,*APT] #b 
,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,AU?OR 3 ,URSULA ,K4 ,LE ,GU9 

,TEXT 3 

#b4 ,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY 

  

,9 ADDRESS+ ! S\RCES ( \R PRES5T ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 P]HAPS ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL MESSAGE ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY ADVANCES IS ?AT ! V]Y IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE /EMS FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,! PRIM>Y IMPLICATION ( ?IS MO/ BASIC MESSAGE IS A CALL = A POLITICS & EV5 AN ECONOMICS ?AT (F] A DEMOCRATIC ALT]NATIVE TO ! NATION-/ATE & ! M>KET SOCIETY4 ,H]E ,I (F] A BROAD SKET* ( !SE ISSUES TO LAY ! GR\NDWORK = ! *ANGES NECESS>Y 9 MOV+ T[>D A FREE & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,FIR/1 ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL R\TE TO A RESOLUTION ( \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IS SOCIAL 9 *>ACT]4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 IF WE >E FAC$ ) ! PROSPECT ( \TRI<T ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE1 T[>D :I* SO MANY KN[L$GEABLE PEOPLE & 9/ITUTIONS CLAIM WE >E HEAD$ TODAY1 IT IS BECAUSE ! HI/ORIC DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN HAS BE5 EXT5D$ \TW>D FROM SOCIETY 9TO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,UNTIL DOM9ATION AS SU* IS REMOV$ FROM SOCIAL LIFE & REPLAC$ BY A TRULY COMMUNIT>IAN1 EGALIT>IAN1 & %>+ SOCIETY1 P[]FUL IDEOLOGICAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 & SY/EMIC =CES WILL BE US$ BY ! EXI/+ SOCIETY TO DEGRADE ! 5VIRONM5T1 9DE$ ! 5TIRE BIOSPH]E4 ,H5CE1 MORE ?AN EV] TODAY1 IT IS IMP]ATIVE ?AT WE DEVELOP ! CONSCI\SNESS & ! MOVEM5T TO REMOVE DOM9ATION FROM SOCIETY1 9DE$ FROM \R EV]YDAY LIVES--9 RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! Y\NG & ! ELD]LY1 BETWE5 WOM5 & M51 9 $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS & WORKPLACES1 & 9 \R ATTITUDE T[>D ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,TO P]MIT ! POISON ( DOM9ATION--& A DOM9E]+ S5SIBILITY--TO P]SI/ IS1 AT ?IS TIME1 TO IGNORE ! MO/ BASIC ROOTS ( \R ECOLOGICAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL PROBLEMS & !IR S\RCES1 :I* CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! V]Y 9CEPTION ( \R CIVILIZATION4 

,SECOND1 & MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ! MOD]N M>KET SOCIETY ?AT WE CALL CAPITALISM & ITS ALT] EGO1 0/ATE SOCIALISM10 HAVE BR\<T ALL ! HI/ORIC PROBLEMS ( DOM9ATION TO A HEAD4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS 0GR[ OR DIE0 M>KET ECONOMY MU/ 9EXORABLY LEAD TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! NATURAL BASIS = COMPLEX LIFE =MS1 9CLUD+ HUMANITY4 ,IT IS ALL TOO COMMON !SE DAYS1 H[EV]1 TO S+LE \T EI!R POPULATION GR[? OR TE*NOLOGY1 OR BO?1 TO BLAME = ! ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS ?AT BESET US4 ,BUT WE CANNOT S+LE \T EI!R ( !SE AS 0CAUSES0 ( PROBLEMS :OSE MO/ DEEP-SEAT$ ROOTS ACTUALLY LIE 9 ! M>KET ECONOMY4 ,ATTEMPTS TO FOCUS ON !SE ALLEG$ 0CAUSES0 >E SC&AL\SLY DECEPTIVE & %IFT \R FOCUS AWAY FROM ! SOCIAL ISSUES WE MU/ RESOLVE4 

