,*APT] #g 
,AN>*ISM 

#aiigaiig 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,JANET ,BIEHL 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #g3 ,AN>*ISM 

,9TRODUCTION 

,9 ! EPILOGUE TO HIS #aifb HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM1 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK 
CONCLUD$ ?AT AN>*ISM AS A MOVEM5T WAS ALL BUT DEAD4 0,DUR+ 
! PA/ =TY YE>S10 HE WROTE 

! 9FLU5CE .<! MOVEM5T.> ONCE E/ABLI%$ HAS DW9DL$1 BY 
DEFEAT AFT] DEFEAT & BY ! SL[ DRA9+ ( HOPE1 ALMO/ TO 
NO?+4 ,NOR IS !RE ANY REASONABLE LIKELIHOOD ( A R5AISSANCE 
( AN>*ISM AS WE HAVE KN[N IT4444 ,HI/ORY SUGGE/S ?AT 
MOVEM5TS :I* FAIL TO TAKE ! *ANCES IT (F]S !M >E NEV] 
BORN AGA94.<#e#e.> 

,)9 ONLY A FEW YE>S ( ,WOODCOCK'S 9T]M5T ( AN>*ISM 
9 ! CEMET]Y ( DEFUNCT SOCIAL !ORIES1 ,BOOK*9 WAS BREA?+ 
LIFE BACK 9TO IT4 ,) ! EM]G5CE ( ! ECOLOGICAL ISSUE & 
! NEW POT5TIALITY = PO/-SC>CITY 9 ! PO/W> P]IOD1 
AN>*ISM CEAS$ TO BE M]ELY A UTOPIAN FANTASY & SEEM$1 ON 
! CONTR>Y1 TO BE A LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( DEVELOPM5TS 9 
,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY4 

,RELEAS+ AN>*ISM FROM ! GRIP ( TRADITIONAL BUT HI/ORICALLY 
SUP]S$$ NOTIONS1 ,BOOK*9 BR\<T TO ! SURFACE T5D5CIES 
9 AN>*ISM ?AT HAD LA9 DORMANT OR RECEIV$ 9SUFFICI5T 
ATT5TION 9 PREVI\S G5]ATIONS1 ESPECIALLY ITS RELEVANCE TO 
ECOLOGY & ITS EMPHASIS ON COMMUNALISM & CONF$]ATION4 
,RECA/+ IT 9 T]MS ( AN OPPOSITION TO HI]>*Y & 
DOM9ATION & MELD+ IT ) ! CALL = AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 
,BOOK*9 ADVANC$ HIS NEW AN>*ISM )9 ! #a#i#fS' 
C\NT]CULTURE AS ! ONLY CR$IBLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! DE/RUCTION 
( ! PLANET4 

,9 REACTION TO ,M>XI/ AU?ORIT>IANISM1 ,BOOK*9 WAS LOOK+ = 
REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W\LD BE G5U9ELY EMANCIPATORY3 
= 0=MS ( FRE$OM0 ?AT W\LD BE POPUL>1 DIRECT-DEMOCRATIC1 
& DEC5TRALIZ$1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! DOM9E]+ C5TRALISM HE 
DESPIS$4 ,! 0LEGACY ( FRE$OM0 ?AT HE TRAC$ ?R\< ,WE/]N 
HI/ORY WAS 9 L>GE P>T A SE>* = !SE 9/ITUTIONS3 ! 
MILL5>IAN ,*RI/IAN SECTS & DEMOCRATIC COMMUNES ( M$IEVAL 
,EUROPE1 ! T[N MEET+S ( COLONIAL ,NEW ,5GL&1 ! SECTIONAL 
ASSEMBLIES ( REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS4 

,AN>*ISM'S APPEAL TO ,BOOK*9 LAY NOT ONLY 9 ITS LIB]T>IAN 
PR9CIPLES BUT 9 ! ATT5TION IT HAD GIV5 TO SU* 9/ITUTIONS1 
P>TICUL>LY ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ COLLECTIVES ( REVOLUTION>Y 
,SPA94 ,CONSI/5TLY ! AN>*ISM TO :I* HE ADH]$ WAS A 
COMMUNALI/IC SOCIAL AN>*ISM1 AN AN>*O-COMMUNISM ?AT 
S\<T A CONDITION ( POSITIVE FRE$OM = SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 & 
NOT ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC AN>*ISM REPRES5T$ BY ! T5D5CY ( 
,MAX ,/IRN] ?AT S\<T NEGATIVE LIB]TY = ! ISOLAT$ EGO4 

,?US ,BOOK*9 DID NOT EMBRACE AN>*ISM 9 TOTO1 ANY MORE ?AN 
HE HAD REJECT$ ,M>XISM 9 TOTO4 ,HE HAD NO PATI5CE = ITS 
SOMETIME GLORIFICATIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY AT ! EXP5SE ( 
! COMMUNITY2 OR = ITS ]/:ILE DI/RU/ ( ORGANIZATIONS & 
9/ITUTIONS AS SU*2 OR = ITS T5D5CIES TO ANT9OMIANISM1 REJECT+ 
ALL SOCIALLY E/ABLI%$ MORALITY2 OR = ITS PROP5SITIES T[>D ANTI9TELLECTUALISM4 
,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE >GU$ ?AT IT IS PRECISELY 
?R\< COMMUNITY & 9/ITUTIONS -- DEMOCRATIC & SELF-MANAG$ 
 -- ?AT 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM IS POSSIBLE2 ?AT A G5]ALLY 
ACCEPT$1 EV5 OBJECTIVELY GR\ND$ E?ICS IS A NECESS>Y 
COMPON5T ( ?AT COMMUNITY2 & ?AT AN>*ISM MU/ BECOME 
A !ORETICALLY COH]5T BODY ( IDEAS RA!R ?AN CONT5T ITSELF 
) ANTI-9TELLECTUAL ADV5TURISM4 

,UTOPIAN AN>*ISM APPEAL$ WIDELY TO ALI5AT$ Y\? ( ! 
#a#i#fS1 LEAD+ TO ! V]Y 0R5AISSANCE0 ?AT ,WOODCOCK HAD 
?\<T UNLIKELY1 A 0R5AISSANCE0 ?AT CONT9UES1 H[EV] 
DIM9I%$ 9 MOM5TUM1 TO ?IS DAY4 ,AS HI/ORIAN ,PET] ,M>%ALL 
AFFIRMS1 0,! ?9K] :O HAS MO/ R5EW$ AN>*I/ ?\<T & 
ACTION S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I IS UND\BT$LY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*940.<#e#f.> 

,! ,TWO ,TRADITIONS3 ,AN>*ISM 

7FROM 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 #a#i#f#i7 

,JU/ AS ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9CLUD$ A SUBT]RANEAN MOVEM5T ( 
! 0MASSES0 ?AT CONFLICT$ ) ,BOL%EVISM1 SO !RE IS A SUBT]RANEAN 
MOVEM5T 9 HI/ORY ?AT CONFLICTS ) ALL SY/EMS ( AU?ORITY4 ,?IS 
MOVEM5T HAS 5T]$ 9TO \R TIME UND] ! NAME ( AN>*ISM1 
AL?\< IT HAS NEV] BE5 5COMPASS$ BY A S+LE IDEOLOGY OR BODY 
( SACR$ TEXTS4 ,AN>*ISM IS A LIBID9AL MOVEM5T ( HUMANITY AGA9/ 
CO]CION 9 ANY =M1 REA*+ BACK 9 TIME TO ! V]Y EM]G5CE ( 
PROP]TI$ SOCIETY1 CLASS RULE1 & ! /ATE4 ,FROM ?IS P]IOD ONW>D1 
! OPPRESS$ HAVE RESI/$ ALL =MS ?AT S\<T TO IMPRISON ! 
SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL ORD]4 ,AN>*ISM HAS SURG$ TO ! 
=EGR\ND ( ! SOCIAL >5A 9 P]IODS ( MAJOR TRANSITION FROM ONE 
HI/ORICAL ]A TO ANO!R4 ,! DECL9+ ANCI5T & FEUDAL WORLDS 
WITNESS$ ! UPSURGE ( MASS MOVEM5TS1 9 SOME CASES WILDLY 
,DIONYSIAN 9 *>ACT]1 ?AT DEM&$ AN 5D TO ALL SY/EMS ( 
AU?ORITY1 PRIVILEGE1 & CO]CION4 

,! AN>*IC MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/ FAIL$ L>GELY BECAUSE MAT]IAL 
SC>CITY1 A FUNCTION ( ! L[ LEVEL ( TE*NOLOGY1 VITIAT$ AN ORGANIC 
H>MONIZATION ( HUMAN 9T]E/S4 ,ANY SOCIETY ?AT C\LD PROMISE LITTLE 
MORE MAT]IALLY ?AN EQUALITY ( POV]TY 9V>IABLY 5G5D]$ DEEPSEAT$ 
T5D5CIES TO RE/ORE A NEW SY/EM ( PRIVILEGE4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( 
A TE*NOLOGY ?AT C\LD APPRECIABLY R$UCE ! WORK+ DAY1 ! NE$ 
TO WORK VITIAT$ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS BAS$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,! 
,GIROND9S ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION %REWDLY RECOGNIZ$ ?AT !Y C\LD 
USE ! WORK+ DAY AGA9/ REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS4 ,TO EXCLUDE RADICAL 
ELEM5TS FROM ! SECTIONS1 !Y TRI$ TO 5ACT LEGISLATION ?AT W\LD 
5D ALL ASSEMBLY MEET+S BE=E T5 P4M41 ! H\R :5 ,P>ISIAN 
WORK]S RETURN$ FROM !IR JOBS4 ,9DE$1 IT WAS NOT ONLY ! 
MANIPULATIVE TE*NIQUES & ! TREA*]Y ( ! 0VANGU>D0 ORGANIZATIONS 
?AT BR\<T ! AN>*IC PHASES ( PA/ REVOLUTIONS TO AN 5D1 
IT WAS ALSO ! MAT]IAL LIMITS ( PA/ ]AS4 ,! 0MASSES0 W]E ALWAYS 
COMPELL$ TO RETURN TO A LIFETIME ( TOIL & W]E R>ELY FREE TO E/ABLI% 
ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AT C\LD LA/ BEYOND ! REVOLUTION4 

,AN>*I/S SU* AS ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 H[EV]1 W]E BY NO 
MEANS WRONG 9 CRITICIZ+ ,M>X = HIS EMPHASIS ON C5TRALISM & 
HIS ELITI/ NOTIONS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,WAS C5TRALISM ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y 
= TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES 9 ! PA/8 ,WAS ! NATION-/ATE 9DISP5SABLE 
TO ! EXPANSION ( COMM]CE8 ,DID ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T B5EFIT 
FROM ! EM]G5CE ( HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMIC 5T]PRISES & ! 
09DIVISIBLE0 /ATE8 ,WE T5D TO ACCEPT !SE T5ETS ( ,M>XISM TOO 
UNCRITICALLY1 L>GELY BECAUSE CAPITALISM DEVELOP$ )9 A C5TRALIZ$ 
POLITICAL >5A4 ,! AN>*I/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY W>N$ ?AT ,M>X'S 
C5TRALI/IC APPROA*1 9S(> AS IT AFFECT$ ! EV5TS ( ! TIME1 W\LD 
SO /R5G!N ! B\RGEOISIE & ! /ATE APP>ATUS ?AT ! 
OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM W\LD BE EXTREMELY DIFFICULT4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y 
P>TY1 BY DUPLICAT+ !SE C5TRALI/IC1 HI]>*ICAL FEATURES1 W\LD 
REPRODUCE HI]>*Y & C5TRALISM 9 ! PO/REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY4 

,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 & ,MALATE/A W]E NOT SO NAIVE AS TO BELIEVE 
?AT AN>*ISM C\LD BE E/ABLI%$ OV]NI<T4 ,9 IMPUT+ ?IS NOTION 
TO ,BAKUN91 ,M>X & ,5GELS WILLFULLY DI/ORT$ ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/'S 
VIEWS4 ,NOR DID ! AN>*I/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY BELIEVE ?AT ! 
ABOLITION ( ! /ATE 9VOLV$ 0LAY+ D[N >MS0 IMM$IATELY AFT] 
! REVOLUTION1 TO USE ,M>X'S OBSCURANTI/ WORDS1 ?\<TLESSLY REPEAT$ 
BY ,L59 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,9DE$1 MU* ?AT PASSES = 
0,M>XISM0 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION IS PURE AN>*ISM -- = EXAMPLE1 
! SUB/ITUTION ( REVOLUTION>Y MILITIAS = PR(ESSIONAL >M$ BODIES 
& ! SUB/ITUTION ( ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T = P>LIAM5T>Y 
BODIES4 ,:AT IS AU!NTICALLY ,M>XI/ 9 ,L59'S PAMPHLET IS ! 
DEM& = 0/RICT C5TRALISM10 ! ACCEPTANCE ( A 0NEW0 BUREAUCRACY1 
& ! ID5TIFICATION ( SOVIETS ) A /ATE4 

,! AN>*I/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY W]E DEEPLY PREOCCUPI$ ) ! 
QUE/ION ( A*IEV+ 9DU/RIALIZATION )\T CRU%+ ! 
REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( ! 0MASSES0 & RE>+ NEW OB/ACLES TO 
EMANCIPATION4 ,!Y FE>$ ?AT C5TRALIZATION W\LD RE9=CE ! 
ABILITY ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO RESI/ ! REVOLUTION & 9/ILL 9 ! 
WORK]S A S5SE ( OB$I5CE4 ,!Y TRI$ TO RESCUE ALL ?OSE PRECAPITALI/ 
COMMUNAL =MS 7SU* AS ! ,RUSSIAN MIR & ! ,SPANI% PUEBLO7 ?AT 
MI<T PROVIDE A SPR+BO>D TO A FREE SOCIETY1 9 NOT ONLY A /RUCTURAL 
S5SE BUT ALSO A SPIRITUAL ONE4 ,H5CE !Y EMPHASIZ$ ! NE$ = 
DEC5TRALIZATION EV5 UND] CAPITALISM4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,M>XIAN 
P>TIES1 !IR ORGANIZATIONS GAVE CONSID]ABLE ATT5TION TO :AT !Y 
CALL$ 9TEGRAL $UCATION -- ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! :OLE MAN -- TO 
C\NT]ACT ! DEBAS+ & BANALIZ+ 9FLU5CE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 
,! AN>*I/S TRI$ TO LIVE BY ! VALUES ( ! FUTURE TO ! EXT5T ?AT 
?IS WAS POSSIBLE UND] CAPITALISM4 ,!Y BELIEV$ 9 DIRECT ACTION TO 
FO/] ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! 0MASSES10 TO PRES]VE ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT1 TO 
5C\RAGE SPONTANEITY4 ,!Y TRI$ TO DEVELOP ORGANIZATIONS BAS$ ON 
MUTUAL AID & BRO!RHOOD1 9 :I* CONTROL W\LD BE EX]CIS$ FROM 
BEL[ UPW>D1 NOT D[NW>D FROM ABOVE4 

,WE MU/ PAUSE H]E TO EXAM9E ! NATURE ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONAL 
=MS 9 SOME DETAIL1 IF ONLY BECAUSE ! SUBJECT HAS BE5 OBSCUR$ BY 
AN APPALL+ AM\NT ( RUBBI%4 ,AN>*I/S1 OR AT LEA/ AN>*OCOMMUNI/S1 
ACCEPT ! NE$ = ORGANIZATION4 ,IT %\LD BE AS ABSURD 
TO HAVE TO REPEAT ?IS PO9T AS TO >GUE OV] :E!R ,M>X ACCEPT$ 
! NE$ = SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,! REAL QUE/ION IS NOT ORGANIZATION V]SUS NONORGANIZATION BUT 
RA!R :AT K9D ( ORGANIZATION ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S TRY TO 
E/ABLI%4 ,:AT ! DIFF]5T K9DS ( AN>*O-COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS 
HAVE 9 COMMON IS ORGANIC DEVELOPM5TS FROM BEL[1 NOT BODIES 
5G9E]$ 9TO EXI/5CE FROM ABOVE4 ,!Y >E SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 
COMB9+ A CREATIVE REVOLUTION>Y LIFE/YLE ) A CREATIVE REVOLUTION>Y 
!ORY1 NOT POLITICAL P>TIES :OSE MODE ( LIFE IS 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM 
! SURR\ND+ B\RGEOIS 5VIRONM5T & :OSE IDEOLOGY IS R$UC$ 
TO RIGID 0TRI$ & TE/$ PROGRAMS40 ,AS MU* AS IS HUMANLY POSSIBLE1 
!Y TRY TO REFLECT ! LIB]AT$ SOCIETY !Y SEEK TO A*IEVE1 NOT SLAVI%LY 
DUPLICATE ! PREVAIL+ SY/EM ( HI]>*Y1 CLASS1 & AU?ORITY4 ,!Y 
>E BUILT >\ND 9TIMATE GR\PS ( BRO!RS & SI/]S -- AFF9ITY 
GR\PS -- :OSE ABILITY TO ACT 9 COMMON IS BAS$ ON 9ITIATIVE1 ON 
CONVICTIONS FREELY >RIV$ AT1 & ON A DEEP P]SONAL 9VOLVEM5T1 NOT 
ON A BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS FLE%$ \T BY A DOCILE MEMB]%IP & 
MANIPULAT$ FROM ABOVE BY A H&FUL ( ALL-KN[+ LEAD]S4 

,! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S DO NOT D5Y ! NE$ = COORD9ATION 
BETWE5 GR\PS1 = DISCIPL9E1 = METICUL\S PLANN+1 & = UNITY 
9 ACTION4 ,BUT !Y BELIEVE ?AT COORD9ATION1 DISCIPL9E1 PLANN+1 & 
UNITY 9 ACTION MU/ BE A*IEV$ VOLUNT>ILY1 BY MEANS ( A SELFDISCIPL9E 
N\RI%$ BY CONVICTION & UND]/&+1 NOT BY CO]CION 
& A M9DLESS1 UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE TO ORD]S FROM ABOVE4 ,!Y 
SEEK TO A*IEVE ! EFFECTIV5ESS IMPUT$ TO C5TRALISM BY MEANS ( 
VOLUNT>ISM & 9SI<T1 NOT BY E/ABLI%+ A HI]>*ICAL1 DEC5TRALIZ$ 
/RUCTURE4 ,DEP5D+ UPON NE$S OR CIRCUM/ANCES1 AFF9ITY GR\PS CAN 
A*IEVE ?IS EFFECTIV5ESS ?R\< ASSEMBLIES1 ACTION COMMITTEES1 & 
LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 OR NATIONAL CONF]5CES4 ,BUT !Y VIGOR\SLY OPPOSE ! 
E/ABLI%M5T ( AN ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ?AT BECOMES AN 5D 9 
ITSELF1 ( COMMITTEES ?AT L+] ON AFT] !IR PRACTICAL TASKS HAVE BE5 
COMPLET$1 ( A 0LEAD]%IP0 ?AT R$UCES ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 TO A 
M9DLESS ROBOT4 

,!SE CONCLUSIONS >E NOT ! RESULT ( FLI<TY 9DIVIDUALI/ IMPULSES2 
QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 !Y EM]GE FROM AN EXACT+ /UDY ( PA/ 
REVOLUTIONS1 ( ! IMPACT C5TRALIZ$ P>TIES HAVE HAD ON ! 
REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 & ( ! NATURE ( SOCIAL *ANGE 9 AN ]A ( 
POT5TIAL MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE4 ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/S SEEK TO PRES]VE & EXT5D ! AN>*IC PHASE ?AT OP5S ALL ! GREAT SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS4 ,EV5 MORE ?AN ,M>XI/S1 !Y RECOGNIZE ?AT REVOLUTIONS 
>E PRODUC$ BY DEEP HI/ORICAL PROCESSES4 ,NO C5TRAL COMMITTEE 
0MAKES0 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION2 AT BE/ IT CAN /AGE A C\P D'ETAT1 REPLAC+ 
ONE HI]>*Y ) ANO!R -- OR WORSE1 >RE/ A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS 
IF IT EX]CISES ANY WIDESPREAD 9FLU5CE4 ,A C5TRAL COMMITTEE IS AN ORGAN 
= ACQUIR+ P[]1 = RECREAT+ P[]1 = GA!R+ TO ITSELF :AT 
! 0MASSES0 HAVE A*IEV$ BY !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y EF=TS4 ,ONE 
MU/ BE BL9D TO ALL ?AT HAS HAPP5$ OV] ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES NOT 
TO RECOGNIZE !SE ESS5TIAL FACTS4 

,9 ! PA/1 ,M>XI/S C\LD MAKE AN 9TELLIGIBLE 7AL?\< 9VALID7 
CLAIM = ! NE$ = A C5TRALIZ$ P>TY1 BECAUSE ! AN>*IC PHASE 
( ! REVOLUTION WAS NULLIFI$ BY MAT]IAL SC>CITY4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 ! 
0MASSES0 W]E ALWAYS COMPELL$ TO RETURN TO A DAILY LIFE ( TOIL4 ,! 
REVOLUTION CLOS$ AT T5 O'CLOCK1 QUITE ASIDE FROM ! REACTION>Y 
9T5TIONS ( ! ,GIROND9S ( #a#g#i#c2 IT WAS >RE/$ BY ! L[ LEVEL ( 
TE*NOLOGY4 ,TODAY EV5 ?IS EXCUSE HAS BE5 REMOV$ BY ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( A PO/-SC>CITY TE*NOLOGY1 NOTABLY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 
& ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,A PO9T HAS N[ BE5 REA*$ :]E ! 0MASSES0 
CAN BEG91 ALMO/ OV]NI<T1 TO EXP& DRA/ICALLY ! 0REALM ( 
FRE$OM0 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE -- TO ACQUIRE ! LEISURE TIME NE$$ TO 
A*IEVE ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 

,:AT ! ,MAY-,JUNE .<#a#i#f#h.> EV5TS 9 ,FRANCE DEMON/RAT$ WAS ! 
NE$ NOT = A ,BOL%EVIK-TYPE P>TY BUT = GREAT] CONSCI\SNESS AMONG 
! 0MASSES40 ,P>IS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT AN ORGANIZATION IS NE$$ TO 
PROPAGATE IDEAS SY/EMATICALLY -- & NOT IDEAS ALONE1 BUT IDEAS ?AT PROMOTE ! CONCEPT ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,:AT ! ,FR5* 0MASSES0 
LACK$ WAS NOT A C5TRAL COMMITTEE OR A ,L59 TO 0ORGANIZE0 OR 0COMM&0 
!M1 BUT ! CONVICTION ?AT !Y C\LD HAVE OP]AT$ ! 
FACTORIES 9/EAD ( M]ELY OCCUPY+ !M4 ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT NOT A S+LE ,BOL%EVIK-TYPE P>TY 9 ,FRANCE RAIS$ ! DEM& = SELF-MANAGEM5T4 
,?AT DEM& WAS RAIS$ ONLY BY ! AN>*I/S & 
,SITUATIONI/S4 

,!RE IS A NE$ = REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION -- BUT ITS FUNCTION MU/ 
ALWAYS BE KEPT CLE>LY 9 M9D4 ,ITS FIR/ TASK IS PROPAG&A1 TO 0PATI5TLY 
EXPLA910 AS ,L59 PUT IT4 ,9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 ! REVOLUTION>Y 
ORGANIZATION PRES5TS ! MO/ ADVANC$ DEM&S3 IT IS PREP>$ AT 
EV]Y TURN ( EV5TS TO =MULATE -- 9 ! MO/ CONCRETE FA%ION -- ! 
IMM$IATE TASK ?AT %\LD BE P]=M$ TO ADVANCE ! REVOLUTION>Y 
PROCESS4 ,IT PROVIDES ! BOLDE/ ELEM5TS 9 ACTION & 9 ! DECISION-MAK+ 
ORGANS ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,9 :AT WAY1 !N1 DO AN>*O-COMMUNI/ GR\PS DIFF] FROM ! 
,BOL%EVIK TYPE ( P>TY8 ,C]TA9LY NOT ON SU* ISSUES AS ! NE$ = 
ORGANIZATION1 PLANN+1 COORD9ATION1 OR PROPAG&A 9 ALL ITS =MS 
OR ON ! NE$ = A SOCIAL PROGRAM4 ,FUNDAM5TALLY1 !Y DIFF] FROM 
! ,BOL%EVIK TYPE ( P>TY 9 !IR BELIEF ?AT G5U9E REVOLUTION>IES 
MU/ FUNCTION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! =MS CREAT$ BY ! REVOLUTION1 NOT )9 ! =MS CREAT$ BY ! P>TY4 ,:AT ?IS MEANS 
IS ?AT !IR COMMITM5T IS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T1 
NOT TO ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION2 TO ! SOCIAL =MS1 
NOT ! POLITICAL =MS4 ,AN>*O-COMMUNI/S SEEK TO P]SUADE ! 
FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ASSEMBLIES1 OR SOVIETS TO MAKE !MSELVES 9TO 
G5U9E ORGANS ( POPUL> SELF-MANAGEM5T1 NOT TO DOM9ATE !M1 
MANIPULATE !M1 OR HIT* !M TO AN ALL-KN[+ POLITICAL P>TY4 
,AN>*O-COMMUNI/S SEEK NOT TO RE> A /ATE /RUCTURE OV] !SE 
POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y ORGANS BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO DISSOLVE ALL ! 
ORGANIZATIONAL =MS DEVELOP$ 9 ! PR]EVOLUTION>Y P]IOD 
79CLUD+ !IR [N7 9TO !SE G5U9E REVOLUTION>Y ORGANS4 

,!SE DIFF]5CES >E DECISIVE4 ,DESPITE !IR RHETORIC & SLOGANS1 ! 
,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS NEV] BELIEV$ 9 ! SOVIETS2 !Y REG>D$ !M 
AS 9/RUM5TS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY 444 ,BY #a#i#b#a1 ! SOVIETS W]E 
VIRTUALLY DEAD1 & ALL DECISIONS W]E MADE BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,C5TRAL 
,COMMITTEE & ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU4 ,NOT ONLY DO AN>*O-COMMUNI/S 
SEEK TO PREV5T ,M>XI/ P>TIES FROM REPEAT+ ?IS2 !Y ALSO WI% TO 
PREV5T !IR [N ORGANIZATION FROM PLAY+ A SIMIL> ROLE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 
!Y TRY TO PREV5T BUREAUCRACY1 HI]>*Y1 & ELITES FROM EM]G+ 9 
!IR MID/4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT1 !Y ATTEMPT TO REMAKE !MSELVES2 TO 
ROOT \T FROM !IR [N P]SONALITIES ?OSE AU?ORIT>IAN TRAITS & 
ELITI/ PROP5SITIES ?AT >E ASSIMILAT$ 9 HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY ALMO/ 
FROM BIR?4 ,! CONC]N ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ) LIFE/YLE IS A 
PREOCCUPATION NOT M]ELY ) ITS [N 9TEGRITY BUT ) ?AT ( ! 
REVOLUTION ITSELF4 

,9 ! MID/ ( ALL ! CONFUS+ IDEOLOGICAL CROSS-CURR5TS ( \R 
TIME1 ONE QUE/ION MU/ ALWAYS REMA9 9 ! =EGR\ND3 ,:AT ! 
HELL >E WE TRY+ TO MAKE A REVOLUTION =8 ,TO RECREATE HI]>*Y1 
DANGL+ A %AD[Y DREAM ( FUTURE FRE$OM BE=E ! EYES ( 
HUMANITY8 ,TO PROMOTE FUR!R TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE1 TO CREATE AN EV5 
GREAT] ABUNDANCE ( GOODS ?AN EXI/S TODAY8 ,TO 0GET EV50 ) ! 
B\RGEOISIE8 444 ,TO BR+ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO P[]8 ,OR ! 
,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY8 ,TO EMANCIPATE SU* AB/RACTIONS AS 0! 
PROLET>IAT10 0! PEOPLE10 0HI/ORY10 0SOCIETY08 

,OR IS IT F9ALLY TO DISSOLVE HI]>*Y1 CLASS RULE1 & CO]CION -- TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE = EA* 9DIVIDUAL TO GA9 CONTROL ( HIS EV]YDAY LIFE8 
,IS IT TO MAKE EA* MOM5T AS M>VEL\S AS IT C\LD BE & ! LIFE-SPAN 
( EA* 9DIVIDUAL AN UTT]LY FULFILL+ EXP]I5CE8 444 ,WE NE$ H>DLY 
>GUE ! 9ANE QUE/ION ( :E!R 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5T CAN BE 
SEV]$ FROM SOCIAL & COMMUNAL DEVELOPM5T2 OBVI\SLY ! TWO GO 
TOGE!R4 ,! BASIS = A :OLE HUMAN BE+ IS A R\ND$ SOCIETY2 ! 
BASIS = A FREE HUMAN BE+ IS A FREE SOCIETY4 

,!SE ISSUES ASIDE1 WE >E /ILL FAC$ ) ! QUE/ION ?AT ,M>X 
RAIS$ 9 #a#h#e3 :5 WILL WE BEG9 TO TAKE \R POETRY FROM ! FUTURE 
9/EAD ( ! PA/8 ,! DEAD MU/ BE P]MITT$ TO BURY ! DEAD4 
,M>XISM IS DEAD BECAUSE IT WAS ROOT$ 9 AN ]A ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY1 
LIMIT$ 9 ITS POSSIBILITIES BY MAT]IAL WANT4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT SOCIAL 
MESSAGE ( ,M>XISM IS ?AT FRE$OM HAS MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS -- WE 
MU/ SURVIVE 9 ORD] TO LIVE4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( A TE*NOLOGY 
?AT C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 CONCEIV$ BY ! WILDE/ SCI5CE FICTION ( 
,M>X'S DAY1 ! POSSIBILITY ( A PO/-SC>CITY SOCIETY N[ LIES BE=E US4 
,ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS ( PROP]TI$ SOCIETY -- CLASS RULE1 HI]>*Y1 ! 
PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 BUREAUCRACY1 ! CITY1 ! /ATE -- HAVE BE5 
EXHAU/$4 ,TODAY1 DEC5TRALIZATION IS NOT ONLY DESIRABLE AS A MEANS ( 
RE/OR+ ! HUMAN SCALE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO RECREATE A VIABLE ECOLOGY1 
TO PRES]VE LIFE ON ?IS PLANET FROM DE/RUCTIVE POLLUTANTS & SOIL 
]OSION1 TO PRES]VE A BREA?ABLE ATMOSPH]E & ! BALANCE ( NATURE4 

,AN>*Y & ,LIB]T>IAN ,UTOPIAS 

7FROM ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY1 #a#i#i7 

,! RADICAL !ORI/S & UTOPI/S FOLL[+ UPON ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 
EXHIBIT$ MORE EXPANSIVE IDEALS ( FRE$OM ?AN !IR PR$ECESSORS 9 
! ,5LI<T5M5T -- & !Y W]E TO SUM UP A SWEEP+ BODY ( 
ALT]NATIVES TO ! C\RSE FOLL[$ BY HI/ORY2 ALT]NATIVES ?AT W]E 
NA4IVELY IGNOR$ BY !IR SOCIALI/ SUCCESSORS4 

,BO? ( !SE LEGACIES >E ( IMM5SE IMPORTANCE = MOD]N 
RADICALISM -- ! EXPANSIV5ESS ( !IR IDEALS & ! ALT]NATIVES ?AT 
CONFRONT$ HUMANITY4 ,! AN>*I/ ?9K]S & LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S 
W]E DEEPLY S5SITIVE TO *OICES ?AT C\LD HAVE BE5 MADE 9 
R$IRECT+ HUMAN SOCIETY ALONG RATIONAL & LIB]ATORY L9ES4 ,!Y 
RAIS$ ! F>-REA*+ QUE/IONS ( :E!R COMMUNITY & 
9DIVIDUALITY C\LD BE BR\<T 9TO H>MONY ) EA* O!R2 :E!R 
! NATION WAS ! NECESS>Y1 9DE$ ! E?ICAL SUCCESSOR TO ! 
COMMUNITY OR COMMUNE2 :E!R ! ,/ATE WAS ! UNAVOIDABLE 
SUCCESSOR TO CITY & REGIONAL CONF$]ATIONS2 :E!R ! COMMUNAL 
USE ( RES\RCES HAD TO BE SUPPLANT$ BY PRIVATE [N]%IP2 :E!R 
! >TISANAL PRODUCTION ( GOODS & SMALL1 HUMANLY SCAL$ 
AGRICULTURAL OP]ATIONS W]E DE/9$ BY 0HI/ORICAL NECESSITY0 TO BE 
AB&ON$ = GIANT ASSEMBLY L9ES & ME*ANIZ$ SY/EMS ( 
AGRIBUS9ESS4 ,F9ALLY1 !Y RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( :E!R E?ICS HAD TO 
GIVE WAY TO /ATECRAFT & :AT W\LD BE ! DE/9Y ( POLITICS IF IT 
TRI$ TO ADAPT ITSELF TO C5TRALIZ$ /ATES4 

