ND4 ,ON ?IS BECOM+ KN[N ! :OLE T[N ( ,KIEV W5T ON /RIKE ON ! SAME DAY4 ,! CORPSES ( ! MURD]$ WORK]S W]E RAIS$ ON HI< BY ! CR[D & C>RI$ R\ND 9 A MASS DEMON/RATION4 ,MEET+S1 SPEE*ES1 >RE/S1 ISOLAT$ /REET FI<TS - ,KIEV WAS 9 ! MID/ ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS SOON AT AN 5D4 ,BUT ! PR9T]S HAD WON A %ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY BY ONE H\R & A WAGE 9CREASE ( ONE RUBLE2 9 A YEA/ FACTORY ! EI<T-H\R DAY WAS 9TRODUC$2 ! RAILWAY WORK%OPS W]E CLOS$ BY ORD] ( ! M9I/RY2 O!R DEP>TM5TS CONT9U$ P>TIAL /RIKES = !IR DEM&S4 

,9 ,NIKOLAEV1 ! G5]AL /RIKE BROKE \T UND] ! IMM$IATE 9FLU5CE ( NEWS FROM ,ODESSA1 ,BAKU1 ,BATUM & ,TIFLIS1 9 SPITE ( ! OPPOSITION ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC COMMITTEE :O WANT$ TO PO/PONE ! \TBREAK ( ! MOVEM5T TILL ! TIME CAME :5 ! MILIT>Y %\LD HAVE LEFT ! T[N = MANEUV]S4 ,! MASSES REFUS$ TO HOLD BACK2 ONE FACTORY MADE A BEG9N+1 ! /RIKES W5T FROM ONE WORK%OP TO ANO!R1 ! RESI/ANCE ( ! MILIT>Y ONLY P\R$ OIL ON ! FIRE4 ,MASS PROCESSIONS ) REVOLUTION>Y SONGS W]E =M$ 9 :I* ALL WORK]S1 EMPLOYES1 TRAMWAYS (FICIALS1 M5 & WOM5 TOOK P>T4 ,! CESSATION ( WORK WAS COMPLETE4 ,9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 ! BAK]S CAME \T ON /RIKE ON ,AUGU/ #e1 ON ! SEV5? ! M5 9 ! RAILWAY WORK%OPS1 & !N ALL ! O!R FACTORIES ON ,AUGU/ #h4 ,TRAMWAY TRAFFIC /OPP$1 & ! NEWSPAP]S DID NOT APPE>4 

,?US1 ! COLOSSAL G5]AL /RIKE 9 S\? ,RUSSIA CAME 9TO BE+ 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c4 ,BY MANY SMALL *ANNELS ( P>TIAL ECONOMIC /RUGGLES & LITTLE 0ACCID5TAL0 OCCURR5CES IT FL[$ RAPIDLY TO A RAG+ SEA1 & *ANG$ ! 5TIRE S\? ( ! CZ>I/ EMPIRE = SOME WEEKS 9TO A BIZ>RE REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' REPUBLIC4 0,BRO!RLY EMBRACES1 CRIES ( DELI<T & ( 5?USIASM1 SONGS ( FRE$OM1 M]RY LAU<T]1 HUMOR & JOY W]E SE5 & HE>D 9 ! CR[D ( MANY ?\S&S ( P]SONS :I* SURG$ ?R\< ! T[N FROM MORN+ TILL EV5+4 ,! MOOD WAS EXALT$2 ONE C\LD ALMO/ BELIEVE ?AT A NEW1 BETT] LIFE WAS BEG9N+ ON ! E>?4 ,A MO/ SOLEMN & AT ! SAME TIME AN IDYLLIC1 MOV+ SPECTACLE40 444 ,SO WROTE AT ! TIME ! CORRESPOND5T ( ! ,LIB]AL ,OSVOBO%D5YE ( ,PET] ,/RUVE4 

,! YE> #aid BR\<T ) IT W>1 & = A TIME1 AN 9T]VAL ( QUIET 9 ! MASS /RIKE MOVEM5T4 ,AT FIR/ A TR\BL$ WAVE ( 0PATRIOTIC0 DEMON/RATIONS >RANG$ BY ! POLICE AU?ORITIES SPREAD OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,! 0LIB]AL0 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WAS = ! TIME BE+ /RUCK TO ! GR\ND BY ! CZ>I/ (FICIAL *AUV9ISM4 ,BUT SOON ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS TOOK POSSESSION ( ! >5A2 REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' DEMON/RATIONS W]E OPPOS$ TO ! DEMON/RATIONS ( ! PATRIOTIC LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 :I* W]E ORGANIZ$ UND] POLICE PATRONAGE4 ,AT LA/1 ! %AMEFUL DEFEATS ( ! CZ>I/ >MY WOKE ! LIB]AL SOCIETY FROM ITS LE?>GY2 !N BEGAN ! ]A ( DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSES1 BANQUETS1 SPEE*ES1 ADDRESSES & MANIFE/OS4 ,ABSOLUTISM1 TEMPOR>ILY SUPPRESS$ ?R\< ! DISGRACE ( ! W>1 GAVE FULL SCOPE TO !SE G5TLEM51 & BY & BY !Y SAW EV]Y?+ 9 ROSY COLORS4 ,= SIX MON?S B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM OCCUPI$ ! C5T] ( ! /AGE & ! PROLET>IAT REMA9$ 9 ! %AD[S4 ,BUT AFT] A LONG DEPRESSION1 ABSOLUTISM AGA9 R\S$ ITSELF1 ! CAM>ILLA GA!R$ ALL ITS /R5G? & BY A S+LE1 P[]FUL MOVEM5T ( ! ,COSSACK'S HEEL ! :OLE LIB]AL MOVEM5T WAS DRIV5 9TO A CORN]4 ,BANQUETS1 SPEE*ES1 & CONGRESSES W]E PROHIBIT$ \T ( H& AS 09TOL]ABLE PRESUMPTION10 & LIB]ALISM SUDD5LY F\ND ITSELF AT ! 5D ( ITS TE!R4 

,BUT EXACTLY AT ! PO9T :]E LIB]ALISM WAS EXHAU/$1 ! ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT BEGAN4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #aid ! GREAT G5]AL /RIKE DUE TO UNEMPLOYM5T BROKE \T 9 ,BAKU2 ! WORK+-CLASS WAS AGA9 ON ! FIELD ( BATTLE4 ,AS SPEE* WAS =BIDD5 & R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE1 ACTION BEGAN4 ,9 ,BAKU = SOME WEEKS 9 ! MID/ ( ! G5]AL /RIKE ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS RUL$ AS ABSOLUTE MA/]S ( ! SITUATION2 & ! PECULI> EV5TS ( ,DECEMB] 9 ! ,CAUCASUS W\LD HAVE CAUS$ AN IMM$IATE S5SATION IF !Y HAD NOT BE5 SO QUICKLY PUT 9 ! %ADE BY ! RIS+ TIDE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! FANTA/IC CONFUS$ NEWS ( ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,BAKU HAD NOT REA*$ ALL P>TS ( ! CZ>I/ EMPIRE :5 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#e2 ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG BROKE \T4 

,H]E ALSO1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 ! IMM$IATE CAUSE WAS TRIVIAL4 ,TWO M5 EMPLOY$ AT ! ,PUTILOV WORKS W]E DIS*>G$ ON ACC\NT ( !IR MEMB]%IP 9 ! LEGAL ,ZUBATOVIAN UNION4 ,?IS MEASURE CALL$ =? A SOLID>ITY /RIKE ON ,JANU>Y #af ( ! :OLE ( ! #a#b1 EMPLOY$ 9 ?IS WORKS4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS SEIZ$ ! OCCASION ( ! /RIKE TO BEG9 A LIVELY AGITATION = ! EXT5SION ( ! DEM&S & SET =? DEM&S = ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION1 FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ( ! PRESS1 ETC4 ,! UNRE/ AMONG ! ,PUTILOV WORK]S COMMUNICAT$ ITSELF QUICKLY TO ! REMA9D] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & 9 A FEW DAYS #a#d1 WORK]S W]E ON /RIKE4 ,JO9T CONF]5CES & /ORMY DISCUSSIONS L$ TO ! WORK+ \T ( ?AT PROLET>IAN *>T] ( B\RGEOIS FRE$OM ) ! EI<T-H\R DAY AT ITS HEAD ) :I*1 ON ,JANU>Y #b#bND1 #b1 WORK]S L$ BY ,FA!R ,GAPON1 M>*$ TO ! CZ>'S PALACE4 ,! CONFLICT ( ! TWO ,PUTILOV WORK]S :O HAD BE5 SUBJECT$ TO DISCIPL9>Y PUNI%M5T HAD *ANG$ )9 A WEEK 9TO ! PROLOGUE ( ! MO/ VIOL5T REVOLUTION 9 MOD]N TIMES4 

,! EV5TS ?AT FOLL[$ UPON ?IS >E WELL KN[N1 ! BLOODBA? 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG CALL$ =? GIGANTIC MASS /RIKES & G5]AL /RIKE 9 ! MON? ( ,JANU>Y1 & ,FEBRU>Y 9 ALL ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S & T[NS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,POL&1 ,LI?UANIA1 ! ,BALTIC ,PROV9CES1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 ,SIB]IA1 FROM NOR? TO S\? & EA/ TO WE/4 ,ON CLOS] 9SPECTION1 H[EV]1 IT CAN BE SE5 ?AT ! MASS /RIKE WAS APPE>+ 9 O!R =MS ?AN ?OSE ( ! PREVI\S P]IOD4 ,EV]Y:]E AT ?AT TIME ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS W5T BE=E ) APPEALS2 EV]Y:]E WAS REVOLUTION>Y SOLID>ITY ) ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PROLET>IAT EXPRESSLY /AT$ AS ! CAUSE & AIM ( ! G5]AL /RIKE2 EV]Y:]E1 AT ! SAME TIME1 !RE W]E DEMON/RATIONS1 SPEE*ES1 CONFLICTS ) ! MILIT>Y4 

,BUT EV5 H]E !RE WAS NO PR$ET]M9$ PLAN1 NO ORGANIZ$ ACTION1 BECAUSE ! APPEALS ( ! P>TIES C\LD SC>CELY KEEP PACE ) ! SPONTANE\S RIS+S ( ! MASSES2 ! LEAD]S HAD SC>CELY TIME TO =MULATE ! WAT*WORDS ( ! ONRU%+ CR[D ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,FUR!R1 ! E>LI] MASS & G5]AL /RIKES HAD ORIG9AT$ FROM 9DIVIDUAL COALESC+ WAGE /RUGGLES :I*1 9 ! G5]AL TEMP] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION & UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATION1 RAPIDLY BECAME POLITICAL DEMON/RATIONS2 ! ECONOMIC FACTOR & ! SCATT]$ CONDITION ( TRADE UNIONISM W]E ! />T+ PO9T2 ALL-EMBRAC+ CLASS ACTION & POLITICAL DIRECTION ! RESULT4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS N[ REV]S$4 

,! G5]AL /RIKES ( ,JANU>Y & ,FEBRU>Y BROKE \T AS UNIFI$ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS TO BEG9 ) UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS2 BUT ?IS ACTION SOON FELL 9TO AN UN5D+ S]IES ( LOCAL1 P>TIAL1 ECONOMIC /RIKES 9 SEP>ATE DI/RICTS1 T[NS1 DEP>TM5TS & FACTORIES4 ,?R\<\T ! :OLE ( ! SPR+ ( #aie & 9TO ! MIDDLE ( ! SUMM] !RE F]M5T$ ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( ! IMM5SE EMPIRE AN UN9T]RUPT$ ECONOMIC /RIKE ( ALMO/ ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT AGA9/ CAPITAL - A /RUGGLE :I* CAU<T1 ON ! ONE H&1 ALL ! PETTY B\RGEOIS & LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS1 COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES1 TE*NICIANS1 ACTORS & MEMB]S ( >TI/IC PR(ESSIONS - & ON ! O!R H&1 P5ETRAT$ TO ! DOME/IC S]VANTS1 ! M9OR POLICE (FICIALS & EV5 TO ! /RATUM ( ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT1 & SIMULTANE\SLY SURG$ FROM ! T[NS TO ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS & EV5 KNOCK$ AT ! IRON GATES ( ! MILIT>Y B>RACKS4 

,?IS IS A GIGANTIC1 MANY-COLOR$ PICTURE ( A G5]AL >RANGEM5T ( LABOR & CAPITAL :I* REFLECTS ALL ! COMPLEXITY ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & ( ! POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( EV]Y SECTION & ( EV]Y DI/RICT2 & ! :OLE LONG SCALE RUNS FROM ! REGUL> TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE ( A PICK$ & TE/$ TROOP ( ! PROLET>IAT DRAWN FROM L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY1 TO ! =MLESS PROTE/ ( A H&FUL ( RURAL PROLET>IANS1 & TO ! FIR/ SLI<T /IRR+S ( AN AGITAT$ MILIT>Y G>RISON1 FROM ! WELL-$UCAT$ & ELEGANT REVOLT 9 CUFFS & :ITE COLL>S 9 ! C\NT+ H\SE ( A BANK TO ! %Y-BOLD MURMUR+S ( A CLUMSY MEET+ ( DISSATISFI$ POLICEM5 9 A SMOKE-GRIM$ D>K & DIRTY GU>DROOM4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY ( ! LOV]S ( 0ORD]LY & WELL-DISCIPL9$0 /RUGGLES1 ACCORD+ TO PLAN & S*EME1 ACCORD+ TO ?OSE ESPECIALLY :O ALWAYS \<T TO KN[ BETT] FROM AF> 0H[ IT %\LD HAVE BE5 DONE10 ! DECAY ( ! GREAT POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKE ( ,JANU>Y #aie 9TO A NUMB] ( ECONOMIC /RUGGLES WAS PROBABLY 0A GREAT MI/AKE0 :I* CRIPPL$ ?AT ACTION & *ANG$ IT 9TO A 0/RAW FIRE40 ,BUT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ,RUSSIA1 :I* HAD TAK5 P>T 9 ! REVOLUTION BUT HAD NOT 0MADE0 IT1 & :I* HAD EV5 TO LE>N ITS LAW FROM ITS C\RSE ITSELF1 WAS AT ! FIR/ GLANCE PUT \T ( C\NT5ANCE = A TIME BY ! APP>5TLY FRUITLESS EBB ( ! /ORM-FLOOD ( ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,HI/ORY1 H[EV]1 :I* HAD MADE ?AT 0GREAT MI/AKE10 !REBY ACCOMPLI%$1 HE$LESS ( ! REASON+S ( ITS (FICI\S S*OOLMA/]1 A GIGANTIC WORK = ! REVOLUTION :I* WAS AS 9EVITABLE AS IT WAS1 9 ITS CONSEQU5CES1 9CALCULABLE4 

,! SUDD5 G5]AL RIS+ ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,JANU>Y UND] ! P[]FUL IMPETUS ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG EV5TS WAS \TW>DLY A POLITICAL ACT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DECL>ATION ( W> ON ABSOLUTISM4 ,BUT ?IS FIR/ G5]AL DIRECT ACTION REACT$ 9W>DLY ALL ! MORE P[]FULLY AS IT = ! FIR/ TIME AWOKE CLASS FEEL+ & CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS 9 MILLIONS UPON MILLIONS AS IF BY AN ELECTRIC %OCK4 ,& ?IS AWAK5+ ( CLASS FEEL+ EXPRESS$ ITSELF =?) 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT ! PROLET>IAN MASS1 C\NT$ BY MILLIONS1 QUITE SUDD5LY & %>PLY CAME TO REALIZE H[ 9TOL]ABLE WAS ?AT SOCIAL & ECONOMIC EXI/5CE :I* !Y HAD PATI5TLY 5DUR$ = DECADES 9 ! *A9S ( CAPITALISM4 ,!REUPON1 !RE BEGAN A SPONTANE\S G5]AL %AK+ ( & TUGG+ AT !SE *A9S4 ,ALL ! 9NUM]ABLE SUFF]+S ( ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT REM9D$ !M ( ! OLD BLE$+ W\NDS4 ,H]E WAS ! EI<T-H\R DAY F\<T =1 !RE PIECE-WORK WAS RESI/$1 H]E W]E BRUTAL =EM5 0DRIV5 (F0 9 A SACK ON A H&C>1 AT ANO!R PLACE 9FAM\S SY/EMS ( F9ES W]E F\<T AGA9/1 EV]Y:]E BETT] WAGES W]E /RIV5 = & H]E & !RE ! ABOLITION ( HOMEWORK4 ,BACKW>D1 DEGRAD$ OCCUPATIONS 9 L>GE T[NS1 SMALL PROV9CIAL T[NS1 :I* HAD HI!RTO DREAM$ 9 AN IDYLLIC SLEEP1 ! VILLAGE ) ITS LEGACY FROM FEUDALISM - ALL !SE1 SUDD5LY AWAK5$ BY ! ,JANU>Y LI<TN+1 BE?\<T !MSELVES ( !IR RI<TS & N[ S\<T FEV]I%LY TO MAKE UP = !IR PREVI\S NEGLECT4 

,H]E1 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE WAS NOT REALLY A DECAY1 A DISSIPATION ( ACTION1 BUT M]ELY *ANGE ( FRONT1 A SUDD5 & NATURAL ALT]ATION ( ! FIR/ G5]AL 5GAGEM5T ) ABSOLUTISM1 9 A G5]AL RECKON+ ) CAPITAL1 :I* 9 KEEP+ ) ITS *>ACT] ASSUM$ ! =M ( 9DIVIDUAL1 SCATT]$ WAGE /RUGGLES4 ,POLITICAL CLASS ACTION WAS NOT BROK5 9 ,JANU>Y BY ! DECAY ( ! G5]AL /RIKE 9TO ECONOMIC /RIKES1 BUT ! REV]SE1 AFT] ! POSSIBLE CONT5T ( POLITICAL ACTION 9 ! GIV5 SITUATION & AT ! GIV5 /AGE ( ! REVOLUTION WAS EXHAU/$1 IT BROKE1 OR RA!R *ANG$1 9TO ECONOMIC ACTION4 

,9 PO9T ( FACT1 :AT MORE C\LD ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,JANU>Y HAVE A*IEV$8 ,ONLY COMPLETE ?\<TLESSNESS C\LD EXPECT ?AT ABSOLUTISM C\LD BE DE/ROY$ AT ONE BL[ BY A S+LE 0LONG-DRAWN0 G5]AL /RIKE AFT] ! AN>*I/ PLAN4 ,ABSOLUTISM 9 ,RUSSIA MU/ BE OV]?R[N BY ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO OV]?R[ IT1 ! PROLET>IAT REQUIRES A HI< DEGREE ( POLITICAL $UCATION1 ( CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS & ORGANIZATION4 ,ALL !SE CONDITIONS CANNOT BE FULFILL$ BY PAMPHLETS & LEAFLETS1 BUT ONLY BY ! LIV+ POLITICAL S*OOL1 BY ! FI<T & 9 ! FI<T1 9 ! CONT9U\S C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,FUR!R1 ABSOLUTISM CANNOT BE OV]?R[N AT ANY DESIR$ MOM5T 9 :I* ONLY ADEQUATE 0EX]TION0 & 05DURANCE0 IS NECESS>Y4 ,! FALL ( ABSOLUTISM IS M]ELY ! \T] EXPRESSION ( ! 9N] SOCIAL & CLASS DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 

,BE=E ABSOLUTISM CAN1 & SO F> ?AT IT MAY1 BE OV]?R[N1 ! B\RGEOIS ,RUSSIA 9 ITS 9T]IOR1 9 ITS MOD]N CLASS DIVISIONS1 MU/ BE =M$4 ,?AT REQUIRES ! DRAW+ TOGE!R ( ! V>I\S SOCIAL LAY]S & 9T]E/S1 BESIDES ! $UCATION ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES1 & NOT LESS ( ! LIB]AL1 RADICAL PETTY B\RGEOIS1 CONS]VATIVE & REACTION>Y P>TIES2 IT REQUIRES SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 SELF-KN[L$GE & ! CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS NOT M]ELY ( ! LAY]S ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT ALSO ( ! LAY]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT ?IS ALSO CAN BE A*IEV$ & COME TO FRUITION 9 NO WAY BUT 9 ! /RUGGLE1 9 ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION ITSELF1 ?R\< ! ACTUAL S*OOL ( EXP]I5CE1 9 COLLISION ) ! PROLET>IAT AS WELL AS ) ONE ANO!R1 9 9CESSANT MUTUAL FRICTION4 ,?IS CLASS DIVISION & CLASS MATURITY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS ITS ACTION 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM1 IS ON ! ONE H&1 HAMP]$ & MADE DIFFICULT BY ! PECULI> LEAD+ ROLE ( ! PROLET>IAT &1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS SPURR$ ON & ACCEL]AT$4 ,! V>I\S UND]CURR5TS ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS ( ! REVOLUTION CROSS ONE ANO!R1 *ECK ONE ANO!R1 & 9CREASE ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT 9 ! 5D ACCEL]ATE & !REBY R5D] /ILL MORE VIOL5T ITS ]UPTIONS4 

,?IS APP>5TLY SIMPLE & PURELY ME*ANICAL PROBLEM MAY !RE=E BE /AT$ ?US3 ! OV]?R[ ( ABSOLUTISM IS A LONG1 CONT9U\S SOCIAL PROCESS1 & ITS SOLUTION DEM&S A COMPLETE UND]M9+ ( ! SOIL ( SOCIETY2 ! UPP]MO/ P>T BE PLAC$ L[E/ & ! L[]MO/ P>T HI<E/1 ! APP>5T 0ORD]0 MU/ BE *ANG$ TO A *AOS1 & ! APP>5TLY 0AN>*I/IC0 *AOS MU/ BE *ANG$ 9TO A NEW ORD]4 ,N[ 9 ?IS PROCESS ( ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ( OLD ,RUSSIA1 NOT ONLY ! ,JANU>Y LI<TN+ ( ! FIR/ G5]AL /RIKE1 BUT ALSO ! SPR+ & SUMM] ?UND]/ORMS ?AT FOLL[$ IT1 PLAY$ AN 9DISP5SABLE P>T4 ,! EMBITT]$ G5]AL RELATIONS ( WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL CONTRIBUT$ 9 EQUAL MEASURE TO ! DRAW+ TOGE!R ( ! V>I\S LAY]S ( ! PEOPLE & ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 TO ! CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT & TO ?AT ( ! LIB]AL & CONS]VATIVE B\RGEOISIE4 ,& JU/ AS ! URBAN WAGE /RUGGLE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! =MATION ( A /RONG MON>*I/ 9DU/RIAL P>TY 9 ,MOSC[1 SO ! CONFLAGRATION ( ! VIOL5T RURAL RIS+ 9 ,LIVONIA L$ TO ! RAPID LIQUIDATION ( ! FAM\S >I/OCRATIC-AGR>IAN ZEM/VO LIB]ALISM4 

,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ! P]IOD ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLES ( ! SPR+ & SUMM] ( #aie MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! URBAN PROLET>IAT1 BY MEANS ( ACTIVE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATION & DIRECTION1 TO ASSIMILATE LAT] ALL ! LESSONS ( ! ,JANU>Y PROLOGUE & TO GRASP CLE>LY ALL ! FUR!R TASKS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,!RE WAS CONNECT$ ) ?IS TOO1 ANO!R CIRCUM/ANCE ( AN 5DUR+ SOCIAL *>ACT]3 A G5]AL RAIS+ ( ! /&>D ( LIFE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & 9TELLECTUAL4 

,! ,JANU>Y /RIKES ( #aie 5D$ VICTORI\SLY ALMO/ ?R\<\T4 ,AS PRO( ( ?IS SOME DATA FROM ! 5ORM\S1 & /ILL = ! MO/ P>T1 9ACCESSIBLE MASS ( MAT]IAL MAY BE CIT$ H]E RELAT+ TO A FEW ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT /RIKES C>RI$ ?R\< 9 ,W>SAW ALONE BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ( ,POL& & ,LI?UANIA4 ,9 ! GREAT FACTORIES ( ! METAL 9DU/RY ( ,W>SAW3 ,LILPOS ,LTD42 ,RAN & ,L[5/E92 ,RUDZKI & ,CO42 ,BORMAN1 ,S*W$E & ,CO42 ,H&TKE1 ,G]LA* & ,PUL/2 ,GEISL] ,BROS42 ,EB]H]D1 ,WOLSKI & ,CO42 ,KONRAD & ,YANRUSZKIEWICZ ,LTD42 ,WEB] & ,DAEHU2 ,EWIZDZ9SKI & ,CO42 ,WOLONSKI ,WIRE ,WORKS2 ,GO/YNSKI & ,CO41 ,LTD42 ,RRUN & ,SON2 ,FRAGE ,NORBL92 ,W]N]2 ,BU*2 ,K5NEB]G ,BROS42 ,LABOR2 ,DITTUN> ,LAMP ,FACTORY2 ,S]K[SKI2 ,WESZK - TW5TY-TWO FACTORIES 9 ALL1 ! WORK]S WON AFT] A /RIKE ( F\R TO FIVE WEEKS 7FROM ,JANU>Y #b#d-#b#f7 A N9E-H\R DAY1 A #be P] C5T 9CREASE ( WAGES & OBTA9$ V>I\S SMALL] CONCESSIONS4 ,9 ! L>GE WORK%OPS ( ! TIMB] 9DU/RY ( ,W>SAW1 NAMELY ,K>MANSKI1 ,DAMIEKI1 ,GROMEL1 ,SZ]B9SKIK1 ,TWEM][SKI1 ,HORN1 ,DEV5SEE1 ,TWORK[SKI1 ,DAAB & ,M>T5S - TWELVE WORK%OPS 9 ALL - ! /RIKES HAD WON BY ! TW5TY-?IRD ( ,FEBRU>Y ! N9E-H\R DAY1 :I* !Y ALSO WON1 TOGE!R ) AN 9CREASE 9 WAGES1 AFT] A FUR!R /RIKE ( A WEEK4 

,! 5TIRE BRICKLAY+ 9DU/RY BEGAN A /RIKE ON ,FEBRU>Y #bg & DEM&$1 9 CON=MITY ) ! WAT*WORD ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ! EI<T-H\R DAY2 !Y WON ! T5-H\R DAY ON ,M>* #aa TOGE!R ) AN 9CREASE ( WAGES = ALL CATEGORIES1 REGUL> WEEKLY PAYM5T ( WAGES1 ETC4 ,! PA9T]S1 ! C>TWRI<TS1 ! SADDL]S & ! SMI?S ALL WON ! EI<T-H\R DAY )\T DECREASE ( WAGES4 