,9 ! ,AM]ICAN EXP]I5CE1 PEOPLE ONLY A G5]ATION OR TWO REMOV$ FROM MY [N SLA%$ !IR WAY ?R\< ! VA/ =E/S ( ! ,WE/1 NE>LY EXT]M9AT$ MILLIONS ( BISON1 PL[$ F]TILE GRASSL&S1 & LAID WA/E TO A VA/ P>T ( A CONT95T--ALL US+ ONLY H& AXES1 SIMPLE PL[S1 HORSE-DRAWN VEHICLES1 & SIMPLE H& TOOLS4 ,IT REQUIR$ NO TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION TO CREATE ! PRES5T DEVA/ATION ( :AT HAD ONCE BE5 A VA/ & FECUND REGION CAPABLE1 ) RATIONAL MANAGEM5T1 ( SU/A9+ BO? HUMAN & NONHUMAN LIFE4 ,:AT BR\<T SO MU* RU9 TO ! L& WAS NOT ! TE*NOLOGICAL IMPLEM5TS ?AT ?OSE E>LI] G5]ATIONS ( ,AM]ICANS US$ BUT ! 9SANE DRIVE ( 5TREPR5EURS TO SUCCE$ 9 ! BITT] /RUGGLE ( ! M>KETPLACE1 TO EXP& & DEV\R ! RI*ES ( !IR COMPETITORS LE/ !Y BE DEV\R$ 9 TURN BY !IR RIVALS4 ,9 MY [N LIFETIME1 MILLIONS ( SMALL ,AM]ICAN F>M]S W]E DRIV5 FROM !IR HOMES NOT ONLY BY NATURAL DISA/]S BUT BY HUGE AGRICULTURAL CORPORATIONS ?AT TURN$ SO MU* ( ! L&SCAPE 9TO A VA/ 9DU/RIAL SY/EM = CULTIVAT+ FOOD4 

,NOT ONLY HAS A SOCIETY BAS$ ON 5DLESS1 WA/EFUL GR[? DEVA/AT$ 5TIRE REGIONS1 9DE$ A CONT95T1 ) ONLY A SIMPLE TE*NOLOGY1 ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IT HAS PRODUC$ IS SY/EMIC--& NOT A MATT] ( MIS9=MATION1 SPIRITUAL 9S5SITIVITY1 OR LACK ( MORAL 9TEGRITY4 ,! PRES5T SOCIAL ILLNESS LIES NOT ONLY 9 ! \TLOOK ?AT P]VADES ! PRES5T SOCIETY2 IT LIES ABOVE ALL 9 ! V]Y /RUCTURE & LAW ( LIFE 9 ! SY/EM ITSELF1 9 ITS IMP]ATIVE1 :I* NO 5TREPR5EUR OR CORPORATION CAN IGNORE )\T FAC+ DE/RUCTION3 GR[?1 MORE GR[?1 & /ILL MORE GR[?4 ,BLAM+ TE*NOLOGY = ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS S]VES1 H[EV] UN9T5TIONALLY1 TO BL9D US TO ! WAYS TE*NOLOGY C\LD 9 FACT PLAY A CREATIVE ROLE 9 A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,9 SU* A SOCIETY1 ! 9TELLIG5T USE ( A SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOLOGY W\LD BE DIRELY NE$$ TO RE/ORE ! VA/ ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE ?AT HAS ALREADY BE5 9FLICT$ ON ! BIOSPH]E1 MU* ( :I* WILL NOT REPAIR ITSELF )\T CREATIVE HUMAN 9T]V5TION4 

,ALONG ) TE*NOLOGY1 POPULATION IS COMMONLY S+L$ \T = BLAME AS AN ALLEG$ 0CAUSE0 ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,BUT POPULATION IS BY NO MEANS ! OV]:ELM+ ?REAT ?AT SOME DISCIPLES ( ,MAL?US 9 TODAY'S ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,PEOPLE DO NOT REPRODUCE LIKE ! FRUIT FLIES ?AT >E SO (T5 CIT$ AS EXAMPLES ( M9DLESS REPRODUCTIVE GR[?4 ,!Y >E PRODUCTS ( CULTURE1 AS WELL AS BIOLOGICAL NATURE4 ,GIV5 DEC5T LIV+ /&>DS1 REASONABLY $UCAT$ FAMILIES (T5 HAVE FEW] *ILDR5 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE ! QUALITY ( !IR LIVES4 ,GIV5 $UCATION1 MOREOV]1 & A CONSCI\SNESS ( G5D] OPPRESSION1 WOM5 NO LONG] ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE R$UC$ TO M]E REPRODUCTIVE FACTORIES4 ,9/EAD1 !Y /AKE \T CLAIMS AS HUMANS ) ALL ! RI<TS TO MEAN+FUL & CREATIVE LIVES4 ,IRONICALLY1 TE*NOLOGY HAS PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ELIM9AT+ ! DOME/IC DRUDG]Y ?AT = C5TURIES CULTURALLY /UPEFI$ WOM5 & R$UC$ !M TO M]E S]VANTS ( M5 & M5'S DESIRE TO HAVE *ILDR5--PREF]ABLY SONS1 TO BE SURE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 EV5 IF POPULATION W]E TO DECL9E = AN UNSPECIFI$ REASON1 ! L>GE CORPORATIONS W\LD TRY TO GET PEOPLE TO BUY MORE & /ILL MORE TO R5D] ECONOMIC EXPANSION POSSIBLE4 ,FAIL+ TO ATTA9 A L>GE 5\< DOME/IC CONSUM]S M>KET 9 :I* TO EXP&1 CORPORATE M9DS W\LD TURN TO 9T]NATIONAL M>KETS--OR TO ?AT MO/ LUCRATIVE ( ALL M>KETS1 ! MILIT>Y4 

