,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ,MOVEM5T 
,HI/ORICAL & ,P]SONAL ,NOTES ON ! ,F]R] ,S*OOLS 9 ,SPA93 ,CONTRIBUTIONS BY ,PURA ,P]EZ1 ,M>IO ,JORDANA1 ,ABEL ,PAZ1 ,M>?A ,ACKELSB]G 

#aii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABRAHAM ,BLUE/E9 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABEL ,PAZ 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ,MOVEM5T 

,HI/ORICAL & ,P]SONAL ,NOTES ON ! ,F]R] ,S*OOLS 9 ,SPA93 ,CONTRIBUTIONS BY ,PURA ,P]EZ1 ,M>IO ,JORDANA1 ,ABEL ,PAZ1 ,M>?A ,ACKELSB]G4 

,) A =EWORD BY ,ABE ,BLUE/E9 

,PUBLI%$ BY ,FRI5DS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 

C_/O ,ABE ,BLUE/E91 #ee ,F>R+TON ,ROAD1 ,CROTON-,ON-,HUDSON1 ,N,Y #aeb 

,=EWORD 

,ABE ,BLUE/E9 

,MAY #aii 

,?IS PAMPHLET DEALS ) A SIGNIFICANT *APT] 9 ! HI/ORY ( $UCATION--! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL MOVEM5T & ! ROLE IT PLAY$ 9 FO/]+ FRE$OM 9 $UCATION4 ,WE WI% TO HI<LI<T ! 9TIMATE RELATION%IP ( $UCATION & ! SPIRIT ( FRE$OM4 ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] WAS ! F\ND]1 ! 9SPIRATION ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL & HIS TEA*+S >E *]I%$ 9 ! ,LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 

,FRANCISCO ,F]R] Y ,GU>DIA IS REMEMB]$ BY LOV]S ( LIB]TY ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,HE IS REMEMB]$ = HIS PIONE]+ WORK 9 OP5+ 9 #aia A ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 9 ,B>CELONA1 ,SPA91 :I* BECAME ! MODEL = TWO HUNDR$ OR MORE MOD]N S*OOLS 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,ALL ! S*OOLS W]E SUPPORT$ BY UNIONS & ,LIB]ALS & ,LIB]T>IANS :O WANT$ TO 5D ! C5TURIES-OLD *UR* CONTROL ( $UCATION BY ROTE & MEMORIZATION4 

,F]R] ALSO E/ABLI%$ A ,LIB]T>IAN $UCATIONAL PUBLI%+ H\SE TO PROVIDE SECUL> TEXTBOOKS = ! MOD]N S*OOLS4 ,?IS WAS ! MO/ EFFECTIVE $UCATIONAL WORK 9 ,SPA94 

,:5 ,F]R] />T$ HIS $UCATIONAL WORK1 AB\T TWO-?IRDS ( ! PEOPLE ( ,SPA9 W]E ILLIT]ATE & ! ,*UR* REG>D$ ITS FUTURE AS ?REAT5$ IF ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE LE>N$ TO READ & TO REASON = !MSELVES4 

,BETWE5 #a#i#a1 :5 ,F]R] OP5$ HIS FIR/ ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 & #a#i#i1 :5 HE WAS EXECUT$1 ! ,*UR* & ! ,SPANI% ,/ATE 9ITIAT$ ?REE LEGAL ACTIONS AGA9/ ,F]R]4 ,! ?IRD TRIAL CONDEMN$ ,F]R] TO DEA? UND] FALSE ACCUSATIONS & HE WAS EXECUT$ ,OCTOB] #a#c1 #a#i#i4 ,!RE WAS A WORLDWIDE CONDEMNATION ( ! UNJU/ TRIAL & EXECUTION4 ,MOD]N ,S*OOLS W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 MANY C\NTRIES TO HONOR HIS MEMORY & HIS WORK4 

,MORE S*OOLS W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AN ANY O!R C\NTRY4 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 9 ! ,F]R] ,COLONY1 ,/ELTON1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 EXI/$ LONG] ?AN ANY O!R ,F]R] ,MOD]N ,S*OOL FROM #aiaa TO #aiae 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY & !N FROM #aiae TO #aiec 9 ,/ELTON1 ,NEW ,J]SEY4 ,MO/ ( ?OSE :O W5T TO ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 9 ,/ELTON REMEMB] !IR YE>S AT ! S*OOL ) W>M? & LOVE4 ,GR[+ UP 9 FRE$OM1 !Y 5JOY$ MEMORIES ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ?AT >E AMONG ! MO/ TREASUR$ ( !IR LIVES4 ,FRI5D%IPS =M$ :ILE !Y W]E 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL REMA9$ /RONG OV] ! YE>S4 

,9 #aigb ! FIR/ REUNION ( =M] PUPILS1 TEA*]S1 P>5TS & COLONI/S WAS ORGANIZ$ BY ,PAUL ,AVRI* :O TAPP$ ! UNSUSPECT$ RI*NESS ( MEMORIES ( LIV+ 9 ! FREE 5VIRONM5T ( ! ,F]R] ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,NE>LY TWO HUNDR$ ( US GA!R$4 ,! YE>S S9CE LEAV+ ! S*OOL SLIPP$ AWAY AS WE RELIV$ ! EXP]I5CE ( FRE$OM 9 ! S*OOL & ! COLONY ?AT HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ TO HONOR ! MEMORY & WORK ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] Y ,GU>DIA--,A MAN :O HAD ACCOMPLI%$ SO MU* 9 PIONE]+ ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 9 ,SPA9 AT ! CO/ ( HIS LIFE4 

,! S*OOL (F]$ A PROGRAM = *ILDR5 ( PRE-HI< S*OOL AGE :O LEFT ! ,F]R] ,S*OOL = HI< S*OOL AS !Y REA*$ AGE #ac OR #ad YE>S4 ,AT ANY ONE TIME1 ! S*OOL HAD FEW] ?AN #a *ILDR54 ,NEV]!LESS1 NE>LY TWO HUNDR$ =M] PUPILS1 TEA*]S1 P>5TS & COLONI/S CAME TO ! FIR/ REUNION :I* WAS HELD AT ,RUTG]S ,UNIV]SITY4 ,\R MEMORIES ( ! E>LY YE>S AT ! S*OOL & 9 ! COLONY W]E SO RI*1 \R %>$ RECOLLECTIONS ( ?OSE E>LY YE>S W]E SO W>M & VIVID1 ?AT !RE WAS A SPONTANE\S DECISION TO MEET AGA9 ! FOLL[+ YE>4 

,FROM #aigb TO #aihi WE HAVE GOTT5 TOGE!R = :AT HAS BECOME AN ANNUAL REUNION--= SIXTE5 ( ! LA/ SEV5TE5 YE>S4 ,=M] PUPILS & TEA*]S COMPETE ) ONE & ANO!R TO %>E MEMORIES ( LIFE AT ! S*OOL4 ,NELLIE ,DICK1 ONE ( ! E>LIE/ TEA*]S AT ! S*OOL1 WAS A LIVELY N9ETY-SIX AT ! LATE/ REUNION 9 #a#i#h#i4 ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 :O WROTE A BOOK ON ! HI/ORY ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL MOVEM5T1 HAS CONTRIBUT$ MU* TO ! 9T]E/+ & /IMULAT+ PROGRAM EA* YE>4 

,IF WE QUE/ION :E!R ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL & A FREE $UCATION W]E IMPORTANT 9 ! LIVES ( ?OSE :O W5T TO ! S*OOL 9 !IR *ILDHOOD1 ! ANSW] IS F\ND 9 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! REUNIONS4 ,AL?\< ! S*OOL WAS CLOS$ 9 #aiec & ! E>LIE/ PUPILS LEFT ! S*OOL BE=E #a#i#b1 BETWE5 ONE HUNDR$ & TWO HUNDR$ PEOPLE HAVE COME TO ! REUNION EA* YE> FROM ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,ONE HUNDR$ & =TY CAME TO ! REUNION 9 #a#i#h#i4 

,?IS LA/ REUNION WAS ESPECIALLY 9T]E/+ AS ?REE =M] PUPILS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 9 ,SPA9 PRES5T$ PAP]S ON !IR MEMORIES ( ! ,FREE ,S*OOL 9 ,SPA94 ,! ?REE ALUMNI ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 9 ,SPA91 LAT] R5AM$ ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL1 W]E 5LI/$ 9 ?IS PROJECT BY A GOOD FRI5D & COMRADE1 ,F$]ICO ,>COS4 ,WE DEEPLY APPRECIATE HIS ASSI/ANCE 9 HELP+ US %>E ?IS EXP]I5CE 9 FREE $UCATION4 ,WE ALSO ?ANK ! ?REE =M] PUPILS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL--OR ,NATURE ,S*OOL--9 ,SPA9 = %>+ !IR MEMORIES ( FREE $UCATION ) US AS WE HAD DONE E>LI] AMONG \RSELVES4 ,I HAVE TRANSLAT$ ! ?REE MEMOIRS ( ,PURA ,P]EZ1 ,DIEGO ,CAMA*O & ,M>IO ,JORDANA FROM ,SPANI%4 

,WE >E GRATEFUL TO ,M>?A ,ACKELSB]G = H] G5]\S P]MISSION TO 9CLUDE ! ESSAY ON ,$UCATION1 ,PREP>ATION & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 

,RECOLLECTIONS 

,PURA ,P]EZ 

,JULY #aihi 

,! LA/ P>AGRAPH 9 ! LETT] ?AT ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] WROTE 9 ! 0,MODEL ,PRISON0 9 ,MADRID ON ,JUNE #a1 #a#i#g1 SAYS 

0,! ,RATIONALI/ & ,SCI5TIFIC TEA*+ ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL EMBRACES ! /UDY ( EV]Y?+ ?AT SUPPORTS ! FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! H>MONY ( ! COLLECTIVE1 ) ! GOAL ( A REGIME ( PEACE1 LOVE & WELL-BE+ = ALL )\T DI/9CTION ( CLASSES & SEX40 

,:5 HE FAC$ EXECUTION1 BL9DFOLD$1 HIS SPIRITUAL VISION GAVE HIM ! C\RAGE TO CRY \T TO ! WORLD3 0,LONG LIVE ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL60 ,! E*O ( ?AT CRY REA*$ ALL CORN]S ( ! E>? & ASSUR$ ! CONT9UATION ( HIS WORK 9 $UCATION4 

,EV]YONE KN[S ! RESPONSE TO HIS DEA?4 ,& EV]YONE MU/ COME TO UND]/& ?AT ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]'S DECISION TO OP5 HIS ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 9 ,SPA9 CAME AT ! TIME :5 ,SPA9 WAS SUFF]+ ITS GREATE/ SOCIAL REPRESSION1 ) CONFLICTS ( WORK /OPPAGES1 EXPLOITATION & REPRESSION AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT2 :5 ! ,LIB]AL PROGRESSIVE MOVEM5T WAS PRACTICALLY CRU%$4 ,F]R]'S WORK & DET]M9ATION CAN ONLY BE DESCRIB$ AS H]OIC4 ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] WAS NOT UNAW>E ( ! OB/ACLES & DIFFICULTIES ?AT AWAIT$ HIM AT EV]Y /EP1 ESPECIALLY ! REACTION>Y =CES :OSE ATTACKS F9ALLY L$ TO HIS DEA?4 ,AFT] HIS DEA? !SE REACTION>Y =CES F\<T TO CLOSE D[N ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL & ALL ,LIB]AL & SECUL> S*OOLS 9 ,B>CELONA & O!R P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 

,BY #a#i#a1 :5 ! GOV]NM5T WAS *ANG$1 ! NEGLECT ( $UCATION HAD RESULT$ 9 ! ILLIT]ACY ( TWO-?IRDS ( ! POPULATION4 ,TO OV]COME ?IS1 ! ,LIB]ALS /RONGLY DESIR$ TO CREATE ,F]R] S*OOLS & TO OP5 ! CLOS$ S*OOLS & C5T]S AGA94 ,) ,F]R]'S S*OOL AS A MODEL1 ! ,LIB]ALS LAUN*$ A CAMPAIGN TO OP5 ! CLOS$ C5T]S 7,AT5EOS7 AGA94 ,9 #aia ! ,LIB]AL 9/ITUTIONS JO9$ ) ,LABOR TO OP5 MANY UNIONS 7,S9DICATOS7 & !IR ,RATIONAL ,S*OOLS4 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO WAS ! LEAD+ PROMOT] ( !SE S*OOLS4 ,HE 5JOY$ ! HI<E/ REPUTATION AMONG AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MILITANTS = HIS KN[L$GE ( $UCATION4 

,AT ! 5D ( #a#i#a#g1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A PUBLI%$ ! FOLL[+ NOTE1 0,WE >E 9=M$ AS #aiag COMES TO AN 5D ?AT ! ,UNION ',LA ,CON/ANCIA' ( ! ,TEXTILE ,9DU/RY1 IS OP5+ ITS ,S*OOL ON ,JANU>Y #b1 #a#i#a#h4 ,! ,S*OOL WILL BE LOCAT$ AT #ab ,MUNICIPAL ,PASSAGE1 9 ! ,CLOT ,DI/RICT40 

,?IS WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,RATIONALI/ ,S*OOL CALL$ 0,NATURE ,S*OOL04 ,IT SOON CAME TO BE CALL$ ! LOV+LY POPUL> NAME1 0,LA ,F>IGOLA0 7,CATALAN = A FRAGRANT LOVELY FL[]74 ,IT IS RUMOR$ ?AT IT GOT ?IS NAME BECAUSE ! BOYS & GIRLS 9 ! S*OOL BR\<T BUN*ES ( ! BEAUTIFUL FL[]S HOME AFT] HIKES OR PICNICS 9 ! M\NTA9S4 ,PR(ESSOR ,JUAN ,PUIG ,ELIAS WAS ! DIRECT+ FIGURE 9 ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL FROM ! BEG9N+ UNTIL ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ,PUIG ,ELIAS BECAME ,PRESID5T ( ! ,POPUL> ,C\NCIL 9 ! ,NEW ,UNIFI$ ,S*OOL & ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL WAS TRANSF]R$ TO A NEW T[] & A BETT] BUILD+4 

,:5 MY SI/] & ,I BEGAN TO ATT5D NI<T CLASSES AT 0,LA ,F>IGOLA0 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#c1 %E WAS TWELVE YE>S OLD & ,I HAD JU/ TURN$ F\RTE5 YE>S ( AGE4 ,WE HAD GONE TO ,B>CELONA 9 ,JANU>Y #aicc FROM ,JATIVA1 A T[N 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,VAL5CIA1 :]E WE HAD LIV$ \R 5TIRE *ILDHOOD4 ,LUCKILY WE HAD BE5 ABLE TO GO TO PUBLIC S*OOL4 ,:5 ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIM$ 9 #a#i#c#a1 ,I HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO ATT5D ,HI< ,S*OOL UNTIL ! ,RAILROAD ,COMPANY = :I* MY FA!R WORK$ TRANSF]R$ HIM TO ! CAPITAL ( ,CATALONIA1 ,B>CELONA4 

,AT FIR/1 WE 5C\NT]$ MANY DIFFICULTIES--GREAT SOCIAL CONFLICTS1 SC>CITY ( H\S+4 ,AS A RESULT1 WE HAD TO F9D WORK IMM$IATELY4 ,AFT] A FEW MON?S1 WE F\ND A LESS EXP5SIVE PLACE TO LIVE & MOV$ TO ! ,CLOT ,DI/RICT :]E WE BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL & REGI/]$ RI<T AWAY4 ,I REMEMB] ?AT WE W]E RECEIV$ V]Y CORDIALLY4 ,PR(ESSOR ,PUIG ,ELIAS ASK$ US A FEW QUE/IONS & DIRECT$ US TO \R SEATS4 ,HE TOLD US ?AT !Y DID NOT DEM& MU* /UDY OR SET /&>DS OR HAVE EXAM9ATIONS4 ,I WAS GREATLY SURPRIS$ :5 ASK$ :AT ,I WANT$ TO /UDY4 ,AT FIR/ ,I DID NOT UND]/& & TOOK SOME TIME TO ANSW]--IT WAS SO UNEXPECT$ = ME4 ,I WAS US$ TO BE+ TOLD :AT ,I HAD TO LE>N1 :AT MAT]IALS TO READ & /UDY1 :AT TO MEMORIZE1 & TO BE PREP>$ TO COMPETE TO W9 FIR/ PLACE 9 ! CLASS4 ,I WAS SPEE*LESS :5 ,I LE>N$ ?AT NONE ( !SE PRACTICES EXI/$ 9 ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL4 

