,*APT] #e ,SC>CITY & ,PO/-,SC>CITY #aiigaiig ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,$ITOR 3 ,JANET ,BIEHL ,TEXT 3 ,*APT] #e3 ,SC>CITY & ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,9TRODUCTION ,= ALL BUT ! PRIVILEG$ FEW1 HI/ORY HAS BE5 9 GREAT P>T A *RONICLE ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY -- ?AT IS1 AN 9SUFFICI5CY ( ! GOODS & S]VICES ?AT PEOPLE NE$ & VALUE -- ALL TOO (T5 AS A RESULT ( AN UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?4 ,AT BE/1 PEOPLE LIV+ UND] CONDITIONS ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY MU/ SP5D AN 9ORD9ATE AM\NT ( TIME WORK+ TO PRODUCE ! GOODS !Y NE$ = MAT]IAL SURVIVAL1 OR ELSE E>N A LIVELIHOOD4 ,?IS NECESSITY1 ,BOOK*9 MA9TA9S1 R$UCES PEOPLE TO A QUASI-ANIMALI/IC EXI/5CE2 IT PREV5TS !M FROM FULFILL+ !IR POT5TIAL = RATIONALITY & FRE$OM & ?US FROM BECOM+ FULLY HUMAN4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 MAT]IAL SC>CITY HAS ALSO BE5 AN IDEOLOGY AS WELL AS A REALITY -- 9 P>TICUL>1 RUL+ ELITES HAVE US$ IT AS A RATIONALE = AU?ORIT>IANISM -- BO? :5 SC>CITY IS REAL1 & :5 IT HAS BE5 >TIFICIALLY 9DUC$ = ! B5EFIT ( ! FEW4 ,!RE >E NOT 5\< GOODS TO MEET ! NE$S & DESIRES ( EV]YONE1 WE >E TOLD1 BECAUSE RES\RCES >E SC>CE -- ?AT IS1 BECAUSE NATURE IS 0/+Y40 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS 0/+9ESS10 AN AU?ORITY SU* AS ! /ATE1 ?IS IDEOLOGY HOLDS1 IS NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO PREV5T PEOPLE FROM /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ONE ANO!R1 9 A W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL1 TO OBTA9 :AT !Y CAN2 IT IS FUR!R NECESS>Y1 !Y 9SI/$1 TO ORGANIZE HUMANITY'S DOM9ATION ( NONHUMAN NATURE1 9 ORD] TO G5]ATE GOODS4 ,MAT]IAL SC>CITY1 SAYS ,BOOK*91 ?US PROVID$ ! HI/ORIC RATIONALE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 CLASS DOM9ATION1 & ! /ATE2 IT N\RI%$ ! GREAT DIVISIONS 9 HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY ?AT PITT$ T[N AGA9/ C\NTRY1 M9D AGA9/ S5SU\SNESS1 WORK AGA9/ PLAY1 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ SOCIETY1 & F9ALLY1 ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ HIMSELF4.<#c#f.> ,BECAUSE ( SC>CITY'S P]NICI\S SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES1 ITS ELIM9ATION HAS BE5 A LONG/&+ VISION 9 ! SOCIALI/ TRADITION4 ,! DESIRE = TE*NOLOGIES ( PRODUCTION ?AT W\LD R$UCE TOIL & CREATE ABUNDANCE DATES BACK AT LEA/ TO ,ROB]T ,[51 :O 9 #ahah ANN\NC$ GL[+LY ?AT AN 0AGE ( PL5TY0 = HUMANK9D WAS DAWN+1 ONE 9 :I* 0NEW SCI5TIFIC P[] WILL SOON R5D] HUMAN LABOR ( LITTLE AVAIL 9 ! CREATION ( WEAL?40.<#c#g.> ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ! E>LY #a#i#fS1 ! PO/W> TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION SEEM$ TO FULFILL ! DREAM ( ,[5 & O!RS LIKE HIM4 ,SOME ,NEW ,LEFT COMM5TATORS1 TO BE SURE1 TOOK A LESS SANGU9E VIEW1 W>N+ ?AT ! NEW TE*NOLOGIES ( AUTOMATION & CYB]NATION W\LD HAVE NEGATIVE SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES1 SU* AS UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,ACCORD+ TO A #aifc PAP] 5DORS$ BY ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY 7,S,D,S73 ,AUTOMATION HAS %>PLY R$UC$ ! DEM& = EMPLOYM5T1 MASS PRODUCTION 9DU/RIES1 AGRICULTURE1 & MANY TRADE & S]VICE 5T]PRISES4 ,DUR+ ! FIFTIES1 = EXAMPLE1 MANUFACTUR]S W]E ABLE TO 9CREASE PRODUCTIVE \TPUT BY #g P]C5T1 ) NO 9CREASE :ATEV] 9 ! NUMB] ( MANUFACTUR+ WORK]S4 ,JU/ :5 ! NE$ = WORK]S WAS BE+ R$UC$1 A RADICAL 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE NE$+ JOBS WAS TAK+ PLACE4444 ,?US ADVANC+ TE*NOLOGY & AN EXPLOD+ POPULATION CREATE AN 5ORM\S EMPLOYM5T PROBLEM4.<#c#h.> ,& ,FREE ,SPEE* ,MOVEM5T LEAD] ,M>IO ,SAVIO W>N$ ?AT ONE ( ! 0MO/ CRUCIAL PROBLEMS FAC+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TODAY0 WAS ! 0PROBLEM ( AUTOMATION10 9 :I* MA*9ES PUT PEOPLE \T ( WORK4.<#c#i.> ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE1 = HIS P>T1 FELT ?AT ! 0OBJECTIVE ABUNDANCE0 ( ! #a#i#fS W\LD HAVE AMBIGU\S SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT W\LD HAVE ! DESIRABLE CONSEQU5CE ( MAK+ POSSIBLE ! LIB]ATION ( ! LIBIDO2 BUT IT W\LD ALSO G5]ATE ! >TIFICIAL SATISFACTIONS ( CONSUM]ISM & A NEW =M ( IMP]IALISM4 ,BUT O!RS 9 ! SOCIALI/ TRADITION FOLL[$ ,[5 & WELCOM$ ! ADV5T ( AUTOMATION & CYB]NATION1 & ! REVOLUTION 9 PRODUCTION !Y CREAT$1 AS A CRUCIAL /EP 9 5D+ ! AGE-OLD PROBLEM ( SC>CITY4 ,BOOK*9 WAS ONE ( !M2 9 CONTRA/ TO ,M>CUSE'S PESSIMISM1 HE EMPHASIZ$ ! POSSIBILITIES ( ABUNDANCE1 NOT ONLY = ]OTIC LIB]ATION BUT = SOCIAL & POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,!SE TE*NOLOGIES1 HE >GU$1 HELD ! POT5TIAL1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 TO ABOLI% SC>CITY & WANT ON A WORLDWIDE BASIS & U%] 9 A LIFE ( PL5TY = ALL4 ,9 EFFECT1 HE >GU$ ?AT !Y W]E R5D]+ MAT]IAL SC>CITY OBSOLETE4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 BY BR++ AB\T ! 5D ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY1 HE >GU$1 !SE TE*NOLOGIES >E DEPRIV+ ! RUL+ CLASSES ( A CRITICAL RATIONALE = !IR AU?ORITY4 ,EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 BY 5ABL+ HUMANITY TO PASS TO ABUNDANCE1 !Y >E MAK+ POSSIBLE A R$UCTION ( ON]\S & T$I\S TOIL1 ?US PROVID+ PEOPLE ) ! FREE TIME !Y NE$ 9 ORD] TO P>TICIPATE FULLY 9 POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,CAPITALISM1 ,BOOK*9 ACKN[L$GES1 IS P]V]T+ ! USE ( CYB]NATION & AUTOMATION1 LIKE ALL O!R TE*NOLOGIES1 = OPPRESSIVE RA!R ?AN LIB]ATORY 5DS4 ,BUT IF !Y C\LD BE APPROPRIAT$ = LIB]ATORY 5DS1 ! MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE & R$UCTION 9 TOIL !Y G5]ATE C\LD UND]GIRD A SOCIETY ( :AT HE CALLS 0PO/-SC>CITY40 ,?AT IS1 !Y C\LD CON/ITUTE ! TE*NICAL MEANS = ! CREATION ( UTOPIA4 0,PO/-SC>CITY10 AS ,BOOK*9 USES ! WORD1 DOES NOT MEAN MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE ALONE2 RA!R1 ! TE*NOLOGICAL MEANS = UTOPIA HAVE TO BE SET 9 ! CONTEXT ( A SOCIETY ?AT IS ITSELF UTOPIAN3 AN ECOLOGICAL1 RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,! HUMAN RELATION%IPS & PSY*ES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 A PO/SC>CITY SOCIETY MU/ FULLY REFLECT ! FRE$OM1 SECURITY1 & SELFEXPRESSION ?AT ?IS ABUNDANCE MAKES POSSIBLE4 ,PO/-SC>CITY SOCIETY1 9 %ORT1 IS ! FULFILLM5T ( ! SOCIAL & CULTURAL POT5TIALITIES LAT5T 9 A TE*NOLOGY ( ABUNDANCE4.<#d.> ,BOOK*9'S ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY W\LD DEP5D ON AT LEA/ TWO TYPES ( TE*NOLOGY3 ! ECOLOGICAL TE*NOLOGIES ( R5EWABLE 5]GY1 & ! PRODUCTIVE TE*NOLOGIES ?AT W\LD ELIM9ATE SC>CITY4 ,! JUDICI\S APPLICATION ( BO? W\LD MAKE POSSIBLE A FREE SOCIETY )\T TOIL OR MAT]IAL WANT1 )\T HI]>*Y OR DOM9ATION1 & EV5 )\T REPRESSION OR GUILT4 ,9 SU* A SOCIETY PEOPLE W\LD F9ALLY HAVE ! MAT]IAL BASE TO FULFILL !IR POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM & RATIONALITY AS HUMAN BE+S4 ,CONDITIONS ( ,FRE$OM 7FROM 0,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM10 #a#i#f#g7 ,ALL ! SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/ HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>I/IC REVOLUTIONS ( M9ORITY CLASSES SEEK+ TO ASS]T !IR SPECIFIC 9T]E/S OV] ?OSE ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,! GREAT B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ( MOD]N TIMES (F]$ AN IDEOLOGY ( SWEEP+ POLITICAL RECON/ITUTION1 BUT 9 REALITY !Y M]ELY C]TIFI$ ! SOCIAL DOM9ANCE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 GIV+ =MAL POLITICAL EXPRESSION TO ! ECONOMIC ASC5DANCY ( CAPITAL4 ,! L(TY NOTIONS ( ! 0NATION10 ! 