,F9ALLY1 WELL-MEAN+ PEOPLE :O REG>D ,NEW ,AGE MORALISM1 PSY*O!RAPEUTIC APPROA*ES1 OR P]SONAL LIFE/YLE *ANGES AS ! KEY TO RESOLV+ ! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS >E DE/9$ TO BE TRAGICALLY DISAPPO9T$4 ,NO MATT] H[ MU* ?IS SOCIETY PA9TS ITSELF GRE5 OR ORATES ON ! NE$ = AN ECOLOGICAL \TLOOK1 ! WAY SOCIETY LIT]ALLY BREA!S CANNOT BE UNDONE UNLESS IT UND]GOES PR(\ND /RUCTURAL *ANGES3 NAMELY1 BY REPLAC+ COMPETITION ) COOP]ATION1 & PR(IT-SEEK+ ) RELATION%IPS BAS$ ON %>+ & MUTUAL CONC]N4 ,GIV5 ! PRES5T M>KET ECONOMY1 A CORPORATION OR 5TREPR5EUR :O TRI$ TO PRODUCE GOODS 9 ACCORDANCE ) EV5 A M9IMALLY DEC5T ECOLOGICAL \TLOOK W\LD RAPIDLY BE DEV\R$ BY A RIVAL 9 A M>KETPLACE :OSE SELECTIVE PROCESS ( COMPETITION REW>DS ! MO/ VILLA9\S AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MO/ VIRTU\S4 ,AFT] ALL1 0BUS9ESS IS BUS9ESS10 AS ! MAXIM HAS IT4 ,& BUS9ESS ALL[S NO ROOM = PEOPLE :O >E RE/RA9$ BY CONSCI5CE OR MORAL QUALMS1 AS ! MANY SC&ALS 9 ! 0BUS9ESS COMMUNITY0 ATTE/4 ,ATTEMPT+ TO W9 ! 0BUS9ESS COMMUNITY0 TO AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 LET ALONE TO ECOLOGICALLY B5EFICIAL PRACTICES1 W\LD BE LIKE ASK+ PR$ATORY %>KS TO LIVE ON GRASS OR 0P]SUAD+0 LIONS TO LOV+LY LIE D[N BESIDE LAMBS4 

,! FACT IS ?AT WE >E CONFRONT$ BY A ?OR\<LY IRRATIONAL SOCIAL SY/EM1 NOT SIMPLY BY PR$ATORY 9DIVIDUALS :O CAN BE WON OV] TO ECOLOGICAL IDEAS BY MORAL >GUM5TS1 PSY*O!RAPY1 OR EV5 ! *ALL5GES ( A TR\BL$ PUBLIC TO !IR PRODUCTS & BEHAVIOR4 ,IT IS LESS ?AT !SE 5TREPR5EURS CONTROL ! PRES5T SY/EM ( SAVAGE COMPETITION & 5DLESS GR[? ?AN IT IS ?AT ! PRES5T SY/EM ( SAVAGE COMPETITION & GR[? CONTROLS !M4 ,! /AGNATION ( ,NEW ,AGE IDEOLOGY TODAY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ATTE/S TO ITS TRAGIC FAILURE TO 0IMPROVE0 A SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT MU/ BE COMPLETELY REPLAC$ IF WE >E TO RESOLVE \R ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,ONE CAN ONLY COMM5D ! 9DIVIDUALS :O BY VIRTUE ( !IR CONSUMPTION HABITS1 RECYCL+ ACTIVITIES1 & APPEALS = A NEW S5SIBILITY UND]TAKE PUBLIC ACTIVITIES TO /OP ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION4 ,EA* SURELY DOES HIS OR H] P>T4 ,BUT IT WILL REQUIRE A MU* GREAT] EF=T--AN ORGANIZ$1 CLE>LY CONSCI\S1 & =W>D-LOOK+ POLITICAL MOVEM5T--TO MEET ! BASIC *ALL5GES POS$ BY \R AGGRESSIVELY ANTI-ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,YES1 WE AS 9DIVIDUALS %\LD *ANGE \R LIFE/YLES AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 BUT IT IS ! UTMO/ %ORTSI<T$NESS TO BELIEVE ?AT ?AT IS ALL1 OR EV5 PRIM>ILY1 :AT WE HAVE TO DO4 ,WE NE$ TO RE/RUCTURE ! 5TIRE SOCIETY1 EV5 AS WE 5GAGE 9 LIFE/YLE *ANGES & S+LE-ISSUE /RUGGLES AGA9/ POLLUTION1 NUCLE> P[] PLANTS1 ! EXCESSIVE USE ( FOSSIL FUELS1 ! DE/RUCTION ( SOIL1 & SO =?4 ,WE MU/ HAVE A COH]5T ANALYSIS ( ! DEEP-SEAT$ HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS & SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION1 AS WELL AS ( CLASS RELATION%IPS & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ?AT DEGRADE PEOPLE AS WELL AS ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,H]E1 WE MU/ MOVE BEYOND ! 9SI<TS PROVID$ BY ! ,M>XI/S1 SYNDICALI/S1 & EV5 MANY LIB]AL ECONOMI/S :O = YE>S R$UC$ MO/ SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS & PROBLEMS TO CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,CLASS /RUGGLE & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION /ILL EXI/1 & ,M>XI/ CLASS ANALYSIS REVEALS 9EQUITIES AB\T ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] ?AT >E 9TOL]ABLE4 