,! TELEPHONE WORK%OPS /RUCK = T5 DAYS & WON ! EI<T-H\R DAY & AN 9CREASE ( WAGES ( #a TO #ae P] C5T4 ,! L>GE L95-WEAV+ E/ABLI%M5T ( ,HIELLE & ,DIETRI* 7#a1 WORK]S7 AFT] A /RIKE LA/+ N9E WEEKS1 OBTA9$ A DECREASE ( ! WORK+ DAY BY ONE H\R & A WAGE 9CREASE ( #e TO #a P] C5T4 ,& SIMIL> RESULTS 9 5DLESS V>IATION W]E TO BE SE5 9 ! OLD] BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY 9 ,W>SAW1 ,LODZ1 & ,SOSNOVITZ4 

,9 ,RUSSIA PROP] ! EI<T-H\R DAY WAS WON 9 ,DECEMB] #aid BY A FEW CATEGORIES ( OIL WORK]S 9 ,BAKU2 9 ,MAY #aie BY ! SUG> WORK]S ( ! ,KIEV DI/RICT2 9 ,JANU>Y #aie ALL ! PR9T+ WORKS 9 ,SAM>A 7:]E AT ! SAME TIME AN 9CREASE ( PIECEWORK RATES WAS OBTA9$ & F9ES W]E ABOLI%$72 9 ,FEBRU>Y 9 ! FACTORY 9 :I* M$ICAL 9/RUM5TS = ! >MY >E MANUFACTUR$1 9 A FURNITURE FACTORY & 9 ! C>TRIDGE FACTORY 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,FUR!R1 ! EI<T-H\R DAY WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 ! M9ES AT ,VLADIVIO/OCK1 9 ,M>* 9 ! GOV]NM5T ME*ANICAL WORK%OPS DEAL+ ) GOV]NM5T /OCK & 9 ,MAY AMONG ! EMPLOYES ( ! ,TIFLIS ELECTRIC T[N RAILWAY4 ,9 ! SAME MON? A WORK+ DAY ( EI<T-&-A-HALF H\RS WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 ! L>GE COTTON-WEAV+ FACTORY ( ,M>OSOV 7& AT ! SAME TIME ! ABOLITION ( NI<T WORK & A WAGE 9CREASE ( #h P] C5T W]E WON72 9 ,JUNE AN EI<T-H\R DAY 9 A FEW OIL WORKS 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[2 9 ,JULY A WORK+ DAY ( EI<T-&-A-HALF H\RS AMONG ! SMI?S AT ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG DOCKS2 & 9 ,NOVEMB] 9 ALL ! PRIVATE PR9T+ E/ABLI%M5TS ( ! T[N ( ,OREL 7& AT ! SAME TIME AN 9CREASE ( TIME RATES ( #b P] C5T & PIECEWORK RATES ( #a P] C5T1 AS WELL AS ! SETT+ UP ( A CONCILIATION BO>D ON :I* WORK]S & EMPLOY]S W]E EQUALLY REPRES5T$47 

,! N9E-H\R DAY 9 ALL ! RAILWAY WORK%OPS 79 ,FEBRU>Y71 9 MANY GOV]NM5T1 MILIT>Y & NAVAL WORK%OPS1 9 MO/ ( ! FACTORIES ( ! T[N ( ,B]DIANSK1 9 ALL ! PR9T+ WORKS ( ! T[NS ( ,POLTAVA & ,MUNSK2 N9E-&-A-HALF H\RS 9 ! %IPY>DS1 ME*ANICAL WORK%OPS & F\NDRIES 9 ! T[N ( ,NIKOLAEV1 9 ,JUNE1 AFT] A G5]AL /RIKE ( WAIT]S 9 ,W>SAW1 9 MANY RE/AURANTS & CAFES 7& AT ! SAME TIME A WAGE 9CREASE ( #b TO #d P] C5T1 ) A TWO-WEEK HOLIDAY 9 ! YE>74 

,! T5-H\R DAY 9 ALMO/ ALL ! FACTORIES ( ! T[NS ( ,LODZ1 ,SOSNOVITZ1 ,RIGA1 ,KOVNO1 ,OVAL1 ,DORFAT1 ,M9SK1 ,KH>KOV1 9 ! BAK]IES ( ,ODESSA1 AMONG ! ME*ANICS 9 ,KI%9EV1 AT A FEW SMELT+ WORKS 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 9 ! MAT* FACTORIES ( ,KOVNO 7) AN 9CREASE ( WAGES ( #a P] C5T71 9 ALL ! GOV]NM5T M>9E WORK%OPS1 & AMONG ALL ! DOCK]S4 

,! WAGE 9CREASES W]E1 9 G5]AL1 SMALL] ?AN ! %ORT5+ ( H\RS BUT ALWAYS MORE SIGNIFICANT3 9 ,W>SAW 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,M>* #aie A G5]AL 9CREASE ( WAGES ( #ae P] C5T WAS FIX$ BY ! MUNICIPAL FACTORIES DEP>TM5T2 9 ! C5T] ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 ,IVANOVO ,VOSNES5SK1 ! WAGE 9CREASE AM\NT$ TO #g TO #ae P] C5T1 9 ,KOVNO ! 9CREASE AFFECT$ #gc P] C5T ( ! WORK]S4 ,A FIX$ M9IMUM WAGE WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 SOME ( ! BAK]IES 9 ,ODESSA1 9 ! ,NEVA %IPBUILD+ Y>DS 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ETC4 

,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT !SE CONCESSIONS W]E )DRAWN AGA91 N[ H]E & N[ !RE4 ,?IS H[EV] WAS ONLY ! CAUSE ( R5EW$ /RIFE & L$ TO /ILL MORE BITT] /RUGGLES = REV5GE1 & ?US ! /RIKE P]IOD ( ! SPR+ ( #aie HAS ( ITSELF BECOME ! PROLOGUE TO AN 5DLESS S]IES ( EV]-SPREAD+ & 9T]LAC+ ECONOMIC /RUGGLES :I* HAVE LA/$ TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,9 ! P]IOD ( ! \TW>D /AGNATION ( ! REVOLUTION1 :5 ! TELEGRAPH C>RI$ NO S5SATIONAL NEWS FROM ! ,RUSSIAN !AT] ( W> TO ! \TSIDE WORLD1 & :5 ! WE/ ,EUROPEAN LAID ASIDE HIS NEWSPAP] 9 DISAPPO9TM5T ) ! REM>K !RE 0WAS NO?+ DO+0 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! GREAT UND]GR\ND WORK ( ! REVOLUTION WAS 9 REALITY BE+ C>RI$ ON )\T CESSATION1 DAY-BY-DAY & H\R-BY-H\R1 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! EMPIRE4 ,! 9CESSANT 9T5SIVE ECONOMIC /RUGGLE EFFECT$1 BY RAPID & ABBREVIAT$ ME?ODS1 ! TRANSITION ( CAPITALISM FROM ! /AGE ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 ( PATRI>*AL UNME?ODICAL ME?ODS ( WORK+1 TO A HI<LY MOD]N1 CIVILIZ$ ONE4 

,AT ! PRES5T TIME ! ACTUAL WORK+ DAY 9 ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY LEAVES BEH9D1 NOT ONLY ! ,RUSSIAN FACTORY LEGISLATION 7?AT IS ! LEGAL WORK+ DAY ( ELEV5 H\RS7 BUT EV5 ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( ,G]MANY4 ,9 MO/ DEP>TM5TS ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY 9 ,RUSSIA ! T5-H\R DAY PREVAILS1 :I* 9 ,G]MANY IS DECL>$ 9 SOCIAL LEGISLATION TO BE AN UNATTA9ABLE GOAL4 ,& :AT IS MORE1 ?AT LONG$-= 09DU/RIAL CON/ITUTIONALISM10 = :I* !RE IS SO MU* 5?USIASM 9 ,G]MANY1 & = ! SAKE ( :I* ! ADVOCATES ( OPPORTUNI/ TACTICS W\LD KEEP EV] KE5 W9D FROM ! /AGNANT WAT]S ( !IR ALL-SUFF]+ P>LIAM5T>ISM1 HAS ALREADY BE5 BORN1 TOGE!R ) POLITICAL 0CON/ITUTIONALISM10 9 ! MID/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /ORM1 FROM ! REVOLUTION ITSELF6 ,9 ACTUAL FACT IT IS NOT M]ELY A G5]AL RAIS+ ( ! /&>D ( LIFE1 OR ! CULTURAL LEVEL ( ! WORK+-CLASS ?AT HAS TAK5 PLACE4 ,! MAT]IAL /&>D ( LIFE AS A P]MAN5T /AGE ( WELL-BE+ HAS NO PLACE 9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,FULL ( CONTRADICTIONS & CONTRA/S IT BR+S SIMULTANE\SLY SURPRIS+ ECONOMIC VICTORIES & ! MO/ BRUTAL ACTS ( REV5GE ON ! P>T ( ! CAPITALI/S2 TODAY ! EI<T-H\R DAY & TOMORR[ :OLESALE LOCK\TS & ACTUAL />VATION = ! MILLIONS4 

,! MO/ PRECI\S1 LA/+1 ?+ 9 ! RAPID EBB & FL[ ( ! WAVE IS ITS M5TAL S$IM5T3 ! 9TELLECTUAL1 CULTURAL GR[? ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* PROCE$S BY FITS & />TS1 & :I* (F]S AN 9VIOLABLE GU>ANTEE ( !IR FUR!R IRRESI/IBLE PROGRESS 9 ! ECONOMIC AS 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,& NOT ONLY ?AT4 ,EV5 ! RELATIONS ( ! WORK] TO ! EMPLOY] >E TURN$ R\ND2 S9CE ! ,JANU>Y G5]AL /RIKE & ! /RIKES ( #aie :I* FOLL[$ UPON IT1 ! PR9CIPLE ( ! CAPITALI/ 0MA/]Y ( ! H\SE0 IS DE FACTO ABOLI%$4 ,9 ! L>G] FACTORIES ( ALL IMPORTANT 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ! E/ABLI%M5T ( WORK]S' COMMITTEES HAS1 AS IF BY ITSELF1 TAK5 PLACE1 ) :I* ALONE ! EMPLOY] NEGOTIATES & :I* DECIDE ALL DISPUTES4 

,& F9ALLY ANO!R ?+1 ! APP>5TLY 0*AOTIC0 /RIKES & ! 0DISORGANIZ$0 REVOLUTION>Y ACTION AFT] ! ,JANU>Y G5]AL /RIKE >E BECOM+ ! />T+ PO9T ( A FEV]I% WORK ( ORGANIZATION4 ,DAME ,HI/ORY1 FROM AF>1 SMIL+LY HOAXES ! BUREAUCRATIC LAY FIGURES :O KEEP GRIM WAT* AT ! GATE OV] ! FATE ( ! ,G]MAN TRADE UNIONS4 ,! FIRM ORGANIZATIONS :I*1 AS ! 9DISP5SABLE HYPO!SIS = AN EV5TUAL ,G]MAN MASS /RIKE1 %\LD BE =TIFI$ LIKE AN IMPREGNABLE CITADEL - !SE ORGANIZATIONS >E 9 ,RUSSIA1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALREADY BORN FROM ! MASS /RIKE4 ,& :ILE ! GU>DIANS ( ! ,G]MAN TRADE UNIONS = ! MO/ P>T FE> ?AT ! ORGANIZATIONS WILL FALL 9 PIECES 9 A REVOLUTION>Y :IRLW9D LIKE R>E PORCELA91 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION %[S US ! EXACT OPPOSITE PICTURE2 FROM ! :IRLW9D & ! /ORM1 \T ( ! FIRE & GL[ ( ! MASS /RIKE & ! /REET FI<T+ RISE AGA91 LIKE ,V5US FROM ! FOAM1 FRE%1 Y\NG1 P[]FUL1 BUOYANT TRADE UNIONS4 

,H]E AGA9 A LITTLE EXAMPLE1 :I*1 H[EV]1 IS TYPICAL ( ! :OLE EMPIRE4 ,AT ! SECOND CONF]5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN TRADE UNIONS :I* TOOK PLACE AT ! 5D ( ,FEBRU>Y #aif 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,PET]SBURG TRADE UNIONS1 9 HIS REPORT ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 ( ! CZ>I/ CAPITAL SAID3 

0,JANU>Y #b#b1 #a#i#e1 :I* WA%$ AWAY ! ,GAPON UNION1 WAS A TURN+ PO9T4 ,! WORK]S 9 L>GE NUMB]S HAVE LE>N$ BY EXP]I5CE TO APPRECIATE & UND]/& ! IMPORTANCE ( ORGANIZATION1 & ?AT ONLY !Y !MSELVES CAN CREATE !SE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! FIR/ TRADE UNION - ?AT ( ! PR9T]S - ORIG9AT$ 9 DIRECT CONNECTION ) ! ,JANU>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! COMMISSION APPO9T$ TO WORK \T ! T>IFFS FRAM$ ! /ATUTES1 & ON ,JULY #ai ! UNION BEGAN ITS EXI/5CE4 ,JU/ AB\T ?IS TIME ! UNION ( (FICE-WORK]S & BOOKKEEP]S WAS CALL$ 9TO EXI/5CE40 

0,9 ADDITION TO ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* EXT5D ALMO/ OP5LY1 !RE >OSE FROM ,JANU>Y TO ,OCTOB] #aie SEMI-LEGAL & ILLEGAL TRADE UNIONS4 ,TO ! =M] BELONG$1 = EXAMPLE1 ! UNION ( *EMI/S' ASSI/ANTS & COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES4 ,AMONG ! ILLEGAL UNIONS SPECIAL ATT5TION MU/ BE DRAWN TO ! WAT*MAK]S' UNION1 :OSE FIR/ SECRET SESSION WAS HELD ON ,APRIL #b#d?4 ,ALL ATTEMPTS TO CONV5E A G5]AL OP5 MEET+ W]E %ATT]$ ON ! OB/9ATE RESI/ANCE ( ! POLICE & ! EMPLOY]S 9 ! =M ( ! ,*AMB] ( ,COMM]CE4 ,?IS MIS*ANCE HAS NOT PREV5T$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! UNION4 ,! TAILORS & TAILORESSES UNION WAS F\ND$ 9 #aie AT A MEET+ 9 A WOOD AT :I* SEV5TY TAILORS W]E PRES5T4 ,AFT] ! QUE/ION ( =M+ ! UNION WAS DISCUSS$ A COMMISSION WAS APPO9T$ :I* WAS 5TRU/$ ) ! TASK ( WORK+ \T ! /ATUTES4 ,ALL ATTEMPTS ( ! COMMISSION TO OBTA9 A LEGAL EXI/5CE = ! UNION W]E UNSUCCESSFUL4 ,ITS ACTIVITIES W]E CONF9$ TO AGITATION & ! 5ROLL+ ( NEW MEMB]S 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK%OPS4 ,A SIMIL> FATE WAS 9 /ORE = ! %OEMAK]S' UNION4 ,9 ,JULY1 A SECRET NI<T MEET+ WAS CONV5$ 9 A WOOD NE> ! CITY4 ,OV] #a %OEMAK]S ATT5D$2 A REPORT WAS READ ON ! IMPORTANCE ( TRADE UNIONISM1 ON ITS HI/ORY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ITS TASKS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT WAS !N DECID$ TO =M A TRADE UNION2 A COMMISSION ( TWELVE WAS APPO9T$ TO WORK \T ! /ATUTES & CALL A G5]AL MEET+ ( %OEMAK]S4 ,! /ATUTES W]E DRAWN UP1 BUT 9 ! MEANTIME IT HAD NOT BE5 F\ND POSSIBLE TO PR9T !M NOR HAD ! G5]AL MEET+ BE5 CONV5$40 

,!SE W]E ! FIR/ DIFFICULT BEG9N+S4 ,!N CAME ! ,OCTOB] DAYS1 ! SECOND G5]AL /RIKE1 ! CZ>'S MANIFE/O ( ,OCTOB] #c & ! BRIEF 0CON/ITUTION P]IOD40 ,! WORK]S ?REW !MSELVES ) FI]Y ZEAL 9TO ! WAVES ( POLITICAL FRE$OM 9 ORD] TO USE IT =?) = ! PURPOSE ( ! WORK ( ORGANIZATION4 ,BESIDES DAILY POLITICAL MEET+S1 DEBATES & ! =MATION ( CLUBS1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( TRADE UNIONISM WAS IMM$IATELY TAK5 9 H&4 ,9 ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB] =TY NEW TRADE UNIONS APPE>$ 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,PRES5TLY A 0C5TRAL BUREAU10 ?AT IS1 A TRADE-UNION C\NCIL1 WAS E/ABLI%$1 V>I\S TRADE-UNION PAP]S APPE>$1 & S9CE ,NOVEMB] A C5TRAL ORGAN HAS ALSO BE5 PUBLI%$1 ,! ,TRADE ,UNION4 

,:AT WAS REPORT$ ABOVE CONC]N+ ,PET]SBURG WAS ALSO TRUE ON ! :OLE ( ,MOSC[ & ,ODESSA1 ,KIEV & ,NIKOLAEV1 ,S>ATOV & ,VORONEZH1 ,SAM>A & ,NIZHNI ,NOVGOROD1 & ALL ! L>G] T[NS ( ,RUSSIA1 & TO A /ILL HI<] DEGREE 9 ,POL&4 ,! TRADE UNIONS ( DIFF]5T T[NS SEEK CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R & CONF]5CES >E HELD4 ,! 5D ( ! 0CON/ITUTION P]IOD10 & ! RETURN TO REACTION 9 ,DECEMB] #aie PUT A /OP = ! TIME BE+ TO ! OP5 WIDESPREAD ACTIVITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 BUT DID NOT1 H[EV]1 ALTOGE!R EXT+UI% !M4 ,!Y OP]ATE AS ORGANIZATIONS 9 SECRET & OCCASIONALLY C>RY ON QUITE OP5 WAGE /RUGGLES4 ,A PECULI> MIXTURE ( ! LEGAL & ILLEGAL CONDITION ( TRADE-UNION LIFE IS BE+ BUILT UP1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! HI<LY CONTRADICTORY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 

,BUT 9 ! MID/ ( ! /RUGGLE ! WORK ( ORGANIZATION IS BE+ MORE WIDELY EXT5D$1 9 A ?OR\<GO+1 NOT TO SAY P$ANTIC FA%ION4 ,! TRADE-UNIONS ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ( ,POL& & ,LI?UANIA1 = EXAMPLE1 :I* AT ! LA/ CONGRESS 79 ,JULY #a#i#f7 W]E REPRES5T$ BY FIVE DELEGATES FROM A MEMB]%IP ( #a1 >E FURNI%$ ) ! USUAL /ATUTES1 PR9T$ MEMB]%IP C>DS1 ADHESIVE /AMPS1 ETC4 ,& ! SAME BANK]S & %OEMAK]S1 5G9E]S & PR9T]S ( ,W>SAW & ,LODZ :O 9 ,JUNE #aie /OOD ON ! B>RICADES & 9 ,DECEMB] ONLY AWAIT$ ! WORD FROM ,PET]SBURG TO BEG9 /REET FI<T+1 F9D TIME & >E EAG]1 BETWE5 ONE MASS /RIKE & ANO!R1 BETWE5 PRISON & LOCK\T1 & UND] ! CONDITIONS ( A SIEGE1 TO GO 9TO !IR TRADE-UNION /ATUTES & DISCUSS !M E>NE/LY4 ,!SE B>RICADE FI<T]S ( YE/]DAY & TOMORR[ HAVE 9DE$ MORE ?AN ONCE AT MEET+S SEV]ELY REPRIM&$ !IR LEAD]S & ?REAT5$ !M ) )DRAWAL FROM ! P>TY BECAUSE ! UNLUCKY TRADE-UNION MEMB]%IP C>DS C\LD NOT BE PR9T$ QUICKLY 5\< - 9 SECRET PR9T+ WORKS UND] 9CESSANT POLICE P]SECUTION4 ,?IS ZEAL & ?IS E>NE/NESS CONT9UE TO ?IS DAY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! FIR/ TWO WEEKS ( ,JULY #aif FIFTE5 NEW TRADE UNIONS APPE>$ 9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV1 SIX 9 ,KO/ROMA1 SEV]AL 9 ,KIEV1 ,POLTAVA1 ,SMOL5SK1 ,*]KASSY1 ,PROSKURVO1 D[N TO ! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT PROV9CIAL T[NS4 

,9 ! SESSION ( ! ,MOSC[ TRADE-UNION C\NCIL ( ,JUNE #d ?IS YE>1 AFT] ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! REPORTS ( 9DIVIDUAL TRADE-UNION DELEGATES1 IT WAS DECID$ 0?AT ! TRADE-UNIONS %\LD DISCIPL9E !IR MEMB]S & RE/RA9 FROM /REET RIOT+ BECAUSE ! TIME IS NOT CONSID]$ OPPORTUNE = ! MASS /RIKE4 ,9 ! FACE ( POSSIBLE PROVOCATION ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T1 C>E %\LD BE TAK5 ?AT ! MASSES DO NOT /REAM \T 9 ! /REETS40 ,F9ALLY1 ! C\NCIL DECID$ ?AT IF AT ANY TIME ONE TRADE-UNION BEGAN A /RIKE ! O!RS %\LD HOLD BACK FROM ANY WAGES MOVEM5T4 ,MO/ ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLES >E N[ DIRECT$ BY ! TRADE-UNIONS4 

,?US ! GREAT ECONOMIC /RUGGLE :I* PROCE$$ FROM ! ,JANU>Y G5]AL /RIKE1 & :I* HAS NOT CEAS$ TO ! PRES5T DAY1 HAS =M$ A BROAD BACKGR\ND ( ! REVOLUTION FROM :I*1 9 CEASELESS RECIPROCAL ACTION ) ! POLITICAL AGITATION & ! EXT]NAL EV5TS ( ! REVOLUTION1 !RE EV] >ISE H]E & !RE N[ ISOLAT$ EXPLOSIONS1 & N[ GREAT SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?US !RE FLAME UP AGA9/ ?IS BACKGR\ND ! FOLL[+ EV5TS ONE AFT] ! O!R2 AT ! ,MAY ,DAY DEMON/RATION !RE WAS AN UNPREC$5T$1 ABSOLUTE G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,W>SAW :I* 5D$ 9 A BLOODY 5C\NT] BETWE5 ! DEF5SELESS CR[D & ! SOLDI]S4 ,AT ,LODZ 9 ,JUNE A MASS \T+1 :I* WAS SCATT]$ BY ! SOLDI]S1 L$ TO A DEMON/RATION ( #a1 WORK]S AT ! FUN]AL ( SOME ( ! VICTIMS ( ! BRUTAL SOLDI]Y & TO A R5EW$ 5C\NT] ) ! MILIT>Y1 & F9ALLY1 ON ,JUNE #b#c1 #bd & #b#e1 PASS$ 9TO ! FIR/ B>RICADE FI<T 9 ! CZ>I/ EMPIRE4 ,SIMIL>LY 9 ,JUNE ! FIR/ GREAT REVOLT ( ! SAILORS ( ! ,BLACK ,SEA ,FLEET EXPLOD$ 9 ! H>BOR ( ,ODESSA FROM A TRIFL+ 9CID5T ON BO>D ! >MOR$ VESSEL ,POTEMK9 :I* REACT$ IMM$IATELY ON ,ODESSA & ,NIKOLAEV 9 ! =M ( A VIOL5T MASS /RIKE4 ,AS A FUR!R E*O FOLL[$ ! MASS /RIKE & ! SAILORS' REVOLTS 9 ,KRON/ADT1 ,LIBAU & ,VLADIVO/OK4 

,9 ! MON? ( ,OCTOB] ! GR&IOSE EXP]IM5T ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG WAS MADE ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! EI<T-H\R DAY4 ,! G5]AL C\NCIL ( WORK]S DELEGATES DECID$ TO A*IEVE ! EI<T-H\R DAY 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MANN]4 ,?AT MEANS ?AT ON ! APPO9T$ DAY ALL ! WORK]S ( ,PET]SBURG %\LD 9=M !IR EMPLOY]S ?AT !Y >E NOT WILL+ TO WORK MORE ?AN EI<T H\RS A DAY1 & %\LD LEAVE !IR PLACES ( WORK AT ! 5D ( EI<T H\RS4 ,! IDEA WAS ! OCCASION ( LIVELY AGITATION1 WAS ACCEPT$ BY ! PROLET>IAT ) 5?USIASM & C>RI$ \T1 BUT V]Y GREAT SACRIFICES W]E NOT !REBY AVOID$4 ,?US = EXAMPLE1 ! EI<T-H\R DAY MEANT AN 5ORM\S FALL 9 WAGES = ! TEXTILE WORK]S :O HAD HI!RTO WORK$ ELEV5 H\RS & ?AT ON A SY/EM ( PIECEWORK4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 !Y WILL+LY ACCEPT$4 ,)9 A WEEK ! EI<T-H\R DAY PREVAIL$ 9 EV]Y FACTORY & WORK%OP 9 ,PET]SBURG1 & ! JOY ( ! WORK]S KNEW NO B\NDS4 ,SOON1 H[EV]1 ! EMPLOY]S1 /UPEFI$ AT FIR/1 PREP>$ !IR DEF5SES2 EV]Y:]E !Y ?REAT5$ TO CLOSE !IR FACTORIES4 ,SOME ( ! WORK]S CONS5T$ TO NEGOTIATE & OBTA9$ H]E A WORK+ DAY ( T5 H\RS & !RE ONE ( N9E H\RS4 ,! ELITE ( ! ,PET]SBURG PROLET>IAT1 H[EV]1 ! WORK]S 9 ! L>GE GOV]NM5T 5G9E]+ E/ABLI%M5TS1 REMA9$ UN%AK51 & A LOCK\T 5SU$ :I* ?REW FROM =TY-FIVE TO FIFTY ?\S& M5 ON ! /REETS = A MON?4 ,AT ! SETTLEM5T ! EI<T-H\R DAY MOVEM5T WAS C>RI$ 9TO ! G5]AL /RIKE ( ,DECEMB] :I* ! GREAT LOCK\T HAD HAMP]$ TO A GREAT EXT5T4 

