,9TRODUCTION #aiigaiig ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,$ITOR 3 ,JANET ,BIEHL ,TEXT 3 ,9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! COLD W>1 9 A WORLD ?AT GLORIFIES M>KETS & COMMODITIES1 IT SOMETIMES SEEMS DIFFICULT TO REMEMB] ?AT G5]ATIONS ( PEOPLE ONCE F\*AIC TODAY1 OR UTOPIAN 9 ! PEJORATIVE S5SE1 ! /UFF ( IDLE DREAMS2 O!RS1 MORE DISMISSIVE1 CONSID] SOCIALISM TO BE AN 9H]5TLY CO]CIVE SY/EM1 ONE :OSE CONSIGNM5T TO ! PA/ IS WELL-DES]V$4 ,YET = A C5TURY PREC$+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 & = NE>LY A HALF C5TURY !REAFT]1 V>I\S K9DS ( SOCIALISM -- /ATI/ & LIB]T>IAN2 ECONOMI/IC & MORAL2 9DU/RIAL & COMMUNALI/IC -- CON/ITUT$ A P[]FUL MASS MOVEM5T = ! TRANS=MATION ( A COMPETITIVE SOCIETY 9TO A COOP]ATIVE ONE -- & = ! CREATION ( A G5]\S & HUMANE SY/EM 9 :I* EMANCIPAT$ HUMAN BE+S C\LD FULFILL !IR CREATIVE & RATIONAL POT5TIALITIES4 ,PEOPLE >E 5DS 9 !IR [N RIE SUB/ANTIVE BE+S1 ) CONSID]$ OP9IONS & DEEP FEEL+S1 NOT MASS-PRODUC$ ?+S ) >TIFICIALLY 9DUC$ NOTIONS & WANTS4 ,PEOPLE CAN & %\LD ?R[ AWAY ! ECONOMIC %ACKLES ?AT B9D !M1 SOCIALI/S >GU$1 CA/ (F ! FICTIONS & UNREALITIES ?AT MY/IFY !M1 & PLAN & CON/RUCT1 DELIB]ATELY & CONSCI\SLY1 A TRULY 5LIITY4 ,MAT]IAL AIMS W\LD BE SECOND>Y TO E?ICAL CONC]NS1 PEOPLE W\LD HAVE RI*1 SPONTANE\S SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ) ONE ANO!R1 & !Y W\LD ACTIVELY & RESPONSIBLY P>TICIPATE 9 MAK+ ALL DECISIONS AB\T !IR LIVES1 RA!R ?AN SUBJECT !MSELVES TO EXT]NAL AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROL4 ,AFT] #aiag A G5]AL 5?USIASM = ! /UNN+ ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION P]VAD$ ALMO/ ALL SECTORS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL LEFT1 SO MU* SO ?AT ! HUMANI/IC IDEALS ( SOCIALISM CAME TO BE ATTA*$ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,9 ! #a#i#cS Y\NG ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUALS GR[+ UP UND] ,DEPRESSION CONDITIONS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! VIBRANT RADICAL POLITICAL CULTURE ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 CUT !IR TEE? ON ! V]SION ( SOCIALISM ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T TAUY /RATEGIES & ,M>XIAN DIALECTICS1 !IR HOPES & PASSIONS SPURR$ BY LIFE5DANG]+ BATTLES AGA9/ A CAPITALI/ SY/EM ?AT SEEM$ ON ! BR9K ( COLLAPSE1 !Y M>%AL$ ALL !IR ABILITIES TO A*IEVE ! C5TURY-OLD SOCIALI/ IDEAL4 ,TRAGICALLY1 9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNISM DEFIL$ ?AT IDEAL4 ,IT COMMITT$ MON/R\S ABUSES 9 ! NAME ( SOCIALISM1 & :5 !SE ABUSES BECAME TOO MU* TO BE> -- ! %[ TRIALS ( #a#i#c#f-#h1 ! BETRAYAL ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 & ! ,HITL]-,/AL9 PACT -- HOPES ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T C\LD U%] 9 A SOCIALI/ WORLD W]E %IPWRECK$4 ,MANY RADICALS1 REEL+ FROM !SE BL[S1 )DREW 9TO PRIVATE LIFE2 O!RS ACCOMMODAT$ !MSELVES TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 EV5 TO ! PO9T ( SUPPORT+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! COLD W>4 ,/ILL O!RS1 :O DID REMA9 ON ! LEFT POLITICALLY1 TURN$ !IR ATT5TION TO MORE LIMIT$ >5AS3 ES!TICS1 OR 0NEW CLASS0 !ORY1 OR ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL SOCIOLOGY4 ,MEAN:ILE1 \TSIDE ! ACADEMY1 :AT REMA9$ ( ! ,M>XIAN LEFT P]SI/$ 9 SMALL GR\PS1 DEFY+ ! PREVAIL+ 0CONS5SUS0 9 FAVOR ( CAPITALISM & ACCOMMODATION4 ,AMONG ! Y\NG 9TELLECTUALS :O HAD EM]G$ FROM ! #a#i#cS ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T1 RELATIVELY FEW RESPOND$ TO ITS FAILURE BY ATTEMPT+ TO KEEP ! C5TURIES-OLD REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ALIVE1 BY ADVANC+ A LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVE TO ,M>XISM1 ONE BETT] SUIT$ TO PURSUE A HUMANE SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 9 ! PO/W> ]A4 ,IT IS A DI/9CTION ( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ?AT 9 !SE YE>S ( DISILLUSION1 DIS5*ANTM5T1 & RETREAT1 HE ATTEMPT$ TO CREATE JU/ SU* AN ALT]NATIVE4 ,BORN 9 ,JANU>Y #aiba 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY TO ,RUSSIAN ,JEWI% IMMIGRANTS1 ,BOOK*9 WAS RAIS$ UND] ! V]Y %AD[ ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 P>TAK+ ( ! EXCITEM5T ?AT IT >\S$ AMONG HIS IMMIGRANT & WORK+-CLASS NEILIE/ YE>S1 HE IMBIB$ LIB]T>IAN IDEAS FROM HIS MAT]NAL GR&MO!R1 :O HAD BE5 A MEMB] ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES1 