,*APT] #a 
,REASON & ,HI/ORY 

#aiigaiig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,JANET ,BIEHL 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a3 ,REASON & ,HI/ORY 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT ,BOOK*9 DESCRIB$ 9 #aifd REMA9S A 
CON/ANT SOCIAL IDEAL OV] ?REE DECADES ( HIS WRIT+1 PROJECT+ A 
CLE> & /EADY IMAGE ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 9TEGRAT+ T[N 
& C\NTRY1 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNITY1 TE*NOLOGY & E?ICS1 
POLITICS & ECONOMY4 ,! COMMUNI/IC PR9CIPLES HE ATTRIBUT$ TO 
ORGANIC SOCIETY 9 #aihb REMA9 PILL>S ( ! SOCIETY HE HAS ALWAYS 
5VISION$3 9T]DEP5D5CE MU/ REPLACE HI]>*Y1 & FRE$OM 
MU/ BE DEF9$ NOT 9 OPPOSITION TO FIR/ NATURE BUT AS LAT5T )9 
IT4 ,! 0LEGACY ( FRE$OM0 IS ONE HE *]I%ES EV5 MORE F]V5TLY1 
9 ! FACE ( AN EV]-MORE P[]FUL 0LEGACY ( DOM9ATION40 

,BUT O!R ASPECTS ( ,BOOK*9'S WORK HAVE UND]GONE NOTABLE 
*ANGE OV] ! YE>S1 AS DO ?OSE ( ALL ?9K]S :O >E 5GAG$ 
9 ! PUBLIC REALM OV] A LONG P]IOD ( TIME & :O >E AL]T TO 
*ANGES ?AT TAKE PLACE !RE4 ,*A/5$ BY ! EM]G5CE ( ECOMY/ICISM1 
PRIMITIVISM1 & BIOC5TRISM 9 ! ECOLOGY & AN>*I/ 
MOVEM5TS1 ,BOOK*9 TODAY IS F> LESS LAVI% 9 HIS PRAISE ( ORGANIC 
SOCIETY ?AN HE WAS 9 #a#i#h#b4 ,9 ! FACE ( PRIMITIVI/IC REJECTIONS ( 
CIVILIZATION AS SU*1 = EXAMPLE1 HE NO LONG] PUTS ! WORD 
CIVILIZATION 9 QUOTATION M>KS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE CAPITALIZES IT4 ,9 
! FACE ( G5]AL REJECTIONS ( PROGRESS AS SU*1 HE IS C>EFUL TO 
DEF9E ! K9D ( PROGRESS HE 5DORSES -- NAMELY1 ?AT :I* IS 
ASSOCIAT$ ) COOP]ATION & COMMUNITY & ?AT REPRES5TS A 
HEI<T5+ ( E?ICAL /&>DS4 ,HE W\LD NO LONG] ASSOCIATE ! 
,PROME!AN IMPULSE ) DOM9ATION OR ! 0CONQUE/ ( NATURE10 
AS HE ONCE DID2 N[ HE REG>DS IT AS A LAUDABLE METAPHOR = 
ASPIRATIONS TO ADVANCE ! HUMAN CONDITION4 

,HIS VIEW ( IMAG9ATION1 TOO1 HAS UND]GONE A %IFT3 :]E ONCE 
HE EXTOLL$ ! CRY 0,IMAG9ATION TO P[]60 RAIS$ BY ! ,P>ISIAN 
/UD5TS 9 #aifh AS 0A GL[+ VISION ( ! ES!TICIZATION ( 
P]SONALITY & SOCIETY10 N[ HE W>NS ?AT 09 ! ABS5CE ( 
RATIONAL OBJECTIVE /&>DS ( BEHAVIOR1 IMAG9ATION MAY BE AS 
DEMONIC AS IT MAY BE LIB]ATORY40 ,9DE$1 :]E HE ONCE WROTE ( 
AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 HE N[ WRITES MORE FREQU5TLY ( A RATIONAL 
SOCIETY1 :I* 9 HIS VIEW PRESUPPOSES S\ND ECOLOGICAL PRACTICES1 
)\T YIELD+ TO MY/ICISM OR O!R =MS ( SUP]NATURALISM4 

0,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS10 WRITT5 9 #a#i#i#d1 IS A CRITIQUE 
( CURR5T PHILOSOPHICAL T5D5CIES ?AT CONDEMN HI/ORY1 CIVILIZATION1 
& PROGRESS AS 9H]5TLY REPRESSIVE4 ,AN ECOLOGICAL 
HUMANISM1 ,BOOK*9 SAYS TODAY1 W\LD P]=M ! DIFFICULT WORK 
( DISCLOS+ :AT IS RATIONAL 9 :AT IS ORD9>ILY CALL$ HI/ORY1 
CIVILIZATION1 & PROGRESS1 & GIV+ ?IS RATIONAL CORE ITS DUE1 RA!R 
?AN M]ELY REPUDIAT+ HI/ORY1 CIVILIZATION1 & PROGRESS AS SU*4 

,MOREOV]1 HE N[ GIVES AN 5L>G$ MEAN+ TO ! 0LEGACY ( 
FRE$OM03 IT MEANS NOT ONLY ! P>TICUL> EV5TS 9 ! HI/ORY ( 
LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVES1 BUT ! GRADUAL IF UNEV5 UNFOLD+ ( 
POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION 9 
HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,9 TRUE DIALECTICAL FA%ION ?IS LEGACY1 F> FROM 
REPUDIAT+ HI/ORY1 CIVILIZATION1 & PROGRESS1 ACTIVELY P>TICIPATES 
9 !M4 ,! RI*NESS ( ,BOOK*9'S LATE WORK IS TO CREATE ?IS NEW 
SYN!SIS1 TO %[ H[ EMANCIPATORY IDEAS 9FUSE HI/ORY DESPITE 
ITS BLEAKE/ & CRUELE/ MOM5TS4 ,! CREATION ( AN ECOLOGICAL 
SOCIETY MU/ ITSELF CON/ITUTE AN ADVANCE T[>D CIVILIZATION & 
PROGRESS1 OR IT WILL NOT HAVE BE5 AN 5DEAVOR WOR? MAK+4 

,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS 

7FROM 0,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS10 #a#i#i#d7 

,R>ELY HAVE ! CONCEPTS ?AT LIT]ALLY DEF9E ! BE/ ( ,WE/]N 
CULTURE -- ITS NOTIONS ( A MEAN+FUL ,HI/ORY1 A UNIV]SAL ,CIVILIZATION1 
& ! POSSIBILITY ( ,PROGRESS -- BE5 CALL$ SO RADICALLY 9TO QUE/ION 
AS !Y >E TODAY4 ,9 REC5T DECADES1 BO? 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & 
ABROAD1 ! ACADEMY & A SUBCULTURE ( SELF-/YL$ PO/MOD]NI/ 
9TELLECTUALS HAVE N\RI%$ AN 5TIRELY NEW 5SEMBLE ( CULTURAL 
CONV5TIONS ?AT /EM FROM A CORROSIVE SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & MORAL 
RELATIVISM4 ,?IS 5SEMBLE 5COMPASSES A CRUDE NOM9ALISM1 PLURALISM1 
& SKEPTICISM1 AN EXTREME SUBJECTIVISM1 & EV5 \TRI<T NIHILISM 
& ANTIHUMANISM 9 V>I\S COMB9ATIONS & P]MUTATIONS1 
SOMETIMES ( A ?OR\<LY MISAN?ROPIC NATURE4 ,?IS RELATIVI/IC 
5SEMBLE IS PITT$ AGA9/ COH]5T ?\<T AS SU* & AGA9/ ! 
0PR9CIPLE ( HOPE0 7TO USE ,]N/ ,BLO*'S EXPRESSION7 ?AT M>K$ 
RADICAL !ORY ( ! REC5T PA/4 ,SU* NOTIONS P]COLATE FROM SO-CALL$ 
RADICAL ACADEMICS 9TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 :]E !Y TAKE ! =M ( 
P]SONALISM1 AMORALISM1 & NEOPRIMITIVISM4444 