,MEAN:ILE1 H[EV]1 ! SECOND TREM5D\S G5]AL /RIKE ?R\<\T ! :OLE EMPIRE FOLL[S 9 ,OCTOB] AS A REPLY TO ! PROJECT ( ! ,BULYG9 ,DUMA - ! /RIKE TO :I* ! RAILWAYM5 GAVE ! SUMMONS4 ,?IS SECOND GREAT ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT ALREADY BE>S A *>ACT] ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ! FIR/ ONE 9 ,JANU>Y4 ,! ELEM5T ( POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS ALREADY PLAYS A MU* BIGG] ROLE4 ,H]E ALSO1 TO BE SURE1 ! IMM$IATE OCCASION = ! \TBREAK ( ! MASS /RIKE WAS A SUBORD9ATE & APP>5TLY ACCID5TAL ?+3 ! CONFLICT ( ! RAILWAYM5 ) ! MANAGEM5T OV] ! P5SION FUND4 ,BUT ! G5]AL RIS+ ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT :I* FOLL[$ UPON IT WAS CONDUCT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) CLE> POLITICAL IDEAS4 ,! PROLOGUE ( ! ,JANU>Y /RIKE WAS A PROCESSION TO ! CZ> TO ASK = POLITICAL FRE$OM3 ! WAT*WORD ( ! ,OCTOB] /RIKE RAN AWAY ) ! CON/ITUTIONAL COM$Y ( CZ>ISM6 

,& ?ANKS TO ! IMM$IATE SUCCESS ( ! G5]AL /RIKE1 TO ! CZ>'S MANIFE/O ( ,OCTOB] #c1 ! MOVEM5T DOES NOT FL[ BACK ON ITSELF1 AS 9 ,JANU>Y BUT RU%ES OV] \TW>DLY 9 ! EAG] ACTIVITY ( NEWLY ACQUIR$ POLITICAL FRE$OM4 ,DEMON/RATIONS1 MEET+S1 A Y\NG PRESS1 PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS & BLOODY MASSACRES AS ! 5D ( ! /ORY1 & !REUPON NEW MASS /RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS - SU* IS ! /ORMY PICTURE ( ! ,NOVEMB] & ,DECEMB] DAYS4 ,9 ,NOVEMB]1 AT ! 9/ANCE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 ,PET]SBURG ! FIR/ DEMON/RATIVE MASS /RIKE IS >RANG$ AS A PROTE/ DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! BLOODY DE$S & PROCLAMATION ( A /ATE ( SIEGE 9 ,POL& & ,LIVONIA4 

,! F]M5TATION AFT] ! BRIEF CON/ITUTIONAL P]IOD & ! GRUESOME AWAK5+ F9ALLY LEADS 9 ,DECEMB] TO ! \TBREAK ( ! ?IRD G5]AL MASS /RIKE ?R\<\T ! EMPIRE4 ,?IS TIME ITS C\RSE & ITS \TCOME >E ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE 9 ! TWO E>LI] CASES4 ,POLITICAL ACTION DOES NOT *ANGE 9TO ECONOMIC ACTION AS 9 ,JANU>Y1 BUT IT NO LONG] A*IEVES A RAPID VICTORY AS 9 ,OCTOB]4 ,! ATTEMPTS ( ! CZ>I/ CAM>ILLA ) REAL POLITICAL FRE$OM >E NO LONG] MADE1 & REVOLUTION>Y ACTION !RE)1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 & ALONG ITS :OLE L5G?1 KNOCK$ AGA9/ ! /RONG WALL ( ! PHYSICAL VIOL5CE ( ABSOLUTISM4 ,BY ! LOGICAL 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T ( PROGRESSIVE EXP]I5CE ! MASS /RIKE ?IS TIME *ANGES 9TO AN OP5 9SURRECTION1 TO >M$ B>RICADES1 & /REET FI<T+ 9 ,MOSC[4 ,! ,DECEMB] DAYS 9 ,MOSC[ CLOSE ! FIR/ EV5TFUL YE> ( ! REVOLUTION AS ! HI<E/ PO9T 9 ! ASC5D+ L9E ( POLITICAL ACTION & ( ! MASS /RIKE MOVEM5T4 

,! ,MOSC[ EV5TS %[ A TYPICAL PICTURE ( ! LOGICAL DEVELOPM5T & AT ! SAME TIME ( ! FUTURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ON ! :OLE3 !IR 9EVITABLE CLOSE 9 A G5]AL OP5 9SURRECTION1 :I* AGA9 ON ITS P>T CANNOT COME 9 ANY O!R WAY ?AN ?R\< ! S*OOL ( A S]IES ( PREP>ATORY P>TIAL 9SURRECTIONS1 :I* 5D 9 P>TIAL \TW>D 0DEFEATS0 &1 CONSID]$ 9DIVIDUALLY1 MAY APPE> TO BE 0PREMATURE40 

,! YE> #aif BR+S ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,DUMA & ! ,DUMA 9CID5TS4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 FROM A /RONG REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CT & CLE> KN[L$GE ( ! SITUATION1 BOYCOTTS ! :OLE CZ>I/ CON/ITUTIONAL F>CE1 & LIB]ALISM AGA9 OCCUPIES ! C5T] /AGE = A FEW MON?S4 ,! SITUATION ( #aid APPE>S TO HAVE COME AGA91 A P]IOD ( SPEE*ES 9/EAD ( ACTS1 & ! PROLET>IAT = A TIME WALK 9 ! %AD[ 9 ORD] TO DEVOTE !MSELVES ! MORE DILIG5TLY TO ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE & ! WORK ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,! MASS /RIKES >E NO LONG] SPOK5 (1 :ILE ! CLATT]+ ROCKETS ( LIB]AL RHETORIC >E FIR$ (F DAY AFT] DAY4 ,AT LA/1 ! IRON CURTA9 IS TORN D[N1 ! ACTORS >E DISP]S$1 & NO?+ REMA9S ( ! LIB]AL ROCKETS BUT SMOKE & VAPOR4 ,AN ATTEMPT ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY TO CALL =? A MASS /RIKE1 AS A DEMON/RATION = ! ,DUMA & ! REOP5+ ( ! P]IOD ( LIB]AL SPEE*MAK+1 FALLS ABSOLUTELY FLAT4 ,! ROLE ( ! POLITICAL MASS /RIKE ALONE IS EXHAU/$1 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! TRANSITION ( ! MASS /RIKE 9TO A G5]AL POPUL> RIS+ IS NOT YET ACCOMPLI%$4 ,! LIB]AL EPISODE IS PA/1 ! PROLET>IAN EPISODE IS NOT YET BEGUN4 ,! /AGE REMA9S EMPTY = ! TIME BE+4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,9T]ACTION ( ! ,POLITICAL & ! ,ECONOMIC ,/RUGGLE 

,WE HAVE ATTEMPT$ 9 ! =EGO+ TO SKET* ! HI/ORY ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,RUSSIA 9 A FEW /ROKES4 ,EV5 A FLEET+ GLANCE AT ?IS HI/ORY %[S US A PICTURE :I* 9 NO WAY RESEMBLES ?AT USUALLY =M$ BY DISCUSSIONS 9 ,G]MANY ON ! MASS /RIKE4 ,9/EAD ( ! RIGID & HOLL[ S*EME ( AN >ID POLITICAL ACTION C>RI$ \T BY ! DECISION ( ! HI<E/ COMMITTEES & FURNI%$ ) A PLAN & PANORAMA1 WE SEE A BIT ( PULSAT+ LIFE ( FLE% & BLOOD1 :I* CANNOT BE CUT \T ( ! L>GE FRAME ( ! REVOLUTION BUT IS CONNECT$ ) ALL P>TS ( ! REVOLUTION BY A ?\S& VE9S4 

,! MASS /RIKE1 AS ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION %[S IT TO US1 IS SU* A *ANGEABLE PH5OM5ON ?AT IT REFLECTS ALL ! PHASES ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 ALL /AGES & FACTORS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,ITS ADAPTABILITY1 ITS EFFICI5CY1 ! FACTORS ( ITS ORIG9 >E CON/ANTLY *ANG+4 ,IT SUDD5LY OP5S NEW & WIDE P]SPECTIVES ( ! REVOLUTION :5 IT APPE>S TO HAVE ALREADY >RIV$ 9 A N>R[ PASS & :]E IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ANYONE TO RECKON UPON IT ) ANY DEGREE ( C]TA9TY4 ,IT FL[S N[ LIKE A BROAD BILL[ OV] ! :OLE K+DOM1 & N[ DIVIDES 9TO A GIGANTIC NETWORK ( N>R[ /REAMS2 N[ IT BUBBLES =? FROM UND] ! GR\ND LIKE A FRE% SPR+ & N[ IS COMPLETELY LO/ UND] ! E>?4 ,POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RIKES1 MASS /RIKES & P>TIAL /RIKES1 DEMON/RATIVE /RIKES & FI<T+ /RIKES1 G5]AL /RIKES ( 9DIVIDUAL BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY & G5]AL /RIKES 9 9DIVIDUAL T[NS1 PEACEFUL WAGE /RUGGLES & /REET MASSACRES1 B>RICADE FI<T+ - ALL !SE RUN ?R\< ONE ANO!R1 RUN SIDE BY SIDE1 CROSS ONE ANO!R1 FL[ 9 & OV] ONE ANO!R - IT IS A CEASELESSLY MOV+1 *ANG+ SEA ( PH5OM5A4 ,& ! LAW ( MOTION ( !SE PH5OM5A IS CLE>3 IT DOES NOT LIE 9 ! MASS /RIKE ITSELF NOR 9 ITS TE*NICAL DETAILS1 BUT 9 ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL PROPORTIONS ( ! =CES ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,! MASS /RIKE IS M]ELY ! =M ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE & EV]Y DIS>RANGEM5T ( ! RELATIONS ( ! CONT5D+ P[]S1 9 P>TY DEVELOPM5T & 9 CLASS DIVISION1 9 ! POSITION ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION - ALL ?IS IMM$IATELY 9FLU5CES ! ACTION ( ! /RIKE 9 A ?\S& 9VISIBLE & SC>CELY CONTROLLABLE WAYS4 ,BUT /RIKE ACTION ITSELF DOES NOT CEASE = A S+LE MOM5T4 ,IT M]ELY ALT]S ITS =MS1 ITS DIM5SIONS1 ITS EFFECT4 ,IT IS ! LIV+ PULSE-BEAT ( ! REVOLUTION & AT ! SAME TIME ITS MO/ P[]FUL DRIV+ :EEL4 ,9 A WORD1 ! MASS /RIKE1 AS %[N TO US 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 IS NOT A CRAFTY ME?OD DISCOV]$ BY SUBTLE REASON+ = ! PURPOSE ( MAK+ ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE MORE EFFECTIVE1 BUT ! ME?OD ( MOTION ( ! PROLET>IAN MASS1 ! PH5OM5AL =M ( ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE 9 ! REVOLUTION4 

,SOME G5]AL ASPECTS MAY N[ BE EXAM9$ :I* MAY ASSI/ US 9 =M+ A CORRECT E/IMATE ( ! PROBLEM ( ! MASS /RIKE3 

#a4 ,IT IS ABSURD TO ?9K ( ! MASS /RIKE AS ONE ACT1 ONE ISOLAT$ ACTION4 ,! MASS /RIKE IS RA!R ! 9DICATION1 ! RALLY+ IDEA1 ( A :OLE P]IOD ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE LA/+ = YE>S1 P]HAPS = DECADES4 ,( ! 9NUM]ABLE & HI<LY V>I$ MASS /RIKES :I* HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! LA/ F\R YE>S1 ! S*EME ( ! MASS /RIKE WAS A PURELY POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 BEGUN & 5D$ AFT] A CUT & DRI$ PLAN1 A %ORT S+LE ACT ( ONE V>IETY ONLY &1 AT ?AT1 A SUBORD9ATE V>IETY - PURE DEMON/RATION /RIKE4 ,9 ! :OLE C\RSE ( ! FIVE-YE> P]IOD WE SEE 9 ,RUSSIA ONLY A FEW DEMON/RATION /RIKES1 :I* BE IT NOT$1 W]E G5]ALLY CONF9$ TO S+LE T[NS4 ,?US ! ANNUAL ,MAY ,DAY G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,W>SAW & ,LODZ 9 ,RUSSIA PROP] ON ! FIR/ ( ,MAY HAS NOT YET BE5 CELEBRAT$ TO ANY APPRECIABLE EXT5T BY AB/5TION FROM WORK2 ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,W>SAW ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 #a#i#e1 AS A MEMORIAL S]VICE 9 HONOR ( ! EXECUT$ ,M>T9 ,KASPRZAK2 ?AT ( ,NOVEMB] #aie 9 ,PET]SBURG AS PROTE/ DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! DECL>ATION ( ! /ATE ( SIEGE 9 ,POL& & ,LIVONIA2 ?AT ( ,JANU>Y #b#b1 #aif 9 ,W>SAW1 ,LODZ1 ,CZ5TO*ON & 9 ,DOMBR[A COAL BAS91 AS WELL AS1 9 P>T1 ?OSE 9 A FEW ,RUSSIAN T[NS AS ANNIV]S>Y CELEBRATIONS ( ! ,PET]SBURG BLOODBA?2 9 ADDITION1 9 ,JULY #aif A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,TIFLIS AS DEMON/RATION ( SYMPA?Y ) SOLDI]S S5T5C$ BY C\RT-M>TIAL ON ACC\NT ( ! MILIT>Y REVOLT2 & F9ALLY FROM ! SAME CAUSE1 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f1 DUR+ ! DELIB]ATIONS ( ! C\RT-M>TIAL 9 ,REVAL4 ,ALL ! ABOVE GREAT & P>TIAL MASS /RIKES & G5]AL /RIKES W]E NOT DEMON/RATION /RIKES BUT FI<T+ /RIKES1 & AS SU* !Y ORIG9AT$1 = ! MO/ P>T1 SPONTANE\SLY1 9 EV]Y CASE FROM SPECIFIC LOCAL ACCID5TAL CAUSES1 )\T PLAN OR DESIGN1 & GREW ) ELEM5TAL P[] 9TO GREAT MOVEM5TS1 & !N !Y DID NOT BEG9 AN 0ORD]LY RETREAT10 BUT TURN$ N[ 9TO ECONOMIC /RUGGLES1 N[ 9TO /REET FI<T+1 & N[ COLLAPS$ ( !MSELVES4 

,9 ?IS G5]AL PICTURE ! PURELY POLITICAL DEMON/RATION /RIKE PLAYS QUITE A SUBORD9ATE ROLE - ISOLAT$ SMALL PO9TS 9 ! MID/ ( A MI<TY EXPANSE4 ,!REBY1 TEMPOR>ILY CONSID]$1 ! FOLL[+ *>ACT]I/IC DISCLOSES ITSELF3 ! DEMON/RATION /RIKES :I*1 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ! FI<T+ /RIKES1 EXHIBIT ! GREATE/ MASS ( P>TY DISCIPL9E1 CONSCI\S DIRECTION & POLITICAL ?\<T1 & !RE=E MU/ APPE> AS ! HI<E/ & MO/ MATURE =M ( ! MASS /RIKE1 PLAY 9 REALITY ! GREATE/ P>T 9 ! BEG9N+S ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ABSOLUTE CESSATION ( WORK ON ,MAY #a1 #a#i#e1 9 ,W>SAW1 AS ! FIR/ 9/ANCE ( A DECISION ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS C>RI$ ?R\<\T 9 SU* AN A/ONI%+ FA%ION1 WAS AN EXP]I5CE ( GREAT IMPORTANCE = ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T 9 ,POL&4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ! SYMPA!TIC /RIKE ( ! SAME YE> 9 ,PET]SBURG MADE A GREAT IMPRESSION AS ! FIR/ EXP]IM5T ( CONSCI\S SY/EMATIC MASS ACTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,SIMIL>LY ! 0TRIAL MASS /RIKE0 ( ! ,HAMBURG COMRADES ON ,JANU>Y #a#g1 #a#i#f1 WILL PLAY A PROM95T P>T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! FUTURE ,G]MAN MASS /RIKE AS ! FIR/ VIGOR\S ATTEMPT ) ! MU* DISPUT$ WEAPON1 & ALSO A V]Y SUCCESSFUL & CONV9C+LY /RIK+ TE/ ( ! FI<T+ TEMP] & ! LU/ = BATTLE ( ! ,HAMBURG WORK+ CLASS4 ,& JU/ AS SURELY WILL ! P]IOD ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,G]MANY1 :5 IT HAS ONCE BEGUN 9 REAL E>NE/1 LEAD ( ITSELF TO A REAL1 G5]AL CESSATION ( WORK ON ,MAY FIR/4 ,! ,MAY ,DAY FE/IVAL MAY NATURALLY BE RAIS$ TO A POSITION ( HONOR AS ! FIR/ GREAT DEMON/RATION UND] ! EGIS ( ! MASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ! 0LAME HORSE10 AS ! ,MAY ,DAY FE/IVAL WAS T]M$ AT ! TRADE-UNION CONGRESS AT ,COLOGNE1 HAS /ILL A GREAT FUTURE BE=E IT & AN IMPORTANT P>T TO PLAY1 9 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY4 

,BUT ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! E>NE/ REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ! IMPORTANCE ( SU* DEMON/RATIONS DIM9I%ES RAPIDLY4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ?OSE FACTORS :I* OBJECTIVELY FACILITATE ! REALIZATION ( ! DEMON/RATION /RIKE AFT] A PRECONCEIV$ PLAN & AT ! P>TY'S WORD ( COMM& - NAMELY1 ! GR[? ( POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS & ! TRA9+ ( ! PROLET>IAT - MAKE ?IS K9D ( MASS /RIKE IMPOSSIBLE2 TODAY ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! MO/ CAPABLE VANGU>D ( ! MASSES1 DOES NOT WANT TO KN[ AB\T MASS /RIKES2 ! WORK]S >E NO LONG] 9 A MOOD = JE/+ & WILL N[ ?9K ONLY ( A S]I\S /RUGGLE ) ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES4 ,& :51 9 ! FIR/ GREAT MASS /RIKE 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#e1 ! DEMON/RATIVE ELEM5T1 NOT 9DE$ 9 AN 9T5TIONAL1 BUT MORE 9 AN 9/9CTIVE1 SPONTANE\S =M1 /ILL PLAY$ A GREAT P>T1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! ATTEMPT ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS TO CALL A MASS /RIKE 9 ,AUGU/ AS A DEMON/RATION = ! DISSOLV$ ,DUMA WAS %ATT]$ BY1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! POSITIVE DIS9CL9ATION ( ! $UCAT$ PROLET>IAT TO 5GAGE 9 WEAK HALF-ACTIONS & M]E DEMON/RATIONS4 

#b4 ,:51 H[EV]1 WE HAVE 9 VIEW ! LESS IMPORTANT /RIKE ( ! DEMON/RATIVE K9D1 9/EAD ( ! FI<T+ /RIKE AS IT REPRES5TS 9 ,RUSSIA TODAY ! ACTUAL VEHICLE ( PROLET>IAN ACTION1 WE SEE /ILL MORE CLE>LY ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SEP>ATE ! ECONOMIC FACTORS FROM ONE ANO!R4 ,H]E ALSO ! REALITY DEVIATES FROM ! !ORETICAL S*EME1 & ! P$ANTIC REPRES5TATION 9 :I* ! PURE POLITICAL MASS /RIKE IS LOGICALLY D]IV$ FROM ! TRADE-UNION G5]AL /RIKE AS ! RIPE/ & HI<E/ /AGE1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME IS KEPT DI/9CT FROM IT1 IS %[N TO BE ABSOLUTELY FALSE4 ,?IS IS EXPRESS$ NOT M]ELY 9 ! FACT ?AT ! MASS /RIKE FROM ?AT FIR/ GREAT WAGE /RUGGLE ( ! ,PET]SBURG TEXTILE WORK]S 9 #a#h#i#f-#i#g TO ! LA/ GREAT MASS /RIKE 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#e1 PASS$ IMP]CEPTIBLY FROM ! ECONOMIC FIELD TO ! POLITICAL1 SO ?AT IT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO DRAW A DIVID+ L9E BETWE5 !M4 

,AGA91 EV]Y ONE ( ! GREAT MASS /RIKES REPEATS1 SO TO SPEAK1 ON A SMALL SCALE1 ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASS /RIKE1 & BEG9S ) A PURE ECONOMIC1 OR AT ALL EV5TS1 A P>TIAL TRADE-UNION CONFLICT1 & RUNS ?R\< ALL ! /AGES TO ! POLITICAL DEMON/RATION4 ,! GREAT ?UND]/ORM ( MASS /RIKES 9 ,S\? ,RUSSIA 9 #aib & #aic ORIG9AT$1 AS WE HAVE SE51 9 ,BAKU FROM A CONFLICT >IS+ FROM ! DISCIPL9>Y PUNI%M5T ( ! UNEMPLOY$1 9 ,RO/OV FROM DISPUTES AB\T WAGES 9 ! RAILWAY WORK%OPS1 9 ,TIFLIS FROM A /RUGGLE ( ! COMM]CIAL EMPLOYES = R$UCTION ( WORK+ H\RS1 9 ,ODESSA FROM A WAGE DISPUTE 9 A S+LE SMALL FACTORY4 ,! ,JANU>Y MASS /RIKE ( #aie DEVELOP$ FROM AN 9T]NAL CONFLICT 9 ! ,PUTILOV WORKS1 ! ,OCTOB] /RIKE FROM ! /RUGGLE ( ! RAILWAY WORK]S = A P5SION FUND1 & F9ALLY ! ,DECEMB] /RIKE FROM ! /RUGGLE ( ! PO/AL & TELEGRAPH EMPLOYES = ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION4 ,! PROGRESS ( ! MOVEM5T ON ! :OLE IS NOT EXPRESS$ 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT ! ECONOMIC 9ITIAL /AGE IS OMITT$1 BUT MU* MORE 9 ! RAPIDITY ) :I* ALL ! /AGES TO ! POLITICAL DEMON/RATION >E RUN ?R\< & 9 ! EXTREMITY ( ! PO9T TO :I* ! /RIKE MOVES =W>D4 

,BUT ! MOVEM5T ON ! :OLE DOES NOT PROCE$ FROM ! ECONOMIC TO ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 NOR EV5 ! REV]SE4 ,EV]Y GREAT POLITICAL MASS ACTION1 AFT] IT HAS ATTA9$ ITS POLITICAL HI<E/ PO9T1 BREAKS UP 9TO A MASS ( ECONOMIC /RIKES4 ,& ?AT APPLIES NOT ONLY TO EA* ( ! GREAT MASS /RIKES1 BUT ALSO TO ! REVOLUTION AS A :OLE4 ,) ! SPREAD+1 CL>IFY+ & 9VOLUTION ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE NOT ONLY DOES NOT REC$E1 BUT EXT5DS1 ORGANIZES & BECOMES 9VOLV$ 9 EQUAL MEASURE4 ,BETWE5 ! TWO !RE IS ! MO/ COMPLETE RECIPROCAL ACTION4 

,EV]Y NEW ONSET & EV]Y FRE% VICTORY ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A P[]FUL IMPETUS = ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 EXT5D+ AT ! SAME TIME ITS EXT]NAL POSSIBILITIES & 9T5SIFY+ ! 9N] URGE ( ! WORK]S TO BETT] !IR POSITION & !IR DESIRE TO /RUGGLE4 ,AFT] EV]Y FOAM+ WAVE ( POLITICAL ACTION A FRUCTIFY+ DEPOSIT REMA9S BEH9D FROM :I* A ?\S& /ALKS ( ECONOMIC /RUGGLE %OOT =?4 ,& CONV]SELY4 ,! WORK]S' CONDITION ( CEASELESS ECONOMIC /RUGGLE ) ! CAPITALI/S KEEPS !IR FI<T+ 5]GY ALIVE 9 EV]Y POLITICAL 9T]VAL2 IT =MS1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! P]MAN5T FRE% RES]VOIR ( ! /R5G? ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASSES1 FROM :I* ! POLITICAL FI<T EV] R5EWS ITS /R5G?1 & AT ! SAME TIME LEADS ! 9DEFATIGABLE ECONOMIC SAPP]S ( ! PROLET>IAT AT ALL TIMES1 N[ H]E & N[ !RE1 TO ISOLAT$ %>P CONFLICTS1 \T ( :I* PUBLIC CONFLICTS ON A L>GE SCALE UNEXPECT$LY EXPLODE4 

,9 A WORD3 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE IS ! TRANSMITT] FROM ONE POLITICAL C5T] TO ANO!R2 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE IS ! P]IODIC F]TILIZATION ( ! SOIL = ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 ,CAUSE & EFFECT H]E CONT9UALLY *ANGE PLACES2 & ?US ! ECONOMIC & ! POLITICAL FACTOR 9 ! P]IOD ( ! MASS /RIKE1 N[ WIDELY REMOV$1 COMPLETELY SEP>AT$ OR EV5 MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE1 AS ! !ORETICAL PLAN W\LD HAVE !M1 M]ELY =M ! TWO 9T]LAC+ SIDES ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& !IR UNITY IS PRECISELY ! MASS /RIKE4 ,IF ! SOPHI/ICAT$ !ORY PROPOSES TO MAKE A CLEV] LOGICAL DISSECTION ( ! MASS /RIKE = ! PURPOSE ( GETT+ AT ! 0PURELY POLITICAL MASS /RIKE10 IT WILL BY ?IS DISSECTION1 AS ) ANY O!R1 NOT P]CEIVE ! PH5OM5ON 9 ITS LIV+ ESS5CE1 BUT WILL KILL IT ALTOGE!R4 