,!Y SAW NO CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 MAT]IAL WELL-BE+ & A WELLORD]$ 
SOCIETY1 BETWE5 SUB/ANTIVE EQUALITY & FRE$OM1 OR BETWE5 
S5SU\SNESS1 PLAY1 & WORK4 ,!Y 5VISION$ A SOCIETY :]E 
ABUNDANCE W\LD BE POSSIBLE & A G5D]-BL9D POLITICAL CULTURE W\LD 
EM]GE AS ! WORK WEEK1 SUP]FLU\S PRODUCTION1 & EXCESSIVE 
CONSUMPTION DIM9I%$4 ,!SE QUE/IONS1 ANTICIPAT$ NE>LY TWO 
C5TURIES AGO & 9FUS$ ) ! MORAL F]VOR ( MORE ?AN TWO 
?\S& YE>S ( H]ETICAL MOVEM5TS LIKE ! ,JOA*IMITES1 HAVE 
SURFAC$ 9 ! LATE TW5TIE? C5TURY ) A V5GEANCE4 ,WORDS LIKE 
PRECURSORS HAVE BECOME SIMPLY MEAN+LESS FROM ! /&PO9T ( \R 
CRISIS-RIDD5 SOCIETY1 :I* MU/ REEVALUATE ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( IDEAS 
& ! ALT]NATIVES OP5$ BY SOCIAL HI/ORY4 ,:AT IS IMM$IATELY 
/RIK+ AB\T !IR WORK IS !IR ACUTE S5SE ( ! ALT]NATIVES TO 
ABUSES4 

,WE CANNOT IGNORE ! DIFF]5CES ?AT DI/+UI% ! AN>*I/ 
!ORI/S & ! LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY FROM ?OSE ( 
A MORE DI/ANT PA/4 ,AN>*IC T5D5CIES SU* AS ! PRIMITIVE 
,*RI/IANS1 ! RADICAL ,GNO/ICS1 ! M$IEVAL ,BRO!RHOOD ( ! ,FREE 
,SPIRIT1 ! ,JOA*IMITES1 & ! ,ANABAPTI/S VIEW$ FRE$OM MORE AS A 
RESULT ( A SUP]NATURALI/IC VISITATION ?AN AS ! PRODUCT ( HUMAN 
ACTIVITY4 ,?IS BASICALLY PASSIVE-RECEPTIVE M5TALITY1 BAS$ ON MY/ICAL 
UND]P9N+S1 IS CRUCIAL4 ,?AT C]TA9 PREMOD]N T5D5CIES 9 ! 
AN>*IC TRADITION DID ACT TO *ANGE ! WORLD DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT 
?AT EV5 !IR V]Y ACTIONS W]E SE5 AS ! EXPRESSION ( A !I/IC 
PREORD9ATION4 ,9 !IR EYES1 ACTION /EMM$ FROM ! TRANSMUTATION 
( ! DEITY'S WILL 9TO HUMAN WILL4 ,IT WAS ! PRODUCT ( A SOCIAL 
AL*EMY ?AT WAS POSSIBLE BECAUSE ( A SUP]NATURAL DECISION1 NOT 
BECAUSE ( HUMAN AUTONOMY4 ,! 0PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE0 ( *ANGE 9 
?IS E>LY APPROA* REPOS$ 9 HEAV51 NOT ON E>?4 ,FRE$OM HAD TO 
0COME10 AS IT W]E1 FROM AG5TS ?AT W]E SUPRAHUMAN1 BE !Y ,*RI/ 
9 ! 0SECOND COM+0 OR A NEW MESSIAH4 ,G5]ALLY1 9 ACCORD ) 
,GNO/IC ?9K+ !RE W]E ALWAYS ELITES LIKE 0PSY*ICS0 :O W]E 
FREE ( EVIL OR LEAD]S BLESS$ ) MORAL P]FECTION4 ,HI/ORY1 9 EFFECT1 
WAS AS MU* ( A CLOCK AS IT WAS A ,JOA*IMITE *RONICLE1 TICK+ AWAY 
METAPHYSICAL TIME UNTIL ! S9S ( ! WORLD BECAME SO 9TOL]ABLE ?AT 
!Y ACTIVAT$ ! DEITY1 :O NO LONG] =SWORE HIS CREATION AS WELL 
AS ! SUFF]+ ( ! POOR1 DEPRIV$1 & OPPRESS$4 

,! ,R5AISSANCE1 ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 & ABOVE ALL ! N9ETE5? 
C5TURY RADICALLY ALT]$ ?IS NA0IVE SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 ,! ,AGE ( 
,REVOLUTIONS1 AS WE MAY PROP]LY *>ACT]IZE ! P]IOD FROM ! LATE 
#a#g#gS TO ! MID-TW5TIE? C5TURY1 BANI%$ SUP]NATURAL VISITATIONS 
& A PASSIVE-RECEPTIVE /ANCE BY ! OPPRESS$ FROM ITS HI/ORICAL 
AG5DA4 ,! OPPRESS$ HAD TO ACT IF !Y WI%$ TO FREE !MSELVES4 
,!Y HAD TO MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY WILLFULLY1 AN 9CISIVE CONCEPT ?AT 
,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 = ALL HIS FAIL+S1 ADD$ TO ! HI/ORY ( 
RADICAL IDEAS & = :I* HE DES]VES IMMORTALITY4 ,! OPPRESS$ HAD 
TO REASON4 ,!RE WAS NO APPEAL TO P[]S O!R ?AN !IR [N M9DS4 
,! COMB9ATION ( REASON & WILL1 ( ?\<T & ACTION1 ( REFLECTION 
& 9T]V5TION1 *ANG$ ! :OLE L&SCAPE ( RADICALISM1 DIVE/+ 
IT ( ITS MY?IC1 MY/ICAL1 RELIGI\S1 & 9TUITIVE QUALITIES 7:I*1 
REGRETTABLY1 >E BEG9N+ TO RETURN TODAY 9 A DISEMP[]$ & 
PSY*O!RAPIZ$ WORLD74 

,! RADICALISM ( ! ,AGE ( ,REVOLUTIONS1 H[EV]1 W5T FUR!R4 
,! ,JOA*IMITE TREATM5T ( HI/ORY MOVES1 NOT UNLIKE ! ,M>XI/1 TO 
! DRUMBEAT ( AN 9EXORABLE 0F9AL DAYS10 AN 5D1 EV5 A ,HEGELIAN 
ABSOLUTE1 :]E ALL ?AT WAS HAD TO BE1 9 SOME S5SE1 ALL ?AT UNFOLD$ 
& FOLL[$ ! GUIDANCE ( A 0HIDD5 H&10 BE IT ( ,GOD1 ,SPIRIT1 
& ! 0CUNN+ ( REASON0 7TO USE ,HEGEL'S LANGUAGE7 OR ( ECONOMIC 
9T]E/1 H[EV] CONCEAL$ ?AT 9T]E/ MAY HAVE BE5 FROM ?OSE 
:O W]E 9FLU5C$ BY IT4 ,!RE W]E NO REAL ALT]NATIVES TO :AT WAS1 
IS1 OR EV5 W\LD BE -- AS ABSURD DEBATES AB\T ! 09EVITABILITY ( 
SOCIALISM0 REVEAL$ A G5]ATION OR TWO AGO4 

,! EMPHASIS ( AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S ON *OICE 9 
HI/ORY CREAT$ A RADICAL NEW PO9T ( DEP>TURE FROM ! 9CREAS+LY 
TELEOLOGICAL VISIONS ( RELIGI\S & LAT] 0SCI5TIFIC0 SOCIALISMS4 ,9 GREAT 
P>T1 ?IS EMPHASIS EXPLA9S ! ATT5TION ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY 
AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S PLAC$ ON 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 ! 
9DIVIDUAL'S CAPACITY TO MAKE *OICES BAS$ ON RATIONAL & E?ICAL 
JUDGM5TS4 ,?IS VIEW IS M>K$LY DIFF]5T FROM ! LIB]AL TRADITION1 
) :I* AN>*I/ VIEWS ( 9DIVIDUALITY HAVE BE5 ASSOCIAT$ BY 
!IR OPPON5TS1 P>TICUL>LY BY ,M>XI/S4 ,LIB]ALISM (F]$ ! 
9DIVIDUAL A MODICUM ( 0FRE$OM10 TO BE SURE1 BUT ONE ?AT WAS 
CON/RUCT$ BY ! 09VISIBLE H&0 ( ! COMPETITIVE M>KETPLACE1 
NOT BY ! CAPACITY ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS TO ACT ACCORD+ TO E?ICAL 
CONSID]ATIONS4 ,! 0FREE 5TREPR5EUR0 ON :OM LIB]ALISM MODEL$ 
ITS IMAGE ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY WAS 9 FACT COMPLETELY TRAPP$ 9 A 
M>KET COLLECTIVITY1 H[EV] 0EMANCIPAT$0 HE SEEM$ FROM ! OV]TLY 
M$IEVAL WORLD ( GUILDS & RELIGI\S OBLIGATIONS4 ,HE WAS ! 
PLAY?+ ( A 0HI<] LAW0 ( M>KET 9T]ACTIONS BAS$ ON COMPET+ 
EGOS1 EA* ( :OM CANCEL$ \T HIS EGOI/IC 9T]E/S 9 ! =MATION 
( A G5]AL SOCIAL 9T]E/4 

,AN>*ISM & ! LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S NEV] CA/ ! FREE 9DIVIDUAL 
9 ?IS LI<T4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL HAD TO BE FREE TO FUNCTION AS AN E?ICAL 
BE+1 ACCORD+ TO AN>*I/ !ORI/S -- NOT AS A N>R[ EGOI/ -- 9 
MAK+ RATIONAL1 HOPEFULLY DIS9T]E/$ *OICES BETWE5 RATIONAL & 
IRRATIONAL ALT]NATIVES 9 HI/ORY4 ,! ,M>XI/ CAN>D ?AT AN>*ISM 
IS A PRODUCT ( LIB]AL OR B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM HAS ITS ROOTS 9 
IDEOLOGIES ?AT >E B\RGEOIS TO !IR V]Y CORE1 SU* AS ?OSE BAS$ ON 
MY?S ( AN 09VISIBLE H&0 7LIB]ALISM71 ,SPIRIT 7,HEGELIANISM71 & 
ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM 7,M>XISM74 ,! AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/ 
EMPHASIS ON 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM MEANT ! EMANCIPATION ( HI/ORY 
ITSELF FROM AN AHI/ORICAL PREORD9ATION & /RESS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( 
E?ICS 9 9FLU5C+ *OICE4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS1 9DE$1 TRULY FREE & 
ATTA9S TRUE 9DIVIDUALITY :5 HE OR %E IS GUID$ BY A RATIONAL1 
HUMANE1 & HI<-M9D$ NOTION ( ! SOCIAL & COMMUNAL GOOD4 

,F9ALLY1 AN>*I/ VISIONS ( A NEW WORLD1 P>TICUL>LY LIB]T>IAN 
UTOPIAS1 IMPLY ?AT SOCIETY CAN ALWAYS BE REMADE4 ,9DE$1 UTOPIA IS1 BY 
DEF9ITION1 ! WORLD AS IT %\LD BE ACCORD+ TO ! CANONS ( REASON1 
9 CONTRA/ TO ! WORLD AS IT IS1 ACCORD+ TO ! BL9D1 UN?9K+ 
9T]ACTION ( UNCOMPREH5D+ =CES4 ,! N9ETE5?-C5TURY 
AN>*I/ TRADITION1 LESS GRAPHIC & PICTORIAL ?AN ! UTOPI/S :O 
PA9T$ CANVASES ( NEW & DETAIL$ IMAGES1 REASON$ \T ITS !ORIES 
9 ACCORDANCE ) HUMAN HI/ORY1 NOT !OLOGICAL1 MY/ICAL1 OR 
METAPHYSICAL HI/ORY4 ,! WORLD HAD ALWAYS MADE ITSELF ?R\< ! 
AG5CY ( REAL FLE%-&-BLOOD HUMAN BE+S1 FAC+ REAL *OICES AT 
TURN+ PO9TS ( HI/ORY4 ,& IT C\LD REMAKE ITSELF ALONG PROV5 
ALT]NATIVE L9ES ?AT CONFRONT$ PEOPLE 9 ! PA/4 

,9DE$1 MU* ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION IS NOT A 0PRIMITIVI/IC0 
YE>N+ = ! PA/1 AS ,M>XI/ HI/ORIANS LIKE ,HOBSBAWM W\LD HAVE 
US BELIEVE1 BUT A RECOGNITION ( PA/ POSSIBILITIES ?AT REMA9 UNFULFILL$1 
SU* AS ! F>-REA*+ IMPORTANCE ( COMMUNITY1 CONF$]ATION1 SELF-MANAGEM5T 
( ! ECONOMY1 & A NEW BALANCE BETWE5 HUMANITY 
& NATURE4 ,M>X'S FAM\S 9JUNCTION ?AT ! DEAD %\LD BURY ! 
DEAD IS MEAN+LESS1 H[EV] WELL-9T5D$ IT MAY BE1 :5 ! PRES5T 
TRIES TO P>ODY ! PA/4 ,ONLY ! LIV+ CAN BURY ! DEAD1 & ONLY IF 
!Y UND]/& :AT IS DEAD & :AT IS /ILL LIV+ -- 9DE$1 :AT IS 
9T5SELY VITAL 9 ! BODY-/REWN BATTLEFIELDS ( HI/ORY4 

,H]E9 LIES ! P[] ( ,WILLIAM ,GODW9'S CONC]N = 9DIVIDUAL 
AUTONOMY1 = ! E?ICAL P]SON :OSE M9D IS UNFETT]$ BY ! SOCIAL 
BURD5S ( SUPRAHUMAN =CES & ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION1 9CLUD+ 
DEITIES AS WELL AS /ATESM51 ! AU?ORITY ( CU/OM AS WELL AS ! 
AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,H]E91 TOO1 LIES ! P[] ( ,PR\DHON'S CONC]N 
= MUNICIPALISM & CONF$]ALISM AS PR9CIPLES ( ASSOCIATION1 9DE$1 
AS WAYS ( LIFE :OSE FRE$OM IS UNFETT]$ BY ! NATION-/ATE AS WELL 
AS ! P]NICI\S ROLE ( PROP]TY4 ,H]E9 LIES ,BAKUN9'S HYPO/ATIZATION 
( POPUL> SPONTANEITY & ! TRANS=MATIVE ROLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 
ACT1 ( ! DE$ AS AN EXPRESSION ( WILL ?AT IS UNFETT]$ BY CON/RA9TS 
( COMPROMISE & P>LIAM5T>Y CRET9ISM4 ,H]E9 F9ALLY LIES ! 
P[] ( ,KROPOTK9'S ECOLOGICAL VISIONS & HIS PRACTICAL CONC]N ) 
HUMAN SCALE1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 & ! H>MONIZATION ( HUMANITY ) 
NATURE AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! EXPLOSIVE GR[? ( URBANIZATION & 
C5TRALIZATION4444 

,LET ME PAUSE TO EXAM9E ! ISSUE ( EMANCIPATION ( ANO!R K9D! 
EMANCIPATION ( ! BODY 9 ! =M ( A NEW S5SU\SNESS & 
( ! HUMAN SPIRIT 9 ! =M ( AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY4 ,!SE ISSUES 
R>ELY FIGURE 9 DISCUSSIONS ( SOCIAL R5OVATION1 AL?\< !Y HAVE A 
PROM95T PLACE 9 UTOPIAN ?9K+4 

,A S5SE ( %E] JOIE DE VIV] IS CLOSELY W$D$ TO ! AN>*IC 
TRADITION1 DESPITE ! >ID PAT*ES ( ASCETICISM ?AT SURFACE 9 ITS MID/4 
,EMMA ,GOLDMAN'S ADMONITION -- 0,IF ,I CAN'T DANCE 9 Y\R REVOLUTION1 ,I 
DON'T WANT IT60 -- IS TYPICALLY AN>*IC 9 ITS DISPOSITION4 ,A COLORFUL 
TRADITION EXI/S ?AT DATES BACK C5TURIES TO >TISAN & EV5 C]TA9 
PEASANT AN>*I/S :O DEM&$ AS MU* = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! 
S5SES AS !Y DID = !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,! ,OPHITES1 9 ! BACKWA% 
( ANTIQUITY1 R]EAD ! BIBLICAL SCRIPTURES TO MAKE KN[L$GE ! KEY 
TO SALVATION2 ! SNAKE & ,EVE1 ! AG5TS ( FRE$OM2 ! EC/ATIC 
RELEASE ( ! FLE%1 ! M$IUM = ! FULL EXPRESSION ( ! S\L4 ,! 
,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT1 AN ABID+ MOVEM5T OV] MANY DIFF]5T 
NAMES 9 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE1 REJECT$ ! ECCLESIA/ICAL REV]5CE = SELFD5IAL 
& CELEBRAT$ !IR V]SION ( ,*RI/IANITY AS A MESSAGE ( %E] 
LIB]T9ISM AS WELL AS SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,9 ,RABELAIS'S 0,ABBEY ( 
,!LEME0 N>RATIVE1 ! MAXIM 0,DO AS ?\ WILT60 REMOV$ ALL RE/RA9T 
FROM ! MEMB]S ( ITS PLAYFUL ORD]1 :O W]E FREE TO RISE1 D9E1 LOVE1 
& CULTIVATE ALL ! PLEASURES ( ! FLE% & ! M9D AS !Y *OSE4 

