,*APT] #f 
,CITIES3 ,! ,UNFOLD+ ( ,REASON 9 ,HI/ORY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,AU?OR 3 ,URSULA ,K4 ,LE ,GU9 

,TEXT 3 

#f4 ,CITIES3 ,! ,UNFOLD+ ( ,REASON 9 ,HI/ORY 

  

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM CON/ITUTES ! POLITICS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 A REVOLUTION>Y EF=T 9 :I* FRE$OM IS GIV5 9/ITUTIONAL =M 9 PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES ?AT BECOME DECISION-MAK+ BODIES4 ,IT DEP5DS UPON LIB]T>IAN LEFTI/S RUNN+ C&IDATES AT ! LOCAL MUNICIPAL LEVEL1 CALL+ = ! DIVISION ( MUNICIPALITIES 9TO W>DS1 :]E POPUL> ASSEMBLIES CAN BE CREAT$ ?AT BR+ PEOPLE 9TO FULL & DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL LIFE4 ,HAV+ DEMOCRATIZ$ !MSELVES1 MUNICIPALITIES W\LD CONF$]ATE 9TO A DUAL P[] TO OPPOSE ! NATION-/ATE & ULTIMATELY DISP5SE ) IT & ) ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT UND]P9 /ATISM AS SU*4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS ?US BO? A HI/ORICAL GOAL & A CONCORDANT MEANS TO A*IEVE ! REVOLUTION>Y 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES40 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS ABOVE ALL A POLITICS ?AT SEEKS TO CREATE A VITAL DEMOCRATIC PUBLIC SPH]E4 ,9 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1 AS WELL AS O!R WORKS1 ,I HAVE MADE C>EFUL BUT CRUCIAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ?REE SOCIETAL REALMS3 ! SOCIAL1 ! POLITICAL1 & ! /ATE4 ,:AT PEOPLE DO 9 !IR HOMES1 :AT FRI5D%IPS !Y =M1 ! COMMUNAL LIFE/YLES !Y PRACTICE1 ! WAY !Y MAKE !IR LIV+1 !IR SEXUAL BEHAVIOR1 ! CULTURAL >TIFACTS !Y CONSUME1 & ! RAPTURE & EC/ASY !Y EXP]I5CE ON M\NTA9TOPS--ALL !SE P]SONAL AS WELL AS MAT]IALLY NECESS>Y ACTIVITIES BELONG TO :AT ,I CALL ! SOCIALSPH]E ( LIFE4 ,FAMILIES1 FRI5DS1 & COMMUNAL LIV+ >RANGEM5TS >E P>T ( ! SOCIAL REALM4 ,AP>T FROM MATT]S ( HUMAN RI<TS1 IT IS ! BUS9ESS ( NO ONE TO SIT 9 JUDGM5T ( :AT CONS5T+ ADULTS FREELY 5GAGE 9 SEXUALLY1 ! HOBBIES !Y PREF]1 ! K9DS ( FRI5DS !Y ADOPT1 OR ! SPIRITUAL PRACTICES !Y MAY *OOSE TO P]=M4 ,H[EV] MU* !SE ASPECTS ( LIFE 9T]ACT ) ONE ANO!R1 NONE ( !SE SOCIAL ASPECTS ( HUMAN LIFE PROP]LY BELONGS TO ! PUBLICSPH]E1 :I* ,I EXPLICITLY ID5TIFY ) POLITICS 9 ! ,HELL5IC S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,9 CREAT+ A NEW POLITICS BAS$ ON SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 WE >E CONC]N$ ) :AT PEOPLE DO 9 ?IS PUBLIC OR POLITICAL SPH]E4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT A SUB/ITUTE = ! MANIFOLD DIM5SIONS ( CULTURAL OR EV5 PRIVATE LIFE4 ,YET1 ONCE 9DIVIDUALS LEAVE ! SOCIAL REALM & 5T] ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 IT IS PRECISELY ! MUNICIPALITY ?AT !Y MU/ DEAL ) DIRECTLY4 ,D\BTLESS ! MUNICIPALITY IS USUALLY ! PLACE :]E EV5 A GREAT DEAL ( SOCIAL LIFE IS EXI/5TIALLY LIV$--S*OOL1 WORK1 5T]TA9M5T1 & SIMPLE PLEASURES LIKE WALK+1 BICYCL+1 & DISPORT+ !MSELVES--:I* DOES NOT EFFACE ITS DI/9CTIV5ESS AS A UNIQUE SPH]E ( LIFE4 ,AS A PROJECT = 5T]+ 9TO ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM CALLS = A RADICAL PRES5CE 9 A COMMUNITY ?AT ADDRESSES ! QUE/ION ( :O %ALL EX]CISE P[] 9 A LIV$ S5SE2 9DE$1 IT IS TRULY A POLITICAL CULTURE ?AT SEEKS TO REEMP[] ! 9DIVIDUAL & %>P5 HIS OR H] S5SIBILITY AS A LIV+ CITIZ54 