#c4 ,F9ALLY1 ! EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA %[ US ?AT ! MASS /RIKE IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! REVOLUTION4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASS /RIKE IS ! HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,:51 TO BE SURE1 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( \R ,G]MAN OPPORTUNISM HE> ( 0REVOLUTION10 !Y IMM$IATELY ?9K ( BLOOD%$1 /REET FI<T+ OR P[D] & %OT1 & ! LOGICAL CONCLUSION !RE( IS3 ! MASS /RIKE LEADS 9EVITABLY TO ! REVOLUTION1 !RE=E WE D>E NOT HAVE IT4 ,9 ACTUAL FACT WE SEE 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT ALMO/ EV]Y MASS /RIKE 9 ! LONG RUN LEADS TO AN 5C\NT] ) ! >M$ GU>DIANS ( CZ>I/ ORD]1 & !RE9 ! SO-CALL$ POLITICAL /RIKES EXACTLY RESEMBLE ! L>G] ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 ,! REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 IS SOME?+ O!R & SOME?+ MORE ?AN BLOOD%$4 ,9 CONTRADICTION TO ! POLICE 9T]PRETATION1 :I* VIEWS ! REVOLUTION EXCLUSIVELY FROM ! /&PO9T ( /REET DI/URBANCES & RIOT+1 ?AT IS1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( 0DISORD]10 ! 9T]PRETATION ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM SEES 9 ! REVOLUTION ABOVE ALL A ?OR\<-GO+ 9T]NAL REV]SAL ( SOCIAL CLASS RELATIONS4 ,& FROM ?IS /&PO9T AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T CONNECTION EXI/S BETWE5 REVOLUTION & MASS /RIKE 9 ,RUSSIA FROM ?AT CONTA9$ 9 ! COMMONPLACE CONCEPTION ?AT ! MASS /RIKE G5]ALLY 5DS 9 BLOOD%$4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ABOVE ! 9N] ME*ANISM ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASS /RIKE :I* DEP5DS UPON ! CEASELESS RECIPROCAL ACTION ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUGGLES4 ,BUT ?IS RECIPROCAL ACTION IS CONDITION$ DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,ONLY 9 ! SULTRY AIR ( ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION CAN ANY P>TIAL LITTLE CONFLICT BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL GR[ 9TO A G5]AL EXPLOSION4 ,9 ,G]MANY ! MO/ VIOL5T1 MO/ BRUTAL COLLISIONS BETWE5 ! WORK]S & EMPLOY]S TAKE PLACE EV]Y YE> & EV]Y DAY )\T ! /RUGGLE OV]LEAP+ ! B\NDS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL DEP>TM5TS OR 9DIVIDUAL T[NS CONC]N$1 OR EV5 ?OSE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES4 ,PUNI%M5T ( ORGANIZ$ WORK]S 9 ,PET]SBURG & UNEMPLOYM5T AS 9 ,BAKU1 WAGE /RUGGLES AS 9 ,ODESSA1 /RUGGLES = ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION AS 9 ,MOSC[ >E ! ORD] ( ! DAY 9 ,G]MANY4 ,NO S+LE ONE ( !SE CASES H[EV] *ANGES SUDD5LY 9TO A COMMON CLASS ACTION4 ,& :5 !Y GR[ 9TO ISOLAT$ MASS /RIKES1 :I* HAVE )\T QUE/ION A POLITICAL COLOR+1 !Y DO NOT BR+ AB\T A G5]AL /ORM4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE ( ,DUT* RAILWAYM51 :I* DI$ AWAY 9 SPITE ( ! W>ME/ SYMPA?Y1 9 ! MID/ ( ! COMPLETE IMPASSIVITY ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! C\NTRY1 AF=DS A /RIK+ PRO( ( ?IS4 

,& CONV]SELY1 ONLY 9 ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION1 :5 ! SOCIAL F\NDATIONS & ! WALLS ( ! CLASS SOCIETY >E %AK5 & SUBJECT$ TO A CON/ANT PROCESS ( DIS>RANGEM5T1 ANY POLITICAL CLASS ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN >\SE FROM !IR PASSIVE CONDITION 9 A FEW H\RS :OLE SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS :O HAVE HI!RTO REMA9$ UNAFFECT$1 & ?IS IS IMM$IATELY & NATURALLY EXPRESS$ 9 A /ORMY ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 ,! WORK]1 SUDD5LY >\S$ TO ACTIVITY BY ! ELECTRIC %OCK ( POLITICAL ACTION1 IMM$IATELY SEIZES ! WEAPON LY+ NE>E/ HIS H& = ! FI<T AGA9/ HIS CONDITION ( ECONOMIC SLAV]Y3 ! /ORMY GE/URE ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE CAUSES HIM TO FEEL ) UNEXPECT$ 9T5SITY ! WEI<T & ! PRESSURE ( HIS ECONOMIC *A9S4 ,& :ILE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! MO/ VIOL5T POLITICAL /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY - ! ELECTORAL /RUGGLE OR ! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE ON ! CU/OMS T>IFF - EX]CIS$ A SC>CELY P]CEPTIBLE DIRECT 9FLU5CE UPON ! C\RSE & ! 9T5SITY ( ! WAGE /RUGGLES BE+ CONDUCT$ AT ! SAME TIME 9 ,G]MANY1 EV]Y POLITICAL ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA IMM$IATELY EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 ! EXT5SION ( ! >EA & ! DEEP5+ ( ! 9T5SITY ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 

,! REVOLUTION ?US FIR/ CREATES ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* ?IS SUDD5 *ANGE ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE 9TO ! POLITICAL & ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE 9TO ! ECONOMIC IS POSSIBLE1 A *ANGE :I* F9DS ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! MASS /RIKE4 ,& IF ! VULG> S*EME SEES ! CONNECTION BETWE5 MASS /RIKE & REVOLUTION ONLY 9 BLOODY /REET 5C\NT]S ) :I* ! MASS /RIKES CONCLUDE1 A SOME:AT DEEP] LOOK 9TO ! ,RUSSIAN EV5TS %[S AN EXACTLY OPPOSITE CONNECTION3 9 REALITY ! MASS /RIKE DOES NOT PRODUCE ! REVOLUTION BUT ! REVOLUTION PRODUCES ! MASS /RIKE4 

#d4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5T 9 ORD] TO COMPREH5D ! =EGO+ TO OBTA9 AN EXPLANATION ( ! QUE/ION ( ! CONSCI\S DIRECTION & 9ITIATIVE 9 ! MASS /RIKE4 ,IF ! MASS /RIKE IS NOT AN ISOLAT$ ACT BUT A :OLE P]IOD ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 & IF ?IS P]IOD IS ID5TICAL ) A P]IOD ( REVOLUTION1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! MASS /RIKE CANNOT BE CALL$ AT WILL1 EV5 :5 ! DECISION TO DO SO MAY COME FROM ! HI<E/ COMMITTEE ( ! /RONGE/ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY4 ,AS LONG AS ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS NOT ! P[] TO /AGE & C\NT]M& REVOLUTIONS ACCORD+ TO ITS FANCY1 EV5 ! GREATE/ 5?USIASM & IMPATI5CE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC TROOPS WILL NOT SUFFICE TO CALL 9TO BE+ A REAL P]IOD ( MASS /RIKE AS A LIV+1 P[]FUL MOVEM5T ( ! PEOPLE4 ,ON ! BASIS ( A DECISION ( ! P>TY LEAD]%IP & ( P>TY DISCIPL9E1 A S+LE %ORT DEMON/RATION MAY WELL BE >RANG$ SIMIL> TO ! ,SW$I% MASS /RIKE1 OR TO ! LATE/ ,AU/RIAN /RIKE1 OR EV5 TO ! ,HAMBURG MASS /RIKE ( ,JANU>Y #a#g4 ,!SE DEMON/RATIONS1 H[EV]1 DIFF] FROM AN ACTUAL P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y MASS /RIKES 9 EXACTLY ! SAME WAY ?AT ! WELL-KN[N DEMON/RATIONS 9 =EIGN PORTS DUR+ A P]IOD ( /RA9$ DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS DIFF] FROM A NAVAL W>4 ,A MASS /RIKE BORN ( PURE DISCIPL9E & 5?USIASM WILL1 AT BE/1 M]ELY PLAY ! ROLE ( AN EPISODE1 ( A SYMPTOM ( ! FI<T+ MOOD ( ! WORK+ CLASS UPON :I*1 H[EV]1 ! CONDITIONS ( A PEACEFUL P]IOD >E REFLECT$4 

,( C\RSE1 EV5 DUR+ ! REVOLUTION1 MASS /RIKES DO NOT EXACTLY FALL FROM HEAV54 ,!Y MU/ BE BR\<T AB\T 9 SOME WAY OR ANO!R BY ! WORK]S4 ,! RESOLUTION & DET]M9ATION ( ! WORK]S ALSO PLAY A P>T & 9DE$ ! 9ITIATIVE & ! WID] DIRECTION NATURALLY FALL TO ! %>E ( ! ORGANIZ$ & MO/ 5LI<T5$ K]NEL ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ! SCOPE ( ?IS 9ITIATIVE & ?IS DIRECTION1 = ! MO/ P>T1 IS CONF9$ TO APPLICATION TO 9DIVIDUAL ACTS1 TO 9DIVIDUAL /RIKES1 :5 ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD IS ALREADY BEGUN1 & 9DE$1 9 MO/ CASES1 IS CONF9$ )9 ! B\ND>IES ( A S+LE T[N4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS HAVE ALREADY1 ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS1 SUCCESSFULLY ISSU$ A DIRECT SUMMONS = A MASS /RIKE 9 ,BAKU1 9 ,W>SAW1 9 ,LODZ1 & 9 ,PET]SBURG4 ,BUT ?IS SUCCE$S MU* LESS FREQU5TLY :5 APPLI$ TO G5]AL MOVEM5TS ( ! :OLE PROLET>IAT4 

,FUR!R1 !RE >E QUITE DEF9ITE LIMITS SET TO 9ITIATIVE & CONSCI\S DIRECTION4 ,DUR+ ! REVOLUTION IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT = ANY DIRECT+ ORGAN ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T TO =ESEE & TO CALCULATE :I* OCCASIONS & FACTORS CAN LEAD TO EXPLOSIONS & :I* CANNOT4 ,H]E ALSO 9ITIATIVE & DIRECTION DO NOT CONSI/ 9 ISSU+ COMM&S ACCORD+ TO ONE'S 9CL9ATIONS1 BUT 9 ! MO/ ADROIT ADAPTABILITY TO ! GIV5 SITUATION1 & ! CLOSE/ POSSIBLE CONTACT ) ! MOOD ( ! MASSES4 ,! ELEM5T ( SPONTANEITY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 PLAYS A GREAT P>T 9 ALL ,RUSSIAN MASS /RIKES )\T EXCEPTION1 BE IT AS A DRIV+ =CE OR AS A RE/RA9+ 9FLU5CE4 ,?IS DOES NOT OCCUR 9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS /ILL Y\NG OR WEAK1 BUT BECAUSE 9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL ACT ( ! /RUGGLE SO V]Y MANY IMPORTANT ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL1 G5]AL & LOCAL1 MAT]IAL & PSY*ICAL1 FACTORS REACT UPON ONE ANO!R 9 SU* A WAY ?AT NO S+LE ACT CAN BE >RANG$ & RESOLV$ AS IF IT W]E A MA!MATICAL PROBLEM4 ,! REVOLUTION1 EV5 :5 ! PROLET>IAT1 ) ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS AT !IR HEAD1 APPE> 9 ! LEAD+ ROLE1 IS NOT A MANEUV] ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! OP5 FIELD1 BUT A FI<T 9 ! MID/ ( ! 9CESSANT CRA%+1 DISPLAC+ & CRUMBL+ ( ! SOCIAL F\NDATION4 ,9 %ORT1 9 ! MASS /RIKES 9 ,RUSSIA ! ELEM5T ( SPONTANEITY PLAYS SU* A PR$OM9ANT P>T1 NOT BECAUSE ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT >E 0UN$UCAT$10 BUT BECAUSE REVOLUTIONS DO NOT ALL[ ANYONE TO PLAY ! S*OOLMA/] ) !M4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 WE SEE 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT ! SAME REVOLUTION :I* R5D]$ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS' COMM& ( ! MASS /RIKE SO DIFFICULT1 & :I* /RUCK ! CONDUCTOR'S BATON FROM1 OR PRESS$ 9TO1 !IR H& AT ALL TIMES 9 SU* A COMICAL FA%ION - WE SEE ?AT IT RESOLV$ ( ITSELF ALL ?OSE DIFFICULTIES ( ! MASS /RIKE :I*1 9 ! !ORETICAL S*EME ( ,G]MAN DISCUSSION >E REG>D$ AS ! *IEF CONC]N ( ! 0DIRECT+ BODY03 ! QUE/ION ( 0PROVISION+10 0DISCOV]Y ( CO/10 & 0SACRIFICE40 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT IT DOES NOT RESOLVE !M 9 ! WAY ?AT !Y W\LD BE RESOLV$ 9 A QUIET CONFID5TIAL DISCUSSION BETWE5 ! HI<] DIRECT+ COMMITTEES ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! MEMB]S SITT+ P5CIL 9 H&4 ,! 0REGULATION0 ( ALL !SE QUE/IONS CONSI/S 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! REVOLUTION BR+S SU* AN 5ORM\S MASS ( PEOPLE UPON ! /AGE ?AT ANY COMPUTATION OR REGULATION ( ! CO/ ( ! MOVEM5T SU* AS CAN BE EFFECT$ 9 A CIVIL PROCESS1 APPE>S TO BE AN ALTOGE!R HOPELESS UND]TAK+4 

,! LEAD+ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,RUSSIA C]TA9LY ATTEMPT TO SUPPORT ! DIRECT VICTIMS TO ! BE/ ( !IR ABILITY4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ! BRAVE VICTIMS ( ! GIGANTIC LOCK\T 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 :I* FOLL[$ UPON ! EI<T-H\R DAY CAMPAIGN1 W]E SUPPORT$ = WEEKS4 ,BUT ALL !SE MEASURES >E1 9 ! 5ORM\S BALANCE ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT AS A DROP 9 ! OCEAN4 ,AT ! MOM5T ?AT A REAL1 E>NE/ P]IOD ( MASS /RIKES BEG9S1 ALL !SE 0CALCULATIONS0 ( 0CO/0 BECOME M]ELY PROJECTS = EXHAU/+ ! OCEAN ) A TUMBL]4 ,& IT IS A V]ITABLE OCEAN ( FRI<TFUL PRIVATIONS & SUFF]+S :I* IS BR\<T BY EV]Y REVOLUTION TO ! PROLET>IAN MASSES4 ,& ! SOLUTION :I* A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD MAKES ( ?IS APP>5TLY 9V9CIBLE DIFFICULTY CONSI/S 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT SU* AN IMM5SE VOLUME ( MASS IDEALISM IS SIMULTANE\SLY RELEAS$ ?AT ! MASSES >E 9S5SIBLE TO ! BITT]E/ SUFF]+S4 ,) ! PSY*OLOGY ( A TRADE UNIONI/ :O WILL NOT /AY (F HIS WORK ON ,MAY ,DAY UNLESS HE IS ASSUR$ 9 ADVANCE ( A DEF9ITE AM\NT ( SUPPORT 9 ! EV5T ( HIS BE+ VICTIMIZ$1 NEI!R REVOLUTION NOR MASS /RIKE CAN BE MADE4 ,BUT 9 ! /ORM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD EV5 ! PROLET>IAN IS TRANS=M$ FROM A PROVID5T PAT] FAMILAS DEM&+ SUPPORT1 9TO A 0REVOLUTION>Y ROMANTICI/10 = :OM EV5 ! HI<E/ GOOD1 LIFE ITSELF1 TO SAY NO?+ ( MAT]IAL WELL-BE+1 POSSESSES BUT LITTLE 9 COMP>ISON ) ! IDEALS ( ! /RUGGLE4 

,IF1 H[EV]1 ! DIRECTION ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ! S5SE ( COMM& OV] ITS ORIG91 & 9 ! S5SE ( ! CALCULAT+ & RECKON+ ( ! CO/1 IS A MATT] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ITSELF1 ! DIRECT+ ( ! MASS /RIKE BECOMES1 9 AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T S5SE1 ! DUTY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ITS LEAD+ ORGANS4 ,9/EAD ( PUZZL+ !IR HEADS ) ! TE*NICAL SIDE1 ) ! ME*ANISM1 ( ! MASS /RIKE1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS >E CALL$ UPON TO ASSUME POLITICAL LEAD]%IP 9 ! MID/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 

,TO GIVE ! CUE =1 & ! DIRECTION TO1 ! FI<T2 TO SO REGULATE ! TACTICS ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE 9 ITS EV]Y PHASE & AT ITS EV]Y MOM5T ?AT ! 5TIRE SUM ( ! AVAILABLE P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT :I* IS ALREADY RELEAS$ & ACTIVE1 WILL F9D EXPRESSION 9 ! BATTLE >RAY ( ! P>TY2 TO SEE ?AT ! TACTICS ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS >E DECID$ ACCORD+ TO !IR RESOLUT5ESS & ACUT5ESS & ?AT !Y NEV] FALL BEL[ ! LEVEL DEM&$ BY ! ACTUAL RELATIONS ( =CES1 BUT RA!R RISE ABOVE IT - ?AT IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT TASK ( ! DIRECT+ BODY 9 A P]IOD ( MASS /RIKES4 ,& ?IS DIRECTION *ANGES ( ITSELF1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 9TO TE*NICAL DIRECTION4 ,A CONSI/5T1 RESOLUTE1 PROGRESSIVE TACTIC ON ! P>T ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS PRODUCES 9 ! MASSES A FEEL+ ( SECURITY1 SELF-CONFID5CE & DESIRE = /RUGGLE2 A VACILLAT+ WEAK TACTIC1 BAS$ ON AN UND]E/IMATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 HAS A CRIPPL+ & CONFUS+ EFFECT UPON ! MASSES4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE MASS /RIKES BREAK \T 0( !MSELVES0 & 0OPPORTUNELY02 9 ! SECOND CASE !Y REMA9 9EFFECTIVE AMID DIRECT SUMMONSES ( ! DIRECT+ BODY TO MASS /RIKES4 ,& ( BO? ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AF=DS /RIK+ EXAMPLES4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,LESSONS ( ! ,WORK+-,CLASS ,MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ,APPLICABLE TO ,G]MANY 

,LET US N[ SEE H[ F> ALL !SE LESSONS :I* CAN BE LE>N$ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN MASS /RIKES >E APPLICABLE TO ,G]MANY4 ,! SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS1 ! HI/ORY & /ATUS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T >E WIDELY DIFF]5T 9 ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA4 ,AT FIR/ SI<T ! 9N] LAW ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASS /RIKES AS SKET*$ ABOVE MAY APPE> TO BE SOLELY ! PRODUCT ( SPECIFICALLY ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS :I* NE$ NOT BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT BY ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 ,BETWE5 ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUGGLE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION !RE IS A V]Y CLOSE 9T]NAL CONNECTION2 !IR UNITY BECOMES AN ACTUAL FACT 9 ! P]IOD ( MASS /RIKES4 ,BUT IS NOT ?AT SIMPLY A RESULT ( ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM8 ,9 A /ATE 9 :I* EV]Y =M & EXPRESSION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T IS =BIDD51 9 :I* ! SIMPLE/ /RIKE IS A POLITICAL CRIME1 IT MU/ LOGICALLY FOLL[ ?AT EV]Y ECONOMIC /RUGGLE WILL BECOME A POLITICAL ONE4 

,FUR!R1 :51 CONTR>IWISE1 ! FIR/ \TBREAK ( ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION HAS DRAWN AFT] IT A G5]AL RECKON+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS ) ! EMPLOY]S1 ?AT IS LIKEWISE A SIMPLE RESULT ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN WORK] HAS HI!RTO HAD A V]Y L[ /&>D ( LIFE1 & HAS NEV] YET 5GAG$ 9 A S+LE ECONOMIC /RUGGLE = AN IMPROVEM5T ( HIS CONDITION4 ,! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA HAS FIR/1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 TO WORK !IR WAY \T ( !SE MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS1 & :AT WOND] ?AT !Y EAG]LY AVAIL$ !MSELVES1 ) ! EAG]NESS ( Y\?1 ( ! FIR/ MEANS TO ?AT 5D AS SOON AS ! REVOLUTION BR\<T ! FIR/ FRE% BREEZE 9TO ! HEAVY AIR ( ABSOLUTISM8 

,& F9ALLY1 ! /ORMY REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASS /RIKES AS WELL AS !IR PREPOND]ANT SPONTANE\S1 ELEM5T>Y *>ACT] IS EXPLA9$ ON ! ONE H& BY ! POLITICAL BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIA1 BY ! NECESSITY ( FIR/ OV]?R[+ ! ORI5TAL DESPOTISM1 & ON ! O!R H&1 BY ! WANT ( ORGANIZATION & ( DISCIPL9E ( ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,9 A C\NTRY 9 :I* ! WORK+-CLASS HAS HAD ?IRTY YE>S EXP]I5CE ( POLITICAL LIFE1 A /RONG SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY ( ?REE MILLION MEMB]S & A QU>T] ( A MILLION PICK$ TROOPS ORGANIZ$ 9 TRADE UNIONS1 NEI!R ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE NOR ! MASS /RIKE CAN POSSIBLY ASSUME ! SAME /ORMY & ELEM5TAL *>ACT] AS 9 A SEMI-B>B>\S /ATE :I* HAS JU/ MADE ! LEAP FROM ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 9TO ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS ORD]4 ,?IS IS ! CURR5T CONCEPTION AMONG ?OSE :O W\LD READ ! /AGE ( MATURITY ( ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( A C\NTRY FROM ! TEXT ( ! WRITT5 LAWS4 

,LET US EXAM9E ! QUE/IONS 9 !IR ORD]4 ,TO BEG9 ) IT IS GO+ ! WRONG WAY AB\T ! MATT] TO DATE ! BEG9N+ ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE 9 ,RUSSIA ONLY FROM ! \TBREAK ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ! /RIKES & WAGE DISPUTES 9 ,RUSSIA PROP] W]E 9CREAS+LY ! ORD] ( ! DAY S9CE ! N9ETIES ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 & 9 ,RUSSIAN ,POL& EV5 S9CE ! EI<TIES1 & HAD EV5TUALLY WON CIVIC RI<TS = ! WORK]S4 ,( C\RSE1 !Y W]E FREQU5TLY FOLL[$ BY BRUTAL POLICE MEASURES1 BUT NEV]!LESS !Y W]E DAILY PH5OM5A4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 BO? ,W>SAW & ,LODZ AS E>LY AS #a#h#i#a1 !RE WAS A CONSID]ABLE /RIKE FUND1 & ! 5?USIASM = TRADE UNIONISM 9 !SE YE>S HAD EV5 CREAT$ ?AT 0ECONOMIC0 ILLUSION 9 ,POL& = A %ORT TIME :I* A FEW YE>S LAT] PREVAIL$ 9 ,PET]SBURG & ! RE/ ( ,RUSSIA4 

,9 ! SAME WAY !RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( EXAGG]ATION 9 ! NOTION ?AT ! PROLET>IAN 9 ! CZ>I/ EMPIRE HAD ! /&>D ( LIFE ( A PAUP] BE=E ! REVOLUTION4 ,! LAY] ( ! WORK]S 9 L>GE 9DU/RIES 9 ! GREAT T[NS :O HAD BE5 ! MO/ ACTIVE & JEAL\S 9 ! ECONOMIC AS 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE >E1 AS REG>DS ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 ON A SC>CELY L[] PLANE ?AN ! CORRESPOND+ LAY] ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT1 & 9 SOME OCCUPATIONS AS HI< WAGES >E TO BE MET ) 9 ,RUSSIA AS 9 ,G]MANY1 & H]E & !RE1 EV5 HI<]4 ,& AS REG>DS ! L5G? ( ! WORK+ DAY1 ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RIES 9 ! TWO C\NTRIES IS H]E & !RE1 9SIGNIFICANT4 ,! NOTION ( ! PRESUM$ MAT]IAL & CULTURAL CONDITION ( HELOTRY ( ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+-CLASS IS SIMIL>LY )\T JU/IFICATION 9 FACT4 ,?IS NOTION IS CONTRADICT$1 AS A LITTLE REFLECTION WILL %[1 BY ! FACTS ( ! REVOLUTION ITSELF & ! PROM95T P>T ?AT WAS PLAY$ !RE9 BY ! PROLET>IAT4 ,) PAUP]S NO REVOLUTION ( ?IS POLITICAL MATURITY & CLEV]NESS ( ?\<T CAN BE MADE1 & ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,W>SAW1 ,MOSC[ & ,ODESSA1 :O /& 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! /RUGGLE1 >E CULTURALLY & M5TALLY MU* NE>] TO ! WE/ ,EUROPEAN TYPE ?AN IS IMAG9$ BY ?OSE :O REG>D B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>ISM & ME?ODICAL TRADE-UNION PRACTICE AS ! 9DISP5SABLE1 OR EV5 ! ONLY1 S*OOL ( CULTURE = ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! MOD]N L>GE CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA & ! 9TELLECTUAL 9FLU5CE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY EX]T$ = A DECADE-&-A-HALF1 :I* HAS 5C\RAG$ & DIRECT$ ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ AN IMPORTANT PIECE ( CULTURAL WORK )\T ! \TW>D GU>ANTEES ( ! B\RGEOIS LEGAL ORD]4 

,! CONTRA/1 H[EV]1 GR[S LESS :51 ON ! O!R H&1 WE LOOK A LITTLE FUR!R 9TO ! ACTUAL /&>D ( LIFE 9 ! ,G]MAN WORK+-CLASS4 ,! GREAT POLITICAL MASS /RIKES 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE1 FROM ! FIR/1 >\S$ ! WIDE/ LAY]S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ?R[N !M 9TO A FEV]I% ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 ,BUT >E !RE NOT 9 ,G]MANY :OLE UN5LI<T5$ SECTIONS AMONG ! WORK]S TO :I* ! W>M LI<T ( ! TRADE UNIONS HAS HI!RTO SC>CELY P5ETRAT$1 :OLE LAY]S :I* UP TO ! PRES5T HAVE NEV] ATTEMPT$1 OR VA9LY ATTEMPT$1 TO RAISE !MSELVES \T ( !IR SOCIAL HELOTRY BY MEANS ( DAILY WAGE /RUGGLES8 

,LET US CONSID] ! POV]TY ( ! M9]S4 ,ALREADY 9 ! QUIET WORK+ DAY1 9 ! COLD ATMOSPH]E ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y MONOTONY ( ,G]MANY - AS ALSO 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 & EV5 9 ! ,EL ,DORADO ( TRADE UNIONISM1 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 - ! WAGE /RUGGLE ( ! M9E WORK]S H>DLY EV] EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 ANY O!R WAY ?AN BY VIOL5T ]UPTIONS FROM TIME-TO-TIME 9 MASS /RIKES ( TYPICAL1 ELEM5TAL *>ACT]4 ,?IS ONLY %[S ?AT ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL IS TOO %>P & VIOL5T TO ALL[ ( ITS CRUMBL+ AWAY 9 ! =M ( QUIET SY/EMATIC1 P>TIAL TRADE-UNION /RUGGLES4 ,! MIS]Y ( ! M9]S1 ) ITS ]UPTIVE SOIL :I* EV5 9 0NORMAL0 TIMES IS A /ORM C5T] ( ! GREATE/ VIOL5CE1 MU/ IMM$IATELY EXPLODE1 9 A VIOL5T ECONOMIC SOCIALI/ /RUGGLE1 ) EV]Y GREAT POLITICAL MASS ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ) EV]Y VIOL5T SUDD5 J]K :I* DI/URBS ! MOM5T>Y EQUILIBRIUM ( EV]YDAY SOCIAL LIFE4 