,! TE*NICAL LIMITS ( PA/ ]AS1 ! FACT ?AT PLEASURE C\LD R>ELY 
BE SEP>AT$ FROM P>ASITISM 9 A DEM&+ WORLD ( TOIL1 MADE ALL 
( !SE MOVEM5TS & UTOPIAS ELITI/4 ,:AT ! ,BRE?R5 ( ! ,FREE 
,SPIRIT /OLE FROM ! RI*1 ! RI* 9 TURN TOOK FROM ! POOR4 ,:AT ! 
MEMB]S ( ! ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME 5JOY$ AS A MATT] ( RI<T WAS 
EXPROPRIAT$ FROM ! LABOR ( BUILD]S1 FOODS CULTIVATORS1 COOKS1 & 
! GROOMS :O S]V$ !M4 ,NATURE WAS NOT B\NTIFUL1 IT WAS 
ASSUM$1 EXCEPT 9 A FEW USUALLY FAVOR$ >EAS ( ! WORLD4 
,EMANCIPATION ( ! S5SES WAS (T5 ASSUM$ BY ! POOR & !IR 
REVOLUTION>Y PROPHETS TO BE A RUL+ CLASS PRIVILEGE1 AL?\< IT WAS 
MORE WIDESPREAD 9 VILLAGES & T[NS ?AN WE HAVE BE5 L$ TO BELIEVE4 
,& EV5 ! OPPRESS$ HAD !IR DREAMS ( UTOPI/IC PLEASURES1 ( 
VISIONS :]E NATURE WAS 9DE$ B\NTIFUL & RIV]S FL[$ ) MILK 
& HONEY4 ,BUT ALWAYS ?IS M>VEL\S DISP5SATION WAS ! PRODUCT ( 
A BE+ O!R ?AN !MSELVES :O BE/[$ ! GIFT ( PL5TY UPON 
!M 9 ! =M ( A 0PROMIS$ L&0 -- BE IT A DEITY OR AN IRASCIBLE 
DEMON -- RA!R ?AN TE*NOLOGY & NEW1 MORE EQUITABLE >RANGEM5TS 
( WORK & DI/RIBUTION4444 

,BETWE5 ! CLOS+ YE>S ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! MIDN9ETE5? 
C5TURY1 ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM HAD ACQUIR$ A SOLIDLY 
NATURALI/IC1 TE*NOLOGICALLY VIABLE1 & SOLIDLY MAT]IAL BASE4 ,H]E 
WAS A REM>KABLE TURN+ PO9T 9 HI/ORY :5 HUMANITY1 BY :ATEV] 
ACTION1 MI<T WELL HAVE SW]V$ FROM A PA? ( M>KET-ORI5T$ & 
PR(IT-ORI5T$ EXPANSION TO ONE ( COMMUNITY-ORI5T$ & ECOLOGYORI5T$ 
H>MONY -- A H>MONY BETWE5 HUMAN & HUMAN ?AT C\LD 
HAVE BE5 PROJECT$ BY VIRTUE ( A NEW S5SIBILITY 9TO A H>MONY 
BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE4 ,IF ! LATT] HALF ( ! C5TURY 5GULF$ 
SOCIETY 9 A DEGREE ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT W\LD REMAKE ! 
NATURAL WORLD 9TO A SYN!TIC ONE1 ! FIR/ HALF WAS FILL$ ) ! 
PROMISE ( A NEW 9TEGRATION BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE & A 
COOP]ATIVE COMMONWEAL? ?AT W\LD HAVE SATISFI$ ! MO/ 
G5]\S IMPULSES T[>D FRE$OM4 ,?AT ?IS DID NOT OCCUR WAS DUE 
9 NO SMALL MEASURE TO ! B\RGEOIS SPIRIT ?AT 5FOLD$ ,EURO,AM]ICAN 
SOCIETY -- & NO LESS SIGNIFICANTLY1 TO ! REVOLUTION>Y 
PROJECT ( REMAK+ SOCIETY ?AT HAD F\ND SU* RI* EXPRESSION 9 ! 
UTOPIANS1 VISION>Y SOCIALI/S1 & AN>*I/S :O FOLL[$ 9 ! WAKE 
( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT HAD ACQUIR$ A RI*LY E?ICAL H]ITAGE1 A 
COMMITM5T TO RECONCIL+ ! DUALITIES ( M9D1 BODY1 & SOCIETY ?AT 
PITT$ REASON AGA9/ S5SUALITY1 WORK AGA9/ PLAY1 T[N AGA9/ 
C\NTRY1 & HUMANITY AGA9/ NATURE4 ,UTOPIAN & AN>*I/ ?\<T 
AT !IR BE/ SAW !SE CONTRADICTIONS CLE>LY & TRI$ TO OV]COME 
!M ) AN IDEAL ( FRE$OM BAS$ ON COMPLEM5T>ITY1 ! 
IRR$UCIBLE M9IMUM1 & ! EQUALITY ( UNEQUALS4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS 
W]E SE5 AS EVID5CE ( A SOCIETY MIR$ 9 0EVIL10 9DE$ AS A 
0CIVILIZATION10 TO USE ,F\RI]'S WORD1 ?AT WAS TURN$ AGA9/ HUMANITY 
& CULTURE BY ! IRRATIONAL DIRECTION IT HAD FOLL[$ UP TO ?AT TIME4 
,REASON1 9 ITS P[] TO BE EMPLOY$ SPECULATIVELY BEYOND ! EXI/+ 
/ATE ( AFFAIRS1 WAS BECOM+ A CRUDE RATIONALISM1 BAS$ ON ! EFFICI5T 
EXPLOITATION ( LABOR & NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,SCI5CE1 9 ITS SE>*+ 
PROBE ( REALITY & ITS UND]LY+ ORD]1 WAS TURN+ 9TO A CULT ( 
SCI5TISM1 LITTLE MORE ?AN ! 9/RUM5TAL 5G9E]+ ( CONTROL OV] 
PEOPLE & NATURE4 ,TE*NOLOGY1 ) ITS PROMISE ( AMELIORAT+ LABOR1 
WAS TURN+ 9TO A TE*NOCRATIC 5SEMBLE ( MEANS = EXPLOIT+ ! 
HUMAN & NONHUMAN WORLD4 

,! AN>*I/ !ORI/S & ! LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S1 DESPITE !IR 
UND]/&ABLE BELIEF ?AT REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NICS C\LD BE 
CREATIVE =CES = REMAK+ SOCIETY1 VOIC$ A COLLECTIVE PROTE/ AGA9/ 
! R$UCTION ( !SE =CES TO PURELY 9/RUM5TAL 5DS4 ,!Y W]E 
ACUTELY AW>E1 AS WE CAN N[ SEE RETROSPECTIVELY FROM ! VANTAGE PO9T 
( \R [N HI/ORICAL MALAISE1 ( ! RAPID TRANSITIONS ?R\< :I* 
! C5TURY WAS GO+4 ,!IR FI]Y DEM&S = IMM$IATE *ANGE ALONG 
,IIB]A TORY L9ES WAS P]MEAT$ BY A S5SE ( ANXIETY ?AT SOCIETY AS A 
:OLE WAS FAC$ ) 0EMB\RGEOISEM5T10 TO USE ,BAKUN9'S WORD 
EXPRESS+ ! REM>KABLY ANTICIPATORY FE>S & ! FATALISM ?AT 
GRIPP$ HIM 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE4 

,CONTR>Y TO ! PHILI/9E JUDGM5TS ( ,G]ALD ,BR5AN & ,]IC 
,HOBSBAWM1 AN>*I/ EMPHASES ON 0PROPAG&A ( ! DE$0 W]E 
NOT PRIMITIVE ACTS ( VIOL5CE OR M]E CA?>SIS 9 ! FACE ( PUBLIC 
PASSIVITY TO ! HORRORS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,!Y W]E1 9 GREAT 
P>T1 ! PRODUCT ( A DESP]ATE 9SI<T 9TO ! FACT ?AT A HI/ORIC 
MOM5T 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T WAS BE+ LO/1 A LOSS ?AT W\LD 
PRODUCE IMM5SE OB/ACLES 9 ! FUTURE TO ! REALIZATION ( ! 
REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,IMBU$ ) E?ICAL & VISION>Y CONCEPTS1 !Y 
RI<TLY SAW !IR TIME AS ONE ?AT DEM&$ IMM$IATE HUMAN 
EMANCIPATION1 NOT AS ONE 0/AGE0 9 ! LONG HI/ORY ( HUMANITY'S 
EVOLUTION T[>D FRE$OM ) ITS 5DLESS 0PRECONDITIONS0 & 
TE*NOLOGICAL 0SUB/RUCTURES40 

,:AT ! AN>*I/ !ORI/S & LIB]T>IAN UTOPI/S DID NOT SEE IS 
?AT IDEALS ( FRE$OM W]E !MSELVES FAC$ ) EMB\RGEOISEM5T4 
,NO ONE1 P]HAPS NOT EV5 ,M>X HIMSELF1 :O PLAY$ SO IMPORTANT A 
ROLE 9 ?IS 9FECTION1 C\LD HAVE ANTICIPAT$ ?AT ! ATTEMPT TO MAKE 
! EMANCIPATORY PROJECT 9TO A SCI5CE UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0SCI5TIFIC 
SOCIALISM0 W\LD MAKE IT EV5 MORE ( A 0DISMAL SCI5CE0 ?AN 
ECONOMICS2 9DE$1 ?AT IT W\LD DIVE/ IT ( ITS E?ICAL HE>T1 ITS 
VISION>Y SPIRIT1 & ITS ECOLOGICAL SUB/ANCE4 ,NO LESS COMPELL+1 ,M>X'S 
0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 DEVELOP$ 9 T&EM ) ! B\RGEOISIE'S 
S9I/] UNDO+ ( ! OBJECTIVE AS WELL AS ! IDEOLOGICAL PREMISES ( 
! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT BY JU/IFY+ ! ABSORPTION ( DEC5TRALIZ$ 
UNITS 9TO ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 CONF$]ALI/ VISIONS 9TO *AUV9I/IC 
NATIONS1 & HUMANLY SCAL$ TE*NOLOGIES 9TO ALL-DEV\R+ SY/EMS 
( MASS PRODUCTION4 

,CULTURES ( ,REVOLT 

7FROM ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1 #a#i#h#g7 

,GR[+ 9DU/RY1 COMM]CE1 & 0COMMODIFICATION0 DID NOT SEEP 
COMPLETELY 9TO ! NEI<BORHOOD LIFE ( ! NEW CITIES1 NOR DID IT TOTALLY 
DE/ROY ! CONDITIONS = ! REG5]ATION ( DOME/IC LIFE4 ,! 
BUFFET+ ?AT T[NS & CITIES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY TOOK FROM 
9DU/RIALIZATION1 H[EV] DISA/R\S ITS 9ITIAL EFFECTS ON TRADITIONAL 
LIFEWAYS1 DID NOT DE/ROY ! 9H]5TLY VILLAGE-LIKE SUBCULTURES ( 
WORK]S & MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE :O W]E ONLY A G5]ATION OR TWO 
REMOV$ FROM A MORE RURAL CULTURE4 ,LIKE ! E?NIC GR\PS ?AT 5T]$ 
! ,NEW ,WORLD ?R\< ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY ?R\<\T MU* ( ! 
N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES1 DISPLACEM5T WAS FOLL[$ 
BY RESETTLEM5T & RECOMMUNALIZATION1 EV5 9 ! MO/ DESP]ATELY 
POOR SLUMS ( ! OV]POPULAT$ CITIES ( ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 ,! 
PUB 9 ! 9DU/RIAL CITIES ( ,5GL&1 ! CAFE 9 ,FRANCE1 & ! BE] 
HALL 9 ,G]MANY1 NO LESS ?AN ! V>I\S COMMUNITY C5T]S >\ND 
:I* E?NIC <ETTOS =M$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK & O!R ,AM]ICAN CITIES1 
PROVID$ FOCI = A DI/9CTLY WORK+-CLASS CULTURE1 L>GELY >TISAN 9 
ITS \TLOOK1 CLASS-ORI5T$ 9 ITS POLITICS1 & KNIT TOGE!R BY MUTUAL 
SELF-HELP GR\PS4 

,?IS RECOLONIZATION ( COMMUNITY LIFE WAS GREATLY ABETT$ BY ! 
ORGANIZ$ LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ALL ITS DIFF]5T =MS4 ,SOCIALI/ CLUBS1 
TRADE UNION C5T]S1 LOCAL COOP]ATIVES1 MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES1 & 
$UCATIONAL GR\PS CREAT$ A PUBLIC SPACE ?AT 9CLUD$ CLASSES 9 
READ+1 WRIT+1 LIT]ATURE1 & HI/ORY4 ,! SOCIALI/ CLUBS & UNION 
C5T]S PROVID$ LIBR>IES1 P]IODICALS1 LECTURES1 & DISCUSSION GR\PS 
TO 0ELEVATE0 WORK] CONSCI\SNESS AS WELL AS MOBILIZE !M = POLITICAL 
& ECONOMIC 5DS4 ,PICNICS1 A?LETIC ACTIVITIES1 & \TDOOR =AYS 9TO 
! C\NTRYSIDE S]V$ TO ADD A V]Y 9TIMATE DIM5SION TO PURELY 
$UCATIONAL PROJECTS4 ,! CASAS DEL PUEBLO E/ABLI%$ BY ,SPANI% 
SOCIALI/S & ! C5TROS OBR]OS E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 
:I* EXI/$ UP TO ! LATE #a#i#cS1 >E REM9D]S ( ! VIGOR\S 
DEVELOPM5T ( COMMUNITY LIFE EV5 9 ! MO/ DEPRESS$ >EAS ( 
,EUROPE -- 9DE$ ( AN 0UND]GR\ND0 CULTURE ?AT ALWAYS P>ALLEL$ 
! RECEIV$ CULTURE ( ! ELITE ORD]S & CLASSES4 

,!RE WAS ALWAYS A PLEBEIAN CULTURAL DOMA9 AT ! BASE ( SOCIETY1 
EV5 9 ! MO/ DISMAL & SQUALID P>TS ( ANCI5T1 M$IEVAL1 & 
MOD]N CITIES1 ?AT WAS BEYOND ! REA* ( ! CONV5TIONAL CULTURE 
& ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,NO ECONOMY OR /ATE HAD ! TE*NICAL MEANS1 
UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY1 TO FREELY 9FILTRATE ?IS DOMA9 & DISSOLVE IT = 
A LA/+ P]IOD ( TIME4 ,LEFT TO ITSELF1 ! 0UND]GR\ND0 WORLD ( ! 
OPPRESS$ REMA9$ A BRE$+ GR\ND = REBELS & CONSPIRATORS 
AGA9/ ! PREVAIL+ AU?ORITY4 ,NO LESS URBAN 9 *>ACT] ?AN 
AGR>IAN1 IT ALSO REMA9$ A S*OOL = A GRASSROOTS POLITICS ?AT1 BY 
DEF9ITION1 9VOLV$ GR\PS ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE1 EV5 9 SIZABLE COMMUNITIES1 
9 A PLEBEIAN POLITICAL SPH]E & (T5 BR\<T !M 9TO 
\TRI<T REBELLION4 ,?IS 0UND]GR\ND0 S*OOL CREAT$ NEW POLITICAL 
=MS & NEW CITIZ5S TO DEAL ) *ANG+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,EV5 
AFT] ! GREAT B\LEV>DS ( ,B>ON ,HAUSSMANN RIPP$ 9TO ! 
PLEBEIAN QU>TI]S ( ,P>IS1 OP5+ ! CITY TO >TILL]Y FIRE & CAVALRY 
*>GES AGA9/ B>RICADES1 ! SIZABLE NEI<BORHOOD POCKETS LEFT 
BEH9D RETA9$ AN IMP]TURBABLY REBELLI\S VITALITY ?AT F9ALLY 
CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,FEW ( ,EUROPE'S MAJOR CITIES W]E 
SP>$ CR[D ACTIONS & UPRIS+S 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 9DE$ 
WELL 9TO ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE?4 ,AS 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM SPREAD 
\T FROM ,5GL& 9TO WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 ! 9ITIAL 
DE/ABILIZATION IT PRODUC$ AS A RESULT ( URBANIZATION & 
ME*ANIZATION WAS FOLL[$ BY A REG5]ATION ( POPUL> CULTURE 
ALONG NEW PATT]NS ?AT ALSO 9CLUD$ ! 9TEGRATION ( OLD ONES4 ,JU/ 
AS ! ,FR5* VILLAGE WAS REPRODUC$ AS QU>TI]S 9 ,FR5* CITIES1 & 
! ,SPANI% PUEBLO AS B>RIOS 9 ,SPANI% CITIES1 SO ! ,JEWI% %TETL1 
! 0,LITTLE LTALYS10 & 0,LITTLE ,IREL&S0 W]E REPRODUC$ 9 ALT]$ 
=M BUT ) MU* ( !IR CULTURAL FLAVOR1 P]SONAL 9TIMACIES1 & 
TRADITIONAL VALUES 9 WORLD CITIES SU* AS ,NEW ,YORK4 ,EV5 ! 9DU/RIAL 
CITIES REPLICAT$ ON A LOCAL BASIS ! SPECIFIC CULTURAL ORIG9S ( !IR 
V>IEGAT$ POPULATIONS & REGIONS4444 