,TODAY1 ! CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP HAS ALREADY UND]GONE S]I\S ]OSION ?R\< ! R$UCTION ( CITIZ5S TO 0CON/ITU5TS0 ( /ATI/ JURISDICTIONS1 OR TO 0TAXPAY]S0 :O SU/A9 /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,TO FUR!R R$UCE CITIZ5%IP TO 0P]SONHOOD0--OR TO E!REALIZE ! CONCEPT BY SPEAK+ ( AN AIRY 0E>? CITIZ5%IP0--IS NO?+ %ORT ( REACTION>Y4 ,IT TOOK LONG MILL5NIA = HI/ORY TO CREATE ! CONCEPT ( ! CITIZ5 AS A SELF-MANAG+ & COMPET5T AG5T 9 DEMOCRATICALLY %AP+ A POLITY4 ,DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! T]M CITOY5 WAS US$ PRECISELY TO EFFACE ! /ATUS-G5]AT$ RELEGATION ( 9DIVIDUALS TO M]E 0SUBJECTS0 ( ! ,B\RBON K+S4 ,MOREOV]1 REVOLUTION>IES ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 FROM ,M>X TO ,BAKUN91 REF]R$ TO !MSELVES AS 0CITIZ5S0 LONG BE=E ! APPELLATION 0COMRADE0 REPLAC$ IT4 

,WE MU/ NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! CITIZ5 CULM9ATES ! TRANS=MATION ( E?NIC TRIBAL FOLK--SOCIETIES /RUCTUR$ >\ND BIOLOGICAL FACTS LIKE K9%IP1 G5D] DIFF]5CES1 & AGE GR\PS--9TO A SECUL>1 RATIONAL1 & HUMANE COMMUNITY4 ,9DE$1 MU* ( ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ W> AGA9/ 0,JEWI% COSMOPOLITANISM0 WAS 9 FACT AN E?NICALLY 7VOLKIS*7 NATIONALI/IC W> AGA9/ ! ,5LI<T5M5T IDEAL ( ! CITOY54 ,= IT WAS PRECISELY ! DEPOLITICIZ$1 9DE$1 ANIMALIZ$ 0LOYAL SUBJECT0 RA!R ?AN ! CITIZ5 ?AT ! ,NAZIS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO !IR RACIAL IMAGE ( ! ,G]MAN ,VOLK1 ! ABJECT1 /ATUS-DEF9$ CREATURE ( ,HITL]'S HI]>*ICAL ,FUHR]PR9ZIP4 ,ONCE CITIZ5%IP BECOMES CONT5TLESS ?R\< ! DEFLATION ( ITS EXI/5TIAL POLITICAL REALITY OR1 EQUALLY TREA*]\SLY1 BY ! EXPANSION ( ITS HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T 9TO A 0PLANET>Y0 METAPHOR1 WE HAVE COME A LONG WAY T[>D ACCEPT+ ! B>B>ISM ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM IS N[ FO/]+ ) C]TA9 ,HEIDEGG]IAN V]SIONS ( ECOLOGY4 