,LET US TAKE FUR!R1 ! CASE ( ! POV]TY ( ! TEXTILE WORK]S4 ,H]E ALSO ! BITT]1 & = ! MO/ P>T FRUITLESS1 \TBREAKS ( ! WAGE /RUGGLE :I* RAG$ ?R\< ,VOGTL& EV]Y FEW YE>S1 GIVE BUT A FA9T IDEA ( ! VEHEM5CE ) :I* ! GREAT AGGLOM]ATE MASS ( HELOTS ( TRU/IFI$ TEXTILE CAPITAL MU/ EXPLODE DUR+ A POLITICAL CONVULSION1 DUR+ A P[]FUL1 D>+ MASS ACTION ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 ,AGA91 LET US TAKE ! POV]TY ( ! HOME-WORK]S1 ( ! READY-MADE CLO?+ WORK]S1 ( ! ELECTRICITY WORK]S1 V]ITABLE /ORM C5T]S 9 :I* VIOL5T /RUGGLES WILL BE ! MORE C]TA9 TO BREAK \T ) EV]Y POLITICAL ATMOSPH]IC DI/URBANCE 9 ,G]MANY1 ! LESS FREQU5TLY ! PROLET>IAT TAKE UP ! /RUGGLE 9 TRANQUIL TIMES2 & ! MORE UNSUCCESSFULLY !Y FI<T AT ANY TIME1 ! MORE BRUTALLY WILL CAPITAL COMPLY !M TO RETURN1 GNA%+ !IR TEE?1 TO ! YOKE ( SLAV]Y4 

,N[1 H[EV]1 :OLE GREAT CATEGORIES ( ! PROLET>IAT HAVE TO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT :I*1 9 ! 0NORMAL0 C\RSE ( ?+S 9 ,G]MANY1 CANNOT POSSIBLY TAKE P>T 9 A PEACEFUL ECONOMIC /RUGGLE = ! IMPROVEM5T ( !IR CONDITION & CANNOT POSSIBLY AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION4 ,FIR/ & =EMO/ WE GIVE ! EXAMPLE ( ! GL>+ POV]TY ( ! RAILWAY & ! PO/AL EMPLOYES4 ,= !SE GOV]NM5T WORK]S !RE EXI/ ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS 9 ! MID/ ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y CON/ITUTIONAL /ATE ( ,G]MANY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS AS !Y EXI/$ ONLY BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 DUR+ ! UNTR\BL$ SPL5DOR ( ABSOLUTISM4 ,ALREADY 9 ! GREAT ,OCTOB] /RIKE ( #aie ! ,RUSSIAN RAILWAYM5 9 ! !N =MALLY ABSOLUTI/ ,RUSSIA1 W]E1 AS REG>DS ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL FRE$OM ( !IR MOVEM5T1 HEAD & %\LD]S ABOVE ! ,G]MANS4 ,! ,RUSSIAN RAILWAY & PO/AL EMPLOYES WON ! DE FACTO RI<T ( COMB9ATION 9 ! /ORM1 & IF MOM5T>ILY TRIAL UPON TRIAL & VICTIMIZATION W]E ! RULE1 !Y W]E P[]LESS TO AFFECT ! 9N] UNITY ( WORK]S4 

,H[EV]1 IT W\LD BE AN ALTOGE!R FALSE PSY*OLOGICAL RECKON+ IF ONE W]E TO ASSUME1 ) ! ,G]MAN REACTION1 ?AT ! SLAVI% OB$I5CE ( ! ,G]MAN RAILWAY & PO/AL EMPLOYES WILL LA/ =EV]1 ?AT IT IS A ROCK :I* NO?+ CAN WE> AWAY4 ,:5 EV5 ! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNION LEAD]S HAVE BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT !Y1 UNTR\BL$ BY AN 9DIFF]5CE ALMO/ )\T P>ALLEL 9 ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE1 CAN SURVEY ) COMPLETE SATISFACTION ! RESULTS ( ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY1 !N ! DEEP-SEAT$1 LONG-SUPPRESS$ RES5TM5T ( ! UNI=M$ /ATE SLAVES WILL 9EVITABLY F9D V5T ) A G5]AL RIS+ ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ,& :5 ! 9DU/RIAL VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BY MEANS ( MASS /RIKES1 GRASP AT NEW POLITICAL RI<TS OR ATTEMPT TO DEF5D EXI/+ ONES1 ! GREAT >MY ( RAILWAY & PO/AL EMPLOYES MU/ ( NECESSITY BE?9K !MSELVES ( !IR [N SPECIAL DISGRACE1 & AT LA/ R\SE !MSELVES = !IR LIB]ATION FROM ! EXTRA %>E ( ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM :I* IS SPECIALLY RES]V$ = !M 9 ,G]MANY4 

,! P$ANTIC CONCEPTION :I* W\LD UNFOLD GREAT POPUL> MOVEM5TS ACCORD+ TO PLAN & RECIPE REG>DS ! ACQUISITION ( ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION = ! RAILWAY WORK]S AS NECESS>Y BE=E ANYONE WILL 0D>E TO ?9K0 ( A MASS /RIKE 9 ,G]MANY4 ,! ACTUAL & NATURAL C\RSE ( EV5TS CAN ONLY BE ! OPPOSITE ( ?IS3 ONLY FROM A SPONTANE\S P[]FUL MASS /RIKE ACTION CAN ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION = ! ,G]MAN RAILWAY WORK]S1 AS WELL AS = ! PO/AL EMPLOYES1 ACTUALLY BE BORN4 ,& ! PROBLEMS :I* 9 ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( ,G]MANY >E 9SOLUBLE WILL SUDD5LY F9D !IR SOLUTION UND] ! 9FLU5CE & ! PRESSURE ( A UNIV]SAL POLITICAL MASS ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,& F9ALLY1 ! GREATE/ & MO/ IMPORTANT3 ! POV]TY ( ! L& WORK]S4 ,IF ! ,BRITI% TRADE-UNIONS >E COMPOS$ EXCLUSIVELY ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 ?AT IS QUITE UND]/&ABLE 9 VIEW ( ! SPECIAL *>ACT] ( ! ,BRITI% NATIONAL ECONOMY1 & ( ! UNIMPORTANT P>T ?AT AGRICULTURE PLAYS1 ON ! :OLE1 9 ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ,BRITA94 ,9 ,G]MANY1 A TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATION1 BE IT EV] SO WELL CON/RUCT$1 IF IT COMPRISES ONLY 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 & IS 9ACCESSIBLE TO ! GREAT >MY ( L& WORK]S1 WILL GIVE ONLY A WEAK1 P>TIAL PICTURE ( ! CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT AGA9 IT W\LD BE A FATAL ILLUSION TO ?9K ?AT CONDITIONS 9 ! C\NTRY >E UNALT]ABLE & IMMOVABLE & ?AT ! 9DEFATIGABLE $UCATIONAL WORK ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 & /ILL MORE1 ! :OLE 9T]NAL CLASS POLITICS ( ,G]MANY1 DOES NOT CONT9UALLY UND]M9E ! \TW>D PASSIVITY ( ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S & ?AT ANY GREAT G5]AL CLASS ACTION ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT1 = :ATEV] OBJECT UND]TAK51 MAY NOT ALSO DRAW ! RURAL PROLET>IAT 9TO ! CONFLICT4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! PICTURE ( ! ALLEG$ ECONOMIC SUP]IORITY ( ! ,G]MAN OV] ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT IS CONSID]ABLY ALT]$ :5 WE LOOK AWAY FROM ! TABLES ( ! 9DU/RIES & DEP>TM5TS ORGANIZ$ 9 TRADE-UNIONS & BE/[ A LOOK UPON ?OSE GREAT GR\PS ( ! PROLET>IAT :O >E ALTOGE!R \TSIDE ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE1 OR :OSE SPECIAL ECONOMIC CONDITION DOES NOT ALL[ ( !IR BE+ =C$ 9TO ! N>R[ FRAMEWORK ( ! DAILY GU]RILLA W>F>E ( ! TRADE-UNIONS4 ,WE SEE !RE ONE IMPORTANT SPH]E AFT] ANO!R1 9 :I* ! %>P5+ ( ANTAGONISMS HAS REA*$ ! EXTREME PO9T1 9 :I* 9FLAMMABLE MAT]IAL 9 ABUNDANCE IS HEAP$ UP1 9 :I* !RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( 0,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM0 9 ITS MO/ NAK$ =M1 & 9 :I* ECONOMICALLY ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y RECKON+S ) CAPITAL HAVE FIR/ TO BE MADE4 

,9 A G5]AL POLITICAL MASS /RIKE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 !N1 ALL !SE \T/&+ ACC\NTS W\LD 9EVITABLY BE PRES5T$ TO ! PREVAIL+ SY/EM4 ,AN >TIFICIALLY >RANG$ DEMON/RATION ( ! URBAN PROLET>IAT1 TAK+ PLACE ONCE1 A M]E MASS /RIKE ACTION >IS+ \T ( DISCIPL9E1 & DIRECT$ BY ! CONDUCTOR'S BATON ( A P>TY EXECUTIVE1 C\LD !RE=E LEAVE ! BROAD MASSES ( ! PEOPLE COLD & 9DIFF]5T4 ,BUT A P[]FUL & RECKLESS FI<T+ ACTION ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 BORN ( A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 MU/ SURELY REACT UPON ! DEEP]-LY+ LAY]S1 & ULTIMATELY DRAW ALL ?OSE 9TO A /ORMY G5]AL ECONOMIC /RUGGLE :O1 9 NORMAL TIMES1 /& ASIDE FROM ! DAILY TRADE-UNION FI<T4 

,BUT :5 WE COME BACK TO ! ORGANIZ$ VANGU>D ( ! ,G]MAN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 ON ! O!R H&1 & KEEP BE=E \R EYES ! OBJECTS ( ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE :I* HAVE BE5 /RIV5 = BY ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS1 WE DO NOT AT ALL F9D ?AT !RE IS ANY T5D5CY TO LOOK D[N UPON ! ?+S ( Y\?1 AS ! OLDE/ ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS HAD REASON TO DO4 ,?US ! MO/ IMPORTANT G5]AL DEM& ( ! ,RUSSIAN /RIKES S9CE ,JANU>Y #bb - ! EI<T-H\R DAY - IS C]TA9LY NOT AN UNATTA9ABLE PLAT=M = ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT1 BUT RA!R 9 MO/ CASES1 A BEAUTIFUL1 REMOTE IDEAL4 ,?IS APPLIES ALSO TO ! /RUGGLE = ! 0MA/]Y ( ! H\SEHOLD0 PLAT=M1 TO ! /RUGGLE = ! 9TRODUCTION ( WORK]S' COMMITTEES 9TO ALL ! FACTORIES1 = ! ABOLITION ( PIECE-WORK1 = ! ABOLITION ( HOMEWORK 9 H&ICRAFT1 = ! COMPLETE OBS]VANCE ( ,SUNDAY RE/1 & = ! RECOGNITION ( ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION4 ,YES1 ON CLOS] 9SPECTION ALL ! ECONOMIC OBJECTS ( /RUGGLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT >E ALSO = ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT V]Y REAL1 & T\* A V]Y SORE SPOT 9 ! LIFE ( ! WORK]S4 

,IT !RE=E 9EVITABLY FOLL[S ?AT ! PURE POLITICAL MASS /RIKE1 :I* IS OP]AT$ ) = PREF]5CE1 IS1 9 ,G]MANY1 A M]E LIFELESS !ORETICAL PLAN4 ,IF ! MASS /RIKES RESULT1 9 A NATURAL WAY FROM A /RONG REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T1 !Y WILL EQUALLY NATURALLY1 EXACTLY AS 9 ,RUSSIA1 *ANGE 9TO A :OLE P]IOD ( ELEM5T>Y1 ECONOMIC /RUGGLES4 ,! FE>S ( ! TRADE-UNION LEAD]S1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! /RUGGLE = ECONOMIC 9T]E/S 9 A P]IOD ( /ORMY POLITICAL /RIFE1 9 A P]IOD ( MASS /RIKES1 CAN SIMPLY BE PU%$ ASIDE & SUPPRESS$ RE/ UPON AN UTT]LY BASELESS1 S*OOLBOY CONCEPTION ( ! C\RSE ( EV5TS4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD 9 ,G]MANY W\LD ALSO SO ALT] ! *>ACT] ( ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE & DEVELOP ITS POT5TIALITIES TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ! PRES5T GU]RILLA W>F>E ( ! TRADE-UNIONS W\LD BE *ILD'S PLAY 9 COMP>ISON4 ,& ON ! O!R H&1 FROM ?IS ELEM5T>Y ECONOMIC TEMPE/ ( MASS /RIKES1 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE W\LD ALWAYS D]IVE NEW IMPETUS & FRE% /R5G?4 ,! RECIPROCAL ACTION ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 :I* IS ! MA9-SPR+ ( PRES5T-DAY /RIKES 9 ,RUSSIA1 & AT ! SAME TIME ! REGULAT+ ME*ANISM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 W\LD ALSO NATURALLY RESULT 9 ,G]MANY FROM ! CONDITIONS !MSELVES4 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,CO-OP]ATION ( ,ORGANIS$ & ,UNORGANIS$ ,WORK]S ,NECESS>Y = ,VICTORY 

,9 CONNECTION ) ?IS1 ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION 9 RELATION TO ! PROBLEM ( ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,G]MANY ASSUMES AN ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T ASPECT4 

,! ATTITUDE ( MANY TRADE-UNION LEAD]S TO ?IS QUE/ION IS G5]ALLY SUMM$ UP 9 ! ASS]TION3 0,WE >E NOT YET /RONG 5\< TO RISK SU* A HAZ>D\S TRIAL ( /R5G? AS A MASS /RIKE40 ,N[ ?IS POSITION IS SO F> UNT5ABLE ?AT IT IS AN 9SOLUBLE PROBLEM TO DET]M9E ! TIME1 9 A PEACEFUL FA%ION BY C\NT+ HEADS1 :5 ! PROLET>IAT >E 0/RONG 5\<0 = ANY /RUGGLE4 ,?IRTY YE>S AGO ! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS HAD #e1 MEMB]S4 ,?AT WAS OBVI\SLY A NUMB] ) :I* A MASS /RIKE ON ! ABOVE SCALE WAS NOT TO BE ?\<T (4 ,FIFTE5 YE>S LAT] ! TRADE-UNIONS W]E F\R TIMES AS /RONG1 & C\NT$ #b#c#g1 MEMB]S4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 ! PRES5T TRADE-UNION LEAD]S HAD BE5 ASK$ AT ! TIME IF ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS !N SUFFICI5TLY RIPE = A MASS /RIKE1 !Y W\LD ASSUR$LY HAVE REPLI$ ?AT IT WAS /ILL F> FROM IT & ?AT ! NUMB] ( ?OSE ORGANIZ$ 9 TRADE-UNIONS W\LD FIR/ HAVE TO BE C\NT$ BY MILLIONS4 

,TODAY ! NUMB] ( TRADE-UNIONI/S ALREADY RUNS 9TO ! SECOND MILLION1 BUT ! VIEWS ( ! LEAD]S >E /ILL EXACTLY ! SAME1 & MAY V]Y WELL BE ! SAME TO ! 5D4 ,! TACIT ASSUMPTION IS ?AT ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS ( ,G]MANY1 D[N TO ! LA/ MAN & ! LA/ WOMAN1 MU/ BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION BE=E IT 0IS /RONG 5\<0 TO RISK A MASS ACTION1 :I* !N1 ACCORD+ TO ! OLD =MULA1 W\LD PROBABLY BE REPRES5T$ AS 0SUP]FLU\S40 ,?IS !ORY IS NEV]!LESS ABSOLUTELY UTOPIAN1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT IT SUFF]S FROM AN 9T]NAL CONTRADICTION1 ?AT IT GOES 9 A VICI\S CIRCLE4 ,BE=E ! WORK]S CAN 5GAGE 9 ANY DIRECT CLASS /RUGGLE !Y MU/ ALL BE ORGANIZ$4 ,! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! CONDITIONS1 ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE ?AT1 9 ! NORMAL C\RSE ( ?+S1 )\T /ORMY CLASS /RUGGLES1 C]TA9 SECTIONS - & !SE ! GREATE/1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 ! L[E/ & ! MO/ OPPRESS$ BY CAPITAL1 & BY ! /ATE - CAN BE ORGANIZ$ AT ALL4 ,WE SEE EV5 9 ,BRITA91 :I* HAS HAD A :OLE C5TURY ( 9DEFATIGABLE TRADE-UNION EF=T )\T ANY 0DI/URBANCES0 - EXCEPT AT ! BEG9N+ 9 ! P]IOD ( ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T - )\T ANY 0ROMANTIC REVOLUTION>Y0 ]RORS OR TEMPTATIONS1 IT HAS NOT BE5 POSSIBLE TO DO MORE ?AN ORGANIZE A M9ORITY ( ! BETT]-PAID SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,ON ! O!R H& ! TRADE-UNIONS1 LIKE ALL FI<T+ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 CANNOT P]MAN5TLY MA9TA9 !MSELVES 9 ANY O!R WAY ?AN BY /RUGGLE1 & ?AT NOT /RUGGLES ( ! SAME K9D AS ! W> BETWE5 ! FROGS & ! MICE 9 ! /AGNANT WAT]S ( ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>Y P]IOD1 BUT /RUGGLE 9 ! TR\BL$ REVOLUTION>Y P]IODS ( ! MASS /RIKE4 ,! RIGID1 ME*ANICAL-BUREAUCRATIC CONCEPTION CANNOT CONCEIVE ( ! /RUGGLE SAVE AS ! PRODUCT ( ORGANIZATION AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( ITS /R5G?4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! LIV+1 DIALECTICAL EXPLANATION MAKES ! ORGANIZATION >ISE AS A PRODUCT ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 A GR&IOSE EXAMPLE ( ?IS PH5OM5ON 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E A PROLET>IAT ALMO/ :OLLY UNORGANIZ$ CREAT$ A COMPREH5SIVE NETWORK ( ORGANIZATIONAL APP5DAGES 9 A YE>-&-A-HALF ( /ORMY REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 

,ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ?IS K9D IS FURNI%$ BY ! HI/ORY ( ! ,G]MAN UNIONS4 ,9 ! YE> #ah< ! NUMB] ( TRADE-UNION MEMB]S AM\NT$ TO #e14 ,ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY ( ! PRES5T-DAY TRADE-UNION LEAD]S ?IS ORGANIZATION1 AS /AT$ ABOVE1 WAS NOT NE>LY 0/RONG 5\<0 TO 5T] UPON A VIOL5T POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS H[EV]1 WEAK AS !Y W]E AT ! TIME1 DID TAKE UP ! /RUGGLE - NAMELY ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAW - & %[$ ?AT !Y W]E 0/RONG 5\<10 NOT ONLY TO EM]GE VICTORI\S FROM ! /RUGGLE1 BUT TO 9CREASE !IR /R5G? FIVE-FOLD3 9 #a#h#i#a1 AFT] ! REPEAL ( ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAWS1 !IR MEMB]%IP WAS #b#g#g1#f#e#i4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ME?ODS BY :I* ! TRADE-UNIONS CONQU]$ 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAWS DO NOT CORRESPOND TO ! IDEAL ( A PEACEFUL1 BEE-LIKE1 UN9T]RUPT$ PROCESS3 !Y W5T FIR/ 9TO ! FI<T ABSOLUTELY 9 RU9S1 TO RISE AGA9 ON ! NEXT WAVE & TO BE BORN ANEW4 ,BUT ?IS IS PRECISELY ! SPECIFIC ME?OD ( GR[? CORRESPOND+ TO ! PROLET>IAN CLASS ORGANIZATIONS3 TO BE TE/$ 9 ! /RUGGLE & TO GO =? FROM ! /RUGGLE ) 9CREAS$ /R5G?4 

,ON A CLOS] EXAM9ATION ( ,G]MAN CONDITIONS & ( ! CONDITION ( ! DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! COM+ P]IOD ( /ORMY POLITICAL MASS /RUGGLES WILL NOT BR+ ! DREAD$1 ?REAT5+ D[NFALL ( ! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 WILL OP5 UP HI!RTO UNSUSPECT$ PROSPECTS ( ! EXT5SION ( !IR SPH]E ( P[] - AN EXT5SION ?AT WILL PROCE$ RAPIDLY BY LEAPS & B\NDS4 ,BUT ! QUE/ION HAS /ILL ANO!R ASPECT4 ,! PLAN ( UND]TAK+ MASS /RIKES AS A S]I\S POLITICAL CLASS ACTION ) ORGANIZ$ WORK]S ONLY IS ABSOLUTELY HOPELESS4 ,IF ! MASS /RIKE1 OR RA!R1 MASS /RIKES1 & ! MASS /RUGGLE >E TO BE SUCCESSFUL !Y MU/ BECOME A REAL PEOPLE'S MOVEM5T1 ?AT IS1 ! WIDE/ SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT MU/ BE DRAWN 9TO ! FI<T4 ,ALREADY 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y =M ! MI<T ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE RE/S NOT ON ! SMALL1 ORGANIZ$ GR\P BUT ON ! SURR\ND+ P]IPH]Y ( ! REVOLUTION>Y-M9D$ PROLET>IAT4 ,IF ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS W]E TO 5T] ! ELECTORAL BATTLE ) !IR FEW HUNDR$ ?\S& ORGANIZ$ MEMB]S ALONE1 !Y W\LD CONDEMN !MSELVES TO FUTILITY4 ,& AL?\< IT IS ! T5D5CY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY :]EV] POSSIBLE TO DRAW ! :OLE GREAT >MY ( ITS VOT]S 9TO ! P>TY ORGANIZATION1 ITS MASS ( VOT]S AFT] ?IRTY YE>S EXP]I5CE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS NOT 9CREAS$ ?R\< ! GR[? ( ! P>TY ORGANIZATION1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! NEW SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT1 WON = ! TIME BE+ ?R\< ! ELECTORAL /RUGGLE1 >E ! F]TILE SOIL = ! SUBSEQU5T SE$ ( ORGANIZATION4 ,H]E ! ORGANIZATION DOES NOT SUPPLY ! TROOPS ( ! /RUGGLE1 BUT ! /RUGGLE1 9 AN EV] GR[+ DEGREE1 SUPPLIES RECRUITS = ! ORGANIZATION4 

,9 A MU* GREAT] DEGREE DOES ?IS OBVI\SLY APPLY TO DIRECT POLITICAL MASS ACTION ?AN TO ! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE4 ,IF ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 AS ! ORGANIZ$ NUCLEUS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 >E ! MO/ IMPORTANT VANGU>D ( ! 5TIRE BODY ( ! WORK]S & IF ! POLITICAL CL>ITY1 ! /R5G?1 & ! UNITY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T FL[ FROM ?IS ORGANIZATION1 !N IT IS NOT P]MISSIBLE TO VISUALIZE ! CLASS MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A MOVEM5T ( ! ORGANIZ$ M9ORITY4 ,EV]Y REAL1 GREAT CLASS /RUGGLE MU/ RE/ UPON ! SUPPORT & COOP]ATION ( ! WIDE/ MASSES1 & A /RATEGY ( CLASS /RUGGLE :I* DOES NOT RECKON ) ?IS COOP]ATION1 :I* IS BAS$ UPON ! IDEA ( ! F9ELY /AGE-MANAG$ M>* \T ( ! SMALL1 WELL-TRA9$ P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT IS =$OOM$ TO BE A MIS]ABLE FIASCO4 

,MASS /RIKES & POLITICAL MASS /RUGGLES CANNOT1 !RE=E1 POSSIBLY BE C>RI$ ?R\< 9 ,G]MANY BY ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S ALONE1 NOR CAN !Y BE APPRAIS$ BY REGUL> 0DIRECTION0 FROM ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( A P>TY4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 AGA9 - EXACTLY AS 9 ,RUSSIA - !Y DEP5D NOT SO MU* UPON 0DISCIPL9E0 & 0TRA9+0 & UPON ! MO/ C>EFUL POSSIBLE REGULATION BE=EH& ( ! QUE/IONS ( SUPPORT & CO/1 AS UPON A REAL REVOLUTION>Y1 DET]M9$ CLASS ACTION1 :I* WILL BE ABLE TO W9 & DRAW 9TO ! /RUGGLE ! WIDE/ CIRCLES ( ! UNORGANIZ$ WORK]S1 ACCORD+ TO !IR MOOD & !IR CONDITIONS4 

,! OV]E/IMATE & ! FALSE E/IMATE ( ! ROLE ( ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT IS G5]ALLY RE9=C$ BY ! UND]E/IMATE ( ! UNORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAN MASS & ( !IR POLITICAL MATURITY4 ,9 A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 9 ! /ORM ( GREAT UNSETTL+ CLASS /RUGGLES1 ! :OLE $UCATIONAL EFFECT ( ! RAPID CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC 9FLU5CES FIR/ %[S ITSELF UPON ! WIDE/ SECTIONS ( ! PEOPLE1 ( :I*1 9 PEACEFUL TIMES ! TABLES ( ! ORGANIZ$1 & EV5 ELECTION /ATI/ICS1 GIVE ONLY A FA9T IDEA4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 AB\T TWO YE>S A GREAT G5]AL ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT CAN =?) >ISE FROM ! SMALLE/ P>TIAL CONFLICT ( ! WORK]S ) ! EMPLOY]S1 FROM ! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT ACT ( BRUTALITY ( ! GOV]NM5T ORGANS4 ,EV]YONE1 ( C\RSE1 SEES & BELIEVES ?AT1 BECAUSE 9 ,RUSSIA 0! REVOLUTION0 IS !RE4 ,BUT :AT DOES ?AT MEAN8 ,IT MEANS ?AT CLASS FEEL+1 ! CLASS 9/9CT1 IS ALIVE & V]Y ACTIVE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 SO ?AT IMM$IATELY !Y REG>D EV]Y P>TIAL QUE/ION ( ANY SMALL GR\P ( WORK]S AS A G5]AL QUE/ION1 AS A CLASS AFFAIR1 & QUICK AS LI<T5+ !Y REACT TO ITS 9FLU5CE AS A UNITY4 ,:ILE 9 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ,HOLL& ! MO/ VIOL5T TRADE-UNION CONFLICTS CALL =? H>DLY ANY G5]AL ACTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS - & :5 !Y DO1 ONLY ! ORGANIZ$ P>T ( ! WORK]S MOVE - 9 ,RUSSIA ! SMALLE/ DISPUTE RAISES A /ORM4 ,?AT MEANS NO?+ ELSE H[EV]1 ?AN ?AT AT PRES5T - P>ADOXICAL AS IT MAY S\ND - ! CLASS 9/9CT ( ! Y\NGE/1 LEA/ TRA9$1 BADLY $UCAT$ & /ILL WORSE ORGANIZ$ ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT IS IMMEASURABLY /RONG] ?AN ?AT ( ! ORGANIZ$1 TRA9$ & 5LI<T5$ WORK+ CLASS ( ,G]MANY OR ( ANY O!R WE/ ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY4 ,& ?AT IS NOT TO BE RECKON$ A SPECIAL VIRTUE ( ! 0Y\NG1 UNEXHAU/$ ,EA/0 AS COMP>$ ) ! 0SLUGGI% ,WE/10 BUT IS SIMPLY A RESULT ( DIRECT REVOLUTION>Y MASS ACTION4 