A QUASI-AN>*I/IC POPULI/ MOVEM5T1 9 CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PLUNG$ DEEP] 9TO ! ,DEPRESSION1 HE 5T]$ ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T'S Y\? ORGANIZATIONS1 SPEAK+ AT /REETCORN] MEET+S1 P>TICIPAT+ 9 R5T /RIKES1 & HELP+ TO ORGANIZE ! UNEMPLOY$1 EV5 AS AN ADOLESC5T1 EV5TUALLY RUNN+ ! $UCATIONAL PROGRAM = HIS BRAN* ( ! ,Y\NG ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,AFT] BREAK+ ) ,/AL9ISM -- 9ITIALLY1 9 #a#i#c#e1 BECAUSE ( ITS CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ POLICIES 7! SO-CALL$ ,POPUL> ,FRONT71 !N CONCLUSIVELY 9 #aicg DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> -- HE TURN$ TO ,TROTSKYISM & LAT] TO LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 JO9+ A GR\P SURR\ND+ ! EXIL$ ,G]MAN ,TROTSKYI/ ,JOSEF ,WEB] 9 ! MID -- #a#i#dS2 HIS E>LIE/ WORKS W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ?IS GR\P'S P]IODICAL1 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,ISSUES4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ,BOOK*9 WAS DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 TRADE UNION ORGANIZ+ 9 NOR!RN ,NEW ,J]SEY1 :]E HE WORK$ = YE>S AS A F\NDRYMAN & AN AUT[ORK]4 7,DUE TO HIS FAMILY'S POV]TY1 HE W5T TO WORK 9 HEAVY 9DU/RY DIRECTLY AFT] HI< S*OOL47 ,9 :ATEV] FACTORY HE WORK$1 HE 5GAG$ 9 UNION ACTIVITIES AS A MEMB] ( ! BURGEON+ & 9T5SELY MILITANT ,CONGRESS ( ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATIONS1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,UNIT$ ,AUTOMOBILE ,WORK]S4 ,DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 ,M>XIAN PRECEPTS HAD SEEM$ TO EXPLA9 CONCLUSIVELY ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION & ! TURBUL5T LABOR 9SURG5CY ?AT >OSE DUR+ ! DECADE1 SEEM+ TO *ALL5GE ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,BUT ,M>XI/ PROGNOSES AB\T ! #a#i#dS W]E GL>+LY UNFULFILL$4 ,!SE PR$ICTIONS HAD IT ?AT ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 LIKE ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 W\LD 5D 9 PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS AMONG ! BELLIG]5T C\NTRIES4 ,BUT ! PROLET>IAT1 F> FROM MAK+ A REVOLUTION 9 ANY ,WE/]N C\NTRY UND] ! BANN] ( 9T]NATIONALISM1 F\ UND] ! BANN] ( NATIONALISM4 ,EV5 ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS AB&ON$ ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS E>LI] SOCIALI/ HI/ORY & F\ FROM COLLAPS+1 CAPITALISM EM]G$ FROM ! W> UNSCA!D & /R5G!N$1 ) MORE /ABILITY ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 = ITS P>T1 WAS CLE>LY F> FROM A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 LET ALONE A COMMUNI/ ONE4 ,F> FROM PLAY+ A REVOLUTION>Y ROLE DUR+ ! W>1 IT WAS ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ 9 SUPPRESS+ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ITS [N NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,F9ALLY1 ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 F> FROM *ALL5G+ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 W]E BECOM+ ASSIMILAT$ 9TO IT4 ,:5 A MAJOR ,G5]AL ,MOTORS /RIKE 9 #aidf 5D$ ) HIS C[ORK]S PLACIDLY ACCEPT+ COMPANY P5SION PLANS & UNEMPLOYM5T B5EFITS1 ,BOOK*9'S DISILLUSIONM5T ) ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T AS A UNIQUELY REVOLUTION>Y =CE WAS COMPLETE1 & HIS YE>S AS A UNION ACTIVI/ CAME TO AN 5D4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 HE CONCLUD$1 W\LD HAVE TO DISP5SE ) ! NOTION ( PROLET>IAN HEGEMONY AS ! COMPELL+ =CE = BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,) ! CONSOLIDATION ( CAPITALISM ON A MASSIVE 9T]NATIONAL SCALE1 ! IDEA ?AT CONFLICT BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL W\LD BR+ CAPITALISM TO AN 5D HAD TO BE CALL$ 9TO S]I\S QUE/ION4 ,TO HIS CR$IT1 ,BOOK*91 FAC$ ) !SE DISPIRIT+ CONDITIONS1 NONE!LESS REFUS$ TO REL9QUI% HIS COMMITM5T TO REVOLUTION4 ,RA!R1 ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 HE FELT1 HAD TO EXPLORE NEW POSSIBILITIES = CREAT+ A FREE COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY & RECLAIM NONAU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM 9 A NEW =M4 ,AN>*ISM1 :OSE HI/ORY HAD LONG 9T]TW9$ ) ?AT ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM1 >GU$ ?AT PEOPLE C\LD MANAGE !IR [N AFFAIRS )\T B5EFIT ( A /ATE1 & ?AT ! OBJECT ( REVOLUTION %\LD BE NOT ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[] BUT ITS DISSOLUTION4 ,9 #a#i#eS ,AM]ICA1 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,MC,C>?Y P]IOD1 ! LEFT G5]ALLY -- ESPECIALLY ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T -- WAS SMALL1 FRAGM5T$1 & SEEM+LY ON ! WANE4 ,YET AN>*ISM'S LIB]T>IAN IDEALS -- 0A /ATELESS1 DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON ! COMMUNAL [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION0.