,! CLASSES W]E /IMULAT+4 ,WE F\ND IT V]Y EASY TO E/ABLI% A RELATION%IP ) O!R /UD5TS4 ,!RE WAS NO PRESSURE = COMPETITION4 ,& ,I DID NOT OBS]VE ANY PROPAG&A ORI5TATION4 7,MY P>5TS HAD BE5 ADVIS$ AB\T ?IS BECAUSE ! S*OOL WAS SPONSOR$ BY ! UNION BUT !RE NEV] WAS PROPAG&A ( ANY K9D47 

,MY PREF]5CES W]E TO /UDY SCI5CE1 ANATOMY & GEOGRAPHY4 ,IF WE NE$$ BOOKS ?AT !Y DID NOT HAVE AT ! S*OOL1 WE W]E TOLD TO GO TO ! ,AT5EO ,LIBR>Y4 ,!RE !Y HAD EV]Y TYPE ( BOOK ?AT WE C\LD BORR[4 ,WE ALSO W5T TO ! ,AT5EO ON HOLIDAYS BECAUSE !RE W]E ALWAYS RECREATIONAL & CULTURAL ACTIVITIES4 ,?IS CONT9U\S CONTACT HELP$ /R5G!N ! GOOD BONDS ( FRI5D%IP & RESPECT4 ,WE W]E ABLE TO C>RY ON DISCUSSIONS & BE ) FRI5DS4 ,ADOLESC5CE WAS FAD+ AWAY ) ALL ! ?+S WE W]E LE>N+4 ,SOCIAL QUE/IONS W]E SO PRESS+ & ABSORB+ ?AT WE W]E L$ TO DREAM ( A FUTURE ( JU/ICE & FRE$OM4 

,! S*OOLS W]E ALL BAS$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLES & GOALS1 :E!R !Y W]E CALL$ 0,9TEGRAL ,$UCATION0 AS ,PAUL ,ROB9 WI%$ TO CALL IT1 0,MOD]N ,S*OOL0 AS ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] CALL$ IT1 OR 0,RATIONALI/ ,S*OOL0 AS ,JUAN ,PUIG ,ELIAS ( ! 0,NATURE ,S*OOL0 CALL$ IT4 ,! IMPORTANT EMPHASIS WAS ! 9/RUCTION ( ! *ILDR5 )\T EXT]NAL AU?ORITY4 ,PUPILS F\ND !IR [N TRU?4 ,!SE W]E S*OOLS :]E ! TEA*]S W]E PATI5T & PLEASANT GUIDES 9DICAT+ ! ROADS ?AT LEAD TO ! DESIR$ GOAL4 ,9 CONV5TIONAL TRADITIONAL S*OOLS1 9DIVIDUALS HAVE LITTLE 9ITIATIVE1 >E PASSIVE & READY TO FOLL[ O!RS1 BECAUSE !Y SP5D SO MANY YE>S )\T EXPRESS+ !IR [N P]SONALITY OR !IR [N 5]GIES4 

,AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 \R CU/OM>Y LIVES *ANG$ & WE LEFT ! S*OOL TO TAKE ON O!R URG5T1 NECESS>Y TASKS4 ,WE RETURN$ TO ,VAL5CIA ONCE MORE 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g4 ,9 ,VAL5CIA1 ,I WAS ASK$ TO WORK AS A TEA*] 9 A COLLECTIVE4 ,AL?\< ,I DID NOT HAVE ! TITLE1 ! FACT ?AT ,I HAD /UDI$ AT 0,LA ,F>IGOLA0 9 ,B>CELONA WAS A TRUE CR$IT4 ,I ACCEPT$ ON CONDITION ?AT ,I W\LD BE ! JUDGE ( MY WORK S9CE ,I WAS NOT SURE IF ,I W\LD BE SATISFACTORY4 ,I REMA9$ !RE UNTIL ! 5D ( ! W>4 

,! ,DIRECTOR ( ! S*OOL WAS AN ,ITALIAN COMRADE1 ,VIC5TE ,CONSOLI4 ,HE CAME TO ,SPA9 TO FI<T1 BUT1 BECAUSE ( HIS ADVANC$ YE>S1 !Y SUGGE/$ ?AT HE WORK AT HIS PR(ESSION & HE WAS S5T !RE4 ,HIS ,SPANI% WAS V]Y GOOD & ) ! PASS+ ( TIME1 HE P]FECT$ HIS ACC5T4 ,! PEOPLE 9 ! COLLECTIVE REG>D$ HIM ) MU* AFFECTION & 9 ADDITION TO HIS WORK AS A TEA*]1 HE ADVIS$ !M 9 MATT]S ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT1 BECAUSE ( ! W>1 MANY M5 W]E AWAY FROM !IR HOMES4 ,MANY Y\NG PEOPLE W]E ALSO AWAY1 WORK+ ON O!R ?+S4 ,AGRICULTURAL WORK]S PR$OM9AT$ 9 ! COLLECTIVE & MANY H&S W]E NE$$ = ! WORK4 ,WOM5 FILL$ ! NE$ & *ILDR5 W]E ALSO ASK$ TO HELP AT TIMES ) EASI] TASKS4 ,MANY ADOLESC5TS WORK$ FULL TIME SO ?AT NI<T CLASSES W]E />T$ = !M4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A DAILY MEET+ = AN H\R :]E ?OSE :O HAD SOME?+ TO SAY C\LD DISCUSS CONFLICTS OR PROBLEMS ?AT HAD >IS5 DUR+ ! DAY4 

,! S*OOL1 LOCAT$ 9 ! T[N PLAZA1 HAD TWO L>GE FLOORS4 ,! L[] FLOOR WAS US$ = MEET+S & LECTURES4 ,! UPP] FLOOR WAS DIVID$ = TWO CLASSES1 ) /UD5TS GR\P$ ACCORD+ TO !IR DEVELOPM5T4 ,I HAD A CLASS ( #c ( ! Y\NGE/ *ILDR54 ,IT WAS MY IDEA ?AT ! *ILDR5'S TABLES BE PLAC$ 9 A CIRCLE SO EV]YONE'S FACE W\LD BE 9 VIEW4 ,?IS BROKE ) TRADITIONAL CU/OM BUT ! *ILDR5 LOV$ IT4 ,WE HAD V>I\S MAT]IALS ?AT ! *ILDR5 WORK$ ) !IR H&S4 ,WE ALSO HAD A MICROSCOPE ?AT WAS US$ BY ! OLD] *ILDR5 & A SUPPLY ( S*OL>LY MAT]IALS4 ,EV]Y?+ W5T WELL & ! PUPILS W]E HAPPY4 ,!Y SUGGE/$ :AT !Y WANT$ TO DO OR TO LE>N4 ,EV]Y MON? WE DISPLAY$ :AT ! CLASSES DID D[N/AIRS4 ,! P>5TS W]E SATISFI$4 ,! DAYS W]E PEACEFUL4 ,WE W5T TO SEE ! VEGETABLE G>D5S & ! ORANGE TREES :]E PUPILS W]E ABLE TO SEE ! FRUIT & PLANTS GR[4 ,! FOLL[+ DAY !Y MADE DRAW+S ( :AT !Y HAD LIK$4 ,IF IT HAD NOT BE5 = ! <O/ ( W>1 EV]YONE W\LD HAVE BE5 HAPPY BECAUSE !Y W]E LIV+ ONE ( ! MO/ DESIR$ GOALS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,AS P>T ( \R RECREATIONAL & CULTURAL ACTIVITIES WE DEVELOP$ AN >TI/IC GR\P TO DO IMPORTANT PROJECTS 9CLUD+ /AGE SC5]Y 9 O!R COMMUNITIES4 ,:AT ! COLLECTIVE PRODUC$ WAS EX*ANG$ ) O!R COLLECTIVES AL?\< MO/ ( ! SUPPLIES W]E S5T TO ! FRONTS4 

,LITTLE BY LITTLE1 MORE REFUGEE *ILDR5 BEGAN TO COME TO ! S*OOL4 ,WE HAD TO F9D ANO!R TEA*] & VOLUNTE]S TO HELP US4 ,! NUMB] ( REFUGEES 9CREAS$ DAILY4 ,WE HAD TO TAKE C>E ( *ILDR5 :O W]E DE/ROY$ PSY*OLOGICALLY BY ! W>4 ,AS TRAG$Y FOLL[$ US1 \R WORK TOOK ON A V]Y DIFF]5T TURN4 ,9 SOME CASES IT WAS NECESS>Y TO LEAVE A SI/] OR MO!R ) ! *ILDR5 9 ! S*OOL = SEV]AL DAYS4 ,\R PUPILS HELP$ US TO HELP !SE *ILDR5 LIKE NO ONE ?\<T WAS POSSIBLE4 ,! ACTIVITY WAS BEYOND ! NORMAL--BUT !RE IT WAS & IT HAD TO BE TAK5 C>E (4 ,! *ILDR5 ( ! VILLAGE BR\<T !IR [N CLO!S & TOYS & ACCOMPANI$ ! REFUGEE *ILDR5 TO !IR TEMPOR>Y H\S+4 ,!SE W]E SPONTANE\S ACTS ( SOLID>ITY & BRO!RHOOD ?AT MOV$ EV]YONE4 

,?IS WAS A P>T ( MY LIFE1 UNIQUE & UN=GETTABLE1 A TIME ?AT ,ALB]T ,CAMUS *>ACT]IZ$ AS 0,! TIME ( ,HOPE40 ,) ALL !SE EXP]I5CES ,I UND]/& MO/ CLE>LY ! IMPORTANCE ( ! WORK ( A CONSCI5TI\S TEA*]4 ,I UND]/& :Y FEEL+S & S5TIM5TS ( ?OSE :O HAVE GONE TO A FREE S*OOL >E DIFF]5T FROM O!RS :O DID NOT HAVE SU* AN $UCATION4 ,?OSE :O HAVE HAD SU* AN $UCATION >E MOV$ BY A S5SE ( SOLID>ITY & JU/ICE T[>D ! OPPRESS$ ( EV]Y CLASS4 

,MEMORIES 

,M>IO ,JORDANA 

,MAY #aihi 

,FRANCISCO ,F]R] Y ,GU>DIA 7#a#h#e#i-#a#i#i7 WAS BORN 9 ,ALELLA 7,B>NA74 ,HE WAS AN $UCATOR & ,SPANI% REVOLUTIONI/ ( AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,AS A Y\NG MAN HE WORK$ 9 BUS9ESS & AS A RAILROAD 9SPECTOR4 ,:5 HE WAS TW5TY FIVE YE>S OLD1 HE JO9$ ! ,MASONIC ,LODGE 0,V]DAD0 7,TRU?71 TOOK P>T 9 A REPUBLICAN UPRIS+ L$ BY ,G5]AL ,VILLACAMPA1 MIGRAT$ TO ,P>IS1 WORK$ AS ,RUIZ ,ZORILLA'S SECRET>Y1 & LAT] BECAME A TEA*] 9 ,P>IS4 ,9 #aia HE 9H]IT$ AN E/ATE FROM ,]NE/9E ,MEUNI]1 ONE ( HIS PUPILS 9 ,P>IS1 & ?AT SAME YE> F\ND$ ! 0,MOD]N ,S*OOL0 9 ,B>CELONA4 

,?IS MOVE BR\<T DIFFICULTIES = HIM4 ,9 #aif HE WAS ACCUS$ & ACQUITT$ ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ATTEMPT ON ! LIFE ( ,K+ ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I 9 ,P>IS & 9 ,MADRID4 ,9 #a#i#i1 H[EV]1 HE WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEA? ON ! 7FALSE7 ACCUSATION ( BE+ RESPONSIBLE = ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 9 ,B>CELONA & HE WAS %OT AT ,MONTJUI*4 

,9 ! YE> #a#i#c#b-#a#i#c#c :5 MY :OLE FAMILY MOV$ TO ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,CLOT 9 ,B>CELONA1 WE IMM$IATELY REGI/]$ 9 ! S*OOL--KN[N AS ! 0,NATURE0 ,S*OOL4 ,! 0,NATURE0 ,S*OOL WAS LOCAT$ ON ,MUNICIPAL ,/REET ABOVE ! ,TEXTILE ,WORK]S ,UNION 7,C,N,T74 ,! S*OOL WAS DIRECT$ BY ,PR(ESSOR ,JUAN ,PUIG ,ELIAS TOGE!R ) HIS COMRADE1 ,S5ORA ,ROCA4 ,HIS DAU<T] ,LIB]TAD WAS ALSO A TEA*] 9 ! S*OOL4 

,AS A DISCIPLE ( ,F]R] Y ,GU>DIA1 ,JUAN ,PUIG ,ELIAS' ME?OD ( TEA*+ WAS ?AT ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,! ACTIVITIES ( ! 0,NATURE0 ,S*OOL W]E1 !RE=E1 DIFF]5T FROM ALL ! O!R S*OOLS 9 ,CLOT & ,B>CELONA4 ,A *ILD COM+ FROM ANO!R S*OOL IMM$IATELY RECOGNIZ$ ! DIFF]5CE FROM O!R S*OOLS ?AT HE_/%E HAD ATT5D$4 

,IT WAS AN $UCATIONAL REVOLUTION TO *ANGE EV]Y?+ 9 ! S*OOLS AS WAS DONE 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,= ONE ?+1 IT WAS ! ONLY S*OOL 9 :I* BOYS & GIRLS ATT5D$ CLASSES TOGE!R1 FROM ! Y\NGE/ TO ! OLDE/4 ,BOYS & GIRLS %>$ ! SAME CLASSES1 ACCORD+ TO AGE4 ,!Y W5T TO S*OOL HAPPY EA* DAY ?AT !Y LE>N$ SOME?+ NEW4 ,!Y LIT]ALLY BREA!D !IR DESIRE TO LE>N AT S*OOL4 

,!Y DID NOT KN[ ( PHYSICAL OR MORAL PUNI%M5TS4 ,9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 IF SOME?+ HAPP5$ ?AT REQUIR$ *A/ISEM5T1 IT WAS DONE ) AN ORAL REPRIM& UND]/OOD ONLY BY ! TRANSGRESSOR 7S9CE NO ONE WAS EV] NAM$74 ,IT WAS A LESSON ?AT NO ONE =GOT4 

,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL TAU<T *ILDR5 TO BE FREE1 TO LOVE !IR FELL[ BE+S1 NOT TO H>M NATURE OR MI/REAT ANIMALS--9 O!R WORDS1 TO LOVE LIFE4 ,!Y W]E TAU<T TO RESPECT OLD] PEOPLE4 ,WE LE>N$ TO ASK AN OLD] P]SON ) MORE EXP]I5CE 9 LIFE TO TEA* US :AT WE DO NOT UND]/& BECAUSE WE >E SO Y\NG4 ,\T ( RESPECT = OLD] PEOPLE1 WE W]E TAU<T ?AT WE %\LD DO :AT WE CAN 9 ! /REET & 9 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION BY GIV+ !M A SEAT OR \R H& = SUPPORT4 