,TO ?OSE :O LEVEL ! COMPLA9T AGA9/ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM ?AT ! ,GREEK POLIS WAS M>R$ BY 0! EXCLUSION ( WOM51 SLAVES1 & =EIGN]S10 ,I W\LD SAY ?AT WE MU/ ALWAYS REMEMB] ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S >E ALSO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S1 :O OBVI\SLY OPPOSE HI]>*Y1 9CLUD+ PATRI>*Y & *ATTEL SLAV]Y4 ,AS IT TURNS \T1 9 FACT1 ! 0,GREEK POLIS0 IS NEI!R AN IDEAL NOR A MODEL = ANY?+1 EXCEPT P]HAPS = ,R\SSEAU1 :O GREATLY ADMIR$ ,SP>TA4 ,IT IS ! ,A!NIAN POLIS :OSE DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ,I (T5 DESCRIBE ?AT HAS ! GREATE/ SIGNIFICANCE = ! DEMOCRATIC TRADITION4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 ITS SIGNIFICANCE IS TO PROVIDE US ) EVID5CE ?AT A PEOPLE1 = A TIME1 C\LD QUITE SELF-CONSCI\SLY E/ABLI% & MA9TA9 A DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 DESPITE ! EXI/5CE ( SLAV]Y1 PATRI>*Y1 ECONOMIC & CLASS 9EQUALITIES1 AGONI/IC BEHAVIOR1 & EV5 IMP]IALISM1 ALL ( :I* EXI/$ ?R\<\T ! ANCI5T ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD4 ,! FACT IS ?AT WE MU/ LOOK = :AT IS NEW & 9NOVATIVE 9 A HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 EV5 AS WE ACKN[L$GE CONT9UITIES ) SOCIAL /RUCTURES ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ! PA/4 

,9 FACT1 %ORT ( ! HAZY ,NEOLI?IC VILLAGE TRADITIONS ?AT ,M>IJA ,GIMBUTAS1 ,RIANE ,EISL]1 & ,WILLIAM ,IRW9 ,?OMPSON HYPO/ATIZE1 WE WILL HAVE A H>D TIME F9D+ ANY TRADITION ?AT WAS NOT PATRI>*AL TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R4 ,REJECT+ ALL PATRI>*AL SOCIETIES AS S\RCES ( 9/ITUTIONAL /UDY W\LD MEAN ?AT WE MU/ AB&ON NOT ONLY ! ,A!NIAN POLIS BUT ! FREE M$IEVAL COMMUNES & !IR CONF$]ATIONS1 ! ,COMUN]O MOVEM5T ( SIXTE5?-C5TURY ,SPA91 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 & EV5 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ COLLECTIVES ( #a#i#c#f-#c#g4 ,ALL ( !SE 9/ITUTIONAL DEVELOPM5TS1 BE IT NOT$1 W]E M>R$ TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R BY PATRI>*AL VALUES4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S >E NOT IGNORANT ( !SE V]Y REAL HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS2 NOR IS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM BAS$ ON ANY HI/ORICAL 0MODELS40 ,NO LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ BELIEVES ?AT SOCIETY & CITIES AS !Y EXI/ TODAY CAN SUDD5LY BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC & RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION WE SEEK IS ONE ?AT REQUIRES $UCATION1 ! =MATION ( A MOVEM5T1 & ! PATI5CE TO COPE ) DEFEATS4 ,AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ AGA9 & AGA91 A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ PRACTICE BEG9S1 M9IMALLY1 ) AN ATTEMPT TO 5L>GE LOCAL FRE$OM AT ! EXP5SE ( /ATE P[]4 ,& IT DOES ?IS BY EXAMPLE1 BY $UCATION1 & BY 5T]+ ! PUBLIC SPH]E 7?AT IS1 9TO LOCAL ELECTIONS OR EXTRALEGAL ASSEMBLIES71 :]E IDEAS CAN BE RAIS$ AMONG ORD9>Y PEOPLE ?AT OP5 ! POSSIBILITY ( A LIV$ PRACTICE4 ,9 %ORT1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9VOLVES A VIBRANT POLITICS 9 ! REAL WORLD TO *ANGE SOCIETY & PUBLIC CONSCI\SNESS ALIKE4 ,IT TRIES TO =GE A MOVEM5T ?AT WILL 5T] 9TO OP5 CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE & ! B\RGEOISIE1 NOT CRAV5LY SNEAK >\ND !M4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO OBS]VE ?AT ?IS APPEAL TO A NEW POLITICS ( CITIZ5%IP IS NOT 9 ANY WAY MEANT TO GLOSS OV] V]Y REAL SOCIAL CONFLICTS1 NOR IS IT AN APPEAL TO CLASS NEUTRALITY4 ,! FACT IS ?AT 0! ,PEOPLE0 ,I 9VOKE DOES NOT 9CLUDE ,*ASE ,MANHATTAN ,BANK1 ,G5]AL ,MOTORS1 OR ANY CLASS EXPLOIT]S & ECONOMIC B&ITS4 ,! 0,PEOPLE0 ,I AM ADDRESS+ >E AN OPPRESS$ HUMANITY1 ALL ( :OM MU/--IF !Y >E TO ELIM9ATE !IR OPPRESSIONS--TRY TO REMOVE ! %>$ ROOTS ( OPPRESSION AS SU*4 