<#a.> -- SEEM$ TO BE ! BASIS1 9 ,BOOK*9'S M9D1 = A VIABLE REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE 9 ! PO/W> ]A4 ,MOV+ DECISIVELY T[>D ?IS LEFT-LIB]T>IAN TRADITION 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! DECADE1 ,BOOK*9 TRI$ TO FREE AN>*ISM ( ITS MORE DAT$ N9ETE5?-C5TURY ASPECTS & RECA/ ITS HONORABLE PR9CIPLES 9 CONTEMPOR>Y T]MS4 0,! FUTURE ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WILL DEP5D UPON ITS ABILITY TO APPLY BASIC LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES TO NEW HI/ORICAL SITUATIONS10 HE WROTE 9 #aifd 4 444 ,LIFE ITSELF COMPELS ! AN>*I/ TO CONC]N HIMSELF 9CREAS+LY ) ! QUALITY ( URBAN LIFE1 ) ! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ALONG HUMANI/IC L9ES1 ) ! SUBCULTURES CREAT$ BY NEW1 (T5 9DEF9ABLE /RATA -- /UD5TS1 UNEMPLOYABLES1 AN IMM5SE BOHEMIA ( 9TELLECTUALS1 & ABOVE ALL A Y\? :I* BEGAN TO GA9 SOCIAL AW>5ESS ) ! PEACE MOVEM5T & CIVIL RILY #a#i#fS4.<#b.> ,EV5 AS HE EMBRAC$ ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 H[EV]1 ,BOOK*9 NEV] 5TIRELY AB&ON$ ,M>X'S BASIC IDEAS4 ,9 EFFECT1 HE DREW ON ! BE/ ( BO? ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM TO SYN!SIZE A COH]5T HYBRID POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ( FRE$OM & COOP]ATION1 ONE ?AT DREW ON BO? 9TELLECTUAL RIGOR & CULTURAL S5SIBILITY1 ANALYSIS & RECON/RUCTION4 ,HE W\LD CALL ?IS SYN!SIS SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,EV5 AS ,BOOK*9 WAS MOV+ T[>D AN AN>*I/ \TLOOK1 ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMY ( ! E>LY #a#i#eS WAS UND]GO+ 5ORM\S EXPANSION1 ) UNPREC$5T$ ECONOMIC ADVANCES ?AT CATAPULT$ EV5 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9TO ! BOOM+ MIDDLE CLASS4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY MILIT>Y SP5D+ ?AT PROPELL$ ?IS GR[?3 ) GOV]NM5T SUPPORT1 SCI5CE & 9DU/RY HAD COMB9$ TO SPAWN A WIDE >RAY ( NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 SUITABLE = CIVILIAN AS WELL AS MILIT>Y USE4 ,!SE NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 SO IT WAS SAID1 SEEM$ POIS$ TO CURE ALL SOCIAL ILLS ( ! TIME1 IF NOT 5G9E] AN 5TIRELY NEW CIVILIZATION4 ,AUTOMOBILES1 FA/ BECOM+ A /&>D CONSUM] ITEM1 W]E PROMIS+ MOBILITY1 SUBURBS1 & JOBS -- GIV+ PLAUSIBILITY1 9 ! EYES ( MANY ,AM]ICANS1 TO ! SLOGAN1 0,:AT'S GOOD = ,G,M IS GOOD = ,AM]ICA40 ,NUCLE> P[]1 IT WAS AV[$1 W\LD MEET ,U,S 5]GY NE$S MORE OR LESS = FREE2 9DE$1 ,LEWIS ,/RAUSS1 ! =M] ,WALL ,/REET 9VE/M5T BANK] :O FIR/ *AIR$ ! ,ATOMIC ,5]GY ,COMMISSION1 PR$ICT$ ?AT ELECTRICITY FROM NUCLE> P[] PLANTS W\LD BECOME 0TOO *EAP TO MET]40 ,MIRACLE GRA9S W\LD FE$ HUMANITY1 & NEW PH>MACEUTICALS W\LD CONTROL =M]LY 9TRACTABLE DISEASES4 ,PETRO*EMICALS & PETRO*EMICAL PRODUCTS -- 9CLUD+ PLA/ICS1 FOOD ADDITIVES1 DET]G5TS1 SOLV5TS1 & ABRASIVES -- W\LD MAKE LIFE COM=TABLE & PROVIDE LABOR-SAV+ CONV5I5CE = EV]YONE4 ,AS = PE/ICIDES1 AS 5VIRONM5TAL HI/ORIAN ,ROB]T ,GOTTLIEB OBS]VES1 !Y W]E 0BE+ T\T$ AS A K9D ( MIRACLE PRODUCT1 SUPPORT$ BY ADV]TIS+ CAMPAIGNS 7',BETT] ,?+S = ,BETT] ,LIV+ ,?R\< ,*EMI/RY'71 BY GOV]NM5T POLICIES DESIGN$ TO 9CREASE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY1 & A M$IA CELEBRATION ( ! WOND]S ( ! NEW TE*NOLOGY40 ,MO/ ( ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC WELCOM$ !SE NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 SEEM+ TO AGREE ) ! DIRECTOR ( ! ,U,S ,GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY1 ,?OMAS ,NOLAN1 ?AT ! NEW TE*NOLOGICAL RES\RCES W]E 09EXHAU/IBLE40.<#c.> ,IT WAS JU/ AT ?IS MOM5T ( COLLECTIVE ANTICIPATION ?AT ,BOOK*9 AUDACI\SLY SUGGE/$ ?AT AN ECOLOGICAL CRISIS LAY ON ! HORIZON4 0,)9 REC5T YE>S10 HE WROTE 9 A LONG #aieb ESSAY1 0! RISE ( LITTLE KN[N & EV5 UNKN[N 9FECTI\S DISEASES1 ! 9CREASE ( DEG5]ATIVE ILLNESSES & F9ALLY ! HI< 9CID5CE ( CANC] SUGGE/S SOME CONNECTION BETWE5 ! GR[+ USE ( *EMICALS 9 FOOD & HUMAN DISEASES40.<#d.