,TEA*+ = :ATEV] AGE GREW GRADUALLY FROM YE> TO YE>4 ,NO TEA*] HAD A CLASS ( MORE ?AN #ae *ILDR54 ,?IS ASSUR$ ?AT EV]Y /UD5T A*IEV$ UND]/&+ SOON] OR LAT] ( ! SUBJECT MATT]4 ,NO ONE MOV$ ON TO ANO!R SUBJECT UNTIL ALL MEMB]S ( ! GR\P MA/]$ ! SUBJECT BE+ /UDI$--! NATURAL SCI5CES1 MA!MATICS OR :ATEV]4 ,ALL ! *ILDR5 9 ! GR\P READ A P>AGRAPH4 ,!N1 ONE BY ONE1 !Y TALK$ AB\T :AT !Y HAD READ1 ) ! BOOK CLOS$4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 :AT !Y READ BECAME 5GRAV$ 9 !IR M9DS4 ,EA* *ILD ALSO KEPT A DI>Y :I* WAS TREASUR$ MORE EA* DAY1 %AP+ IT 9TO A BOOK TO BE READ ANO!R DAY AS A MEMOIR ( :AT HAD BE5 LE>N$ OR HAD HAPP5$4 7,:AT W\LDN'T ,I GIVE TO HAVE ?AT DI>Y47 ,LIKE ALL GAMES1 ! /UDIES W]E SUGGE/IVE4 ,! *ILDR5 DID NOT TIRE ( P>TICIPAT+4 ,!Y LOV$ TO LE>N4 

,! TEA*]S AT ! 0,NATURE0 ,S*OOL W]E ADVANC$4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 NO PRIM>Y OR SECOND>Y S*OOL HAD A HUMAN SKELETON BUT ! FIR/ ?+ ?AT A VISITOR TO A CLASSROOM SAW WAS A HUMAN SKELETON4 ,EV]Y *ILD 9 ! OLD] GR\P KNEW ! NAME ( ALL ! BONES 9 ! BODY4 ,MANY VISITORS W]E SURPRIS$ TO F9D ?AT ! PUPILS HAD LE>N$ TO READ & UND]/& ! HUMAN SKELETON4 7,IT WAS A PLEASURE TO BE ABLE TO ANSW] ! TEA*]'S QUE/IONS = \R VISITORS47 ,9 ADDITION1 !RE W]E ID5TICAL COPIES ( \R BODY1 MADE 9 SYN!TIC MAT]IALS1 SEP>AT$ FROM ! BODY & 9 ! PROP] COLORS ?AT C\LD BE OP5$ AT ! *E/1 = EXAMPLE1 TO LOOK 9SIDE ! BODY & LOCATE VITAL ORGANS1 SU* AS ! HE>T1 ! LUNGS1 OR ! LIV]4 ,9 TURN1 !SE OP5$ UP SO !Y C\LD BE /UDI$ 9 GREAT] DETAIL %[+ ! VE9S1 ! SECTIONS1 & SO =?4 ,!RE WAS ALSO PHYSICAL & *EMICAL EQUIPM5T1 AS WELL AS = A/RONOMY4 ,ALL ( ! APP>ATUS WAS /UDI$4 ,A /UD5T ( ! OLDE/ GR\P WAS PREP>$ TO GO TO ! UNIV]SITY4 ,LET US REMEMB] ?AT MANY W5T ON TO BE TEA*]S4 

,ALMO/ EV]Y ,?URSDAY1 WE HAD AN EXCURSION1 SOMETIMES TO ! M\NTA9S1 SOMETIMES VISITS TO ! MUSEUMS4 ,!RE WAS EXPLANATION & COMM5T ON :AT WE SAW AS WE WALK$ ALONG4 ,9 ! M\NTA9S !RE MI<T BE DISCUSSION ( A PO9T A /UD5T MI<T RAISE1 OR AN EXPLANATION BY ! TEA*] ( PLANTS1 FL[]S1 9SECTS1 TREES1 & SO ON4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ! TEA*] W\LD TELL US ?+S WE %\LD AVOID DO+1 SU* AS KILL+ ANIMALS OR BR++ H>M TO ! M\NTA9 BY BURN+ TRA% ON ! M\NTA9SIDE4 ,! TEA*+ WAS BO? VISUAL & TACTILE4 

,LUN* OR A PICNIC 9 ! M\NTA9 WAS FOLL[$ BY *ILDR5'S GAMES4 ,! RETURN TO S*OOL WAS JOYFUL--S++ SONGS4 ,! EXCURSIONS W]E ALWAYS HIKES2 IT WAS \R GOOD LUCK ?AT !RE W]E NO C>S !N--9VAD+ EV]Y?+1 CONTAM9AT+ ! ROADWAYS4 ,:O DOES NOT REMEMB] ! /REAMS ( PURE CRY/ALL9E WAT] ?AT SATISFI$ \R ?IR/8 ,?AT WILL NEV] COME BACK ANY MORE6 

,EV]Y YE> AT ! 5D ( ! S*OOL C\RSE1 DRAMATIC PRES5TATIONS & DANCES W]E P]=M$ 9 ! !AT]S 9 ,B>CELONA & NEI<BOR+ T[NS = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,COLONIES--COMMUNITIES 9 ! C\NTRY ?AT PROVID$ = SUMM]TIME VACATIONS 7,I WAS A COMIC ACTOR MANY TIMES47 ,GO+ TO ! ,COLONIES MEANT ?AT A GR\P ( BOYS & GIRLS W\LD SP5D ! MON? ( ,AUGU/ 9 ! ,PYR5EES1 /AY+ 9 A C\NTRY H\SE LOCAT$ 9 ! T[N ( ,RIBAS DE ,FRESS]1 HI< ON ! M\NTA94 ,! BOYS & GIRLS LIV$ !RE ) SOME ( ! TEA*]S4 ,!RE WAS A L>GE OP5 SPACE 9 FRONT ( ! H\SE :]E ! *ILDR5 PLAY$ )\T FE> ( HURT+ !MSELVES4 ,!Y C\LD PLAY ALL TYPES ( GAMES 9 ! FRE% AIR4 ,!Y ALSO >RANG$ 5T]TA9M5TS1 SU* AS DANCES & POETRY FUNCTIONS1 :5 !IR P>5TS CAME TO VISIT !M4 ,EXCURSIONS W]E ORGANIZ$ TO LOOK = MU%ROOMS1 /RAWB]RIES1 & WOOD OR TO BA! 9 ! RIV]4 ,!RE WAS ALWAYS SOME?+ TO DO--LONG HIKES1 TWO-DAY TRIPS1 GO+ UP ,PUIG-,MAL 7! HI<E/ M\NTA9 9 ,CATALONIA1 ,EL ,TAGAMAN574 ,WE W5T TO ! ,VALLEY ( ,NURIA1 5T]$ ,FRANCE4 ,H[ M>VEL\S :5 ONE /OPS TO ?9K ( ALL WE EXP]I5C$ 9 \R *ILDHOOD6 

,PUBLIC FUNCTIONS W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 ,RIBAS DE ,FRESS]1 ONE ( :I* WAS B\ND TO BE ON ! !ME 0,FI<T ,AGA9/ ,W>40 ,PROGRAMS W]E P]=M$ 9 ,PUIGC]DA1 :]E ! PEOPLE RECEIV$ US ) LOVE 9 !IR HOMES1 GIV+ US !IR BE/ DESS]TS4 ,H[ HAPPY WE W]E6 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL WAS DO+ WELL & IT LEFT ITS IMPR9T ON ! PEOPLE4 ,:AT DID !Y CALL ! H\SE :]E WE /AY$8 ,!Y CALL$ IT 0,MON ,N\10 ,CATALAN = 0,NEW ,WORLD40 ,! LETT]+ AT ! 5TRANCE TO ! E/ATE WAS PA9T$ & REPA9T$ EA* YE> BY ! *ILDR54 ,EV]Y LETT] HAD A SPECIAL MEAN+--= EXAMPLE1 ! LETT] ,M WAS A BOY OR GIRL1 ! ,O WAS ! ,WORLD4 

,WE W\LD LOOK AT ! CLE> BRILLIANT SKY AFT] SUPP] & HAVE LESSONS 9 A/RONOMY4 ,! ,NOR? ,/>1 ! ,MILKY ,WAY--H[ BEAUTIFUL IT ALL SEEM$ TO US LITTLE ONES6 ,WE HAD MANY /ORIES & MEMORIES FROM ?AT P]IOD ( \R LIVES4 ,& MANY W]E RECORD$ 9 \R DI>IES4 

,LET US NOT =GET ?AT BE=E WE />T$ \R VACATION ! 5D ( ! C\RSE WAS CELEBRAT$4 ,?IS WAS A TIME ( GREAT JOY = ! /UD5TS4 ,! BE/ WORK ( ! /UD5TS WAS PUT ON DISPLAY 9 ! GREAT HALL1 !IR BE/ WRIT+S1 !IR BE/ WORKS ( >T1 !IR BE/ MANUAL WORK1 & SO ON4 ,! S*OOL WAS VISIT$ BY MANY HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE1 />T+ ) P>5TS & RELATIVES & !N FRI5DS & PEOPLE CURI\S TO SEE :AT W5T ON4 ,EV]YONE LEFT FULL ( 5?USIASM = ! HI< QUALITY ( :AT !Y SAW GO+ ON 9 ?AT S*OOL4 

,TO COMPLETE ! PROGRAM1 ! REMA9+ MEMB]S ( ! CLASS W]E GIV5 P>TS TO P]=M SU* AS DANC+ & RECITATIONS ( POETRY4 ,TO 5D ! PROGRAM1 F9ALLY1 ,JUAN ,PUIG ,ELIAS WAS CALL$ UPON = CLOS+ REM>KS & HE WAS V]Y POPUL> ) ! PUPILS4 ,AFT] REFRE%M5TS1 EV]YONE LEFT HAPPILY BECAUSE MANY W]E LOOK+ =W>D TO />T+ = ! ,COLONIES ! FOLL[+ MORN+4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! NEW CLASS1 EV]YONE WAS A LITTLE OLD]1 SOME HAD *ANG$ !IR GR\P & MADE NEW FRI5DS4 ,NEW TE*NIQUES W]E TO BE LE>N$1 MORE ADVANC$ KN[L$GE = ! JUV5ILE M9D4 ,?IS WAS ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL & IT WAS NEV] /ATIC4 

,IT %ALL BE REMEMB]$3 IT WAS ! ONLY S*OOL ?AT TAU<T ADOLESC5TS1 />T+ AT #ab YE>S ( AGE1 LESSONS COMPLETELY TABOO EV5 TODAY AB\T SEX4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 P>5TS DID NOT DISCUSS ! SUBJECT ) !IR *ILDR54 ,ON !IR [N Y\NG PEOPLE DEVELOP$ DI/ORT$ IDEAS AB\T SEX BAS$ UPON :AT !Y HE>D 9 DISCUSSIONS AMONG FRI5DS :O HAD UNCLE> IDEAS AB\T SEX4 ,! CLASSES TAU<T !M TO ?9K CLE>LY4 ,SEX IS ! UNION ( TWO V]Y SMALL CELLS 7FEM99E & MASCUL9E1 EGG & SP]M7--! />T ( LIFE 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 CONCLUSION ,I SAY3 ,!RE IS NO 0,MOD]N ,S*OOL0 AT ?IS TIME & ! WAY ?+S >E GO+ !RE MAY NOT BE AGA94 ,! 0,NATURE ,S*OOL0 UN=TUNATELY 5D$ ITS C\RSE ON ,JULY #a#h1 #a#i#c#f4 ,I SAW ! F9ALE ( A P]IOD ( TEA*+ ?AT TAU<T ! WORLD IT WAS POSSIBLE TO LIVE )\T W>S OR HATR$1 BUT 9/EAD CULTURE & LIB]TY W]E GUILLOT9$4 

,MY ,EXP]I5CE 9 ! 0,NATURE ,S*OOL0 

,A ,LIV+ ,MEMORY ( ,RATIONAL ,P$AGOGY 

,DIEGO ,CAMA*O 7,ABEL ,PAZ7 

,MAY #i1 #a#i#h#i1 ,B>CELONA 

,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS /ABLE & /RONG ?R\<\T ,SPA91 ESPECIALLY ,B>CELONA4 ,DIGG+ 9TO ! ROOTS & ORIG9S ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T S9CE #ahg WAS NOT NEW4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7,I4,W4,M4,A41 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL7 WAS FREE ( ! ,M>XI/ DOGMATIC CONCEPTION FROM ! BEG9N+ & TOOK ON ! F$]ALISM ( ,PR\DHON & ! RADICAL ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ,BAKUN94 ,! SYN!SIS ( ,BAKUN9I/ & ,PR\DHONIAN ?9K+ APPEAL$ TO ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,!IR ROOTS W]E DEEP 9 ! HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,SPANI% ,/ATE & NATIONALITY4 ,!Y REJECT$ /ATE C5TRALISM1 ! ,CA?OLIC RELIGION & PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,! AN>*I/ *>ACT] ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 PLAC$ A GREAT] EMPHASIS ON HUMAN DIGNITY ?AN ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,= ! AN>*I/S ! CLASS /RUGGLE WAS ONE ( ! WAYS TO A*IEVE ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES 9 A SOCIETY ( FREE HUMAN BE+S :O >E MA/]S ( !IR [N DE/9IES--,SPANI% WORK+ M5 & WOM5 F\<T CON/ANTLY = AUTONOMY & F$]ALISM4 ,! AN>*I/S KNEW ?AT !Y MU/ FREE !MSELVES ( ALL ! PREJUDICES ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS IF !Y WANT$ TO A*IEVE A ,LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY1 9CLUD+ !IR CULTURE4 ,?IS MEANT ! CREATION ( A C\NT]-CULTURE & AN ES!TIC ( >T 9SPIR$ 9 FRE$OM4 

,! HUNDR$S ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS ORGANIZ$ DUR+ ! P]IOD #a#h#g-#a#i & ! T5S ( PUBLICATIONS GIVE AMPLE TE/IMONY TO ! 5]GETIC AN>*I/ ACTIVITY DESIGN$ TO DE/ROY B\RGEOIS1 /ATE & RELIGI\S 9FLU5CES AMONG WORK]S4 ,TAK+ ! FIR/ ,MOD]N ,S*OOLS AS A MODEL1 !Y W]E DUPLICAT$ ALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y BECAME ID5TIFI$ AS P>T ( ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,LET US SEE H[ ?IS WAS DONE4 

,9 ! SECOND HALF ( #a#i#c1 TWO YE>S AFT] ! OP5+ ( ! FIR/ ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 9 ,B>CELONA1 A GR\P ( PEOPLE ) ADVANC$ IDEAS1 LIV+ 9 ,MURCIA PROV9CE1 PLANN$ A RATIONALI/ S*OOL 9 ?AT >EA SIMIL> TO ! ONE 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,!Y IMM$IATELY WROTE TO ,F]R] ASK+ HIM = AN EXPLANATION ( SOME ( ! TEA*+ ME?ODS US$ BY HIS S*OOL4 ,HE S5T A REPLY WRITT5 BY H&1 SAY+3 

,)\T REJECT+ ! PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS1 BECAUSE !IR SUPPORT CAN BE HELPFUL TO Y\ AT TIMES1 & EV5 WELCOM+ !M ) A C]TA9 W>M?1 Y\ %\LD MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO NEUTRALIZE ?OSE :O TRY TO OB/RUCT \R PROJECTS40 

,DON'T LOSE SI<T ( ! *>ACT] ( \R TEA*+2 KEEP \R S*OOLS FREE ( ALL POLITICAL OR RELIGI\S 9FLU5CE4 ,WE MU/ MA9TA9 ! 9TEGRITY ( \R PROGRAM ( /UDY1 TO PREP>E = ! ABOLITION ( ALL SUP]/ITION & ALL PRIVILEGE4 

,RATIONALI/ TEA*+ CANNOT BE SIMIL> TO RELIGI\S OR /ATE POLITICAL TEA*+4 ,FIR/1 BECAUSE SCI5CE HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT CREATION IS A LEG5D & ?AT ! GODS >E MY?S4 ,!Y ABUSE ! IGNORANCE ( ! P>5TS & ! CR$ULITY ( ! *ILDR5 BY P]PETUAT+ ! BELIEF ?AT ! CREATOR ( ! WORLD IS A SUP]NATURAL BE+ TO :OM ONE MU/ KNEEL 9 PRAY] 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 ALL TYPES ( FAVORS4 