,WE CANNOT IGNORE CLASS 9T]E/S BY COMPLETELY ABSORB+ !M 9TO TRANSCLASS ONES4 ,BUT 9 \R TIME1 P>TICUL>IZATION IS BE+ OV]EMPHASIZ$ TO ! PO9T :]E ANY %>$ /RUGGLE MU/ N[ OV]COME NOT ONLY DIFF]5CES 9 CLASS1 G5D]1 E?NICITY1 0& O!R ISSUES10 BUT NATIONALISM1 RELIGI\S ZEALOTRY1 & ID5TITY BAS$ ON EV5 M9OR DI/9CTIONS 9 /ATUS4 ,! ROLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T = OV] TWO C5TURIES HAS BE5 TO EMPHASIZE \R %>$ HUMANITY PRECISELY AGA9/ RUL+ /ATUS GR\PS & CLASSES1 :I* ,M>X1 EV5 9 S+L+ \T ! PROLET>IAT AS HEGEMONIC1 VIEW$ AS A 0UNIV]SAL CLASS40 ,NOR >E ALL 0IMAGES0 ?AT PEOPLE HAVE ( !MSELVES AS CLASSES1 G5D]S1 RACES1 NATIONALITIES1 & CULTURAL GR\PS RATIONAL OR HUMANE1 EVID5CE ( CONSCI\SNESS OR DESIRABLE FROM A RADICAL VIEWPO9T4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 !RE IS NO REASON :Y DIFF]ANCE AS SU* %\LD NOT 5TANGLE & P>ALYZE US COMPLETELY 9 \R MULTIF>I\S & SELF-5CLOS$ 0P>TICUL>ITY10 9 PO/MOD]NI/ ,D]RIDEAN FA%ION4 ,9DE$1 TODAY1 :5 P>O*IAL DIFF]5CES AMONG ! OPPRESS$ HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO MICROSCOPIC DIVISIONS1 IT IS ALL ! MORE IMPORTANT = A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO RESOLUTELY PO9T \T ! COMMON S\RCES ( OPPRESSION AS SU*1 & ! EXT5T TO :I* COMMODIFICATION HAS UNIV]SALIZ$ !M--P>TICUL>LY GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 

,! DE=MATIONS ( ! PA/ W]E CREAT$ L>GELY BY ! FAM\S 0SOCIAL QUE/ION10 NOTABLY BY CLASS EXPLOITATION1 :I* 9 GREAT MEASURE C\LD HAVE BE5 REM$I$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y W]E SC>CITY SOCIETIES1 ALBEIT NOT ?AT ALONE4 ,A NEW SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY HAS TO BE CREAT$1 AS DO NEW VALUES & RELATION%IPS2 ?IS WILL BE DONE P>TLY BY OV]COM+ ECONOMIC NE$1 H[EV] ECONOMIC NE$ IS CON/RU$4 ,LITTLE D\BT %\LD EXI/ ?AT A CALL = AN 5D TO ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION MU/ BE A C5TRAL FEATURE 9 ANY SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROGRAM & MOVEM5T1 :I* >E P>T ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRADITION & ITS REVOLUTION>Y \TCOME4 

,! ESS5CE ( DIALECTIC IS TO ALWAYS SE>* \T :AT IS NEW 9 ANY DEVELOPM5T3 SPECIFICALLY1 = ! PURPOSES ( ?IS DISCUSSION1 ! EM]G5CE ( A TRANSCLASS PEOPLE1 SU* AS OPPRESS$ WOM51 PEOPLE ( COLOR1 EV5 ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 AS WELL AS SUBCULTURES DEF9$ BY SEXUAL PREF]5CES & LIFE/YLES4 ,TO P>TICUL>IZE DI/9CTIONS 7L>GELY CREAT$ BY ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]7 TO ! PO9T ( R$UC+ OPPRESS$ PEOPLE TO SEEM+LY 0DIV]SE P]SONS0--9DE$1 TO M]E 0P]SONHOOD0--IS TO FE$ 9TO ! CURR5T PRIVATI/IC FADS ( \R TIME & TO REMOVE ALL POSSIBILITY = COLLECTIVE SOCIAL ACTION & REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 