> ,! *EMICALS BE+ US$ 9 FOOD ADDITIVES1 HE 9SI/$ 9 0,! ,PROBLEM ( ,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD10 C\LD WELL BE C>C9OG5IC4 ,! NEW ECONOMIC & TE*NOLOGICAL BOOM1 DESPITE ALL ITS ROSY PROMISES1 C\LD ALSO HAVE H>MFUL 5VIRONM5TAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,LITTLE 5VIRONM5TALI/ WRIT+ EXI/$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 !SE YE>S1 AP>T FROM NEO-,MAL?USIAN TRACTS ?AT ISSU$ DIRE W>N+S AB\T OV]POPULATION1 LIKE ,FAIRFIELD ,OSBORN'S ,\R ,PLUND]$ ,PLANET & ,WILLIAM ,VOGT'S ,! ,ROAD TO ,SURVIVAL 7BO? PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#d#h74 ,AL?\< A CONS]VATION MOVEM5T EXI/$1 IT WORK$ PRIM>ILY = ! PRES]VATION ( WILD]NESS >EAS 9 NATIONAL P>KS & %[$ LITTLE 9T]E/ 9 SOCIAL OR POLITICAL ANALYSIS4 ,! EXI/+ LIT]ATURE ON *EMICAL POLLUTION1 = ITS P>T1 WAS SIL5T ON ! DRIV+ ROLE ?AT MOD]N CAPITALISM WAS PLAY+ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T & APPLICATION ( *EMICALS4 ,SO IT WAS ?AT BE=E MO/ ,AM]ICANS EV5 REALIZ$ ?AT AN 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS WAS 9 ! (F+1 ,BOOK*9 WAS TELL+ !M IT WAS4 ,EV5 MORE /RIK+1 HE WAS ALREADY PROB+ ITS S\RCES4 0,! PR9CIPAL MOTIVES = *EMICALS10 HE W>N$1 & ! 0DEM&S IMPOS$ UPON .M.> L&0 >E 0%AP$ NEI!R BY ! NE$S ( ! PUBLIC NOR BY ! LIMITS ( NATURE1 BUT BY ! EXIG5CIES ( PR(IT & COMPETITION40.<#e.> ,! USE ( C>C9OG5IC *EMICALS WAS ROOT$ 9 A PR(ITORI5T$ SOCIETY2 0PR(IT-M9D$ BUS9ESSM50 HAVE PRODUC$ 0ECOLOGICAL DI/URBANCES 444 ?R\<\T ! ,AM]ICAN C\NTRYSIDE4 ,= DECADES1 LUMB] COMPANIES & RAILROADS W]E P]MITT$ A FREE H& 9 DE/ROY+ VALUABLE =E/ L&S & WILDLIFE40.<#f.> ,BOOK*9 HAD NOT ONLY ROOT$ 5VIRONM5TAL DISLOCATIONS 9 MOD]N CAPITALISM -- HE HAD F\ND A NEW LIMIT TO CAPITALI/ EXPANSION1 ONE ?AT HELD ! POT5TIAL TO SUP]S$E ! MIS]Y ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A S\RCE ( FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGE3 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION4 ,AMID ! ,MC,C>?YITE 9TOL]ANCE ( ALL SOCIAL RADICALISM 9 #a#i#e#b1 IT REQUIR$ CONSID]ABLE C\RAGE TO WRITE & PUBLI% A RADICAL SOCIAL ANALYSIS ( 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS4 ,YET NOT ONLY DID ,BOOK*9 WRITE SU* AN ANALYSIS1 HE ADVANC$1 ALBEIT 9 RUDIM5T>Y T]MS1 AN AN>*I/ SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS HE EXPLOR$1 CALL+ = ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( SOCIETY TO C\NT]VAIL ! LOOM+ ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 9 PASSAGES ?AT PRESAGE ! M>RIAGE ( AN>*ISM & ECOLOGY ?AT HE W\LD EXP\ND MORE FULLY TWELVE YE>S LAT]3 ,9 DEC5TRALIZATION EXI/S A REAL POSSIBILITY = DEVELOP+ ! BE/ TRADITIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE & = SOLV+ AGRICULTURAL & NUTRITIONAL DIFFICULTIES ?AT HAVE ?US F> BE5 DELIV]$ TO *EMI/RY4 ,MO/ ( ! FOOD PROBLEMS ( ! WORLD W\LD BE SOLV$ TODAY BY WELL-BALANC$ & R\ND$ COMMUNITIES1 9TELLIG5TLY URBANIZ$1 WELL-EQUIPP$ ) 9DU/RY & ) EASY ACCESS TO ! L&4444 ,! PROBLEM HAS BECOME A SOCIAL PROBLEM -- AN ISSUE CONC]N+ ! MISUSE ( 9DU/RY AS A :OLE4.<#g.> ,= ALMO/ HALF A C5TURY1 ?IS ASS]TION ( ! SOCIAL CAUSES ( ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS1 & ! 9SI/5CE ON !IR SOLUTION BY A REVOLUTION>Y DEC5TRALIZATION ( SOCIETY HAVE REMA9$ CONSI/5T 9 ,BOOK*9'S WRIT+S4 ,HE ELABORAT$ !SE IDEAS FUR!R 9 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T1 A PIONE]+ #aifb WORK ?AT WAS PUBLI%$ FIVE MON?S BE=E ,RA*EL ,C>SON'S ,SIL5T ,SPR+2 UNLIKE ,C>SON'S BOOK1 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T DID NOT LIMIT ITS FOCUS TO PE/ICIDES4 ,A COMPREH5SIVE OV]VIEW ( ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION1 IT ADDRESS$ NOT ONLY ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 FOOD ADDITIVES & CANC] BUT ! IMPACT ( ,X-RADIATION1 RADIONUCLIDES FROM FALL\T1 & ! /RESSES ( URBAN LIFE1 GIV+ A SOCIAL ELABORATION ( :AT 9 ?OSE DAYS WAS CALL$ 0HUMAN ECOLOGY40.<#h.