,NEI!R CAN \R TEA*+ BE SIMIL> TO ?AT ( /ATE POLITICAL TEA*+4 ,WE WANT TO RAISE 9DIVIDUALS 9 FULL POSSESSION ( ALL !IR FACULTIES4 ,POLITICAL 9/RUCTION SUBORD9ATES !M TO O!R PEOPLE4 ,JU/ AS RELIGIONS1 RECOGNIZ+ A DIV9E P[]1 HAVE CREAT$ AN ABUSIVE P[] ?AT MAKES HUMAN EMANCIPATION MORE DIFFICULT1 POLITICAL SY/EMS HOLD M5 & WOM5 BACK 9 !IR /RIV+ = EMANCIPATION4 ,!IR SUPPOS$LY SUP]IOR 5]GIES >E RE/RA9$ BY ! TRADITION OR R\T9E ( WORK+ = ! GOV]NM5T4 

,EV5 9 9FANCY1 :ILE A P]SON IS DEP5D5T ON ANO!R1 ABUSES >E COMMITT$ & SLAV]Y & TYRANNY EXI/4 ,IT %\LD BE ! PURPOSE ( FREE S*OOLS TO /UDY ! REASONS = SU* A LACK ( SOLID>ITY1 TO DRAW ! ATT5TION ( ! PUPILS TO :AT !Y ACTUALLY SEE4 

,LET US NOT LOSE TIME ASK+ AN IMAG9>Y GOD = :AT ONLY HUMAN EF=T CAN OBTA9 = US4 

,LET US NOT LOSE TIME ASK+ O!RS TO GIVE US :AT WE CAN OBTA9 \RSELVES4 

,HUMANIT>IAN ,RATIONALITY 

,SIX YE>S AGO :5 WE HAD ! IMM5SE SATISFACTION ( />T+ ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ( ,B>CELONA1 :AT /OOD \T = US WAS ?AT ITS SY/EM ( TEA*+ W\LD BE RATIONAL & SCI5TIFIC4 ,I HAD TO MAKE A PUBLIC DECL>ATION ?AT S9CE SCI5CE & REASON W]E ! ANTI!SIS ( ALL DOGMA1 NO RELIGION W\LD BE TAU<T AT MY S*OOL4 

,I EXPECT$ ?AT ?IS DECL>ATION W\LD PROVOKE ! HATR$ ( ! PRIE/LY CA/E4 ,!Y W\LD OPPOSE ME ) ALL ! WEAPONS ( DECEIT & HYPOCRISY ?AT !Y EMPLOY1 ABUS+ ! IGNORANCE ( !IR BELIEV]S & ! P[]S ( GOV]NM5T4 

,! G5]AL CLAMOR RAIS$ BY ! RELIGI\S PRESS AGA9/ ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 = :I* ,I %ALL PROBABLY PAY ) A YE> 9 PRISON1 %[S ME ?AT \R ME?OD ( TEA*+ IS RI<T4 ,ALL ( US RATIONALI/S %\LD RE9=CE \R EF=TS TO CONT9UE ! WORK WE HAVE BEGUN ) MORE 5]GY ?AN EV] & TO SPREAD ! WORD AS F> AS \R RES\RCES 5ABLE US4 

,9 ! MEANTIME IT MU/ BE /AT$ ?AT ! MISSION ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL IS NOT LIMIT$ TO FREE+ \R M9DS ( RELIGI\S PREJUDICE4 ,WE KN[ ?AT SU* PREJUDICE IS ONE ( ! WOR/ OB/ACLES TO ! 9TELLECTUAL EMANCIPATION ( 9DIVIDUALS AS WE PREP>E HUMANITY TO BE FREE4 

,IF ! WORK]S FREE !MSELVES FROM RELIGI\S PREJUDICE & MA9TA9 !IR FEEL+ AB\T PROP]TY AS IT EXI/S TODAY2 IF !Y ACCEPT ! ,*RI/IAN BELIEF ?AT !RE WILL ALWAYS BE ! POOR & ! RI*2 IF RATIONALI/ TEA*+ IS LIMIT$ TO KN[L$GE AB\T HYGI5E1 AB\T ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 & TO PREP>E GOOD APPR5TICES1 GOOD EMPLOYES & GOOD WORK]S 9 ALL TRADES1 WE C\LD LIVE AMONG MORE OR LESS HEAL?Y1 /RONG A!I/S DEP5D+ ON R$UC$ NUTRITION ?AT !Y C\LD OBTA9 ) !IR L[ SAL>IES4 ,WE W\LD BE LIV+ ) ! SLAVES ( CAPITAL4 

,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL TRIES TO DE/ROY ALL ! PREJUDICES ?AT OB/RUCT ! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?AT IS :Y WE *OOSE HUMANIT>IAN RATIONALISM4 ,IT /RESSES ! NE$ TO KN[ ! ORIG9 ( ALL SOCIAL 9JU/ICES SO ?AT1 KN[+ !M1 WE CAN OPPOSE !M & DE/ROY !M4 

,HUMANIT>IAN RATIONALISM IS OPPOS$ TO FRATRICIDAL W>S1 :E!R !Y BE CIVIL W>S OR =EIGN2 IT REJECTS ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN1 & ! POSITION ( 9F]IORITY ( WOM54 ,IT FI<TS AGA9/ ALL 5EMIES ( HUMAN H>MONY3 AGA9/ IGNORANCE1 EVIL1 PRIDE & O!R VISES & DEFECTS ?AT DIVIDE M5 BETWE5 TYRANTS & ! TYRANNIZ$4 

,RATIONALI/1 SCI5TIFIC TEA*+ EMBRACES EV]Y?+ ?AT CAN HELP ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! H>MONY ( ! COLLECTIVE AS WE WORK = A REGIME ( PEACE1 LOVE & WELL-BE+ = ALL )\T DI/9CTION ( CLASS OR SEX4 

,F4 ,F]R] ,GU>DIA 

,MODEL ,PRISON1 ,MADRID 

,JANU>Y #e1 #aig 

,! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL HAD A P[]FUL EFFECT ON A SOCIETY GR[N /IFF 9 ITS JO9TS FROM ! REACTION>Y =CES ?AT L$ IT4 ,?IS IS NOT JU/ A DEMAGOGIC >GUM5T ON MY P>T2 IT IS A /ATEM5T ( HI/ORIC REALITY4 ,QUE5 ,ISABEL ,I,I & ! ,VATICAN SIGN$ A CONCORDAT 9 #ah$ ?AT GAVE ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* 9 ,SPA9 ! ROLE ( POLICEMAN ( CULTURE & PUBLIC 9/RUCTION 9 G5]AL4 ,?IS LAW WAS PROMULGAT$ BY ! ,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION1 ,MOYANO1 & WAS 9 =CE UNTIL #a#i#c#a1 :5 IT WAS ANNULL$ BY ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,! HI/ORIAN ,F4,G4 ,BRUGU]A 9 HIS ,CURR5T ,HI/ORY ( ,SPA91 REF]R+ TO ! EFFECTS ( ! ,MOYANO ,LAW1 SAYS3 0! ,PRELATES MU/ REPORT TO ! GOV]NM5T ! IDEAS ?AT >E TAU<T 9 ! ,UNIV]SITIES1 ,9/ITUTES & ,S*OOLS BY PR(ESSORS & TEA*]S :5 !Y >E PREJUDICIAL TO ! $UCATION ( ! Y\NG4 ,OR1 TO PUT IT ANO!R WAY3 NO FRE$OM 9 ! LECTURE HALL & KEEP AN 9QUISITORIAL VIGILANCE4 ,?IS LAW WAS WELD$ 9TO A DISA/]3 !RE W]E #i11 ILLIT]ATES 9 ,SPA9 9 #ahih \T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( #a#g11 RESID5TS40 

,! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS HAD TO 9V5T ITS [N FRAMEWORK BUT ALWAYS UND] ! SY/EMATIC VIGILANCE & REPRESSION ( ! ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 ,!SE /RUCTURES W]E ! ,WORK]S' ,C5T]S1 OP5$ DUR+ MORE OR LESS LIB]AL P]IODS 7#a#h#e-#a#h#f#e74 ,!Y W]E C5T]S = NI<T CLASSES1 ORIG9ATORS ( ! EF=TS = WORK]S' CULTURE4 ,BEG9N+ 9 #a#h#g1 :5 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7,I4,W4,M4,A47 WAS />T$ 9 ,SPA91 ! WORK]S' CULTURAL CIRCLE GREW ) ! NI<T CLASSES 9 LOCAL C5T]S ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL OR ! F$]AL REPUBLICANISM ( ,PI Y ,M>GALL4 

,IT WAS1 !N1 9 ! ,SPA9 ?AT WE HAVE JU/ DESCRIB$1 ?AT ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] CAME =? ) HIS ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 :OSE TEA*+ & P$AGOGIC ME?ODS W]E PROHIBIT$ BY ! (FICIAL 0/ATUS QUO0 /ATE & RELIGION4 ,IT WAS LOGICAL ?AT ! REACTION W\LD FOLL[ TO HOLD BACK ! GR[? ( ALL ,F]R]'S MOVEM5TS & HIS S*OOL4 ,HE HAD TO BE CRU%$ AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY :I* WAS NOT LONG 9 COM+4 ,9 #a#i#f1 :5 ,K+ ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I GOT M>RI$1 AN AN>*I/1 ,MATEO ,MORRAL1 MADE AN ATTEMPT AGA9/ ! LIFE ( ! K+ & HIS BRIDE4 ,! AU?ORITIES US$ ! RELATION%IP ?AT ,MORRAL HAD ) ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 PO9T$ TO ,F]R] AS ! ONE :O HAD 5C\RAG$ ! ATTACK & >RE/$ HIM4 ,A GREAT 9T]NATIONAL PROTE/ 9 SUPPORT ( ,F]R] SUCCE$$ 9 DE/ROY+ ! MON>*I/ PLOT & RELEAS+ ! PRISON]4 

,BUT 9 REACTION1 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* DID NOT YIELD ITS DET]M9ATION TO DE/ROY RATIONALI/ TEA*+4 ,IT US$ ! GREAT LABOR PROTE/ AGA9/ ! W> 9 ,MOROCCO 9 #aii TO ACCUSE ,F]R] ( BE+ ! LEAD] ( ?AT PROTE/4 ,9 SPITE ( GREAT 9T]NATIONAL OBJECTION1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,ANTONIO ,MAURA & ,K+ ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I REFUS$ TO )DRAW ! ORD] TO EXECUTE ,F]R] BY A FIR+ SQUAD ON ,OCTOB] #a#c1 #a#i#i4 

,JUAN ,PUIG ,ELIAS1 ,RATIONALI/ ,TEA*] 

,AMONG Y\NG WORK]S :O BREA!D ! SOCIAL ATMOSPH]E 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! C5TURY & KNEW SOME?+ ( RATIONALI/ TEA*+ WAS ONE BY ! NAME ( ,JUAN ,PUIG ,ELIAS1 A NATIVE ( ,G]ONA4 ,I DO NOT KN[1 AL?\< ,I CAN IMAG9E1 :AT ROADS ?IS Y\NG MAN TOOK TO BECOME A TEA*]4 ,!RE WAS A FREE S*OOL CALL$ 0,NATURE ,S*OOL01 7ALSO KN[N AS 0,LA ,F>IGOLA071 9 ! ,SAN ,M>T9-,CLOT ,DI/RICT ( ,B>CELONA AT ,MUNICIPAL ,/REET4 ,IT MADE RATIONALI/ TEA*+ KN[N4 ,?IS TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,MIGUEL ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A 7#a#i#b#c-#a#i#c74 ,FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! S*OOL RELI$ ON SUPPORT ( AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ! ,SAN ,M>T9-,CLOT ,DI/RICT 7,B>CELONA71 P>TICUL>LY ! 0,SUN & ,LIFE0 GR\P :I* HAD SOME ( ! \T/&+ FIGURES 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T & 9 ,CATALAN AN>*ISM AMONG ITS MEMB]S4 

,) ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC ON ,APRIL #a#d1 #a#i#c#a1 UNION ORGANIZATIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES REGA9$ !IR LEGAL /ATUS4 ,! ,C,N,T & AN>*ISM RETURN$ TO ! PUBLIC LI<T4 ,! ,RATIONALI/ ,S*OOLS1 :I* HAD SURVIV$ QUIETLY1 ALSO BECAME PUBLIC & A*IEV$ GREAT IMPORTANCE4 ,!RE W]E TWO HUNDR$ SU* S*OOLS 9 ! C\NTRY & ! ,BALE>IC & ,CAN>Y ,ISL&S4 ,! 0,NATURE0 ,S*OOL WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! P[]FUL ,TEXTILE ,WORK]S ,UNION ( ,B>CELONA1 ) SEV5TY ?\S& MEMB]S4 

,MANY IMPORTANT MILITANTS 9 ! UNION LIV$ 9 ! ,SAN ,M>T9-,CLOT ,DI/RICT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME !Y =M$ P>T ( ! 0,SUN & ,LIFE0 ,GR\P4 ,IT WAS 5TIRELY NATURAL ?AT ! ,TEXTILE ,UNION %\LD BE ! PATRON ( ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL & %\LD NAME A ,PRO-,S*OOL ,COMMISSION COMPOS$ ( COMRADES ,CO/A1 ,RILLO & ,TALON4 ,?IS WAS ! SITUATION :5 ,I WAS ABLE TO GET 9TO ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL AFT] A LONG WAIT BECAUSE !RE W]E MANY MORE REQUE/S = ADMISSION ?AN SPACE TO ACCOMMODATE !M4 

,MY ,EXP]I5CES AS A ,/UD5T AT ,ELEV5 ,YE>S ( ,AGE 

,I HAD TWO V]Y BRIEF EXP]I5CES AS A S*OOL BOY4 ,! FIR/ WAS :5 ,I WAS #e YE>S OLD4 ,MY MO!R />T$ TO TAKE ME TO A S*OOL RUN BY AN OLD NATIONAL TEA*] :O OP5$ A PRIVATE S*OOL TO E>N A LIVELIHOOD4 ,! TEA*] BELONG$ TO ! OLD S*OOL4 ,HE UND]/OOD ?AT ! 0LETT] DIPP$ 9 BLOOD 5T]S40 ,I RAN AWAY )\T LOOK+ BACK UNTIL ,I REA*$ MY H\SE & TOLD MY MO!R :AT HAPP5$4 ,?AT WAS 9 ,ALM]IA4 ,BUT IT WAS ALSO 9 ,ALM]IA ?AT AN OLD RETIR$ WOMAN S*OOL TEA*] TOOK ME 9 H&4 ,%E TAU<T ME TO READ & 9T]E/$ ME 9 >I?METIC4 ,?ANKS TO H] ,I LE>N$ H[ TO SPELL & TO WRITE1 POORLY1 BUT ON MY [N4 ,! SECOND S*OOL WAS 9 ,B>CELONA1 ALSO A PRIVATE S*OOL 9 ,SAN ,M>T9-,CLOT ,DI/RICT1 :]E MY FAMILY LIV$4 ,! ME?OD ( TEA*+ WAS ! SAME AS ! NATIONAL S*OOLS1 >*AIC & FULL ( RELIGI\S TEA*+4 ,DUR+ ! WEEK ?AT ,I W5T TO S*OOL1 ! SI/] />T$ BY DECL>+ ?AT ,I MU/ GO TO ! ,FIR/ ,COMMUNION OR ,I C\LD NOT CONT9UE 9 ! S*OOL4 ,MY P>5TS REFUS$ & ,I WAS NOT ABLE TO GO TO S*OOL4 ,!N ,I WAS 5ROLL$ 9 ! WAIT+ LI/ ( ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL4 ,I MU/ SAY ?AT :ILE ,I WAS \TSIDE ! S*OOL1 H[EV]1 ,I CONT9U$ TO /UDY ON MY [N1 READ+1 WRIT+1 & >I?METIC1 HELP$ BY AN UNCLE ( M9E4 