,EV]Y CLASS CULTURE WAS ALWAYS A COMMUNITY CULTURE1 9DE$ A CIVIC 
CULTURE -- A FACT ?AT L9KS ! P]IOD ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION & 
ITS URBAN =MS ) PRECAPITALI/ CULTURES ( ! PA/4 ,?IS CONT9UITY 
HAS BE5 L>GELY OV]LOOK$ BY CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALI/S & SOCIOLOGI/S4 
,:ILE ! FACTORY & MILL =M$ ! FIR/ L9E ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 
! LA/ C5TURY1 A /RUGGLE ?AT 9 NO WAY %\LD BE CONFUS$ ) ! 
CLASS W> ?AT IS SUPPOS$ TO YIELD WORK+-CLASS 9SURRECTIONS1 ITS L9ES 
( SUPPLY REA*$ BACK 9TO ! NEI<BORHOODS & T[NS :]E 
WORK]S LIV$ & (T5 M+L$ ) MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE1 F>M]S1 
& 9TELLECTUALS4 ,WAGE E>N]S HAD HUMAN FACES1 NOT M]ELY MY/IFI$ 
0PROLET>IAN0 FACES1 & FUNCTION$ NO LESS AS HUMAN BE+S ?AN AS 
CLASS BE+S4 ,ACCORD+LY1 !Y W]E FA!RS & MO!RS1 BRO!RS & 
SI/]S1 SONS & DAU<T]S1 CITIZ5S & NEI<BORS1 NOT ONLY FACTORY 
H&S4 ,!IR CONC]NS 9CLUD$ ISSUES SU* AS W> & PEACE1 5VIRONM5TAL 
DISLOCATIONS1 $UCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES1 ! BEAUTY ( !IR 
SURR\ND+S AS WELL AS ITS UGL9ESS1 & 9 TIMES ( 9T]NATIONAL 
CONFLICT1 A HEAVY DOSE ( J+OISM & NATIONALISM -- 9DE$1 A VA/ HO/ 
( PROBLEMS & CONC]NS ?AT W]E BROADLY HUMAN1 NOT ONLY CLASSORI5T$ 
& ROOT$ 9 WAGES & WORK+ CONDITIONS4 

,?IS COMMUNAL DIM5SION ( ! 9DU/RIAL ]A IS ( TREM5D\S 
IMPORTANCE 9 UND]/&+ H[ CLASS CONFLICTS (T5 SPILL$ OV] 
BEYOND ECONOMIC ISSUES 9TO BROADLY SOCIAL1 EV5 UTOPIAN CONC]NS4 
,9DE$ AS LONG AS ! M>KET DID NOT DISSOLVE ! COMMUNAL DIM5SION 
( 9DU/RIALISM1 !RE WAS A RI*LY FECUND1 HI<LY DIV]SIFI$1 
COOP]ATIVE1 & 9NOVATIVE DOMA9 ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE TO :I* 
! PROLET>IAT C\LD RETREAT AFT] WORK+ H\RS1 A DOMA9 ?AT RETA9$ 
A VITAL CONT9UITY ) PRECAPITALI/ LIFEWAYS & VALUES4 ,?IS P>TLY 
MUNICIPAL1 P>TLY DOME/IC T]RA9 =M$ A /RONG C\NT]VAIL+ =CE 
TO ! IMPACT ( AN 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY & ! NATION-/ATE4 ,H]E 
WORK]S M+L$ ) A GREAT V>IETY ( 9DIVIDUALS1 P>TICUL>LY 
>TISANS1 9TELLECTUALS1 & F>M]S :O BR\<T !IR PRODUCE 9TO ! 
T[NS4 ,9 A PURELY HUMAN FA%ION ?AT REVEAL$ ALL ! FACETS ( !IR 
P]SONALITIES1 !Y DEVELOP$ A S5SE ( %>$1 ACTIVE CITIZ5%IP4 ,?IS 
COMMUNAL OR MUNICIPAL CITIZ5%IP KEPT POLITICAL LIFE ALIVE EV5 9 HI<LY 
C5TRALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIZ$ NATION-/ATES4 ,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO 
UND]/& NOT ONLY ! RADICAL UPRIS+S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BUT 
?OSE ( ! TW5TIE? -- P>TICUL>LY ! S]IES ( URBAN & AGR>IAN 
UPRIS+S ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> -- )\T KEEP+ 
?IS COMMUNAL DIM5SION ( ! 0CLASS /RUGGLE0 CLE>LY 9 M9D4 ,EV]Y 
CLASS MOVEM5T FROM ! LATE EI<TE5? TO ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES 
WAS ALSO A CIVIC MOVEM5T1 A PRODUCT ( NEI<BORHOOD1 T[N1 & 
VILLAGE CONSOCIATION1 NOT ONLY ( ! FACTORY1 F>M1 & (FICE4 ,IT WAS 
NOT UNTIL A TE*NOLOGY DEVELOP$ ?AT C\LD MAKE DEEP1 P]HAPS DECISIVE 
9ROADS 9TO ?IS 0UND]GR\ND0 MUNICIPAL DOMA9 ?AT POLITICS & 
CITIZ5%IP W]E FAC$ ) ! TOTAL 0COMMODIFICATION0 ( SOCIETY1 ! 
SUPREMACY ( /ATECRAFT1 & ! SUBV]SION ( ! CITY'S ECOLOGICAL 
DIV]SITY & CREATIVITY4 

,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM3 ,! ,COLLECTIVES 

7FROM 0,OV]VIEW ( ! ,SPANI% ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T0 & 
0,AFT] ,FIFTY ,YE>S10 #aigd & #a#i#h#e7 

,H[EV] MU* ! =TUNES ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM V>I$ FROM REGION 
TO REGION & FROM P]IOD TO P]IOD1 :ATEV] REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 
EXI/$ 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ?IS SIXTY-YE> P]IOD .<#a#h#g#e-#a#i#c#e.> WAS 
ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/4 ,EV5 AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 AS AN>*ISM 
BEGAN TO EBB BE=E ,M>XIAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & LAT] ,BOL%EVIK 
ORGANIZATIONS1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM RETA9$ ITS 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE & 
ITS REVOLUTION>Y ELAN4 ,VIEW$ FROM A RADICAL /&PO9T1 ! HI/ORY 
( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T REMA9$ LIB]T>IAN & (T5 S]V$ 
TO DEF9E ! CONT\RS ( ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,SPA94 0,G5]ALLY 
SPEAK+1 A SMALL BUT WELL-ORGANIZ$ GR\P ( ,AN>*I/S 9 A ,SOCIALI/ 
>EA DROVE ! ,SOCIALI/S TO ! ,LEFT10 OBS]VES ,G]ALD ,BR5AN1 0:]EAS 
9 PR$OM9ANTLY ,AN>*I/ >EAS1 ,SOCIALI/S W]E \T/&+LY 
RE=MI/40.<#e#g.> ,IT WAS NOT SOCIALISM BUT AN>*ISM ?AT DET]M9$ ! 
METABOLISM ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T -- ! GREAT G5]AL /RIKES 
?AT SWEPT REPEAT$LY OV] ,SPA91 ! RECURR+ 9SURRECTIONS 9 
,B>CELONA & 9 ! T[NS & VILLAGES ( ,&ALUSIA1 & ! GUN 
BATTLES BETWE5 LABOR MILITANTS & EMPLOY]-HIR$ ?UGS 9 ! 
,M$IT]RANEAN COA/AL CITIES4 

,IT IS ESS5TIAL TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ,SPANI% AN>*ISM WAS NOT M]ELY 
A PROGRAM EMB$D$ 9 A D5SE !ORETICAL MATRIX4 ,IT WAS A WAY ( LIFE3 
P>TLY ! LIFE ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE AS IT WAS LIV$ 9 ! CLOSELY KNIT 
VILLAGES ( ! C\NTRYSIDE & ! 9T5SE NEI<BORHOOD LIFE ( ! 
WORK+-CLASS B>RIOS2 P>TLY1 TOO1 ! !ORETICAL >TICULATION ( ?AT 
LIFE AS PROJECT$ BY ,BAKUN9'S CONCEPTS ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 MUTUAL AID1 
& POPUL> ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 .<,9ASMU* AS ,SPA9'S.> LONG 
TRADITION ( AGR>IAN COLLECTIVISM 444 WAS DI/9CTLY PRECAPITALI/1 
,SPANI% ,M>XISM REG>D$ IT AS ANA*RONI/IC1 9 FACT AS 0HI/ORICALLY 
REACTION>Y40 ,SPANI% SOCIALISM BUILT ITS AGR>IAN PROGRAM >\ND ! 
,M>XI/ T5ET ?AT ! PEASANTRY & ITS SOCIAL =MS C\LD HAVE NO 
LA/+ REVOLUTION>Y VALUE UNTIL !Y W]E 0PROLET>IANIZ$0 & 
09DU/RIALIZ$40 ,9DE$1 ! SOON] ! VILLAGE DECAY$1 ! BETT]1 & 
! MORE RAPIDLY ! PEASANTRY BECAME A H]$IT>Y PROLET>IAT1 
0DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( ! PROCESS 
( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF0 7,M>X7 -- A DI/9CTLY HI]>*ICAL & 
AU?ORIT>IAN 0ME*ANISM0 -- ! MORE RAPIDLY ,SPA9 W\LD ADVANCE 
TO ! TASKS ( SOCIALISM4 

,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 BY CONTRA/1 FOLL[$ A DECISIVELY DIFF]5T 
APPROA*4 ,IT S\<T \T ! PRECAPITALI/ COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS ( ! 
VILLAGE1 N\RI%$ :AT WAS LIV+ & VITAL 9 !M1 EVOK$ !IR 
REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIALITIES AS LIB]ATORY MODES ( MUTUAL AID & SELF-MANAGEM5T1 
& DEPLOY$ !M TO VITIATE ! OB$I5CE1 HI]>*ICAL 
M5TALITY1 & AU?ORIT>IAN \TLOOK FO/]$ BY ! FACTORY SY/EM4 
,EV] M9DFUL ( ! EMB\RGEOISEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT 444 1 ! 
,SPANI% AN>*I/S TRI$ TO USE ! PRECAPITALI/ TRADITIONS ( ! 
PEASANTRY & WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ! ASSIMILATION ( ! WORK]S' 
\TLOOK TO AN AU?ORIT>IAN 9DU/RIAL RATIONALITY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT !IR 
EF=TS W]E FAVOR$ BY ! CONT9U\S F]TILIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% 
PROLET>IAT BY RURAL WORK]S1 :O R5EW$ !SE TRADITIONS DAILY AS 
!Y MIGRAT$ TO ! CITIES4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ELAN ( ! ,B>CELONA 
PROLET>IAT -- LIKE ?AT ( ! ,PETROGRAD & ,P>ISIAN PROLET>IATS -- WAS 
DUE 9 NO SMALL MEASURE TO ! FACT ?AT !SE WORK]S NEV] SOLIDLY 
S$IM5T$ 9TO A H]$IT>Y WORK+ CLASS1 TOTALLY REMOV$ FROM 
PRECAPITALI/ TRADITIONS1 :E!R ( ! PEASANT OR ! CRAFTSMAN4 ,ALONG 
! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/AL CITIES ( ,SPA91 MANY WORK]S RETA9$ A 
LIV+ MEMORY ( A NONCAPITALI/ CULTURE -- ONE 9 :I* EA* MOM5T 
( LIFE WAS NOT /RICTLY REGULAT$ BY ! PUN* CLOCK1 ! FACTORY :I/LE1 
! =EMAN1 ! MA*9E1 ! HI<LY REGULAT$ WORK DAY1 OR ! 
ATOMIZ+ WORLD ( ! L>GE CITY4 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM FL\RI%$ )9 
A T5SION CREAT$ BY !SE ANTAGONI/IC TRADITIONS & S5SIBILITIES4 
,9DE$1 :]E A 0,G]MANIC PROLET>IAT0 7TO USE ANO!R ( ,BAKUN9'S 
CUTT+ PHRASES7 EM]G$ 9 ,SPA91 IT DRIFT$ EI!R T[>D ! ,U,G,T OR 
T[>D ! ,CA?OLIC UNIONS4 ,ITS POLITICAL \TLOOK1 RE=MI/ :5 NOT 
OV]TLY CONS]VATIVE1 (T5 CLA%$ ) ! MORE DECLASSE WORK+ 
CLASS ( ,CATALONIA & ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/1 LEAD+ TO CONFLICT+ 
T5D5CIES )9 ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE4 

,ULTIMATELY1 9 MY VIEW1 ! DE/9Y ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM DEP5D$ 
UPON ITS ABILITY TO CREATE LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AT C\LD 
SYN!SIZE ! PRECAPITALI/ COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS ( ! VILLAGE ) AN 
9DU/RIAL ECONOMY & A HI<LY URBANIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,I SPEAK H]E ( NO 
M]E PROGRAMMATIC 0ALLIANCE0 BETWE5 ! ,SPANI% PEASANTRY & 
PROLET>IAT BUT1 MORE ORGANICALLY1 ( NEW ORGANIZATIONAL =MS & 
S5SIBILITIES ?AT IMP>T$ A REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN *>ACT] TO TWO 
SOCIAL CLASSES ?AT LIV$ 9 CONFLICT+ CULTURES4 ,?AT ,SPA9 REQUIR$ A 
WELL-ORGANIZ$ LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS H>DLY A MATT] ( D\BT 
AMONG ! MAJORITY ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,BUT W\LD ?IS MOVEM5T 
REFLECT A VILLAGE SOCIETY OR A FACTORY SOCIETY8 ,:]E A CONFLICT EXI/$1 
C\LD ! TWO BE MELD$ 9 ! SAME MOVEM5T )\T VIOLAT+ ! 
LIB]T>IAN T5ETS ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 MUTUAL AID1 & SELF-ADM9I/RATION8 
,9 ! CLASSICAL ]A ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM1 BETWE5 #ahdh & 
#a#i#c#i1 AN ]A ?AT /RESS$ ! HEGEMONY ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 
9 ALL SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM FOLL[$ A HI/ORIC TRAJECTORY 
?AT REVEAL$ AT ONCE ! LIMITATIONS ( ! ]A ITSELF & ! CREATIVE 
POSSIBILITIES ( AN>*IC =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 

,BY COMP>ISON ) ! CITIES1 ! ,SPANI% VILLAGES ?AT W]E 
COMMITT$ TO AN>*ISM RAIS$ V]Y FEW ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS4 
,BR5AN'S EMPHASIS ON ! BRAC]OS NOT)/&+1 ! /R5G? ( 
AGR>IAN AN>*ISM 9 ! S\? & 9 ! ,LEVANT LAY 9 ! M\NTA9 
VILLAGES1 NOT AMONG ! RURAL PROLET>IAT ?AT WORK$ ! GREAT 
PLANTATIONS ( ,&ALUSIA4 ,9 !SE RELATIVELY ISOLAT$ VILLAGES1 A FI]CE 
S5SE ( 9DEP5D5CE & P]SONAL DIGNITY :ETT$ ! BITT] SOCIAL 
HATR$S 5G5D]$ BY POV]TY1 CREAT+ ! RURAL 0PATRI>*S0 ( 
AN>*ISM :OSE 5TIRE FAMILIES W]E DEVOT$ ALMO/ APO/OLICALLY TO 
0! ,IDEA40 ,= !SE %>PLY ET*$ & RIGOR\SLY ASCETIC 9DIVIDUALS1 
DEFIANCE ( ! ,/ATE1 ! ,*UR*1 & CONV5TIONAL AU?ORITY 9 G5]AL 
WAS ALMO/ A WAY ( LIFE4 ,KNIT TOGE!R BY ! LOCAL PRESS -- & AT 
V>I\S TIMES !RE W]E HUNDR$S ( AN>*I/ P]IODICALS 9 ,SPA9 -- 
!Y =M$ ! S9EWS ( AGR>IAN AN>*ISM FROM ! #a#h#gS ONW>D 
&1 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! CONSCI5CE ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM ?R\<\T 
ITS HI/ORY4 