,HI/ORY1 ,I WI% TO CONT5D1 IS ! RATIONAL CONT5T & CONT9UITY ( 
EV5TS 7) DUE REG>D = QUALITATIVE 0LEAPS07 ?AT >E GR\ND$ 9 
HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & 
COOP]ATION1 9 ! SELF-=MATIVE DEVELOPM5T ( 9CREAS+LY 
LIB]T>IAN =MS ( CONSOCIATION4 ,IT IS ! RATIONAL 09FRA/RUCTURE10 SO 
TO SPEAK1 ?AT COH]ES HUMAN ACTIONS & 9/ITUTIONS OV] ! PA/ & 
! PRES5T 9 ! DIRECTION ( AN EMANCIPATORY SOCIETY & EMANCIPAT$ 
9DIVIDUAL4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ,HI/ORY IS PRECISELY :AT IS RATIONAL 9 HUMAN 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS :AT IS RATIONAL1 MOREOV]1 9 ! DIALECTICAL S5SE 
( ! IMPLICIT ?AT UNFOLDS1 EXP&S1 & BEG9S 9 V>Y+ DEGREES 
?R\< 9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION TO ACTUALIZE HUMANITY'S V]Y REAL 
POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION4 

,IT WILL IMM$IATELY BE OBJECT$ ?AT IRRATIONAL EV5TS1 UNRELAT$ TO 
?IS ACTUALIZATION1 EXPLODE UPON US AT ALL TIMES1 9 ALL ]AS & CULTURES4 
,BUT 9S(> AS !Y DEFY RATIONAL 9T]PRETATION1 !Y REMA9 PRECISELY 
EV5TS1 NOT ,HI/ORY1 H[EV] CONSEQU5TIAL !IR EFFECTS MAY BE ON ! 
C\RSE ( O!R EV5TS4 ,!IR IMPACT MAY BE V]Y P[]FUL1 TO BE SURE1 
BUT !Y >E NOT DIALECTICALLY ROOT$ 9 HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = 
FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION4 ,!Y CAN BE ASSEMBL$ 
9TO ,*RONICLES1 ! /UFF \T ( :I* A ,FROISS>T CON/RUCT$ HIS L>GELY 
ANECDOTAL 0HI/ORIES10 BUT NOT ,HI/ORY 9 ! S5SE ,I AM DESCRIB+4 
,EV5TS MAY EV5 0OV]TAKE ,HI/ORY10 SO TO SPEAK1 & ULTIMATELY 
SUBM]GE IT 9 ! IRRATIONAL & ! EVIL4 ,BUT )\T AN 9CREAS+LY 
SELF-REFLEXIVE ,HI/ORY1 :I* PRES5T-DAY RELATIVISM ?REAT5S TO 
EXT+UI%1 WE W\LD NOT EV5 KN[ ?AT IT HAD HAPP5$4 

,IF WE D5Y ?AT HUMANITY HAS !SE POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 
& COOP]ATION -- CONCEIV$ AS ONE 5SEMBLE -- !N 
ALONG ) MANY SELF-/YL$ 0SOCIALI/S0 & EV5 =M] AN>*I/S 
LIKE ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT1 WE MAY WELL CONCLUDE ?AT 0CAPITALISM HAS 
WON10 AS ONE DISILLUSION$ FRI5D PUT IT2 ?AT HI/ORY HAS REA*$ ITS 
T]M9US 9 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY0 7H[EV] T5TATIVE ?IS 0T]M9US0 
MAY ACTUALLY BE72 & ?AT RA!R ?AN ATTEMPT TO 5L>GE ! REALM ( 
! RATIONAL & ! FREE1 WE W\LD DO BE/ TO 5SCONCE \RSELVES 9 
! ,IA P ( CAPITALISM & MAKE IT AS COM=TABLE A RE/+ PLACE AS 
POSSIBLE = \RSELVES4 

,AS A M]E ADAPTATION TO :AT EXI/S1 TO ! 0:AT IS10 SU* BEHAVIOR 
IS M]ELY ANIMALI/IC4 ,SOCIOBIOLOGI/S MAY EV5 REG>D IT AS G5ETICALLY 
UNAVOIDABLE4 ,BUT MY CRITICS NE$ NOT BE SOCIOBIOLOGI/S TO OBS]VE ?AT 
! HI/ORICAL RECORD EXHIBITS A GREAT DEAL ( ADAPTATION & WORSE -- ( 
IRRATIONALITY & VIOL5CE1 ( PLEASURE 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ONESELF & 
O!RS -- & TO QUE/ION MY ASS]TION ?AT ,HI/ORY IS ! UNFOLD+ ( 
HUMAN POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION4 
,9DE$1 HUMANS HAVE 5GAG$ 9 DE/RUCTION & LUXURIAT$ 9 REAL & 
IMAG9>Y CRUELTIES T[>D ONE ANO!R ?AT HAVE PRODUC$ HELLS ON 
E>?4 ,!Y HAVE CREAT$ ! MON/ROSITIES ( ,HITL]'S DEA? CAMPS & 
,/AL9'S GULAGS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! M\NTA9S ( SKULLS ?AT ,MONGOL 
& ,T>T> 9VAD]S ( ,EURASIA LEFT BEH9D 9 DI/ANT C5TURIES4 ,BUT ?IS 
RECORD H>DLY SUPPLANTS A DIALECTIC ( UNFOLD+ & MATUR+ ( 
POT5TIALITIES 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 NOR IS ! CAPACITY ( HUMANS TO 
9FLICT CRUELTIES ON EA* O!R EQUIVAL5T TO !IR POT5TIALITIES = 
FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION4 

,H]E1 CAPACITIES & HUMAN POT5TIALITIES MU/ BE DI/+UI%$ FROM 
EA* O!R4 ,! HUMAN CAPACITY = 9FLICT+ 9JURY BELONGS TO ! 
REALM ( NATURAL HI/ORY1 TO :AT HUMANS %>E ) ANIMALS 9 ! 
BIOLOGICAL WORLD1 OR FIR/ NATURE4 ,FIR/ NATURE IS ! DOMA9 ( SURVIVAL1 
( CORE FEEL+S ( PA9 & FE>1 & 9 ?AT S5SE \R BEHAVIOR REMA9S 
ANIMALI/IC1 :I* IS BY NO MEANS ALT]$ ) ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIAL 
OR SECOND NATURE4 ,UNKN[+ ANIMALS M]ELY TRY TO SURVIVE & ADAPT 
TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R TO ! WORLD 9 :I* !Y EXI/4 ,BY CONTRA/1 
HUMANS >E ANIMALS ( A V]Y SPECIAL K9D2 !Y >E KN[+ ANIMALS1 
!Y HAVE ! 9TELLIG5CE TO CALCULATE & TO DEVISE1 EV5 9 ! S]VICE 
( NE$S ?AT !Y %>E ) NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS4 ,HUMAN REASON & 
KN[L$GE HAVE COMMONLY S]V$ AIMS ( SELF-PRES]VATION & SELFMAXIMIZATION 
BY ! USE ( A =MAL LOGIC ( EXP$I5CY1 A LOGIC ?AT 
RUL]S HAVE DEPLOY$ = SOCIAL CONTROL & ! MANIPULATION ( SOCIETY4 
,!SE ME?ODS HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 ! ANIMAL REALM ( SIMPLE 
MEANS-5DS *OICES TO SURVIVE4 

