,*APT] #f 
,M>XISM 

#aiigaiig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,JANET ,BIEHL 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #f3 ,M>XISM 

,9TRODUCTION 

,AL?\< ,M>X'S WRIT+S HAD A GREAT 9FLU5CE ON ,BOOK*9'S IDEAS1 
IT BECAME CLE> TO HIM E>LY ON ?AT A DEGREE ( AU?ORIT>IANISM1 
P>TICUL>LY AN ACCEPTANCE ( DOM9ATION1 RECURR$ 9 ! ,M>XIAN 
WRIT+S4 ,EV5 9 ! #a#i#dS HE WAS COGNIZANT ?AT A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE 
WAS ESS5TIAL TO ,M>X'S VIEWS & TO ! NEW SOCIALI/ DISP5SATION 
?AT HE W\LD CREATE4 ,MOREOV]1 EV5 AS ,M>X & ,5GELS ATTACK$ 
CLASS SOCIETY1 !Y HAD TAU<T ?AT HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS W]E 
9DISP5SABLE TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 JU/ AS A FACTORY NE$$ 
HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS 9 ORD] TO OP]ATE4 

,9 TIME1 ,BOOK*9 REALIZ$ ?AT ! IDEOLOGICAL RATIONALES = 
MAT]IAL SC>CITY ?AT W]E TYPICAL ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAD BE5 
RECAPITULAT$ 9 ,M>XI/ !ORY AS WELL4 ,JU/ AS RUL+ ELITES HAD US$ 
SC>CITY TO JU/IFY !IR AU?ORITY1 ,M>XISM 9SI/$ ?AT ! 
DOM9ATION ( NONHUMAN NATURE NOT ONLY MADE CLASS SOCIETY 
HI/ORICALLY 9EVITABLE BUT WAS A HI/ORICAL PRECONDITION = HUMAN 
LIB]ATION4 

,BOOK*9'S ASS]TION ?AT ! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE FIR/ 
>OSE )9 SOCIETY OV]TURN$ ?IS RATIONALE1 COMMON TO 
B\RGEOIS & ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY ALIKE4 ,:]E ,M>XI/S >GU$ ?AT 
AN EMANCIPATORY SOCIETY C\LD BE CREAT$ BY ELIM9AT+ CLASS 
SOCIETY ALONE1 ,BOOK*9 MA9TA9$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO 
ELIM9ATE HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION AS WELL4 ,:]E ,M>XI/S >GU$ 
?AT DOM9ATION HAD >IS5 ORIG9ALLY AS A MODE ( ORGANIZ+ 
HUMAN LABOR1 ,BOOK*9 >GU$ ?AT DOM9ATION ORIG9AT$ 9 ! 
RANK+S ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y1 :I* (T5 HAD LITTLE TO DO ) 
MAT]IAL PRODUCTION4 ,! SOCIALI/ S*OOL ?AT FOLL[$ UPON ,M>X'S 
[N DEA?1 ,BOOK*9 CONCLUD$1 WAS ?US TA9T$ BY ! IMP]ATIVE 
TO DOM9ATE HUMAN BE+S & FIR/ NATURE ALIKE4 ,AS ,BOOK*9 
SUMM>IZ$ IT HIMSELF1 9 CONNECTION ) A CRITICISM ( ,FRANKFURT 
S*OOL !ORI/S ,!ODOR ,ADORNO & ,MAX ,HORKHEIM]3 

,H[EV] MU* !Y OPPOS$ DOM9ATION1 NEI!R ,ADORNO NOR 
,HORKHEIM] S+L$ \T HI]>*Y AS AN UND]LY+ PROBLEMATIC 9 
!IR WRIT+S4 ,9DE$1 !IR RESIDUAL ,M>XIAN PREMISES L$ TO A 
HI/ORICAL FATALISM ?AT SAW ANY LIB]ATORY 5T]PRISE 444 AS 
HOPELESSLY TA9T$ BY ! NE$ TO DOM9ATE NATURE & 
CONSEQU5TLY 0MAN40 ,?IS POSITION /&S COMPLETELY AT ODDS ) 
MY [N VIEW ?AT ! NOTION -- & NO MORE ?AN AN UNREALIZABLE 
NOTION -- ( DOM9AT+ NATURE /EMS FROM ! DOM9ATION ( 
HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,?IS IS NOT A SEMANTIC DIFF]5CE 9 ACC\NT+ 
= ! ORIG9S ( DOM9ATION4 ,LIKE ,M>X1 ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL SAW 
NATURE AS A 0DOM9E]+0 =CE OV] HUMANITY ?AT HUMAN GUILE& 
CLASS RULE -- HAD TO EXORCIZE BE=E A CLASSLESS SOCIETY WAS 
POSSIBLE4 ,! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL1 NO LESS ?AN ,M>XISM1 PLAC$ ! 
ONUS = DOM9ATION PRIM>ILY ON ! DEM&+ =CES ( NATURE4 

,MY [N WRIT+S RADICALLY REV]SE ?IS V]Y TRADITIONAL VIEW ( 
! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE4 ,I >GUE ?AT ! IDEA 
( DOM9AT+ NATURE FIR/ >OSE )9 SOCIETY AS P>T ( ITS 
9/ITUTIONALIZATION 9TO G]ONTOCRACIES ?AT PLAC$ ! Y\NG 9 
V>Y+ DEGREES ( S]VITUDE TO ! OLD & 9 PATRI>*IES ?AT 
PLAC$ WOM5 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ( S]VITUDE TO M5 -- NOT 9 ANY 
5DEAVOR TO 0CONTROL0 NATURE OR NATURAL =CES4 ,V>I\S MODES ( 
SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONALIZATION1 NOT MODES ( ORGANIZ+ HUMAN LABOR 
7SO CRUCIAL TO ,M>X_>1 W]E ! FIR/ S\RCES ( DOM9ATION1 :I* 
IS NOT TO D5Y ,M>X'S !SIS ?AT CLASS SOCIETY WAS ECONOMICALLY 
EXPLOITATIVE4 ,H5CE1 DOM9ATION CAN BE DEF9ITIVELY REMOV$ ONLY 
BY RESOLV+ PROBLEMATICS ?AT HAVE !IR ORIG9S 9 HI]>*Y & 
/ATUS1 NOT 9 CLASS & ! TE*NOLOGICAL CONTROL ( NATURE ALONE4.<#d#f.> 

,IT IS EASY TO CONCLUDE1 FROM HIS V>I\S CRITIQUES1 ?AT ,BOOK*9 
REJECT$ ,M>XISM ALTOGE!R & S\<T TO ANNUL IT4 ,YET EV5 9 HIS 
MO/ BITT] POLEMICS AGA9/ #a#i#fS ,M>XI/S1 HE DID NOT AB&ON 
,M>XISM ALTOGE!R4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HIS LIFELONG TRAJECTORY HAS BE5 
TO PRES]VE ! DIALECTICAL APPROA* ( ,M>X 9 ORD] TO TRANSC5D 
,M>XISM ITSELF DIALECTICALLY4 ,?US1 9 ANY /UDY ( HIS WORK1 IT IS 
IMPORTANT TO ID5TIFY ! ASPECTS ( ,M>XISM ?AT HE DID & DID 
NOT REJECT4 ,HE REJECT$1 ( C\RSE1 ! NECESSITY ( HI]>*Y & 
DOM9ATION2 ! EXCLUSIVITY ( CLASS ANALYSIS2 ! HEGEMONIC ROLE ( 
! PROLET>IAT2 & ! CREATION ( A C5TRALIZ$ SOCIALI/ /ATE4 ,HE 
REJECT$1 TOO1 ! REPRESSIVE REGIMES ?AT RUL$ 9 ! NAME ( 
,M>XISM4 

,BUT HE RESPECT$ MANY O!R ASPECTS ( ,M>X'S WORK & 
9CORPORAT$ !M 9TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 SU* AS ITS 9SI<TS 9TO 
CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ITS !ORY ( ! COMMODITY1 & ! NOTION 
?AT COMPLETE FRE$OM HAS MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS4 ,P]HAPS MO/ 
IMPORTANTLY1 HE RESPECT$ ! DIALECTICAL =M ( REASON+ ?AT 
,M>X HAD 9H]IT$ FROM ,HEGEL & ?AT ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF 9H]IT$ 
FROM ,M>X4 ,BOOK*9 CONSID]S ALL ( !SE CONTRIBUTIONS TO BE 
LA/+ & ESS5TIAL TO ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 REG>DLESS ( 
O!R LIMITATIONS 9 ! ,M>XI/ LIT]ATURE4 

,M>XISM & ,DOM9ATION 

7FROM ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM & 0,M>XISM AS ,B\RGEOIS 
,SOCIOLOGY10 #aihb & #a#i#g#i7 

,! /REAM ( HUMAN PROGRESS HAS BE5 A DIVID$ ONE3 ,! DEVELOPM5T 
T[>D MAT]IAL SECURITY & SOCIAL COMPLEXITY HAS G5]AT$ 
CONTRAPUNTAL =CES ?AT YIELD MAT]IAL 9SECURITY & SOCIAL CONFLICT 
UNIQUE TO 0CIVILIZATION0 AS SU*4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE1 )\T ! AGR>IAN 
ECONOMY ?AT ! E>LY ,NEOLI?IC 9TRODUC$1 SOCIETY W\LD HAVE BE5 
MIR$ 9DEF9ITELY 9 A BRUTE SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY LIV+ *RONICALLY ON 
! $GE ( SURVIVAL4 ,NATURE1 SO ! SOCIAL !ORI/S ( ! PA/ C5TURY 
HELD1 IS NORMALLY 0/+Y10 AN UNGIV+ & DECEPTIVE 0MO!R40 ,%E 
HAS FAVOR$ HUMANITY ) H] B\NTY ONLY 9 A FEW REMOTE >EAS ( 
! WORLD4 ,R>ELY HAS %E BE5 ! GIV+ NURTUR] CREAT$ 9 DI/ANT 
TIMES BY MY?OPEIC ?\<T4 ,! 0SAVAGE0 ( ,VICTORIAN E?NOGRAPHY 
MU/ ALWAYS /RUGGLE 7OR 0WRE/LE10 TO USE ,M>X'S T]M7 ) H] TO 
P]PETUATE LIFE -- :I* IS ORD9>ILY MIS]ABLY & M]CIFULLY BRIEF1 
TOL]ABLE AT TIMES BUT NEV] SECURE1 & ONLY M>G9ALLY PL5TIFUL & 
IDYLLIC4 ,HUMANITY'S EM]G5CE FROM ! CON/RICTIVE WORLD ( NATURAL 
SC>CITY HAS ?US BE5 P]CEIV$ AS A L>GELY TE*NICAL PROBLEM ( 
PLAC+ ! UNGIV+ =CES ( NATURE UND] SOCIAL COMM&1 CREAT+ 
& 9CREAS+ SURPLUSES1 DIVID+ LABOR 7NOTABLY1 SEP>AT+ CRAFTS FROM 
AGRICULTURE71 & SU/A9+ 9TELLECTUALLY PRODUCTIVE URBAN ELITES4 ,?US1 
GIV5 ! LEISURE TIME TO ?9K & ADM9I/] SOCIETY1 !SE ELITES C\LD 
CREATE SCI5CE1 5L>GE ! 5TIRE SPH]E ( HUMAN KN[L$GE1 & 
SOPHI/ICATE HUMAN CULTURE4 ,AS ,PR\DHON PLA9TIVELY DECL>$1 E*O+ 
! PREVAIL+ SPIRIT ( ! TIME3 0,YES1 LIFE IS A /RUGGLE4 ,BUT ! /RUGGLE 
IS NOT BETWE5 MAN & MAN -- IT IS BETWE5 M5 & ,NATURE2 & IT IS 
EA* ONE'S DUTY TO %>E IT40 