,! ,NATURE ,S*OOL 7#a#i#c#c-#a#i#c#e7 

,! ,NATURE ,S*OOL FOLL[$ ! MODEL />T$ BY ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] Y ,GU>DIA 9 #aia UND] ! NAME ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,) ! PASSAGE ( TIME ! NAME WAS *ANG$ TO ,RATIONALI/ ,S*OOLS4 ,! ,NATURE ,S*OOL WAS />T$ BY ,JUAN ,PUIG ,ELIAS DUR+ ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A'S DICTATOR%IP4 ,TOGE!R ) ! S*OOL HE PUBLI%$ *ILDR5'S REVIEW1 0,FLOREAL40 ,PUIG ,ELIAS WAS M>RI$ TO 0,LA ,S5ORA ,ROCA0 :O WAS A TEA*] ( PIANO & MUSIC & S++ = ! /UD5T BODY1 ) PR9CIPLE RESPONSIBILITY = BEG9N]S 9 A CLASS NEXT TO ! PR9CIPAL4 ,! S*OOL BECAME L>G] AFT] ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! BIG ,TEXTILE ,WORK]S ,UNION ( ,B>CELONA TOOK ! S*OOL UND] ITS PROTECTION & GAVE IT ECONOMIC SUPPORT4 ,?IS DI/9CTION TRANS=M$ IT 9TO ! MA9 S*OOL ( ALL ! RATIONALI/ S*OOLS LOCAT$ >\ND ,B>CELONA4 ,! MO/ ACTIVE MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T REGI/]$ !IR *ILDR5 9 ?IS S*OOL4 ,?IS 9CLUD$ A *ILD ( ! ,OCANA'S-,NATURA1 ! SON ( ,RIC>DO ,SANZ1 ( ,CLIM5T1 ,ANTONIO ,S>RAU'S *ILDR51 & O!RS4 ,! MA9 ROOM ( ! S*OOL WAS 5ORM\S1 SUNNY1 ) :ITE WALLS4 ,! /UD5T BODY WAS MIX$1 BOYS & GIRLS1 SEAT$ AT SMALL 9DIVIDUAL TABLES4 ,?IS WAS A GREAT NOVELTY4 7,O!R S*OOLS HAD CLASSIC B5*ES & DESKS SU* AS ,I HAD 9 ,ALM]IA47 ,:5 MY GR&MO!R TOOK ME TO ! S*OOL1 IT WAS 9 FULL ACTIVITY4 ,WE WALK$ PA/ TABLES UNTIL WE REA*$ ! ONE :]E ,PUIG ,ELIAS WAS SEAT$--A BEAUTIFUL MAN4 ,HE WAS TALL ) A D>K BLACK BE>D1 WELL C>$ =4 ,HE HAD A FRI5DLY LOOK ?AT 9SPIR$ IMM$IATE CONFID5CE4 ,I DON'T KN[ EXACTLY :AT MY GR&MO!R SAID TO HIM4 ,I /OOD AT ?IS TABLE = SOME MOM5TS & HE TOLD ME TO GO PLAY ON ! PATIO4 ,!RE WAS A F\NTA9 ON ! PATIO & A TURTLE :I* DI/RACT$ ME :5 IT CAME \T ( ! WAT]4 ,I REMA9$ ALONE = A FEW M9UTES1 BUT ,I WAS SOON JO9$ BY A BOY AB\T #ae YE>S OLD NAM$ ,GRACIA4 ,WE SAT D[N ON A B5* & HE ASK$ ME :AT ,I C\LD DO1 IF ,I HAD GONE TO SOME O!R S*OOL--A SORT ( EXAM9ATION4 ,I TOLD HIM MY HI/ORY4 ,HE ASK$ ME TO READ FROM A BOOK ?AT HE GAVE ME4 ,HE DICTAT$ SOME WORDS = ME TO WRITE4 ,HE F9I%$ BY GIV+ ME SOME >I?METIC PROBLEMS TO DO--ADDITION1 SUBTRACTION1 MULTIPLICATION4 ,! EXAM9ATION LA/$ AN H\R4 ,HE LEFT ME ON ! PATIO = A %ORT TIME & HE W5T 9TO ! CLASSROOM TO SPEAK ) ,PUIG ,ELIAS4 ,MY EXAM9] WAS 9 ! ?IRD GRADE ) ,DIEZ1 A PA9T]1 RA!R ?AN A TEA*]4 

,GRACIA TOOK ME TO MY PLACE1 MY TABLE1 BESIDE A GIRL :O WAS APPROXIMATELY MY AGE1 NAM$ ,MIR4 ,H] BRO!R WAS ALSO A TEA*] AT ! S*OOL4 ,EA* CLASS HAD A TEA*] & ,PUIG ,ELAIS WAS A G5]AL COORD9ATOR ( ! S*OOL4 ,GRACIA GRADUALLY BR\<T ME A NUMB] ( BOOKS4 ,ONE ( !SE1 A G5]AL TEXT1 WAS CALL$ 0,9/RUCTIVE ,READ+S0 PREP>$ BY ! GREAT 9T]NATIONALI/1 ,CELSO ,GOMIS 7MEMB] ( AN E>LY BRAN* ( ! ,I4,W4,M4,A4 9 ,SPA971 A =M] TEA*] 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,!N !RE W]E V>I\S MANUALS1 ONE ON ! HUMAN BODY1 ANO!R ON ZOOLOGY1 ONE ON GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY1 & AN >I?METIC BOOK4 ,9 ADDITION !RE WAS A NOTEBOOK ) A TEXT ON EV]Y PAGE ?AT HAD TO BE COPI$1 A SKET* BOOK = DRAW+ & A HI/ORY BOOK :]E WE W]E TO WRITE /ORIES EV]Y ,MONDAY--&1 NATURALLY1 P5S & P5CILS1 ]AS]S1 & SO ON4 ,I IMAG9$ ?AT ALL ?IS W\LD CO/ QUITE A BIT ( MONEY & ,I SAID SO TO ,GRACIA1 9DICAT+ ?AT MY UNCLE WAS NOT RI*4 ,! BOY BROKE 9TO LAU<T]1 SLAPP$ ME ON ! %\LD] & CALM$ ME D[N1 SAY+3 0,NO ONE H]E COMES FROM A RI* FAMILY4 ,! MAJORITY10 HE 9SI/$1 0HAVE POOR1 UNEMPLOY$ P>5TS4 ,SOME ( ! P>5TS >E 9 JAIL40 ,HE SPOKE TO ME AS IF ,I W]E AN OLD] P]SON1 :O C\LD UND]/& ?AT !RE >E PEOPLE 9 JAIL :O >E NOT MURD]]S OR ?IEVES4 ,9 REALITY ,I WAS PREP>$ TO UND]/& ?IS BECAUSE MY UNCLE HAD ALSO BE5 9 PRISON & HE WAS NOT A MURD]] OR ?IEF4 

,:5 ,GRACIA LEFT ME TO MYSELF1 ! TEA*] ,DIEZ APPROA*$ ME4 ,HE ASK$ MY NAME & TOLD ME ?AT ,I W\LD LIKE ! S*OOL A GREAT DEAL4 ,AFT] ALL ?IS1 IT WAS N[ TWELVE NOON1 :5 ! CLASS CLOSES D[N UNTIL #b P4M4 ,LA ,S5ORA ,ROCA GOT 9TO ! MIDDLE ( ! CLASS1 ALL ! PUPILS /&+ 9 A R+ >\ND H] & WE SANG 0,EL ,PICAP$R]O0 UND] H] DIRECTION4 ,IT WAS A GYMNA/IC SONG1 SUNG ) EX]CIS+4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT %E COMPOS$ IT4 

,WE W5T \T TO ! /REET :]E ,I SOON MET A FRI5D1 ,JAIME1 :O LIV$ ON MY /REET4 ,HE KNEW ME1 BUT ,I HAD NEV] NOTIC$ HIM4 ,HE WAS ALSO 9 MY CLASS4 ,WE WALK$ TOGE!R & :5 WE SEP>AT$ WE AGRE$ TO MEET AGA9 9 ! /REET TO GO TO S*OOL4 ,HE TOLD ME IT WAS BETT] TO LEAVE E>LY 9 ORD] TO PLAY SOCC] AT ,CITY ,HALL SQU>E BE=E 5T]+ ! S*OOL4 

,:5 ,I GOT HOME1 MY UNCLE HAD NOT YET >RIV$ FROM WORK2 BUT :5 HE REA*$ MY H\SE1 MY UNCLE /AY$ A :ILE TO ASK ME H[ ?+S HAD GONE AT S*OOL4 ,!RE WAS LITTLE TO TELL EXCEPT TO M5TION ! CO/ ,I ?\<T WE FAC$ = ! QUANTITY ( BOOKS WE HAD TO BUY4 ,MY UNCLE DID NOT SEEM TO BE CONC]N$ AB\T ?IS BUT WAS 9T]E/$ 9 MY IMPRESSIONS ( ! S*OOL4 ,:5 ,I TOLD HIM 9 DETAIL :AT ,I HAD EXP]I5C$ & ?AT ,I LIK$ IT1 HE WAS HAPPY4 ,HE SAID ! IMPORTANT ?+ = HIM WAS ?AT ,I HAD LIK$ :AT ,I HAD SE5 & EXP]I5C$ & ?AT ,I OBS]V$ H[ MU* WAS NE$$ TO GET AN $UCATION4 ,HE FELT ?AT ,I HAD LE>N$ QUICKLY 9 VIEW ( MY AGE & ! FACT ?AT ,I HAD 5T]$ ! S*OOL4 ,HE FELT ?AT ,I W\LD BE ABLE TO LE>N A TRADE 9 ANY 9DU/RY ,I W\LD 5T]4 ,:5 ,I RETURN$ TO S*OOL 9 ! AFT]NOON ( MY FIR/ DAY1 ,I F\ND ?AT AS IT WAS ,MONDAY1 ! AFT]NOON WAS DEVOT$ TO LIT]>Y COMPOSITION4 ,! PUPILS GOT UP 9 TURN TO SIT NEXT TO ! TEA*]S1 EA* ONE READ+ HIS OR H] COMPOSITION ON SOME FREELY *OS5 SUBJECT4 ,IT C\LD BE A FILM1 AN EXCURSION1 A BOOK JU/ READ OR SOME?+ ?AT HAPP5$ ON ! /REET ?AT MADE AN IMPRESSION4 ,! !MES W]E V>I$4 ,AFT] EA* READ+1 ! TEA*] 7,DIEZ 9 ?IS 9/ANCE7 ASK$ ! READ] QUE/IONS & !N HE ASK$ IF ANYONE ELSE WANT$ TO ASK QUE/IONS ( ! READ]4 ,:5 ! COMPOSITIONS HAD BE5 READ1 !Y W]E GIV5 TO ! TEA*] TO CORRECT4 ,BETWE5 ! READ+ ( ! COMPOSITIONS & PLAY ON ! T]RACE1 ! ?REE S*OOL H\RS PASS$ QUICKLY4 

,DUR+ ! RECREATION P]IOD ,JAIME 9TRODUC$ ME TO SOME ( HIS FRI5DS :O DID NOT LIVE F> FROM \R H\SE4 ,I MADE GOOD FRI5DS ) !M IMM$IATELY & AT ! 5D ( ! S*OOL DAY ! :OLE GR\P ( US CAME \T MAK+ A LOT ( NOISE1 RUNN+ >\ND 9 ! /REET WILDLY4 ,:5 WE GOT 9TO ! /REET ,I WAS SURPRIS$ TO SEE V>I\S GR\PS ( WORK]S COM+ \T ( ! SAME DOOR1 9 DISCUSSION4 ,JAIME EXPLA9$ ?AT ?IS WAS ! TIME :5 ! WORK]S W5T TO ! UNION1 AFT] WORK4 ,WE GREET$ ONE ( !M :OM HE CALL$ ,CO/A4 

,CO/A WAS ONE ( ! COMRADES :O WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMISSION CONC]N$ ) ! S*OOL4 ,LAT] ,I F\ND \T ?AT ! ,UNION NAM$ ?REE COMRADES--,RILLO1 ,CO/A1 & ,TALON--TO LE>N :AT ! S*OOL NE$$ BY WAY ( NEW TEA*+ MAT]IALS4 ,) ,PUIG ,ELIAS' HELP & AGREEM5T1 !Y PUR*AS$ ! NEW MAT]IALS ) MONEYS GIV5 TO ! S*OOL BY ! ,UNION4 ,!IR LA/ PUR*ASE WAS A PLA/IC MAN MORE ?AN A MET] HI< ?AT C\LD BE TAK5 AP>T 9TO PIECES--LESSONS W]E GIV5 AB\T ! HUMAN BODY1 ITS P>TS1 & FUNCTION+4 ,PUR*ASES W]E ONLY P>T ( !IR RESPONSIBILITY4 ,!Y ALSO HAD TO GET DISPLAYS ( >*AEOLOGY & M9]ALOGY = \R SMALL MUSEUM4 ,!Y HAD ! RESPONSIBILITY TO BE ANIMATORS ON ,SATURDAYS1 ! DAY SET ASIDE = MOTION PICTURE FILMS1 CONF]5CES1 OR LECTURES4 ,I REMEMB] ! GEOLOGI/ ,ALB]TO ,C>SI & ! A/RONOM] ,COMAS Y ,SOLA AT ! S*OOL GIV+ LECTURES ON !IR SUBJECTS4 ,AT O!R TIMES1 M9]S FROM ! M9+ DI/RICT ( ,SALL5T SPOKE TO US AB\T M9+ & ! WORK DONE 9 ! M9ES1 OR F>M]S SPOKE TO US AB\T PLANT+ & ! DECISIVE FACTOR ( ! *ANGE ( SEASONS4 ,A BOOK GIV5 TO ! PUPIL = G5]AL 9/RUCTION WAS ONE ( ! TEXTS SELECT$ BY ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] Y ,GU>DIA = ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,! AU?OR1 ,CELSO ,GAMIS1 WAS P>T ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONALI/ GR\P E/ABLI%$ 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #ahfi TOGE!R ) ,F>GA ,PELLIC]1 ,ANTONIO ,PELLIC] & ,S5T9ON4 ,UNTIL #a#i#a#e1 :5 HE DI$1 HIS NAME WAS ON ALL ! AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS ( ?AT P]IOD4 ,HE WAS A MEMB] ( ! $ITORIAL BO>D ( 0,ACRACIA0 7,AN>*ISM7 9 #a#h#h#g1 AMONG O!RS4 ,:5 ,PUIG ,ELIAS />T$ ! 0,NATURE ,S*OOL0 9 #a#i#b#d1 HE WAS GIV5 ! TEA*+ MAT]IAL ( 0,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL0 PUBLI%+ H\SE4 ,HE ALSO BR\<T \T A NEW *ILDR5'S REVIEW1 0,FLOREAL10 9 #a#i#b#i4 ,! >TI/ ,RAMON ,AC9 WAS A DILIG5T COLLABORATOR4 ,MY REAL ADAPTATION AS A /UD5T BEGAN ! SECOND HALF ( ,JANU>Y :5 EV]Y?+ HAD SETTL$ D[N4 ,I HAD NO DIFFICULTY CONT9U+ MY RHY?M ( /UDY4 ,MY S*OOL COMRADES W]E MORE OR LESS AT ! SAME LEVEL ( READ+1 WRIT+ & >I?METIC4 ,DIEZ WANT$ TO PU% ME QUICKLY TO ! SUBJECT LEVEL ( ! O!RS & ASSIGN$ ME TO A BOY FROM ! SIX? GRADE :O TOOK ME 9 H& TO WORK 9T5SIVELY4 ,WE MADE A G5]AL REVIEW ( ALL ! BOOKS & ,I WAS SOON FAMILI> ) !IR CONT5TS4 ,?IS K9D ( WORK LA/$ SEV]AL MON?S4 ,I WORK$ TO ! LIMIT1 AS MU* AT HOME AS 9 ! S*OOL1 REVIEW+ ! LESSONS4 ,!RE W]E ?+S ,I HAD TO COMMIT TO MEMORY1 SU* AS ! NAMES ( #b BONES ( ! HUMAN BODY4 ,A SKELETON ?AT WE HAD 9 ! S*OOL HELP$ A GREAT DEAL BECAUSE WE WORK$ ) ! SAME MAT]IAL4 ,WE HAD TO MEMORIZE ! ORGANS ( ! BODY & WE FOLL[$ ! SAME ME?OD ) ! DISASSEMBL$ PLA/IC MAN4 ,ALL ?IS WAS NEW = ME AS WAS LE>N+ AB\T ! ATMOSPH]E1 ! *ANGE ( SEASONS1 ! DIFF]5T AGES ( ! E>?1 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAN4 ,) ALL ! LIMITATIONS ?AT SCI5CE MAY HAVE1 ! /UDIES W]E BAS$ ON ! MO/ ADVANC$ HYPO!SES AVAILABLE1 :I* WAS REFLECT$ 9 \R S*OOL BOOKS4 ,IT WAS EVID5T :Y IT WAS CALL$ RATIONALI/ $UCATION--! ,SACR$ ,HI/ORY1 ) ITS LEG5DS ( ,ADAM & ,EVE1 ! S]P5T1 ,GOD1 & ,P>ADISE1 W]E ALL IGNOR$4 