,TO EXAM9E :AT IS REALLY AT ISSUE 9 ! QUE/IONS ( MUNICIPALISM1 CONF$]ALISM1 & CITIZ5%IP1 AS WELL AS ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! SOCIAL & ! POLITICAL1 WE MU/ GR\ND !SE NOTIONS 9 A HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND :]E WE CAN LOCATE ! MEAN+ ( ! CITY 7PROP]LY CONCEIV$ 9 DI/9CTION TO ! MEGALOPOLIS71 ! CITIZ51 & ! POLITICAL SPH]E 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION4 

,HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE BEGAN TO ADVANCE BEYOND A CONCEPTION ( M]E CYCLICAL TIME1 TRAPP$ 9 ! /ASIS ( ET]NAL RECURR5CE1 9TO A CREATIVE HI/ORY 9S(> AS 9TELLIG5CE & WISDOM--MORE PROP]LY1 REASON--BEGAN TO 9=M HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( A HUNDR$ ?\S& YE>S OR SO1 ,HOMO SAPI5S SL[LY OV]CAME ! SLUGGI%NESS ( !IR MORE ANIMALI/IC C\S9S ! ,NE&]?ALS & 5T]$ AS AN 9CREAS+LY ACTIVE AG5T 9TO ! SURR\ND+ WORLD1 BO? TO MEET !IR MORE COMPLEX NE$S 7MAT]IAL AS WELL AS IDEOLOGICAL71 & TO ALT] ?AT 5VIRONM5T BY MEANS ( TOOLS &1 YES1 9/RUM5TAL RATIONALITY4 ,LIFE BECAME LONG]1 MORE SECURE1 9CREAS+LY ACCULTURAT$ ES!TICALLY2 & HUMAN COMMUNITIES1 AT DIFF]5T LEVELS ( !IR DEVELOPM5T1 TRI$ TO DEF9E & RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( FRE$OM & CONSCI\SNESS4 

,! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = FRE$OM & CONSCI\SNESS--OR PRECONDITIONS1 AS SOCIALI/S ( ALL K9DS RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! LA/ C5TURY & A HALF--9VOLV$ TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES ?AT1 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 C\LD EMANCIPATE PEOPLE FROM ! IMM$IATE1 ANIMALI/IC CONC]NS ( SELF-MA9T5ANCE1 9CREASE ! REALM ( FRE$OM FROM CON/RICTIONS IMPOS$ UPON IT BY PREOCCUPATIONS ) MAT]IAL NECESSITY1 & PLACE KN[L$GE ON A RATIONAL1 SY/EMATIC1 & COH]5T BASIS TO ! EXT5T ?AT ?IS WAS POSSIBLE4 ,!SE CONDITIONS 9VOLV$ HUMANITY'S SELF-EMANCIPATION FROM ! OV]P[]+ !I/IC CREATIONS ( ITS [N IMAG9ATION 7CREATIONS (T5 =MULAT$ BY %AMANS & PRIE/S = !IR [N SELF-S]V+ 5DS1 AS WELL AS BY APOLOGI/S = HI]>*Y71 NOTABLY1 MY?OPOESIS1 MY/ICISM1 ANTIRATIONALISM1 & FE>S ( DEMONS & DEITIES1 CALCULAT$ TO PRODUCE SUBS]VI5CE & QUIETISM 9 ! FACE ( ! SOCIAL P[]S ?AT BE4 

,?AT ! NECESS>Y & SUFFICI5T CONDITIONS = ?IS EMANCIPATION HAVE NEV] EXI/$ 9 A 0ONE-TO-ONE0 RELATION%IP ) EA* O!R HAS PROVID$ ! FUEL = ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS'S ESSAYS ON ! OMNIPOT5CE ( 0SOCIAL IMAG9>IES10 ,!ODOR ,ADORNO'S BASIC NIHILISM1 & AN>*O-*AOTICS :O1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 HAVE DEBAS$ ,5LI<T5M5T IDEALS & CLASSICAL =MS ( SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( ! SPE> DID NOT PRODUCE AN AUTOMATIC %IFT FROM 0MATRI>*Y0 TO 0PATRI>*Y10 NOR DID ! DISCOV]Y ( ! PL[ PRODUCE AN AUTOMATIC %IFT FROM 0PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM0 TO PRIVATE PROP]TY1 AS EVOLUTION>Y AN?ROPOLOGI/S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY SUPPOS$4 ,9DE$1 IT *EAP5S ANY DISCUSSION ( HI/ORY & SOCIAL *ANGE TO CREATE 0ONE-TO-ONE0 RELATIONS BETWE5 TE*NOLOGICAL & CULTURAL DEVELOPM5TS1 A TRAGIC FEATURE ( ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS'S SIMPLIFICATION ( HIS M5TOR'S IDEAS4 