,M>X ASSUM$ ! SAME VIEW T[>D ! 0BURD5 ( NATURE40 ,BUT 
HE PLAC$ CONSID]ABLE EMPHASIS ON HUMAN DOM9ATION AS AN 
UNAVOIDABLE FEATURE ( HUMANITY'S DOM9ATION ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 
,UNTIL ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N 9DU/RY 7BO? ,M>X & ,5GELS 
>GU$71 ! NEW SURPLUSES PRODUC$ BY PRECAPITALI/ TE*NICS MAY V>Y 
QUANTITATIVELY1 BUT R>ELY >E !Y SUFFICI5T TO PROVIDE ABUNDANCE & 
LEISURE = MORE ?AN A =TUNATE M9ORITY4 ,GIV5 ! RELATIVELY L[ 
LEVEL ( PRE9DU/RIAL TE*NICS1 5\< SURPLUSES CAN BE PRODUC$ TO 
SU/A9 A PRIVILEG$ CLASS ( RUL]S1 P]HAPS EV5 A SUB/ANTIAL ONE UND] 
EXCEPTIONALLY FAVORABLE GEOGRAPHIC & CLIMATIC CONDITIONS4 ,BUT !SE 
SURPLUSES >E NOT SUFFICI5T TO FREE SOCIETY AS A :OLE FROM ! PRESSURES 
( WANT1 MAT]IAL 9SECURITY1 & TOIL4 ,IF SU* LIMIT$ SURPLUSES W]E 
EQUITABLY DIVID$ AMONG ! MULTITUDES :O PRODUCE !M1 A SOCIAL 
CONDITION W\LD EM]GE 9 :I* 0WANT IS MADE G5]AL10 AS ,M>X 
OBS]V$1 0& ) WANT ! /RUGGLE = NECESSITIES & ALL ! OLD 
%IT W\LD NECESS>ILY BE REPRODUC$40 ,AN EGALIT>IAN DIVISION ( ! 
SURPLUSES W\LD M]ELY YIELD A SOCIETY BAS$ ON EQUALITY 9 POV]TY1 AN 
EQUALITY ?AT W\LD SIMPLY P]PETUATE ! LAT5T CONDITIONS = ! 
RE/ORATION ( CLASS RULE4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES PRESUPPOSES 
! 0DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES10 ! ADVANCE ( TE*NOLOGY 
TO A PO9T :]E EV]YONE CAN BE FREE FROM ! BURD5S ( WANT1 
MAT]IAL 9SECURITY1 & TOIL4 ,AS LONG AS SURPLUSES >E M]ELY M>G9AL1 
SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T OCCURS 9 A GRAY ZONE BETWE5 A REMOTE PA/ 9 
:I* PRODUCTIVITY IS TOO L[ TO SUPPORT CLASSES & A DI/ANT FUTURE 
9 :I* IT IS SUFFICI5TLY HI< TO ABOLI% CLASS RULE4 

,H5CE EM]GES ! O!R SIDE ( HUMANITY'S DRAMA3 ! NEGATIVE SIDE 
( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 :I* CONVEYS ! REAL MEAN+ ( ! 0SOCIAL 
PROBLEM0 AS US$ BY ,M>XIAN !ORI/S4 ,TE*NICAL PROGRESS EXACTS A 
P5ALTY = ! B5EFITS IT ULTIMATELY CONF]S ON HUMANITY4 ,TO RESOLVE 
! PROBLEM ( NATURAL SC>CITY1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NICS 5TAILS ! 
R$UCTION ( HUMANITY TO A TE*NICAL =CE4 ,PEOPLE BECOME 9/RUM5TS 
( PRODUCTION1 JU/ LIKE ! TOOLS & MA*9ES !Y CREATE4 ,!Y1 9 
TURN1 >E SUBJECT TO ! SAME =MS ( COORD9ATION1 RATIONALIZATION1 
& CONTROL ?AT SOCIETY TRIES TO IMPOSE ON NATURE & 9ANIMATE 
TE*NICAL 9/RUM5TS4 ,LABOR IS BO? ! M$IUM :]EBY HUMANITY 
=GES ITS [N SELF-=MATION & ! OBJECT ( SOCIAL MANIPULATION4 ,IT 
9VOLVES NOT ONLY ! PROJECTION ( HUMAN P[]S 9TO FREE EXPRESSION 
& SELFHOOD BUT !IR REPRESSION BY ! P]=MANCE PR9CIPLE ( TOIL 
9TO OB$I5CE & SELF-R5UNCIATION4 ,SELF-REPRESSION & SOCIAL 
REPRESSION =M ! 9DISP5SABLE C\NT]PO9T TO P]SONAL EMANCIPATION 
& SOCIAL EMANCIPATION4444 

,M>XIAN !ORY SEES 0MAN0 AS ! EMBODIM5T ( TWO ASPECTS ( 
MAT]IAL REALITY3 FIR/1 AS A PRODUC] :O DEF9ES HIMSELF BY LABOR2 
SECOND1 AS A SOCIAL BE+ :OSE FUNCTIONS >E PRIM>ILY ECONOMIC4 ,:5 
,M>X DECL>ES ?AT 0M5 MAY BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ANIMALS BY 
CONSCI\SNESS1 BY RELIGION OR ANY?+ ELSE Y\ LIKE .<BUT !Y.> BEG9 TO 
DI/+UI% !MSELVES FROM ANIMALS AS SOON AS !Y BEG9 TO PRODUCE 
!IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE0 7,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY71 HE ESS5TIALLY DEALS 
) HUMANITY AS A =CE 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS ?AT DIFF]S FROM 
O!R MAT]IAL =CES ONLY TO ! DEGREE ?AT 0MAN0 CAN CONCEPTUALIZE 
PRODUCTIVE OP]ATIONS ?AT ANIMALS P]=M 9/9CTIVELY4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT 
TO REALIZE H[ DECISIVELY ?IS NOTION ( HUMANITY BREAKS ) ! 
CLASSICAL CONCEPT4 ,TO ,>I/OTLE1 M5 FULFILL$ !IR HUMANITY TO ! DEGREE 
?AT !Y C\LD LIVE 9 A POLIS & A*IEVE ! 0GOOD LIFE40 ,HELL5IC 
?\<T AS A :OLE DI/+UI%$ HUMAN BE+S FROM ANIMALS BY VIRTUE 
( !IR RATIONAL CAPACITIES4 ,IF A 0MODE ( PRODUCTION0 IS NOT SIMPLY TO 
BE REG>D$ AS A MEANS ( SURVIVAL BUT AS A 0DEF9ITE MODE ( LIFE10 
SU* ?AT 0M50 >E 0:AT !Y PRODUCE & H[ !Y PRODUCE0 
7,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY71 HUMANITY1 9 EFFECT1 CAN BE REG>D$ AS AN 
9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 0DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN0 IS 
PRIM>ILY A TE*NICAL PH5OM5ON RA!R ?AN AN E?ICAL ONE4 ,)9 
?IS 9CR$IBLY R$UCTIONI/ FRAMEWORK1 :E!R IT IS VALID = 0MAN0 
TO DOM9ATE 0MAN0 IS TO BE JUDG$ MA9LY 9 T]MS ( TE*NICAL NE$S 
& POSSIBILITIES1 H[EV] DI/A/EFUL SU* A CRIT]ION MI<T HAVE SEEM$ 
TO ,M>X HIMSELF1 HAD HE FAC$ IT 9 ALL ITS BRUTE CL>ITY4444 

,SOCIETY1 9 TURN1 BECOMES A MODE ( LABOR ?AT IS TO BE JUDG$ BY ITS 
CAPACITY TO MEET MAT]IAL NE$S4 ,CLASS SOCIETY REMA9S UNAVOIDABLE AS 
LONG AS ! 0MODE ( PRODUCTION0 FAILS TO PROVIDE ! FREE TIME & 
MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE = HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,UNTIL ! APPROPRIATE 
TE*NICAL LEVEL IS A*IEV$1 0MAN'S0 EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T REMA9S 
9COMPLETE4 ,9DE$1 POPUL> COMMUNI/IC VISIONS ( E>LI] ]AS >E 
M]E IDEOLOGY BECAUSE 0ONLY WANT IS MADE G5]AL0 BY PREMATURE 
ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY1 0& ) WANT ! /RUGGLE 
= ! NE1CESSITIES & ALL ! OLD %IT W\LD NECESS>ILY BE REPRODUC$0 
7,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY74 

,F9ALLY1 EV5 :5 TE*NICS REA*ES A RELATIVELY HI< LEVEL ( 
DEVELOPM5T1 

! REALM ( FRE$OM DOES NOT COMM5CE UNTIL ! PO9T IS PASS$ :]E 
LABOR UND] ! COMPULSION ( NECESSITY & ( EXT]NAL UTILITY IS 
REQUIR$4 ,9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S IT LIES BEYOND ! SPH]E ( MAT]IAL 
PRODUCTION 9 ! /RICT MEAN+ ( ! T]M4 ,JU/ AS ! SAVAGE MU/ 
WRE/LE ) NATURE1 9 ORD] TO SATISFY HIS WANTS1 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 
HIS LIFE & REPRODUCE IT1 SO CIVILIZ$ MAN HAS TO DO IT1 & HE MU/ DO 
IT 9 ALL =MS ( SOCIETY & UND] ALL POSSIBLE MODES ( PRODUCTION4 
,) HIS DEVELOPM5T ! REALM ( NATURAL NECESSITY EXP&S1 BECAUSE 
HIS WANTS 9CREASE2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! =CES ( PRODUCTION 
9CREASE1 BY :I* !SE WANTS >E SATISFI$4 ,! FRE$OM 9 ?IS FIELD 
CANNOT CONSI/ ( ANY?+ ELSE BUT ( ! FACT ?AT SOCIALIZ$ MAN1 ! 
ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S1 REGULATE !IR 9T]*ANGE ) NATURE RATIONALLY1 
BR+ IT UND] !IR COMMON CONTROL1 9/EAD ( BE+ RUL$ BY IT AS BY 
SOME BL9D P[]2 ?AT !Y ACCOMPLI% !IR TASK ) ! LEA/ 
EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY & UND] CONDITIONS MO/ ADEQUATE TO !IR 
HUMAN NATURE & MO/ WOR?Y ( IT4 ,BUT IT ALWAYS REMA9S A REALM ( 
NECESSITY4 ,BEYOND IT BEG9S ?AT DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN P[]1 :I* IS 
ITS [N 5D1 ! TRUE REALM ( FRE$OM1 :I*1 H[EV]1 CAN FL\RI% 
ONLY UPON ?AT REALM ( NECESSITY AS ITS BASIS4 ,! %ORT5+ ( ! 
WORK+ DAY IS ITS FUNDAM5TAL PREMISE4 7,CAPITAL1 VOL4 #c7 

,! B\RGEOIS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK REA*ES ITS APOGEE1 H]E 9 IMAGES 
( 444 ! UNLIMIT$ EXPANSION ( NE$S ?AT /&S OPPOS$ TO 
0IDEOLOGICAL0 LIMITS TO NE$ 7?AT IS1 ! ,HELL5IC CONCEPTS ( MEASURE1 
BALANCE1 & SELF-SUFFICI5CY71 ! RATIONALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & 
LABOR AS DESID]ATA 9 !MSELVES ( A /RICTLY TE*NICAL NATURE1 ! %>P 
DI*OTOMY BETWE5 FRE$OM & NECESSITY1 & ! CONFLICT ) NATURE 
AS A CONDITION ( SOCIAL LIFE 9 ALL ITS =MS -- CLASS OR CLASSLESS1 PROP]TI$ 
OR COMMUNI/IC4 