,BUT HUMANS ALSO HAVE ! CAPACITY TO DELIB]ATELY 9FLICT PA9 & 
FE>1 TO USE !IR REASON = P]V]SE PASSIONS1 9 ORD] TO CO]CE O!RS 
OR M]ELY = CRUELTY = ITS [N SAKE4 ,ONLY KN[+ ANIMALS1 IRONICALLY 
CAPABLE ( 9TELLIG5T 9NOVATION1 ) ! ,S*AD5FREUDE TO 5JOY 
VIC>I\SLY ! TORM5T ( O!RS1 CAN 9FLICT FE> & PA9 9 A COLDLY 
CALCULAT$ OR EV5 PASSIONATE MANN]4 ,! ,F\CAULDIAN HYPO/ASIZATION 
( ! BODY AS ! 0T]RA90 ( SADO-MASO*I/IC PLEASURE CAN BE EASILY 
ELABORAT$ 9TO A METAPHYSICAL JU/IFICATION ( VIOL5CE1 DEP5D+1 TO 
BE SURE1 ON :AT 0PLEASES0 A P>TICUL> P]PETRAT+ EGO4.<#g#c.> ,9 ?IS S5SE1 
HUMAN BE+S >E TOO 9TELLIG5T NOT TO LIVE 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 NOT TO 
LIVE )9 9/ITUTIONS =M$ BY REASON & E?ICS ?AT RE/RICT !IR 
CAPACITY = IRRATIONALITY & VIOL5CE4.<#g#d.> ,9S(> AS !Y DO NOT1 HUMANS 
REMA9 DANG]\SLY WAYW>D & UN=M$ CREATURES ) 5ORM\S 
P[]S ( DE/RUCTION AS WELL AS CREATION4 

,HUMANITY MAY HAVE A 0POT5TIALITY = EVIL10 AS ONE COLLEAGUE HAS 
>GU$4 ,BUT ?AT OV] ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T PEOPLE HAVE 
EXHIBIT$ AN EXPLOSIVE CAPACITY TO P]PETRATE ! MO/ APPALL+LY EVIL 
ACTS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT HUMAN POT5TIALITY IS CON/ITUT$ TO PRODUCE 
EVIL & A NIHILI/IC DE/RUCTIV5ESS4 ,! CAPACITY ( C]TA9 ,G]MANS TO 
E/ABLI% AN ,AUS*WITZ1 9DE$ ! MEANS & ! GOAL TO EXT]M9ATE A 
:OLE PEOPLE 9 A T]RIFY+LY 9DU/RIAL MANN]1 WAS 9H]5T NEI!R 9 
,G]MANY'S DEVELOPM5T NOR 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL 
RATIONALIZATION AS SU*4 ,H[EV] ANTI-,SEMITIC MANY ,G]MANS W]E OV] 
! PREVI\S TWO C5TURIES1 ,EA/]N ,EUROPEANS W]E EQUALLY OR EV5 MORE 
SO2 IRONICALLY1 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE MAY HAVE DONE 
MORE TO A*IEVE ,JEWI% JURIDICAL EMANCIPATION 9 ! N9ETE5? & 
TW5TIE? C5TURIES ?AN ALL ! ,*RI/IAN PIETIES ?AT M>K$ PRE9DU/RIAL 
LIFE DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,9DE$1 EVIL MAY HAVE A 0LOGIC0 -- ?AT IS TO 
SAY1 IT MAY BE EXPLA9$4 ,BUT MO/ G5]AL ACC\NTS EXPLA9 ! EVOLUTION 
( EVIL 9 T]MS ( ADV5TITI\S EVIL ACTS & EV5TS1 IF ?IS CAN BE REG>D$ 
AS EXPLANATION AT ALL4 ,HITL]'S TAKEOV] ( ,G]MANY1 MADE POSSIBLE MORE 
BY ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DISLOCATIONS ?AN BY ! RACIAL VIEWS HE 
ESP\S$1 WAS PRECISELY A T]RIBLE EV5T ?AT CANNOT BE EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS 
( ANY HUMAN POT5TIALITY = EVIL4 ,! HORROR ( ,AUS*WITZ LIES ALMO/ 
AS MU* 9 ITS 9EXPLICABILITY1 9 ITS APPALL+LY EXTRAORD9>Y *>ACT]1 
AS 9 ! MON/ROSITIES ?AT ! ,NAZIS G5]ALLY 9FLICT$ ON ,EUROPEAN 
,JEWS4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ,AUS*WITZ REMA9S HAUNT+LY 9HUMAN & 
?AT IT HAS TRAGICALLY PRODUC$ AN ABID+ MI/RU/ BY MANY PEOPLE ( 
,CIVILIZATION & ,PROGRESS4 

,:5 EXPLANATIONS ( EVIL >E NOT M]ELY N>RATIONS ( EV5TS1 !Y 
EXPLA9 EVIL 9 T]MS ( 9/RUM5TAL OR CONV5TIONAL LOGIC4 ,! 
KN[+ ANIMAL1 ! HUMAN BE+1 :O IS VICI\SLY H>MFUL1 DOES NOT 
USE ! DEVELOPM5TAL REASON ( DIALECTIC1 ! REASON ( E?ICAL 
REFLECTION2 NOR A COH]5T REFLECTIVE REASON1 GR\ND$ 9 A KN[L$GE 
( ,HI/ORY & ,CIVILIZATION2 NOR EV5 ! KN[+ ( AN AMBIGU\S1 
>BITR>Y1 SELF-G5]AT$ 0IMAG9>Y10 OR A MORALITY ( P]SONAL TA/E 
& PLEASURE4 ,RA!R1 ! KN[+ ANIMAL USES 9/RUM5TAL CALCULATION 
TO S]VE EVIL 5DS1 9CLUD+ ! 9FLICTION ( PA94 

,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( IRRATIONALISM & EVIL 9 MANY SOCIAL PH5OM5A 
TODAY COMPELS US TO UPHOLD A CLE> /&>D ( ! RATIONAL & ! 
GOOD BY :I* TO JUDGE ! ONE AGA9/ ! O!R4 ,A PURELY P]SONALI/IC1 
RELATIVI/IC1 OR FUNCTIONAL APPROA* WILL H>DLY DO = E/ABLI%+ E?ICAL 
/&>DS -- AS MANY CRITIQUES ( SUBJECTIVISM & SUBJECTIVE REASON HAVE 
%[N4 ,! P]SONAL TA/ES FROM :I* SUBJECTIVISM & RELATIVISM 
D]IVE !IR E?ICAL /&>DS >E AS TRANSI5T & FLEET+ AS MOODS4 ,NOR 
WILL A NOM9ALI/IC APPROA* SUFFICE3 TO R$UCE ,HI/ORY TO AN 
9COMPREH5SIBLE ASSORTM5T ( PATT]NS OR TO 9EXPLICABLE PRODUCTS ( 
! IMAG9ATION IS TO D5Y SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ALL 9T]NAL E?ICAL 
COH]5CE4 ,9DE$1 AN UNSORT$1 UNGRAD$1 UNM$IAT$ APPROA* R$UCES 
\R UND]/&+ ( ,HI/ORY TO A CRUDE ECLECTICISM RA!R ?AN AN 
9SI<TFUL COH]5CE1 TO AN OV]EMPHASIS ON DIFF]5TIAE 7SO EASY TO DO1 
!SE M9DLESS DAYS67 & ON ! IDIOSYNCRATIC RA!R ?AN ON ! 
MEAN+FUL & ! UNIV]SAL1 MORE (T5 ATTRACT+ ! COMMONS5SICAL 
9DIVIDUAL TO ! PSY*OANALYTIC C\* ?AN HELP+ HIM OR H] 
RECON/ITUTE A LEFT-LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 