0FREE CITIZ510 ( 0EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW10 CONCEAL$ ! MUNDANE REALITY ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 ! ATOMIZ$ ISOLAT$ MAN1 ! DOM9ANCE ( B\RGEOIS 9T]E/4 ,DESPITE !IR SWEEP+ IDEOLOGICAL CLAIMS1 ! P>TICUL>I/IC REVOLUTIONS REPLAC$ ! RULE ( ONE CLASS ) ?AT ( ANO!R1 ONE SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION ) ANO!R1 ONE SY/EM ( TOIL ) ANO!R1 & ONE SY/EM ( PSY*OLOGICAL REPRESSION ) ANO!R4 ,:AT IS UNIQUE AB\T \R ]A IS ?AT ! P>TICUL>I/IC REVOLUTION HAS N[ BE5 SUBSUM$ BY ! POSSIBILITY ( ! G5]ALIZ$ REVOLUTION -- COMPLETE & TOTALI/IC4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 IF IT A*IEV$ NO?+ ELSE1 REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ON A SCALE UNPREC$5T$ 9 HI/ORY4 ,?IS TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION1 CULM9AT+ 9 CYB]NATION1 HAS CREAT$ ! OBJECTIVE1 QUANTITATIVE BASIS = A WORLD )\T CLASS RULE1 EXPLOITATION1 TOIL1 OR MAT]IAL WANT4 ,! MEANS N[ EXI/ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! R\ND$ MAN1 ! TOTAL MAN1 FRE$ ( GUILT & ! WORK+S ( AU?ORIT>IAN MODES ( TRA9+1 & GIV5 OV] TO DESIRE & ! S5SU\S APPREH5SION ( ! M>VEL\S4 ,IT IS N[ POSSIBLE TO CONCEIVE ( MAN'S FUTURE EXP]I5CE 9 T]MS ( A COH]5T PROCESS 9 :I* ! BIFURCATIONS ( ?\E ALL RESOLV$1 H>MONIZ$1 & ORGANICALLY W$D$ 9 A QUALITATIVELY NEW REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,JU/ AS ! P>TICUL>IZ$ REVOLUTION PRODUC$ A P>TICUL>IZ$1 BIFURCAT$ SOCIETY1 SO ! G5]ALIZ$ REVOLUTION CAN PRODUCE AN ORGANICALLY UNIFI$1 MANY-SID$ COMMUNITY4 ,! GREAT W\ND OP5$ BY PROP]TI$ SOCIETY 9 ! =M ( ! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 CAN N[ BE HEAL$4 ,?AT FRE$OM MU/ BE CONCEIV$ ( 9 HUMAN T]MS1 NOT 9 ANIMAL T]MS -- 9 T]MS ( LIFE1 NOT ( SURVIVAL -- IS CLE> 5\<4 ,M5 DO NOT REMOVE !IR TIES ( BONDAGE & BECOME FULLY HUMAN M]ELY BY DIVE/+ !MSELVES ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION & OBTA9+ FRE$OM 9 ITS AB/RACT =M4 ,!Y MU/ ALSO BE FREE CONCRETELY3 FREE FROM MAT]IAL WANT1 FROM TOIL1 FROM ! BURD5 ( DEVOT+ ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR TIME -- 9DE$1 ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR LIVES -- TO ! /RUGGLE ) NECESSITY4 ,TO HAVE SE5 !SE MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS = HUMAN FRE$OM1 TO HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT FRE$OM PRESUPPOSES FREE TIME & ! MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE = ABOLI%+ FREE TIME AS A SOCIAL PRIVILEGE1 IS ! GREAT CONTRIBUTION ( ,K>L ,M>X TO MOD]N REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ! PRECONDITIONS = FRE$OM MU/ NOT BE MI/AK5 = ! CONDITIONS ( FRE$OM4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( LIB]ATION DOES NOT CON/ITUTE ITS REALITY4 ,ALONG ) ITS POSITIVE ASPECTS1 TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE HAS A DI/9CTLY NEGATIVE1 SOCIALLY REGRESSIVE SIDE4 ,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS 5L>GES ! HI/ORICAL POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM1 IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ! B\RGEOIS CONTROL ( TE*NOLOGY RE9=CES ! E/ABLI%$ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY & EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,TE*NOLOGY & ! RES\RCES ( ABUNDANCE FURNI% CAPITALISM ) ! MEANS = ASSIMILAT+ L>GE SECTIONS ( SOCIETY TO ! E/ABLI%$ SY/EM ( HI]>*Y & AU?ORITY4 ,!Y PROVIDE ! SY/EM ) ! WEAPONRY1 ! DETECT+ DEVICES1 & ! PROPAG&A M$IA = ! ?REAT AS WELL AS ! REALITY ( MASSIVE REPRESSION4 ,BY !IR C5TRALI/IC NATURE1 ! RES\RCES ( ABUNDANCE RE9=CE ! MONOPOLI/IC1 C5TRALI/IC1 & BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES 9 ! POLITICAL APP>ATUS4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y FURNI% ! /ATE ) HI/ORICALLY UNPREC$5T$ MEANS = MANIPULAT+ & MOBILIZ+ ! 5TIRE 5VIRONM5T ( LIFE -- & = P]PETUAT+ HI]>*Y1 EXPLOITATION1 & UNFRE$OM4444 ,! ,R$EMPTIVE ,DIALECTIC ,IS !RE A R$EMPTIVE DIALECTIC ?AT CAN GUIDE ! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! DIRECTION ( AN AN>*IC SOCIETY :]E PEOPLE WILL ATTA9 FULL CONTROL OV] !IR DAILY LIVES8 ,OR DOES ! SOCIAL DIALECTIC COME TO AN 5D ) CAPITALISM1 ITS POSSIBILITIES SEAL$ (F BY ! USE ( A HIN H]E FROM ! LIMITS ( ,M>XISM1 A PROJECT :I*1 UND]/&ABLY 9 A P]IOD ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY1 AN*OR$ ! SOCIAL DIALECTIC & ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM 9 ! ECONOMIC REALM4 ,M>X1 IT HAS BE5 EMPHASIZ$1 EXAM9$ ! PRECONDITIONS = LIB]ATION1 NOT ! CONDITIONS ( LIB]ATION4 ,! ,M>XIAN CRITIQUE IS ROOT$ 9 ! PA/1 9 ! ]A ( MAT]IAL WANT & RELATIVELY LIMIT$ TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,EV5 ITS HUMANI/IC !ORY ( ALI5ATION TURNS PRIM>ILY ON ! ISSUE ( WORK & MAN'S ALI5ATION FROM ! PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR4 ,TODAY1 H[EV]1 CAPITALISM IS A P>ASITE ON ! FUTURE1 A VAMPIRE ?AT SURVIVES ON ! TE*NOLOGY & RES\RCES ( FRE$OM4 ,! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM ( ,M>X'S TIME ORGANIZ$ ITS COMMODITY RELATIONS >\ND A PREVAIL+ SY/EM ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY2 ! /ATE CAPITALISM ( \R TIME ORGANIZES ITS COMMODITY RELATIONS >\ND A PREVAIL+ SY/EM ( MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE4 ,A C5TURY AGO SC>CITY HAD TO BE 5DUR$2 TODAY IT HAS TO BE 5=C$ -- H5CE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! /ATE 9 ! PRES5T ]A4 ,IT IS NOT ?AT MOD]N CAPITALISM HAS RESOLV$ ITS CONTRADICTIONS & ANNULL$ ! SOCIAL DIALECTIC BUT RA!R ?AT ! SOCIAL DIALECTIC & ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM HAVE EXP&$ FROM ! ECONOMIC TO ! HI]>*ICAL REALMS ( SOCIETY1 FROM ! AB/RACT 0HI/ORIC0 DOMA9 TO ! CONCRETE M9UTIAE ( EV]YDAY EXP]I5CE1 FROM ! >5A ( SURVIVAL TO ! >5A ( LIFE4 ,! DIALECTIC ( BUREAUCRATIC /ATE CAPITALISM ORIG9ATES 9 ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! REPRESSIVE *>ACT] ( COMMODITY SOCIETY & ! 5ORM\S POT5TIAL FRE$OM OP5$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION ALSO OPPOSES ! EXPLOITATIVE ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY TO ! NATURAL WORLD -- A WORLD ?AT 9CLUDES NOT ONLY ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T BUT ALSO MAN'S 0NATURE0 -- HIS ,]OS-D]IV$ IMPULSES4 ,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! EXPLOITATIVE ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY & ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T IS BEYOND CO-OPTATION3 ! ATMOSPH]E1 ! WAT]WAYS1 ! SOIL1 & ! ECOLOGY REQUIR$ = HUMAN SURVIVAL >E NOT R$EEMABLE BY RE=MS1 CONCESSIONS1 OR MODIFICATIONS ( /RATEGIC POLICY4 ,!RE IS NO TE*NOLOGY ?AT CAN REPRODUCE ATMOSPH]IC OXYG5 9 SUFFICI5T QUANTITIES TO SU/A9 LIFE ON ?IS PLANET4 ,!RE IS NO SUB/ITUTE = ! HYDROLOGICAL SY/EMS ( ! E>?4 ,!RE IS NO TE*NIQUE = REMOV+ MASSIVE 5VIRONM5TAL POLLUTION BY RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES1 PE/ICIDES1 LEAD1 & PETROLEUM WA/ES4 ,NOR IS !RE ! FA9TE/ EVID5CE ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WILL REL5T AT ANY TIME 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE 9 ITS DISRUPTION ( VITAL ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES1 9 ITS EXPLOITATION ( NATURAL RES\RCES1 9 ITS USE ( ! ATMOSPH]E & WAT]WAYS AS DUMP+ >EAS = WA/ES1 OR 9 ITS CANC]\S MODE ( URBANIZATION & L& USE4 ,EV5 MORE IMM$IATE IS ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! EXPLOITATIVE ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY & MAN'S ,]OS-D]IV$ IMPULSES -- A CONTRADICTION ?AT MANIFE/S ITSELF AS ! BANALIZATION & IMPOV]I%M5T ( EXP]I5CE 9 A BUREAUCRATICALLY MANIPULAT$1 IMP]SONAL MASS SOCIETY4 ,! ,]OS-D]IV$ IMPULSES 9 MAN CAN BE REPRESS$ & SUBLIMAT$1 BUT !Y CAN NEV] BE ELIM9AT$4 ,!Y >E R5EW$ ) EV]Y BIR? ( A HUMAN BE+ & ) EV]Y G5]ATION ( Y\?4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ TODAY ?AT ! Y\NG1 MORE ?AN ANY ECONOMIC CLASS OR /RATUM1 >TICULATE ! LIFE-IMPULSES 9 HUMANITY'S NATURE -- ! URG+S ( DESIRE1 S5SU\SNESS1 & ! LURE ( ! M>VEL\S4 ,?US ! BIOLOGICAL MATRIX1 FROM :I* HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY EM]G$ AGES AGO1 REAPPE>S AT A NEW LEVEL ) ! ]A ?AT M>KS ! 