,!IR AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES REFLECT$ TO A REM>KABLE EXT5T ! 
ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AT ! AN>*I/S FO/]$ AMONG ALL ! VILLAGES 
UND] !IR 9FLU5CE BE=E ! #aicf REVOLUTION4 ,! REVOLUTION 9 
RURAL COMMUNITIES ESS5TIALLY 5L>G$ ! OLD ,I,W,M,A .<,9T]NATIONAL 
,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION.> & LAT] ,C,N,T .<,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION 
( ,LABOR.> NUCLEI1 MEMB]%IP GR\PS1 OR QUITE SIMPLY CLANS ( CLOSELY 
KNIT AN>*I/ FAMILIES 9TO POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,!SE USUALLY MET 
WEEKLY & =MULAT$ ! POLICY DECISIONS ( ! COMMUNITY AS A 
:OLE4 ,! ASSEMBLY =M COMPRIS$ ! ORGANIZATIONAL IDEAL ( VILLAGE 
AN>*ISM FROM ! DAYS ( ! FIR/ TRULY ,BAKUN9I/ CONGRESS ( ! 
,SPANI% ,I,W,M,A 9 ,CORDOBA 9 #a#h#g#b1 /RESS+ ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITIONS 
( ,SPANI% VILLAGE LIFE4 ,:]E SU* POPUL> ASSEMBLIES W]E POSSIBLE1 
!IR DECISIONS W]E EXECUT$ BY A COMMITTEE ELECT$ FROM ! ASSEMBLY4 
,APP>5TLY ! RI<T TO RECALL COMMITTEE MEMB]S WAS TAK5 = 
GRANT$1 & !Y C]TA9LY 5JOY$ NO PRIVILEGES1 EMOLUM5TS1 OR 
9/ITUTIONAL P[]4 ,!IR 9FLU5CE WAS A FUNCTION ( !IR OBVI\S 
D$ICATION & CAPABILITIES4 ,IT REMA9$ A C>D9AL PR9CIPLE ( ,SPANI% 
AN>*I/S NEV] TO PAY !IR DELEGATES1 EV5 :5 ! ,C,N,T NUMB]$ 
A MILLION MEMB]S4 

,NORMALLY1 ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( ELECT$ DELEGATES HAD TO BE 
DIS*>G$ AFT] WORK+ H\RS4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! EV5+S ( AN>*I/ 
MILITANTS W]E OCCUPI$ ) MEET+S ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,:E!R 
AT ASSEMBLIES OR COMMITTEES1 !Y >GU$1 DEBAT$1 VOT$1 & 
ADM9I/]$1 & :5 TIME AF=D$1 !Y READ & PASSIONATELY 
DISCUSS$ 0! ,IDEA0 TO :I* !Y D$ICAT$ NOT ONLY !IR LEISURE 
H\RS BUT !IR V]Y LIVES4 ,= ! GREAT] P>T ( ! DAY1 !Y W]E 
WORK+ M5 & WOM51 OBR]A CONSCI5TE1 :O ABJUR$ SMOK+ 
& DR9K+1 AVOID$ BRO!LS & ! BLOODY BULLR+1 PURG$ !IR 
TALK ( 0F\L0 LANGUAGE1 & BY !IR PROBITY1 DIGNITY1 RESPECT = 
KN[L$GE1 & MILITANCY TRI$ TO SET A MORAL EXAMPLE = !IR 5TIRE 
CLASS4 ,!Y NEV] US$ ! WORD GOD 9 DAILY CONV]SATION 7SALUD WAS 
PREF]R$ OV] ADIOS7 & AVOID$ ALL (FICIAL CONTACT ) CL]ICAL & 
/ATE AU?ORITIES1 9DE$1 TO ! PO9T :]E !Y REFUS$ TO LEGALLY 
VALIDATE !IR LIFELONG 0FREE UNIONS0 ) M>ITAL DOCUM5TS & NEV] 
BAPTIZ$ OR CONFIRM$ !IR *ILDR54 ,ONE MU/ KN[ ,CA?OLIC ,SPA9 
TO REALIZE H[ F>-REA*+ W]E !SE SELF-IMPOS$ MORES -- & H[ 
QUIXOTICALLY CONSI/5T SOME ( !M W]E ) ! PURITANICAL 
TRADITIONS ( ! C\NTRY4444 

,! PROSPECT = LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION 9 ! CITIES & FACTORIES 
C\LD NOT DEP5D UPON ! LONG TRADITION ( VILLAGE COLLECTIVISM -- ! 
/RONG S5SE ( COMMUNITY -- ?AT EXI/$ 9 RURAL AN>*I/ >EAS4 ,= 
)9 ! FACTORY ITSELF -- ! REALM ( TOIL1 HI]>*Y1 9DU/RIAL 
DISCIPL9E1 & BRUTE MAT]IAL NECESSITY -- 0COMMUNITY0 WAS MORE A 
FUNCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS DIVISION ( LABOR1 ) ITS EXPLOITATIVE1 EV5 
COMPETITIVE CONNOTATIONS1 ?AN ( HUMANI/IC COOP]ATION1 PLAYFULLY 
CREATIVE WORK1 & MUTUAL AID4 ,WORK+-CLASS SOLID>ITY DEP5D$ LESS 
UPON A %>$ MEAN+FUL LIFE N\RI%$ BY SELF-FULFILL+ WORK ?AN 
ON ! COMMON 5EMY -- ! BOSS -- :O EXPLOD$ ANY ILLUSION ?AT 
UND] CAPITALISM ! WORK] WAS MORE ?AN AN 9DU/RIAL RES\RCE1 AN 
OBJECT TO BE COLDLY MANIPULAT$ & RU?LESSLY EXPLOIT$4 ,IF AN>*ISM 
CAN BE P>TLY REG>D$ AS A REVOLT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ ! 9DU/RIAL 
SY/EM1 ! PR(\ND TRU? ?AT LIES AT ! HE>T ( ?AT REVOLT IS ?AT 
! FACTORY R\T9E NOT ONLY BLUNTS ! S5SIBILITY ( ! WORK] TO ! 
RI* FEA/ ( LIFE2 IT DEGRADES ! WORK]'S IMAGE ( HIS OR H] HUMAN 
POT5TIALITIES1 ( HIS OR H] CAPACITIES TO TAKE DIRECT CONTROL ( ! MEANS 
= ADM9I/]+ SOCIAL LIFE4444 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! MO/ COMMUNI/IC COLLECTIVES 9 ! 
,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION APPE>$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE RA!R ?AN 9 ! CITIES1 
AMONG VILLAG]S :O W]E /ILL 9FLU5C$ BY >*AIC COLLECTIVI/IC 
TRADITIONS & W]E LESS 5SN>$ 9 A M>KET ECONOMY ?AN !IR URBAN 
C\S9S4 ,! ASCETIC VALUES ?AT SO GREATLY 9FLU5C$ !SE HI<LY 
COMMUNI/IC COLLECTIVES (T5 REFLECT$ ! EXTREME POV]TY ( ! >EAS 
9 :I* !Y W]E ROOT$4 ,COOP]ATION & MUTUAL AID 9 SU* CASES 
=M$ ! PRECONDITIONS = SURVIVAL ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,ELSE:]E1 9 
! MORE >ID >EAS ( ,SPA91 ! NE$ = %>+ WAT] & 
MA9TA9+ IRRIGATION WORKS WAS AN ADD$ 9DUCEM5T TO COLLECTIVE 
F>M+4 ,H]E COLLECTIVIZATION WAS ALSO A TE*NOLOGICAL NECESSITY1 BUT 
ONE ?AT EV5 ! REPUBLIC DID NOT 9T]F]E )4 ,:AT MAKES !SE 
RURAL COLLECTIVES IMPORTANT IS NOT ONLY ?AT MANY ( !M PRACTIC$ 
COMMUNISM BUT ?AT !Y FUNCTION$ SO EFFECTIVELY UND] A SY/EM ( 
POPUL> SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,?IS BELIES ! NOTION HELD BY SO MANY 
AU?ORIT>IAN ,M>XI/S ?AT ECONOMIC LIFE MU/ BE SCRUPUL\SLY 
0PLANN$0 BY A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE P[] & ! ODI\S CAN>D 
?AT POPUL> COLLECTIVIZATION1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM /ATI/ NATIONALIZATION1 
NECESS>ILY PITS COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 
COMPETITION = PR(ITS & RES\RCES4 

,9 ! CITIES1 H[EV]1 COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! FACTORIES1 COMMUNICATIONS 
SY/EMS1 & TRANSPORT FACILITIES TOOK A V]Y DIFF]5T =M4 ,9ITIALLY 
.<AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f.> NE>LY ! 
5TIRE ECONOMY 9 >EAS CONTROLL$ BY ! ,C,N,T -- ,F,A,I .<! ,IB]IAN 
,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION.> HAD BE5 TAK5 OV] BY COMMITTEES ELECT$ FROM 
AMONG ! WORK]S & W]E LOOSELY COORD9AT$ BY HI<] UNION 
COMMITTEES4 ,AS TIME W5T ON1 ?IS SY/EM WAS 9CREAS+LY TI<T5$4 
,! HI<] COMMITTEE BEGAN TO PREEMPT ! 9ITIATIVE FROM ! L[]1 
AL?\< !IR DECISIONS /ILL HAD TO BE RATIFI$ BY ! WORK]S ( ! 
FACILITIES 9VOLV$4 ,! EFFECT ( ?IS PROCESS WAS TO T5D TO C5TRALIZE 
! ECONOMY ( ,C,N,T -- ,F,A,I >EAS 9 ! H&S ( ! UNION4 ,! EXT5T 
TO :I* ?IS PROCESS UNFOLD$ V>I$ GREATLY FROM 9DU/RY TO 9DU/RY 
& >EA TO >EA1 & ) ! LIMIT$ KN[L$GE WE HAVE AT H&1 
G5]ALIZATIONS >E V]Y DIFFICULT TO =MULATE4 ,) ! 5TRY ( ! 
,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9TO ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T 9 .<! LATE SUMM] (.> #a#i#c#f1 
! PROCESS ( C5TRALIZATION CONT9U$1 & ! UNION-CONTROLL$ 
FACILITIES BECAME W$D$ TO ! /ATE4 ,BY E>LY #ai* A POLITICAL 
BUREAUCRACY HAD L>GELY SUPPLANT$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! WORK]S' 
COMMITTEES 9 ALL ,REPUBLICAN-HELD CITIES4 ,AL?\< WORK]S' CONTROL 
EXI/$ 9 !ORY1 IT HAD VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>$ 9 FACT4444 

,! WAVE ( COLLECTIVIZATIONS ?AT SWEPT OV] ,SPA9 9 ! SUMM] 
& AUTUMN ( #aicf HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ AS 0! GREATE/ EXP]IM5T 9 
WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAS EV] SE510 A REVOLUTION 
MORE F>-REA*+ ?AN ANY ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ #a#i#a#g-#b#a 
& ! YE>S BE=E & AFT] IT4.<#e#h.> ,9 AN>*I/ 9DU/RIAL >EAS LIKE 
,CATALONIA1 AN E/IMAT$ ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! ECONOMY WAS PLAC$ 
UND] WORK]S' CONTROL1 AS IT WAS 9 AN>*I/ RURAL >EAS LIKE ,>AGON4 
,! FIGURE TAP]S D[NW>D :]E ! ,U,G,T %>$ P[] ) ! 
,C,N,T OR ELSE PR$OM9AT$3 #e P]C5T 9 AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ 
,VAL5CIA1 & #c P]C5T 9 SOCIALI/ & LIB]AL ,MADRID4 ,9 ! MORE 
?OR\<LY AN>*I/ >EAS1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES1 
MONEY WAS ELIM9AT$ & ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE W]E ALLOCAT$ 
/RICTLY ACCORD+ TO NE$ RA!R ?AN WORK1 FOLL[+ ! TRADITIONAL 
PRECEPTS ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,AS A REC5T ,B,B,C-,GRANADA 
TELEVISION DOCUM5T>Y PUTS IT3 0,! ANCI5T DREAM ( A COLLECTIVE 
SOCIETY )\T PR(IT OR PROP]TY WAS MADE REALITY 9 ! VILLAGES ( 
,>AGON4444 ,ALL =MS ( PRODUCTION W]E [N$ BY ! COMMUNITY1 
RUN BY !IR WORK]S40.<#e#i.> 

,! ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 BELONG$ ALMO/ 
5TIRELY TO ! UNIONS & !IR POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,POLICE 9 MANY 
CITIES W]E REPLAC$ ) >M$ WORK]S' PATROLS4 ,MILITIA UNITS W]E 
=M$ EV]Y:]E -- 9 FACTORIES1 ON F>MS1 & 9 SOCIALI/ & 
AN>*I/ COMMUNITY C5T]S & UNION HALLS1 9ITIALLY 9CLUD+ WOM5 
AS WELL AS M54 ,A VA/ NETWORK ( LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES 
COORD9AT$ ! FE$+ ( ! CITIES1 ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ECONOMY1 
& ! MET+ \T ( JU/ICE1 9DE$1 ALMO/ EV]Y FACET ( ,SPANI% LIFE 
FROM PRODUCTION TO CULTURE1 BR++ ! :OLE ( ,SPANI% SOCIETY 9 
! ,REPUBLICAN ZONE 9TO A WELL-ORGANIZ$ & COH]5T :OLE4 ,?IS 
HI/ORICALLY UNPREC$5T$ APPROPRIATION ( SOCIETY BY ITS MO/ 
OPPRESS$ SECTORS -- 9CLUD+ WOM51 :O W]E LIB]AT$ FROM ALL ! 
CON/RA9TS ( A HI<LY TRADITIONAL ,CA?OLIC C\NTRY1 BE IT ! PROHIBITION 
( ABORTION & DIVORCE OR A DEGRAD$ /ATUS 9 ! ECONOMY -- WAS ! 
WORK ( ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY4 ,IT WAS A MOVEM5T FROM 
BEL[ ?AT OV]:ELM$ EV5 ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS ( ! 
OPPRESS$1 9CLUD+ ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 

,CRITIQUE ( ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM 

7FROM 0,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM10 #a#i#i#e7 

,TODAY'S REACTION>Y SOCIAL CONTEXT GREATLY EXPLA9S ! EM]G5CE ( A 
PH5OM5ON 9 ,EURO-,AM]ICAN AN>*ISM ?AT CANNOT BE IGNOR$3 ! 
SPREAD ( 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM4 ,9 A TIME :5 EV5 RESPECTABLE 
=MS ( SOCIALISM >E 9 PELL-MELL RETREAT FROM PR9CIPLES ?AT MI<T 
9 ANY WAY BE CON/RU$ AS RADICAL1 ISSUES ( LIFE/YLE >E ONCE AGA9 
SUPPLANT+ SOCIAL ACTION & REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS 9 AN>*ISM4 ,9 
! TRADITIONALLY 9DIVIDUALI/-LIB]AL ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,BRITA91 ! 
#a#i#iS >E AWA% 9 SELF-/YL$ AN>*I/S :O -- !IR FLAMBOYANT RADICAL 
RHETORIC ASIDE -- >E CULTIVAT+ A LATT]-DAY AN>*O-9DIVIDUALISM ?AT 
,I WILL CALL LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM4 ,ITS PREOCCUPATIONS ) ! EGO & ITS 
UNIQU5ESS & ITS POLYMORPH\S CONCEPTS ( RESI/ANCE >E /EADILY 
]OD+ ! SOCIALI/IC *>ACT] ( ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITION4 ,NO LESS 
?AN ,M>XISM & O!R SOCIALISMS1 AN>*ISM CAN BE PR(\NDLY 
9FLU5C$ BY ! B\RGEOIS 5VIRONM5T IT PR(ESSES TO OPPOSE1 ) 
! RESULT ?AT ! GR[+ 09W>DNESS0 & N>CISSISM ( ! YUPPIE 
G5]ATION HAVE LEFT !IR M>K UPON MANY AV[$ RADICALS4 ,AD HOC 
ADV5TURISM1 P]SONAL BRAVURA1 AN AV]SION TO !ORY ODDLY AK9 TO ! 
ANTIRATIONAL BIASES ( PO/MOD]NISM1 CELEBRATIONS ( !ORETICAL 
9COH]5CE 7PLURALISM71 A BASICALLY APOLITICAL & ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL 
COMMITM5T TO IMAG9ATION1 DESIRE1 & EC/ASY1 & AN 9T5SELY SEL=I5T$ 
5*ANTM5T ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 REFLECT ! TOLL ?AT SOCIAL REACTION 
HAS TAK5 ON ,EURO-,AM]ICAN AN>*ISM OV] ! PA/ TWO DECADES4444 

,:AT /&S \T MO/ COMPELL+LY 9 TODAY'S LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM IS 
ITS APPETITE = IMM$IACY RA!R ?AN REFLECTION1 = A NA4IVE ONE-TO-ONE 
RELATION%IP BETWE5 M9D & REALITY4 ,NOT ONLY DOES ?IS IMM$IACY 
IMMUNIZE LIB]T>IAN ?9K+ FROM DEM&S = NUANC$ & M$IAT$ 
REFLECTION2 IT PRECLUDES RATIONAL ANALYSIS &1 = ?AT MATT]1 RATIONALITY 
ITSELF4 ,CONSIGN+ HUMANITY TO ! NONTEMPORAL1 NONSPATIAL1 & 
NONHI/ORICAL -- A 0PRIMAL0 NOTION ( TEMPORALITY BAS$ ON ! 0ET]NAL0 
CYCLES ( 0,NATURE0 -- IT !REBY DIVE/S M9D ( ITS CREATIVE UNIQU5ESS 
& ITS FRE$OM TO 9T]V5E 9TO ! NATURAL WORLD4444 