,IF \R VIEWS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T >E TO BE /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! 
DIFF]5CES ?AT DI/+UI% ONE CULTURE OR P]IOD FROM ANO!R1 WE WILL 
IGNORE UND]LY+ T5D5CIES ?AT1 ) EXTRAORD9>Y UNIV]SALITY1 HAVE 
GREATLY EXP&$ ! MAT]IAL & CULTURAL CONDITIONS = FRE$OM ON 
V>I\S LEVELS ( 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL SELF-UND]/&+4 ,BY GROSSLY 
EMPHASIZ+ DISJUNCTIONS1 SOCIAL ISOLATES1 UNIQUE CONFIGURATIONS1 & 
*ANCE EV5TS1 WE WILL R$UCE %>$1 CLE>LY COMMON SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5TS TO AN >*IPELAGO ( CULTURES1 EA* ESS5TIALLY UNRELAT$ 
TO ?OSE ?AT PREC$$ & FOLL[$ IT4 ,YET MANY HI/ORICAL =CES HAVE 
EM]G$1 DECL9$1 & EM]G$ AGA91 DESPITE ! =MIDABLE OB/ACLES 
?AT (T5 SEEM$ TO /& 9 !IR WAY4 ,ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO EXPLA9 
0EV]Y?+0 9 0F\NDATIONAL0 T]MS TO RECOGNIZE ! EXI/5CE ( 
ABID+ PROBLEMS SU* AS SC>CITY1 EXPLOITATION1 CLASS RULE1 DOM9ATION1 
& HI]>*Y ?AT HAVE AGONIZ$ OPPRESS$ PEOPLES = ?\S&S ( 
YE>S4 ,IF CRITICS W]E CORRECT 9 DUBB+ DIALECTIC A MY/]Y = CLAIM+ 
TO 5COMPASS ALL PH5OM5A BY A FEW COSMIC =MULAS1 !N !Y 
W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO REG>D HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T AS A MY/]Y IF 
!Y CLAIM$ ?AT IT LACKS ANY CONT9UITY & UNITY -- ?AT IS1 ! BASES 
= A PHILOSOPHY ( ,HI/ORY4 ,)\T A NOTION ( CONT9UITY 9 ,HI/ORY1 
H[ C\LD WE EXPLA9 ! EXTRAORD9>Y EFFLORESC5CE ( CULTURE & 
TE*NIQUE ?AT ,HOMO SAPI5S PRODUC$ DUR+ ! ,MAGDAL5IAN P]IOD1 
SOME TW5TY OR ?IRTY ?\S& YE>S AGO8 ,H[ C\LD WE EXPLA9 ! 
CLE>LY UNRELAT$ EVOLUTION ( COMPLEX AGRICULTURAL SY/EMS 9 AT LEA/ 
?REE SEP>ATE P>TS ( ! WORLD -- ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 
& ,MESOAM]ICA -- ?AT APP>5TLY HAD NO CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R 
& ?AT W]E BAS$ ON ! CULTIVATION ( V]Y DIFF]5T GRA9S1 NOTABLY 
:EAT1 RICE1 & MAIZE8 ,H[ C\LD WE EXPLA9 ! GREAT GA!R+ ( 
SOCIAL =CES 9 :I*1 AFT] T5 ?\S& YE>S ( >IS+1 /AGNAT+ 
& DISAPPE>+1 CITIES F9ALLY GA9$ CONTROL OV] ! AGR>IAN WORLD 
?AT HAD IMP$$ !IR DEVELOPM5T1 YIELD+ ! 0URBAN REVOLUTION10 
AS ,V4 ,GORDON ,*ILDE CALL$ IT1 9 ZONES ( ! WORLD ?AT C\LD HAVE 
HAD NO CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R8 

,MESOAM]ICA & ,MESOPOTAMIA1 MO/ CLE>LY1 C\LD NOT HAVE HAD 
ANY CONTACT ) EA* O!R S9CE ,PALEOLI?IC TIMES1 YET !IR AGRICULTURE1 
T[NS & CITIES1 LIT]ACY1 & MA!MATICS DEVELOP$ 9 WAYS ?AT >E 
REM>KABLY SIMIL>4 ,9ITIALLY ,PALEOLI?IC =AG]S1 BO? CULTURES 
ULTIMATELY PRODUC$ HI<LY URBANIZ$ CULTURES BAS$ ON GRA9 
CULTIVATION1 GLYPHS1 ACCURATE CAL5DRICS1 & V]Y ELABORATE POTT]Y1 TO 
CITE ONLY ! MO/ /RIK+ P>ALLELS4 ,! :EEL WAS KN[N TO 
,MESOAM]ICANS1 AL?\< !Y DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE US$ IT1 PROBABLY 
= WANT ( APPROPRIATE DRAFT ANIMALS1 AS WELL AS ! Z]O1 DESPITE ! 
ABS5CE ( ANY COMMUNICATION ) ,EURASIAN SOCIETIES4 ,IT REQUIRES AN 
A/ONI%+ DISREG>D = ! UNITY ( ,CIVILIZATION ON ! P>T ( 
HI/ORICAL RELATIVI/S TO EMPHASIZE (T5 M9OR DIFF]5CES1 SU* AS 
CLO?+1 SOME DAILY CU/OMS1 & MY?S1 AT ! EXP5SE ( A REM>KABLE 
UNITY ( CONSCI\SNESS & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT ! TWO CULTURES 
EXHIBIT$ ON TWO SEP>ATE CONT95TS AFT] MANY MILL5NIA ( ISOLATION 
FROM EA* O!R4444 

,CAPRICE1 ACCID5T1 IRRATIONALITY1 & 0IMAG9>IES0 C]TA9LY 5T] 
9TO SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T = BETT] OR WORSE4 ,BUT !Y HAVE NO MEAN+ 
IF !RE IS NO E?ICAL /&>D BY :I* TO DEF9E ! 0O!R0 ( :AT 
WE >E PRESUPPOS+ ) \R /&>D4 ,SEEM+LY ACCID5TAL OR 
ECC5TRIC FACTORS MU/ BE RAIS$ TO ! LEVEL ( SOCIAL !ORY RA!R ?AN 
BE %RIVEL$ TO ! LEVEL ( NOM9ALI/IC M9UTIAE IF WE >E TO UND]/& 
!M4 ,DESPITE ! ACCID5TS1 FAILURES1 & O!R AB]RATIONS ?AT CAN 
ALT] ! C\RSE ( RATIONAL SOCIAL & 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5T1 !RE IS 
A 0LEGACY ( FRE$OM10 AS ,I NAM$ A KEY *APT] 9 MY BOOK ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 A TRADITION ( 9CREAS+ APPROXIMATION ( 
HUMANITY T[>D FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 9 IDEAS & MORAL 
VALUES & ! OV]ALL T]RA9 ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9DE$1 ! EXI/5CE ( 
,HI/ORY AS A COH]5T UNFOLD+ ( REAL EMANCIPATORY POT5TIALITIES IS 
CLE>LY V]IFI$ BY ! EXI/5CE ( ,CIVILIZATION1 ! POT5TIALITIES ( 
,HI/ORY EMBODI$ & P>TIALLY ACTUALIZ$4 ,IT CONSI/S ( ! CONCRETE 
ADVANCES1 MAT]IAL AS WELL AS CULTURAL & PSY*OLOGICAL1 ?AT HUMANITY 
HAS MADE T[>D GREAT] DEGREES ( FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & 
COOP]ATION1 AS WELL AS RATIONALITY ITSELF4 ,TO HAVE TRANSC5D$ ! 
LIMITATIONS ( ! K9%IP TIE2 TO HAVE GONE BEYOND M]E =AG+ 9TO 
AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY2 TO HAVE REPLAC$ ! P>O*IAL B& OR TRIBE 
) ! 9CREAS+LY UNIV]SAL CITY2 TO HAVE DEVIS$ WRIT+1 PRODUC$ 
LIT]ATURE1 & DEVELOP$ RI*] =MS ( EXPRESSION ?AN NONLIT]ATE 
PEOPLES C\LD HAVE EV] IMAG9$ -- ALL ( !SE & MANY MORE 
ADVANCES HAVE PROVID$ ! CONDITIONS = EVOLV+ 9CREAS+LY 
SOPHI/ICAT$ NOTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALITY & EXP&+ NOTIONS ( REASON 
?AT REMA9 /UNN+ A*IEVEM5TS TO ?IS V]Y DAY4 