,ACCORD+LY1 SOCIALISM N[ MOVES )9 AN ORBIT 9 :I*1 TO USE 
,MAX ,HORKHEIM]'S =MULATION1 0DOM9ATION ( NATURE 9VOLVES 
DOM9ATION ( MAN0 -- NOT ONLY 0! SUBJUGATION ( EXT]NAL NATURE1 
HUMAN & NONHUMAN10 BUT HUMAN NATURE 7,! ,ECLIPSE ( ,REASON74 
,FOLL[+ HIS SPLIT FROM ! NATURAL WORLD1 0MAN0 CAN HOPE = NO 
R$EMPTION FROM CLASS SOCIETY & EXPLOITATION UNTIL HE1 AS A TE*NICAL 
=CE AMONG ! TE*NICS CREAT$ BY HIS [N +5UITY1 CAN TRANSC5D 
HIS OBJECTIFICATION4 ,! PRECONDITION = ?IS TRANSC5D5CE IS 
QUANTITATIVELY MEASURABLE3 ! 0%ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY IS ITS 
FUNDAM5TAL PREMISE40 ,UNTIL !SE PRECONDITIONS >E A*IEV$1 0MAN0 
REMA9S UND] ! TYRANNY ( SOCIAL LAW1 ! COMPULSION ( NE$ & 
SURVIVAL4 ,! PROLET>IAT1 NO LESS ?AN ANY O!R CLASS 9 HI/ORY1 IS 
CAPTIVE TO ! IMP]SONAL PROCESSES ( HI/ORY4 ,9DE$1 AS ! CLASS ?AT 
IS MO/ COMPLETELY DEHUMANIZ$ BY B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS1 IT CAN 
TRANSC5D ITS OBJECTIFI$ /ATUS ONLY ?R\< 0URG5T1 NO LONG] 
DISGUISABLE1 ABSOLUTELY IMP]ATIVE NE$40 ,= ,M>X1 0,! QUE/ION IS 
NOT :AT ?IS OR ?AT PROLET>IAN1 OR EV5 ! :OLE PROLET>IAT AT ! 
MOM5T1 CONSID]S AS ITS AIM4 ,! QUE/ION IS :AT ! PROLET>IAT IS1 
& :AT1 CONSEQU5T ON ?AT BE+1 IT WILL BE COMPELL$ TO DO0 7,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY74 ,ITS 0BE+10 H]E1 IS ?AT ( OBJECT1 & SOCIAL LAW 
FUNCTIONS AS COMPULSION1 NOT AS 0DE/9Y40 ,! SUBJECTIVITY ( ! 
PROLET>IAT REMA9S A PRODUCT ( ITS OBJECTIVITY -- IRONICALLY1 A NOTION 
?AT F9DS A C]TA9 DEGREE ( TRU? 9 ! FACT ?AT ANY RADICAL APPEAL 
M]ELY TO ! OBJECTIVE FACTORS ?AT 5T] 9TO ! =M+ ( A 
0PROLET>IAN CONSCI\SNESS0 OR CLASS CONSCI\SNESS /RIKE BACK LIKE A 
:IPLA% AGA9/ SOCIALISM 9 ! =M ( A WORK+ CLASS ?AT HAS 
B\<T 9TO CAPITALISM1 ?AT SEEKS TO %>E 9 ! AFFLU5CE PROVID$ 
BY ! SY/EM4 ,?US :]E REACTION IS ! REAL BASIS ( ACTION & NE$ 
IS ! BASIS ( MOTIVATION1 ! B\RGEOIS SPIRIT BECOMES ! 0WORLD 
SPIRIT0 ( ,M>XISM4444 

,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! CLASSICAL VIEW ( SELF-REALIZATION ?R\< ! 
POLIS REC$ES BE=E ! ,M>XIAN VIEW ( SELF-PRES]VATION ?R\< 
SOCIALISM1 ! B\RGEOIS SPIRIT ACQUIRES A DEGREE ( SOPHI/ICATION ?AT 
MAKES ITS E>LI] SPOKESM5 7,HOBBES1 ,LOCKE7 SEEM NAIVE4 ,! 9CUBUS 
( DOM9ATION N[ FULLY REVEALS ITS AU?ORIT>IAN LOGIC4 ,JU/ AS NECESSITY 
BECOMES ! BASIS ( FRE$OM1 AU?ORITY BECOMES ! BASIS ( RATIONAL 
COORD9ATION4 ,?IS NOTION1 ALREADY IMPLICIT 9 ,M>X'S H>% SEP>ATION 
( ! REALMS ( NECESSITY & FRE$OM -- A SEP>ATION ,F\RI] %>PLY 
*ALL5G$ -- IS MADE EXPLICIT 9 ,5GELS'S ESSAY 0,ON ,AU?ORITY40 ,TO 
,5GELS1 ! FACTORY IS A NATURAL FACT ( TE*NICS1 NOT A SPECIFICALLY 
B\RGEOIS MODE ( RATIONALIZ+ LABOR2 H5CE IT WILL EXI/ UND] 
COMMUNISM AS WELL AS CAPITALISM4 ,IT WILL P]SI/ 09DEP5D5TLY ( ALL 
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION40 ,TO COORD9ATE A FACTORY'S OP]ATIONS REQUIRES 
0IMP]I\S OB$I5CE10 9 :I* FACTORY H&S LACK ALL 0AUTONOMY40 
,CLASS SOCIETY OR CLASSLESS1 ! REALM ( NECESSITY IS ALSO A REALM ( 
COMM& & OB$I5CE1 ( RUL] & RUL$4 ,9 A FA%ION TOTALLY 
CONGRU5T ) ALL CLASS IDEOLOGI/S FROM ! 9CEPTION ( CLASS SOCIETY1 
,5GELS W$S SOCIALISM TO COMM& & RULE AS A NATURAL FACT4 
,DOM9ATION IS REWORK$ FROM A SOCIAL ATTRIBUTE 9TO A PRECONDITION = 
SELF-PRES]VATION 9 A TE*NICALLY ADVANC$ SOCIETY4444 

,TO /RUCTURE A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT >\ND 0SOCIAL LAW0 ?AT LACKS 
E?ICAL CONT5T1 ORD] ?AT LACKS MEAN+1 A H>% OPPOSITION BETWE5 
0MAN0 & NATURE1 COMPULSION RA!R ?AN CONSCI\SNESS -- ALL ( !SE1 
TAK5 TOGE!R ) DOM9ATION AS A PRECONDITION = FRE$OM1 DEBASE 
! CONCEPT ( FRE$OM & ASSIMILATE IT TO ITS OPPOSITE1 CO]CION4 
,CONSCI\SNESS BECOMES ! RECOGNITION ( ITS LACK ( AUTONOMY1 JU/ AS 
FRE$OM BECOMES ! RECOGNITION ( NECESSITY4 ,A POLITICS ( 0LIB]ATION0 
EM]GES ?AT REFLECTS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO 
NATIONALIZ$ PRODUCTION1 PLANN+1 C5TRALIZATION1 ! RATIONALIZ$ 
CONTROL ( NATURE -- & ! RATIONALIZ$ CONTROL ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,IF ! 
PROLET>IAT CANNOT COMPREH5D ITS [N 0DE/9Y0 BY ITSELF1 A P>TY ?AT 
SPEAKS 9 ITS NAME BECOMES JU/IFI$ AS ! AU!NTIC EXPRESSION ( ?AT 
CONSCI\SNESS1 EV5 IF IT /&S OPPOS$ TO ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF4 ,IF 
CAPITALISM IS ! HI/ORIC MEANS :]EBY HUMANITY A*IEVES ! CONQUE/ 
( NATURE1 ! TE*NIQUES ( B\RGEOIS 9DU/RY NE$ M]ELY BE 
REORGANIZ$ TO S]VE ! GOALS ( SOCIALISM4 ,IF E?ICS >E M]ELY IDEOLOGY1 
SOCIALI/ GOALS >E ! PRODUCT ( HI/ORY RA!R ?AN REFLECTION & IT IS 
BY CRIT]IA M&AT$ BY HI/ORY ?AT WE >E TO DET]M9E ! PROBLEMS 
( 5DS & MEANS1 NOT BY REASON & DISPUTATION4 

,M>XISM & ,L59ISM 

7FROM 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 #a#i#f#i7 

,! ,MY? ( ! ,PROLET>IAT 

,= \R AGE1 ,M>X'S GREATE/ CONTRIBUTION TO REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T IS 
HIS DIALECTIC ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>X LAID B>E ! GREAT MOVEM5T 
FROM PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM ?R\< PRIVATE PROP]TY TO COMMUNISM 
9 ITS HI<] =M -- A COMMUNAL SOCIETY RE/+ ON A LIB]ATORY 
TE*NOLOGY4 ,9 ?IS MOVEM5T1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 MAN PASSES ON FROM 
! DOM9ATION ( MAN BY NATURE1 TO ! DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN1 
& F9ALLY TO ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE BY MAN & FROM SOCIAL 
DOM9ATION AS SU*4 ,)9 ?IS L>G] DIALECTIC1 ,M>X EXAM9ES ! 
DIALECTIC ( CAPITALISM ITSELF -- A SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT CON/ITUTES ! LA/ 
HI/ORICAL 0/AGE0 9 ! DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN4 ,H]E ,M>X NOT 
ONLY MAKES PR(\ND CONTRIBUTIONS TO CONTEMPOR>Y REVOLUTION>Y 
?\<T 7P>TICUL>LY 9 HIS BRILLIANT ANALYSIS ( ! COMMODITY 
RELATION%IP7 BUT ALSO EXHIBITS ?OSE LIMITATIONS ( TIME & PLACE ?AT 
PLAY SO CONF9+ A ROLE 9 \R [N TIME4 

,! MO/ S]I\S ( !SE LIMITATIONS EM]GES FROM ,M>X'S ATTEMPT 
TO EXPLA9 ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM1 FROM A CLASS 
SOCIETY TO A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,IT IS VITALLY IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT 
?IS EXPLANATION WAS REASON$ \T ALMO/ 5TIRELY BY ANALOGY ) ! 
TRANSITION ( FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM -- ?AT IS1 FROM ONE CLASS SOCIETY TO ANO!R CLASS SOCIETY1 FROM ONE SY/EM ( PROP]TY TO ANO!R4 
,ACCORD+LY1 ,M>X PO9TS \T ?AT JU/ AS ! B\RGEOISIE DEVELOP$ 
)9 FEUDALISM AS A RESULT ( ! SPLIT BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY 
7MORE PRECISELY1 BETWE5 CRAFTS & AGRICULTURE71 SO ! MOD]N 
PROLET>IAT DEVELOP$ )9 CAPITALISM AS A RESULT ( ! ADVANCE ( 
9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY4 ,BO? CLASSES1 WE >E TOLD1 DEVELOP SOCIAL 9T]E/S 
( !IR [N -- 9DE$1 REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL 9T]E/S ?AT ?R[ !M 
AGA9/ ! OLD SOCIETY 9 :I* !Y W]E SPAWN$4 ,IF ! B\RGEOISIE 
GA9$ CONTROL OV] ECONOMIC LIFE LONG BE=E IT OV]?REW FEUDAL 
SOCIETY1 ! PROLET>IAT1 9 TURN1 GA9S ITS [N REVOLUTION>Y P[] BY 
! FACT ?AT IT IS 0DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$1 ORGANIZ$0 BY ! FACTORY SY/EM4 
,9 BO? CASES1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES BECOMES 
9COMPATIBLE ) ! TRADITIONAL SY/EM ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 0,! 
9TEGUM5T IS BUR/ ASUND]40 ,! OLD SOCIETY IS REPLAC$ BY ! NEW4 