,9 ! 5D1 ! 9DIVIDUAL EGO BECOMES ! SUPREME TEMPLE ( REALITY1 
EXCLUD+ HI/ORY & BECOM+1 DEMOCRACY & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,9DE$1 
LIV$ CONTACT ) SOCIETY AS SU* IS R5D]$ T5U\S BY A N>CISSISM 
SO ALL-EMBRAC+ ?AT IT %RIVELS CONSOCIATION TO AN 9FANTILIZ$ EGO ?AT 
IS LITTLE MORE ?AN A BUNDLE ( %RIEK+ DEM&S & CLAIMS = ITS 
[N SATISFACTIONS4 ,CIVILIZATION M]ELY OB/RUCTS ! EC/ATIC SELFREALIZATION 
( ?IS EGO'S DESIRES1 REIFI$ AS ! ULTIMATE FULFILLM5T ( 
EMANCIPATION1 AS ?\< EC/ASY & DESIRE W]E NOT PRODUCTS ( 
CULTIVATION & HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T BUT M]ELY 9NATE IMPULSES ?AT 
APPE> AB NOVO 9 A DESOCIALIZ$ WORLD4 

,LIKE ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS ,/IRN]ITE EGO1 PRIMITIVI/ LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM 
ALL[S NO ROOM = SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 & 
RADICAL PROGRAMS1 /ILL LESS A PUBLIC SPH]E1 :I* .<!Y.> AUTOMATICALLY 
ID5TIFY ) /ATECRAFT4 ,! SPORADIC1 ! UNSY/EMATIC1 ! 9COH]5T1 
! DISCONT9U\S1 & ! 9TUITIVE SUPPLANT ! CONSI/5T1 PURPOSIVE1 
ORGANIZ$1 & RATIONAL1 9DE$ ANY SU/A9$ & FOCUS$ ACTIVITY AP>T 
FROM PUBLI%+ A 0Z9E0 OR PAMPHLET -- OR BURN+ A G>BAGE CAN4 
,IMAG9ATION IS C\NT]POS$ TO REASON & DESIRE TO !ORETICAL 
COH]5CE1 AS ?\< ! TWO W]E 9 RADICAL CONTRADICTION TO EA* 
O!R4 ,GOYA'S ADMONITION ?AT IMAG9ATION )\T REASON PRODUCES 
MON/]S IS ALT]$ TO LEAVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT IMAG9ATION FL\RI%ES 
ON AN UNM$IAT$ EXP]I5CE ) AN UNNUANC$ 0ON5ESS40 ,?US IS 
SOCIAL NATURE ESS5TIALLY DISSOLV$ 9TO BIOLOGICAL NATURE2 9NOVATIVE 
HUMANITY 9TO ADAPTIVE ANIMALITY2 TEMPORALITY 9TO PRECIVILIZATORY 
ET]NALITY2 HI/ORY 9TO AN >*AIC CYCLICITY4 

,A B\RGEOIS REALITY :OSE ECONOMIC H>%NESS GR[S />K] & 
CRASS] ) EV]Y PASS+ DAY IS %REWDLY MUTAT$ BY LIFE/YLE 
AN>*ISM 9TO CON/ELLATIONS ( SELF-9DULG5CE1 9*OAT5ESS1 
9DISCIPL9E1 & 9COH]5CE4 ,9 ! #a#i#fS ! ,SITUATIONI/S1 9 ! NAME 
( A 0!ORY ( ! SPECTACLE10 9 FACT PRODUC$ A REIFI$ SPECTACLE ( 
! !ORY1 BUT !Y AT LEA/ (F]$ ORGANIZATIONAL CORRECTIVES1 SU* AS 
WORK]S' C\NCILS1 ?AT GAVE !IR ES!TICISM SOME BALLA/4 ,LIFE/YLE 
AN>*ISM1 BY ASSAIL+ ORGANIZATION1 PROGRAMMATIC COMMITM5T1 & 
S]I\S SOCIAL ANALYSIS1 APES ! WOR/ ASPECTS ( ,SITUATIONI/ 
ES!TICISM )\T ADH]+ TO ! PROJECT ( BUILD+ A MOVEM5T4 
,AS ! DETRITUS ( ! #a#i#fS1 IT W&]S AIMLESSLY )9 ! B\NDS ( 
! EGO 7R5AM$ BY ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN ! 0B\NDS ( NATURE07 & MAKES 
A VIRTUE ( BOHEMIAN 9COH]5CE4 

,:AT IS MO/ TR\BL+ IS ?AT ! SELF-9DULG5T ES!TIC VAG>IES 
( LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM SIGNIFICANTLY ]ODE ! SOCIALI/ CORE ( A LEFTLIB]T>IAN 
IDEOLOGY ?AT ONCE C\LD CLAIM SOCIAL RELEVANCE & WEI<T 
PRECISELY = ITS UNCOMPROMIS+ COMMITM5T TO EMANCIPATION -- NOT 
\TSIDE ( HI/ORY1 9 ! REALM ( ! SUBJECTIVE1 BUT )9 HI/ORY1 9 
! REALM ( ! OBJECTIVE4 ,! GREAT CRY ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL:I* 
AN>*O-SYNDICALISM & AN>*O-COMMUNISM RETA9$ AFT] 
,M>X & HIS SUPPORT]S AB&ON$ IT -- WAS ! DEM&3 0,NO RI<TS 
)\T DUTIES1 NO DUTIES )\T RI<TS40 ,= G5]ATIONS1 ?IS SLOGAN 
ADORN$ ! MAS!ADS ( :AT WE MU/ N[ RETROSPECTIVELY CALL SOCIAL AN>*I/ P]IODICALS4 ,TODAY1 IT /&S RADICALLY AT ODDS ) ! 
BASICALLY EGOC5TRIC DEM& = 0DESIRE >M$10 & ) ,TAOI/ 
CONTEMPLATION & ,BUDDHI/ NIRVANAS4 ,:]E SOCIAL AN>*ISM CALL$ 
UPON PEOPLE TO RISE 9 REVOLUTION & SEEK ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY1 
! IRATE PETTY B\RGEOIS :O POPULATE ! SUBCULTURAL WORLD ( LIFE/YLE 
AN>*ISM CALL = EPISODIC REBELLION & ! SATISFACTION ( !IR 
0DESIR+ MA*9ES10 TO USE ! PHRASEOLOGY ( ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I4 

,! /EADY RETREAT FROM ! HI/ORIC COMMITM5T ( CLASSICAL 
AN>*ISM TO SOCIAL /RUGGLE 7)\T :I* SELF-REALIZATION & ! 
FULFILLM5T ( DESIRE 9 ALL ITS DIM5SIONS1 NOT M]ELY ! 9/9CTIVE1 
CANNOT BE A*IEV$7 IS 9EVITABLY ACCOMPANI$ BY A DISA/R\S 
MY/IFICATION ( EXP]I5CE & REALITY4 ,! EGO1 ID5TIFI$ ALMO/ 
FETI%I/ICALLY AS ! LOCUS ( EMANCIPATION1 TURNS \T TO BE ID5TICAL TO 
! 0SOV]EIGN 9DIVIDUAL0 ( LAISSEZ-FAIRE 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,DETA*$ FROM 
ITS SOCIAL MOOR+S1 IT A*IEVES NOT AUTONOMY BUT ! HET]ONOM\S 
0SELFHOOD0 ( PETTY-B\RGEOIS 5T]PRISE4 

,9DE$1 F> FROM BE+ FREE1 ! EGO 9 ITS SOV]EIGN SELFHOOD IS B\ND 
H& & FOOT TO ! SEEM+LY ANONYM\S LAWS ( ! M>KETPLACE! 
LAWS ( COMPETITION & EXPLOITATION -- :I* R5D] ! MY? ( 
9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM 9TO ANO!R FETI% CONCEAL+ ! IMPLACABLE LAWS 
( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 ,LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM1 9 EFFECT1 TURNS \T TO BE 
AN ADDITIONAL MY/IFY+ B\RGEOIS DECEPTION4 ,ITS ACOLYTES >E NO MORE 
0AUTONOM\S0 ?AN ! MOVEM5TS ( ! /OCK M>KET1 ?AN PRICE 
FLUCTUATIONS & ! MUNDANE FACTS ( B\RGEOIS COMM]CE4 ,ALL CLAIMS 
TO AUTONOMY NOT)/&+1 ?IS MIDDLE-CLASS 0REBEL10 ) OR 
)\T A BRICK 9 H&1 IS 5TIRELY CAPTIVE TO ! SUBT]RANEAN M>KET =CES ?AT OCCUPY ALL ! ALLEG$LY 0FREE0 T]RA9S ( MOD]N SOCIAL LIFE1 FROM FOOD COOP]ATIVES TO RURAL COMMUNES4 ,CAPITALISM SWIRLS 
>\ND US -- NOT ONLY MAT]IALLY BUT CULTURALLY4 ,AS ,Z]ZAN SO MEMORABLY 
PUT IT TO A PUZZL$ 9T]VIEW] :O ASK$ AB\T ! TELEVISION SET 9 
! HOME ( ?IS FOE ( TE*NOLOGY3 0,LIKE ALL O!R PEOPLE1 ,I HAVE TO BE 
N>COTIZ$40.<#f.> 

,?AT LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM ITSELF IS A 0N>COTIZ+0 SELF-DECEPTION CAN 
BE/ BE SE5 9 ,MAX ,/IRN]'S ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N1 :]E ! EGO'S 
CLAIM TO 0UNIQU5ESS0 9 ! TEMPLE ( ! SACROSANCT 0SELF0 F> 
\TRANKS ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL'S LIB]AL PIETIES4 ,9DE$1 ) ,/IRN]1 EGOISM 
BECOMES A MATT] ( EPI/EMOLOGY4 ,CUTT+ ?R\< ! MAZE ( 
CONTRADICTIONS & WOEFULLY 9COMPLETE /ATEM5TS ?AT FILL ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N1 ONE F9DS ,/IRN]'S 0UNIQUE0 EGO TO BE A MY? BECAUSE 
ITS ROOTS LIE 9 ITS SEEM+ 0O!R0 -- SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,9DE$3 0,TRU? CANNOT 
/EP =W>D AS Y\ DO10 ,/IRN] ADDRESSES ! EGOI/1 0CANNOT MOVE1 
*ANGE1 DEVELOP2 TRU? AWAITS & RECRUITS EV]Y?+ FROM Y\1 & 
ITSELF IS ONLY ?R\< Y\2 = IT EXI/S ONLY -- 9 Y\R HEAD40.<#f#a.> ,! 
,/IRN]ITE EGOI/1 9 EFFECT1 BIDS F>EWELL TO OBJECTIVE REALITY1 TO ! 
FACTICITY ( ! SOCIAL1 & !REBY TO FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGE & 
ALL E?ICAL CRIT]IA & IDEALS BEYOND P]SONAL SATISFACTION AMID ! 
HIDD5 DEMONS ( ! B\RGEOIS M>KETPLACE4 ,?IS ABS5CE ( 
M$IATION SUBV]TS ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! CONCRETE1 NOT TO SPEAK ( 
! AU?ORITY ( ! ,/IRN]ITE EGO ITSELF -- A CLAIM SO ALL-5COMPASS+ 
AS TO EXCLUDE ! SOCIAL ROOTS ( ! SELF & ITS =MATION 9 HI/ORY4 

,NIETZS*E1 QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ,/IRN]1 C>RI$ ?IS VIEW ( TRU? 
TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION BY ]AS+ ! FACTICITY & REALITY ( TRU? AS 
SU*3 0,:AT1 !N1 IS TRU?80 HE ASK$4 0,A MOBILE >MY ( METAPHORS1 
METONYMS1 & AN?ROPOMORPHISMS -- 9 %ORT1 A SUM ( HUMAN 
RELATIONS1 :I* HAVE BE5 5HANC$1 TRANSPOS$1 & EMBELLI%$ 
POETICALLY & RHETORICALLY40.<#f#b.> ,) MORE =?RI<TNESS ?AN ,/IRN]1 
,NIETZS*E CONT5D$ ?AT FACTS >E SIMPLY 9T]PRETATIONS2 9DE$1 HE 
ASK$1 0IS IT NECESS>Y TO POSIT AN 9T]PRET] BEH9D ! 
9T]PRETATIONS80 ,APP>5TLY NOT1 = 0EV5 ?IS IS 9V5TION1 
HYPO!SIS40.<#f#c.> ,FOLL[+ ,NIETZS*E'S UNREL5T+ LOGIC1 WE >E LEFT ) 
A SELF ?AT NOT ONLY ESS5TIALLY CREATES ITS [N REALITY BUT ALSO MU/ 
JU/IFY ITS [N EXI/5CE AS MORE ?AN A M]E 9T]PRETATION4 ,SU* 
EGOISM ?US ANNIHILATES ! EGO ITSELF1 :I* VANI%ES 9TO ! MI/ ( 
,/IRN]'S [N UN/AT$ PREMISES4 

,SIMIL>LY DIVE/$ ( HI/ORY1 SOCIETY1 & FACTICITY BEYOND ITS [N 
METAPHORS1 LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM LIVES 9 AN ASOCIAL DOMA9 9 :I* ! 
EGO1 ) ITS CRYPTIC DESIRES1 MU/ EVAPORATE 9TO LOGICAL AB/RACTIONS4 
,BUT R$UC+ ! EGO TO 9TUITIVE IMM$IACY -- AN*OR+ IT 9 M]E 
ANIMALITY1 9 ! 0B\NDS ( NATURE10 OR 9 0NATURAL LAW0 -- W\LD 
AM\NT TO IGNOR+ ! FACT ?AT ! EGO IS ! PRODUCT ( AN EV]=MATIVE 
HI/ORY1 9DE$1 A HI/ORY ?AT1 IF IT IS TO CONSI/ ( MORE ?AN 
M]E EPISODES1 MU/ AVAIL ITSELF ( REASON AS A GUIDE TO /&>DS ( 
PROGRESS & REGRESS1 NECESSITY & FRE$OM1 GOOD & EVIL1 & -- YES6CIVILIZATION 
& B>B>ISM4 ,9DE$1 AN AN>*ISM ?AT SEEKS TO AVOID 
! %OALS ( %E] SOLIPSISM ON ! ONE H& & ! LOSS ( ! 0SELF0 
AS A M]E 09T]PRETATION0 ON ! O!R MU/ BECOME EXPLICITLY SOCIALI/ 
OR COLLECTIVI/4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 IT MU/ BE A SOCIAL AN>*ISM ?AT SEEKS 
FRE$OM ?R\< /RUCTURE & MUTUAL RESPONSIBILITY1 NOT ?R\< A 
VAPOR\S1 NOMADIC EGO ?AT ES*EWS ! PRECONDITIONS = SOCIAL LIFE4 

,/AT$ BLUNTLY3 ,BETWE5 ! SOCIALI/ P$IGREE ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 
& AN>*O-COMMUNISM 7:I* HAVE NEV] D5I$ ! IMPORTANCE ( 
SELF-REALIZATION & ! FULFILLM5T ( DESIRE71 & ! BASICALLY LIB]AL1 
9DIVIDUALI/IC P$IGREE ( LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM 7:I* FO/]S SOCIAL 
9EFFECTUALITY1 IF NOT \TRI<T SOCIAL NEGATION71 !RE EXI/S A DIVIDE ?AT 
CANNOT BE BRIDG$ UNLESS WE COMPLETELY DISREG>D ! PR(\NDLY 
DIFF]5T GOALS1 ME?ODS1 & UND]LY+ PHILOSOPHY ?AT DI/+UI% 
!M4 ,/IRN]'S [N PROJECT1 9 FACT1 EM]G$ 9 A DEBATE ) ! 
SOCIALISM ( ,WILHELM ,WEITL+ & ,MOSES ,HESS1 :]E HE 9VOK$ 
EGOISM PRECISELY TO C\NT]POSE TO SOCIALISM4 0,P]SONAL 9SURRECTION 
RA!R ?AN G5]AL REVOLUTION WAS .<,/IRN]'S.> MESSAGE10 ,JAMES.>4 ,M>T9 
ADMIR+LY OBS]VES.<#f#d.> -- A C\NT]POSITION ?AT LIVES ON TODAY 9 LIFE/YLE 
AN>*ISM & ITS YUPPIE FILIATIONS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM SOCIAL 
AN>*ISM ) ITS ROOTS 9 HI/ORICISM1 ! SOCIAL MATRIX ( 
9DIVIDUALITY1 & ITS COMMITM5T TO A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,! V]Y 9CONGRUITY ( !SE ESS5TIALLY MIX$ MESSAGES1 :I* 
COEXI/ ON EV]Y PAGE ( ! LIFE/YLE 0Z9ES10 REFLECTS ! FEV]I% VOICE 
( ! SQUIRM+ PETTY B\RGEOIS4 ,IF AN>*ISM LOSES ITS SOCIALI/ CORE 
& COLLECTIVI/ GOAL1 IF IT DRIFTS (F 9TO ES!TICISM1 EC/ASY1 & DESIRE1 
&1 9CONGRU\SLY1 9TO ,TAOI/ QUIETISM & ,BUDDHI/ SELF-EFFACEM5T 
AS A SUB/ITUTE = A LIB]T>IAN PROGRAM1 POLITICS1 & ORGANIZATION1 IT 
WILL COME TO REPRES5T NOT SOCIAL REG5]ATION & A REVOLUTION>Y VISION 
BUT SOCIAL DECAY & A PETULANT EGOI/IC REBELLION4 ,WORSE1 IT WILL FE$ 
! WAVE ( MY/ICISM ?AT IS ALREADY SWEEP+ AFFLU5T MEMB]S ( 
! G5]ATION N[ 9 !IR TE5S & TW5TIES4 ,LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM'S 
EXALTATION ( EC/ASY1 C]TA9LY LAUDABLE 9 A RADICAL SOCIAL MATRIX BUT 
H]E UNABA%$LY 9T]M+L$ ) 0SORC]Y10 IS PRODUC+ A DREAMLIKE 
ABSORPTION ) SPIRITS1 <O/S1 & ,JUNGIAN >*ETYPES RA!R ?AN A 
RATIONAL & DIALECTICAL AW>5ESS ( ! WORLD4444 