,IT IS DIALECTICAL REASON RA!R ?AN CONV5TIONAL REASON ?AT 
APPREH5DS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS TRADITION4 ,9DE$1 DIALECTICAL LOGIC 
CAN H>DLY BE TREAT$ COEQUALLY ) ]UPTIONS ( BRUTALITY1 H[EV] 
CALCULAT$ !Y MAY BE1 S9CE 9 NO S5SE CAN EPISODIC CAPACITIES BE 
EQUAT$ ) AN UNFOLD+ POT5TIALITY4 ,A DIALECTICAL UND]/&+ ( 
,HI/ORY APPREH5DS DIFF]5TIAE 9 QUALITY1 LOGICAL CONT9UITY1 & 
MATURATION 9 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! K9ETICS 
( M]E *ANGE OR A SIMPLE DIRECTIVITY ( 0SOCIAL DYNAMICS40 ,R>EFY+ 
PROJECTS = HUMAN LIB]ATION 444 )\T RELEVANCE TO ! REALITIES ( 
! OV]ALL HUMAN EXP]I5CE & ! 9SI<TS ( SPECULATIVE REASON1 
CAN CAUSE US TO OV]LOOK ! EXI/5TIAL IMPACT ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS 
& ! PROMISE !Y HOLD = EV]-GREAT] FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 
& COOP]ATION4 ,WE TAKE !SE A*IEVEM5TS ALL TOO EASILY = GRANT$ 
)\T ASK+ :AT K9D ( HUMAN BE+S WE W\LD BE IF !Y HAD 
NOT OCCURR$ AS A RESULT ( HI/ORICAL & CULTURAL MOVEM5TS MORE 
FUNDAM5TAL ?AN ECC5TRIC FACTORS4 ,!SE A*IEVEM5TS1 LET US 
ACKN[L$GE QUITE CLE>LY1 >E ,CIVILIZATION1 9DE$ A CIVILIZ+ 
CONT9UUM ?AT IS NONE!LESS 9FUS$ BY T]RIBLY B>B>IC1 9DE$ 
ANIMALI/IC FEATURES4 ,! CIVILIZ+ PROCESS HAS BE5 AMBIGU\S1 AS ,I 
EMPHASIZ$ 9 MY 0,AMBIGUITIES ( ,FRE$OM10.<#g#e.> BUT IT HAS NONE!LESS 
HI/ORICALLY TURN$ FOLK 9TO CITIZ5S1 :ILE ! PROCESS ( 5VIRONM5TAL 
ADAPTATION ?AT HUMANS %>E ) ANIMALS HAS BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO 
A WIDE-RANG+1 /RICTLY HUMAN PROCESS ( 9NOVATION 9 DI/9CTLY 
ALT]ABLE 5VIRONM5TS4 ,IT IS A PROCESS ?AT REA*$ ITS GREATE/ 
UNIV]SALITY PRIM>ILY 9 ,EUROPE1 H[EV] MU* O!R P>TS ( ! 
WORLD HAVE F$ 9TO ! EXP]I5CE4 ,?OSE ( US :O UND]/&ABLY 
FE> ?AT ! B>RI] BETWE5 ,CIVILIZATION & *AOS IS FRAGILE ACTUALLY 
PRESUPPOSE ! EXI/5CE ( ,CIVILIZATION1 NOT SIMPLY ( *AOS1 & ! 
EXI/5CE ( RATIONAL COH]5CE1 NOT SIMPLY ( IRRATIONAL 9COH]5CE4 

,MOREOV]1 ! DIALECTIC ( FRE$OM HAS EM]G$ AGA9 & AGA9 9 
RECURR+ /RUGGLES = FRE$OM1 IDEOLOGICAL AS WELL AS PHYSICAL1 ?AT 
HAVE ABID+LY EXP&$ OV]ALL GOALS ( FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 
& COOP]ATION -- AS MU* 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION AS A :OLE AS )9 
SPECIFIC TEMPORAL P]IODS4 ,! PA/ IS REPLETE ) 9/ANCES 9 :I* 
MASSES ( PEOPLE1 H[EV] DISP>ATE !IR CULTURES1 HAVE TRI$ TO RESOLVE 
! SAME MILL5NIA-OLD PROBLEMS 9 REM>KABLY SIMIL> WAYS & ) 
REM>KABLY SIMIL> VIEWS4 ,! FAM\S CRY = EQUALITY ?AT ! ,5GLI% 
PEASANTS RAIS$ 9 !IR #a*a REVOLT -- 0,:5 ,ADAM DELV$ & ,EVE 
SPAN1 :O WAS !N ! G5TLEMAN80 -- IS AS MEAN+FUL = CONTEMPOR>Y 
REVOLTS AS IT WAS SIX HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 9 A WORLD ?AT PRESUMABLY 
HAD A F> DIFF]5T 0IMAG9>Y0 FROM \R [N4 ,! D5IAL ( A 
RATIONAL UNIV]SAL ,HI/ORY1 ( ,CIVILIZATION1 ( ,PROGRESS1 & ( SOCIAL 
CONT9UITY R5D]S ANY HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE IMPOSSIBLE & H5CE ANY 
REVOLUTION>Y PRAXIS MEAN+LESS EXCEPT AS A MATT] ( P]SONAL1 9DE$ 
(T5 V]Y P]SONAL1 TA/E4 

,EV5 AS SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ATTEMPT TO ATTA9 :AT !Y MI<T CALL A 
RATIONAL SOCIETY1 9 DEVELOP+ HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 
SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION1 ,HI/ORY MAY CON/ITUTE ITSELF AS 
AN EV]-DEVELOP+ :OLE4 ,?IS :OLE1 ,I %\LD EMPHASIZE1 MU/ BE 
DI/+UI%$ FROM A T]M9AL ,HEGELIAN 0,ABSOLUTE10 JU/ AS DEM&S 
= COH]5CE 9 A BODY ( VIEWS MU/ BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! 
WOR%IP ( SU* AN ,ABSOLUTE & JU/ AS ! CAPACITY ( SPECULATIVE 
REASON TO $UCE 9 A DIALECTICALLY LOGICAL MANN] ! V]Y REAL 
POT5TIALITIES ( HUMANITY = FRE$OM IS NEI!R TELEOLOGICAL NOR 
ABSOLUTI/1 MU* LESS TOTALIT>IAN4 ,!RE IS NO?+ TELEOLOGICAL1 MY/ICAL1 
OR ABSOLUTI/ AB\T ,HI/ORY4 ,:OL5ESS IS NO TELEOLOGICAL REF]5T1 :OSE 
EVOLV+ COMPON5TS >E M]ELY P>TS ( A PR$ET]M9$ ,ABSOLUTE4 
,NEI!R ! RATIONAL UNFOLD+ ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES NOR !IR 
ACTUALIZATION 9 AN ET]NALLY GIV5 0,TOTALITY0 IS PR$E/9$4 

,NOR IS ! WORK+ \T ( \R POT5TIALITIES SOME VAGUE SORT ( 
SUPRAHUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,HUMAN BE+S >E NOT ! PASSIVE TOOLS ( A ,SPIRIT 
7,GEI/7 ?AT WORKS \T ITS COMPLETE & F9AL SELF-REALIZATION & SELFCONSCI\SNESS4 
,RA!R1 !Y >E ACTIVE AG5TS1 ! AU!NTIC 
0CON/ITU5TS0 ( ,HI/ORY1 :O MAY OR MAY NOT ELABORATE !IR 
POT5TIALITIES 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,ABORT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION 
HAS BE5 H]E1 & DISCONT9U\S IT HAS BE5 !RE -- & = ALL WE 
KN[ IT MAY ULTIMATELY BE ABORT$ = HUMANITY AS SU*4 ,:E!R AN 
0ULTIMATE0 RATIONAL SOCIETY WILL EV5 EXI/ AS A LIB]ATORY 05D ( 
HI/ORY0 IS BEYOND ANYONE'S PR$ICTIVE P[]S4 ,WE CANNOT SAY :AT 
! SCOPE ( A RATIONAL1 FREE1 & COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY W\LD BE1 LET ALONE 
PRESUME TO CLAIM KN[L$GE ( ITS LIMITS4 ,9DE$1 9S(> AS ! 
HI/ORICAL PROCESS EFFECT$ BY LIV+ HUMAN AG5TS IS LIKELY TO EXP& 
\R NOTIONS ( ! RATIONAL1 ! DEMOCRATIC1 ! FREE1 & ! 
COOP]ATIVE1 IT IS UNDESIRABLE TO DOGMATICALLY ASS]T ?AT !Y HAVE ANY 
F9ALITY4 ,HI/ORY =MS ITS [N IDEAL ( !SE NOTIONS AT V>I\S TIMES1 
:I* 9 TURN HAVE BE5 EXP&$ & 5RI*$4 