,9 ! CASE ( ! 5LI<T5$ ,G]MAN WORK] ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IMPLANT$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS IS !ORETICAL & LAT5T3 9 ! P]IOD RUL$ BY B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>ISM IT CANNOT1 AS A RULE1 ACTIVELY P>TICIPATE 9 A DIRECT MASS ACTION2 IT IS ! IDEAL SUM ( ! F\R HUNDR$ P>ALLEL ACTIONS ( ! ELECTORAL SPH]E DUR+ ! ELECTION /RUGGLE1 ( ! MANY P>TIAL ECONOMIC /RIKES & ! LIKE4 ,9 ! REVOLUTION :5 ! MASSES !MSELVES APPE> UPON ! POLITICAL BATTLEFIELD ?IS CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS BECOMES PRACTICAL & ACTIVE4 ,A YE> ( REVOLUTION HAS !RE=E GIV5 ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT ?AT 0TRA9+0 :I* ?IRTY YE>S ( P>LIAM5T>Y & TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE CANNOT >TIFICIALLY GIVE TO ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS LIV+1 ACTIVE CLASS FEEL+ ( ! PROLET>IAT WILL CONSID]ABLY DIM9I% 9 9T5SITY1 OR RA!R *ANGE 9TO A CONCEAL$ & LAT5T CONDITION1 AFT] ! CLOSE ( ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION & ! ]ECTION ( A B\RGEOIS-P>LIAM5T>Y CON/ITUTIONAL /ATE4 

,& JU/ AS SURELY1 ON ! O!R H&1 WILL ! LIV+ REVOLUTION>Y CLASS FEEL+1 CAPABLE ( ACTION1 AFFECT ! WIDE/ & DEEPE/ LAY]S ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,G]MANY 9 A P]IOD ( /RONG POLITICAL 5GAGEM5T1 & ?AT ! MORE RAPIDLY & MORE DEEPLY1 MORE 5]GETICALLY ! $UCATIONAL WORK ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS C>RI$ ON AMONG !M4 ,?IS $UCATIONAL WORK & ! PROVOCATIVE & REVOLUTIONIZ+ EFFECT ( ! :OLE PRES5T POLICY ( ,G]MANY WILL EXPRESS ITSELF 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT ALL ?OSE GR\PS :I* AT PRES5T 9 !IR APP>5T POLITICAL /UPIDITY REMA9 9S5SITIVE TO ALL ! ORGANIZ+ ATTEMPTS ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & ( ! TRADE UNIONS WILL SUDD5LY FOLL[ ! FLAG ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 A S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,SIX MON?S ( A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD WILL COMPLETE ! WORK ( ! TRA9+ ( !SE AS YET UNORGANIZ$ MASSES :I* T5 YE>S ( PUBLIC DEMON/RATIONS & DI/RIBUTION ( LEAFLETS W\LD BE UNABLE TO DO4 ,& :5 CONDITIONS 9 ,G]MANY HAVE REA*$ ! CRITICAL /AGE = SU* A P]IOD1 ! SECTIONS :I* >E TODAY UNORGANIZ$ & BACKW>D WILL1 9 ! /RUGGLE1 PROVE !MSELVES ! MO/ RADICAL1 ! MO/ IMPETU\S ELEM5T1 & NOT ONE ?AT WILL HAVE TO BE DRAGG$ ALONG4 ,IF IT %\LD COME TO MASS /RIKES 9 ,G]MANY IT WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY NOT BE ! BE/ ORGANIZ$ WORK]S - & MO/ C]TA9LY NOT ! PR9T]S - :O WILL DEVELOP ! GREATE/ CAPACITY = ACTION1 BUT ! WOR/ ORGANIZ$ OR TOTALLY UNORGANIZ$ - ! M9]S1 ! TEXTILE WORK]S1 & P]HAPS EV5 ! L& WORK]S4 

,9 ?IS WAY WE >RIVE AT ! SAME CONCLUSIONS 9 ,G]MANY 9 RELATION TO ! PECULI> TASKS ( DIRECTION 9 RELATION TO ! ROLE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 MASS /RIKES1 AS 9 \R ANALYSIS ( EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IF WE N[ LEAVE ! P$ANTIC S*EME ( DEMON/RATIVE MASS /RIKES >TIFICIALLY BR\<T AB\T BY ORD] ( P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS1 & TURN TO ! LIV+ PICTURE ( A PEOPLES' MOVEM5T >IS+ ) ELEM5T>Y 5]GY1 FROM ! CULM9ATION ( CLASS ANTAGONISMS & ! POLITICAL SITUATION - A MOVEM5T :I* PASSES1 POLITICALLY AS WELL AS ECONOMICALLY1 9TO MASS /RUGGLES & MASS /RIKES - IT BECOMES OBVI\S ?AT ! TASK ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY DOES NOT CONSI/ 9 ! TE*NICAL PREP>ATION & DIRECTION ( MASS /RIKES1 BUT1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 9 ! POLITICAL LEAD]%IP ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T4 

,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS >E ! MO/ 5LI<T5$1 MO/ CLASS-CONSCI\S VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y CANNOT & D>E NOT WAIT1 9 A FATALI/ FA%ION1 ) FOLD$ >MS = ! ADV5T ( ! 0REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION10 TO WAIT = ?AT :I* 9 EV]Y SPONTANE\S PEOPLES' MOVEM5T1 FALLS FROM ! CL\DS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y MU/ N[1 AS ALWAYS1 HA/5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?+S & 5DEAVOR TO ACCEL]ATE EV5TS4 ,?IS !Y CANNOT DO1 H[EV]1 BY SUDD5LY ISSU+ ! 0SLOGAN0 = A MASS /RIKE AT R&OM AT ANY ODD MOM5T1 BUT FIR/ & =EMO/1 BY MAK+ CLE> TO ! WIDE/ LAY]S ( ! PROLET>IAT ! 9EVITABLE ADV5T ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 ! 9N] SOCIAL FACTORS MAK+ = IT & ! POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES ( IT4 ,IF ! WIDE/ PROLET>IAN LAY] %\LD BE WON = A POLITICAL MASS ACTION ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 & IF1 VICE V]SA1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS %\LD SEIZE & MA9TA9 ! REAL LEAD]%IP ( A MASS MOVEM5T - %\LD !Y BECOME1 9 A POLITICAL S5SE1 ! RUL]S ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T1 !N !Y MU/1 ) ! UTMO/ CLE>NESS1 CONSI/5CY & RESOLUT5ESS1 9=M ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT ( !IR TACTICS & AIMS 9 ! P]IOD ( COM+ /RUGGLE4 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,ROLE ( ! ,MASS ,/RIKE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT ! MASS /RIKE 9 ,RUSSIA DOES NOT REPRES5T AN >TIFICIAL PRODUCT ( PREM$ITAT$ TACTICS ON ! P>T ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 BUT A NATURAL HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON ON ! BASIS ( ! PRES5T REVOLUTION4 ,N[ :AT >E ! FACTORS :I* 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE BR\<T =? ?IS NEW PH5OM5AL =M ( ! REVOLUTION8 

,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION HAS = FIR/ TASK ! ABOLITION ( ABSOLUTISM & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A MOD]N B\RGEOIS-P>LIAM5T>Y CON/ITUTIONAL /ATE4 ,IT IS EXACTLY ! SAME 9 =M AS ?AT :I* CONFRONT$ ,G]MANY 9 ! ,M>* #ahdh ,REVOLUTION1 & ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,BUT ! CONDITION1 ! HI/ORICAL MILIEU1 9 :I* !SE =MALLY ANALOG\S REVOLUTIONS TOOK PLACE1 >E FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( PRES5T-DAY ,RUSSIA4 ,! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE IS ?AT BETWE5 ?OSE B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS 9 ! ,WE/1 & ! CURR5T B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ! ,EA/1 ! :OLE CYCLE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T HAS RUN ITS C\RSE4 ,& ?IS DEVELOPM5T HAD SEIZ$ NOT ONLY ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 BUT ALSO ABSOLUTI/ ,RUSSIA4 ,L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY ) ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES - MOD]N CLASS DIVISIONS1 ACUTE SOCIAL CONTRA/S1 MOD]N LIFE 9 L>GE CITIES & ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT - HAS BECOME 9 ,RUSSIA ! PREVAIL+ =M1 ?AT IS1 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ! DECISIVE =M ( PRODUCTION4 

,! REM>KABLE1 CONTRADICTORY1 HI/ORICAL SITUATION RESULTS FROM ?IS ?AT ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS =MAL TASKS WILL1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 BE C>RI$ \T BY A MOD]N CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT1 & 9 AN 9T]NATIONAL MILIEU :OSE DI/+UI%+ *>ACT]I/IC IS ! RU9 ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS NOT ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT IS N[ ! DRIV+ =CE ( REVOLUTION AS 9 ! E>LI] REVOLUTIONS ( ! ,WE/1 :ILE ! PROLET>IAN MASSES1 SWAMP$ AMID A PETTY-B\RGEOIS MASS1 SIMPLY FURNI% CANNON-FODD] = ! B\RGEOISIE1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! CLASS-CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT ?AT IS ! ACTIVE & LEAD+ ELEM5T1 :ILE ! BIG B\RGEOIS TURNS \T TO BE EI!R OP5LY AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION OR LIB]AL MOD]ATES1 & ONLY ! RURAL PETIT-B\RGEOISIE & ! URBAN PETIT-B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA >E DEF9ITIVELY OPPOSITIONAL & EV5 REVOLUTION>Y M9D$4 

,! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 H[EV]1 :O >E DE/9$ TO PLAY ! LEAD+ P>T 9 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 5T] ! FI<T FREE FROM ALL ILLUSIONS ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 ) A /RONGLY DEVELOP$ CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR [N SPECIFIC CLASS 9T]E/S1 & AT A TIME :5 ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR HAS REA*$ ITS HEI<T4 ,?IS CONTRADICTORY SITUATION F9DS EXPRESSION 9 ! FACT ?AT 9 ?IS =MALLY B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 ! ANTAGONISM ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY TO ABSOLUTISM IS GOV]N$ BY ! ANTAGONISM ( ! PROLET>IAT TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ?AT ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS DIRECT$ SIMULTANE\SLY & ) EQUAL 5]GY AGA9/ BO? ABSOLUTISM & CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 & ?AT ! PROGRAM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE CONC5TRATES ) EQUAL EMPHASIS ON POLITICAL FRE$OM1 ! W9N+ ( ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 & A HUMAN /&>D ( MAT]IAL EXI/5CE = ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS TWO-FOLD *>ACT] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS EXPRESS$ 9 ?AT CLOSE UNION ( ! ECONOMIC ) ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE & 9 !IR MUTUAL 9T]ACTION :I* WE HAVE SE5 IS A FEATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN EV5TS & :I* F9DS ITS APPROPRIATE EXPRESSION 9 ! MASS /RIKE4 

,9 ! E>LI] B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION :]E1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! POLITICAL TRA9+ & ! LEAD]%IP ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSES W]E UND]TAK5 BY ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES1 & :]E1 ON ! O!R H&1 IT WAS M]ELY A QUE/ION ( OV]?R[+ ! OLD GOV]NM5T1 ! BRIEF BATTLE AT ! B>RICADES WAS ! APPROPRIATE =M ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,TODAY ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ $UCATE ITSELF1 M>%AL ITS =CES1 & DIRECT ITSELF 9 ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE & ?US ! REVOLUTION IS DIRECT$ AS MU* AGA9/ CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION AS AGA9/ ! ANCI5 REGIME2 SO MU* SO ?AT ! MASS /RIKE APPE>S AS ! NATURAL MEANS TO RECRUIT1 ORGANIZE & PREP>E ! WIDE/ PROLET>IAN LAY]S = REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 AS ! MEANS TO UND]M9E & OV]?R[ ! OLD /ATE P[]1 AS WELL AS TO CONTA9 ! CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION4 ,! URBAN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT IS N[ ! S\L ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO C>RY ?R\< A DIRECT POLITICAL /RUGGLE AS A MASS1 ! PROLET>IAT MU/ FIR/ BE ASSEMBL$ AS A MASS1 & = ?IS PURPOSE !Y MU/ COME \T ( ! FACTORY & WORK%OP1 M9E & F\NDRY1 MU/ OV]COME ! ATOMIZATION & DECAY TO :I* !Y >E CONDEMN$ UND] ! DAILY YOKE ( CAPITALISM4 

,! MASS /RIKE IS ! FIR/ NATURAL1 IMPULSIVE =M ( EV]Y GREAT REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ ! ANTAGONISM IS BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 ! MORE EFFECTIVE & DECISIVE MU/ MASS /RIKES BECOME4 ,! *IEF =M ( PREVI\S B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS1 ! FI<T AT ! B>RICADES1 ! OP5 CONFLICT ) ! >M$ P[] ( ! /ATE1 IS 9 ! REVOLUTION TODAY ONLY ! CULM9AT+ PO9T1 ONLY A MOM5T ON ! PROCESS ( ! PROLET>IAN MASS /RUGGLE4 ,& !RE) 9 ! NEW =M ( ! REVOLUTION !RE IS REA*$ ?AT CIVILIZ+ & MITIGAT+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE :I* WAS PROPHESI$ BY ! OPPORTUNI/S ( ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY - ! ,B]N/E9S1 ,DAVIDS1 ETC4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !SE M5 SAW ! DESIR$ CIVILIZ+ & MITIGAT+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! LI<T ( PETTY B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC ILLUSIONS - !Y BELIEV$ ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE W\LD %R9K TO AN EXCLUSIVELY P>LIAM5T>Y CONTE/ & ?AT /REET FI<T+ W\LD SIMPLY BE DONE AWAY )4 ,HI/ORY HAS F\ND ! SOLUTION 9 A DEEP] & F9] FA%ION3 9 ! ADV5T ( REVOLUTION>Y MASS /RIKES1 :I*1 ( C\RSE1 9 NO WAY REPLACES BRUTAL /REET FI<TS OR R5D]S !M UNNECESS>Y1 BUT :I* R$UCES !M TO A MOM5T 9 ! LONG P]IOD ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 & :I* AT ! SAME TIME UNITES ) ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD & 5ORM\S CULTURAL WORK 9 ! MO/ EXACT S5SE ( ! WORDS3 ! MAT]IAL & 9TELLECTUAL ELEVATION ( ! :OLE WORK+ CLASS ?R\< ! 0CIVILIZ+0 ( ! B>B>IC =MS ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION4 

,! MASS /RIKE IS ?US %[N TO BE NOT A SPECIFICALLY ,RUSSIAN PRODUCT1 SPR++ FROM ABSOLUTISM1 BUT A UNIV]SAL =M ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE RESULT+ FROM ! PRES5T /AGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & CLASS RELATIONS4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T ! ?REE B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS - ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( ,M>*1 & ! PRES5T ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION - =M A CONT9U\S *A9 ( DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* ! =TUNES & ! 5D ( ! CAPITALI/ C5TURY >E TO BE SE54 ,9 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ! /ILL :OLLY UND]DEVELOP$ 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY GAVE SCOPE = A LONG P]IOD ( VIOL5T /RUGGLES1 9 :I* ALL ! ANTAGONISMS :I* FIR/ G]M9AT$ & RIP5$ 9 ! HEAT ( ! REVOLUTION RAG$ UNH9D]$ & UNRE/RA9$ 9 A SPIRIT ( RECKLESS RADICALISM4 ,A C5TURY LAT] ! REVOLUTION ( ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE1 :I* BROKE \T MIDWAY 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 WAS ALREADY HAMP]$ ON BO? SIDES BY ! ANTAGONISM ( 9T]E/S & ! EQUILIBRIUM ( /R5G? BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 & WAS SMO!R$ 9 A B\RGEOIS-FEUDAL COMPROMISE1 & %ORT5$ TO A MIS]ABLE EPISODE 5D+ 9 WORDS4 

,ANO!R HALF C5TURY1 & ! PRES5T ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION /&S AT A PO9T ( ! HI/ORICAL PA? :I* IS ALREADY OV] ! SUMMIT1 :I* IS ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! CULM9AT+ PO9T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 AT :I* ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS CANNOT AGA9 BE SMO!R$ BY ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT1 BUT1 WILL1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 EXP& 9TO A NEW L5G?Y P]IOD ( VIOL5T SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 AT :I* ! BALANC+ ( ! ACC\NT ) ABSOLUTISM APPE>S A TRIFLE 9 COMP>ISON ) ! MANY NEW ACC\NTS :I* ! REVOLUTION ITSELF OP5S UP4 ,! PRES5T REVOLUTION REALIZES 9 ! P>TICUL> AFFAIRS ( ABSOLUTI/ ,RUSSIA ! G5]AL RESULTS ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 & APPE>S NOT SO MU* AS ! LA/ SUCCESSOR ( ! OLD B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS AS ! =]UNN] ( ! NEW S]IES ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS ( ! ,WE/4 ,! MO/ BACKW>D C\NTRY ( ALL1 JU/ BECAUSE IT HAS BE5 SO UNP>DONABLY LATE ) ITS B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 %[S WAYS & ME?ODS ( FUR!R CLASS /RUGGLE TO ! PROLET>IAT ( ,G]MANY & ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 

,ACCORD+LY IT APPE>S1 :5 LOOK$ AT 9 ?IS WAY1 TO BE 5TIRELY WRONG TO REG>D ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS A GR&IOSE SPECTACLE1 AS SOME?+ SPECIFICALLY 0,RUSSIAN10 & AT BE/ TO ADMIRE ! H]OISM ( ! FI<T+ M51 ?AT IS1 AS \TSIDE ONLOOK]S ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS MU* MORE IMPORTANT ?AT ! ,G]MAN WORK]S %\LD LE>N TO LOOK UPON ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS !IR [N AFFAIR1 NOT M]ELY AS A MATT] ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY ) ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 BUT FIR/ & =EMO/1 AS A *APT] ( !IR [N SOCIAL & POLITICAL HI/ORY4 ,?OSE TRADE-UNION LEAD]S & P>LIAM5T>IANS :O REG>D ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT AS 0TOO WEAK0 & ,G]MAN CONDITIONS 0AS NOT RIPE 5\<0 = REVOLUTION>Y MASS /RUGGLES1 HAVE OBVI\SLY NOT ! LEA/ IDEA ?AT ! MEASURE ( ! DEGREE ( RIP5ESS ( CLASS RELATIONS 9 ,G]MANY & ( ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT DOES NOT LIE 9 ! /ATI/ICS ( ,G]MAN TRADE UNIONISM OR 9 ELECTION FIGURES1 BUT - 9 ! EV5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,EXACTLY AS ! RIP5ESS ( ,FR5* CLASS ANTAGONISMS UND] ! ,JULY MON>*Y & ! ,JUNE BATTLE ( ,P>IS WAS REFLECT$ 9 ! ,G]MAN ,M>* ,REVOLUTION1 9 ITS C\RSE & ITS FIASCO1 SO TODAY ! RIP5ESS ( ,G]MAN CLASS ANTAGONISMS IS REFLECT$ 9 ! EV5TS & 9 ! P[] ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,& :ILE ! BUREAUCRATS ( ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T RUMMAGE 9 !IR (FICE DRAW]S = 9=MATION AS TO !IR /R5G? & MATURITY1 !Y DO NOT SEE ?AT ?AT = :I* !Y SEEK IS LY+ BE=E !IR EYES 9 A GREAT HI/ORICAL REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE1 HI/ORICALLY CONSID]$1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS A REFLEX ( ! P[] & ! MATURITY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL1 & !RE=E 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ( ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,IT W\LD !RE=E BE A TOO PITIABLE & GROTESQUELY 9SIGNIFICANT RESULT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IF ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT %\LD M]ELY DRAW FROM IT ! LESSON - AS IS DESIR$ BY ,COMRADES ,FROHME1 ,ELM1 & O!RS - ( US+ ! EXTREME =M ( ! /RUGGLE1 ! MASS /RIKE1 & SO WEAK5 !MSELVES AS TO BE M]ELY A RES]VE =CE 9 ! EV5T ( ! )DRAWAL ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y VOTE1 & !RE=E A PASSIVE MEANS ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEF5SIVE4 ,:5 ! P>LIAM5T>Y VOTE IS TAK5 FROM US !RE WE WILL RESI/4 ,?AT IS A SELF-EVID5T DECISION4 ,BUT = ?IS IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO ADOPT ! H]OIC POSE ( A ,DANTON AS WAS DONE1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ,COMRADE ,ELM 9 ,J5A2 BECAUSE ! DEF5SE ( ! MODE/ MEASURE ( P>LIAM5T>Y RI<T ALREADY POSSESS$ IS LESS A ,HEAV5-/ORM+ 9NOVATION1 = :I* ! FRI<TFUL HECATOMBS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION W]E FIR/ NECESS>Y AS A MEANS ( 5C\RAGEM5T1 ?AN ! SIMPLE/ & FIR/ DUTY ( EV]Y OPPOSITION P>TY4 ,BUT ! M]E DEF5SIVE CAN NEV] EXHAU/ ! POLICY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 9 A P]IOD ( REVOLUTION4 ,& IF IT IS1 ON ! ONE H&1 DIFFICULT TO PR$ICT ) ANY DEGREE ( C]TA9TY :E!R ! DE/RUCTION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE W\LD CAUSE A SITUATION 9 ,G]MANY :I* W\LD CALL =? AN IMM$IATE MASS /RIKE ACTION1 SO ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS ABSOLUTELY C]TA9 ?AT :5 WE 9 ,G]MANY 5T] UPON ! P]IOD ( /ORMY MASS ACTIONS1 IT WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE = ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS TO BASE !IR TACTICS UPON A M]E P>LIAM5T>Y DEF5SIVE4 

,TO FIX BE=EH& ! CAUSE & ! MOM5T FROM & 9 :I* ! MASS /RIKES 9 ,G]MANY WILL BREAK \T IS NOT 9 ! P[] ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 BECAUSE IT IS NOT 9 ITS P[] TO BR+ AB\T HI/ORICAL SITUATIONS BY RESOLUTIONS AT P>TY CONGRESSES4 ,BUT :AT IT CAN & MU/ DO IS TO MAKE CLE> ! POLITICAL T5D5CIES1 :5 !Y ONCE APPE>1 & TO =MULATE !M AS RESOLUTE & CONSI/5T TACTICS4 ,MAN CANNOT KEEP HI/ORICAL EV5TS 9 *ECK :ILE MAK+ RECIPES = !M1 BUT HE CAN SEE 9 ADVANCE !IR APP>5T CALCULABLE CONSEQU5CES & >RANGE HIS MODE ( ACTION ACCORD+LY4 

,! FIR/ ?REAT5+ POLITICAL DANG] ) :I* ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT HAVE CONC]N$ !MSELVES = A NUMB] ( YE>S IS A C\P D'ETAT ( ! REACTION :I* WILL WRE/ FROM ! WIDE MASSES ( ! PEOPLE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT POLITICAL RI<T - UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,9 SPITE ( ! IMM5SE IMPORTANCE ( ?IS POSSIBLE EV5T1 IT IS1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 IMPOSSIBLE TO ASS]T ) C]TA9TY ?AT AN OP5 POPUL> MOVEM5T W\LD IMM$IATELY BREAK \T AFT] ! C\P D'ETAT1 BECAUSE TODAY 9NUM]ABLE CIRCUM/ANCES & FACTORS HAVE TO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,BUT :5 WE CONSID] ! PRES5T EXTREME ACUT5ESS ( CONDITIONS 9 ,G]MANY1 & ON ! O!R H&1 ! MANIFOLD 9T]NATIONAL REACTIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ( ! FUTURE REJUV5AT$ ,RUSSIA1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! COLLAPSE ( ,G]MAN POLITICS :I* W\LD 5SUE FROM ! REPEAL ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE C\LD NOT ALONE CALL A HALT TO ! /RUGGLE = ?IS RI<T4 ,?IS C\P D'ETAT W\LD RA!R DRAW AFT] IT1 9 A LONG] OR %ORT] P]IOD & ) ELEM5T>Y P[]1 A GREAT G5]AL POLITICAL RECKON+ ( ! 9SURG5T & AWAK5$ MASS ( ! PEOPLE - A RECKON+ ) BREAD USURY1 ) >TIFICIALLY CAUS$ DE>NESS ( MEAT1 ) EXP5DITURE ON A B\NDLESS MILIT>ISM & 0NAVALISM10 ) ! CORRUPTION ( COLONIAL POLICY1 ) ! NATIONAL DISGRACE ( ! ,KONIGSB]G TRIAL1 ) ! CESSATION ( SOCIAL RE=M1 ) ! DIS*>G+ ( RAILWAY WORK]S1 ! PO/AL (FICIALS & ! L& WORK]S1 ) ! TRICK+ & MOCK+ ( ! M9]S1 ) ! JUDGM5T ( ,LOBTAU & ! :OLE SY/EM ( CLASS JU/ICE1 ) ! BRUTAL LOCK\T SY/EM - 9 %ORT1 ) ! :OLE ?IRTY-YE>-OLD OPPRESSION ( ! COMB9$ DOM9ION ( ,JUNK]DOM & L>GE TRU/IFI$ CAPITAL4 

,BUT IF ONCE ! BALL IS SET ROLL+ !N SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :E!R IT WILLS IT OR NOT1 CAN NEV] AGA9 BR+ IT TO A /&/ILL4 ,! OPPON5TS ( ! MASS /RIKE >E 9 ! HABIT ( D5Y+ ?AT ! LESSONS & EXAMPLES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION CAN BE A CRIT]ION = ,G]MANY BECAUSE1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 9 ,RUSSIA ! GREAT /EP MU/ FIR/ BE TAK5 FROM AN ,ORI5TAL DESPOTISM TO A MOD]N B\RGEOIS LEGAL ORD]4 ,! =MAL DI/ANCE BETWE5 ! OLD & ! NEW POLITICAL ORD] IS SAID TO BE A SUFFICI5T EXPLANATION ( ! VEHEM5CE & ! VIOL5CE ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ,G]MANY WE HAVE LONG HAD ! MO/ NECESS>Y =MS & GU>ANTEES ( A CON/ITUTIONAL /ATE1 FROM :I* IT FOLL[S ?AT SU* AN ELEM5T>Y RAG+ ( SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS IS IMPOSSIBLE H]E4 