,A RETURN TO M]E ANIMALITY -- OR %ALL WE CALL IT 0DECIVILIZATION08 -- IS A RETURN NOT TO FRE$OM BUT TO 9/9CT1 TO ! DOMA9 ( 0AU!NTICITY0 
?AT IS GUID$ MORE BY G5ES ?AN BY BRA9S4 ,NO?+ C\LD BE FUR!R 
FROM ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM SPELL$ \T 9 EV]-EXPANSIVE =MS BY ! 
GREAT REVOLUTIONS ( ! PA/4 ,& NO?+ C\LD BE MORE UNREL5T+ 
9 ITS %E] OB$I5CE TO BIO*EMICAL IMP]ATIVES SU* AS ,D,N,A OR MORE 
9 CONTRA/ TO ! CREATIVITY1 E?ICS1 & MUTUALITY OP5$ BY CULTURE 
& /RUGGLES = A RATIONAL CIVILIZATION4 ,!RE IS NO FRE$OM 9 
0WILDNESS0 IF1 BY %E] F]ALITY1 WE MEAN ! DICTATES ( 9BORN 
BEHAVIORAL PATT]NS ?AT %APE M]E ANIMALITY4 ,TO MALIGN CIVILIZATION 
)\T DUE RECOGNITION ( ITS 5ORM\S POT5TIALITIES = SELF-CONSCI\S 
FRE$OM -- A FRE$OM CONF]R$ BY REASON AS WELL AS EMOTION1 BY 9SI<T 
AS WELL AS DESIRE1 BY PROSE AS WELL AS POETRY -- IS TO RETREAT BACK 9TO ! 
%AD[Y WORLD ( BRUTI%NESS1 :5 ?\<T WAS DIM & 9TELLECTION 
WAS ONLY AN EVOLUTION>Y PROMISE4 

,T[>D A ,DEMOCRATIC ,COMMUNALISM 

,MY PICTURE ( LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM IS F> FROM COMPLETE2 ! P]SONALI/IC 
?RU/ ( ?IS IDEOLOGICAL CLAY ALL[S IT TO BE MOLD$ 9 MANY =MS 
PROVID$ ?AT WORDS LIKE IMAG9ATION1 SACR$1 9TUITIVE1 EC/ASY1 & 
PRIMAL EMBELLI% ITS SURFACE4 

,SOCIAL AN>*ISM1 9 MY VIEW1 IS MADE ( FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T 
/UFF1 HEIR TO ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRADITION1 ) DUE REG>D TO ?AT 
TRADITION'S LIMITS & 9COMPLET5ESS4 ,DEP5D+ UPON H[ IT DEF9ES 
REASON1 SOCIAL AN>*ISM CELEBRATES ! ?9K+ HUMAN M9D )\T 
9 ANY WAY D5Y+ PASSION1 EC/ASY1 IMAG9ATION1 PLAY1 & >T4 ,YET 
RA!R ?AN REIFY !M 9TO HAZY CATEGORIES1 IT TRIES TO 9CORPORATE !M 
9TO EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,IT IS COMMITT$ TO RATIONALITY :ILE OPPOS+ ! 
RATIONALIZATION ( EXP]I5CE2 TO TE*NOLOGY1 :ILE OPPOS+ ! 
0MEGAMA*9E02 TO SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONALIZATION1 :ILE OPPOS+ CLASS 
RULE & HI]>*Y2 TO A G5U9E POLITICS BAS$ ON ! CONF$]AL 
COORD9ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES OR COMMUNES BY ! PEOPLE 9 DIRECT 
FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 :ILE OPPOS+ P>LIAM5T>ISM & ! /ATE4 

,?IS 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES10 TO USE A TRADITIONAL SLOGAN ( E>LI] 
REVOLUTIONS1 CAN BE APPROPRIATELY DESIGNAT$ AS ,COMMUNALISM4 
,OPPON5TS ( DEMOCRACY AS 0RULE0 TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+1 
IT DESCRIBES ! DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION ( AN>*ISM AS A MAJORIT>IAN 
ADM9I/RATION ( ! PUBLIC SPH]E4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,COMMUNALISM SEEKS 
FRE$OM RA!R ?AN AUTONOMY 9 ! S5SE ?AT ,I HAVE C\NT]POS$ 
!M4 ,IT %>PLY BREAKS ) ! PSY*O-P]SONAL ,/IRN]ITE1 LIB]AL1 & 
BOHEMIAN EGO AS A SELF-CONTA9$ SOV]EIGN BY ASS]T+ ?AT 
9DIVIDUALITY DOES NOT EM]GE AB NOVO1 DRESS$ AT BIR? 9 0NATURAL 
RI<TS10 BUT SEES 9DIVIDUALIT,Y 9 GREAT P>T AS ! EV]-*ANG+ WORK 
( HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 A PROCESS ( SELF-=MATION ?AT 
CAN BE NEI!R PETRIFI$ BY BIOLOGISM NOR >RE/$ BY TEMPORALLY LIMIT$ 
DOGMAS4 

,! SOV]EIGN1 SELF-SUFFICI5T 09DIVIDUAL0 HAS ALWAYS BE5 A 
PREC>I\S BASIS UPON :I* TO AN*OR A LEFT-LIB]T>IAN \TLOOK4 ,AS 
,MAX ,HORKHEIM] ONCE OBS]V$1 09DIVIDUALITY IS IMPAIR$ :5 EA* 
MAN DECIDES TO F5D = HIMSELF4444 ,! ABSOLUTELY ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL 
HAS ALWAYS BE5 AN ILLUSION4 ,! MO/ E/EEM$ P]SONAL QUALITIES1 SU* 
AS 9DEP5D5CE1 WILL TO FRE$OM1 SYMPA?Y1 & ! S5SE ( JU/ICE1 
>E SOCIAL AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUAL VIRTUES4 ,! FULLY DEVELOP$ 9DIVIDUAL 
IS ! CONSUMMATION ( A FULLY DEVELOP$ SOCIETY40.<#f#e.> 

,IF A LEFT-LIB]T>IAN VISION ( A FUTURE SOCIETY IS NOT TO DISAPPE> 9 A 
BOHEMIAN & LUMP5 DEMIMONDE1 IT MU/ (F] A RESOLUTION TO SOCIAL 
PROBLEMS1 NOT FLIT >ROGANTLY FROM SLOGAN TO SLOGAN1 %IELD+ ITSELF FROM 
RATIONALITY ) BAD POETRY & VULG> GRAPHICS4 ,DEMOCRACY IS NOT 
ANTI!TICAL TO AN>*ISM2 NOR >E MAJORITY RULE & NONCONS5SUAL 
DECISIONS 9COMM5SURABLE ) A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 
,?AT NO SOCIETY CAN EXI/ )\T 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES IS 
TRANSP>5TLY CLE> TO ANYONE :O HAS NOT BE5 /UPEFI$ BY ,/IRN] 
& HIS K9D4 ,BY D5Y+ 9/ITUTIONS & DEMOCRACY1 LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM 
9SULATES ITSELF FROM SOCIAL REALITY1 SO ?AT IT CAN FUME ALL ! MORE 
) FUTILE RAGE1 !REBY REMA9+ A SUBCULTURAL CAP] = GULLIBLE 
Y\? & BOR$ CONSUM]S ( BLACK G>M5TS & EC/ASY PO/]S4 ,TO 
>GUE ?AT DEMOCRACY & AN>*ISM >E 9COMPATIBLE BECAUSE ANY 
IMP$IM5T TO ! WI%ES ( EV5 0A M9ORITY ( ONE0 CON/ITUTES A 
VIOLATION ( P]SONAL AUTONOMY IS TO ADVOCATE NOT A FREE SOCIETY BUT 
,L4 ,SUSAN ,BR[N'S 0COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS0 -- 9 %ORT1 A H]D4 ,NO 
LONG] W\LD 0IMAG9ATION0 COME TO 0P[]40 ,P[]1 :I* ALWAYS EXI/S1 WILL BELONG EI!R TO ! COLLECTIVE 9 A FACE-TO-FACE & CLE>LY 
9/ITUTIONALIZ$ DEMOCRACY1 OR TO ! EGOS ( A FEW OLIG>*S :O WILL 
PRODUCE A 0TYRANNY ( /RUCTURELESSNESS40 444 

,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & MU* ( ,EUROPE1 PRECISELY AT A TIME :5 
MASS DISILLUSIONM5T ) ! /ATE HAS REA*$ UNPREC$5T$ 
PROPORTIONS1 AN>*ISM IS 9 RETREAT4 ,DISSATISFACTION ) GOV]NM5T 
AS SU* RUNS HI< ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,ATLANTIC -- & SELDOM 9 REC5T 
MEMORY HAS !RE BE5 A MORE COMPELL+ POPUL> S5TIM5T = A NEW 
POLITICS1 EV5 A NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION ?AT CAN GIVE TO PEOPLE A S5SE 
( DIRECTION ?AT ALL[S = SECURITY & E?ICAL MEAN+4 ,IF ! FAILURE 
( AN>*ISM TO ADDRESS ?IS SITUATION CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ANY S+LE 
S\RCE1 ! 9SUL>ITY ( LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM & ITS 9DIVIDUALI/IC 
UND]P9N+S MU/ BE S+L$ \T = ABORT+ ! 5TRY ( A POT5TIAL 
LEFT-LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T 9TO AN EV]-CONTRACT+ PUBLIC SPH]E4 

,TO ITS CR$IT1 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 9 ITS HEYDAY TRI$ TO 5GAGE 9 A 
LIV+ PRACTICE & CREATE AN ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T -- SO ALI5 TO LIFE/YLE 
AN>*ISM -- )9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ITS MAJOR PROBLEMS LAY NOT 9 ITS 
DESIRE = /RUCTURE & 9VOLVEM5T1 = PROGRAM & SOCIAL 
MOBILIZATION1 BUT 9 ! WAN+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A REVOLUTION>Y 
SUBJECT1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,TO SAY ?AT AN>*ISM 
LACK$ A POLITICS1 H[EV]1 CONCEIV$ 9 ITS ORIG9AL ,GREEK MEAN+ AS 
! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! COMMUNITY -- ! HI/ORIC 0,COMMUNE ( 
COMMUNES0 -- IS TO REPUDIATE A HI/ORIC & TRANS=MATIVE PRACTICE ?AT 
SEEKS TO RADICALIZE ! DEMOCRACY 9H]5T 9 ANY REPUBLIC & TO CREATE 
A MUNICIPALI/ CONF$]AL P[] TO C\NT]VAIL ! /ATE4 

,! MO/ CREATIVE FEATURE ( TRADITIONAL AN>*ISM IS ITS COMMITM5T 
TO F\R BASIC T5ETS3 A CONF$]ATION ( DEC5TRALIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES2 AN 
UNWAV]+ OPPOSITION TO /ATISM2 A BELIEF 9 DIRECT DEMOCRACY2 & A 
VISION ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUE ?AT 
LEFT-LIB]T>IANISM -- LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM NO LESS ?AN AN>*ISM -- FACES 
TODAY IS3 ,:AT WILL IT DO ) !SE F\R P[]FUL T5ETS8 ,H[ WILL WE 
GIVE !M SOCIAL =M & CONT5T8 ,9 :AT WAYS & BY :AT MEANS 
WILL WE R5D] !M RELEVANT TO \R TIME & BR+ !M TO ! S]VICE 
( AN ORGANIZ$ POPUL> MOVEM5T = EMP[]M5T & FRE$OM8 

,AN>*ISM MU/ NOT BE DISSIPAT$ 9 SELF-9DULG5T BEHAVIOR LIKE 
?AT ( ! PRIMITIVI/IC ,ADAMITES ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 :O 
0W&]$ ?R\< ! WOODS NAK$1 S++ & DANC+10 AS 
,K5NE? ,REXRO? CONTEMPTU\SLY OBS]V$1 SP5D+ 0!IR TIME 9 
A CONT9U\S SEXUAL ORGY0 UNTIL !Y W]E HUNT$ D[N & 
EXT]M9AT$ -- MU* TO ! RELIEF ( A DISGU/$ PEASANTRY1 :OSE 
L&S !Y HAD PLUND]$4 ,IT MU/ NOT RETREAT 9TO ! PRIMITIVI/IC 
DEMIMONDE ( ! ,JOHN ,Z]ZANS & ,GEORGE ,BRAD=DS4 ,I W\LD BE 
! LA/ TO CONT5D ?AT AN>*I/S %\LD NOT LIVE !IR AN>*ISM AS 
MU* AS POSSIBLE ON A DAY-TO-DAY BASIS -- P]SONALLY AS WELL AS SOCIALLY1 
ES!TICALLY AS WELL AS PRAGMATICALLY4 ,BUT !Y %\LD NOT LIVE AN 
AN>*ISM ?AT DIM9I%ES1 9DE$ EFFACES ! MO/ IMPORTANT FEATURES 
?AT HAVE DI/+UI%$ AN>*ISM1 AS A MOVEM5T1 PRACTICE1 & 
PROGRAM1 FROM /ATI/ SOCIALISM4 ,AN>*ISM TODAY MU/ RESOLUTELY 
RETA9 ITS *>ACT] AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T -- A PROGRAMMATIC AS WELL AS 
ACTIVI/ SOCIAL MOVEM5T -- A MOVEM5T ?AT MELDS ITS EMBATTL$ VISION 
( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ) ITS =?RI<T CRITIQUE ( 
CAPITALISM1 UNOBSCUR$ BY NAMES LIKE 09DU/RIAL SOCIETY40 

,9 %ORT1 SOCIAL AN>*ISM MU/ RESOLUTELY AFFIRM ITS DIFF]5CES ) 
LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM4 ,IF A SOCIAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T CANNOT TRANSLATE ITS 
F\RFOLD T5ETS -- MUNICIPAL CONF$]ALISM1 OPPOSITION TO /ATISM1 DIRECT 
DEMOCRACY1 & ULTIMATELY LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM -- 9TO A LIV$ 
PRACTICE 9 A NEW PUBLIC SPH]E2 IF !SE T5ETS LANGUI% LIKE ITS MEMORIES 
( PA/ /RUGGLES 9 C]EMONIAL PRON\NCEM5TS & MEET+S2 WORSE 
/ILL1 IF !Y >E SUBV]T$ BY ! 0LIB]T>IAN0 ,EC/ASY ,9DU/RY & BY 
QUIETI/IC ,ASIAN !ISMS1 !N ITS REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/IC CORE WILL HAVE 
TO BE RE/OR$ UND] A NEW NAME4 

,C]TA9LY1 IT IS ALREADY NO LONG] POSSIBLE1 9 MY VIEW1 TO CALL ONESELF 
AN AN>*I/ )\T ADD+ A QUALIFY+ ADJECTIVE TO DI/+UI% ONESELF 
FROM LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S4 ,M9IMALLY1 SOCIAL AN>*ISM IS RADICALLY AT 
ODDS ) AN>*ISM FOCUS$ ON LIFE/YLE1 NEO-,SITUATIONI/ PEANS TO 
EC/ASY1 & ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! EV]-%RIVEL+ PETTY-B\RGEOIS EGO4 
,! TWO DIV]GE COMPLETELY 9 !IR DEF9+ PR9CIPLES -- SOCIALISM OR 
9DIVIDUALISM4 ,BETWE5 A COMMITT$ REVOLUTION>Y BODY ( IDEAS & 
PRACTICE1 ON ! ONE H&1 & A VAGRANT YE>N+ = PRIVATI/IC EC/ASY 
& SELF-REALIZATION ON ! O!R1 !RE CAN BE NO COMMONALITY4 ,M]E 
OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE MAY WELL UNITE FASCI/IC LUMP5S ) ,/IRN]ITE 
LUMP5S1 A PH5OM5ON ?AT IS NOT )\T ITS HI/ORICAL PREC$5TS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiif 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 

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