,:5 ! TEA*]S JUDG$ ?AT ,I WAS READY1 ,I JO9$ ! R\T9E ( ! CLASS AL?\< ,I CONFESS ?AT ,I DID NOT FEEL AS CONFID5T & SECURE AS ! RE/ ( MY COMPANIONS4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,I MOV$ SL[LY4 ,IT WAS NOT EASY = ME & ,I DID NOT DO BETT] UNTIL MU* LAT]1 ?ANKS TO ! PRESSURE ,I PUT ON MYSELF & ,JAIME'S HELP4 ,HE WAS ! ONE :O CAME TO MY H\SE TO /UDY TOGE!R & PREP>E \R LESSONS = ! FOLL[+ DAY4 ,MANY BOYS DREAM ( DROPP+ \T ( S*OOL1 BUT ,I W\LD NEV] DO SO4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,I LIK$ IT4 ,I W\LD NEV] MISS A DAY ( S*OOL )\T A JU/IFIABLE REASON4 ,SOMETIMES ,I ?\<T :AT GOOD LUCK ,I HAD TO HAVE LE>N$ :AT ,I DID & 9 ! WAY ,I DID IT4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,I />T$ GO+ TO S*OOL LATE & WAS !RE=E MATURE = ?AT LEVEL ( S*OOL+1 O!RWISE IT W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO SUCCE$ 9 REA*+ ! LEVEL ( MY COMPANIONS 9 SU* A %ORT TIME4 ,I KN[ IT W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE TO A*IEVE 9 ANO!R S*OOL BECAUSE ( !IR ME?ODS & !IR BACKW>DNESS4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT \RS WAS ! MO/ COMPLETE ( ALL ! NE>LY #b RATIONALI/ S*OOLS 9 ,SPA9 AT ?AT TIME4 ,I WILL EXPLA94 

,I DO NOT REMEMB] ! EXACT NUMB] ( PUPILS 9 ! CLASSES1 BUT WE MI<T HAVE HAD TWO HUNDR$ & FIFTY4 ,! Y\NGE/ W]E SEP>AT$ FROM US & 9 ! C>E ( ,S5ORA ,ROCA & ,DALIA1 ANO!R TEA*]4 ,LET US SAY ?AT !RE W]E TWO HUNDR$ OLD] PUPILS & )\T C\NT+ ,PUIG ,ELIAS !RE W]E #h TEA*]S4 ,I REMEMB] ! NAMES ( SOME ( !M--,CALL1 ,P]EZ1 ,DIEZ1 ,SORIANO1 ,MIR4 ,:5 ,I WAS !RE1 ,SORIANO WAS ! ONLY TEA*] ) A LIC5SE4 ,! O!RS W]E /UD5TS 9 ! ,NORMAL ,S*OOL ( ,TEA*]S /UDY+ TO GET !IR LIC5SE1 BUT 9 ! MEANTIME !Y W]E P]=M+ AS TEA*]S 9 ! S*OOL4 ,?IS GREAT RI*NESS ( TEA*]S P]MITT$ US TO HAVE SMALL] CLASSES & RECEIVE MORE ATT5TION4 ,?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE 9 ANY O!R S*OOL BECAUSE ( ! WAGES ?AT W\LD HAVE TO BE PAID4 ,?IS WAS NOT A PROBLEM 9 ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL BECAUSE ! MAJORITY ( \R TEA*]S WORK$ = NO WAGES4 ,!Y DID NOT EXPECT TO BE PAID UNTIL !Y OBTA9$ !IR LIC5SE4 ,!Y W5T 9TO T[NS :]E ! LOCAL ,C,N,T ,UNION HAD OP5$ A S*OOL & NE$$ A TEA*]4 ,AS F> AS ,I UND]/&1 ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL HAD BECOME ! S\RCE ( RATIONALI/ TEA*]S = ! ,C,N,T4 ,9 ! ?REE YE>S ,I ATT5D$ ! S*OOL ,I SAW AT LEA/ FIVE OR SIX TEA*]S LEAVE--LIKE ,DIEZ TO ,MALLORCA & O!RS TO T[NS 9 ,CATALONIA4 

,NO ONE WAS COMPELL$ TO DO ANY?+ AT ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL1 YET COMPULSION WAS COMMON PRACTICE 9 ALL O!R S*OOLS4 ,I NEV] SAW ANYONE *A/IS$1 :I* DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !RE W]E NO %>P REPRO(S4 ,I MYSELF SUFF]$ A REPRO( FROM ,PUIG ,ELIAS = :OM A LOT ( US HAD GREAT RESPECT4 ,! REPRO( HAPP5$ BY ACCID5T4 ,HE PASS$ ME SEAT$ AT ! TABLE & PICK$ UP MY /ORYBOOK1 SURELY BECAUSE HE WANT$ TO SEE MY LI/ ( SUBJECT4 ,!RE W]E A NUMB] ( BLOT*ES4 ,FRANKLY1 IT WAS NOT 9 A PRES5TABLE CONDITION4 ,) HIS EYES FIX$ UPON ME1 HE SAID1 0,DO Y\ KN[ ?AT ALL Y\R NOTEBOOKS >E ON DISPLAY = EV]YONE TO SEE AT ! FIE/A AT ! 5D ( ?IS C\RSE8 ,Y\ HAVE TWO OPTIONS--PRES5T !SE AS !Y >E OR BUY ANO!R BOOK & COPY IT FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,Y\ DECIDE40 ,I FELT HUMILIAT$4 ,IF ,I HAD BE5 SIMPLY CRITICIZ$ IT W\LD NOT HAVE HURT SO MU*4 ,I CRITICIZ$ MYSELF = SLOPP9ESS4 ,I HAD TO CONSID] COPY+ ! 5TIRE BOOK AS WELL AS BUY+ ANO!R BOOK4 ,I KNEW ?AT WE W]E %ORT ( CA% 9 MY H\SE4 ,I ?\<T AB\T IF = A LONG TIME & F9ALLY DECID$ TO BUY ANO!R BOOK4 ,AS ,I HAVE SAID1 AT ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL1 !RE WAS NO SANCTION1 NO COMM&1 BUT OBS]VATIONS SU* AS ,PUIG ,ELIAS MADE ( ME C\LD BE H>D4 ,CONSID]+ EV]Y?+1 H[EV]1 ,PUIG ,ELIAS' APPROA* HELP$ ONE TO SELF-CORRECT & IMPROVE4 

,! CLASS CAME TO AN 5D 9 ,JULY4 ,! ROOM WAS DECORAT$ ) DRAW+S & PA9T+S4 ,! TABLES W]E L9$ UP 5D TO 5D DISPLAY+ ! MAT]IALS WE WORK$ ) ALL YE>4 ,! FAMILIES1 NATURALLY1 W]E 9T]E/$ TO SEE ! WORK DONE DUR+ ! YE>4 ,AS ALWAYS1 ! CELEBRATION HAD A PLAY1 A DANCE1 & S++1 ALL ( IT PRODUC$ BY ,S5ORA ,ROCA4 ,REFRE%M5TS & PA/RIES W]E 5JOY$ & A BRIEF F>EWELL BY ONE ( ! TEA*]S CLOS$ ! FE/IVAL UNTIL ! NEW YE>4 

,! ,NATURE ,S*OOL HAD A L>GE H\SE 9 A COLONY 9 ,PUIGC]DA4 ,MANY ( MY S*OOL FRI5DS HAD 5ROLL$ = ! TWO MON?S ( VACATION !RE4 ,I NEGLECT$ TO 9=M MY FAMILY AB\T ?IS OPPORTUNITY & S9CE PLACES W]E LIMIT$ IT WAS CLE> ?AT ,I W\LD HAVE TO SP5D TWO MON?S ( VACATION 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,JAIME HAD ALSO =GOTT5 TO 5ROLL HIMSELF1 SO IT WAS NOT TOO BAD AS ! TWO ( US 9V5T$ WAYS TO PASS ! TIME UNTIL CLASS OP5$ AGA94 

,G5]AL ,CONSID]ATIONS 

,AL?\< IT IS /RANGE1 IT %\LD BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS REPRESS$ AS MU*1 OR MORE1 DUR+ ! ,REPUBLIC AS UND] ! MON>*Y4 ,?IS REPRESSION HAD S]I\S REP]CUSSIONS = ! ,RATIONALI/ ,S*OOLS4 ,BECAUSE ( LACK ( FUNDS1 MANY ( ! S*OOLS FUNCTION$ 9 UNION (FICES & WORK]S' C5T]S DUR+ ! DAY4 ,:5 !SE CLOS$ D[N1 = :ATEV] REASON1 ! S*OOLS W]E ALSO CLOS$ & CAUS$ GREAT H>D%IP4 ,! ,NATURE ,S*OOL DID NOT HAVE ?IS PROBLEM BECAUSE WE HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! LOCAL1 9DEP5D5T COMMUNITY4 ,! AUTONOM\S ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T1 H[EV]1 PLAC$ DIFFICULTIES 9 ! WAY ( ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL BY SU* ?+S AS SETT+ H\RS = EXAM9ATIONS1 AL?\< SUBJECTS W]E /UDI$ ACCORD+ TO ! ,NATURE ,S*OOL'S S*$ULE4 ,!RE W]E ALSO PRESSURES ON ,PUIG ,ELIAS TO SUBMIT ! S*OOL TO ! (FICIAL FRAMEWORK FIX$ BY ! ,CULTURAL ,C\NCIL4 ,9 ADDITION1 9 SPITE ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,CON/ITUTION ( #aicb SEP>AT+ ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 ! ATTACKS AGA9/ RATIONALI/ TEA*+ W]E CON/ANT4 ,>TICLES W]E PUBLI%$ PRES5T+ ! ,RATIONALI/ ,S*OOLS AS ! FOCUS ( MORAL CORRUPTION BECAUSE ! CLASSES W]E MIX$4 ,& ?IS WAS NOT ALL--IT WAS REPORT$ 9 A PAP] SU* AS 0,EL ,DIA ,GRAFICO0 7#a#i#c#c7 ?AT ! RATIONALI/ S*OOLS TAU<T H[ TO MAKE BOMBS & H&LE A PI/OL1 & FUR!R ?AT ! S*OOL SONG WAS 0,>ROJA LA ,BOMBA0 7,?R[ ! ,BOMB74 ,?IS CAMPAIGN TO DISCR$IT ! S*OOLS NEV] R$UC$ ! SUPPORT ?AT ! WORK]S GAVE ! RATIONALI/ S*OOLS2 & SO F> AS ! EFFECT ON !SE S*OOLS GOES1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ ! P]IOD #aica TO #a#i#c#f1 !Y W]E POSITIVE 9 EV]Y WAY4 ,I NEV] HE>D AN>*ISM SPOK5 ( 9 ! S*OOL ?AT ,I ATT5D$ NOR EXP]I5C$ ANY ATTEMPT TO BR+ ?IS MOVEM5T 9TO ! S*OOL4 ,! SIMPLE FACT WAS ?AT ,I WAS TAU<T TO BE A P]SON PREP>$ TO FACE MY FUTURE4 

,$UCATION1 ,PREP>ATION1 & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

,M>?A ,ACKELSB]G 

,! YE>S FROM #ahfh TO #aicf S]V$ AS PREP>ATION = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* BROKE \T 9 RESPONSE TO ! G5]ALS' REBELLION AGA9/ ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y ( #a#i#c#f1 ! ,C,N,T--,CONF$]ACION ,NATIONAL ,DEL ,TRABAJO--BOA/$ A MEMB]%IP ( APPROXIMATELY #h#e1 MEMB]S1 ORGANIZ$ 9 NON-HI]>*ICALLY /RUCTUR$ UNIONS1 F$]AT$ BO? BY 9DU/RY & BY REGION4 ,! MOVEM5T AS A :OLE DID NOT LIMIT ITSELF TO UNION ORGANIZ+ 9 ! N>R[ S5SE4 ,DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD1 IT WAS SUPPORT+ & DEVELOP+ $UCATIONAL PROGRAMS = BO? ADULTS & Y\NG PEOPLE1 :I* 9CLUD$ A NETWORK ( /OREFRONT S*OOLS & CULTURAL C5T]S2 A BROAD-BAS$ NATIONAL Y\? ORGANIZATION2 & J\RNALS & NEWSPAP]S :I* MADE AN>*I/ CRITICAL P]SPECTIVES ON CULTURE1 POLITICS1 & SOCIAL ISSUES AVAILABLE TO L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 

,$UCATION AS ,PREP>ATION 

,SPANI% AN>*I/S RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ = MORE 0=MAL0 $UCATION4 ,! COMMITM5T TO SELF-DIRECTION MEANT A FOCUS ON $UCATION4 ,GIV5 ! HI< LEVELS ( ILLIT]ACY 9 ,SPA9 AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 IT WAS CLE> ?AT A MOVEM5T COMMITT$ TO WORK+-CLASS DEVELOPM5T ?R\< DIRECT ACTION & SELF-ORGANIZATION W\LD HAVE TO DEVOTE AT LEA/ SOME ( ITS 5]GIES & RES\RCES TO ADULT & *ILD LIT]ACY4 ,IT WAS ONE ( ! GREAT /R5G?S ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T--& ONE ( ! A*IEVEM5TS ( :I* MEMB]S W]E MO/ PR\D--?AT IT DEVELOP$ A NETWORK ( S*OOLS1 J\RNALS1 & CULTURAL C5T]S TO ADDRESS !SE ISSUES4 

,TO TEA* PEOPLE TO READ & WRITE WAS TO EMP[] !M SOCIALLY & CULTURALLY2 IT BECAME1 TRULY1 A REVOLUTION>Y ACT4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 TRAVEL+ ACTIVI/S :O ATTEMPT$ TO TEA* RURAL L&WORK]S TO READ W]E P]SECUT$ & JAIL$ 9 S\!RN ,SPA91 ,&ALUSIA & ,EXTREMADURA4 ,IT WAS ) ?IS P]CEPTION ( ! IMPORTANCE ( $UCATION ?AT ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 7& LAT] ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES1 ,FREE ,WOM57 EMB>K$ ON A MASSIVE PROGRAM TO $UCATE WORK+ PEOPLE1 BO? RURAL & URBAN4 ,AL?\< MANY ( !SE PROGRAMS W]E UND]TAK5 BY UNIONS1 & 9ITIALLY DIRECT$ T[>D UNION MEMB]S1 !Y S]V$ A POPULATION CONSID]ABLY L>G]4 

,AN>*I/-SUPPORT$ $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS TOOK A V>IETY ( =MS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,S*OOLS1 CULTURAL C5T]S1 J\RNALS1 NEWSPAP]S--ALL AIM$ TO 5C\RAGE PEOPLE TO 0?9K = !MSELVES1 & TO DEVELOP !IR S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 COMMONALITY1 & CRITICISM40 