,?OSE :O SPECULATE ?US =GET ?AT 9 ,G]MANY :5 IT ONCE COMES TO ! \TBREAK ( OP5 POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 EV5 ! HI/ORICALLY DET]M9$ GOAL WILL BE QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA TODAY4 ,PRECISELY BECAUSE ! B\RGEOIS LEGAL ORD] 9 ,G]MANY HAS EXI/$ = A LONG TIME1 BECAUSE !RE=E IT HAS HAD TIME TO COMPLETELY EXHAU/ ITSELF & TO DRAW TO AN 5D1 BECAUSE B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & LIB]ALISM HAVE HAD TIME TO DIE \T - BECAUSE ( ?IS !RE CAN NO LONG] BE ANY TALK ( A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY4 ,& !RE=E 9 A P]IOD ( OP5 POLITICAL POPUL> /RUGGLES 9 ,G]MANY1 ! LA/ HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y GOAL CAN ONLY BE ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! DI/ANCE1 H[EV]1 ( ?IS TASK FROM ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ( ,G]MANY IS /ILL GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ! B\RGEOIS LEGAL ORD] FROM ,ORI5TAL DESPOTISM1 & !RE=E1 ! TASK CANNOT BE COMPLET$ AT ONE /ROKE1 BUT MU/ SIMIL>LY BE ACCOMPLI%$ DUR+ A LONG P]IOD ( GIGANTIC SOCIAL /RUGGLES4 

,BUT IS !RE NOT A GROSS CONTRADICTION 9 ! PICTURE WE HAVE DRAWN8 ,ON ! ONE H& IT MEANS ?AT 9 AN EV5TUAL FUTURE P]IOD ( POLITICAL MASS ACTION ! MO/ BACKW>D LAY]S ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT - ! L& WORK]S1 ! RAILWAYM51 & ! PO/AL SLAVES - WILL FIR/ ( ALL W9 ! RI<T ( COMB9ATION1 & ?AT ! WOR/ EXCRESC5CES ( EXPLOITATION MU/ FIR/ BE REMOV$ & ON ! O!R H&1 ! POLITICAL TASK ( ?IS P]IOD IS SAID TO BE ! CONQUE/ ( P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT6 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ECONOMIC1 TRADE-UNION /RUGGLES = ! MO/ IMM$IATE 9T]E/S1 = ! MAT]IAL ELEVATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS2 ON ! O!R H& ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY6 ,C]TA9LY !SE >E GREAT CONTRADICTIONS1 BUT !Y >E NOT CONTRADICTIONS DUE TO \R REASON+1 BUT CONTRADICTIONS DUE TO CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT DOES NOT PROCE$ 9 A BEAUTIFUL /RAI<T L9E BUT 9 A LI<TN+-LIKE ZIG-ZAG4 ,JU/ AS ! V>I\S CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES REPRES5T ! MO/ V>I$ /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T1 SO )9 EA* C\NTRY ! DIFF]5T LAY]S ( ! SAME WORK+ CLASS >E REPRES5T$4 ,BUT HI/ORY DOES NOT WAIT PATI5TLY TILL ! BACKW>D C\NTRIES1 & ! MO/ ADVANC$ LAY]S HAVE JO9$ TOGE!R SO ?AT ! :OLE MASS CAN MOVE SYMMETRICALLY =W>D LIKE A COMPACT COLUMN4 ,IT BR+S ! BE/ PREP>$ P>TS TO EXPLOSION AS SOON AS CONDITIONS !RE >E RIPE = IT1 & !N 9 ! /ORM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 LO/ GR\ND IS RECOV]$1 UNEQUAL ?+S >E EQUALIZ$1 & ! :OLE PACE ( SOCIAL PROGRESS *ANG$ AT ONE /ROKE TO ! D\BLE-QUICK4 

,JU/ AS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ALL ! GRADES ( DEVELOPM5T & ALL ! 9T]E/S ( ! DIFF]5T LAY]S ( WORK]S >E UNIT$ 9 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM ( ! REVOLUTION1 & ! 9NUM]ABLE P>TIAL /RUGGLES UNIT$ 9 ! GREAT COMMON CLASS ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 SO WILL IT ALSO BE 9 ,G]MANY :5 ! CONDITIONS >E RIPE = IT4 ,& ! TASK ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WILL !N BE TO REGULATE ITS TACTICS1 NOT BY ! MO/ BACKW>D PHASES ( DEVELOPM5T BUT BY ! MO/ ADVANC$4 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,NE$ = ,UNIT$ ,ACTION ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT DESID]ATUM :I* IS TO BE HOP$ = FROM ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS 9 ! P]IOD ( GREAT /RUGGLES :I* WILL COME SOON] OR LAT] IS1 AFT] COMPLETE RESOLUT5ESS & CONSI/5CY ( TACTICS1 ! UTMO/ CAPACITY = ACTION1 & !RE=E ! UTMO/ POSSIBLE UNITY ( ! LEAD+ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>T ( ! PROLET>IAN MASSES4 ,MEAN:ILE ! FIR/ WEAK ATTEMPTS AT ! PREP>ATION ( GREAT MASS ACTIONS HAVE DISCOV]$ A S]I\S DRAWBACK 9 ?IS CONNECTION3 ! TOTAL SEP>ATION & 9DEP5D5CE ( ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ! TRADE UNIONS4 

,IT IS CLE> ON A CLOS] CONSID]ATION ( ! MASS /RIKES 9 ,RUSSIA AS WELL AS ( ! CONDITIONS 9 ,G]MANY ITSELF1 ?AT ANY GREAT MASS ACTION1 IF IT IS NOT CONF9$ TO A M]E ONE-DAY DEMON/RATION1 BUT IS 9T5D$ TO BE A REAL FI<T+ ACTION1 CANNOT POSSIBLY BE ?\<T ( AS A SO-CALL$ POLITICAL MASS /RIKE4 ,9 SU* AN ACTION 9 ,G]MANY ! TRADE-UNIONS W\LD BE IMPLICAT$ AS MU* AS ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS4 ,NOT BECAUSE ! TRADE-UNION LEAD]S IMAG9E ?AT ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 9 VIEW ( !IR SMALL] ORGANIZATION1 W\LD HAVE NO O!R RES\RCES ?AN ! COOP]ATION ( ONE & A QU>T] MILLION TRADE-UNIONI/S & )\T !M W\LD BE UNABLE TO DO ANY?+1 BUT BECAUSE ( A MU* MORE DEEP-LY+ MOTIVE3 BECAUSE EV]Y DIRECT MASS ACTION ( ! P]IOD ( OP5 CLASS /RUGGLES W\LD BE AT ! SAME TIME BO? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC4 ,IF 9 ,G]MANY1 FROM ANY CAUSE & AT ANY TIME1 IT %\LD COME TO GREAT POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 TO MASS /RIKES1 !N AT ?AT TIME AN ]A ( VIOL5T TRADE-UNION /RUGGLES W\LD BEG9 9 ,G]MANY1 & EV5TS W\LD NOT /OP TO 9QUIRE :E!R ! TRADE-UNION LEAD]S HAD GIV5 !IR CONS5T TO ! MOVEM5T OR NOT4 ,:E!R !Y /& ASIDE OR 5DEAVOR TO RESI/ ! MOVEM5T1 ! RESULT ( !IR ATTITUDE WILL ONLY BE ?AT ! TRADE-UNION LEAD]S1 LIKE ! P>TY LEAD]S 9 ! ANALOG\S CASE1 WILL SIMPLY BE SWEPT ASIDE BY ! RU% ( EV5TS1 & ! ECONOMIC & ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( ! MASSES WILL BE F\<T \T )\T !M4 

,AS A MATT]-(-FACT ! SEP>ATION ( ! POLITICAL1 & ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE & ! 9DEP5D5CE ( EA*1 IS NO?+ BUT AN >TIFICIAL PRODUCT ( ! P>LIAM5T>IAN P]IOD1 EV5 IF HI/ORICALLY DET]M9$4 ,ON ! ONE H& 9 ! PEACEFUL1 0NORMAL0 C\RSE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE IS SPLIT 9TO A MULTITUDE ( 9DIVIDUAL /RUGGLES 9 EV]Y UND]TAK+ & DISSOLV$ 9 EV]Y BRAN* ( PRODUCTION4 ,ON ! O!R H& ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE IS NOT DIRECT$ BY ! MASSES !MSELVES 9 A DIRECT ACTION1 BUT 9 CORRESPOND5CE ) ! =M ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 9 A REPRES5TATIVE FA%ION1 BY ! PRES5CE ( LEGISLATIVE REPRES5TATION4 ,AS SOON AS A P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE COMM5CES1 ?AT IS1 AS SOON AS ! MASSES APPE> ON ! SC5E ( CONFLICT1 ! BREAK+ UP ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE 9TO MANY P>TS1 AS WELL AS ! 9DIRECT P>LIAM5T>Y =M ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE CEASES2 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MASS ACTION ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE CEASES2 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MASS ACTION ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /RUGGLE >E ONE1 & ! >TIFICIAL B\ND>Y BETWE5 TRADE UNION & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AS TWO SEP>ATE1 :OLLY 9DEP5D5T =MS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 IS SIMPLY SWEPT AWAY4 ,BUT :AT F9DS CONCRETE EXPRESSION 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MASS MOVEM5T F9DS EXPRESSION ALSO 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y P]IOD AS AN ACTUAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,!RE >E NOT TWO DIFF]5T CLASS /RUGGLES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 AN ECONOMIC & A POLITICAL ONE1 BUT ONLY ONE CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* AIMS AT ONE & ! SAME TIME AT ! LIMITATION ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION )9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 & AT ! ABOLITION ( EXPLOITATION TOGE!R ) B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ITSELF4 

,:5 !SE TWO SIDES ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE >E SEP>AT$ FROM ONE ANO!R = TE*NICAL REASONS 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y P]IOD1 !Y DO NOT =M TWO P>ALLEL CONCURR5T ACTIONS1 BUT M]ELY TWO PHASES1 TWO /AGES ( ! /RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE EMBRACES ! IMM$IATE 9T]E/S1 & ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC /RUGGLE ! FUTURE 9T]E/S1 ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! COMMUNI/S1 SAYS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 REPRES5T1 AS AGA9/ V>I\S GR\P 9T]E/S1 NATIONAL OR LOCAL1 ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! COMMON 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE1 & 9 ! V>I\S /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 !Y REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE MOVEM5T1 ?AT IS1 ! ULTIMATE GOAL - ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! TRADE UNIONS REPRES5T ONLY ! GR\P 9T]E/S & ONLY ONE /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY REPRES5TS ! WORK+ CLASS & ! CAUSE ( ITS LIB]ATION AS A :OLE4 ,! RELATION ( ! TRADE UNIONS TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS !RE=E A P>T ( ! :OLE1 & :51 AMONG ! TRADE-UNION LEAD]S1 ! !ORY ( 0EQUAL AU?ORITY0 ( TRADE-UNIONS & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY F9DS SO MU* FAVOR1 IT RE/S UPON A FUNDAM5TAL MISCONCEPTION ( ! ESS5CE ( TRADE-UNIONISM ITSELF & ( ITS ROLE 9 ! G5]AL /RUGGLE = FRE$OM ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,?IS !ORY ( ! P>ALLEL ACTION ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ! TRADE-UNIONS & ( !IR 0EQUAL AU?ORITY0 IS NEV]!LESS NOT ALTOGE!R )\T F\NDATION1 BUT HAS ITS HI/ORICAL ROOTS4 ,IT RE/S UPON ! ILLUSION ( ! PEACEFUL1 0NORMAL0 P]IOD ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 9 :I* ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY APPE>S TO BE CONSUM$ 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE4 ,! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE1 H[EV]1 ! C\NT]P>T ( ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE1 IS EQUALLY ) IT1 A FI<T CONDUCT$ EXCLUSIVELY ON ! BASIS ( ! B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ORD]4 ,IT IS BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 POLITICAL RE=M WORK1 AS ?AT ( ! TRADE-UNIONS IS ECONOMIC RE=M WORK4 ,IT REPRES5TS POLITICAL WORK = ! PRES5T1 AS TRADE-UNIONS REPRES5T ECONOMIC WORK = ! PRES5T4 ,IT IS1 LIKE !M1 M]ELY A PHASE1 A /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T 9 ! COMPLETE PROCESS ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE :OSE ULTIMATE GOAL IS AS F> BEYOND ! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE AS IT IS BEYOND ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE4 ,! P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE IS1 9 RELATION TO SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POLICY1 ALSO A P>T ( ! :OLE1 EXACTLY AS TRADE-UNION WORK IS4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY TODAY COMPRISES ! P>LIAM5T>Y & ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE 9 ONE CLASS /RUGGLE AIM+ AT ! ABOLITION ( ! B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ORD]4 

,! !ORY ( ! 0EQUAL AU?ORITY0 ( TRADE-UNIONS & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS LIKEWISE NOT A M]E !ORETICAL MISUND]/&+1 NOT A M]E CASE ( CONFUSION BUT AN EXPRESSION ( ! WELL-KN[N T5D5CY ( ?AT OPPORTUNI/ W+ ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY :I* R$UC$ ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO ! P>LIAM5T>Y CONTE/1 & DESIRES TO *ANGE SOCIAL DEMOCRACY FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN P>TY 9TO A PETTY-B\RGEOIS RE=M ONE4.<#a.> ,IF SOCIAL DEMOCRACY %\LD ACCEPT ! !ORY ( ! 0EQUAL AU?ORITY0 ( ! TRADE-UNIONS1 IT W\LD !REBY ACCEPT1 9DIRECTLY & TACITLY1 ?AT TRANS=MATION :I* HAS LONG BE5 /RIV5 = BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! OPPORTUNI/ T5D5CY4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 H[EV]1 !RE IS SU* A %IFT+ ( RELATIONS )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T AS IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 ANY O!R C\NTRY4 ,! !ORETICAL CONCEPTION1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! TRADE-UNIONS >E M]ELY A P>T ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 F9DS ITS CLASSIC EXPRESSION 9 ,G]MANY 9 FACT1 9 ACTUAL PRACTICE1 & ?AT 9 ?REE DIRECTIONS4 ,FIR/1 ! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS >E A DIRECT PRODUCT ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY2 IT WAS SOCIAL DEMOCRACY :I* CREAT$ ! BEG9N+S ( ! PRES5T TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY & :I* 5ABL$ IT TO ATTA9 SU* GREAT DIM5SIONS1 & IT IS SOCIAL DEMOCRACY :I* SUPPLIES IT TO ?IS DAY ) ITS LEAD]S & ! MO/ ACTIVE PROMOT]S ( ITS ORGANIZATION4 

,SECOND1 ! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS >E A PRODUCT ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ALSO 9 ! S5SE ?AT SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC TEA*+ IS ! S\L ( TRADE-UNION PRACTICE1 AS ! TRADE-UNIONS [E !IR SUP]IORITY OV] ALL B\RGEOIS & D5OM9ATIONAL TRADE-UNIONS TO ! IDEA ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE2 !IR PRACTICAL SUCCESS1 !IR P[]1 IS A RESULT ( ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT !IR PRACTICE IS ILLUM9AT$ BY ! !ORY ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM & !Y >E !REBY RAIS$ ABOVE ! LEVEL ( A N>R[-M9D$ SOCIALISM4 ,! /R5G? ( ! 0PRACTICAL POLICY0 ( ! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS LIES 9 !IR 9SI<T 9TO ! DEEP] SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONNECTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM2 BUT !Y [E ?IS 9SI<T 5TIRELY TO ! !ORY ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM UPON :I* !IR PRACTICE IS BAS$4 ,VIEW$ 9 ?IS WAY1 ANY ATTEMPT TO EMANCIPATE ! TRADE-UNIONS FROM ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC !ORY 9 FAVOR ( SOME O!R 0TRADE-UNION !ORY0 OPPOS$ TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 IS1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! TRADE-UNIONS !MSELVES & ( !IR FUTURE1 NO?+ BUT AN ATTEMPT TO COMMIT SUICIDE4 ,! SEP>ATION ( TRADE-UNION PRACTICE FROM ! !ORY ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM W\LD MEAN TO ! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS ! IMM$IATE LOSS ( ALL !IR SUP]IORITY OV] ALL K9DS ( B\RGEOIS TRADE-UNIONS1 & !IR FALL FROM !IR PRES5T HEI<T TO ! LEVEL ( UN/EADY GROP+ & M]E DULL EMPIRICISM4 

,?IRDLY & F9ALLY1 ! TRADE-UNIONS >E1 AL?\< !IR LEAD]S HAVE GRADUALLY LO/ SI<T ( ! FACT1 EV5 AS REG>DS !IR NUM]ICAL /R5G?1 A DIRECT PRODUCT ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T & ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 MANY DI/RICTS TRADE-UNION AGITATION PREC$ES SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATION1 & ?AT EV]Y:]E TRADE-UNION WORK PREP>ES ! WAY = P>TY WORK4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( EFFECT1 P>TY & TRADE-UNIONS ASSI/ EA* O!R TO ! FULLE/ EXT5T4 ,BUT :5 ! PICTURE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY IS LOOK$ AT AS A :OLE & ITS MORE DEEP-SEAT$ ASSOCIATIONS1 ! PROPORTIONS >E CONSID]ABLY ALT]$4 ,MANY TRADE-UNION LEAD]S >E 9 ! HABIT ( LOOK+ D[N TRIUMPHANTLY FROM ! PR\D HEI<T ( !IR MEMB]%IP ( ONE & A QU>T] MILLION ON ! MIS]ABLE ORGANIZ$ MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 NOT YET HALF A MILLION /RONG1 & ( RECALL+ ! TIME1 T5 OR TWELVE YE>S AGO1 :5 ?OSE 9 ! RANKS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY W]E PESSIMI/IC AS TO ! PROSPECTS ( TRADE-UNION DEVELOPM5T4 

,!Y DO SEE ?AT BETWE5 !SE TWO ?+S - ! L>GE NUMB] ( ORGANIZ$ TRADE UNIONI/S & ! SMALL NUMB] ( ORGANIZ$ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS - !RE EXI/S 9 A C]TA9 DEGREE A DIRECT CAUSAL CONNECTION4 ,?\S&S & ?\S&S ( WORK]S DO NOT JO9 ! P>TY ORGANIZATIONS PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y JO9 ! TRADE-UNIONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY1 ALL ! WORK]S MU/ BE D\BLY ORGANIZ$1 MU/ ATT5D TWO K9DS ( MEET+S1 PAY D\BLE CONTRIBUTIONS1 READ TWO K9DS ( WORK]S' PAP]S1 ETC4 ,BUT = ?IS IT IS NECESS>Y TO HAVE A HI<] /&>D ( 9TELLIG5CE & ( ?AT IDEALISM :I*1 FROM A PURE FEEL+ ( DUTY TO ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 IS PREP>$ = ! DAILY SACRIFICE ( TIME & MONEY1 & F9ALLY1 A HI<] /&>D ( ?AT PASSIONATE 9T]E/ 9 ! ACTUAL LIFE ( ! P>TY :I* CAN ONLY BE 5G5D]$ BY MEMB]%IP ( ! P>TY ORGANIZATION4 ,ALL ?IS IS TRUE ( ! MO/ 5LI<T5$ & 9TELLIG5T M9ORITY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WORK]S 9 ! L>GE T[NS1 :]E P>TY LIFE IS FULL & ATTRACTIVE & :]E ! WORK]S' /&>D ( LIV+ IS HI<4 ,AMONG ! WID] SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ MASSES 9 ! L>GE T[NS1 H[EV]1 AS WELL AS 9 ! PROV9CES1 9 ! SMALL] & ! SMALLE/ T[NS :]E POLITICAL LIFE IS NOT AN 9DEP5D5T ?+ BUT A M]E REFLEX ( ! C\RSE ( EV5TS 9 ! CAPITAL1 :]E CONSEQU5TLY1 P>TY LIFE IS POOR & MONOTON\S1 & :]E1 F9ALLY1 ! ECONOMIC /&>D ( LIFE ( ! WORK]S IS1 = ! MO/ P>T1 MIS]ABLE1 IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO SECURE ! D\BLE =M ( ORGANIZATION4 

,= ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATICALLY-M9D$ WORK] FROM ! MASSES ! QUE/ION WILL BE SOLV$ BY HIS JO9+ HIS TRADE-UNION4 ,! IMM$IATE 9T]E/S ( HIS ECONOMIC /RUGGLE :I* >E CONDITION$ BY ! NATURE ( ! /RUGGLE ITSELF CANNOT BE ADVANC$ 9 ANY O!R WAY ?AN BY MEMB]%IP ( A TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATION4 ,! CONTRIBUTION :I* HE PAYS1 (T5 AMID CONSID]ABLE SACRIFICE ( HIS /&>D ( LIV+1 BR+ HIM IMM$IATE1 VISIBLE RESULTS4 ,HIS SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC 9CL9ATIONS1 H[EV]1 5ABLE HIM TO P>TICIPATE 9 V>I\S K9DS ( WORK )\T BELONG+ TO A SPECIAL P>TY ORGANIZATION2 BY VOT+ AT P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS1 BY ATT5DANCE AT SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PUBLIC MEET+S1 BY FOLL[+ ! REPORTS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC SPEE*ES 9 REPRES5TATIVES BODIES1 & BY READ+ ! P>TY PRESS4 ,COMP>E 9 ?IS CONNECTION ! NUMB] ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ELECTORS OR ! NUMB] ( SUBSCRIB]S TO ,VORW>TS ) ! NUMB] ( ORGANIZ$ P>TY MEMB]S 9 ,B]L96 

,& :AT IS MO/ DECISIVE1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATICALLY-M9D$ AV]AGE WORK] :O1 AS A SIMPLE MAN1 CAN HAVE NO UND]/&+ ( ! 9TRICATE & F9E SO-CALL$ TWO-S\L !ORY1 FEELS ?AT HE IS1 EV5 9 ! TRADE UNION1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$4 ,AL?\< ! C5TRAL COMMITTEES ( ! UNIONS HAVE NO (FICIAL P>TY LABEL1 ! WORKMAN FROM ! MASSES 9 EV]Y CITY & T[N SEES ! HEAD ( HIS TRADE-UNION AS ! MO/ ACTIVE LEAD]1 ?OSE COLLEAGUES :OM HE KN[S ALSO AS COMRADES & SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9 PUBLIC LIFE1 N[ AS ,REI*/AG1 ,L&/AG OR LOCAL REPRES5TATIVES1 N[ AS TRU/$ M5 ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 MEMB]S ( ELECTION COMMITTEES1 P>TY $ITORS & SECRET>IES1 OR M]ELY AS SPEAK]S & AGITATORS4 ,FUR!R1 HE HE>S EXPRESS$ 9 ! AGITATIONAL WORK ( HIS TRADE-UNION MU* ! SAME IDEAS1 PLEAS+ & 9TELLIGIBLE TO HIM1 ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 CLASS RELATIONS1 ETC41 AS ?OSE ?AT HAVE COME TO HIM FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATION4 ,9DE$1 ! MO/ & BE/ LOV$ ( ! SPEAK]S AT TRADE-UNION MEET+S >E ?OSE SAME SOCIAL DEMOCRATS4 

,?US EV]Y?+ COMB9ES TO GIVE ! AV]AGE CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK] ! FEEL+ ?AT HE1 9 BE+ ORGANIZ$ 9 HIS TRADE-UNION1 IS ALSO A MEMB] ( HIS LABOR P>TY & IS SOCIAL DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$1 & !RE9 LIES ! PECULI> RECRUIT+ /R5G? ( ! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS4 ,NOT BECAUSE ( ! APPE>ANCE ( NEUTRALITY1 BUT BECAUSE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC REALITY ( !IR BE+1 HAVE ! C5TRAL UNIONS BE+ 5ABL$ TO ATTA9 !IR PRES5T /R5G?4 ,?IS IS SIMPLY ?R\< ! CO-EXI/5CE ( ! V>I\S UNIONS - ,CA?OLIC1 ,HIRS*-,DUNK]1 ETC4 - F\ND$ BY B\RGEOIS P>TIES BY :I* IT WAS S\<T TO E/ABLI% ! NECESSITY = ?AT POLITICAL 0NEUTRALITY40 ,:5 ! ,G]MAN WORK] :O HAS FULL FRE$OM ( *OICE TO ATTA* HIMSELF TO A ,*RI/IAN1 ,CA?OLIC1 ,EVANGELICAL OR ,FREE-?9K+ TRADE-UNION1 *OOSES NONE ( !SE BUT ! 0FREE TRADE-UNION0 9/EAD1 OR LEAVES ONE ( ! =M] TO JO9 ! LATT]1 HE DOES SO ONLY BECAUSE HE CONSID]S ?AT ! C5TRAL UNIONS >E ! AV[$ ORGANIZATIONS ( ! MOD]N CLASS /RUGGLE1 OR1 :AT IS ! SAME ?+ 9 ,G]MANY1 ?AT !Y >E SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC TRADE-UNIONS4 

,9 A WORD ! APPE>ANCE ( 0NEUTRALITY10 :I* EXI/S 9 ! M9DS ( MANY TRADE-UNION LEAD]S1 DOES NOT EXI/ = ! MASS ( ORGANIZ$ TRADE-UNIONI/S4 ,& ?AT IS ! GOOD =TUNE ( ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T4 ,IF ! APPE>ANCE ( 0NEUTRALITY01 ?AT ALI5ATION & SEP>ATION ( ! TRADE-UNIONS FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 REALLY & TRULY BECOMES A REALITY 9 ! EYES ( ! PROLET>IAN MASSES1 !N ! TRADE-UNIONS W\LD IMM$IATELY LOSE ALL !IR ADVANTAGES OV] COMPET+ B\RGEOIS UNIONS1 & !RE) !IR RECRUIT+ P[]1 !IR LIV+ FIRE4 ,?IS IS CONCLUSIVELY PROV$ BY ! FACTS :I* >E G5]ALLY KN[N4 ,! APPE>ANCE ( P>TY-POLITICAL 0NEUTRALITY0 ( ! TRADE-UNIONS C\LD1 AS A MEANS ( ATTRACTION1 R5D] 9E/IMABLE S]VICE 9 A C\NTRY 9 :I* SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ITSELF HAS NO CR$IT AMONG ! MASSES1 9 :I* ! ODIUM ATTA*+ A WORK]S' ORGANIZATION 9JURES IT 9 ! EYES ( ! MASSES RA!R ?AN ADVANTAGES IT - :]E1 9 A WORD1 ! TRADE-UNIONS MU/ FIR/ ( ALL RECRUIT !IR TROOPS FROM A :OLLY UN5LI<T5$1 B\RGEOIS-M9D$ MASS4 