,EV]Y SOCIETY HAS ! POSSIBILITY ( ATTA9+ A REM>KABLE DEGREE ( 
RATIONALITY1 GIV5 ! MAT]IAL1 CULTURAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL CONDITIONS ?AT 
ALL[ = IT OR1 AT LEA/1 >E AVAILABLE TO IT4 ,)9 ! LIMITS ( A SLAVE1 
PATRI>*AL1 W>RIOR1 & URBAN WORLD1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ANCI5T 
,A!NIAN POLIS FUNCTION$ MORE RATIONALLY ?AN ,SP>TA OR O!R ,GREEK 
POLEIS4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! TASK ( SPECULATIVE REASON TO $UCE :AT %\LD EXI/ AT ANY GIV5 P]IOD1 BAS$ ON ! V]Y REAL POT5TIALITIES = ! 
EXPANSION ( !SE NOTIONS4 ,TO CONCLUDE ?AT 0! 5D ( HI/ORY0 HAS 
BE5 ATTA9$ 9 LIB]AL CAPITALISM W\LD BE TO JETTISON ! HI/ORICAL 
LEGACY ( !SE MAGNIFIC5T EF=TS TO CREATE A FREE SOCIETY -- EF=TS ?AT 
CLAIM$ C\NTLESS LIVES 9 ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/4 ,= MY P>T1 
,I & PROBABLY MANY REVOLUTION>IES TODAY WANT NO PLACE 9 SU* AN 
05D ( HI/ORY02 NOR DO ,I WANT TO =GET ! GREAT EMANCIPATORY 
MOVEM5TS = POPUL> FRE$OM 9 ALL !IR MANY =MS ?AT OCCURR$ 
OV] ! AGES4 

,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS >E ! DIALECTICALLY RATIONAL SOCIAL 
DISP5SATIONS ?AT =M1 EV5 ) ALL ! IMP$IM5TS !Y FACE1 A 
DIALECTICAL LEGACY ( FRE$OM4 ,! EXI/5CE ( ?IS LEGACY ( FRE$OM 
9 NO WAY D5IES ! EXI/5CE ( A 0LEGACY ( DOM9ATION10 :I* 
REMA9S )9 ! REALM ( ! IRRATIONAL4 ,9DE$1 !SE 0LEGACIES0 
9T]TW9E ) & CONDITION EA* O!R4 ,HUMAN IDEALS1 /RUGGLES1 & 
A*IEVEM5TS ( V>I\S APPROXIMATIONS TO FRE$OM CANNOT BE 
SEP>AT$ FROM ! CRUELTIES & B>B>ITIES ?AT HAVE M>K$ SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5T OV] ! C5TURIES1 (T5 GIV+ RISE TO NEW SOCIAL 
CONFIGURATIONS :OSE DEVELOPM5T IS HI<LY UNPR$ICTABLE4 ,BUT A CRUCIAL 
HI/ORICAL PROBLEMATIC REMA9S1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT REASON CAN =ESEE A 
GIV5 DEVELOPM5T3 ,WILL IT BE FRE$OM OR DOM9ATION ?AT IS N\RI%$8 
,I SUBMIT ?AT ,PROGRESS IS ! ADVANCE -- & AS EV]YONE PRESUMABLY 
HOPES1 ! ASC5DANCY -- ( FRE$OM OV] DOM9ATION1 :I* CLE>LY 
CANNOT BE CONCEPTUALLY FROZ5 9 AN AHI/ORICAL ET]NITY1 GIV5 ! 
GR[+ AW>5ESS ( BO? HOPES & OPPRESSIONS ?AT HAVE COME TO 
LI<T 9 ONLY A FEW REC5T G5]ATIONS4 ,PROGRESS ALSO APPE>S 9 ! 
OV]ALL IMPROVEM5T1 H[EV] AMBIGU\S1 ( HUMANITY'S MAT]IAL 
CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 ! EM]G5CE ( A RATIONAL E?ICS1 ) 5LI<T5$ 
/&>DS ( S5SIBILITY & CONDUCT1 \T ( UNREFLEXIVE CU/OM & 
!I/IC MORALITY1 & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT FO/] CONT9UAL SELF-DEVELOPM5T 
& COOP]ATION4 ,H[EV] LACK+ \R E?ICAL CLAIMS 9 
RELATION TO SOCIAL PRACTICE MAY BE1 GIV5 ALL ! B>B>ITIES ( \R TIME1 
WE N[ SUBJECT BRUTALITY TO MU* H>%] JUDGM5TS ?AN WAS DONE 9 
E>LI] TIMES4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ( A RATIONAL E?ICS -- AS DI/+UI%$ FROM 
UN?9K+ CU/OM & M]E COMM&M5TS ( MORALITY1 LIKE ! 
,DECALOGUE -- )\T REASON$ CRIT]IA ( GOOD & EVIL BAS$ ON REAL 
POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM ?AT SPECULATIVE REASON CAN $UCE BEYOND A GIV5 REALITY4 ,! 0SUFFICI5T CONDITIONS0 = AN E?ICS MU/ BE 
EXPLICAT$ RATIONALLY1 NOT SIMPLY AFFIRM$ 9 PUBLIC OP9ION POLLS1 
PLEBISCITES1 OR AN 09T]SUBJECTIVE0 CONS5SUS ?AT FAILS TO CL>IFY :AT 
CON/ITUTES 0SUBJECTIVITY0 & 0AUTONOMY40 ,ADMITT$LY1 ?IS IS NOT EASY 
TO DO 9 A WORLD ?AT CELEBRATES VAPOR\S WORDS1 BUT IT IS NECESS>Y TO 
DISCOV] TRU? RA!R ?AN WORK ) NOTIONS ?AT /EM FROM ! 
CONV5TIONAL 0WISDOM0 ( \R TIMES4 ,AS ,HEGEL 9SI/$1 EV5 
COMMONPLACE MORAL MAXIMS LIKE 0,LOVE ?Y NEI<BOR AS ?YSELF0 RAISE 
MANY PROBLEMS1 SU* AS :AT WE REALLY MEAN BY 0LOVE40.<#g#f.> 

444 ,M9IMALLY1 ! ACTUALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES CONSI/S 
9 ITS ATTA9M5T ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,SU* A SOCIETY1 ( C\RSE1 W\LD 
NOT APPE> AB NOVO4 ,BY ITS V]Y NATURE IT W\LD REQUIRE DEVELOPM5T1 
MATURATION1 OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 A ,HI/ORY -- A RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT 
MAY BE FULFILL$ BY ! V]Y FACT ?AT ! SOCIETY IS POT5TIALLY CON/ITUT$ 
TO BE RATIONAL4 ,IF ! SELF-REALIZATION ( LIFE 9 ! NONHUMAN WORLD IS 
SURVIVAL OR /ABILITY1 ! SELF-REALIZATION ( HUMANITY IS ! DEGREE ( 
FRE$OM1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & COOP]ATION1 AS WELL AS RATIONALITY 9 
SOCIETY4 ,R$UC$ M]ELY OR PRIM>ILY TO SCI5TIFIC 0NATURAL LAW10 
OBJECTIVITY IS HI<LY ATT5UAT$4 ,IT DOES NOT 5COMPASS POT5TIALITY & 
! WORK+ ( ! DIALECTIC 9 EXI/5TIAL REALITY1 LET ALONE ITS PRES5CE 
AS A /&>D = GAUG+ REALITY AGA9/ ACTUALITY 9 ! UNFOLD+ ( 
HUMAN PH5OM5A4444 