> ,! FRE] POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E ( ! #a#i#fS ALL[$ ,BOOK*9 TO EXPRESS MORE CLE>LY HIS REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE4 ,HIS #aifd ESSAY 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\Y *ANGE AS A SOLUTION TO ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,IT ADVANC$ A CONJUNCTION ( AN>*ISM & ECOLOGY TO CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT W\LD BE HUMANE & FREE1 LIB]T>IAN & DEC5TRALIZ$1 MUTUALI/IC & COOP]ATIVE4 ,9 ITS RANGE & DEP?1 ,BOOK*9'S DIALECTICAL SYN!SIS ( AN>*ISM & ECOLOGY1 :I* HE CALL$ SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 HAD NO EQUAL 9 ! PO/W> 9T]NATIONAL ,LEFT4 ,! FIR/ MAJOR EF=T TO FUZE ECOLOGICAL AW>5ESS ) ! NE$ = FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGE1 & TO L9K A PHILOSOPHY ( NATURE ) A PHILOSOPHY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 IT REMA9S ! MO/ IMPORTANT SU* EF=T TO ?IS DAY4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 DRAW+ ON MULTIPLE DOMA9S ( KN[L$GE1 TRACES ! ROOTS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS TO DISLOCATIONS 9 SOCIETY4 ,AS ,BOOK*9 PUT IT 9 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\E CAUS$ BY ! IMBALANCES HE HAS PRODUC$ 9 ! SOCIAL WORLD40.<#i.> ,?IS 9EXTRICABLE RELATION BETWE5 SOCIETY & ECOLOGY REMA9S A PILL> ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,BUT SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS NOT ONLY A CRITICAL DIM5SION BUT A RECON/RUCTIVE ONE AS WELL4 ,S9CE ! CAUSES ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS >E SOCIAL 9 NATURE1 WE CAN AV]T ! PRES5T DANG] ( ECOLOGICAL DISA/] ONLY BY FUNDAM5TALLY TRANS=M+ ! PRES5T SOCIETY 9TO A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL ONE4 ,9 ?IS SAME #aifd >TICLE1 9 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY0 7WRITT5 ! FOLL[+ YE>71 & 9 MANY SUBSEQU5T WORKS1 ,BOOK*9 DESCRIB$ HIS V]SION ( ! TRULY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT W\LD BE A DEC5TRALIZ$ & MUTUALI/IC ONE1 FREE ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,T[N & C\NTRY W\LD NO LONG] BE OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R BUT W\LD 9/EAD BE 9TEGRAT$4 ,SOCIAL LIFE W\LD BE SCAL$ TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS4 ,POLITICS W\LD BE DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC AT ! COMMUNITY LEVEL1 SO ?AT CITIZ5S CAN MANAGE !IR [N SOCIAL & POLITICAL AFFAIRS ON A FACE-TO-FACE BASIS1 =M+ CONF$]ATIONS TO ADDRESS L>G]-SCALE PROBLEMS4 ,ECONOMIC LIFE W\LD BE COOP]ATIVE & COMMUNAL1 & TE*NOLOGY W\LD ELIM9ATE ON]\S & T$I\S LABOR4 ,BOOK*9 W\LD ELABORATE & REF9E MANY ASPECTS ( ?IS SOCIETY& ! MEANS TO A*IEVE IT -- OV] SUBSEQU5T DECADES4 ,BUT ITS E>LIE/ \TL9ES W]E SKET*$ AS E>LY AS #aifb & DEVELOP$ 9 #aifd & #a#i#f#e4 ,H]E ,BOOK*9 ALSO PROPOS$ ?AT AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY C\LD MAKE USE ( SOL> & W9D P[] AS S\RCES ( 5]GY1 REPLAC+ FOSSIL FUELS4 ,AT ?AT TIME R5EWABLE 5]GY S\RCES -- SOL> & W9D P[]W]E SUBJECTS ( SOME RESE>* & EXP]IM5TATION1 BUT !Y HAD ESS5TIALLY BE5 AB&ON$ AS PRACTICAL ALT]NATIVES TO FOSSIL & NUCLE> FUELS2 NOR DID ! EXI/+ 5VIRONM5TAL LIT]ATURE PAY MU* ATT5TION TO !M4 ,NOT ONLY DID ,BOOK*9 %[ !IR RELEVANCE TO ! SOLUTION ( ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS1 HE /OOD ALONE 9 DEMON/RAT+ !IR 9TEGRAL IMPORTANCE TO ! CREATION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY3 ,TO MA9TA9 A L>GE CITY REQUIRES IMM5SE QUANTITIES ( COAL & PETROLEUM4 ,BY CONTRA/1 SOL>1 W9D1 & TIDAL 5]GY CAN REA* US MA9LY 9 SMALL PACKETS2 EXCEPT = SPECTACUL> TIDAL DAMS1 ! NEW DEVICES SELDOM PROVIDE MORE ?AN A FEW ?\S& KIL[ATT-H\RS ( ELECTRICITY4444 ,TO USE SOL>1 W9D1 & TIDAL P[] EFFECTIVELY1 ! MEGALOPOLIS MU/ BE DEC5TRALIZ$4 ,A NEW TYPE ( COMMUNITY1 C>EFULLY TAILOR$ TO ! *>ACT]I/ICS & RES\RCES ( A REGION1 MU/ REPLACE ! SPRAWL+ URBAN BELTS ?AT >E EM]G+ TODAY4.<#a.> ,!SE R5EWABLE S\RCES ( 5]GY1 9 EFFECT1 HAD F>-REA*+ AN>*I/IC AS WELL AS ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS4 ,! LI/ ( ,BOOK*9'S 9NOVATIONS 9 ECOLOGICAL POLITICS DOES NOT /OP H]E4 ,TO TAKE ANO!R EXAMPLE -- W>N+S ( A GRE5H\SE EFFECT W]E H>DLY COMMON 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS1 YET ,BOOK*9 ISSU$ JU/ SU* A W>N+ 9 #a#i#f#d3 ,IT CAN BE >GU$ ON V]Y S\ND !ORETICAL GR\NDS ?AT ?IS GR[+ BLANKET ( C>BON DIOXIDE1 BY 9T]CEPT+ HEAT RADIAT$ FROM ! E>?1 WILL LEAD TO RIS+ ATMOSPH]IC TEMP]ATURES1 A MORE VIOL5T CIRCULATION ( AIR1 MORE DE/RUCTIVE /ORM PATT]NS1 & EV5TUALLY A MELT+ ( ! POL> ICE CAPS 7POSSIBLY 9 TWO OR ?REE C5TURIES71 RIS+ SEA LEVELS1 & ! 9UNDATION ( VA/ L& >EAS4.<#a#a.> ,BOOK*9 UND]E/IMAT$ ONLY ! TIME FRAME -- & IT IS TE/IMONY TO ! 5ORMITY ( ! ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM ?AT ! DAMAGE ?AT HE ANTICIPAT$ W\LD TAKE C5TURIES TO DEVELOP HAS ACTUALLY DEVELOP$ 9 ONLY A MATT] ( DECADES4 ,BOOK*9 SP5T MU* ( ! #a#i#fS CRISS-CROSS+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,CANADA1 9DEFATIGABLY $UCAT+ ! C\NT]CULTURE & ,NEW ,LEFT AB\T ECOLOGY & ITS REVOLUTION>Y SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! FIR/ ,E>? ,DAY 9 #a#i#g1 FOLL[$ BY ! PUBLICATION ( ,! ,LIMITS TO ,GR[? 9 #a#i#g#b1 SIGNAL$ ! >RIVAL ( ECOLOGY AS A POPUL> ISSUE4 ,BUT 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S A LESS RADICAL1 MORE TE*NOCRATIC APPROA* TO ECOLOGICAL ISSUES CAME TO ! =E1 ONE ?AT1 9 ,BOOK*9'S VIEW1 REPRES5T$ M]E 5VIRONM5TAL T9K]+3 9/EAD ( PROPOS+ TO TRANS=M SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 IT LOOK$ = TE*NOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS TO SPECIFIC 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS4 ,CALL+ ?IS APPROA* RE=MI/IC RA!R ?AN REVOLUTION>Y1 ,BOOK*9 LABEL$ IT 05VIRONM5TALISM10 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO HIS MORE RADICAL 0ECOLOGY40 ,AL?\< SOME HI/ORIES ( ! ECOLOGICAL & 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5TS N[ ASS]T ?AT ,NORWEGIAN PHILOSOPH] ,>NE ,NAESS WAS ! FIR/ TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 5VIRONM5TALISM & ECOLOGY 79 A PAP] ON DEEP ECOLOGY1 PRES5T$ AS A LECTURE 9 #a#i#g#b.<#a#b.>71 ,BOOK*9 MADE ?IS DI/9CTION 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#g#a1 9 0,SPONTANEITY & ,ORGANIZATION10 AN*OR+ IT1 AS ALWAYS1 9 A SOCIAL & POLITICAL MATRIX3 ,I SPEAK1 H]E1 ( ECOLOGY1 NOT 5VIRONM5TALISM4 ,5VIRONM5TALISM DEALS ) ! S]VICEABILITY ( ! HUMAN HABITAT1 A PASSIVE HABITAT ?AT PEOPLE USE1 9 %ORT1 AN ASSEMBLAGE ( ?+S CALL$ 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 & 0URBAN RES\RCES40 ,TAK5 BY !MSELVES1 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES REQUIRE ! USE ( NO GREAT] WISDOM ?AN ! 9/RUM5TALI/ MODES ( ?\E US$ BY CITY PLANN]S1 5G9E]S1 PHYSICIANS1 LAWY]S -- & SOCIALI/S4 ,ECOLOGY1 BY CONTRA/1 444 IS AN \TLOOK ?AT 9T]PRETS ALL 9T]DEP5D5CIES 7SOCIAL & PSY*OLOGICAL AS WELL AS NATURAL7 NONHI]>*ICALLY4 ,ECOLOGY D5IES ?AT NATURE CAN BE 9T]PRET$ FROM A HI]>*ICAL VIEWPO9T4 ,MOREOV]1 IT AFFIRMS ?AT DIV]SITY & SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T >E 5DS 9 !MSELVES1 TO BE RESPECT$ 9 !IR [N RI ,BOOK*9'S CORE POLITICAL PROGRAM REMA9$ F> TOO RADICAL TO GA9 G5]AL SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE 9 ?OSE DECADES4 ,BUT MANY ( HIS REM>KABLY PRESCI5T 9SI CULTURE1 :ILE !IR ORIG9AT+ S\RCE HAS BE5 =GOTT5 OR OBSCUR$4 ,BY ADVANC+ !SE IDEAS :5 HE DID1 ,BOOK*9 EX]CIS$ A /RONG & /EADY 9FLU5CE ON ! 9T]NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( RADICAL ECOLOGICAL ?\E1 !Y >E ONLY P>T ( :AT IS ACTUALLY A L>GE !ORETICAL CORPUS4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( FIVE DECADES1 ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAVE GR[N /EADILY 9 RI*NESS4 ,5COMPASS+ AN?ROPOLOGY & HI/ORY1 POLITICS & SOCIAL CRITICISM1 PHILOSOPHY & NATURAL SCI5CE1 ,BOOK*9'S WORKS EVOKE ! GR& TRADITION ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY G5]ALI/S1 :O C\LD WRITE KN[L$GEABLY ON A MULTIPLICITY ( SUBJECTS -- A TRADITION ?AT IS1 LAM5TABLY1 FA/ DISAPPE>+ 9 ! PRES5T AGE ( S*OL>LY SPECIALIZATION & PO/MOD]NI/ FRAGM5TATION4 ,DRAW+ ON AN?ROPOLOGY & HI/ORY1 ,BOOK*9 EXPLOR$ ! LIB]T>IAN & DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS ?AT C\LD CONTRIBUTE TO ! CREATION ( AN ECOLOGICAL & RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,A 0LEGACY ( FRE$OM10 HE BELIEVES1 HAS RUN LIKE AN UND]CURR5T )9 ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION & 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD1 ) C]TA9 SOCIAL VIRTUES & PRACTICES ?AT >E RELEVANT TO ! SOCIALI/ IDEAL4 ,9 ITS NASC5T =M ?IS LEGACY APPE>S 9 ! 0ORGANIC SOCIETY0 ( PREHI/ORIC ,EUROPE1 ) A CON/ELLATION ( RELATIVELY EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,!SE SOCIETIES W]E DE/ROY$ BY ! RISE ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION & ULTIMATELY BY ! EM]G5CE ( /ATES & ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 >E KEY CONCEPTS 9 ,BOOK*9'S POLITICAL WORK1 = AL?