,! CRITICAL QUE/ION WE FACE IS ?IS3 ,CAN WE EXPLA9 ! TRANSITION 
FROM A CLASS SOCIETY TO A CLASSLESS SOCIETY BY MEANS ( ! SAME DIALECTIC 
?AT ACC\NTS = ! TRANSITION FROM ONE CLASS SOCIETY TO ANO!R8 ,?IS 
IS NOT A TEXTBOOK PROBLEM ?AT 9VOLVES ! JUGGL+ ( LOGICAL 
AB/RACTIONS1 BUT A V]Y REAL & CONCRETE ISSUE = \R TIME4 ,!RE >E 
PR(\ND DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE UND] 
FEUDALISM & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT UND] CAPITALISM1 
:I* ,M>X EI!R FAIL$ TO ANTICIPATE OR NEV] FAC$ CLE>LY4 ,! 
B\RGEOISIE CONTROLL$ ECONOMIC LIFE LONG BE=E IT TOOK /ATE P[]2 
IT HAD BECOME ! DOM9ANT CLASS MAT]IALLY1 CULTURALLY1 & 
IDEOLOGICALLY BE=E IT ASS]T$ ITS DOM9ANCE POLITICALLY4 ,! PROLET>IAT 
DOES NOT CONTROL ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,DESPITE ITS 9DISP5SABLE ROLE 9 ! 
9DU/RIAL PROCESS1 ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS IS NOT EV5 A MAJORITY 
( ! POPULATION1 & ITS /RATEGIC ECONOMIC POSITION IS BE+ ]OD$ 
BY CYB]NATION & O!R TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES4 ,H5CE IT REQUIRES AN 
ACT ( HI< CONSCI\SNESS = ! PROLET>IAT TO USE ITS P[] TO A*IEVE 
A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,UNTIL N[1 ! A*IEVEM5T ( ?IS CONSCI\SNESS 
HAS BE5 BLOCK$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! FACTORY MILIEU IS ONE ( ! MO/ 
WELL-5TR5*$ >5AS ( ! WORK E?IC1 ( HI]>*ICAL SY/EMS ( 
MANAGEM5T1 ( OB$I5CE TO LEAD]S1 & 9 REC5T TIMES ( PRODUCTION 
COMMITT$ TO SUP]FLU\S COMMODITIES & >MAM5TS4 ,! FACTORY 
S]VES NOT ONLY TO 0DISCIPL9E1 UNITE1 & ORGANIZE0 ! WORK]S BUT TO 
DO SO 9 A ?OR\<LY B\RGEOIS FA%ION4 ,9 ! FACTORY1 CAPITALI/IC 
PRODUCTION NOT ONLY R5EWS ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( CAPITALISM ) EA* 
WORK+ DAY1 AS ,M>X OBS]V$1 IT ALSO R5EWS ! PSY*E1 VALUES1 & 
IDEOLOGY ( CAPITALISM4 

,M>X S5S$ ?IS FACT SUFFICI5TLY TO LOOK = REASONS MORE COMPELL+ 
?AN ! M]E FACT ( EXPLOITATION OR CONFLICTS OV] WAGES & H\RS TO 
PROPEL ! PROLET>IAT 9TO REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,9 HIS G5]AL !ORY 
( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION HE TRI$ TO DEL9EATE ! H>%1 OBJECTIVE LAWS 
?AT =CE ! PROLET>IAT TO ASSUME A REVOLUTION>Y ROLE4 ,ACCORD+LY 
HE DEVELOP$ HIS FAM\S !ORY ( IMMIS]ATION3 ,COMPETITION BETWE5 
CAPITALI/S COMPELS !M TO UND]CUT EA* O!R'S PRICES1 :I* 9 TURN 
LEADS TO A CONT9UAL R$UCTION ( WAGES & ! ABSOLUTE IMPOV]I%M5T 
( ! WORK]S4 ,! PROLET>IAT IS COMPELL$ TO REVOLT BECAUSE 
) ! PROCESS ( COMPETITION & ! C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL !RE 
0GR[S ! MASS ( MIS]Y1 OPPRESSION1 SLAV]Y1 DEGRADATION40 

,BUT CAPITALISM HAS NOT /OOD /ILL S9CE ,M>X'S DAY4 ,WRIT+ 9 ! 
MIDDLE YE>S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,M>X C\LD NOT BE EXPECT$ TO 
HAVE GRASP$ ! FULL CONSEQU5CES ( HIS 9SI<TS 9TO ! C5TRALIZATION 
( CAPITAL & ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,HE C\LD NOT BE EXPECT$ 
TO HAVE =ESE5 ?AT CAPITALISM W\LD DEVELOP NOT ONLY FROM M]CANTILISM 
9TO ! DOM9ANT 9DU/RIAL =M ( HIS DAY -- FROM /ATE-AID$ 
TRAD+ MONOPOLIES 9TO HI<LY COMPETITIVE 9DU/RIAL UNITS -- BUT 
FUR!R1 ?AT ) ! C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL1 CAPITALISM W\LD RETURN 
TO ITS M]CANTILI/ ORIG9S ON A HI<] LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T & RESUME 
! /ATE-AID$ MONOPOLI/IC =M4 ,! ECONOMY T5DS TO M]GE ) 
! /ATE & CAPITALISM BEG9S TO 0PLAN0 ITS DEVELOPM5T 9/EAD ( 
LEAV+ IT EXCLUSIVELY TO ! 9T]PLAY ( COMPETITION & M>KET =CES4 
,TO BE SURE1 ! SY/EM DOES NOT ABOLI% ! TRADITIONAL CLASS /RUGGLE 
BUT MANAGES TO CONTA9 IT1 US+ ITS IMM5SE TE*NOLOGICAL RES\RCES 
TO ASSIMILATE ! MO/ /RATEGIC SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,?US ! FULL ?RU/ ( ! IMMIS]ATION !ORY IS BLUNT$1 & 9 ! 
,UNIT$ ,/ATES ! TRADITIONAL CLASS /RUGGLE FAILS TO DEVELOP 9TO ! CLASS 
W>4 ,IT REMA9S 5TIRELY )9 B\RGEOIS DIM5SIONS4 ,M>XISM1 9 FACT1 
BECOMES IDEOLOGY4 ,IT IS ASSIMILAT$ BY ! MO/ ADVANC$ =MS ( ! 
/ATE CAPITALI/ MOVEM5T -- NOTABLY ,RUSSIA4 ,BY AN 9CR$IBLE IRONY ( 
HI/ORY1 ,M>XIAN 0SOCIALISM0 TURNS \T TO BE 9 L>GE P>T ! V]Y /ATE 
CAPITALISM ?AT ,M>X FAIL$ TO ANTICIPATE 9 ! DIALECTIC ( CAPITALISM4 
,! PROLET>IAT1 9/EAD ( DEVELOP+ 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS )9 
! WOMB ( CAPITALISM1 TURNS \T TO BE AN ORGAN )9 ! BODY ( 
B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4444 

,A QUALITATIVELY NEW SITUATION EM]GES :5 MAN IS FAC$ ) A 
TRANS=MATION FROM A REPRESSIVE CLASS SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON MAT]IAL 
SC>CITY1 9TO A LIB]ATORY CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE4 
,FROM ! DECOMPOS+ TRADITIONAL CLASS /RUCTURE A NEW HUMAN TYPE IS 
CREAT$ 9 EV]-9CREAS+ NUMB]S3 ! REVOLUTION>Y4 ,?IS REVOLUTION>Y 
BEG9S TO *ALL5GE NOT ONLY ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PREMISES 
( HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY BUT HI]>*Y AS SU*4 ,HE NOT ONLY RAISES ! 
NE$ = SOCIAL REVOLUTION BUT ALSO TRIES TO LIVE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MANN] 
TO ! DEGREE ?AT ?IS IS POSSIBLE 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,HE NOT ONLY 
ATTACKS ! =MS CREAT$ BY ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION BUT ALSO 
IMPROVISES NEW =MS ( LIB]ATION ?AT TAKE !IR POETRY FROM ! 
FUTURE4 

,?IS PREP>ATION = ! FUTURE1 ?IS EXP]IM5TATION ) LIB]ATORY 
PO/-SC>CITY =MS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 MAY BE ILLUSORY IF ! FUTURE 
9VOLVES A SUB/ITUTION ( ONE CLASS SOCIETY BY ANO!R2 IT IS 
9DISP5SABLE1 H[EV]1 IF ! FUTURE 9VOLVES A CLASSLESS SOCIETY BUILT 
ON ! RU9S ( A CLASS SOCIETY4 ,:AT !N WILL BE ! 0AG5T0 ( 
REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE8 ,IT WILL BE LIT]ALLY ! GREAT MAJORITY ( SOCIETY1 
DRAWN FROM ALL ! DIFF]5T TRADITIONAL CLASSES & FUZ$ 9TO A COMMON 
REVOLUTION>Y =CE BY ! DECOMPOSITION ( ! 9/ITUTIONS1 SOCIAL 
=MS1 VALUES & LIFE/YLES ( ! PREVAIL+ CLASS /RUCTURE4 ,TYPICALLY 
ITS MO/ ADVANC$ ELEM5TS >E ! Y\? -- A G5]ATION ?AT HAS KN[N 
NO *RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS & ?AT ?IS BECOM+ LESS & LESS ORI5T$ 
T[>D ! MY? ( MAT]IAL SECURITY SO WIDESPREAD AMONG ! 
G5]ATION ( ! ?IRTIES4 

,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION CANNOT BE A*IEV$ )\T ! 
ACTIVE OR PASSIVE SUPPORT ( ! WORK]S1 IT IS NO LESS TRUE ?AT IT CANNOT 
BE A*IEV$ )\T ! ACTIVE OR PASSIVE SUPPORT ( ! F>M]S1 
TE*NICIANS & PR(ESSIONALS4 ,ABOVE ALL1 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION CANNOT BE 
A*IEV$ )\T ! SUPPORT ( ! Y\?1 FROM :I* ! RUL+ CLASS 
RECRUITS ITS >M$ =CES4 ,IF ! RUL+ CLASS RETA9S ITS >M$ MI<T1 ! 
REVOLUTION IS LO/ NO MATT] H[ MANY WORK]S RALLY TO ITS SUPPORT4 
,?IS HAS BE5 VIVIDLY DEMON/RAT$ NOT ONLY BY ,SPA9 9 ! ?IRTIES 
BUT BY ,HUNG>Y 9 ! FIFTIES & ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA 9 ! SIXTIES4 ,! 
REVOLUTION ( TODAY -- BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 9DE$1 BY ITS PURSUIT ( :OL5ESS -- W9S NOT ONLY ! SOLDI] & ! WORK] BUT ! V]Y G5]ATION FROM :I* SOLDI]S1 WORK]S1 TE*NICIANS1 F>M]S1 SCI5TI/S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 & EV5 BUREAUCRATS HAVE BE5 RECRUIT$4 
,DISC>D+ ! TACTICAL H&BOOKS ( ! PA/1 ! REVOLUTION ( ! 
FUTURE FOLL[S ! PA? ( LEA/ RESI/ANCE1 EAT+ ITS WAY 9TO ! MO/ 
SUSCEPTIBLE >EAS ( ! POPULATION IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR 0CLASS POSITION40 
,IT IS N\RI%$ BY ALL ! CONTRADICTIONS 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 NOT SIMPLY 
BY ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! #a#h#fS & #a#i#a#g4 ,H5CE IT ATTRACTS ALL ?OSE 
:O FEEL ! BURD5S ( EXPLOITATION1 POV]TY1 RACISM1 IMP]IALISM &1 
YES1 ?OSE :OSE LIVES >E FRU/RAT$ BY CONSUM]ISM1 SUBURBIA1 ! 
MASS M$IA1 ! FAMILY1 S*OOL1 ! SUP]M>KET1 & ! PREVAIL+ 
SY/EM ( REPRESS$ SEXUALITY4 ,H]E ! =M ( ! REVOLUTION BECOMES 
AS TOTAL AS ITS CONT5T -- CLASSLESS1 PROP]TYLESS1 HI]>*Y LESS1 & :OLLY 
LIB]AT+4444 