,TODAY1 :5 SUBJECTIVISM REIGNS SUPREME & ! COMMON RESPONSE 
EV5 TO SIGNIFICANT EV5TS IS TO ]ASE ANY MEAN+ & COH]5CE FROM 
,HI/ORY1 ,CIVILIZATION1 & ,PROGRESS1 !RE IS A DESP]ATE NE$ = AN 
OBJECTIVITY ?AT IS IMM5SELY BROAD] ?AN NATURAL SCI5CE & 0NATURAL 
LAWS10 ON ! ONE H&1 & AN EMPHASIS ON ! IDIOSYNCRATIC1 
0IMAG9>Y10 & ADV5TITI\S1 ON ! O!R4 ,IF VULG> ,M>XI/S US$ 
0SCI5CE0 TO TURN ! E?ICAL CLAIM ?AT 0SOCIALISM IS NECESS>Y0 9TO 
! TELEOLOGICAL ASS]TION ?AT 0SOCIALISM IS 9EVITABLE10 TODAY'S 0PO/-,M>XI/0 
CRITICS REPEAT A SIMIL> VULG>ITY BY MORDANTLY CELEBRAT+ 
9COH]5CE 9 ! REALM ( SOCIAL !ORY4 ,! CLAIM ( SOCIALISM'S 
9EVITABILITY WAS CRUDELY DET]M9I/IC2 ! CLAIM ( ITS NECESSITY WAS A 
RATIONAL & E?ICAL EXPLICATION4444 

,DIALECTIC1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 CANNOT BE R$UC$ M]ELY TO A 
0ME?OD0 ON ! GR\NDS ?AT SU* DISP>ATE DIALECTICAL ?9K]S AS 
,>I/OTLE1 ,JOHN ,SCOTUS ,]IUG5A1 ,HEGEL1 & ,M>X COMPREH5D$ 
DIFF]5T REALMS ( KN[L$GE & REALITY 9 DIFF]5T WAYS & P]IODS4 
,HUMANITY'S KN[L$GE ( DIALECTIC HAS ITSELF BE5 A PROCESS1 & 
DIALECTICAL ?9K+ HAS ITSELF UND]GONE DEVELOPM5T -- A CUMULATIVE 
DEVELOPM5T1 NOT A SO-CALL$ 0P>ADIGM %IFT0 -- JU/ AS SCI5TI/S HAVE 
BE5 OBLIG$ 9 ! GIVE-&-TAKE OR SUBLATION ( IDEAS TO RESOLVE ONESID$ 
9SI<TS 9TO ! NATURE ( REALITY & ITS BECOM+4 

,AL?\< ! BROAD] OBJECTIVITY ?AT DIALECTICAL REASON+ $UCES 
DOES NOT DICTATE ?AT REASON WILL PREVAIL1 IT IMPLIES ?AT IT %\LD PREVAIL1 
!REBY MELD+ E?ICS ) HUMAN ACTIVITY & CREAT+ ! BASIS = 
A TRULY OBJECTIVE E?ICAL SOCIALISM OR AN>*ISM4 ,AS SU*1 DIALECTIC IS 
NOT SIMPLY AN ONTOLOGICAL CAUSALITY2 IT IS ALSO AN E?ICS -- AN ASPECT ( 
DIALECTICAL PHILOSOPHY ?AT HAS NOT BE5 SUFFICI5TLY EMPHASIZ$4 
,DIALECTICAL REASON P]MITS AN E?ICS 9 HI/ORY BY UPHOLD+ ! RATIONAL 
9FLU5CE ( 0:AT %\LD BE0 AS AGA9/ 0:AT IS40 ,HI/ORY1 QUA ! 
DIALECTICALLY RATIONAL1 EX]CISES A PRESS+ CLAIM1 SO TO SPEAK1 ON \R 
CANONS ( BEHAVIOR & \R 9T]PRETATION ( EV5TS4 ,)\T ?IS 
LIB]ATORY LEGACY & A HUMAN PRACTICE ?AT FO/]S ITS UNFOLD+1 WE 
HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO BASIS = EV5 JUDG+ :AT IS CREATIVE OR /AGNANT1 
RATIONAL OR IRRATIONAL1 OR GOOD OR EVIL 9 ANY CON/ELLATION ( CULTURAL 
PH5OM5A O!R ?AN P]SONAL PREF]5CE4 ,UNLIKE SCI5CE'S LIMIT$ 
OBJECTIVITY1 DIALECTICAL NATURALISM'S OBJECTIVITY IS E?ICAL BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 BY VIRTUE ( ! K9D ( SOCIETY IT ID5TIFIES AS RATIONAL1 A SOCIETY 
?AT IS ! ACTUALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES4 ,IT SUBLATES SCI5CE'S 
N>R[ OBJECTIVITY TO ADVANCE BY RATIONAL 9F]5CES DRAWN FROM ! 
OBJECTIVE NATURE ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES1 A SOCIETY ?AT 9CREAS+LY 
ACTUALIZES ?OSE POT5TIALITIES4 ,& IT DOES SO ON ! BASIS ( :AT 
%\LD BE AS ! FULFILLM5T ( ! RATIONAL1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ON RATIONAL 
KN[L$GE ( ! GOOD & A CONCEPTUAL CONGRU5CE BETWE5 ! GOOD 
& ! SOCIALLY RATIONAL ?AT CAN BE EMBODI$ 9 FREE 9/ITUTIONS4 

,IT IS NOT ?AT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS DIALECTICAL BECAUSE IT IS NECESS>ILY 
RATIONAL1 AS A TRADITIONAL ,HEGELIAN MI<T SUPPOSE1 BUT RA!R ?AT :]E 
SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T IS RATIONAL1 IT IS DIALECTICAL OR HI/ORICAL4 ,9 %ORT1 
WE CAN $UCE FROM A UNIQUELY HUMAN POT5TIALITY A RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T 
?AT ADVANCES HUMAN SELF-REALIZATION 9 A FREE1 SELF-CONSCI\S1 & 
COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,SPECULATIVE REASON H]E /AKES \T A CLAIM TO DISC]N 
! RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T 7BY NO MEANS IMMUNE TO IRRATIONAL 
VICISSITUDES7 ( SOCIETY AS IT %\LD BE -- GIV5 HUMAN POT5TIALITY1 AS 
WE KN[ IT 9 REAL LIFE1 TO EVOLVE FROM A TRIBAL FOLK TO A DEMOCRATIC 
CITIZ5RY1 FROM MY?OPOESIS TO REASON1 FROM ! SUBMISSION ( 
P]SONHOOD 9 A FOLKLIKE COLLECTIVITY TO 9DIVIDUALITY 9 A RATIONAL 
COMMUNITY -- ALL AS RATIONAL 5DS AS WELL AS EXI/5TIAL REALITIES4 
,SPECULATIVE REASON %\LD ALWAYS BE CALL$ UPON TO UND]/& & 
EXPLA9 NOT ONLY :AT HAS HAPP5$ ) RESPECT TO !SE PROBLEMATICS 
BUT :Y !Y RECUR 9 V>Y+ DEGREES & H[ !Y CAN BE RESOLV$4 

,9 A V]Y REAL S5SE1 ! PA/ FIFTE5 OR MORE YE>S HAVE BE5 
REM>KABLY AHI/ORICAL1 ALBEIT HI<LY EV5TFUL1 9S(> AS !Y HAVE NOT 
BE5 M>K$ BY ANY LA/+ ADVANCE T[>D A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,9DE$1 
IF ANY?+1 !Y W\LD SEEM TO BE TILT+ T[>D A REGRESSION1 
IDEOLOGICALLY & /RUCTURALLY1 TO B>B>ISM1 DESPITE SPECTACUL> 
ADVANCES 9 TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE1 :OSE \TCOME WE CANNOT =ESEE4 
,!RE CANNOT BE A DIALECTIC1 H[EV]1 ?AT DEALS 0DIALECTICALLY0 ) 
! IRRATIONAL1 ) REGRESSION 9TO B>B>ISM -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 A /RICTLY 
NEGATIVE DIALECTICS4 ,BO? ,ADORNO'S BOOK ( ?AT NAME & ,HORKHEIM] 
& ,ADORNO'S ,! ,DIALECTIC ( ,5LI<T5M5T1 :I* TRAC$ ! 
0DIALECTICAL0 DESC5T ( REASON 79 ,HEGEL'S S5SE7 9TO 9/RUM5TALISM1 
W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN MIX$ F>RAGOES ( CONVOLUT$ NEO-,NIETZS*EAN 
V]BIAGE1 (T5 BRILLIANT1 COLORFUL1 & EXCIT+LY 9=MATIVE1 BUT (T5 
CONFUS$1 RA!R DEHUMANIZ+ &1 TO SPEAK BLUNTLY1 IRRATIONAL4 ,A 
0DIALECTIC0 ?AT LACKS ANY SPIRIT ( TRANSC5D5CE 7,AUFHEBUNG7 & 
D5IES ! 0NEGATION ( ! NEGATION0 IS SPURI\S AT ITS V]Y CORE4444 