,BUT ! ,M>XIAN & LIB]AL BELIEF ?AT CAPITALISM HAS PLAY$ A 0REVOLUTION>Y ROLE0 9 DE/ROY+ TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES & ?AT TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES SEEK+ TO 0CONQU]0 NATURE >E A PRECONDITION = FRE$OM R+S T]RIBLY HOLL[ TODAY :5 MANY ( !SE V]Y ADVANCES >E BE+ US$ TO MAKE ! MO/ =MIDABLE WEAPONS & MEANS ( SURVEILLANCE ! WORLD HAS EV] SE54 ,NOR C\LD ! ,M>XIAN SOCIALI/S ( ! #a#i#cS HAVE ANTICIPAT$ H[ SUCCESSFULLY CAPITALISM W\LD USE ITS TE*NOLOGICAL PR[ESS TO CO-OPT ! WORK+ CLASS & EV5 DIM9I% ITS NUMB]S 9 RELATION%IP TO ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION4 

,YES1 CLASS /RUGGLES /ILL EXI/1 BUT !Y OCCUR F>!R & F>!R BEL[ ! ?RE%OLD ( CLASS W>4 ,WORK]S1 AS ,I CAN ATTE/ FROM MY [N EXP]I5CE AS A F\NDRYMAN & AS AN AUT[ORK] = ,G5]AL ,MOTORS1 DO NOT REG>D !MSELVES AS M9DLESS ADJUNCTS TO MA*9ES OR AS FACTORY DWELL]S OR EV5 AS 09/RUM5TS ( HI/ORY10 AS ,M>XI/S MI<T PUT IT4 ,!Y REG>D !MSELVES AS LIV+ HUMAN BE+S3 AS FA!RS & MO!RS1 AS SONS & DAU<T]S1 AS PEOPLE ) DREAMS & VISIONS1 AS MEMB]S ( COMMUNITIES--NOT ONLY ( TRADE UNIONS4 ,LIV+ 9 T[NS & CITIES1 !IR EM95TLY HUMAN ASPIRATIONS GO WELL BEYOND !IR 0HI/ORIC ROLE0 AS CLASS AG5TS ( 0HI/ORY40 ,!Y SUFF] FROM ! POLLUTION ( !IR COMMUNITIES AS WELL AS FROM !IR FACTORIES1 & !Y >E AS CONC]N$ AB\T ! WELF>E ( !IR *ILDR51 COMPANIONS1 NEI<BORS1 & COMMUNITIES AS !Y >E AB\T !IR JOBS & WAGE SCALES4 