5D ( HI]>*Y1 ONLY N[ ?IS MATRIX IS SATURAT$ ) SOCIAL PH5OM5A4 ,%ORT ( MANIPULAT+ HUMANITY'S G]M PLASM1 ! LIFE-IMPULSES CAN BE ANNULL$ ONLY ) ! ANNIHILATION ( MAN HIMSELF4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS )9 BUREAUCRATIC /ATE CAPITALISM P]MEATE ALL ! HI]>*ICAL =MS DEVELOP$ & OV]DEVELOP$ BY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! HI]>*ICAL =MS ?AT NURTUR$ PROP]TI$ SOCIETY = AGES & PROMOT$ ITS DEVELOPM5T -- ! /ATE1 CITY1 C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMY1 BUREAUCRACY1 PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 & M>KETPLACE -- HAVE REA*$ !IR HI/ORIC LIMITS4 ,!Y HAVE EXHAU/$ !IR SOCIAL FUNCTIONS AS MODES ( /ABILIZATION4 ,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( :E!R !SE HI]>*ICAL =MS W]E EV] 0PROGRESSIVE0 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE ( ! T]M4444 ,TODAY !SE =MS CON/ITUTE ! T>GET ( ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ?AT >E G5]AT$ BY MOD]N CAPITALISM1 & :E!R ONE SEES !IR \TCOME AS NUCLE> CATA/ROPHE OR ECOLOGICAL DISA/]1 !Y N[ ?REAT5 ! V]Y SURVIVAL ( HUMANITY4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( HI]>*ICAL =MS 9TO A ?REAT TO ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( HUMANITY1 ! SOCIAL DIALECTIC1 F> FROM BE+ ANNULL$1 ACQUIRES A NEW DIM5SION4 ,IT POSES ! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 9 AN 5TIRELY NEW WAY4 ,IF MAN HAD TO ACQUIRE ! CONDITIONS ( SURVIVAL 9 ORD] TO LIVE 7AS ,M>X EMPHASIZ$71 N[ HE MU/ ACQUIRE ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE4 ,BY ?IS 9V]SION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SURVIVAL & LIFE1 REVOLUTION ACQUIRES A NEW S5SE ( URG5CY4 ,NO LONG] >E WE FAC$ ) ,M>X'S FAM\S *OICE ( SOCIALISM OR B>B>ISM2 WE >E CONFRONT$ ) ! MORE DRA/IC ALT]NATIVES ( AN>*ISM OR ANNIHILATION4 ,! PROBLEMS ( NECESSITY & SURVIVAL HAVE BECOME CONGRU5T ) ! PROBLEMS ( FRE$OM & LIFE4 ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,WANT & ,WORK 7FROM 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY10 #a#i#f#e7 ,VIRTUALLY ALL ! UTOPIAS1 !ORIES1 3MD REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAMS ( ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY W]E HE$ ) ! PROBLEM ( NECESSITY -- ( H[ TO ALLOCATE LABOR & MAT]IAL GOODS AT A RELATIVELY L[ LEVEL ( TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,!SE PROBLEMS P]MEAT$ REVOLUTION>Y ?\ABLE ONLY TO ! IMPACT ( ORIG9AL S9 ON ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY4 ,! FACT ?AT M5 W\LD HAVE TO DEVOTE A SUB/ANTIAL PORTION ( !IR TIME TO TOIL1 = :I* !Y W\LD GET SCANT RETURN1 =M$ A MAJOR PREMISE ( ALL SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY -- AU?ORIT>IAN & LIB]T>IAN1 UTOPIAN & SCI5TIFIC1 ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/4 ,IMPLICIT 9 ! ,M>XI/ NOTION ( A PLANN$ ECONOMY WAS ! FACT1 9CONTE/ABLY CLE> 9 ,M>X'S [N DAY1 ?AT SOCIALISM W\LD /ILL BE BURD5$ BY RELATIVELY SC>CE RES\RCES4 ,M5 W\LD HAVE TO PLAN -- 9 EFFECT1 TO RE/RICT -- ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & W\LD HAVE TO RATIONALIZE -- 9 EFFECT1 TO 9T5SIFY -- ! USE ( LABOR4 ,TOIL1 UND] SOCIALISM1 W\LD BE A DUTY1 A RESPONSIBILITY ?AT EV]Y ABLE-BODI$ 9DIVIDUAL W\LD HAVE TO UND]TAKE4 ,EV5 ,PR\DHON ADVANC$ ?IS D\R VIEW4 0,YES1 LIFE IS A /RUGGLE10 HE WROTE4 0,BUT ?IS /RUGGLE IS NOT BETWE5 MAN & MANIT IS BETWE5 MAN & ,NATURE2 & IT IS EA* ONE'S DUTY TO %>E IT40 .<#d#a.> ,?IS AU/]E1 ALMO/ BIBLICAL EMPHASIS ON /RUGGLE & DUTY REFLECTS ! H>% QUALITY ( SOCIALI/ ?\LY ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION -- PRODUC$ ! GREAT DIV]G5CE 9 REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS BETWE5 SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM4 ,9 ! EV5T ( A REVOLUTION1 FRE$OM W\LD /ILL BE CIRCUMSCRIB$ BY NECESSITY3 ,H[ WAS ?IS WORLD ( NECESSITY TO BE 0ADM9I/]$08 ,H[ C\LD ! ALLOCATION ( GOODS & DUTIES BE DECID$8 ,M>X LEFT ?IS DECISION TO A /ATE P[] -- A TRANSITIONAL 0PROLET>IAN0 /ATE P[] TO BE SURE1 BUT NEV]!LESS A CO]CIVE BODY1 E/ABLI%$ ABOVE SOCIETY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 ! /ATE W\LD 0WI!R AWAY0 AS TE*NOLOGY DEVELOP$ & 5L>G$ ! DOMA9 ( FRE$OM1 GRANT+ HUMANITY MAT]IAL PL5TY & ! LEISURE TO CONTROL ITS AFFAIRS DIRECTLY4 ,?IS /RANGE CALCULUS1 9 :I* NECESSITY & FRE$OM W]E M$IAT$ BY ! /ATE1 DIFF]$ V]Y LITTLE POLITICALLY FROM ! COMMON RUN ( B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC RADICAL OP9ION 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! AN>*I/ HOPE = ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 ON ! O!R H&1 RE/$ L>GELY ON A BELIEF 9 ! VIABILITY ( MAN'S SOCIAL 9/9CTS4 ,BAKUN91 = EXAMPLE1 ?\*I/S 9 ?IS >EA ( SPECULATION1 9VOK$ MAN'S PROP5SITY = MUTUAL AID -- ESS5TIALLY A SOCIAL 9/9CT -- AS ! GU>ANTOR ( SOLID>ITY 9 AN AN>*I/ COMMUNITY 7A CONCEPT ?AT HE D]IV$ FROM HIS /UDY ( NATURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION74 ,! FACT REMA9S1 H[EV]1 ?AT BO? ! ,M>XI/ & ! AN>*I/ ANSW]S TO ! PROBLEM ( WANT & WORK W]E %OT ?R\< ) AMBIGUITY4 ,! REALM ( NECESSITY REMA9$ BRUTALLY PRES5T2 IT C\LD NOT BE CONJUR$ AWAY BY M]E !ORY & SPECULATION4 ,! ,M>XI/S C\LD HOPE TO ADM9I/] NECESSITY BY MEANS ( A /ATE1 & ! AN>*I/S TO DEAL ) IT ?R\< FREE COMMUNITIES1 BUT GIV5 ! LIMIT$ TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ( !IR TIME1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS BO? S*OOLS DEP5D$ ON AN ACT ( FAI? TO COPE ) ! PROBLEM ( WANT & WORK4 ,AN>*I/S C\LD >GUE AGA9/ ,M>XI/S ?AT ANY TRANSITIONAL /ATE1 H[EV] REVOLUTION>Y ITS RHETORIC & DEMOCRATIC ITS /RUCTURE1 W\LD BE SELF-P]PETUAT+2 IT W\LD T5D TO BECOME AN 5D 9 ITSELF & TO PRES]VE ! V]Y MAT]IAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS IT HAD BE5 CREAT$ TO REMOVE4 ,= SU* A /ATE TO 0WI!R AWAY0 7?AT IS1 TO PROMOTE ITS [N DISSOLUTION7 W\LD REQUIRE LEAD]S & BUREAUCRATS ( SUP]HUMAN MORAL QUALITIES4 ,! ,M>XI/S1 9 TURN1 C\LD 9VOKE HI/ORY AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S1 %[+ ?AT CU/OM & MUTUALI/IC PROP5SITIES HAVE NEV] BE5 EFFECTIVE B>RI]S TO ! PRESSURES ( MAT]IAL NE$1 OR TO ! ONSLAU*ISM AS AN E?ICAL DOCTR9E ?AT REVIV$ ! MY/IQUE ( 0! NATURAL MAN0 & HIS 9BORN SOCIAL VIRTUES4 ,! PROBLEM ( WANT & WORK -- ( ! REALM ( NECESSITY -- WAS NOT SATISFACTORILY RESOLV$ BY EI!R DOCTR9E 9 ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,IT IS TO ! LA/+ CR$IT ( AN>*ISM ?AT IT UNCOMPROMIS+LY RETA9$ ITS HI< IDEAL ( FRE$OM -- ! IDEAL ( SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION1 COMMUNITY & ! ABOLITION ( ALL AU?ORITY -- EV5 ?\< ?IS IDEAL REMA9$ ONLY A VISION ( ! FUTURE1 ( ! TIME :5 TE*NOLOGY W\LD ELIM9ATE ! REALM ( NECESSITY 5TIRELY4 ,M>XISM 9CREAS+LY COMPROMIS$ ITS IDEAL ( FRE$OM1 PA9FULLY QUALIFY+ IT ) TRANSITIONAL /AGES & POLITICAL EXP$I5CIES1 UNTIL TODAY IT IS AN IDEOLOGY ( NAK$ P[]1 PRAGMATIC EFFICI5CY1 & SOCIAL C5TRALIZATION ALMO/ 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! IDEOLOGIES ( MOD]N /ATE CAPITALISM4444 ,9 RETROSPECT1 IT IS A/ONI%+ H[ LONG ! PROBLEM ( WANT & WORK CA/ ITS %AD[ OV] REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,9 A SPAN ( ONLY N9E DECADES -- BETWE5 #ahe & #aid -- ,WE/]N SOCIETY CREAT$1 PASS$ ?R\<1 & EVOLV$ BEYOND TWO MAJOR EPO*S ( TE*NOLOGICAL HI/ORY -- ! PALEOTE*NIC AGE ( COAL & /EEL1 & ! NEOTE*NIC AGE ( ELECTRIC P[]1 SYN!TIC *EMICALS1 ELECTRICITY1 & 9T]NAL COMBU/ION 5G9ES4 ,IRONICALLY1 BO? AGES ( TE*NOLOGY SEEM TO HAVE 5HANC$ ! IMPORTANCE ( TOIL 9 SOCIETY4 ,AS ! NUMB] ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9CREAS$ 9 PROPORTION TO O!R SOCIAL CLASSES1 LABOR -- MORE PRECISELY TOIL -- ACQUIR$ AN 9CREAS+LY HI< /ATUS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ?\BIT]S ( PHILOSOPHY1 >T1 & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS PURITANICAL WORK E?IC ( ! LEFT DID NOT DIM9I% ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME1 & 9 FACT IT ACQUIR$ A C]TA9 URG5CY 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,MASS UNEMPLOYM5T MADE JOBS & ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( LABOR ! C5TRAL !MES ( SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,9/EAD ( FOCUS+ !IR MESSAGE ON ! EMANCIPATION ( MAN FROM TOIL1 SOCIALI/S T5D$ TO DEPICT SOCIALISM AS A BEEHIVE ( 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY1 HUMM+ ) WORK = ALL4 ,COMMUNI/S PO9T$ TO ,RUSSIA AS ! L& :]E EV]Y ABLE-BODI$ 9DIVIDUAL WAS EMPLOY$ & :]E LABOR WAS CONT9UALLY 9 DEM&4 ,SURPRIS+ AS IT MAY SEEM TODAY1 LITTLE MORE ?AN A G5]ATION AGO SOCIALISM WAS EQUAT$ ) A WORK-ORI5T$ SOCIETY1 & LIB]TY ) ! RNA T]IAL SECURITY PROVID$ BY FULL EMPLOYM5T4 ,! WORLD ( NECESSITY HAD SUBTLY 9VAD$ & CORRUPT$ ! IDEAL ( FRE$OM4 ,?AT ! SOCIALI/ NOTIONS ( ! LA/ G5]ATION N[ SEEM ANA*RONI/IC IS NOT DUE TO ANY SUP]IOR 9SITICUL>LY ! LATE #a#i#eS1 M>K A TURN+ PO9T 9 TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 A TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION ?AT HAS NEGAT$ ALL ! VALUES1 POLITICAL S*EMES1 & SOCIAL P]SPECTIVES HELD BY MANK9D ?R\<\T ALL PREVI\S RECORD$ HI/ORY4 ,AFT] ?\S&S ( YE>S ( TORTU\S DEVELOPM5T1 ! C\NTRIES ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD 7& POT5TIALLY ALL C\NTRIES7 >E N[ CONFRONT$ BY ! POSSIBILITY ( A MAT]IALLY ABUNDANT1 EV5 TOILLESS ]A 9 :I* MO/ ( ! MEANS ( LIFE CAN BE PROVID$ BY MA*9ES4 ,A NEW TE*NOLOGY HAS DEVELOP$ ?AT C\LD L>GELY REPLACE ! REALM ( NECESSITY ) ! REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,SO OBVI\S IS ?IS FACT TO MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPE ?AT IT NO LONG] REQUIRES ELABORATE EXPLANATIONS OR !ORETICAL EXEGESES4 ,?IS TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION & ! PROSPECTS IT HOLDS = SOCIETY AS A :OLE =M ! PREMISES ( RADICALLY NEW LIFE/YLES AMONG TODAY'S Y\NG PEOPLE1 A G5]ATION ?AT IS RAPIDLY DIVE/+ ITSELF ( ! VALUES & AGE-OLD WORK-ORI5T$ TRADITIONS ( ITS ELD]S4 ,EV5 REC5T DEM&S = A GU>ANTE$ ANNUAL 9COME FA9TLY E*O ! NEW REALITY ?AT CURR5TLY P]MEATES ! ?9K+ ( ! Y\NG4 ,[+ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A CYB]NETIC TE*NOLOGY1 ! NOTION ( A TOILLESS MODE ( LIFE HAS BECOME AN >TICLE ( FAI? TO AN EV]-9CREAS+ NUMB] ( Y\NG PEOPLE4 ,CYB]NATION & ,AUTOMATION 7FROM 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY10 #a#i#f#e7 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY1 TE*NOLOGY HAS BECOME OP5-5D$4 ,! POT5TIAL = TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 = PROVID+ MA*9ES AS SUB/ITUTES = LABOR1 IS VIRTUALLY UNLIMIT$4 ,TE*NOLOGY HAS F9ALLY PASS$ FROM ! REALM ( 9V5TION TO ?AT ( DESIGN -- FROM =TUIT\S DISCOV]IES TO SY/EMATIC 9NOVATIONS4 ,! MEAN+ ( ?IS QUALITATIVE ADVANCE WAS /AT$ 9 A RA!R FREE:EEL+ WAY BY ,VANNEV> ,BU%1 ! W>TIME DIRECTOR ( ! ,(FICE ( ,SCI5TIFIC ,RESE>* & ,DEVELOPM5T1 9 #a#i#e#e3 ,SUPPOSE1 FIFTY YE>S AGO1 ?AT SOMEONE HAD PROPOS$ MAK+ A DEVICE :I* W\LD CAUSE AN AUTOMOBILE TO FOLL[ A :ITE L9E D[N ! MIDDLE ( ! ROAD1 AUTOMATICALLY & EV5 IF ! DRIV] FELL ASLEEP4444 ,HE W\LD HAVE BE5 LAU<$ AT1 & HIS IDEA W\LD HAVE BE5 CALL$ PREPO/]\S4 ,SO IT W\LD HAVE BE5 !N4 ,BUT SUPPOSE SOMEONE CALL$ = SU* A DEVICE TODAY1 & WAS WILL+ TO PAY = IT1 LEAV+ ASIDE ! QUE/ION ( :E!R IT W\LD ACTUALLY BE ( ANY G5U9E USE :ATEV]4 ,ANY NUMB] ( CONC]NS W\LD /& READY TO CONTRACT & BUILD IT4 ,NO REAL 9V5TION W\LD BE REQUIR$4 ,!RE >E ?\S&S ( Y\NG M5 9 ! C\NTRY TO :OM ! DESIGN ( SU* A DEVICE W\LD BE A PLEASURE4 ,!Y W\LD SIMPLY TAKE (F ! %ELF SOME PHOTOCELLS1 !RMIONIC TUBES1 S]VOME*ANISMS1 & RELAYS1 & IF URG$1 !Y W\LD BUILD :AT !Y CALL A BREADBO>D MODEL1 & IT W\LD WORK4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT ! PRES5CE ( A HO/ ( V]SATILE1 *EAP1 RELIABLE GADGETS1 & ! PRES5CE ( M5 :O UND]/& FULLY ALL !IR QUE] WAYS1 HAS R5D]$ ! BUILD+ ( AUTOMATIC DEVICES ALMO/ /RAID & R\T9E4 ,IT IS NO LONG] A QUE/ION ( :E!R !Y CAN BE BUILT1 IT IS RA!R A QUE/ION ( :E!R !Y >E WOR? BUILD+4.<#d#b.> 444 ,SEV]AL DEVELOPM5TS HAVE BR\PLY DIVORC$ FROM TE*NOLOGY4 ,?IS *ASM REFLECT$ ! %>P SPLIT BETWE5 ! LEISUR$ & ! WORK+ CLASSES 9 ANCI5T & M$IEVAL SOCIETY4 ,ASIDE FROM ! 9SPIR$ WORKS ( A FEW R>E M51 APPLI$ SCI5CE DID NOT COME 9TO ITS [N UNTIL ! ,R5AISSANCE1 & IT BEGAN TO FL\RI% ONLY 9 ! EIE NOT ! 9V5TIVE T9K]]S LIKE ,$ISON BUT ! SY/EMATIC 9VE/IGATORS ) CA?OLIC 9T]E/S1 LIKE ,F>ADAY1 :O ADD$ SIMULTANE\SLY TO MAN'S KN[L$GE ( SCI5TIFIC PR9CIPLES & TO 5G9E]+4 ,9 \R [N DAY ?IS SYN!SIS1 ONCE ! WORK ( A S+LE 9SPIR$ G5IUS1 IS ! WORK ( ANONYM\S TEAMS4444 .<,9 ANO!R REM>KABLE DEVELOPM5T1.> ! MA*9E HAS EVOLV$ FROM AN EXT5SION ( HUMAN MUSCLES 9TO AN EXT5SION ( ! HUMAN N]V\S SY/EM4 ,9 ! PA/1 TOOLS & MA*9ES 5HANC$ MAN'S MUSCUL> P[] OV] RAW MAT]IALS & NATURAL =CES4 ,NOT EV5 ! ME*ANICAL DEVICES & 5G9ES DEVELOP$ DUR+ ! EIG$ !IR EFFECTIV5ESS4 ,AL?\< !SE MA*9ES 9CREAS$ \TPUT 5ORM\SLY1 WORK]S' MUSCLES & BRA9 W]E /ILL REQUIR$ TO OP]ATE !M1 EV5 = FAIRLY R\T9E TASKS4 ,TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE C\LD BE CALCULAT$ 9 /RICT T]MS ( LABOR PRODUCTIVITY3 ,ONE MAN US+ A GIV5 MA*9E PRODUC$ AS MANY COMMODITIES AS FIVE1 T51 FIFTY1 OR A HUNDR$ HAD PRODUC$ )\T ! MA*9E4444 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( FULLY AUTOMATIC MA*9ES = COMPLEX MASSMANUFACTUR+ OP]ATIONS REQUIR$ ?AT !SE MA*9ES HAVE A BUILT9 ABILITY TO CORRECT !IR [N ]RORS2 S5SORY DEVICES = REPLAC+ ! VISUAL1 AUDITORY1 & TACTILE S5SES ( ! WORK]2 & F9ALLY1 DEVICES ?AT REPLACE ! WORK]'S JUDGM5T1 SKILL1 & MEMORY4 ,!SE ?REE PR9CIPLES PRESUPPOSE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL MEANS 7! EFFECTORS1 IF Y\ WILL7 = APPLY+ ! S5SORY1 CONTROL1 & M9DLIKE DEVICES 9 EV]YDAY 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS2 FUR!R1 !Y PRESUPPOSE ?AT WE CAN ADAPT EXI/+ MA*9ES OR DEVELOP NEW ONES = H&L+1 %AP+1 ASSEMBL+1 PACKAG+1 & TRANSPORT+ SEMIF9I%$ & F9I%$ PRODUCTS4444 ,) ! ADV5T ( ! COMPUT] WE 5T]$ AN 5TIRELY NEW DIM5SION ( 9DU/RIAL CONTROL SY/EMS4 ,! COMPUT] IS CAPABLE ( P]=M+ ALL ! R\T9E TASKS ?AT BURD5$ ! M9D ( ! WORK] A G5]ATION AGO4444 ,BY VIRTUE ( ITS SPE$1 ! COMPUT] CAN P]=M HIGUABLE :E!R COMPUT] 09TELLIG5CE0 IS1 OR EV] WILL BE1 CREATIVE OR 9NOVATIVE 7AL?\< EV]Y FEW YE>S BR+ SWEEP+ *ANGES 9 COMPUT] TE*NOLOGY71 BUT !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! DIGITAL COMPUT] IS CAPABLE ( TAK+ OV] ALL ! ON]\S & DI/9CTLY UNCREATIVE M5TAL TASKS ( MAN 9 9DU/RY1 SCI5CE1 5G9E]+1 9=MATION RETRIEVAL1 & TRANSPORTATION4 ,MOD]N MAN1 9 EFFECT1 HAS PRODUC$ AN ELECTRONIC 0M9D0 = COORD9AT+1 BUILD+1 & EVALUAT+ MO/ ( HIS R\T9E 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS4 ,PROP]LY US$ )9 ! SPH]E ( COMPET5CE = :I* !Y >E DESIGN$1 COMPUT]S >E FA/] & MORE EFFICI5T ?AN MAN HIMSELF4444 ,EV5 CURR5T SY/EMS >E N[ ALREADY OBSOLETE4 0,! NEXT G5]ATION ( COMPUT+ MA*9ES OP]ATES A ?