,! BE/ EXAMPLE ( SU* A C\NTRY WAS1 ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 & IS TO A C]TA9 EXT5T TODAY1 ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,9 ,G]MANY1 H[EV]1 P>TY RELATIONS >E ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T4 ,9 A C\NTRY1 9 :I* SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS ! MO/ P[]FUL POLITICAL P>TY1 9 :I* ITS RECRUIT+ P[] IS REPRES5T$ BY AN >MY ( OV] ?REE MILLION PROLET>IANS1 IT IS RIDICUL\S TO SPEAK ( ! DET]R5T EFFECT ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ( ! NECESSITY = A FI<T+ ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S TO 5SURE POLITICAL NEUTRALITY4 ,! M]E COMP>ISON ( ! FIGURES ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC VOT]S ) ! FIGURES ( ! TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,G]MANY IS SUFFICI5T TO PROVE TO ! MO/ SIMPLE-M9D$ ?AT ! TRADE-UNIONS 9 ,G]MANY DO NOT1 AS 9 ,5GL&1 DRAW !IR TROOPS FROM ! UN5LI<T5$ B\RGEOIS-M9D$ MASS1 BUT FROM ! MASS ( PROLET>IANS ALREADY >\S$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & WON BY IT TO ! IDEA ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,MANY TRADE-UNION LEAD]S 9DIGNANTLY REJECT ! IDEA - A REQUISITE ( ! 0!ORY ( NEUTRALITY0 - & REG>D ! TRADE-UNIONS AS A RECRUIT+ S*OOL = SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS APP>5TLY 9SULT+1 BUT 9 REALITY1 HI<LY FLATT]+ PRESUMPTION IS 9 ,G]MANY R$UC$ TO M]E FANCY BY ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! POSITIONS >E REV]S$2 IT IS ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY :I* IS ! RECRUIT+ S*OOL = ! TRADE-UNIONS4 

,MOREOV]1 IF ! ORGANIZATIONAL WORK ( ! TRADE-UNIONS IS = ! MO/ P>T ( A V]Y DIFFICULT & TR\BLESOME K9D1 IT IS1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( A FEW CASES & SOME DI/RICTS1 NOT M]ELY BECAUSE ON ! :OLE1 ! SOIL HAS NOT BE5 PREP>$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PL[1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! TRADE-UNION SE$ ITSELF1 & ! S[] AS WELL1 MU/ ALSO BE 0R$10 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC BE=E ! H>VE/ CAN PROSP]4 ,BUT :5 WE COMP>E 9 ?IS WAY ! FIGURES ( TRADE-UNION /R5G?1 NOT ) ?OSE ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS1 BUT - :I* IS ! ONLY CORRECT WAY - ) ?OSE ( ! MASS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC VOT]S1 WE COME TO A CONCLUSION :I* DIFF]S CONSID]ABLY FROM ! CURR5T VIEW ( ! MATT]4 ,! FACT !N COMES TO LI<T ?AT ! 0FREE TRADE-UNIONS0 ACTUALLY REPRES5T TODAY BUT A M9ORITY ( ! CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK]S ( ,G]MANY1 ?AT EV5 ) !IR ONE & A QU>T] MILLION ORGANIZ$ MEMB]S !Y HAVE NOT YET BE5 ABLE TO DRAW 9TO !IR RANKS ONE-HALF ( ?OSE ALREADY >\S$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT CONCLUSION TO BE DRAWN FROM ! FACTS ABOVE CIT$ IS ?AT ! COMPLETE UNITY ( ! TRADE-UNION & ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5TS1 :I* IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! COM+ MASS /RUGGLES 9 ,G]MANY1 IS ACTUALLY H]E1 & ?AT IT IS 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! WIDE MASS :I* =MS ! BASIS AT ONCE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & TRADE-UNIONISM1 & 9 :OSE CONSCI\SNESS BO? P>TS ( ! MOVEM5T >E M+L$ 9 A M5TAL UNITY4 ,! ALLEG$ ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & TRADE UNIONS %R9KS TO AN ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & A C]TA9 P>T ( ! TRADE-UNION (FICIALS1 :I* IS1 H[EV]1 AT ! SAME TIME AN ANTAGONISM )9 ! TRADE UNIONS BETWE5 ?IS P>T ( ! TRADE-UNION LEAD]S & ! PROLET>IAN MASS ORGANIZ$ 9 TRADE UNIONS4 

,! RAPID GR[? ( ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! P]IOD ( GREAT ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY FROM #ahie TO #ai HAS BR\<T ) IT A GREAT 9DEP5D5CE ( ! TRADE-UNIONS1 A SPECIALIZ+ ( !IR ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE1 & F9ALLY ! 9TRODUCTION ( A REGUL> TRADE-UNION (FICIALDOM4 ,ALL !SE PH5OM5A >E QUITE UND]/&ABLE & NATURAL HI/ORICAL PRODUCTS ( ! GR[? ( ! TRADE-UNIONS 9 ?IS FIFTE5-YE> P]IOD1 & ( ! ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY & POLITICAL CALM ( ,G]MANY4 ,!Y >E1 AL?\< 9SEP>ABLE FROM C]TA9 DRAWBACKS1 )\T D\BT A HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y EVIL4 ,BUT ! DIALECTICS ( DEVELOPM5T ALSO BR+S ) IT ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT !SE NECESS>Y MEANS ( PROMOT+ TRADE-UNION GR[? BECOME1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 OB/ACLES TO ?IS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( ORGANIZATION & AT A C]TA9 DEGREE ( RIP5ESS ( CONDITIONS4 

,! SPECIALIZATION ( PR(ESSIONAL ACTIVITY AS TRADE-UNION LEAD]S1 AS WELL AS ! NATURALLY RE/RICT$ HORIZON :I* IS B\ND UP ) DISCONNECT$ ECONOMIC /RUGGLES 9 A PEACEFUL P]IOD1 LEADS ONLY TOO EASILY1 AMONG TRADE-UNION (FICIALS1 TO BUREAUCRATISM & A C]TA9 N>R[NESS ( \TLOOK4 ,BO?1 H[EV]1 EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 A :OLE S]IES ( T5D5CIES :I* MAY BE FATEFUL 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE = ! FUTURE ( ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T4 ,!RE IS FIR/ ( ALL ! OV]VALUATION ( ! ORGANIZATION1 :I* FROM A MEANS HAS GRADUALLY BE5 *ANG$ 9TO AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 A PRECI\S ?+1 TO :I* ! 9T]E/S ( ! /RUGGLES %\LD BE SUBORD9AT$4 ,FROM ?IS ALSO COMES ?AT OP5LY ADMITT$ NE$ = PEACE :I* %R9KS FROM GREAT RISKS & PRESUM$ DANG]S TO ! /ABILITY ( ! TRADE-UNIONS1 & FUR!R1 ! OV]VALUATION ( ! TRADE-UNION ME?OD ( /RUGGLE ITSELF1 ITS PROSPECTS & ITS SUCCESSES4 

,! TRADE-UNION LEAD]S1 CON/ANTLY ABSORB$ 9 ! ECONOMIC GU]RILLA W> :OSE PLAUSIBLE TASK IT IS TO MAKE ! WORK]S PLACE ! HI<E/ VALUE ON ! SMALLE/ ECONOMIC A*IEVEM5T1 EV]Y 9CREASE 9 WAGES & %ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY1 GRADUALLY LOSE ! P[] ( SEE+ ! L>G] CONNECTIONS & ( TAK+ A SURVEY ( ! :OLE POSITION4 ,ONLY 9 ?IS WAY CAN ONE EXPLA9 :Y MANY TRADE-UNION LEAD]S REF] ) ! GREATE/ SATISFACTION TO ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S1 9/EAD (1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 EMPHASIZ+ ! O!R SIDE ( ! M$AL2 ! SIMULTANE\S & IMM5SE R$UCTION ( ! PROLET>IAN /&>D ( LIFE BY L& USURY1 BY ! :OLE TAX & CU/OMS POLICY1 BY L&LORD RAPACITY :I* HAS 9CREAS$ H\SE R5TS TO SU* AN EXORBITANT EXT5T1 9 %ORT1 BY ALL ! OBJECTIVE T5D5CIES ( B\RGEOIS POLICY :I* HAVE L>GELY NEUTRALIZ$ ! ADVANTAGES ( ! FIFTE5 YE>S ( TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE4 ,FROM ! :OLE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC TRU? :I*1 :ILE EMPHASIZ+ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! PRES5T WORK & ITS ABSOLUTE NECESSITY1 ATTA*ES ! *IEF IMPORTANCE TO ! CRITICISM & ! LIMITS TO ?IS WORK1 ! HALF TRADE-UNION TRU? IS TAK5 :I* EMPHASIZES ONLY ! POSITIVE SIDE ( ! DAILY /RUGGLE4 

,& F9ALLY1 FROM ! CONCEALM5T ( ! OBJECTIVE LIMITS DRAWN BY ! B\RGEOIS SOCIAL ORD] TO ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE1 !RE >ISES A HO/ILITY TO EV]Y !ORETICAL CRITICISM :I* REF]S TO !SE LIMITS 9 CONNECTION ) ! ULTIMATE AIMS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,FULSOME FLATT]Y & B\NDLESS OPTIMISM >E CONSID]$ TO BE ! DUTY ( EV]Y 0FRI5D ( ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T40 ,BUT AS ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC /&PO9T CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 FI<T+ AGA9/ UNCRITICAL P>LIAM5T>Y OPTIMISM1 A FRONT IS AT LA/ MADE AGA9/ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC !ORY3 M5 GROPE = A 0NEW TRADE-UNION !ORY10 ?AT IS1 A !ORY :I* W\LD OP5 AN ILLIMITABLE VI/A ( ECONOMIC PROGRESS TO ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC DOCTR9E4 ,SU* A !ORY HAS 9DE$ EXI/$ = SOME TIME - ! !ORY ( ,PR(ESSOR ,SOMB>T :I* WAS PROMULGAT$ ) ! EXPRESS 9T5TION ( DRIV+ A W$GE BETWE5 ! TRADE-UNIONS & ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ,G]MANY1 & ( 5TIC+ ! TRADE-UNIONS OV] TO ! B\RGEOIS POSITION4 

,9 CLOSE CONNECTION ) !SE !ORETICAL T5D5CIES IS A REVOLUTION 9 ! RELATIONS ( LEAD]S & RANK-&-FILE4 ,9 PLACE ( ! DIRECTION BY COLLEAGUES ?R\< LOCAL COMMITTEES1 ) !IR ADMITT$ 9ADEQUACY1 !RE APPE>S ! BUS9ESS-LIKE DIRECTION ( ! TRADE-UNION (FICIALS4 ,! 9ITIATIVE & ! P[] ( MAK+ DECISIONS !REBY DEVOLVE UPON TRADE-UNION SPECIALI/S1 SO TO SPEAK1 & ! MORE PASSIVE VIRTUE ( DISCIPL9E UPON ! MASS ( MEMB]S4 ,?IS D>K SIDE ( (FICIALDOM ALSO ASSUR$LY CONCEALS CONSID]ABLE DANG]S = ! P>TY1 AS FROM ! LATE/ 9NOVATION1 ! 9/ITUTION ( LOCAL P>TY SECRET>IES1 IT CAN QUITE EASILY RESULT1 IF ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MASS IS NOT C>EFUL ?AT !SE SECRET>IATS MAY REMA9 M]E ORGANS = C>RY+ \T DECISIONS & NOT BE REG>D$ 9 ANY WAY ! APPO9T$ BE>]S ( ! 9ITIATIVE & ( ! DIRECTION ( LOCAL P>TY LIFE4 ,BUT BY ! NATURE ( ! CASE1 BY ! *>ACT] ( ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 !RE >E N>R[ B\NDS DRAWN TO BUREAUCRATISM 9 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AS 9 TRADE-UNION LIFE4 

,BUT H]E ! TE*NICAL SPECIALIZ+ ( WAGE /RUGGLES AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! CONCLUSION ( 9TRICATE T>IFF AGREEM5TS & = ! LIKE1 FREQU5TLY MEANS ?AT ! MASS ( ORGANIZ$ WORK]S >E PROHIBIT$ FROM TAK+ A 0SURVEY ( ! :OLE 9DU/RIAL LIFE10 & !IR 9CAPACITY = TAK+ DECISIONS IS !REBY E/ABLI%$4 ,A CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS CONCEPTION IS ! >GUM5T ) :I* EV]Y !ORETICAL CRITICISM ( ! PROSPECTS & POSSIBILITIES ( TRADE-UNION PRACTICE IS TABOO$ & :I* ALLEGES ?AT IT REPRES5TS A DANG] TO ! PI\S TRADE-UNION S5TIM5T ( ! MASSES4 ,FROM ?IS1 A PO9T ( VIEW HAS BE5 DEVELOP$1 ?AT IT IS ONLY BY BL9D1 *ILD-LIKE FAI? 9 ! EFFICACY ( ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE ?AT ! WORK+ MASSES CAN BE WON & HELD = ! ORGANIZATION4 ,9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY :I* BASES ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! UNITY ( ! MASSES AMID ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! EXI/+ ORD] & 9 ! COMPLICAT$ *>ACT] ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 & ON ! CRITICAL ATTITUDE ( ! MASSES TO ALL FACTORS & /AGES ( !IR [N CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! 9FLU5CE & ! P[] ( ! TRADE-UNIONS >E F\ND$ UPON ! UPSIDE-D[N !ORY ( ! 9CAPACITY ( ! MASSES = CRITICISM & DECISION4 0,! FAI? ( ! PEOPLE MU/ BE MA9TA9$0 - ?AT IS ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE1 ACT+ UPON :I* MANY TRADE-UNION (FICIALS /AMP AS ATTEMPTS ON ! LIFE ( ?IS MOVEM5T1 ALL CRITICISMS ( ! OBJECTIVE 9ADEQUACY ( TRADE-UNIONISM4 

,& F9ALLY1 A RESULT ( ALL ?IS SPECIALIZATION & ?IS BUREAUCRATISM AMONG TRADE-UNION (FICIALS IS ! GREAT 9DEP5D5CE & ! 0NEUTRALITY0 ( ! TRADE-UNIONS 9 RELATION TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! EXTREME 9DEP5D5CE ( ! TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATION IS A NATURAL RESULT ( ITS GR[?1 AS A RELATION :I* HAS GR[N \T ( ! TE*NICAL DIVISION ( WORK BETWE5 ! POLITICAL & ! TRADE-UNION =MS ( /RUGGLE4 ,! 0NEUTRALITY0 ( ! ,G]MAN TRADE-UNIONS1 ON ITS P>T1 >OSE AS A PRODUCT ( ! REACTION>Y TRADE-UNION LEGISLATION ( ! ,PRUSSO-,G]MAN POLICE /ATE4 ,) TIME1 BO? ASPECTS ( !IR NATURE HAVE ALT]$4 ,FROM ! CONDITION ( POLITICAL 0NEUTRALITY0 ( ! TRADE-UNIONS IMPOS$ BY ! POLICE1 A !ORY ( !IR VOLUNT>Y NEUTRALITY HAS BE5 EVOLV$ AS A NECESSITY F\ND$ UPON ! ALLEG$ NATURE ( ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE ITSELF4 ,& ! TE*NICAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ! TRADE-UNIONS :I* %\LD RE/ UPON ! DIVISION ( WORK 9 ! UNIFI$ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! SEP>ATION ( ! TRADE-UNIONS FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 FROM ITS VIEWS & ITS LEAD]%IP1 HAS BE5 *ANG$ 9TO ! SO-CALL$ EQUAL AU?ORITY ( TRADE-UNIONS & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,! APPE>ANCE ( SEP>ATION & EQUALITY ( TRADE-UNIONS & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS1 H[EV]1 9CORPORAT$ *IEFLY 9 ! TRADE-UNION (FICIALS1 & /R5G!N$ ?R\< ! MANAG+ APP>ATUS ( ! TRADE-UNIONS4 ,\TW>DLY1 BY ! CO-EXI/5CE ( A COMPLETE /AFF ( TRADE-UNION (FICIALS1 ( A :OLLY 9DEP5D5T C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 ( NUM]\S PR(ESSIONAL PRESS1 & F9ALLY ( A TRADE-UNION CONGRESS1 ! ILLUSION IS CREAT$ ( AN EXACT P>ALLEL ) ! MANAG+ APP>ATUS ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ! P>TY EXECUTIVE1 ! P>TY PRESS & ! P>TY CONF]5CE4 ,?IS ILLUSION ( EQUALITY BETWE5 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ! TRADE-UNION HAD L$ TO1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! MON/R\S SPECTACLE ?AT1 9 P>T1 QUITE ANALOG\S AG5DAS >E DISCUSS$ AT SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CONF]5CES & TRADE-UNION CONGRESSES1 & ?AT ON ! SAME QUE/IONS DIFF]5T1 & EV5 DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE1 DECISIONS >E TAK54 ,FROM ! NATURAL DIVISION ( WORK BETWE5 ! P>TY CONF]5CE 7:I* REPRES5TS ! G5]AL 9T]E/S & TASKS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T71 & ! TRADE-UNION CONGRESS 7:I* DEALS ) ! MU* N>R[] SPH]E ( SOCIAL QUE/IONS & 9T]E/S7 ! >TIFICIAL DIVISION HAS BE5 MADE ( A PRET5D$ TRADE-UNION & A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC \TLOOK 9 RELATION TO ! SAME G5]AL QUE/IONS & 9T]E/S ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,?US ! PECULI> POSITION HAS >IS5 ?AT ?IS SAME TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T :I* BEL[1 9 ! WIDE PROLET>IAN MASSES1 IS ABSOLUTELY ONE ) SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 P>TS ABRUPTLY FROM IT ABOVE1 9 ! SUP]-/RUCTURE ( MANAGEM5T1 & SETS ITSELF UP AS AN 9DEP5D5T GREAT P[]4 ,! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T !RE=E ASSUMES ! PECULI> =M ( A D\BLE PYRAMID :OSE BASE & BODY CONSI/ ( ONE SOLID MASS BUT :OSE APEXES >E WIDE AP>T4 

,IT IS CLE> FROM ?IS PRES5TATION ( ! CASE 9 :AT WAY ALONE 9 A NATURAL & SUCCESSFUL MANN] ?AT COMPACT UNITY ( ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T CAN BE ATTA9$ :I*1 9 VIEW ( ! COM+ POLITICAL CLASS /RUGGLES & ( ! PECULI> 9T]E/S ( ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! TRADE-UNIONS1 IS 9DISP5SABLY NECESS>Y4 ,NO?+ C\LD BE MORE P]V]SE OR MORE HOPELESS ?AN TO DESIRE TO ATTA9 ! UNITY DESIR$ BY MEANS ( SPORADIC & P]IODICAL NEGOTIATIONS ON 9DIVIDUAL QUE/IONS AFFECT+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T BETWE5 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY LEAD]%IP & ! TRADE-UNION C5TRAL COMMITTEES4 ,IT IS JU/ ! HI<E/ CIRCLES ( BO? =MS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* AS WE HAVE SE51 9CORPORATE !IR SEP>ATION & SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 :I* >E !MSELVES1 !RE=E1 ! PROMOT]S ( ! ILLUSION ( ! 0EQUAL AU?ORITY0 & ( ! P>ALLEL EXI/5CE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & TRADE-UNIONISM4 

,TO DESIRE ! UNITY ( !SE ?R\< ! UNION ( ! P>TY EXECUTIVE & ! G5]AL COMMISSION IS TO DESIRE TO BUILD A BRIDGE AT ! V]Y SPOT :]E ! DI/ANCE IS GREAT] & ! CROSS+ MORE DIFFICULT4 ,NOT ABOVE1 AMONG ! HEADS ( ! LEAD+ DIRECT+ ORGANIZATIONS & 9 !IR F$]ATIVE ALLIANCE1 BUT BEL[1 AMONG ! ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAN MASSES1 LIES ! GU>ANTEE ( ! REAL UNITY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MILLION TRADE-UNIONI/S1 ! P>TY & ! TRADE UNIONS >E ACTUALLY ONE1 !Y REPRES5T 9 DIFF]5T =MS ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC /RUGGLE = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,& ! NECESSITY AUTOMATICALLY >ISES !REFROM ( REMOV+ ANY CAUSES ( FRICTION :I* HAVE >IS5 BETWE5 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & A P>T ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 ( ADAPT+ !IR MUTUAL RELATION TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAN MASSES1 ?AT IS1 ( RE-JO9+ ! TRADE-UNIONS TO SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,! SYN!SIS ( ! REAL DEVELOPM5T :I* L$ FROM ! ORIG9AL 9CORPORATION ( ! TRADE-UNIONS TO !IR SEP>ATION FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WILL !REBY BE EXPRESS$1 & ! WAY WILL BE PREP>$ = ! COM+ P]IOD ( GREAT PROLET>IAN MASS /RUGGLES DUR+ ! P]IOD ( VIGOR\S GR[?1 ( BO? TRADE-UNIONS & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & !IR REUNION1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( BO?1 WILL BECOME A NECESSITY4 

,IT IS NOT1 ( C\RSE1 A QUE/ION ( ! M]G+ ( ! TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATION 9 ! P>TY1 BUT ( ! RE/ORATION ( ! UNITY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & ! TRADE-UNIONS :I* CORRESPONDS TO ! ACTUAL RELATION BETWE5 ! LABOR MOVEM5T AS A :OLE & ITS P>TIAL TRADE-UNION EXPRESSION4 ,SU* A REVOLUTION WILL 9EVITABLY CALL =? A VIGOR\S OPPOSITION FROM A P>T ( ! TRADE-UNION LEAD]%IP4 ,BUT IT IS HI< TIME = ! WORK+ MASSES ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY TO LE>N H[ TO EXPRESS !IR CAPACITY = DECISION & ACTION1 & !RE) TO DEMON/RATE !IR RIP5ESS = ?AT TIME ( GREAT /RUGGLES & GREAT TASKS 9 :I* !Y1 ! MASSES1 WILL BE ! ACTUAL *ORUS & ! DIRECT+ BODIES WILL M]ELY ACT ! 0SPEAK+ P>TS10 ?AT IS1 WILL ONLY BE ! 9T]PRET]S ( ! WILL ( ! MASSES4 

,! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T IS NOT ?AT :I* IS REFLECT$ 9 ! QUITE UND]/&ABLE BUT IRRATIONAL ILLUSION ( A M9ORITY ( ! TRADE-UNION LEAD]S1 BUT ?AT :I* LIVES 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASS ( PROLET>IANS :O HAVE BE5 WON = ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ?IS CONSCI\SNESS ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T IS P>T ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 0,& :AT IT IS1 ?AT %\LD IT D>E TO APPE>40 

,FOOTNOTE 

.<#a.> ,AS ! EXI/5CE ( SU* A T5D5CY )9 ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS G5]ALLY D5I$1 ONE MU/ BE GRATEFUL = ! C&OR ) :I* ! OPPORTUNI/ TR5D HAS REC5TLY =MULAT$ ITS REAL AIMS & WI%ES4 ,AT A P>TY MEET+ 9 ,MAY5CE ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#i#i1 ! FOLL[+ RESOLUTION1 PROPOS$ BY ,DR4 ,DAVID1 WAS C>RI$4 

0,:]EAS ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9T]PRETS ! T]M 'REVOLUTION' NOT 9 ! S5SE ( VIOL5T OV]?R[1 BUT 9 ! PEACEFUL S5SE ( DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT IS1 ! GRADUAL REALIZATION ( A NEW ECONOMIC PR9CIPLE1 ! PUBLIC P>TY MEET+ AT ,MAY5CE REPUDIATES EV]Y K9D ( REVOLUTION>Y ROMANCE40 

0,! MEET+ SEES 9 ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] NO?+ BUT ! W9N+ OV] ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE TO ! IDEAS & DEM&S ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY2 A CONQUE/ :I* CANNOT BE A*IEV$ BY MEANS ( VIOL5CE1 BUT ONLY BY ! REVOLUTIONIZ+ ( ! M9D BY MEANS ( 9TELLECTUAL PROPAG&A & PRACTICAL RE=M WORK 9 ALL SPH]ES ( POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE40 

0,9 ! CONVICTION ?AT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY FL\RI%ES F> BETT] :5 IT EMPLOYS LEGAL MEANS ?AT :5 IT RELIES ON ILLEGAL MEANS & REVOLUTION1 ! MEET+ REPUDIATES 'DIRECT MASS ACTION' AS A TACTICAL PR9CIPLE1 & HOLDS FA/ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( 'P>LIAM5T>Y RE=M ACTION1' ?AT IS1 IT DESIRES ?AT ! P>TY 9 ! FUTURE AS 9 ! PA/1 %ALL E>NE/LY 5DEAVOR TO A*IEVE ITS AIMS BY LEGISLATION & GRADUAL ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPM5T40 

0,! 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ?IS RE=MI/ ME?OD ( /RUGGLE IS ?AT ! POSSIBILITY ( P>TICIPATION ( ! DISPOSSESS$ MASSES ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! LEGISLATION ( ! EMPIRE & ( ! 9DIVIDUAL /ATES %ALL NOT BE LESS5$ BUT 9CREAS$ TO ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE EXT5T4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ! MEET+ DECL>ES IT TO BE AN 9CONTE/ABLE RI<T ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO )HOLD ITS LABOR = A LONG] OR %ORT] P]IOD TO W>D (F ATTACKS ON ITS LEGAL RI<TS & TO GA9 FUR!R RI<TS1 :5 ALL O!R MEANS FAIL40 

0,BUT AS ! POLITICAL MASS /RIKE CAN ONLY BE VICTORI\SLY C>RI$ ?R\< :5 KEPT )9 /RICTLY LEGAL LIMITS & :5 ! /RIK]S GIVE NO REASONABLE EXCUSE TO ! AU?ORITIES TO RESORT TO >M$ =CE1 ! MEET+ P]CEIVES ! ONLY NECESS>Y & REAL PREP>ATION = ! EX]CISE ( ?IS ME?OD ( /RUGGLE 9 ! FUR!R EXT5SION ( ! POLITICAL1 TRADE-UNION & COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,BECAUSE ONLY 9 ?IS WAY CAN ! CONDITIONS BE CREAT$ AMONG ! WIDE MASSES ( ! PEOPLE :I* CAN GU>ANTEE ! SUCCESSFUL PROSECUTION ( A MASS /RIKE3 CONSCI\S DISCIPL9E & ADEQUATE ECONOMIC SUPPORT40 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,! ,MASS ,/RIKE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,! ,MASS ,/RIKE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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