,! ,MY? ( ! ,P>TY 

,SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS >E NOT MADE BY P>TIES1 GR\PS1 OR CADRES4 ,!Y 
OCCUR AS A RESULT ( DEEP-SEAT$ HI/ORICAL =CES & CONTRADICTIONS 
?AT ACTIVATE L>GE SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION4 ,!Y OCCUR NOT M]ELY 
BECAUSE ! 0MASSES0 F9D ! EXI/+ SOCIETY 9TOL]ABLE 7AS ,TROTSKY 
>GU$7 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( ! T5SION BETWE5 ! ACTUAL & ! 
POSSIBLE1 BETWE5 :AT-IS & :AT-C\LD-BE4 ,ABJECT MIS]Y ALONE DOES 
NOT PRODUCE REVOLUTIONS2 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 IT PRODUCES AN AIMLESS 
DEMORALIZATION1 OR WORSE1 A PRIVATE1 P]SONALIZ$ /RUGGLE TO SURVIVE4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag WEI<S ON ! BRA9 ( ! LIV+ LIKE 
A NI<TM>E BECAUSE IT WAS L>GELY ! PRODUCT ( 09TOL]ABLE 
CONDITIONS10 ( A DEVA/AT+ IMP]IALI/IC W>4 ,:ATEV] DREAMS IT HAD 
W]E VIRTUALLY DE/ROY$ BY AN EV5 BLOODI] CIVIL W>1 BY FAM9E1 & 
BY TREA*]Y4 ,:AT EM]G$ FROM ! REVOLUTION W]E ! RU9S NOT ( 
AN OLD SOCIETY BUT ( :ATEV] HOPES EXI/$ TO A*IEVE A NEW ONE4 ,! 
,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION FAIL$ MIS]ABLY2 IT REPLAC$ CZ>ISM ) /ATE 
CAPITALISM4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ! TRAGIC VICTIMS ( !IR [N IDEOLOGY 
& PAID ) !IR LIVES 9 GREAT NUMB]S DUR+ ! PURGES ( ! #a#i#cS4 
,TO ATTEMPT TO ACQUIRE ANY UNIQUE WISDOM FROM ?IS SC>CITY REVOLUTION 
IS RIDICUL\S4 ,:AT WE CAN LE>N FROM ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/ IS :AT 
ALL REVOLUTIONS HAVE 9 COMMON & !IR PR(\ND LIMITATIONS COMP>$ 
) ! 5ORM\S POSSIBILITIES ?AT >E N[ OP5 TO US4 

,! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( ! PA/ REVOLUTIONS IS ?AT !Y BEGAN 
SPONTANE\SLY4 ,:E!R IT BE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#i#h1 ! 
REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ! #aie REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA1 
! OV]?R[ ( ! CZ> 9 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e#f1 
OR ! ,FR5* G5]AL /RIKE ( #a#i#f#h1 ! OP5+ /AGES >E G5]ALLY 
! SAME3 A P]IOD ( F]M5T EXPLODES SPONTANE\SLY 9TO A MASS 
UPSURGE4 ,:E!R ! UPSURGE IS SUCCESSFUL DEP5DS ON ITS RESOLUT5ESS 
& ON :E!R ! TROOPS GO OV] TO ! PEOPLE4 

,! 0GLORI\S P>TY10 :5 !RE IS ONE1 ALMO/ 9V>IABLY LAGS 
BEH9D ! EV5TS4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #aiag ! ,PETROGRAD ORGANIZATION ( ! 
,BOL%EVIKS OPPOS$ ! CALL+ ( /RIKES PRECISELY ON ! EVE ( ! 
REVOLUTION ?AT WAS DE/9$ TO OV]?R[ ! CZ>4 ,=TUNATELY1 ! 
WORK]S IGNOR$ ! ,BOL%EVIK 0DIRECTIVES0 & W5T ON /RIKE ANYWAY4 
,9 ! EV5TS ?AT FOLL[$1 NO ONE WAS MORE SURPRIS$ BY ! 
REVOLUTION ?AN ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 P>TIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 
,AS ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD] ,KAYUROV RECALL$3 0,ABSOLUTELY NO GUID+ 
9ITIATIVES FROM ! P>TY W]E FELT 444 ! ,PETROGRAD COMMITTEE HAD 
BE5 >RE/$ & ! REPRES5TATIVE FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 
,COMRADE ,%LIAPNIKOV1 WAS UNABLE TO GIVE ANY DIRECTIVES = ! COM+ 
DAY40 .<#d#g.> ,P]HAPS ?IS WAS =TUNATE4 ,BE=E ! ,PETROGRAD COMMITTEE WAS 
>RE/$1 ITS EVALUATION ( ! SITUATION & ITS [N ROLE HAD BE5 SO 
DISMAL ?AT1 HAD ! WORK]S FOLL[$ ITS GUIDANCE1 IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT 
! REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE OCCURR$ :5 IT DID4 

,! SAME K9D ( /ORY C\LD BE TOLD ( ! UPSURGES ?AT PREC$$ 
#aiag & ?OSE ?AT FOLL[$ -- TO CITE ONLY ! MO/ REC5T1 ! /UD5T 
UPRIS+ & G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ ,MAY-,JUNE #a#i#f#h4 ,!RE IS 
A CONV5I5T T5D5CY TO =GET ?AT CLOSE TO A DOZ5 0TI<TLY 
C5TRALIZ$0 ,BOL%EVIK-TYPE ORGANIZATIONS EXI/$ 9 ,P>IS AT ?IS TIME4 
,IT IS R>ELY M5TION$ ?AT VIRTUALLY EV]Y ONE ( !SE 0VANGU>D0 
GR\PS DISDA9$ ! /UD5T UPRIS+ UP TO ,MAY #g1 :5 ! /REET 
FI<T+ BROKE \T 9 E>NE/4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/ ,JEUNESSE ,COMMUNI/E 
,REVOLUTIONNAIRE WAS A NOTABLE EXCEPTION -- & IT M]ELY COA/$ ALONG1 
ESS5TIALLY FOLL[+ ! 9ITIATIVES ( ! ,M>* #b#bND ,MOVEM5T4 ,UP 
TO ,MAY #g1 ALL ! ,MAOI/ GR\PS CRITICIZ$ ! /UD5T UPRIS+ AS 
P]IPH]AL & UNIMPORTANT2 ! ,TROTSKYI/ ,F$]ATION DES ,ETUDIANTS 
,REVOLUTIONNAIRES REG>D$ IT AS 0ADV5TURI/IC0 & TRI$ TO GET ! 
/UD5TS TO LEAVE ! B>RICADES ON ,MAY #a2 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ( 
C\RSE1 PLAY$ A COMPLETELY TREA*]\S ROLE4 ,F> FROM LEAD+ ! 
POPUL> MOVEM5T1 ! ,MAOI/S & ,TROTSKYI/S W]E ITS CAPTIVES 
?R\<\T4 ,IRONICALLY1 MO/ ( !SE ,BOL%EVIK GR\PS US$ MANIPULATIVE 
TE*NIQUES %AMELESSLY 9 ! ,SORBONNE /UD5T ASSEMBLY 9 AN 
EF=T TO 0CONTROL0 IT1 9TRODUC+ A DISRUPTIVE ATMOSPH]E ?AT 
DEMORALIZ$ ! 5TIRE BODY4 ,F9ALLY1 TO COMPLETE ! IRONY1 ALL ( !SE 
,BOL%EVIK GR\PS W]E TO BABBLE AB\T ! NE$ = 0C5TRALIZ$ 
LEAD]%IP0 :5 ! POPUL> MOVEM5T COLLAPS$ -- A MOVEM5T ?AT 
OCCURR$ DESPITE !IR 0DIRECTIVES0 & (T5 9 OPPOSITION TO !M4 

,REVOLUTIONS & UPRIS+S WOR?Y ( ANY NOTE NOT ONLY HAVE AN 9ITIAL 
PHASE ?AT IS MAGNIFIC5TLY AN>*IC BUT ALSO T5D SPONTANE\SLY TO CREATE !IR [N =MS ( REVOLUTION>Y SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,! ,P>ISIAN 
SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c-#d W]E ! MO/ REM>KABLE =MS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T 
TO BE CREAT$ BY ANY ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS 9 HI/ORY4 ,MORE FAMILI> 
9 =M W]E ! C\NCILS OR 0SOVIETS0 ?AT ! ,PETROGRAD WORK]S 
E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#e4 ,AL?\< LESS DEMOCRATIC ?AN ! SECTIONS1 ! 
C\NCILS W]E TO REAPPE> 9 A NUMB] ( LAT] REVOLUTIONS4 ,/ILL ANO!R 
=M ( REVOLUTION>Y SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS ! FACTORY COMMITTEES ?AT 
! AN>*I/S E/ABLI%$ 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f4 ,F9ALLY1 
! SECTIONS REAPPE>$ AS /UD5T ASSEMBLIES & ACTION COMMITTEES 9 
! ,MAY-,JUNE UPRIS+ & G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#i#f#h4 

,AT ?IS PO9T WE MU/ ASK :AT ROLE ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 P>TY PLAYS 
9 ALL !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IT T5DS 
TO HAVE AN 9HIBITORY FUNCTION1 NOT A 0VANGU>D0 ROLE4 ,:]E IT 
EX]CISES 9FLU5CE1 IT T5DS TO SL[ D[N ! FL[ ( EV5TS1 NOT 
0COORD9ATE0 ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 ,?IS IS NOT ACCID5TAL4 ,! P>TY 
IS /RUCTUR$ ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES ?AT REFLECT ! V]Y SOCIETY IT PR(ESSES TO OPPOSE4 ,DESPITE ITS !ORETICAL PRET5SIONS1 IT IS A B\RGEOIS 
ORGANISM1 A M9IATURE /ATE1 ) AN APP>ATUS & A CADRE :OSE 
FUNCTION IT IS TO SEIZE P[]1 NOT DISSOLVE P[]4 ,ROOT$ 9 ! 
PR]EVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 IT ASSIMILATES ALL ! =MS1 TE*NIQUES1 & 
M5TALITY ( BUREAUCRACY4 ,ITS MEMB]%IP IS S*OOL$ 9 OB$I5CE & 
9 ! PRECONCEPTIONS ( A RIGID DOGMA & IS TAU<T TO REV]E ! 
LEAD]%IP4 ,! P>TY'S LEAD]%IP1 9 TURN1 IS S*OOL$ 9 HABITS BORN 
( COMM&1 AU?ORITY1 MANIPULATION1 & EGOMANIA4 ,?IS SITUATION IS 
WORS5$ :5 ! P>TY P>TICIPATES 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS4 ,9 
ELECTION CAMPAIGNS1 ! VANGU>D P>TY MODELS ITSELF COMPLETELY ON 
EXI/+ B\RGEOIS =MS & EV5 ACQUIRES ! P>APH]NALIA ( ! 
ELECTORAL P>TY4 ,! SITUATION ASSUMES TRULY CRITICAL PROPORTIONS :5 
! P>TY ACQUIRES L>GE PRESSES1 CO/LY HEADQU>T]S1 & A L>GE 
9V5TORY ( C5TRALLY CONTROLL$ P]IODICALS & DEVELOPS A PAID 
APP>ATUS -- 9 %ORT1 A BUREAUCRACY ) VE/$ MAT]IAL 9T]E/S4 

,AS ! P>TY EXP&S1 ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 ! LEAD]%IP & ! 
RANKS 9V>IABLY 9CREASES4 ,ITS LEAD]S NOT ONLY BECOME P]SONAGES1 !Y 
LOSE CONTACT ) ! LIV+ SITUATION BEL[4 ,! LOCAL GR\PS1 :I* 
KN[ !IR [N IMM$IATE SITUATION BETT] ?AN ANY REMOTE LEAD]1 >E 
OBLIG$ TO SUBORD9ATE !IR 9SI<TS TO DIRECTIVES FROM ABOVE4 ,! 
LEAD]%IP1 LACK+ ANY DIRECT KN[L$GE ( LOCAL PROBLEMS1 RESPONDS 
SLUGGI%LY & PRUD5TLY4 ,AL?\< IT /AKES \T A CLAIM TO ! L>G] 
VIEW1 TO GREAT] !ORETICAL COMPET5CE1 ! COMPET5CE ( ! LEAD]%IP 
T5DS TO DIM9I% AS ONE ASC5DS ! HI]>*Y ( COMM&4 ,! 
MORE ONE APPROA*ES ! LEVEL :]E ! REAL DECISIONS >E MADE1 ! 
MORE CONS]VATIVE IS ! NATURE ( ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS1 ! 
MORE BUREAUCRATIC & EXTRANE\S >E ! FACTORS ?AT COME 9TO PLAY1 
! MORE CONSID]ATIONS ( PRE/IGE & RETR5*M5T SUPPLANT 
CREATIVITY1 IMAG9ATION1 & A DIS9T]E/$ D$ICATION TO REVOLUTION>Y 
GOALS4 