\S& TIMES AS FA/ -- AT A PULSE RATE ( ONE 9 EV]Y ?REE-T5?S ( A BILLION? ( A SECOND10 OBS]VES ,ALICE ,M>Y ,HILTON4 0,SPE$S ( MILLION?S & BILLION?S ( A SECOND >E NOT REALLY 9TELLIGIBLE TO \R F9ITE M9DS4 ,BUT WE CAN C]TA9LY UND]/& ?AT ! ADVANCE HAS BE5 A ?\S&-FOLD )9 A YE> OR TWO4 ,A ?\S& TIMES AS MU* 9=MATION CAN BE H&L$ OR ! SAME AM\NT ( 9=MATION CAN BE H&L$ A ?\S& TIMES AS FA/4 ,A JOB ?AT TAKES MORE ?AN SIXTE5 H\RS CAN BE DONE 9 A M9UTE6 ,& )\T ANY HUMAN 9T]V5TION6 ,SU* A SY/EM DOES NOT CONTROL M]ELY AN ASSEMBLY L9E BUT A COMPLETE MANUFACTUR+ & 9DU/RIAL PROCESS60.<#d#c.> ,! BASIC TE*NOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES 9VOLV$ 9 CYB]NAT+ CAN BE APPLI$ TO VIRTUALLY EV]Y >EA ( MASS MANUFACTURE -- FROM METALLURGY TO FOOD PROCESS+1 FROM ELECTRONICS TO TOY-MAK+1 FROM PREFABRICAT$ BRIDGES TO PREFABRICAT$ H\SES4 ,MANY PHASES ( /EEL PRODUCTION1 TOOL & DIE MAK+1 ELECTRONIC EQUIPM5T MANUFACTURE1 & 9DU/RIAL *EMICAL PRODUCTION >E N[ P>TLY OR L>GELY AUTOMAT$4444 ,TO BE SURE1 EV]Y 9DU/RY HAS ITS [N P>TICUL> PROBLEMS1 & ! APPLICATION ( A TOILLESS TE*NOLOGY TO A SPECIFIC PLANT W\LD D\BTLESS REVEAL A MULTITUDE ( K9KS ?AT W\LD REQUIRE PA9/AK+ SOLUTIONS4444 ,BUT !RE IS PRACTICALLY NO 9DU/RY ?AT CANNOT BE FULLY AUTOMAT$ IF ! PRODUCT1 ! PLANT1 ! MANUFACTUR+ PROC$URES1 & ! H&L+ ME?ODS >E R$ESIGN$4 ,9 FACT1 ! DIFFICULTY ( DESCRIB+ H[1 :]E1 OR :5 A GIV5 9DU/RY WILL BE AUTOMAT$ >ISES NOT FROM ASSESS+ ITS UNIQUE PROBLEMS BUT FROM CONSID]+ ! 5ORM\S LEAPS ?AT OCCUR EV]Y FEW YE>S 9 MOD]N TE*NOLOGY4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y ACC\NT ( APPLI$ AUTOMATION TODAY MU/ BE REG>D$ AS PROVISIONAL3 AS SOON AS ONE DESCRIBES A P>TIALLY AUTOMAT$ 9DU/RY1 TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES MAKE ! DESCRIPTION OBSOLETE4 ,!RE IS ONE >EA ( ! ECONOMY1 H[EV]1 9 :I* ANY TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE IS WOR? DESCRIB+ -- ! >EA ( WORK1 ( TOIL1 ?AT IS MO/ BRUTALIZ+ & DEGRAD+ = MAN4 ,IF IT IS TRUE1 AS ,F\RI] SAID1 ?AT ! MORAL LEVEL ( A SOCIETY CAN BE GAUG$ BY ! WAY IT TREATS WOM51 ITS S5SITIVITY TO HUMAN SUFF]+ CAN BE GAUG$ BY ! WORK+ CONDITIONS IT PROVIDES = PEOPLE 9 RAW MAT]IALS 9DU/RIES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 M9ES & QU>RIES4 ,9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 M9+ WAS (T5 A =M ( P5AL S]VITUDE1 RES]V$ PRIM>ILY = ! MO/ H>D5$ CRIM9ALS1 ! MO/ 9TRACTABLE SLAVES1 & ! MO/ HAT$ PRISON]S ( W>4 ,! M9E IS ! DAY-TO-DAY ACTUALIZATION ( MAN'S IMAGE ( HELL2 IT IS A DEAD5+1 DISMAL1 9ORGANIC WORLD ?AT DEM&S PURE M9DLESS TOIL4 ,FIELD & =E/ & /REAM & OCEAN >E ! 5VIRONM5T ( LIFE2 ! M9E IS ! 5VIRONM5T ALONE ( ORES1 M9]ALS1 METALS .4444 ,9 HACK+ & DIGG+ ! CONT5TS ( ! E>?1 ! M9] HAS NO EYE = ! =MS ( ?+S2 :AT HE SEES IS %E] MATT] & UNTIL HE GETS TO HIS VE9 IT IS ONLY AN OB/ACLE :I* HE BREAKS ?R\< /UBBORNLY & S5DS UP TO ! SURFACE4 ,IF ! M9] SEES %APES ON ! WALLS ( HIS CAV]N1 AS ! C&LE FLICK]S1 !Y >E ONLY ! MON/R\S DI/ORTIONS ( HIS PICK OR HIS >M3 %APES ( FE>4 ,DAY HAS BE5 ABOLI%$ & ! RHY?M ( NATURE BROK53 CONT9U\S DAY-&-NITIFICIAL LITIFICIAL V5TILATION TOO3 A TRIUMPH ( ! 0MANUFACTUR$ 5VIRONM5T40.<#d#d.> ,! ABOLITION ( M9+ AS A HUMAN ACTIVITY W\LD SYMBOLIZE1 9 ITS [N WAY1 ! TRIUMPH ( A LIB]ATORY TE*NOLOGY4 ,?AT WE CAN PO9T TO ?IS A*IEVEM5T ALREADY PRESAGES ! FRE$OM FROM TOIL IMPLICIT 9 ! TE*NOLOGY ( \R TIME4 ,! FIR/ MAJOR /EP 9 ?IS DIRECTION WAS ! CONT9U\S M9]1 A GIANT CUTT+ MA*9E ) N9E-FOOT BLADES ?AT SLICES UP EIEAS LIKE ,WE/ ,VIRG9IA TO AB\T A ?IRD ( #aidh LEVELS1 AT ! SAME TIME NE>LY D\BL+ 9DIVIDUAL \TPUT4 ,COAL M9ES /ILL REQUIRE M9]S TO PLACE & OP]ATE ! MA*9ES4 ,! MO/ REC5T TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES1 H[EV]1 HAVE REPLAC$ OP]ATORS BY RAD> S5S+ DEVICES & ELIM9ATE ! M9] COMPLETELY4 ,ADD+ S5S+ DEVICES TO AUTOMATIC MA*9]Y C\LD EASILY REMOVE ! WORK] FROM TOIL NOT ONLY 9 M9ES BUT 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,! WISDOM ( 9DU/RIALIZ+ & ME*ANIZ+ AGRICULTURE IS HIGE >EAS ( 9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURE1 RANG+ FROM COTTON PICK+ TO RICE H>VE/+4 ,ALMO/ ANY MA*9E1 FROM A GIANT %OVEL 9 AN OP5/RIP M9E TO A GRA9 H>VE/] 9 ! ,GREAT ,PLA9S1 C\LD BE OP]AT$ EI!R BY CYB]NAT$ S5S+ DEVICES OR BY REMOTE CONTROL ) TELEVISION CAM]AS4 ,! EF=T NE$$ TO OP]ATE !SE DEVICES & MA*9ES AT A SAFE DI/ANCE1 9 COM=TABLE QU>T]S1 W\LD BE M9IMAL1 ASSUM+ ?AT A HUMAN OP]ATOR W]E REQUIR$ AT ALL4 ,IT IS EASY TO =ESEE A TIME1 BY NO MEANS REMOTE1 :5 A RATIONALLY ORGANIZ$ ECONOMY C\LD AUTOMATICALLY MANUFACTURE SMALL 0PACKAG$0 FACTORIES )\T HUMAN LABOR1 :5 P>TS C\LD BE PRODUC$ ) SO LITTLE EF=T ?AT MO/ MA9T5ANCE TASKS W\LD BE SIMPLY TO REMOVE A DEFECTIVE UNIT FROM A MA*9E & REPLACE IT ) ANO!R -- A JOB NO MORE DIFFICULT ?AN PULL+ \T & PUTT+ 9 A TRAY4 ,MA*9ES W\LD MAKE & REPAIR MO/ ( ! MA*9ES REQUIR$ TO MA9TA9 SU* A HID HUMAN NE$S & FRE$ FROM ALL CONSID]ATION ( PR(IT & LOSS1 W\LD ELIM9ATE ! PA9 ( WANT & TOIL -- ! P5ALTY1 9FLICT$ 9 ! =M ( D5IAL1 SUFF]+1 & 9HUMANITY1 EXACT$ BY A SOCIETY BAS$ ON SC>CITY & LABOR4 ,TE*NOLOGY = ,LIFE 7FROM 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY10 #a#i#f#e7 ,9 A FUTURE REVOLUTION1 ! MO/ PRESS+ TASK ( TE*NOLOGY WILL BE TO PRODUCE A SURFEIT ( GOODS ) A M9IMUM ( TOIL4 ,! IMM$IATE PURPOSE ( ?IS TASK W\LD BE TO OP5 ! SOCIAL >5A P]MAN5TLY TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE1 TO KEEP ! REVOLUTION 9 P]MAN5CE4 ,?US F> EV]Y SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAS F\ND]$ BECAUSE ! PEAL ( ! TOCS9 C\LD NOT BE HE>D OV] ! D9 ( ! WORK%OP4 ,DREAMS ( FRE$OM & PL5TY W]E POLLUT$ BY ! MUNDANE1 WORKADAY RESPONSIBILITY = PRODUC+ ! MEANS ( SURVIVAL4 ,9 ! BRUTE FACTS ( HI/ORY1 AS LONG AS REVOLUTION MEANT CONT9UAL SACRIFICE & D5IAL = ! PEOPLE1 ! RE9S ( P[] FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! POLITICAL 0PR(ESSIONALS10 ! M$IOCRITIES ( ,!RMIDOR4 ,H[ WELL ! LIB]AL ,GIROND9S ( ! ,FR5* ,CONV5TION UND]/OOD ?IS REALITY CAN BE JUDG$ BY !IR EF=T TO R$UCE ! REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR ( ! ,P>ISIAN POPUL> ASSEMBLIES -- ! GREAT SECTIONS ( #agic -- BY DECREE+ ?AT ! MEET+S %\LD CLOSE 0AT T5 9 ! EV5+10 OR AS ,C>LYLE TELLS US1 0BE=E ! WORK+ PEOPLE COME FROM !IR JOBS40.<#d#e.> ,! DECREE PROV$ 9EFFECTIVE1 BUT IT WAS WELL AIM$4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 ! TRAG$Y ( PA/ REVOLUTIONS HAS BE5 ?AT SOON] OR LAT]1 !IR DOORS HAD TO CLOSE 0AT T5 9 ! EV5+40 ,! MO/ CRITICAL FUNCTION ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY MU/ BE TO KEEP ! DOORS ( ! REVOLUTION OP5 =EV]6 444 ,! FUTURE LIB]AT$ M5 WILL *OOSE FROM A L>GE V>IETY ( MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE OR COMB9ABLE WORK /YLES1 ALL ( :I* WILL BE BAS$ ON UN=ESEEABLE TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS4 ,OR !Y MAY *OOSE TO SUBM]GE ! CYB]NAT$ MA*9E TO A TE*NOLOGICAL WORLD1 DIVORC+ IT 5TIRELY FROM SOCIAL LIFE1 ! COMMUNITY1 & CREATIVITY4 ,ALL BUT HIDD5 FROM SOCIETY1 MA*9ES W\LD WORK = MAN4 ,FREE COMMUNITIES W\LD /& AT ! 