,CREAT+ ,9/ITUTIONS = ,LIT]ACY & ,CULTURE 

,LEVELS ( ILLIT]ACY V>I$ M>K$LY 9 ,SPA9 AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,BUT EV]Y:]E1 LIT]ACY RATES = WOM5 LAGG$ BETWE5 #a & #b P]C5TAGE PO9TS 7& SOMETIMES AS MU* AS #c PO9TS7 BEH9D ?OSE ( M54 ,BY #a#i#c1 ) GREAT] ACCESS TO $UCATION1 RATES ( ILLIT]ACY FELL = BO? M5 & WOM51 BUT /ILL RANG$ FROM HI<S ( APPROXIMATELY #e P]C5T ( M5 & OV] #f P]C5T ( WOM5 9 ! S\!RN PROV9CES TO L[S ( #be TO #c P]C5T ( WOM5 & #b TO #be P]C5T ( M5 9 ! ,BASQUE PROV9CES4 

,(FICIAL 0/ATE0 $UCATION WAS ( LITTLE HELP 9 MEET+ !SE DEFICITS4 ,REPUBLICANS1 SOCIALI/S1 & AN>*I/S HAD PRESS$ = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SECUL>1 NONRELIGI\S S*OOLS AS E>LY AS ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BUT !IR EF=TS W]E L>GELY UNSUCCESSFUL UNTIL ! $UCATIONAL RE=MS ( ! ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,*UR*-RUN S*OOLS CONC5TRAT$ ON DISCIPL9E & ROTE MEMORIZATION4 ,P]IODICALLY--9 #a#h#g#c-#g#d1 DUR+ ! #a#h#hS1 & AGA9 9 ! E>LY #a#h#iS--EF=TS HAD BE5 MADE TO *ANGE ! RELATION%IP ( *UR* & /ATE1 SO ?AT ! *UR* NO LONG] CONTROLL$ ! CURRICULUM4 ,BUT S9CE ! *UR* PROVID$ MO/ SECOND>Y $UCATION1 EV5 :5 S*OOLS W]E NOT (FICIALLY RUN BY ! CL]GY1 *UR*-TRA9$ TEA*]S T5D$ TO DEF9E !IR /RUCTURE & FUNCTION4 

,CL>A ,LIDA HAS >GU$ ?AT EF=TS TO >TICULATE & IMPLEM5T AN ALT]NATIVE $UCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY--( 5S5ANZA 9TEGRAL 79TEGRAL $UCATION7--CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO REPUBLICAN & ,F\RI]I/ S*OOLS 9 ! #a#h#dS & #a#h#eS1 & TO AN>*I/ & SECUL>I/ S*OOLS 9 ! #a#h#gS & #a#h#hS4 ,V]Y FEW ( !SE W]E F9ANCIALLY ACCESSIBLE TO ! *ILDR5 ( WORK]S1 H[EV]1 & EV5 IF F9ANCIAL AID W]E AVAILABLE = ! *ILDR51 IT WAS A R>E FAMILY ?AT C\LD SP>E ! 9COME 7H[EV] MEAG]7 ?AT A WORK+ *ILD C\LD BR+ 9TO ! FAMILY4 ,9 ADDITION1 !SE LAY S*OOLS F\<T A CONT9UAL 7& USUALLY LOS+7 BATTLE ) ! /ATE OV] !IR V]Y RI<T TO EXI/4 

,ONE RESPONSE ( AN>*I/S TO ! EFFECTIVE 9ACCESSIBILITY ( LAY-CONTROLL$ $UCATION WAS ! F\ND+ ( 0RATIONALI/ S*OOLS40 ,AL?\< !SE HAVE BE5 ASSOCIAT$ MO/ NOTABLY ) ! NAME ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] Y ,GU>DIA1 !Y W]E ! DIRECT DESC5DANTS ( EF=TS AT 5S5ANZA 9TEGRAL4 ,BORN 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #a#h#e#i1 ,F]R] SP5T SIXTE5 YE>S 9 EXILE 9 ,P>IS1 :]E HE CAME 9 CONTACT ) ! $UCATIONAL IDEAS ( ,PAUL ,ROB91 ,TOL/OY1 ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 & O!RS4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,SPA9 9 #aia TO F\ND ! ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA 7MOD]N S*OOL7 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,HIS GOAL1 

0TO =M A S*OOL ( EMANCIPATION1 :I* WILL BE CONC]N$ ) BANN+ FROM ! M9D :ATEV] DIVIDES M51 ! FALSE CONCEPTS ( PROP]TY1 C\NTRY1 & FAMILY1 SO AS TO ATTA9 ! LIB]TY & WELL-BE+ :I* ALL DESIRE & NONE COMPLETELY REALIZES40 

,CONSI/5T ) BO? AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & ADVANC$ $UCATIONAL !ORY AT ! TIME1 ,F]R] WAS COMMITT$ TO E/ABLI%+ A S*OOL :I* REORGANIZ$ $UCATION AS A POLITICAL ACT4 ,IF ONE HOP$ TO 5ABLE *ILDR5 TO LIVE 9 A FREE SOCIETY1 ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM ITSELF HAD TO BE BAS$ 91 & 5C\RAGE1 FRE$OM TO DEVELOP & EXPLORE4 ,SCI5CE & REASON W]E KEY CONCEPTS 9 ! S*OOLS2 & *ILDR5 W]E TO BE /IMULAT$ TO DIRECT !IR [N $UCATION4 ,CONSI/5T1 TOO1 ) HIS UND]/&+ ( LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES1 ,F]R] WAS FIRMLY COMMITT$ TO CO$UCATION 7A PRACTICE VIRTUALLY UNHE>D ( 9 ,SPA9 AT ! TIME71 & TO MIX$-CLASS $UCATION1 :I* W\LD PROVIDE A CONTEXT = PEOPLE TO LE>N TO LIVE ) DIV]SITY4 ,GIV5 ! RIGIDITY ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM 9 ,SPA9 & AN>*I/ SUSPICION ( BO? *UR* & /ATE1 IT %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS+ ?AT ,SPANI% LIB]T>IANS ATTEMPT$ TO E/ABLI% 0ALT]NATIVE S*OOLS0--9/ITUTIONS :I*1 TRUE TO ! AN>*I/ BELIEF 9 DIRECT ACTION & PROPAG&A BY ! DE$1 W\LD NOT ONLY $UCATE /UD5TS BUT ALSO S]VE AS MODELS = A V]Y DIFF]5T $UCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY & PRACTICE4 ,F]R]'S ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA OP5$ 9 ,B>CELONA 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a1 & LA/$ 7?\< ) FREQU5T CLOS+S BECAUSE ( /ATE C5SOR%IP7 ?R\< #a#i#f1 :5 IT WAS CLOS$ DEF9ITIVELY4 ,CRI/9A ,PI]A1 :O1 AT ! AGE ( N9E1 ATT5D$ ! S*OOL = AB\T A YE>1 DESCRIB$ ! CONFUSION3 0,! POLICE W\LD COME TO CLOSE ! S*OOL1 & !N444 WE C\LDN'T GO4 ,I W5T TO ! ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA1 & LE>N$ A FAIR AM\NT !RE2 BUT1 S9CE !Y W]E ALWAYS CLOS+ IT1 ,I 5D$ UP )\T MU* ( AN $UCATION40 ,! S*OOL WAS SUPPORT$ BY P>5TAL CONTRIBUTIONS--ACCORD+ TO :AT EA* FAMILY WAS ABLE TO PAY4 ,! CLASSES W]E MIX$ BY SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGR\ND1 & COMPLETELY 9TEGRAT$ BY SEX1 AS WELL4 ,ALL /UD5TS1 REG>DLESS ( BACKGR\ND OR SEX1 /UDI$ A 0SCI5TIFIC0 CURRICULUM1 :I* ALSO 9CLUD$ SEX $UCATION1 MANUAL WORK1 & ! >TS4 ,F]R] RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ = APPROPRIATE TEXTBOOKS & BEGAN PUBLI%+ !M HIMSELF 9 #a#i#b4 ,! BOOKS W]E 9 GREAT DEM& & CAME TO BE US$ 9 RATIONALI/ S*OOLS & AT5EOS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! S*OOL BUILD+ S]V$ AS MU* MORE ?AN A PLACE = SMALL *ILDR5 TO GO DUR+ ! DAYS--IT WAS A LIBR>Y & COMMUNITY C5T] = ADOLESC5TS & ADULTS1 AS WELL1 (F]+ CLASSES1 DISCUSSIONS1 EXCURSIONS1 & ! LIKE = ?OSE ( ALL AGES :O WI%$ TO LE>N4 

,:ILE ,F]R]'S NAME HAS COME TO BE ! ONE MO/ PROM95TLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! RATIONALI/ S*OOL MOVEM5T1 RATIONALI/ S*OOLS C]TA9LY PREEXI/$ ! ,ESCUELA ,MOD]NA1 & HUNDR$S W]E E/ABLI%$ ?R\<\T ,SPA9 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IGUALDAD ,OCANA1 TOGE!R ) H] FA!R & F\R BRO!RS & SI/]S1 />T$ & TAU<T 9 SU* A S*OOL 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#c#d-#c#e4 ,H] DESCRIPTION ( :AT IT MEANT TO TEA* *ILDR5 9 A FREE & OP5 5VIRONM5T CAN1 P]HAPS1 PROVIDE SOME S5SE ( ! 0MOD]NITY0 ( ! 0MOD]N S*OOL MOVEM5T40 

0,9 \R S*OOL1 WE TRI$ TO GET A S5SE ( EA* *ILD'S P>TICUL> NATURE OR *>ACT]4 ,WE W\LD TELL !M A /ORY4 ,& ?R\< ?IS /ORY1 !Y W\LD REFLECT !MSELVES444 !Y CRI$ & !Y LAU<$444 WE NEV] HAD TO YELL AT !M4 ,PEOPLE TALK AB\T EX]CIS+ 'AU?ORITY4' ,BUT :AT AU?ORITY CAN !Y HAVE IF !Y DON'T KN[ H[ TO CONTROL !M ) FEEL+1 ) LOVE8444 ,Y\ CAN HELP LITTLE CREATURES TO BECOME ACTIVE1 PRODUCTIVE PEOPLE1 PRODUCTIVE 9 WAYS ?AT >E TRUE TO !MSELVES1 BECAUSE Y\ HAVE /UDI$ !M1 SE5 :AT !Y 5JOY444 ,WE TAU<T ME*ANICS1 MUSIC1 >TS444 ,WE HAD ME*ANICAL TOYS1 = EXAMPLE1 TO SEE :E!R1 :5 HE WAS PLAY+ ) !M1 A P>TICUL> *ILD W\LD AWAK5 TO A DESIRE1 A POSITIVE 9CL9ATION TO ACTIVITY ( ?AT SORT4440 

,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 GIV5 ! TYPE ( ATT5TION !Y DEVOT$ TO !IR /UD5TS1 TEA*]S 9 RATIONALI/ S*OOLS W]E (T5 REV]$1 BO? BY /UD5TS & BY O!R MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,!Y FUNCTION$ AS P[]FUL MODELS1 MU* AS ! 0OBR]OS CONSCI5TES0 OR TRAVEL+ TEA*]_/PREA*]S HAD S]V$ = RURAL WORK]S 9 #a#i? C5TURY ,&ALUSIA4 ,S>A ,B]5GU] 7,GUILL571 :O /UDI$ ) ,FELIX ,C>RASQU] 9 ! 0,ELISEO ,RECLUS0 S*OOL1 ,PURA ,P]EZ1 :O /UDI$ ) ! NOT$ ,JUAN ,PUIG ,ELIAS 9 ! 0,ESCUELA ,NATURA10 & O!RS ,I 9T]VIEW$ ALL VIVIDLY RECALL$ !IR EXP]I5CES ) TEA*]S !Y ?\<T ( ) GREAT RESPECT4 ,IGUALDAD ,OCANA REPORT$ ?AT /UD5TS %E MEETS N[1 =TY YE>S LAT]1 /ILL TALK ( !IR EXP]I5CES 9 ! S*OOL H] FAMILY RAN4 ,& ,ANA ,CASES DISCOV]$1 DUR+ ! C\RSE ( RESE>* %E WAS DO+ 9 #a#i#h#a1 ?AT MANY ( ?OSE :O HAD /UDI$ ) ,JOSEP ,TORRES 7KN[N AS ,SOL DE LA ,VIDA 7 9 ,>BECA1 A SMALL VILLAGE 9 ,L]IDA1 /ILL HAD ! NOTEBOOKS & WORKBOOKS !Y HAD US$ 9 ! #a#i#bS4 

,MANY Y\NG PEOPLE :O EV5TUALLY BECAME MILITANTS 9 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T ATT5D$ ONE OR ANO!R ( !SE S*OOLS2 BUT ATT5DANCE WAS CLE>LY NOT LIMIT$ TO AN>*I/S OR AN>*I/-SYMPA?IZ]S ALONE4 ,S9CE !Y (F]$ AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! HI<LY RIGID /RUCTURES & ROTE-LE>N+ ME?ODS ( ! DOM9ANT S*OOL SY/EM1 ! S*OOLS ATTRACT$ CONSID]ABLE NUMB]S ( *ILDR5 FROM ! PROGRESSIVE MIDDLE & UPP] CLASSES AS WELL4 

,ASIDE FROM ! SOME:AT =MALLY /RUCTUR$ RATIONALI/ S*OOLS1 ! AN>*I/ & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T CREAT$ & SUPPORT$ A L>GE NUMB] ( AT5EOS1 OR /OREFRONT CULTURAL C5T]S4 ,MANY NEI<BORHOOD $UCATIONAL_/CULTURAL C5T]S W]E />T$ BY ,C,N,T LOCALS2 ALMO/ EV]Y WORK+-CLASS B>RIO ( ,B>CELONA HAD ONE DUR+ ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,= ?OSE :O HAD NEV] BE5 TO S*OOL1 ! HUNDR$S ( AT5EOS :I* SPRANG UP >\ND ! C\NTRY (F]$ A *ANCE TO LE>N TO READ & WRITE4 ,MO/ HAD CLASSES DUR+ ! DAY = Y\NG *ILDR51 & 9 ! EV5+ 7USUALLY #g TO #i PM7 = OLD] PEOPLE1 :O W\LD COME AFT] WORK4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ONE P>TICIPANT1 

0,! $UCATION 9 ! S*OOL WAS A TOTALLY DIFF]5T K9D ( $UCATION444 ,EA* P]SON W\LD TALK AB\T :AT HE HAD READ 7:I* (T5 V>I$ A GREAT DEAL1 S9CE SOMETIMES WE DIDN'T UND]/& :AT WE W]E READ+672 & !N WE W\LD ALL TALK AB\T IT1 & ?9K AB\T :AT EA* HAD SAID444 ,AS F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$1 ! S*OOL & ! BOOKS W]E PROBABLY ! GREATE/ FACTORS %AP+ MY DEVELOPM5T40 

,9 ADDITION TO ITS IMPORTANCE AS A PLACE = LE>N+ BASIC SKILLS & COMPET5CIES1 ! AT5EO HAD IMPORTANT SOCIAL FUNCTIONS4 ,AT5EOS W]E POPUL> 0HANG\TS0 = Y\NG PEOPLE1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ TIMES :5 !Y C\LD NOT AF=D EV5 ! #a C5TIMOS TO GO TO A MOVIE6 ,BECAUSE !Y W]E AT LEA/ =MALLY SEP>ATE FROM ! UNIONS1 MANY W]E ABLE TO REMA9 OP5 DUR+ P]IODS ( POLITICAL REPRESSIONS1 :5 UNIONS W]E =C$ TO CLOSE !IR DOORS &_/OR GO UND]GR\ND4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !Y ALSO S]V$ AS IMPORTANT C5T]S ( COMMUNICATION4 