,! P>TY BECOMES LESS EFFICI5T FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW 
! MORE IT SEEKS EFFICI5CY BY MEANS ( HI]>*Y1 CADRES1 & 
C5TRALIZATION4 ,AL?\< EV]YONE M>*ES 9 /EP1 ! ORD]S >E 
USUALLY WRONG1 ESPECIALLY :5 EV5TS MOVE RAPIDLY & TAKE UNEXPECT$ 
TURNS -- AS !Y DO 9 ALL REVOLUTIONS4 ,! P>TY IS EFFICI5T 9 
ONLY ONE RESPECT -- 9 MOLD+ SOCIETY 9 ITS [N HI]>*ICAL IMAGE IF 
! REVOLUTION IS SUCCESSFUL4 ,IT RECREATES BUREAUCRACY1 C5TRALIZATION1 
& ! /ATE4 ,IT FO/]S ! V]Y SOCIAL CONDITIONS ?AT JU/IFY ?IS K9D 
( SOCIETY4 ,H5CE1 9/EAD ( 0WI!R+ AWAY10 ! /ATE CONTROLL$ BY 
! 0GLORI\S P>TY0 PRES]VES ! V]Y CONDITIONS ?AT 0NECESSITATE0 
! EXI/5CE ( A /ATE -- & A P>TY TO GU>D IT4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ?IS K9D ( P>TY IS EXTREMELY VULN]ABLE 9 
P]IODS ( REPRESSION4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAS ONLY TO GRAB ITS LEAD]%IP 
TO DE/ROY VIRTUALLY ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T4 ,) ITS LEAD]S 9 PRISON OR 
9 HID+1 ! P>TY BECOMES P>ALYZ$2 OB$I5T MEMB]%IP HAS NO 
ONE TO OBEY & T5DS TO FL\ND]4 ,DEMORALIZATION SETS 9 RAPIDLY4 ,! 
P>TY DECOMPOSES NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! REPRESSIVE ATMOSPH]E BUT 
ALSO BECAUSE ( ITS POV]TY ( 9N] RES\RCES4 

,! =EGO+ ACC\NT IS NOT A S]IES ( HYPO!TICAL 9F]5CES4 ,IT IS 
A COMPOSITE SKET* ( ALL ! MASS ,M>XIAN P>TIES ( ! PA/ C5TURY! 
,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ! ,COMMUNI/S1 & ! ,TROTSKYI/ P>TY ( 
,CEYLON 7! ONLY MASS P>TY ( ITS K9D74 ,TO CLAIM ?AT !SE P>TIES 
FAIL$ TO TAKE !IR ,M>XIAN PR9CIPLES S]I\SLY M]ELY CONCEALS ANO!R 
QUE/ION3 ,:Y DID ?IS FAILURE HAPP5 9 ! FIR/ PLACE8 ,! FACT IS1 
!SE P>TIES W]E CO-OPT$ 9TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY BECAUSE !Y W]E 
/RUCTUR$ ALONG B\RGEOIS L9ES4 ,! G]M ( TREA*]Y EXI/$ 9 !M 
FROM BIR?4444 

,IT CANNOT BE /RESS$ TOO /RONGLY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS T5D$ TO 
C5TRALIZE !IR P>TY TO ! DEGREE ?AT !Y BECAME ISOLAT$ FROM ! 
WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS RELATION%IP HAS R>ELY BE5 9VE/IGAT$ 9 LATT]DAY 
,L59I/ CIRCLES1 AL?\< ,L59 WAS HONE/ 5\< TO ADMIT IT4 
,! /ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS NOT M]ELY ! /ORY ( ! 
,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY & ITS SUPPORT]S4 ,B5EA? ! V5E] ( (FICIAL EV5TS 
DESCRIB$ BY ,SOVIET HI/ORIANS !RE WAS ANO!R1 MORE BASIC 
DEVELOPM5T -- ! SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S & REVOLUTION>Y 
PEASANTS1 :I* LAT] CLA%$ %>PLY ) ! BUREAUCRATIC 
POLICIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,) ! OV]?R[ ( ! CZ> 9 ,FEBRU>Y 
#a#i#a#g1 WORK]S 9 VIRTUALLY ALL ! FACTORIES ( ,RUSSIA SPONTANE\SLY 
E/ABLI%$ FACTORY COMMITTEES1 /AK+ \T AN 9CREAS+ CLAIM ON 
9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS4 ,9 ,JUNE #aiag AN ALL-,RUSSIAN CONF]5CE ( FACTORY 
COMMITTEES WAS HELD 9 ,PETROGRAD ?AT CALL$ = ! 0ORGANIZATION ( 
?OR\< CONTROL BY LABOR OV] PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION40 ,! 
DEM&S ( ?IS CONF]5CE >E R>ELY M5TION$ 9 ,L59I/ ACC\NTS 
( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! CONF]5CE ALIGN$ 
ITSELF ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,TROTSKY1 :O DESCRIBES ! FACTORY COMMITTEES 
AS 0! MO/ DIRECT & 9DUBITABLE REPRES5TATION ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 
! :OLE C\NTRY10 DEALS ) !M ONLY P]IPH]ALLY 9 HIS MASSIVE 
?REE-VOLUME HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,YET SO IMPORTANT W]E !SE 
SPONTANE\S ORGANISMS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AT ,L591 DESPAIR+ ( 
W9N+ ! SOVIETS 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#g1 WAS PREP>$ TO JETTISON 
! SLOGAN 0,ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS0 = 0,ALL P[] TO ! FACTORY 
COMMITTEES40 ,?IS DEM& W\LD HAVE CATAPULT$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9TO 
AN AN>*OSYNDICALI/ POSITION1 AL?\< IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT !Y W\LD 
HAVE REMA9$ !RE V]Y LONG4 

,) ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 ALL ! FACTORY COMMITTEES SEIZ$ 
CONTROL ( ! PLANTS1 \/+ ! B\RGEOISIE & COMPLETELY TAK+ 
CONTROL ( 9DU/RY4 ,9 ACCEPT+ ! CONCEPT ( WORK]S' CONTROL1 ,L59'S 
FAM\S DECREE ( ,NOVEMB] #a#d1 #a#i#a#g1 M]ELY ACKN[L$G$ AN 
ACCOMPLI%$ FACT3 ! ,BOL%EVIKS D>$ NOT OPPOSE ! WORK]S AT ?IS 
E>LY DATE4 ,BUT !Y BEGAN TO :ITTLE D[N ! P[] ( ! FACTORY 
COMMITTEES4 ,9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h1 A SCANT TWO MON?S AFT] 0DECREE+0 
WORK]S' CONTROL1 ,L59 BEGAN TO ADVOCATE ?AT ! ADM9I/RATION ( 
! FACTORIES BE PLAC$ UND] TRADE UNION CONTROL4 ,! /ORY ?AT ! 
,BOL%EVIKS 0PATI5TLY0 EXP]IM5T$ ) WORK]S' CONTROL1 ONLY TO 
F9D IT 09EFFICI5T0 & 0*AOTIC10 IS A MY?4 ,!IR 0PATI5CE0 DID NOT 
LA/ MORE ?AN A FEW WEEKS4 ,NOT ONLY DID ,L59 OPPOSE DIRECT WORK]S' 
CONTROL )9 A MATT] ( WEEKS AFT] ! ,NOVEMB] #ad DECREE1 EV5 
UNION CONTROL CAME TO AN 5D %ORTLY AFT] IT HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$4 ,BY 
! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#h1 ALMO/ ALL ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY HAD BE5 PLAC$ 
UND] B\RGEOIS =MS ( MANAGEM5T4 ,AS ,L59 PUT IT1 ! 0REVOLUTION 
DEM&S 444 PRECISELY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIALISM ?AT ! MASSES 
UNQUE/IONABLY OBEY ! S+LE WILL ( ! LEAD]S ( ! LABOR PROCESS40.<#d#h.> 
,!REAFT]1 WORK]S' CONTROL WAS D5\NC$ NOT ONLY AS 09EFFICI5T10 
0*AOTIC10 & 0IMPRACTICAL0 BUT ALSO AS 0PETTY B\RGEOIS06 

,! ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/ ,OS9SKY BITT]LY ATTACK$ ALL ( !SE SPURI\S 
CLAIMS & W>N$ ! P>TY1 0,SOCIALISM & SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION MU/ 
BE SET UP BY ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF1 OR !Y WILL NOT BE SET UP AT ALL2 
SOME?+ ELSE WILL BE SET UP -- /ATE CAPITALISM40.<#d#i.> ,9 ! 09T]E/S ( 
SOCIALISM0 ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY ELB[$ ! PROLET>IAT \T ( EV]Y 
DOMA9 IT HAD CONQU]$ BY ITS [N EF=TS & 9ITIATIVE4 ,! P>TY 
DID NOT COORD9ATE ! REVOLUTION OR EV5 LEAD IT2 IT DOM9AT$ IT4 ,FIR/ 
WORK]S' CONTROL & LAT] UNION CONTROL W]E REPLAC$ BY AN ELABORATE 
HI]>*Y AS MON/R\S AS ANY /RUCTURE ?AT EXI/$ 9 PR]EVOLUTION>Y 
TIMES4 ,9 LAT] YE>S ,OS9SKY'S PROPHECY BECAME REALITY4 

,! PROBLEM ( 0:O IS TO PREVAIL0 -- ! ,BOL%EVIKS OR ! ,RUSSIAN 
0MASSES0 -- WAS BY NO MEANS LIMIT$ TO ! FACTORIES4 ,! ISSUE 
REAPPE>$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE AS WELL AS 9 ! CITIES4 ,A SWEEP+ 
PEASANT W> HAD BUOY$ UP ! MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S4 ,CONTR>Y 
TO (FICIAL ,L59I/ ACC\NTS1 ! AGR>IAN UPSURGE WAS BY NO MEANS 
LIMIT$ TO A R$I/RIBUTION ( ! L& 9TO PRIVATE PLOTS4 ,9 ! ,UKRA9E1 
PEASANTS 9FLU5C$ BY ! AN>*I/ MILITIAS ( ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO & 
GUID$ BY ! COMMUNI/ MAXIM 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY2 
TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S10 E/ABLI%$ A MULTITUDE ( RURAL 
COMMUNES4 ,ELSE:]E1 9 ! NOR? & 9 ,SOVIET ,ASIA1 SEV]AL ?\S& 
( !SE ORGANISMS W]E E/ABLI%$1 P>TLY ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,LEFT 
,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES & 9 L>GE MEASURE AS A RESULT ( TRADITIONAL 
COLLECTIVI/ IMPULSES ?AT /EMM$ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE1 ! MIR4 ,IT 
MATT]S LITTLE :E!R !SE COMMUNES W]E NUM]\S OR EMBRAC$ 
L>GE NUMB]S ( PEASANTS2 ! PO9T IS ?AT !Y W]E AU!NTIC POPUL> 
ORGANISMS1 ! NUCLEI ( A MORAL & SOCIAL SPIRIT ?AT RANG$ F> ABOVE 
! DEHUMANIZ+ VALUES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS FR[N$ UPON !SE ORGANISMS FROM ! V]Y 
BEG9N+ & EV5TUALLY CONDEMN$ !M4 ,TO ,L591 ! PREF]R$1 
! MORE 0SOCIALI/0 =M ( AGRICULTURAL 5T]PRISE WAS ! /ATE F>MAN 
AGRICULTURAL FACTORY 9 :I* ! /ATE [N$ ! L& & F>M+ 
EQUIPM5T1 APPO9T+ MANAG]S :O HIR$ PEASANTS ON A WAGE BASIS4 
,ONE SEES 9 !SE ATTITUDES T[>D WORK]S' CONTROL & AGRICULTURAL 
COMMUNES ! ESS5TIALLY B\RGEOIS SPIRIT & M5TALITY ?AT P]MEAT$ 
! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY -- A SPIRIT & M5TALITY ?AT EMANAT$ NOT ONLY 
FROM ITS !ORIES BUT FROM ITS CORPORATE MODE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,9 
,DECEMB] #aiah ,L59 LAUN*$ AN ATTACK ON ! COMMUNES ON ! 
PRETEXT ?AT PEASANTS W]E BE+ =C$ TO 5T] !M4 ,ACTUALLY1 LITTLE 
IF ANY CO]CION WAS US$ TO ORGANIZE !SE COMMUNI/IC =MS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 
,AS ,ROB]T ,G4 ,WESSON1 :O /UDI$ ! ,SOVIET COMMUNE 
9 DETAIL1 CONCLUDES1 0,?OSE :O W5T 9TO COMMUNES MU/ HAVE DONE 
SO L>GELY ( !IR [N VOLITION40.<#e.> ,! COMMUNES W]E NOT SUPPRESS$1 
BUT !IR GR[? WAS DISC\RAG$ UNTIL ,/AL9 M]G$ ! 5TIRE 
DEVELOPM5T 9TO ! =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION DRIVES ( ! LATE #a#i#bS 
& E>LY #a#i#cS4 