5D ( A CYB]NAT$ ASSEMBLY L9E ) BASKETS TO C>T ! GOODS HOME4 ,9DU/RY1 LIKE ! AUTONOMIC N]V\S SY/EM1 W\LD WORK ON ITS [N1 SUBJECT TO ! REPAIRS ?AT \R [N BODIES REQUIRE 9 OCCASIONAL B\TS ( ILLNESS4 ,! FRACTURE SEP>AT+ MAN FROM MA*9E W\LD NOT BE HEAL$4 ,IT W\LD SIMPLY BE IGNOR$4 ,IGNOR+ TE*NOLOGY1 ( C\RSE1 IS NO SOLUTION4 ,MAN W\LD BE CLOS+ (F A VITAL HUMAN EXP]I5CE -- ! /IMULUS ( PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY1 ! /IMULUS ( ! MA*9E4 ,TE*NOLOGY CAN 9 FACT PLAY A VITAL ROLE 9 =M+ ! P]SONALITY ( MAN4 ,EV]Y >T1 AS ,LEWIS ,MUM=D HAS >GU$1 HAS ITS TE*NICAL SIDE1 REQUIR+ ! SELF-MOBILIZATION ( SPONTANEITY 9TO EXPRESS$ ORD] & PROVID+ CONTACT ) ! OBJECTIVE WORLD DUR+ ! MO/ EC/ATIC MOM5TS ( EXP]I5CE4 ,A LIB]AT$ SOCIETY1 ,I BELIEVE1 W\LD NOT WANT TO NEGATE TE*NOLOGY1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS LIB]AT$ & CAN /RIKE A BALANCE4 ,IT MAY WELL WANT TO ASSIMILATE ! MA*9E TO >TI/IC CRAFTSMAN%IP4 ,BY ?IS1 ,I MEAN ! MA*9E W\LD REMOVE ! TOIL FROM ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS1 LEAV+ ITS >TI/IC COMPLETION TO MAN4 ,! MA*9E1 9 EFFECT1 W\LD P>TICIPATE 9 HUMAN CREATIVITY4 ,!RE IS NO REASON ?AT AUTOMATIC1 CYB]NAT$ MA*9]Y CANNOT BE US$ SO ?AT ! F9I%+ ( PRODUCTS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE DE/9$ = P]SONAL USE1 IS LEFT TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,! MA*9E C\LD ABSORB ! TOIL 9VOLV$ 9 M9+1 SMELT+1 TRANSPORT+1 & %AP+ RAW MAT]IALS1 LEAV+ ! F9AL /AGES ( >TI/RY & CRAFTSMAN%IP TO ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,MO/ ( ! /ONES ?AT MAKE UP A M$IEVAL CA!DRAL W]E C>EFULLY SQU>$ & /&>DIZ$ TO FACILITATE !IR LAY+ & BOND+ -- A ?ANKLESS1 REPETITIVE1 & BOR+ TASK ?AT MOD]N MA*9ES C\LD N[ DO RAPIDLY & EF=TLESSLY4 ,ONCE ! /ONE BLOCKS W]E SET 9 PLACE1 ! CRAFTSM5 MADE !IR APPE>ANCE2 TOIL WAS REPLAC$ BY CREATIVE HUMAN WORK4 ,9 A LIB]AT$ COMMUNITY ! COMB9ATION ( 9DU/RIAL MA*9ES & ! CRAFTSMAN'S TOOLS C\LD REA* A DEGREE ( SOPHI/ICATION & ( CREATIVE 9T]DEP5D5CE UNP>ALLEL$ 9 ANY P]IOD 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S VISION ( A RETURN TO CRAFTSMAN%IP W\LD BE FRE$ ( ITS NO/ALGIC NUANCES4 ,WE C\LD TRULY SPEAK ( A QUALITATIVELY NEW ADVANCE 9 TE*NICS -- A TE*NOLOGY = LIFE4 ,HAV+ ACQUIR$ A VITALIZ+ RESPECT = ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T & ITS RES\RCES1 ! FREE DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITY W\LD GIVE A NEW 9T]PRETATION TO ! WORD NE$4 ,M>X'S 0REALM ( NECESSITY10 9/EAD ( EXP&+ 9DEF9ITELY1 W\LD T5D TO CONTRACT2 NE$S W\LD BE HUMANIZ$ & SCAL$ BY A HI<] VALUATION ( LIFE & CREATIVITY4 ,QUALITY & >TI/RY W\LD SUPPLANT ! CURR5T EMPHASIS ON QUANTITY & /&>DIZATION2 DURABILITY W\LD REPLACE ! CURR5T EMPHASIS ON EXP5DABILITY2 AN ECONOMY ( *]I%$ ?+S1 SANCTIFI$ BY A S5SE ( TRADITION & BY A S5SE ( WOND] = ! P]SONALITY & >TI/RY ( DEAD G5]ATIONS1 W\LD REPLACE ! M9DLESS SEASONAL RE/YL+ ( COMMODITIES2 9NOVATIONS W\LD BE MADE ) A S5SITIVITY = ! NATURAL 9CL9ATIONS ( MAN AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! 5G9E]$ POLLUTION ( TA/E BY ! MASS M$IA4 ,CONS]VATION W\LD REPLACE WA/E 9 ALL ?+S4 ,FRE$ ( BUREAUCRATIC MANIPULATION1 M5 W\LD R$ISCOV] ! BEAUTY ( A SIMPL]1 UNCLUTT]$ MAT]IAL LIFE4 ,CLO?+1 DIET1 FURNI%+S1 & HOMES W\LD BECOME MORE >TI/IC1 MORE P]SONALIZ$1 & MORE ,SP>TAN4 ,MAN W\LD RECOV] A S5SE ( ?+S ?AT >E = MAN1 AS AGA9/ ! ?+S ?AT HAVE BE5 IMPOS$ UPON MAN4 ,! REPULSIVE RITUAL ( B>GA9+ & HO>D+ W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY ! S5SITIVE ACTS ( MAK+ & GIV+4 ,?+S W\LD CEASE TO BE ! CRUT*ES = IMPOV]I%$ EGOS & ! M$IATORS BETWE5 ABORT$ P]SONALITIES2 !Y W\LD BECOME ! PRODUCTS ( R\ND$1 CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALS & ! GIFTS ( 9TEGRAT$1 DEVELOP+ SELVES4 ,A TE*NOLOGY = LIFE C\LD PLAY ! VITAL ROLE ( 9TEGRAT+ ONE COMMUNITY ) ANO!R4 ,RESCAL$ TO A REVIVAL ( CRAFTS & A NEW CONCEPTION ( MAT]IAL NE$S1 TE*NOLOGY C\LD ALSO FUNCTION AS ! S9EWS ( CONF$]ATION4 ,A NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR & 9DU/RIAL C5TRALIZATION >E DANG]\S BECAUSE ) !M TE*NOLOGY BEG9S TO TRANSC5D ! HUMAN SCALE2 IT BECOMES 9CREAS+LY 9COMPREH5SIBLE & L5DS ITSELF TO BUREAUCRATIC MANIPULATION4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT CONTROL IS %IFT$ AWAY FROM ! COMMUNITY 9 REAL T]MS 7TE*NOLOGICALLY & ECONOMICALLY71 C5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS ACQUIRE REAL P[] OV] ! LIVES ( M5 & ?REAT5 TO BECOME S\RCES ( CO]CION4 ,A TE*NOLOGY = LIFE MU/ BE BAS$ ON ! COMMUNITY2 IT MU/ BE TAILOR$ TO ! COMMUNITY & ! REGIONAL LEVEL4 ,ON ?IS LEVEL1 H[EV]1 ! %>+ ( FACTORIES & RES\RCES C\LD ACTUALLY PROMOTE SOLID>ITY AMONG COMMUNITY GR\PS2 IT C\LD S]VE TO CONF$]ATE !M ON ! BASIS NOT ONLY ( COMMON SPIRITUAL & CULTURAL 9T]E/S BUT ALSO ( COMMON MAT]IAL NE$S4 ,DEP5D+ UPON ! RES\RCES & UNIQU5ESS ( REGIONS1 A RATIONAL1 HUMANI/IC BALANCE C\LD BE /RUCK BETWE5 AUT>KY1 9DU/RIAL CONF$]ATION1 & A NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,IS SOCIETY SO 0COMPLEX0 ?AT AN ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION /&S 9 CONTRADICTION TO A DEC5TRALIZ$ TE*NOLOGY = LIFE8 ,MY ANSW] IS A CATEGORICAL NO4 ,MU* ( ! SOCIAL 0COMPLEXITY0 ( \R TIME ORIG9ATES 9 ! PAP]WORK1 ADM9I/RATION1 MANIPULATION1 & CON/ANT WA/EFULNESS ( CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE4 ,! PETTY B\RGEOIS /&S 9 AWE ( ! B\RGEOIS FIL+ SY/EM -- ! R[S ( CAB9ETS FILL$ ) 9VOICES1 ACC\NT+ BOOKS1 9SURANCE RECORDS1 TAX =MS1 & ! 9EVITABLE DOSSI]S4 ,HE IS SPELLB\ND BY ! 0EXP]TIZE0 ( 9DU/RIAL MANAG]S1 5G9E]S1 /YLEMONG]S1 F9ANCIAL MANIPULATORS1 & ! >*ITECTS ( M>KET CONS5T4 ,HE IS MY/IFI$ BY ! /ATE -- ! POLICE1 C\RTS1 JAILS1 F$]AL (FICES1 SECRET>IATS1 ! :OLE /9K+1 SICK BODY ( CO]CION1 CONTROL1 & DOM9ATION4 ,MOD]N SOCIETY IS 9DE$ 9CR$IBLY COMPLEX1 COMPLEX EV5 BEYOND HUMAN COMPREH5SION1 IF WE GRANT ITS PREMISES3 PROP]TY1 0PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION10 COMPETITION1 CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 EXPLOITATION1 F9ANCE1 C5TRALIZATION1 CO]CION1 BUREAUCRACY1 & ! DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,L9K$ TO EA* ( !SE PREMISES >E ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT ACTUALIZE IT -- (FICES1 MILLIONS ( 0P]SONNEL0 =MS1 IMM5SE TONS ( PAP]1 DESKS1 TYPEWRIT]S1 TELEPHONES1 & ( C\RSE R[S UPON R[S ( FIL+ CAB9ETS4 ,AS 9 ,KAFKA'S NOVELS1 !SE ?+S >E REAL BUT /RANGELY DREAMLIKE1 9DEF9ABLE %AD[S ON ! SOCIAL L&SCAPE4 ,! ECONOMY HAS A GREAT] REALITY TO IT & IS EASILY MA/]$ BY ! M9D & S5SES1 BUT IT TOO IS HII$ 5DLESSLY 9 K9D & PATT]N TO CREATE ! ILLUSION ( 9NOVATION & NOVELTY1 BA?ROOM CAB9ETS FILL$ TO OV]FL[+ ) A DAZZL+ V>IETY ( PH>MACEUTICALS & LOTIONS1 & KIT*5S CLUTT]$ ) 5DLESS IMBECILE APPLIANCES4 ,IF WE S+L$ \T FROM ?IS ODI\S G>BAGE ONE OR TWO GOODS ( HI< QUALITY 9 ! MORE USEFUL CATEGORIES1 & IF WE ELIM9AT$ ! MONEY ECONOMY1 ! /ATE P[]1 ! CR$IT SY/EM1 ! PAP]WORK1 & ! POLICE WORK REQUIR$ TO HOLD SOCIETY 9 AN 5=C$ /ATE ( WANT1 9SECURITY1 & DOM9ATION1 SOCIETY W\LD BECOME NOT ONLY REASONABLY HUMAN BUT FAIRLY SIMPLE4 ,BEH9D A S+LE Y>D ( HI<-QUALITY ELECTRIC WIR+1 TO BE SURE1 LIES A COPP] M9E1 ! MA*9]Y NE$$ TO OP]ATE IT1 A PLANT = PRODUC+ 9SULAT+ MAT]IAL1 A COPP] SMELT+ & %AP+ COMPLEX1 & A TRANSPORTATION SY/EM = DI/RIBUT+ ! WIR+ -- & BEH9D EA* ( !SE COMPLEXES >E O!R M9ES1 PLANTS1 MA*9E %OPS1 & SO =?4 ,COPP] M9ES ( A K9D ?AT CAN BE EXPLOIT$ BY EXI/+ MA*9]Y >E NOT TO BE F\ND EV]Y:]E1 AL?\< 5\< COPP] & O!R USEFUL METALS CAN BE RECOV]$ AS SCRAP FROM ! DEBRIS ( \R PRES5T SOCIETY TO PROVIDE FUTURE G5]ATIONS ) ALL !Y NE$4 ,BUT EV5 IF COPP] CAN BE FURNI%$ ONLY BY A NATIONWIDE SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION1 9 :AT S5SE W\LD !RE /ILL HAVE TO BE A DIVISION ( LABOR 9 ! CURR5T S5SE ( ! T]M8 ,!RE NE$ BE NONE AT ALL4 ,FIR/1 COPP] C\LD BE DI/RIBUT$1 TOGE!R ) O!R GOODS1 AMONG FREE1 AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES1 BETWE5 ?OSE ?AT M9E IT & ?OSE ?AT REQUIRE IT4 ,?IS DI/RIBUTION SY/EM NE$ NOT REQUIRE ! M$IATION = C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,SECOND1 & P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANT1 A COMMUNITY ?AT LIVES 9 A REGION ) AMPLE COPP] RES\RCES W\LD NOT BE A M]E M9+ COMMUNITY4 ,COPP] M9+ W\LD BE ONE ( MANY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 9 :I* IT IS 5GAG$ -- A P>T ( A L>G]1 R\ND$1 ORGANIC ECONOMIC >5A4 ,! SAME W\LD HOLD = COMMUNITIES :OSE CLIMATE IS MO/ SUITABLE = GR[+ SPECIALIZ$ FOODS OR :OSE RES\RCES >E R>E & UNIQUELY VALUABLE TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,EA* COMMUNITY W\LD APPROXIMATE LOCAL OR REGIONAL AUT>KY4 ,IT W\LD SEEK TO A*IEVE :OL5ESS1 BECAUSE :OL5ESS PRODUCES COMPLETE1 R\ND$ M5 :O LIVE 9 SYMBIOTIC RELATION%IP ) !