,! OV]LY ECONOMI/IC FOCUS ( TRADITIONAL SOCIALISM & SYNDICALISM HAS 9 REC5T YE>S CAUS$ !SE MOVEM5TS TO LAG BEH9D EM]G+ ECOLOGICAL ISSUES & VISIONS--AS !Y LAGG$1 ,I MAY ADD1 BEH9D FEM9I/ CONC]NS1 CULTURAL ISSUES1 & URBAN ISSUES1 ALL ( :I* (T5 CUT ACROSS CLASS L9ES TO 9CLUDE MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE1 9TELLECTUALS1 SMALL PROPRIETORS1 & EV5 SOME B\RGEOIS4 ,!IR FAILURE TO CONFRONT HI]>*Y--NOT ONLY CLASS & DOM9ATION1 NOT ONLY ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION--HAS (T5 ALI5AT$ WOM5 FROM SOCIALISM & SYNDICALISM TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y AWAK5$ TO ! AGES-OLD REALITY ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 OPPRESS$ IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR CLASS /ATUS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 BROAD COMMUNITY CONC]NS LIKE POLLUTION AFFLICT PEOPLE AS SU*1 :ATEV] ! CLASS TO :I* !Y BELONG4 ,DISA/]S LIKE ! MELTD[N ( ! ,*]NOBYL REACTOR 9 ,UKRA9E JU/LY PANICK$ EV]YONE EXPOS$ TO RADIATION FROM ! PLANT1 NOT SIMPLY WORK]S & PEASANTS4 

,9DE$1 EV5 IF WE W]E TO A*IEVE A CLASSLESS SOCIETY FREE ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 W\LD WE READILY A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY8 ,W\LD WOM51 Y\NG PEOPLE1 ! 9FIRM1 ! ELD]LY1 PEOPLE ( COLOR1 V>I\S OPPRESS$ E?NIC GR\PS--! LI/ IS1 9 FACT1 5ORM\S--BE FREE ( DOM9ATION8 ,! ANSW] IS A CATEGORICAL NO--A FACT TO :I* WOM5 CAN C]TA9LY ATTE/1 EV5 )9 ! SOCIALI/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS !MSELVES4 ,)\T ELIM9AT+ ! ANCI5T HI]>*ICAL & DOM9E]+ /RUCTURES FROM :I* CLASSES & ! /ATE ACTUALLY EM]G$1 WE W\LD HAVE MADE ONLY A P>T ( ! *ANGES NE$$ TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,!RE W\LD /ILL BE A HI/ORIC TOXICANT 9 A SOCIALI/ OR SYNDICALI/ SOCIETY--HI]>*Y--?AT W\LD CONT9UALLY ]ODE ITS HI<E/ IDEALS1 NAMELY1 ! A*IEVEM5T ( A TRULY FREE & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ DISQUIET+ FEATURE ( MANY RADICAL GR\PS TODAY1 P>TICUL>LY SOCIALI/S :O MAY ACCEPT ! =EGO+ OBS]VATION1 IS !IR COMMITM5T TO AT LEA/ A M9IMAL /ATE ?AT W\LD COORD9ATE & ADM9I/] A CLASSLESS & EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY--A NONHI]>*ICAL ONE1 NO LESS6 ,ONE HE>S ?IS >GUM5T FROM ,&RE ,GORZ & MANY O!RS :O1 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE ( ! 0COMPLEXITIES0 ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 CANNOT CONCEIVE ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( ECONOMIC AFFAIRS )\T SOME K9D ( CO]CIVE ME*ANISM1 ALBEIT ONE ) A 0HUMAN FACE40 

,?IS LOGI/ICAL & 9 SOME CASES FRANKLY AU?ORIT>IAN VIEW ( ! HUMAN CONDITION 7AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,>NE ,NAESS1 ! FA!R ( ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY7 REM9DS ONE ( A DOG *AS+ ITS TAIL4 ,SIMPLY BECAUSE ! 0TAIL0 IS !RE--A METAPHOR = ECONOMIC 0COMPLEXITY0 OR M>KET SY/EMS ( DI/RIBUTION--DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! METAPHORICAL 0DOG0 MU/ *ASE IT 9 CIRCLES ?AT LEAD NO:]E4 ,! 0TAIL0 WE HAVE TO WORRY AB\T CAN BE RATIONALLY SIMPLIFI$ BY R$UC+ OR ELIM9AT+ COMM]CIAL BUREAUCRACIES1 NE$LESS RELIANCE ON GOODS FROM ABROAD ?AT CAN BE PRODUC$ BY RECYCL+ AT HOME1 & ! UND]UTILIZATION ( LOCAL RES\RCES ?AT >E N[ IGNOR$ BECAUSE !Y >E NOT 0COMPETITIVELY0 PRIC$3 9 %ORT1 ELIM9AT+ ! VA/ P>APH]NALIA ( GOODS & S]VICES ?AT MAY BE 9DISP5SABLE TO PR(IT-MAK+ & COMPETITION BUT NOT TO ! RATIONAL DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS 9 A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,! PA9FUL REALITY IS ?AT MO/ EXCUSES 9 RADICAL !ORY = PRES]V+ A 0M9IMAL /ATE0 /EM FROM ! MYOPIC VISIONS ( ECOSOCIALI/S :O CAN ACCEPT ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE AS IT IS TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R--NOT AS IT %\LD BE 9 A MORAL ECONOMY4 ,SO CONCEIV$1 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION SEEM MORE =MIDABLE--) !IR BUREAUCRATIC MA*9]Y1 IRRATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 & 0GLOBAL0 NATURE--?AN !Y ACTUALLY NE$ BE4 ,IT W\LD TAKE NO GREAT WISDOM OR >RAY ( COMPUT]S TO %[ ) EV5 A GRA9 ( IMAG9ATION H[ ! PRES5T 0GLOBAL0 SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION CAN BE SIMPLIFI$ & /ILL PROVIDE A DEC5T /&>D ( LIV+ = EV]YONE4 ,9DE$1 IT TOOK ONLY SOME FIVE YE>S TO REBUILD A RU9$ ,G]MANY AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 F> LONG] ?AN IT W\LD REQUIRE ?9K+ PEOPLE TODAY TO REMOVE ! /ATI/ & BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS = ADM9I/]+ ! GLOBAL DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & RES\RCES4 