,BY #a#i#b1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ISOLAT$ !MSELVES FROM ! ,RUSSIAN 
WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R1 ! ELIM9ATION ( 
WORK]S' CONTROL1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,MAKHNOVTSY1 ! RE/RICTIVE 
POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E 9 ! C\NTRY1 ! 9FLAT$ BUREAUCRACY1 & ! 
CRU%+ MAT]IAL POV]TY 9H]IT$ FROM ! CIVIL W> YE>S G5]AT$ 
A DEEP HO/ILITY T[>D ,BOL%EVIK RULE4 ,) ! 5D ( HO/ILITIES1 A 
MOVEM5T SURG$ UP FROM ! DEP?S ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY = A 0?IRD 
REVOLUTION0 -- NOT TO RE/ORE ! PA/1 AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS CLAIM$1 BUT TO 
REALIZE ! V]Y GOALS ( FRE$OM1 ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL1 ?AT 
HAD RALLI$ ! MASSES >\ND ! ,BOL%EVIK PROGRAM ( #a#i#a#g4 ,! NEW 
MOVEM5T F\ND ITS MO/ CONSCI\S =M 9 ! ,PETROGRAD PROLET>IAT 
& AMONG ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS4 ,IT ALSO F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! P>TY3 
! GR[? ( ANTIC5TRALI/ & AN>*OSYNDICALI/ T5D5CIES AMONG 
! ,BOL%EVIKS REA*$ A PO9T :]E A BLOC ( OPPOSITIONAL GR\PS1 
ORI5T$ T[>D !SE ISSUES1 GA9$ #abd SEATS AT A ,MOSC[ PROV9CIAL 
CONF]5CE1 AS AGA9/ #a$ = SUPPORT]S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 

,ON ,M>* #b1 #a#i#b#a1 ! 0R$ SAILORS0 ( ,KRON/ADT ROSE 9 OP5 
REBELLION1 RAIS+ ! BANN] ( A 0,?IRD ,REVOLUTION ( ! ,TOIL]S40 
,! ,KRON/ADT PROGRAM C5T]$ ON DEM&S = FREE ELECTIONS TO ! 
SOVIETS1 FRE$OM ( SPEE* & PRESS = ! AN>*I/S & ! LEFT 
SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 FREE TRADE UNIONS1 & ! LIB]ATION ( ALL PRISON]S 
:O BELONG$ TO SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 ,! MO/ %AMELESS /ORIES W]E 
FABRICAT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO ACC\NT = ?IS UPRIS+1 ACKN[L$G$ 
9 LAT] YE>S AS BRAZ5 LIES4 ,! REVOLT WAS *>ACT]IZ$ AS A 0,:ITE 
,GU>D PLOT0 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 
MEMB]S 9 ,KRON/ADT JO9$ ! SAILORS -- PRECISELY AS ,COMMUNI/S -- 9 
D5\NC+ ! P>TY LEAD]S AS BETRAY]S ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 
,AS ,R4 ,V4 ,DANIELS OBS]VES 9 HIS /UDY ( ,BOL%EVIK OPPOSITIONAL 
MOVEM5TS1 0,ORD9>Y ,COMMUNI/S W]E 9DE$ SO UNRELIABLE 444 ?AT 
! GOV]NM5T DID NOT DEP5D UPON !M EI!R 9 ! ASSAULT ON 
,KRON/ADT ITSELF OR 9 KEEP+ ORD] 9 ,PETROGRAD1 :]E ,KRON/ADT'S 
HOPES = SUPPORT *IEFLY RE/$4 ,! MA9 BODY ( TROOPS EMPLOY$ 
W]E ,*EKI/S & (FIC] CADETS FROM ,R$ ,>MY TRA9+ S*OOLS4 ,! 
F9AL ASSAULT ON ,KRON/ADT WAS L$ BY ! TOP (FICIALDOM ( ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY -- A L>GE GR\P ( DELEGATES TO ! ,T5? ,P>TY 
,CONGRESS WAS RU%$ FROM ,MOSC[ = ?IS PURPOSE40.<#e#a.> ,SO WEAK WAS 
! REGIME 9T]NALLY ?AT ! ELITE HAD TO DO ITS [N DIRTY WORK4444 

,WE HAVE DISCUSS$ !SE EV5TS 9 DETAIL BECAUSE !Y LEAD TO A 
CONCLUSION ?AT ! LATE/ CROP ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/S T5D TO AVOID3 ! 
,BOL%EVIK P>TY REA*$ ITS MAXIMUM DEGREE ( C5TRALIZATION 9 ,L59'S 
DAY NOT TO A*IEVE A REVOLUTION OR SUPPRESS A ,:ITE ,GU>D C\NT]REVOLUTION1 BUT TO EFFECT A C\NT]REVOLUTION ( ITS [N AGA9/ ! V]Y SOCIAL =CES IT PR(ESS$ TO REPRES5T4 ,FACTIONS W]E PROHIBIT$ & A 
MONOLI?IC P>TY CREAT$ NOT TO PREV5T A 0CAPITALI/ RE/ORATION0 BUT 
TO CONTA9 A MASS MOVEM5T ( WORK]S = SOVIET DEMOCRACY & SOCIAL 
FRE$OM4 ,! ,L59 ( #aiba /OOD OPPOS$ TO ! ,L59 ( #a#i#a#g4 

,!REAFT] ,L59 SIMPLY FL\ND]$4 ,?IS MAN :O ABOVE ALL HAD 
S\<T TO AN*OR ! PROBLEMS ( HIS P>TY 9 SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS 
F\ND HIMSELF LIT]ALLY PLAY+ AN ORGANIZATIONAL NUMB]S GAME 9 A 
LA/-DIT* ATTEMPT TO >RE/ ! V]Y BUREAUCRATIZATION HE HAD HIMSELF 
CREAT$4 ,!RE IS NO?+ MORE PA!TIC & TRAGIC ?AN ,L59'S LA/ 
YE>S4 ,P>ALYZ$ BY A SIMPLI/IC BODY ( ,M>XI/ =MULAS1 HE C\LD 
?9K ( NO BETT] C\NT]MEASURES ?AN ORGANIZATIONAL ONES4 ,HE 
PROPOSES ! =MATION ( ! ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' ,9SPECTION TO 
CORRECT BUREAUCRATIC DE=MATIONS 9 ! P>TY & /ATE -- & ?IS BODY 
FALLS UND] ,/AL9'S CONTROL & BECOMES HI<LY BUREAUCRATIC 9 ITS [N 
RI<T4 ,L59 !N SUGGE/S ?AT ! SIZE ( ! ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' 
,9SPECTION BE R$UC$ & ?AT IT BE M]G$ ) ! ,CONTROL 
,COMMISSION4 ,HE ADVOCAT$ 5L>G+ ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,?US IT 
ROLLS ALONG3 ?IS BODY TO BE 5L>G$1 ?AT ONE TO BE M]G$ ) 
ANO!R1 /ILL A ?IRD TO BE MODIFI$ OR ABOLI%$4 ,! /RANGE BALLET ( 
ORGANIZATIONAL =MS CONT9UES UP TO HIS V]Y DEA?1 AS ?\< ! 
PROBLEM C\LD BE RESOLV$ BY ORGANIZATIONAL MEANS4 ,AS ,MO%E ,LEW91 
AN OBVI\S ADMIR] ( ,L591 ADMITS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD] 0APPROA*$ 
! PROBLEM ( GOV]NM5T MORE LIKE A *IEF EXECUTIVE ( A /RICTLY 
'ELITI/' TURN ( M9D4 ,HE DID NOT APPLY ME?ODS ( SOCIAL ANALYSIS TO 
! GOV]NM5T & WAS CONT5T TO CONSID] IT PURELY 9 T]MS ( 
ORGANIZATIONAL ME?ODS40.<#e#b.> 

,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS ! 0PHRASE W5T BEYOND 
! CONT5T10 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION ! =MS REPLAC$ ! CONT5T4 
,! SOVIETS REPLAC$ ! WORK]S & !IR FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ! 
P>TY REPLAC$ ! SOVIETS1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE REPLAC$ ! P>TY1 
& ! ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU REPLAC$ ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,9 %ORT1 
MEANS REPLAC$ 5DS4 ,?IS 9CR$IBLE SUB/ITUTION ( =M = CONT5T 
IS ONE ( ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC TRAITS ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM4 ,9 ,FRANCE 
DUR+ ! ,MAY-,JUNE EV5TS1 ALL ! ,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATIONS W]E 
PREP>$ TO DE/ROY ! ,SORBONNE /UD5T ASSEMBLY 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE 
!IR 9FLU5CE & MEMB]%IP4 ,!IR PR9CIPAL CONC]N WAS NOT ! 
REVOLUTION OR ! AU!NTIC SOCIAL =MS CREAT$ BY ! /UD5TS BUT ! 
GR[? ( !IR [N P>TIES4 

,ONLY ONE =CE C\LD HAVE >RE/$ ! GR[? ( BUREAUCRACY 9 
,RUSSIA3 A SOCIAL =CE4 ,HAD ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY 
SUCCE$$ 9 9CREAS+ ! DOMA9 ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ?R\< ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( VIABLE FACTORY COMMITTEES1 RURAL COMMUNES1 & FREE 
SOVIETS1 ! HI/ORY ( ! C\NTRY MI<T HAVE TAK5 A DRAMATICALLY 
DIFF]5T TURN4 ,!RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ?AT ! FAILURE ( SOCIALI/ 
REVOLUTIONS 9 ,EUROPE AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> L$ TO ! ISOLATION ( 
! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! MAT]IAL POV]TY ( ,RUSSIA1 C\PL$ ) 
! PRESSURE ( ! SURR\ND+ CAPITALI/ WORLD1 CLE>LY MILITAT$ 
AGA9/ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A SOCIALI/ OR A CONSI/5TLY LIB]T>IAN 
SOCIETY4 ,BUT BY NO MEANS WAS IT ORDA9$ ?AT ,RUSSIA HAD TO DEVELOP 
ALONG /ATE CAPITALI/ L9ES2 CONTR>Y TO ,L59'S & ,TROTSKY'S 9ITIAL 
EXPECTATIONS1 ! REVOLUTION WAS DEFEAT$ BY 9T]NAL =CES1 NOT BY 
9VASION ( >MIES FROM ABROAD4 ,HAD ! MOVEM5T FROM BEL[ 
RE/OR$ ! 9ITIAL A*IEVEM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g1 A 
MULTIFACET$ SOCIAL /RUCTURE MI<T HAVE DEVELOP$1 BAS$ ON WORK]S' 
CONTROL ( 9DU/RY1 ON A FREELY DEVELOP+ PEASANT ECONOMY 9 
AGRICULTURE1 & ON A LIV+ 9T]PLAY ( IDEAS1 PROGRAMS1 & POLITICAL 
MOVEM5TS4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ,RUSSIA W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 IMPRISON$ 
9 TOTALIT>IAN *A9S1 & ,/AL9ISM W\LD NOT HAVE POISON$ ! WORLD 
REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 PAV+ ! WAY = FASCISM & ! ,SECOND 
,WORLD ,W>4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 H[EV]1 PRECLUD$ ?IS 
DEVELOPM5T -- ,L59'S OR ,TROTSKY'S 0GOOD 9T5TIONS0 NOT)/&+4 
,BY DE/ROY+ ! P[] ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEES 9 9DU/RY & BY 
CRU%+ ! ,MAKHNOVTSY1 ! ,PETROGRAD WORK]S1 & ! ,KRON/ADT 
SAILORS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS VIRTUALLY GU>ANTE$ ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,RUSSIAN 
BUREAUCRACY OV] ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 ,! C5TRALIZ$ P>TY -- A COMPLETELY 
B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTION -- BECAME ! REFUGE ( C\NT]REVOLUTION 9 ITS 
MO/ S9I/] =M4 ,?IS WAS COV]T C\NT]REVOLUTION ?AT DRAP$ ITSELF 
9 ! R$ FLAG & ! T]M9OLOGY ( ,M>X4 ,ULTIMATELY1 :AT ! 
,BOL%EVIKS SUPPRESS$ 9 #aiba WAS NOT AN IDEOLOGY OR A ,:ITE ,GU>D 
CONSPIRACY BUT AN ELEM5TAL /RUGGLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE TO FREE 
!MSELVES ( !IR %ACKLES & TAKE CONTROL ( !IR [N DE/9Y4 ,= 
,RUSSIA1 ?IS MEANT ! NI<TM>E ( ,/AL9I/ DICTATOR%IP2 = ! 
G5]ATION ( ! #a#i#cS1 IT MEANT ! HORROR ( FASCISM & ! 
TREA*]Y ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,! ,TWO ,TRADITIONS 