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,EV5 IF A SUB/ANTIAL PORTION ( ! ECONOMY FELL )9 ! SPH]E ( A NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! OV]ALL ECONOMIC WEIRY W\ND$ COMRADES TO SAFETY4 ,:AT %OCKS US >E ?OSE OCCASIONS :5 AID IS REFUS$ -- :5 ! CRIES ( A GIRL BE+ /ABB$ >E IGNOR$ 9 A MIDDLE-CLASS NEIRANT A MOLECULE ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY4 ,:AT SOLID>ITY WE DO F9D EXI/S DESPITE ! SOCIETY1 AGA9/ ALL ITS REALITIES1 AS AN UN5D+ /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! 9NATE DEC5CY ( MAN & ! 9NATE 9DEC5CY ( SOCIETY4 ,CAN WE IMAG9E H[ M5 W\LD BEHAVE IF ?IS DEC5CY C\LD F9D FULL RELEASE1 IF SOCIETY E>N$ ! RESPECT1 EV5 ! LOVE1 ( ! 9DIVIDUAL8 ,WE >E /ILL ! (FSPR+ ( A VIOL5T1 BLOOD-SOAK$1 IGNOBLE HI/ORY -- ! 5D PRODUCTS ( MAN'S DOM9ATION ( MAN4 ,WE MAY NEV] 5D ?IS CONDITION ( DOM9ATION4 ,! FUTURE MAY BR+ US & \R %ODDY CIVILIZATION D[N 9 A ,WAGN]IAN ,GOTT]DAMM]UNG4 ,H[ IDIOTIC IT W\LD ALL BE6 ,BUT WE MAY ALSO 5D ! DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,WE MAY F9ALLY SUCCE$ 9 BREAK+ ! *A9 TO ! PA/ & GA9 A HUMANI/IC AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,IT W\LD BE ! HEI VIRG9S W\LD NOT BE WRITT54 ,WE CAN ASK ONLY ONE ?+ ( ! FREE M5 & WOM5 ( ! FUTURE3 TO =GIVE US ?AT IT TOOK SO LONG TO GET !RE & ?AT IT WAS SU* A H>D PULL4 ,LIKE ,BRE*T1 WE CAN ASK ?AT !Y TRY NOT TO ?9K ( US TOO H>%LY1 ?AT !Y GIVE US !IR SYMPA?Y & UND]/& ?AT WE LIV$ 9 ! DEP?S ( A SOCIAL HELL4 ,BUT !N1 !Y WILL SURELY KN[ :AT TO ?9K )\T \R TELL+ !M4 ,! ,FETI%IZATION ( ,NE$S 7FROM ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 #a#i#h#b7 ,SC>CITY IS NOT M]ELY A FUNCTIONAL PH5OM5ON ?AT CAN BE DESCRIB$ PRIM>ILY 9 T]MS ( NE$S OR WANTS4 ,OBVI\SLY1 )\T A SUFFICI5CY 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE1 LIFE ITSELF IS IMPOSSIBLE1 & )\T A C]TA9 EXCESS 9 !SE MEANS1 LIFE IS DEGRAD$ TO A CRUEL /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! LEVEL ( NE$S4 ,LEISURE TIME1 UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 IS NOT FREE TIME ?AT FO/]S 9TELLECTUAL ADVANCES BEYOND ! MAGICAL1 >TI/IC1 & MY?OPEIC4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! 0TIME0 ( A COMMUNITY ON ! $GE ( SURVIVAL IS 0SUFF]+ TIME40 ,IT IS A TIME :5 HUNG] IS ! ALL-5COMPASS+ FE> ?AT P]SI/5TLY LIVES ) ! COMMUNITY1 A TIME :5 ! DIM9UTION ( HUNG] IS ! COMMUNITY'S CON/ANT PREOCCUPATION4 ,CLE>LY1 A BALANCE MU/ BE /RUCK BETWE5 A SUFFICI5CY ( ! MEANS ( LIFE1 A RELATIVE FRE$OM ( TIME TO FULFILL ONE'S ABILITIES ON ! MO/ ADVANC$ LEVELS ( HUMAN A*IEVEM5T1 & ULTIMATELY A DEGREE ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 COMPLEM5T>ITY1 & RECIPROCITY ?AT CAN BE CALL$ TRULY HUMAN 9 FULL RECOGNITION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES4 ,NOT ONLY ! FUNCTIONAL DICTATES ( NE$S & WANTS BUT ALSO A CONCEPT ( HUMAN BE+S AS MORE ?AN 0?9K+ ANIMALS0 7TO USE ,PAUL ,%EP>D'S EXPRESSION7 MU/ BE 9TRODUC$ TO DEF9E :AT WE MEAN BY SC>CITY4 ,!SE DI/9CTIONS RAISE A SECOND & P]HAPS MORE COMPLEX PROBLEM3 SC>CITY CAN NOT ONLY IMPAIR HUMAN SURVIVAL BUT IMP$E ! ACTUALIZATION ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES4 ,H5CE SC>CITY CAN BE DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( ITS BIOLOGICAL IMPACT & ALSO ITS CULTURAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,!RE IS A PO9T AT :I* SOCIETY BEG9S TO 9T]V5E 9 ! =MATION ( NE$S TO PRODUCE A V]Y SPECIAL TYPE ( SC>CITY3 A SOCIALLY 9DUC$ SC>CITY ?AT EXPRESSES SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS4 ,SU* SC>CITY MAY OCCUR EV5 :5 TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T SEEMS TO R5D] MAT]IAL SC>CITY COMPLETELY UNW>RANT$4 ,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT ,I AM NOT REF]R+ H]E TO NEW OR MORE EXOTIC WANTS ?AT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T MAY TURN 9TO NE$S4 ,A SOCIETY ?AT HAS 5L>G$ ! CULTURAL GOALS ( HUMAN LIFE MAY G5]ATE MAT]IAL SC>CITY EV5 :5 ! TE*NICAL CONDITIONS EXI/ = A*IEV+ \TRICITY IS NOT M]ELY A MATT] ( QUANTITY OR EV5 ( K9D2 IT CAN ALSO BE A SOCIALLY CONTRADICTORY HYPO/ATIZATION ( NE$ AS SU*4 ,JU/ AS CAPITALISM LEADS TO PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION1 SO TOO IT LEADS TO CONSUMPTION = ! SAKE ( CONSUMPTION4 ,! GREAT B\RGEOIS MAXIM 0GR[ OR DIE0 HAS ITS C\NT]P>T 9 0BUY OR DIE40 ,& JU/ AS ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES IS NO LONG] RELAT$ TO !IR FUNCTION AS USE-VALUES1 AS OBJECTS ( REAL UTILITY1 SO WANTS >E NO LONG] RELAT$ TO HUMANITY'S S5SE ( ITS REAL NE$S4 ,BO? COMMODITIES & NE$S ACQUIRE A BL9D LIFE ( !IR [N2 !Y ASSUME A FETI%IZ$ =M1 AN IRRATIONAL DIM5SION1 ?AT SEEMS TO DET]M9E ! DE/9Y ( ! PEOPLE :O PRODUCE & CONSUME !M4 ,M>X'S FAM\S NOTION ( ! 0FETI%IZATION ( COMMODITIES0 F9DS ITS P>ALLEL 9 A 0FETI%IZATION ( NE$S40 ,PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 9 EFFECT1 ACQUIRE SUPRAHUMAN QUALITIES ?AT >E NO LONG] RELAT$ TO TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T & ! SUBJECT'S RATIONAL CONTROL ( ! CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,!Y >E GOV]N$ 9/EAD BY AN UBIQUIT\S M>KET1 BY A UNIV]SAL COMPETITION NOT ONLY BETWE5 COMMODITIES BUT ALSO BETWE5 ! CREATION ( NE$S -- A COMPETITION ?AT REMOVES COMMODITIES & NE$S FROM RATIONAL COGNITION & P]SONAL CONTROL4 ,NE$S1 9 EFFECT1 BECOME A =CE ( PRODUCTION1 NOT A SUBJECTIVE =CE4 ,!Y BECOME BL9D 9 ! SAME S5SE ?AT ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES BECOMES BL9D4 ,OR*E/RAT$ BY =CES ?AT >E EXT]NAL TO ! SUBJECT1 !Y EXI/ BEYOND ITS CONTROL LIKE ! PRODUCTION ( ! V]Y COMMODITIES ?AT >E MEANT TO SATISFY !M4 ,?IS AUTONOMY ( NE$S IS DEVELOP$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! SUBJECT4 ,IT REVEALS A FATAL FLAW 9 SUBJECTIVITY ITSELF1 9 ! AUTONOMY & SPONTANEITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO CONTROL ! CONDITIONS ( HIS OR H] [N LIFE4 ,TO BREAK ! GRIP ( ! 0FETI%IZATION ( NE$S10 TO DISPEL IT1 IS TO RECOV] FRE$OM ( *OICE1 A PROJECT ?AT IS TI$ TO ! FRE$OM ( ! SELF TO *OOSE4 ,! WORDS FRE$OM & *OICE MU/ BE EMPHASIZ$3 !Y EXI/ CONJO9TLY & >E TI$ TO ! IDEAL ( ! AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL :O IS POSSIBLE ONLY 9 A FREE SOCIETY4 ,AL?\< A HUNT]-GA!R] COMMUNITY MAY BE FREE FROM ! NE$S ?AT BELEAGU] US1 IT MU/ /ILL ANSW] TO V]Y /RICT MAT]IAL IMP]ATIVES4 ,SU* FRE$OM AS IT HAS IS ! PRODUCT NOT ( *OICE BUT ( LIMIT$ MEANS ( LIFE4 ,:AT MAKES IT 0FREE0 >E ! V]Y LIMITATIONS ( ITS TOOL-KIT1 NOT AN EXPANSIVE KN[L$GE ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD4 ,9 A TRULY FREE SOCIETY1 H[EV]1 NE$S W\LD BE =M$ BY CONSCI\SNESS & BY *OICE1 NOT SIMPLY BY 5VIRONM5T & TOOL-KITS4 ,! AFFLU5CE ( A FREE SOCIETY W\LD BE TRANS=M$ FROM A WEAL? ( ?+S 9TO A WEAL? ( CULTURE & 9DIVIDUAL CREATIVITY4 ,H5CE WANT W\LD DEP5D NOT ONLY ON TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T BUT ALSO ON ! CULTURAL CONTEXT 9 :I* IT IS =M$4 ,NATURE'S 0/+9ESS0 & TE*NOLOGY'S LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T W\LD BE IMPORTANT1 BUT ONLY AS SECOND>Y FACTORS 9 DEF9+ SC>CITY & NE$4 ,! PROBLEMS ( NE$S & SC>CITY1 9 %ORT1 MU/ BE SE5 AS A PROBLEM ( SELECTIVITY -- ( *OICE4 ,A WORLD 9 :I* NE$S COMPETE ) NE$S JU/ AS COMMODITIES COMPETE ) COMMODITIES IS ! W>P$ REALM ( A FETI%IZ$1 LIMITLESS WORLD ( CONSUMPTION4 ,?IS WORLD ( LIMITLESS NE$S HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ BY ! IMM5SE >MAM5T>IUM ( ADV]TIS+1 ! MASS M$IA1 & ! GROTESQUE TRIVIALIZATION ( DAILY LIFE1 ) ITS /EADY DIS5GAGEM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM ANY AU!NTIC CONTACT ) HI/ORY4 ,AL?