,:AT IS EV5 MORE DISQUIET+ IS ! NAIVE BELIEF ?AT A 0M9IMAL /ATE0 C\LD 9DE$ REMA9 0M9IMAL40 ,IF HI/ORY HAS %[N ANY?+1 IT IS ?AT ! /ATE1 F> FROM BE+ ONLY AN 9/RUM5T ( A RUL+ ELITE1 BECOMES AN ORGANISM 9 ITS [N RI<T ?AT GR[S AS UNREL5T+LY AS A CANC]4 ,AN>*ISM1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 HAS EXHIBIT$ A PRESCI5CE ?AT DISCLOSES ! T]RIFY+ WEAKNESS ( ! TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ COMMITM5T TO A /ATE--PROLET>IAN1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC1 OR 0M9IMAL40 ,TO CREATE A /ATE IS TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE P[] 9 ! =M ( A MA*9E ?AT EXI/S AP>T FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS TO PR(ESSIONALIZE RULE & POLICYMAK+1 TO CREATE A DI/9CT 9T]E/ 7BE IT ( BUREAUCRATS1 DEPUTIES1 COMMISS>S1 LEGISLATORS1 ! MILIT>Y1 ! POLICE1 AD NAUSEAM7 ?AT1 H[EV] WEAK OR H[EV] WELL 9T5TION$ IT MAY BE AT FIR/1 EV5TUALLY TAKES ON A CORRUPTIVE P[] ( ITS [N4 ,:51 OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 HAVE /ATES--H[EV] 0M9IMAL0--EV] DISSOLV$ !MSELVES OR CON/RA9$ !IR [N GR[? 9TO MASSIVE MALIGNANCIES8 ,:5 HAVE !Y EV] REMA9$ 0M9IMAL08 

,! DET]IORATION ( ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S--! SO-CALL$ 0NONP>TY P>TY0 ?AT1 AFT] ITS ACQUISITION ( A PLACE 9 ! ,BUNDE/AG1 HAS N[ BECOME A CRUDE POLITICAL MA*9E--IS DRAMATIC EVID5CE ?AT P[] CORRUPTS ) A V5GEANCE4 ,! IDEALI/S :O HELP$ F\ND ! ORGANIZATION & S\<T TO USE ! ,BUNDE/AG M]ELY AS A 0PLAT=M0 = !IR RADICAL MESSAGE HAVE BY N[ EI!R LEFT IT 9 DISGU/ OR HAVE !MSELVES BECOME RA!R UNSAVORY EXAMPLES ( WANTON POLITICAL C>E]ISM4 ,ONE W\LD HAVE TO BE UTT]LY NAIVE OR SIMPLY BL9D TO ! LESSONS ( HI/ORY TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ! /ATE1 0M9IMAL0 OR NOT1 ABSORBS & ULTIMATELY DIGE/S EV5 ITS MO/ WELL-MEAN+ CRITICS ONCE !Y 5T] IT4 ,IT IS NOT ?AT /ATI/S USE ! /ATE TO ABOLI% IT OR 0M9IMALIZE0 ITS EFFECTS2 IT IS1 RA!R1 ! /ATE ?AT CORRUPTS EV5 ! MO/ IDEALI/IC ANTI/ATI/S :O FLIRT ) IT4 