,FUR!R1 VIRTUALLY ALL AT5EOS 9CLUD$ !AT]1 RECREATION1 &--P>TICUL>LY = ?OSE 9 URBAN B>RIOS--TRIPS \T ( ! CITY4 ,9 ADDITION TO (F]+ OPPORTUNITIES = EX]CISE & FRE% AIR1 !SE EXCURSIONS W]E ?\<T TO PROVIDE MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL B5EFITS--GIV+ Y\NG PEOPLE A *ANCE TO SEE1 AT FIR/ H&1 ! M\NTA9S1 VALLEYS1 & RIV]S !Y MI<T HAVE LE>N$ AB\T 9 CLASSES2 OV]COM+ ! N>R[NESS ( VISION ?AT COMES FROM LIV+ 9 CR[D$ URBAN 5VIRONM5TS2 PROVID+ AN OCCASION = !M TO EXP]I5CE 0! 9FLU5CE ( NATURE ON ! HUMAN SPIRIT40 ,EXPOSURE TO NATURE1 ONE WRIT] EXPLA9$1 WILL 0ALL[ Y\NG PEOPLE TO EXP]I5CE FRE$OM1 SO ?AT !Y WILL WANT TO LIVE IT & DEF5D IT40 

,AS COMMUNITY-BAS$ ORGANIZATIONS1 AT5EOS (F]$ OPPORTUNITIES = PREP>ATION :I* W]E P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT = WORK+-CLASS WOM51 :O HAD RELATIVELY FEW] CONTEXTS ?AN DID M5 TO GA9 SU* EXP]I5CES4 ,?OSE WOM5 :O BECAME ACTIVI/S 9 ! ,C,N,T &_/OR 9 ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES REPORT$ VIRTUALLY UNANIM\SLY ?AT !IR EXP]I5CES 9 AT5EOS1 S*OOLS1 & CULTURAL ACTIVITIES W]E CRUCIAL TO ?AT PROCESS4 ,!Y LE>N$ TO READ &1 EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 DEVELOP$ MEAN+FUL PE] RELATION%IPS ) BOYS ( !IR AGE--AN EXP]I5CE ?AT WAS O!RWISE CLOS$ TO !M 9 ! HI<LY SEX-SEGREGAT$ ,SPANI% SOCIETY4 ,?R\< ! AT5EOS MANY Y\NG PEOPLE EXP]I5C$ ?AT 0CAMBIO DE M5TALIDAD0 7CONSCI\SNESS-*ANGE7 :I* WAS A CRUCIAL /EP 9 !IR BECOM+ MILITANTS 9 ! MOVEM5T4 

0,! BUILD+ BELONG$ TO ! UNION 7TEXTILES74 ,! ,ESCUELA ,LIBRE 70,ESCUELA ,NATURA0 ( ,EL ,CLOT7 WAS UP/AIRS1 & ! S9DICATO & \R GR\P1 ,I ?9K1 W]E D[N/AIRS444 ,MY SI/]S & ,I W5T TO S*OOL AT NI<T 7WE C\LDN'T GO DUR+ ! DAY1 BECAUSE WE HAD TO WORK74 ,&--REMEMB] ?IS DETAIL1 BECAUSE IT'S IMPORTANT--9 ORD] TO SAVE MONEY1 ! UNION HAD ! WOM5 DO ! CLEAN+444 ,AFT]W>DS1 !RE W\LD BE MEET+S ( ,SOL Y ,VIDA 7! CULTURAL GR\P7444 ,TRUE1 PEOPLE W5T TO UNION MEET+S1 BUT RELATIONS )9 ! GR\P W]E MORE 9TIMATE1 ! EXPLANATIONS MORE EXT5SIVE4 ,?AT'S :]E WE W]E =M$ MO/ DEEPLY4440 

,9 ADDITION TO ! S*OOLS & CULTURAL C5T]S1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T SUPPORT$ AN 5ORM\S >RAY ( NEWSPAP]S1 MAGAZ9ES1 & CLUBS :I* *ALL5G$ CONV5TIONAL NORMS & PROVID$ *ANNELS = BR++ ALT]NATIVE P]SPECTIVES TO A BROAD] AUDI5CE4 ,MOVEM5T NEWSPAP]S1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ,C,N,T1 ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD1 COMB9$ POLITICAL COMM5T>Y ) EXT5SIVE CULTURAL CRITICISM4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y ISSUE HAD AN >TICLE DEAL+ ) SOME ASPECT ( $UCATION2 &1 9 ! YE>S BE=E & DUR+ ! W>1 MANY C>RI$ >TICLES DEVOT$ SPECIFICALLY TO WOM54 ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD1 = EXAMPLE1 PUBLI%$ A 0WOM5'S PAGE0 EA* WEEK1 9 :I* MANY ( ! WOM5 :O W]E TO BE ACTIVE 9 ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES TE/$ \T IDEAS & HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO COMMUNICATE ) ! L>G] AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ COMMUNITY4 ,MAGAZ9ES SU* AS ,LA ,REVI/A ,BLANCA 7,B>CELONA71 ,NATURA 7,B>CELONA71 ,E/UDIOS 7,VAL5CIA71 & ,TIEMPOS ,NUEVOS C>RI$ BO? /ORIES & 9=MATIVE >TICLES ON A RANGE ( ISSUES FROM COLLECTIVI/ POLITICS TO BIR? CONTROL1 NUDISM & VEGET>IANISM4 

,P>TICUL>LY = PEOPLE :O LIV$ 9 PLACES RELATIVELY ISOLAT$ FROM ORGANIZ$ AN>*I/ OR AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ACTIVITY1 ! PRESS PROVID$ IMPORTANT S\RCES ( 9=MATION1 & A 0R\TE 90 TO ! AN>*I/ COMMUNITY4 ,SOL$AD ,E/ORA*1 = EXAMPLE1 :O CAME TO ,B>CELONA AT ! AGE ( #a#e1 ALONE & ISOLAT$ 9 H] 9T]E/ 9 :AT %E T]M$ 0COMMUNISM10 READ ,LA ,REVI/A ,BLANCA &1 ?R\< IT1 MADE H] WAY TO ! AT5EO 

0,I WAS READ+ NEWSPAP]S & MAGAZ9ES & TRY+ TO F9D 0COMMUNI/S40444 ,! FIR/ P]SON ,I W5T TO SEE1 9 FACT1 WAS ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y'S MO!R1 ,SOL$AD ,GU/AVO1 BECAUSE %E WAS A WOMAN6 ,I DIDN'T KN[ H[ TO GET 9 CONTACT ) !SE PEOPLE4 ,& ,I FIGUR$ ?AT ?OSE PEOPLE :O W]E WRIT+ AB\T COMMUNISM MU/1 SOMEH[444 LIVE DIFF]5TLY4 ,I HAD BE5 READ+ ,LA ,REVI/A ,BLANCA1 & ,I SAW ?AT ?IS WOMAN ,SOL$AD ,GU/AVO WROTE = !M2 SO ,I W5T TO ! ADDRESS GIV5 9 ! MAGAZ9E & ASK$ TO SEE H]4 ,I WAS %[N RI<T 9--,I GUESS !Y ?\<T ,I WAS A COMPAN]A4 ,%E RECEIV$ ME )\T ANY UND]/&+444 ,I CAN'T EV5 REMEMB] JU/ :AT ,I ASK$ H]3 PROBABLY1 ',H[ DO ,I F9D PEOPLE8' ,& %E SAID1 'ALL Y\ HAVE TO DO IS F9D AN AT5EO 9 Y\R B>RIO1' & %E MORE-OR-LESS ?REW ME \T444 ,ANYWAY1 ,I W5T TO ! AT5EO4 ,! FIR/ MAN ,I MET !RE WAS ,SAAV$RA--! GR&FA!R ( ,5RIQUETA & ! O!RS4 ,HE WAS V]Y OLD EV5 !N4 ,BUT ,I FELL 9 LOVE ) HIM IMM$IATELY444 ,HE %[$ ME ! LIBR>Y444 ,I WAS 5TRANC$ BY ALL ?OSE BOOKS4 ,I ?\<T ?AT ALL ! WORLD'S KN[L$GE WAS N[ )9 MY REA*40 

,$UCATION AS ,EMP[]M5T 

,= ALL ?AT AT5EOS PROVID$ 9 ! WAY ( OPPORTUNITIES = Y\NG & OLD TO LE>N TO READ & DEVELOP SOME 0CULTURE10 PROBABLY !IR MO/ IMPORTANT LONG-T]M EFFECT WAS ! CREATION ( A COMMUNITY--A COMMUNITY ( PEOPLE :O BELIEV$ ?AT !Y C\LD EFFECT *ANGE 9 ! WORLD4 ,! NETWORK ( FRI5DS & COMRADES E/ABLI%$ !RE PROVID$ P>TICIPANTS IMPORTANT S\RCES ( BO? MORAL & MAT]IAL SUPPORT ?R\< !IR YE>S ( /RUGGLE 9 ! MOVEM5T & DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,M5 & WOM5 :O HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 !SE GR\PS AS BOYS & GIRLS REF]R$ TO !IR EXP]I5CE ) WORDS & EXPRESSIONS SIMIL> TO ?OSE ONE MI<T USE TO DESCRIBE A LO/ LOVE4 ,EV5 ?OSE :O HAD BECOME MO/ CYNICAL1 &_/OR ISOLAT$ FROM ! L>G] MOVEM5T 9 ! 9T]V5+ YE>S1 SPOKE ( ?OSE EXP]I5CES ) A NE> REV]5CE4 ,NO D\BT1 !IR RECOLLECTIONS HAVE BE5 ROMANTICIZ$ OV] ! YE>S4 ,BUT ! EXP]I5CE ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 !SE GR\PS--GR\PS 9 :I* PEOPLE ATTEMPT$ TO 9T]ACT ) ONE ANO!R AS !Y HOP$ !Y W\LD 9 ! 0AN>*I/ P>ADISE0 !Y W]E /RUGGL+ TO CREATE--HAD OBVI\SLY M>K$ !M DEEPLY4 

,= SOME ( ! GIRLS1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! EXP]I5CE ( EQUALITY BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 WAS ESPECIALLY 5]GIZ+4 ,IT IMPELL$ CONSID]ABLE NUMB]S ( !M TO 9SI/ ON !IR EQUALITY )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! L>G] MOVEM5T4 ,AS ,5RIQUETA ,ROVIRA NOT$1 ! AT5EOS PROVID$ BO? AN 9C5TIVE & A MODEL = :AT WAS TO BE ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES4 

0,I ALWAYS FELT /RONGLY ?AT WOM5 HAD TO BE EMANCIPAT$4 ,?AT \R /RUGGLE WAS--& /ILL IS--MORE ?AN JU/ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM444 ,WE US$ TO TALK AB\T ?AT A LOT 79 ! AT5EO71 9SI/+ ?AT ! /RUGGLE WAS NOT JU/ 9 ! FACTORIES1 9 ! /REETS1 OR EV5 9 ! AT5EOS4 ,?AT IT HAD TO GO 9TO ! H\SE4 ,! BOYS_/M5 W\LD SOMETIMES LAU< & MAKE FUN ( US :5 WE'D SAY ?OSE ?+S4 ,!Y SAID1 IT IS ! /RUGGLE ( ALL ( US1 & WE ALL %\LD /RUGGLE TOGE!R4 ,BUT ,I W\LD SAY1 NO1 IT'S NOT JU/ ?AT4 ,WE WANT_/NE$ TO EXPRESS \R [N SELVES1 TO BE :O & :AT WE >E4 ,WE'RE NOT TRY+ TO TAKE ?+S AWAY FROM Y\1 BUT WE NE$ TO DEVELOP \RSELVES1 TO DEM& \R [N RI<TS40 

,S9CE ! GR\PS =M$ \T ( ! AT5EOS W]E PRIM>ILY Y\NG PEOPLE'S GR\PS1 !Y PROVID$ Y\? ) OPPORTUNITIES TO ACT AT LEA/ SOME:AT 9DEP5D5TLY ( !IR P>5TS--AN ALMO/ UNHE>D-( EXP]I5CE 9 ,SPA9 ( ?AT TIME4 ,EV5 AN>*I/ FAMILIES HAD DIFFICULTY ) ! FRE$OM !IR DAU<T]S ASS]T$4 

0,WE HAD TO ASK P]MISSION EV]Y WEEK :5 WE W]E GO+ TO GO ON !SE EXCURSIONS4 ,DON'T ?9K ?AT JU/ BECAUSE \R P>5TS W]E LIB]T>IOS ?AT WE W]E FREE TO DO AS WE PLEAS$6 ,NO1 NONE ( ?AT6 ,EV]Y WEEK WE HAD TO ASK4 ,& IF ! ANSW] TO ':]E >E Y\ GO+8' WAS SOME?+ LIKE 'CAMP+1' !N1 :OA6 ,NONE ( ?AT4 ,NO1 !RE W]E LOTS ( CONTROLS1 EV5 ( \R ACTIVITIES 9 ! AT5EO40 

,AZUC5A & ,5RIQUETA1 TWO SI/]S 9 A COMMITT$ AN>*I/ FAMILY1 DEVELOP$ WAYS >\ND !IR P>5TS' EF=TS AT CONTROL4 ,(T51 !Y PUT SKIRTS ON OV] !IR B]MUDA %ORTS1 RODE ON !IR BIKES UNTIL ! $GE ( T[N :]E !Y W\LD NO LONG] BE SE5 BY ADULTS1 !N REMOV$ ! SKIRTS & CONT9U$ ) ! GR\P TO ! M\NTA9S OR ! SEA%ORE6 

,9 %ORT1 ?R\< BO? =MAL & 9=MAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ,SPANI% LIB]T>IANS CREAT$ CONTEXTS = 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNAL EMP[]M5T1 & FACILITAT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( NETWORKS = PEOPLE TO LE>N & ACT TOGE!R4 ,AS ! MEMOIRS & RECOLLECTIONS ( ?OSE :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 !SE S*OOLS MAKE CLE>1 $UCATION WAS NOT SIMPLY PREP>ATION = REVOLUTION1 IT WAS A CRUCIAL ASPECT ( ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4 

,BACK COV] TEXT 

,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ,MOVEM5T 

,9SPIR$ BY ! MANY REUNIONS ( =M] /UD5TS & FRI5DS ( ! ,F]R] ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ( ,/ELTON1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 ?IS PUBLICATION REFLECTS ! IDEALS & AIMS ( LIB]T>IAN $UCATION4 

,! IDEA = ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ,MOVEM5T 9 ,AM]ICA GREW \T ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ,MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA94 ,SOME TWO HUNDR$ MOD]N S*OOLS W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 ,SPA94 ,!Y PROVID$ A SECUL> $UCATION 9 CO-$UCATIONAL S*OOLS = ! FIR/ TIME 9 C5TURIES4 ,!SE 9NOVATIVE S*OOLS HELP$ BREAK ! LOG-JAM ( ILLIT]ACY ?AT CONDEMN$ MORE ?AN FIFTY P]C5T ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE TO IGNORANCE & A LIFE ( SUP]/ITION & FE>4 

,FRANCISCO ,F]R] Y ,GU>DIA BROKE ! %R\D ( FE> & SUP]/ITION BY E/ABLI%+ ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL :I*1 9 A SPIRIT ( FRE$OM1 TAU<T NEW G5]ATIONS ( Y\NG PEOPLE SCI5CE1 >T1 LIT]ATURE1 & MOD]N KN[L$GE 9 MANY SUBJECTS4 ,JUAN ,PUIG ,ELIAS MADE SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO ?IS MOVEM5T4 

,!SE FIR/-H& ACC\NTS ( ! MEMORIES ( ?REE *ILDR5 $UCAT$ 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOLS ( ,SPA9 PO9T TO ! SIMIL>ITY ( SPIRIT & GOAL BETWE5 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOLS ( ,SPA9 & ?OSE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,PUBLI%$ BY ,FRI5DS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 

C_/O ,ABE ,BLUE/E91 #ee ,F>R+TON ,ROAD1 ,CROTON-,ON-,HUDSON1 ,N,Y #aeb 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aihi 3 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ,MOVEM5T -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#h1 #bb 3 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ,MOVEM5T -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ,MOVEM5T -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/