\< *OICE PRESUPPOSES A SUFFICI5CY 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE1 IT DOES NOT IMPLY ! EXI/5CE ( A M9DLESS ABUNDANCE ( GOODS ?AT SMO!RS ! 9DIVIDUAL'S CAPACITY TO SELECT USE-VALUES RATIONALLY1 TO DEF9E HIS OR H] NE$S ACCORD+ TO QUALITATIVE1 ECOLOGICAL1 HUMANI/IC1 9DE$1 PHILOSOPHICAL CRIT]IA4 ,RATIONAL *OICE PRESUPPOSES NOT ONLY A SUFFICI5CY 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE ) M9IMAL LABOR TO ACQUIRE !M2 IT PRESUPPOSES ABOVE ALL A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,FRE$OM FROM SC>CITY1 OR PO/-SC>CITY1 MU/ BE SE5 9 ?IS LICITY IF ! 9DIVIDUAL DOES NOT HAVE ! AUTONOMY1 MORAL 9SIE M9DLESS4 ,*OICE IS VITIAT$ BY ! ASSOCIATION ( NE$S ) CONSUMPTION = ! SAKE ( CONSUMPTION -- ) ! USE ( ADV]TIS+ & ! MASS M$IA TO R5D] ! ACQUISITION ( GOODS AN IMP]ATIVE -- TO MAKE 0NE$0 9TO 0NECESSITY0 DEVOID ( RATIONAL JUDGM5T4 ,:AT IS ULTIMATELY AT /AKE = ! 9DIVIDUAL :OSE NE$S >E RATIONAL IS ! A*IEVEM5T ( AN AUTONOM\S P]SONALITY & SELFHOOD4 ,JU/ AS WORK1 TO USE ,M>X'S CONCEPTS1 DEF9ES ! SUBJECT'S ID5TITY & PROVIDES IT ) A S5SE ( ! ABILITY TO TRANS=M OR ALT] REALITY1 SO NE$S TOO DEF9E ! SUBJECT'S RATIONALITY & PROVIDE IT ) A CAPACITY TO TRANS=M & ALT] ! NATURE ( ! GOODS PRODUC$ BY WORK4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! SUBJECT IS OBLIG$ TO =M JUDGM5TS ?AT REFLECT ! EXT5T TO :I* IT IS RATIONAL OR IRRATIONAL1 FREE & AUTONOM\S OR UND] ! SWAY ( =CES BEYOND ITS CONTROL4 ,PO/-SC>CITY PRESUPPOSES ! =M]2 CONSUM]ISM1 ! LATT]4 ,IF ! OBJECT ( CAPITALISM OR SOCIALISM IS TO 9CREASE NE$S1 ! OBJECT ( AN>*ISM IS TO 9CREASE *OICE4 ,H[EV] MU* ! CONSUM] IS DELUD$ 9TO ! BELIEF ?AT HE OR %E IS *OOS+ FREELY1 ! CONSUM] IS HET]ONOM\S & UND] ! SWAY ( A CONTRIV$ NECESSITY2 ! FREE SUBJECT1 BY CONTRA/1 IS AUTONOM\S & SPONTANE\SLY FULFILLS HIS OR H] RATIONALLY CONCEIV$ WANTS4 ,9 SUMM>Y1 IT IS NOT 9 ! DIM9UTION OR EXPANSION ( NE$S ?AT ! TRUE HI/ORY ( NE$S IS WRITT54 ,RA!R1 IT IS 9 ! SELECTION ( NE$S AS A FUNCTION ( ! FREE & SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! SUBJECT ?AT NE$S BECOME QUALITATIVE & RATIONAL4 ,NE$S >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! SUBJECTIVITY ( ! 0NE$]0 & ! CONTEXT 9 :I* HIS OR H] P]SONALITY IS =M$4 ,! AUTONOMY ?AT IS GIV5 TO USE-VALUES 9 ! =MATION ( NE$S LEAVES \T ! P]SONAL QUALITY1 HUMAN P[]S1 & 9TELLECTUAL COH]5CE ( !IR US]4 ,IT IS NOT 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTIVITY ?AT CREATES MUTILAT$ USE-VALUES BUT SOCIAL IRRATIONALITY ?AT CREATES MUTILAT$ US]S4 ,SC>CITY DOES NOT MEAN ! SAME ?+ :5 APPLI$ TO A 0SAVAGE10 PEASANT1 SLAVE1 S]F1 >TISAN1 OR A PROLET>IAN1 ANY MORE ?AN IT MEANS ! SAME ?+ :5 IT IS APPLI$ TO A *IEFTA91 LORD1 MA/]1 NOBLE1 GUILDMA/]1 OR M]*ANT4 ,! MAT]IAL NE$S ( A 0SAVAGE10 PEASANT1 SLAVE1 S]F1 >TISAN1 & PROLET>IAN >E NOT SO DECISIVELY DIFF]5T FROM EA* O!R1 BUT ! MO/ IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES ?AT DO >ISE D]IVE FROM ! FACT ?AT !IR 9DIVIDUAL DEF9ITIONS ( SC>CITY HAVE *ANG$ SIGNIFICANTLY AS A RESULT ( DIFF]5CES BETWE5 NE$ /RUCTURES4 ,(T51 ! NE$S ( !SE OPPRESS$ CLASSES >E G5]AT$ BY !IR RUL+-CLASS C\NT]P>TS4 ,! HI/ORY ( :ITE BREAD 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGY ( NE$S1 = EXAMPLE1 IS A METAPHOR = ! EXT5T TO :I* TA/ES ASSOCIAT$ ) G5TILITY -- NOT ) PHYSICAL WELL-BE+ & SURVIVAL -- >E TURN$ 9TO ! NE$S ( ! L[LY AS COMPELL+LY1 9 ! FETI%ISM ( NE$S1 AS ! V]Y MEANS ( SURVIVAL4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! ASCETIC REJECTION BY ! L[LY ( !IR RUL]S' NE$S HAS FUNCTION$ AS A COMP5SAT+ ROLE 9 IMP>T+ TO ! OPPRESS$ A L(TY S5SE ( MORAL & CULTURAL SUP]IORITY OV] !IR BETT]S4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! FETI%ISM ( NE$S HAS IMP$$ HUMANITY 9 US+ ITS TE*NICS RATIONALLY & SELECT+ ITS NE$S CONSCI\SLY4 ,\R [N SKEW$ CONCEPTS ( SC>CITY & NE$S >E EV5 MORE COMPELL+ EVID5CE ( ?IS FETI%ISM4 ,UNTIL COMP>ATIVELY REC5T TIMES1 NE$S RETA9$ SOME DEGREE ( CONTACT ) MAT]IAL REALITY & W]E TEMP]$ BY SOME DEGREE ( RATIONALITY4 ,= ALL ! CULTURAL DIFF]5CES ?AT SURR\ND$ ! CONCEPT ( SC>CITY & NE$S 9 ! PA/1 !IR FETI%IZATION WAS ALMO/ M9IMAL 9 COMP>ISON ) \R [N TIMES4 ,BUT ) ! EM]G5CE ( A COMPLETE M>KET SOCIETY1 ! IDEAL ( BO? LIMITLESS PRODUCTION & LIMITLESS NE$S BECAME ?OR\TS4 ,! RE/RA9TS ?AT ,GREEK SOCIAL !ORI/S LIKE ,>I/OTLE TRI$ TO PLACE ON ! M>KET1 H[EV] MU* !Y W]E HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*1 W]E COMPLETELY REMOV$1 & OBJECTS OR USE-VALUES BEGAN TO 9FILTRATE ! L(TY HUMAN GOALS ?AT SOCIETY HAD ELABORAT$ FROM ! DAYS ( !IR CONCEPTION 9 ! POLIS4 ,! IDEALS ( ! PA/1 9 EFFECT1 HAD BECOME SO ?OR\5ESS & SELF-CULTIVATION4 ,ONE C\LD CONT9UE ?IS LI/ ( CONTRA/S 9DEF9ITELY4 ,HAV+ DEMOLI%$ ALL ! E?ICAL & MORAL LIMITS ?AT ONCE KEPT IT 9 H&1 ! M>KET SOCIETY 9 TURN HAS DEMOLI%$ ALMO/ EV]Y HI/ORIC RELATION%IP BETWE5 NATURE1 TE*NICS1 & MAT]IAL WELL-BE+4 ,NO LONG] IS NATURE'S 0/+9ESS0 A FACTOR 9 EXPLA9+ SC>CITY1 NOR IS SC>CITY CONCEIV$ AS A FUNCTION ( TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT EXPLA9S ! CREATION OR SATISFACTION ( NE$S4 ,BO? ! CULTURE & ! TE*NICS ( MOD]N CAPITALISM HAVE UNIT$ TO PRODUCE CRISES NOT ( SC>CITY BUT ( ABUNDANCE OR1 AT LEA/1 ! EXPECTATION ( ABUNDANCE1 ALL *IT-*AT AB\T 0DIM9I%+ RES\RCES0 ASIDE4 ,WE/]N SOCIETY MAY ACCEPT ! REALITY ( ECONOMIC CRISES1 9FLATION1 & UNEMPLOYM5T1 & POPUL> CR$ULITY HAS NOT REJECT$ ! MY? ( A 0/+Y0 NATURE ?AT IS RUNN+ \T ( RAW MAT]IALS & 5]GY RES\RCES4 ,ABUNDANCE1 ALL ! MORE BECAUSE IT IS BE+ D5I$ = /RUCTURAL ECONOMIC REASONS RA!R ?AN NATURAL ONES1 /ILL OR*E/RATES ! POPUL> CULTURE ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,TO MIX SOLID ,VICTORIAN METAPHORS ) CONTEMPOR>Y CNES3 IF 0SAVAGES0 HAD TO P]=M H]OIC TE*NICAL FEATS TO EXTRICATE !MSELVES FROM ! 0CLAW & FANG0 WORLD ( ! JUNGLE & >RIVE AT A S5SE ( !IR HUMANITY1 !N MOD]N CONSUM]S 9 ! M>KET SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO P]=M EQUALLY H]OIC E?ICAL FEATS TO EXTRICATE !MSELVES FROM ! %OPP+ MALLS & RECOV] !IR [N S5SE ( HUMANITY4 ,TO 0DISEMB$0 !MSELVES FROM ! %OPP+ MALL1 !Y MAY REQUIRE MORE P[]FUL AG5TS ?AN E?ICS4 ,!Y MAY WELL REQUIRE A SUP]FLUITY ( GOODS SO IMM5SE 9 QUANTITY ?AT ! PREVAIL+ FETI%ISM ( NE$S WILL HAVE TO BE DISPELL$ ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,H5CE ! E?ICAL LIMITS ?AT W]E SO R$OL5T ) MEAN+ FROM ,HELL5IC TIMES ONW>D MAY BE 9ADEQUATE TODAY4 ,WE HAVE >RIV$ AT A PO9T 9 HI/ORY'S ACC\NT ( NE$ :]E ! V]Y CAPACITY TO SELECT NE$S1 :I* FRE$OM FROM MAT]IAL SC>CITY WAS EXPECT$ TO CREATE1 HAS BE5 SUBV]T$ BY A /RICTLY APPETITIVE S5SIBILITY4 ,SOCIETY MAY WELL HAVE TO BE OV]9DULG$ TO RECOV] ITS CAPACITY = SELECTIVITY4 ,TO LECTURE SOCIETY AB\T ITS 09SATIABLE0 APPETITES1 AS \R RES\RCE-CONSCI\S 5VIRONM5TALI/S >E WONT TO DO1 IS PRECISELY :AT ! MOD]N CONSUM] IS NOT PREP>$ TO HE>4 ,& TO IMPOV]I% SOCIETY ) CONTRIV$ %ORTAGES1 ECONOMIC DISLOCATIONS1 & MAT]IAL DEPRIVATION IS C]TA9 TO %IFT ! MY/IFICATION ( NE$S OV] TO A MORE S9I/] SOCIAL E?ICS1 ! MY/IFICATION ( SC>CITY4 ,?IS E?OS -- ALREADY CRY/ALLIZ$ 9TO ! 0LIFEBOAT E?IC10 0TRIAGE10 & A NEW B\RGEOIS IMAG]Y ( CLAW-&-FANG CALL$ SURVIVALISM -- M>KS ! FIR/ /EP T[>D EC(ASCISM4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiif 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/