,F9ALLY1 ! MO/ DI/URB+ FEATURE ( /ATISM--EV5 0M9IMAL /ATISM0--IS ?AT IT COMPLETELY UND]M9ES A POLITICS BAS$ ON CONF$]ALISM4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ UN=TUNATE FEATURES ( TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ HI/ORY1 ,M>XIAN & O!RWISE1 IS ?AT IT EM]G$ 9 AN ]A ( NATION-/ATE BUILD+4 ,! ,JACOB9 MODEL ( A C5TRALIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y /ATE WAS ACCEPT$ ALMO/ UNCRITICALLY BY N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIALI/S & BECAME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION--A TRADITION1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT MI/AK5LY ASSOCIAT$ ITSELF ) ! NATIONALI/IC EMPHASIS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 AS SE5 9 ! 0,M>SEILLAISE0 & 9 ITS ADULATION ( LA PATRIE4 ,M>X'S VIEW ?AT ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION WAS BASICALLY A MODEL = =MULAT+ A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY--HE MI/AK5LY CLAIM$ ?AT ITS ,JACOB9 =M WAS ! MO/ 0CLASSICAL0 ( ! 0B\RGEOIS0 REVOLUTIONS--HAS HAD A DISA/R\S EFFECT UPON ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION4 ,L59 ADAPT$ ?IS VISION SO COMPLETELY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E RI<TLY CONSID]$ ! 0,JACOB9S0 ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 & ( C\RSE1 ,/AL9 US$ TE*NIQUES SU* AS PURGES1 %[ TRIALS1 & BRUTE =CE ) LE?AL EFFECTS = ! SOCIALI/ PROJECT AS A :OLE4 

,! NOTION ?AT HUMAN FRE$OM CAN BE A*IEV$1 MU* LESS P]PETUAT$1 ?R\< A /ATE ( ANY K9D IS MON/R\SLY OXYMORONIC--A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,ATTEMPTS TO JU/IFY ! EXI/5CE ( A CANC]\S PH5OM5ON LIKE ! /ATE & ! USE ( /ATI/ MEASURES OR 0/ATECRAFT0--SO (T5 MI/AK5LY CALL$ 0POLITICS10 :I* IS ACTUALLY ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! POLIS--EXCLUDE A RADICALLY DIFF]5T =M ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T1 NAMELY1 CONF$]ALISM4 ,9 FACT1 = C5TURIES1 DEMOCRATIC =MS ( CONF$]ALISM1 9 :I* MUNICIPALITIES W]E COORD9AT$ BY M&AT$ & RECALLABLE DEPUTIES :O W]E ALWAYS UND] PUBLIC SCRUT9Y1 HAVE COMPET$ ) /ATI/ =MS & CON/ITUT$ A *ALL5G+ ALT]NATIVE TO C5TRALIZATION1 BUREAUCRATIZATION1 & ! PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( P[] 9 ! H&S ( ELITE BODIES4 ,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT CONF$]ALISM %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) F$]ALISM1 :I* IS SIMPLY A CONT9UATION ( NATION-/ATES 9 A NETWORK ( AGREEM5TS ?AT PRES]VE ! PR]OGATIVES ( POLICYMAK+ ) LITTLE IF ANY CITIZ5 9VOLVEM5T4 ,F$]ALISM IS SIMPLY ! /ATE WRIT L>GE1 9DE$1 ! FUR!R C5TRALIZATION ( ALREADY C5TRALIZ$ /ATES1 AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' F$]AL REPUBLIC1 ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMUNITY1 & ! REC5TLY =M$ ,COMMONWEAL? ( ,9DEP5D5T ,/ATES--ALL COLLECTIONS ( HUGE CONT95TAL SUP]-/ATES ?AT EV5 FUR!R REMOVE :ATEV] CONTROL PEOPLE HAVE OV] NATION-/ATES4 