\< 9 HIS VIEW ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS HAS /EMM$ PROXIMATELY FROM A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 ITS ULTIMATE ROOTS LIE 9 SOCIAL HI]>*IES4 ,! IDEOLOGY ( DOM9AT+ ! NATURAL WORLD1 HE HAS LONG MA9TA9$1 IS AN AN?ROPOMORPHIC PROJECTION ( HUMAN SOCIAL DOM9ATION ONTO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,IT C\LD ONLY HAVE /EMM$ HI/ORICALLY FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 & NOT ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS ,BOOK*9'S AN?ROPOLOGICAL1 HI/ORICAL1 & POLITICAL EXPLORATIONS ( ! 0LEGACY ( FRE$OM0 & ! 0LEGACY ( DOM9ATION10 AS HE CALL$ IT1 P]COLAT$ ?R\< RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS -- NOT ONLY ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T BUT ! FEM9I/1 COMMUNIT>IAN1 & AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS AS WELL4 ,! CONCEPT ( HI]>*Y 9 P>TICUL>1 ASSIMILAT$ BY ! C\NT]CULTURE 9TO CONV5TIONAL WISDOM1 HAS BECOME ESS5TIAL TO RADICAL ?\GELY TO ,BOOK*9'S 9SI/5CE ON ITS NATURE & IMPORTANCE 9 MANY LECTURES 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS4 ,BOOK*9'S IDEAS HAVE RETA9$ AN UND]LY+ CONT9UITY OV] ! DECADES1 & IT IS PRECISELY BY UPHOLD+ HIS ORIG9AL PR9CIPLES ?AT HE HAS MA9TA9$ HIS /ALW>T OPPOSITION TO ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/ & HI]>*ICAL SY/EM4 ,AS C\LD BE EXPECT$ ( ANY WRIT] 5GAG$ 9 CONCRETE POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 HIS IDEAS HAVE ALSO *ANG$ OV] TIME2 YET !Y HAVE DONE SO NOT TO EFFECT A COMPROMISE ) ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] BUT TO SU/A9 A REVOLUTION>Y POSITION 9 RESPONSE TO REGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5TS BO? 9 ! L>G] SOCIETY & )9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS = *ANGE4 ,(T5 HE HAS 9ITIAT$ 9TRAMURAL DEBATES BY OBJECT+ TO T5D5CIES ?AT HE CONSID]$ \T ( PLACE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 DUE TO !IR OPPORTUNISM1 !IR ACCOMMODATION TO ! SY/EM1 OR !IR QUIETISM2 HIS FREQU5TLY POLEMICAL /YLE /EMS FROM AN E>NE/ ATTEMPT TO PRES]VE ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSE 9 MOVEM5TS ?AT HOLD POT5TIAL = RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,TO HIS CR$IT1 HE RAIS$ SU* OBJECTIONS EV5 :5 ! T5D5CIES TO :I* HE OBJECT$ W]E ! MORE POPUL> ONES & :5 ACQUIESC5CE W\LD HAVE 5HANC$ HIS [N POPUL>ITY4 ,/ILL1 EV5 AS ! KEY CONCEPTS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY REMA9 FUNDAM5TALLY UN*ANG$ S9CE ! #a#i#fS1 ! MANY DEBATES 9 :I* HE HAS BE5 5GAG$ HAVE PRIM>ILY DEF9$ & %>P5$ !M4 ,IF ANY?+1 HIS IDEAS HAVE BECOME MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ OV] TIME AS A RESULT ( !SE DEBATES4 ,IT IS TYPICAL ( ,BOOK*9 ?AT HIS IDEAS %\LD BECOME HON$ AS A RESULT ( PRACTICAL MOVEM5T EXP]I5CE4 ,DESPITE HIS L>GE BODY ( !ORETICAL WRIT+1 HE IS NO M]E >M*AIR !ORI/4 ,?R\<\T HIS LIFE HE HAS CONSI/5TLY MA9TA9$ AN ACTIVE POLITICAL PRACTICE3 HIS UNION & PROTE/ ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,DEPRESSION DECADE1 HIS LIB]T>IAN ACTIVITIES ( ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS1 HIS MOBILIZATION ( OPPOSITION TO A NUCLE> P[] PLANT PROPOS$ = ,QUE5S 9 #a#i#f#d1 HIS CIVIL RITICIPATION 9 5DLESS DEMON/RATIONS & ACTIONS 9 ! #a#i#fS AGA9/ ! ,VIETNAM W> & 9 SUPPORT ( ECOLOGY & AN>*ISM1 HIS #a#i#gS 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ANT9UCLE> ,CLAM%ELL ,ALLIANCE1 HIS EF=TS TO PRES]VE & EXP& DEMOCRACY 9 HIS ADOPT$ /ATE ( ,V]MONT1 & F9ALLY HIS 9FLU5CE1 9 ! #a#i#hS1 ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,GRE5 MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ABROAD1 TRY+ -- (T5 UNSUCCESSFULLY -- TO KEEP !M ON A RADICAL C\RSE4 ,ONLY 9 HIS EILY CRIPPL+ >?RITIS -- OBLIG$ HIM TO )DRAW FROM ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,YET )DRAWAL FROM ACTIVE POLITICAL WORK HAS NOT MEANT ?AT ,BOOK*9 HAS PUT D[N HIS P54 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 AN ]A ( REACTION1 HE CONT9UES TO D5\NCE T5D5CIES ?AT COMPROMISE ! RADICALISM ( ! ECOLOGICAL & AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS1 BE IT A MY/ICAL 0DEEP ECOLOGY0 OR AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC 0LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM10 BO? ( :I* HE SEES AS P]SONALI/IC & IRRATIONALI/IC DEP>TURES FROM ! SOCIAL1 RATIONAL1 & DEMOCRATIC ECO-AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM HE HAS *AMPION$ = DECADES4 ,) ! EM]G5CE ( ECOLOGICAL-POLITICAL T5D5CIES ?AT EMBRAC$ IRRATIONALISM1 HE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY W\LD NEI!R R5\NCE NOR D5IGRATE REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY4 ,SO CRUCIAL IS ?IS PO9T ?AT HE TODAY PREF]S ! PHRASE 0RATIONAL SOCIETY0 TO O!R LABELS = A FREE SOCIETY1 S9CE A RATIONAL SOCIETY W\LD NECESS>ILY BE ONE ?AT IS ECOLOGICAL4 ,HIS COMMITM5T TO LONG/&+ SOCIALI/ IDEALS1 9=M$ BY ,M>X AS WELL AS BY SOCIAL AN>*I/ ?9K]S1 REMA9S FIRM3 = ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ! SOCIALI/ UTOPIA IS /ILL1 AS HE ONCE SAID1 0! ONLY REALITY ?AT MAKES ANY S5SE40 ,TO ALL HIS WRIT+1 ,BOOK*9 BR+S A PASSIONATE HATR$ ( ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD]1 EXPRESS$ 9 ! CAD5CES ( SIX DECADES ( RADICAL ORATORY4 ,HE BR+S ! GRIM HATR$ ( ! GRUEL+ TOIL ?AT HE EXP]I5C$ 9 FACTORIES1 & ! AC]BIC 9T5SITY ( ONE :O HAS LOOK$ D[N ! B>REL ( A GUN DUR+ #a#i#cS LABOR PROTE/S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE BR+S ! ORIG9ALITY & CREATIVITY ( A ?9K] :O IS L>GELY SELF-TAUXI/S AS A Y\?4 ,HE BR+S TO IT1 9 ?IS AGE ( DIM9I%$ EXPECTATIONS1 ! \TRAGE ( ONE :O CONSI/5TLY *OOSES MORALITY OV] REALPOLITIK1 & HE S]VES AS ! LAC]AT+ CONSCI5CE ( ?OSE :O ONCE HELD REVOLUTION>Y S5TIM5TS BUT HAVE S9CE AB&ON$ !M4 ,A ?OR\< UND]/&+ ( HIS PROJECT W\LD REQUIRE A READ+ ( HIS MO/ IMPORTANT BOOKS4 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7#a#i#g#a7 CONTA9S ! TWO PIVOTAL MID-#a#i#fS ESSAYS M5TION$ 9 ?IS 9TRODUCTION1 :I* 5CAPSULATE SO MANY IDEAS ?AT HE LAT] DEVELOP$ MORE FULLY & ?AT1 9 !IR UNCOMPROMIS+ 9T5SITY1 REMA9 FRE% TO ?IS DAY4 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7#a#i#h#b7 IS AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL ACC\NT NOT ONLY ( ! RISE ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION BUT ( ! 0LEGACY ( FRE$OM10 9CLUD+ ! CULTURAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 & EPI/EMOLOGICAL COMPON5TS ( BO?4 ,AL?\< ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM HAS BE5 H]ALD$ 9 SOME QU>T]S AS ,BOOK*9'S MAGNUM OPUS1 IT HAS BE5 FOLL[$ BY SEV]AL BOOKS ( AT LEA/ EQUAL IMPORTANCE4 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 ESPECIALLY ITS REVIS$ $ITION 7#a#i#i#e71 IS A COLLECTION ( FIVE PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS ON DIALECTICAL NATURALISM1 ! NATURE PHILOSOPHY ?AT UND]P9S HIS POLITICAL & SOCIAL ?\DS IT AS HIS MO/ IMPORTANT WORK TO DATE4 ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY 7 #a#i#h#i7 IS A SUMM>Y OV]VIEW ( HIS IDEAS1 ) EMPHASIS ON !IR AN>*I/ ROOTS4 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES 7:I* HAS PREVI\SLY APPE>$ UND] ! TITLES ,URBANIZATION )\T ,CITIES & ,! ,RISE ( ,URBANIZATION & ! ,DECL9E ( ,CITIZ5%IP7 IS A WIDE-RANG+ EXPOSITION ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 ,BOOK*9'S POLITICAL PROGRAM1 GIV+ MU* ATT5TION TO POPUL> DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONAL =MS 9 ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY4 ,RE-5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY 7#a#i#i#e7 IS HIS DEF5SE ( ! ,5LIIETY ( ANTIHUMANI/IC & IRRATIONALI/IC TR5DS 9 POPUL> CULTURE TODAY4 ,F9ALLY1 HIS ?REE-VOLUME ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION 7( :I* ! FIR/ VOLUME IS ALREADY 9 PR9T AT ! TIME ( WRIT+7 TRACES ! HI/ORY ( POPUL> MOVEM5TS )9 ,EURO,AM]ICAN REVOLUTIONS1 BEG9N+ ) ! PEASANT REVOLTS ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY & CLOS+ ) ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#g4 ,! PRES5T ,READ] BR+S TOGE!R SELECTIONS FROM ,BOOK*9'S MAJOR WRIT+S1 ORGANIZ$ !MATICALLY4 ,EV5 AS ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS IDEAS OV] TIME1 ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ?OSE WORKS ?AT HAVE /OOD ! TE/ ( TIME & ?AT >E MO/ 9 ACCORDANCE ) HIS VIEWS TODAY1 AT ! EXP5SE ( WORKS ?AT1 G5]AT$ 9 ! HEAT ( POLEMIC1 SOMETIMES V]G$ ON ONE-SID$NESS4 ,ALL ( ! SELECTIONS >E EXC]PT$ FROM L>G] WORKS1 & ALL HAVE BE5 PRUN$ 9 SOME WAY1 BE IT TO A*IEVE CONCIS5ESS1 TO ELIM9ATE REPETITION AMONG ! SELECTIONS 9 ?IS BOOK1 OR TO PRODUCE A !MATIC BALANCE AMONG !M4 ,I HAVE V]Y LIILY = REASONS ( SPACE1 ,I HAVE HAD TO CUT ALL TEXTUAL FOOTNOTES1 RETA9+ ONLY ?OSE ?AT CITE A SPECIFIC S\RCE4 ,EXCEPT = !SE NOTES1 ,I HAVE 9DICAT$ ALL CUTS 9 ! TEXT ) ELLIPSIS PO9TS4 ,I HAVE PROVID$ ! S\RCES = ALL ! SELECTIONS 9 ! LI/+ ?AT APPE>S BE=E ?IS 9TRODUCTION4 ,JANET ,BIEHL ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiif 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/