,IT W\LD BE 9CR$IBLY NAIVE TO SUPPOSE ?AT ,L59ISM WAS ! PRODUCT 
( A S+LE MAN4 ,! DISEASE LIES MU* DEEP]1 NOT ONLY 9 ! LIMITATIONS 
( ,M>XIAN !ORY BUT 9 ! LIMITS ( ! SOCIAL ]A ?AT PRODUC$ 
,M>XISM4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT CLE>LY UND]/OOD1 WE WILL REMA9 AS BL9D TO 
! DIALECTIC ( EV5TS TODAY AS ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,L591 & ,TROTSKY W]E 
9 !IR [N DAY4 ,= US ?IS BL9DNESS WILL BE ALL ! MORE REPREH5SIBLE 
BECAUSE BEH9D US LIES A WEAL? ( EXP]I5CE ?AT !SE M5 LACK$ 9 
DEVELOP+ !IR !ORIES4 

,K>L ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS W]E C5TRALI/S -- NOT ONLY POLITICALLY 
BUT SOCIALLY & ECONOMICALLY4 ,!Y NEV] D5I$ ?IS FACT1 & !IR 
WRIT+S >E /UDD$ ) GL[+ 5COMIUMS TO POLITICAL1 ORGANIZATIONAL1 
& ECONOMIC C5TRALIZATION4 ,AS E>LY AS ,M>* #a#h#e1 9 ! 
0,ADDRESS ( ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE10 !Y CALL$ 
UPON ! WORK]S TO /RIVE NOT ONLY = 0! S+LE & 9DIVISIBLE 
,G]MAN REPUBLIC1 BUT ALSO /RIVE 9 IT = ! MO/ DECISIVE C5TRALIZATION 
( P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE AU?ORITY40 ,LE/ ! DEM& BE TAK5 
LI<TLY1 IT WAS REPEAT$ CONT9UALLY 9 ! SAME P>AGRAPH1 :I* 
CONCLUDES3 0,AS 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#g#i#c1 SO TODAY 9 ,G]MANY ! C>RY+ 
?R\< ( ! /RICTE/ C5TRALIZATION IS ! TASK ( ! REALLY 
REVOLUTION>Y P>TY40 

,! SAME !ME REAPPE>$ CONT9UALLY 9 LAT] YE>S4 ,) ! 
\TBREAK ( ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>1 = EXAMPLE1 ,M>X WROTE TO 
,5GELS3 0,! ,FR5* NE$ A ?RA%+4 ,IF ! ,PRUSSIANS W91 ! 
C5TRALIZATION ( /ATE P[] WILL BE USEFUL = ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! 
,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS40.<#e#c.> 

,M>X & ,5GELS1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT C5TRALI/S BECAUSE !Y BELIEV$ 
9 ! VIRTUES ( C5TRALISM P] SE4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y3 ,M>XISM & 
AN>*ISM HAVE ALWAYS AGRE$ ?AT A LIB]AT$ COMMUNI/ SOCIETY W\LD 
5TAIL SWEEP+ DEC5TRALIZATION1 ! DISSOLUTION ( BUREAUCRACY1 ! 
ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 & ! BREAKUP ( ! L>GE CITIES4 0,ABOLITION 
( ! ANTI!SIS BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY IS NOT M]ELY POSSIBLE10 
NOT$ ,5GELS 9 ,ANTI-,DUHR+4 0,IT HAS BECOME A DIRECT NECESSITY 444 ! 
PRES5T POISON+ ( ! AIR1 WAT] & L& CAN BE PUT TO AN 5D ONLY 
BY ! FUSION ( T[N & C\NTRY40 ,TO ,5GELS ?IS W\LD 9VOLVE A 
0UNI=M DI/RIBUTION ( ! POPULATION OV] ! :OLE C\NTRY0 -- 9 
%ORT1 ! PHYSICAL DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! CITIES4.<#e#d.> 

,! ORIG9S ( ,M>XIAN C5TRALISM >E 9 PROBLEMS >IS+ FROM ! 
=MATION ( ! NATIONAL /ATE4 ,UNTIL WELL 9TO ! LATT] HALF ( ! 
N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY W]E DIVID$ 9TO A MULTITUDE 
( 9DEP5D5T DU*IES1 PR9CIPALITIES1 & K+DOMS4 ,! CONSOLIDATION 
( !SE GEOGRAPHICAL UNITS 9TO UNIFI$ NATIONS1 ,M>X & ,5GELS 
BELIEV$1 WAS A S9E QUA NON = ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N 9DU/RY 
& CAPITALISM4 ,!IR PRAISE ( C5TRALISM WAS 5G5D]$ NOT BY ANY 
C5TRALI/IC MY/IQUE BUT BY ! EV5TS ( ! P]IOD 9 :I* !Y 
LIV$ -- ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY1 TRADE1 A UNIFI$ WORK+ CLASS1 
& ! NATIONAL /ATE4 ,!IR CONC]N ON ?IS SCORE1 9 %ORT1 IS ) ! 
EM]G5CE ( CAPITALISM1 ) ! TASKS ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 
AN ]A ( UNAVOIDABLE MAT]IAL SC>CITY4 ,M>X'S APPROA* TO A 
0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION10 ON ! O!R H&1 IS M>K$LY DIFF]5T4 ,HE 
5?USIA/ICALLY PRAIS$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AS A 0MODEL TO ALL ! 
9DU/RIAL C5T]S ( ,FRANCE40 0,?IS REGIME10 HE WROTE1 0ONCE E/ABLI%$ 
9 ,P>IS & ! SECOND>Y C5T]S1 ! OLD C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T 
W\LD 9 ! PROV9CES1 TOO1 HAVE TO GIVE WAY TO ! SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! PRODUC]S0 7EMPHASIS ADD$74 ,! UNITY ( ! NATION1 TO BE SURE1 
W\LD NOT DISAPPE>1 & A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T W\LD EXI/ DUR+ ! 
TRANSITION TO COMMUNISM1 BUT ITS FUNCTIONS W\LD BE LIMIT$4 

,\R OBJECT IS NOT TO B&Y AB\T QUOTATIONS FROM ,M>X & ,5GELS 
BUT TO EMPHASIZE H[ KEY T5ETS ( ,M>XISM -- :I* >E ACCEPT$ SO 
UNCRITICALLY TODAY -- W]E 9 FACT ! PRODUCT ( AN ]A ?AT HAS LONG 
BE5 TRANSC5D$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 
& ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,9 HIS DAY ,M>X WAS OCCUPI$ NOT ONLY ) 
PROBLEMS ( ! 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION0 BUT ALSO ) ! PROBLEMS 
( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,G]MANY1 ,SPA91 ,ITALY1 & 
,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,HE WAS DEAL+ ) PROBLEMS ( TRANSITION FROM 
CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM 9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES ?AT HAD NOT ADVANC$ 
MU* BEYOND ! COAL-/EEL TE*NOLOGY ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 
& ) ! PROBLEMS ( TRANSITION FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM 9 
C\NTRIES ?AT HAD SC>CELY ADVANC$ MU* BEYOND H&ICRAFTS & ! 
GUILD SY/EM4 ,TO /ATE !SE CONC]NS BROADLY1 ,M>X WAS OCCUPI$ ABOVE 
ALL ) ! PRECONDITIONS ( FRE$OM 7TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 
NATIONAL UNIFICATION1 MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE7 RA!R ?AN ) ! 
CONDITIONS ( FRE$OM 7DEC5TRALIZATION1 ! =MATION ( COMMUNITIES1 
! HUMAN SCALE1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY74 ,HIS !ORIES W]E /ILL AN*OR$ 
9 ! REALM ( SURVIVAL1 NOT ! REALM ( LIFE4 

,ONCE ?IS IS GRASP$1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO PLACE ,M>X'S !ORETICAL LEGACY 
9 MEAN+FUL P]SPECTIVE -- TO SEP>ATE ITS RI* CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ITS 
HI/ORICALLY LIMIT$1 9DE$ P>ALYZ+ %ACKLES ON \R [N TIME4 ,! 
,M>XIAN DIALECTIC1 ! MANY SEM9AL 9SI<TS PROVID$ BY HI/ORICAL 
MAT]IALISM1 ! SUP]B CRITIQUE ( ! COMMODITY RELATION%IP1 MANY 
ELEM5TS ( ! ECONOMIC !ORIES1 ! !ORY ( ALI5ATION1 & ABOVE 
ALL ! NOTION ?AT FRE$OM HAS MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS -- !SE >E LA/+ 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ,M>X'S EMPHASIS ON ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT AS 
! 0AG5T0 ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 HIS 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 9 EXPLA9+ 
! TRANSITION FROM A CLASS TO A CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 HIS CONCEPT ( ! 
PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 HIS EMPHASIS ON C5TRALISM1 HIS !ORY ( 
CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 7:I* T5DS TO JUMBLE /ATE CAPITALISM ) 
SOCIALISM71 HIS ADVOCACY ( POLITICAL ACTION ?R\< ELECTORAL P>TIES -- 
!SE & MANY RELAT$ CONCEPTS >E FALSE 9 ! CONTEXT ( \R TIME 
& W]E MISLEAD+ EV5 9 HIS [N DAY4 ,!Y EM]G$ FROM ! 
LIMITATIONS ( HIS VISION -- MORE PROP]LY1 FROM ! LIMITATIONS ( HIS 
TIME4 ,!Y MAKE S5SE ONLY IF ONE REMEMB]S ?AT ,M>X REG>D$ 
CAPITALISM AS HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE1 AS AN 9DISP5SABLE /AGE 9 ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALISM1 & !Y HAVE PRACTICAL APPLICABILITY ONLY TO 
A TIME :5 ,G]MANY 9 P>TICUL> WAS CONFRONT$ BY B\RGEOISDEMOCRATIC 
TASKS & NATIONAL UNIFICATION4 ,WE >E NOT TRY+ TO SAY ?AT 
,M>X WAS CORRECT 9 HOLD+ ?IS APPROA*1 M]ELY ?AT ! APPROA* 
MAKES S5SE :5 VIEW$ 9 ITS TIME & PLACE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiif 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/