,A CONF$]ALI/ ALT]NATIVE W\LD BE BAS$ ON A NETWORK ( POLICYMAK+ POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ) RECALLABLE DEPUTIES TO LOCAL & REGIONAL CONF$]AL C\NCILS--C\NCILS :OSE SOLE FUNCTION1 ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE1 W\LD BE TO ADJUDICATE DIFF]5CES & UND]TAKE /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE TASKS4 ,ONE C\LD SC>CELY ADVANCE SU* A PROSPECT BY MAK+ USE ( A /ATE =MATION ( ANY K9D1 H[EV] M9IMAL4 ,9DE$1 TO JUGGLE /ATI/ & CONF$]AL P]SPECTIVES 9 A V]BAL GAME BY DI/+UI%+ 0M9IMAL0 FROM 0MAXIMAL0 IS TO CONFUSE ! BASIS = A NEW POLITICS /RUCTUR$ >\ND P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY4 ,AMONG ,GRE5S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 !RE HAVE ALREADY BE5 T5D5CIES ?AT ABSURDLY CALL = 0DEC5TRALIZATION0 & 0GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY0 :ILE SEEK+ TO RUN C&IDATES = /ATE & NATIONAL (FICES1 ?AT IS1 = /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 ONE ( :OSE ESS5TIAL FUNCTIONS IS TO CONF9E1 RE/RICT1 & ESS5TIALLY SUPPRESS LOCAL DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS & 9ITIATIVES4 ,9DE$1 AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ 9 O!R BOOKS & ESSAYS1 :5 LIB]T>IANS ( ALL K9DS1 BUT P>TICUL>LY AN>*I/S & ECOSOCIALI/S1 5GAGE 9 CONF$]AL MUNICIPALI/ POLITICS & RUN = MUNICIPAL PUBLIC (FICE1 !Y >E NOT M]ELY SEEK+ TO REMAKE CITIES1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES ON ! BASIS ( FULLY DEMOCRATIC CONF$]AL NETWORKS1 !Y >E RUNN+ AGA9/ ! /ATE & P>LIAM5T>Y (FICES4 ,H5CE1 TO CALL = A 0M9IMAL /ATE10 EV5 AS A COORD9ATIVE 9/ITUTION1 AS ,&RE ,GORZ & O!RS HAVE DONE1 IS TO OBSCURE & C\NT]VAIL ANY EF=T TO REPLACE ! NATION-/ATE ) A CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES4 

,IT IS TO ! CR$IT ( E>LY AN>*ISM &1 MORE REC5TLY1 TO ! ECO-AN>*ISM ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 ?AT IT FIRMLY REJECTS ! TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ ORI5TATION T[>D /ATE P[] & RECOGNIZES ! CORRUPTIVE ROLE ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS4 ,:AT IS REGRETTABLE IS ?AT ?IS REJECTION1 SO CLE>LY CORROBORAT$ BY ! CORRUPTION ( /ATI/ SOCIALI/S1 ,GRE5S1 & MEMB]S ( O!R PR(ESS$ RADICAL MOVEM5TS1 WAS NOT SUFFICI5TLY NUANC$ TO DI/+UI% ACTIVITY ON ! MUNICIPAL LEVEL 7:I* EV5 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 REG>D$ AS VALID7 AS ! BASIS ( POLITICS 9 ! ,HELL5IC S5SE3 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO DI/+UI% ELECTORAL ACTIVITY ON ! LOCAL LEVEL FROM ELECTORAL ACTIVITY ON ! PROV9CIAL & NATIONAL LEVELS1 :I* REALLY CON/ITUTE /ATECRAFT4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 :ATEV] ITS O!R VALUE OR FAIL+S1 REPRES5TS A COH]5T 9T]PRETATION ( ! 5ORM\S ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL PROBLEMS WE FACE TODAY4 ,ITS PHILOSOPHY1 SOCIAL !ORY1 & POLITICAL PRACTICE =M A VITAL ALT]NATIVE TO ! IDEOLOGICAL /AGNATION & TRAGIC FAILURE ( ! PRES5T SOCIALI/1 SYNDICALI/1 & RADICAL PROJECTS ?AT W]E SO MU* 9 VOGUE EV5 AS REC5TLY AS ! #a#i#fS4 ,AS TO 0ALT]NATIVES0 ?AT (F] US ,NEW ,AGE OR MY/ICAL ECOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS1 :AT C\LD BE MORE NAIVE ?AN TO BELIEVE ?AT A SOCIETY :OSE V]Y METABOLISM IS BAS$ ON GR[?1 PRODUCTION = ITS [N SAKE1 HI]>*Y1 CLASSES1 DOM9ATION1 & EXPLOITATION C\LD BE *ANG$ SIMPLY BY MORAL SUASION1 9DIVIDUAL ACTION1 OR A PRIMITIVISM ?AT ESS5TIALLY VIEWS TE*NOLOGY AS A CURSE & ?AT FOCUSES V>I\SLY ON DEMOGRAPHIC GR[? & P]SONAL MODES ( CONSUMPTION AS PRIM>Y ISSUES8 ,WE MU/ GET TO ! HE>T ( ! CRISIS WE FACE & DEVELOP A POPUL> POLITICS ?AT WILL ES*EW /ATISM AT ONE EXTREME & ,NEW ,AGE PRIVATISM AT ! O!R4 ,IF ?IS GOAL IS DISMISS$ AS UTOPIAN1 ,I AM OBLIG$ TO QUE/ION :AT MANY RADICALS TODAY W\LD CALL 0REALISM40 

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