,/AT$ BLUNTLY3 ,NO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T CAN GR[ IF ITS !ORI/S 
ESS5TIALLY D5Y ,BLO*'S 0PR9CIPLE ( HOPE10 :I* ! MOVEM5T SO 
NE$S = AN 9SPIR$ BELIEF 9 ! FUTURE2 IF IT D5IES UNIV]SAL ,HI/ORY 
?AT AFFIRMS SWEEP+ COMMON PROBLEMS ?AT HAVE BESIEG$ HUMANITY 
OV] ! AGES2 IF IT D5IES ! %>$ 9T]E/S ?AT GIVE A MOVEM5T ! 
BASIS = A COMMON /RUGGLE 9 A*IEV+ A RATIONAL DISP5SATION ( 
SOCIAL AFFAIRS2 IF IT D5IES A PROCESSUAL RATIONALITY & A GR[+ IDEA 
( ! ,GOOD BAS$ ON MORE ?AN P]SONALI/IC 7OR 09T]SUBJECTIVE0 & 
0CONS5SUAL07 GR\NDS2 IF IT D5IES ! P[]FUL CIVILIZATORY DIM5SIONS 
( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 7IRONICALLY1 DIM5SIONS ?AT >E 9 FACT SO USEFUL 
TO CONTEMPOR>Y NIHILI/S 9 CRITICIZ+ HUMANITY'S FAIL+S72 & IF IT 
D5IES HI/ORICAL ,PROGRESS4 ,YET 9 PRES5T-DAY !ORETICS1 A S]IES ( 
EV5TS REPLACES ,HI/ORY1 CULTURAL RELATIVISM REPLACES ,CIVILIZATION1 & A 
BASIC PESSIMISM REPLACES A BELIEF 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( ,PROGRESS4 ,:AT IS 
MORE S9I/]1 MY?OPOESIS REPLACES REASON1 & DY/OPIA ! PROSPECT 
( A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,:AT IS AT /AKE 9 ALL !SE DISPLACEM5TS IS AN 
9TELLECTUAL & PRACTICAL REGRESSION ( APPALL+ PROPORTIONS -- AN 
ESPECIALLY AL>M+ DEVELOPM5T TODAY1 :5 !ORETICAL CL>ITY IS ( 
! UTMO/ NECESSITY4 ,:AT \R TIMES REQUIRE IS A SOCIAL-ANALYSIS ?AT 
CALLS = A REVOLUTION>Y & ULTIMATELY POPUL> MOVEM5T1 NOT A 
PSY*O-ANALYSIS ?AT ISSUES SELF-RI<TE\S DISCLAIM]S = 0BEAUTIFUL 
S\LS10 IDEOLOGICALLY DRESS$ 9 CLOAKS ( P]SONAL VIRTUE4 

,GIV5 ! DISP>ITY BETWE5 :AT RATIONALLY %\LD BE & :AT 
CURR5TLY EXI/S1 REASON MAY NOT NECESS>ILY BECOME EMBODI$ 9 A FREE 
SOCIETY4 ,IF & :5 ! REALM ( FRE$OM EV] DOES REA* ITS MO/ 
EXPANSIVE =M1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT WE CAN 5VISION IT1 & IF HI]>*Y1 
CLASSES1 DOM9ATION1 & EXPLOITATION W]E EV] ABOLI%$1 WE W\LD 
BE OBLIG$ TO 5T] ?AT REALM ONLY AS FREE BE+S1 AS TRULY RATIONAL1 
E?ICAL1 & EMPA!TIC 0KN[+ ANIMALS10 ) ! HI<E/ 9TELLECTUAL 
9SI<T & E?ICAL PROBITY1 NOT AS BRUTES CO]C$ 9TO IT BY GRIM NECESSITY 
& FE>4 ,! RIDDLE ( \R TIMES IS :E!R TODAY'S RELATIVI/S W\LD 
HAVE EQUIPP$ US 9TELLECTUALLY & E?ICALLY TO CROSS 9TO ?AT MO/ 
EXPANSIVE REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,WE CANNOT M]ELY BE DRIV5 9TO GREAT] 
FRE$OM BY BL9D =CES ?AT WE FAIL TO UND]/&1 AS ,M>XI/S IMPLI$1 
/ILL LESS BY M]E PREF]5CES ?AT HAVE NO /&+ 9 ANY?+ MORE 
?AN 0IMAG9>Y10 09/9CTS10 OR LIBID9AL 0DESIRES40 ,! RELATIVI/S ( 
\R TIME C\LD ACTUALLY PLAY A S9I/] ROLE IF !Y P]MITT$ ! 
0IMAG9ATIVE0 TO LOOS5 \R CONTACT ) ! OBJECTIVE WORLD4 ,= 9 
! ABS5CE ( RATIONAL OBJECTIVE /&>DS ( BEHAVIOR1 IMAG9ATION MAY 
BE AS DEMONIC AS IT MAY BE LIB]ATORY :5 SU* /&>DS EXI/2 H5CE 
! NE$ = 9=M$ SPONTANEITY -- & AN 9=M$ IMAG9ATION4 

,! EXHIL>AT+ EV5TS ( ,MAY-,JUNE #a#i#f#h1 ) ! CRY 0,IMAG9ATION 
TO ,P[]60 W]E FOLL[$ A FEW YE>S LAT] BY A SURGE 9 ! 
POPUL>ITY ( NIHILI/IC PO/MOD]NISM & PO//RUCTURALISM 9 ! 
ACADEMY1 AN UNSAVORY METAPHYSICS ( 0DESIRE10 & AN APOLITICAL CALL 
= 0IMAG9ATION0 N\RI%$ BY A YE>N+ = 0SELF-REALIZATION40 ,MORE 
?AN EV]1 ,I W\LD 9SI/1 WE MU/ 9V]T ,NIETZS*E'S DICTUM 0,ALL FACTS 
>E 9T]PRETATIONS0 & DEM& ?AT ALL 9T]PRETATIONS BE ROOT$ 9 
OBJECTIVITY4 ,WE MU/ SEEK \T BROAD] 9T]PRETATIONS ( SOCIALISM ?AN 
?OSE ?AT CA/ SOCIALI/ IDEALS AS A SCI5CE & /RANGL$ ITS MOVEM5TS 
9 AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AT A TIME :5 WE TEET] BETWE5 
,CIVILIZATION & B>B>ISM1 ! CURR5T APO/LES ( IRRATIONALITY 9 ALL 
!IR V>I$ =MS >E ! *?ONIC DEMONS ( A D>K WORLD :O HAVE 
COME TO LIFE NOT TO EXPLICATE HUMANITY'S PROBLEMS BUT TO EFFECT A 
DISPIRIT+ D5IAL ( ! ROLE ( RATIONALITY 9 ,HI/ORY & HUMAN AFFAIRS4 
,MY DISQUIET TODAY LIES NOT 9 ! ABS5CE ( SCI5TIFIC 0GU>ANTEES0 ?AT 
A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WILL APPE> -- ONE ?AT1 AT MY AGE1 IT WILL 
NEV] BE MY PRIVILEGE TO SEE -- BUT 9 :E!R IT WILL EV5 BE F\<T = 
9 SO DECAD5T & DESP]ATE A P]IOD4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiif 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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