,9 FACT1 SOCIAL EVOLUTION IS V]Y UNEV5 & COMB9$4 ,NO LESS SIGNIFICANTLY1 SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 LIKE NATURAL EVOLUTION1 IS PR(LIGATE 9 PRODUC+ A VA/ DIV]SITY ( SOCIAL =MS & CULTURES1 :I* >E (T5 9COMM5SURABLE 9 !IR DETAILS4 ,IF \R GOAL IS TO EMPHASIZE ! VA/ DIFF]5CES ?AT SEP>ATE ONE SOCIETY FROM ANO!R RA!R ?AN ID5TIFY ! IMPORTANT ?READ ( SIMIL>ITIES ?AT BR+ HUMANITY TO ! PO9T ( A HI<LY CREATIVE DEVELOPM5T1 0! ,AZTECS1 ,9CAS1 ,*9ESE1 ,JAPANESE1 ,MONGOLS1 ,H9DUS1 ,P]SIANS1 ,>ABS1 ,BYZANT9ES1 & ,WE/]N ,EUROPEANS1 PLUS EV]Y?+ ?AT C\LD BE 5UM]AT$ FROM O!R CULTURES0 DO NOT RESEMBLE EA* O!R1 TO CITE ! OBLIGATIONS ,CA/ORIADIS PLACES ON :AT HE CALLS 0A 'RATIONAL DIALECTIC' ( HI/ORY0 &1 IMPLICITLY1 ON REASON ITSELF4.<#b.> ,9DE$1 IT IS UNP>DONABLE TO C>ELESSLY FL+ !SE CIVILIZATIONS TOGE!R )\T REG>D = !IR PLACE 9 TIME1 !IR SOCIAL P$IGREES1 ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y CAN BE $UC$ DIALECTICALLY FROM ONE ANO!R1 OR )\T AN EXPLANATION ( :Y AS WELL AS DESCRIPTIONS ( H[ !Y DIFF] FROM EA* O!R4 ,BY FOCUS+ 5TIRELY ON ! PECULI>ITY ( 9DIVIDUAL CULTURES1 ONE R$UCES ! DEVELOPM5T ( CIVILIZATIONS 9 AN $UCTIVE SEQU5CE TO ! N>R[ NOM9ALISM ?AT ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD APPLI$ TO ORGANIC EVOLUTION1 EV5 TO ! PO9T :]E ! 0AUTONOMY0 SO PRIZ$ BY ,CA/ORIADIS CAN BE DISMISS$ AS A PURELY SUBJECTIVE 0NORM10 ( NO GREAT] VALUE 9 A PO/MOD]NI/ WORLD ( 9T]*ANGEABLE EQUIVAL5CES ?AN AU?ORIT>IAN 0NORMS0 ( HI]>*Y4 

,BUT IF WE EXPLORE V]Y EXI/5TIAL DEVELOPM5TS T[>D FRE$OM FROM TOIL & FRE$OM FROM OPPRESSION 9 ALL ITS =MS1 WE F9D ?AT !RE IS A HI/ORY TO BE TOLD ( RATIONAL ADVANCES1 )\T PRESUPPOS+ TELEOLOGIES ?AT PR$ET]M9E ?AT HI/ORY & ITS T5D5CIES4 ,IF WE CAN GIVE MAT]IAL FACTORS !IR DUE EMPHASIS )\T R$UC+ CULTURAL *ANGES TO /RICTLY AUTOMATIC RESPONSES TO TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES &1 )\T LOCAT+ ALL HI<LY V>IEGAT$ SOCIETIES 9 A NE>LY MY/ICAL SEQU5CE ( 0/AGES ( DEVELOPM5T10 !N WE CAN SPEAK 9TELLIGIBLY ( DEF9ITE ADVANCES MADE BY HUMANITY \T ( ANIMALITY2 \T ( ! TIMELESS 0ET]NAL RECURR5CE0 ( RELATIVELY /AGNANT CULTURES2 \T ( BLOOD1 G5D]1 & AGE RELATION%IPS AS ! BASIS = SOCIAL ORGANIZATION2 & \T ( ! IMAGE ( ! 0/RANG]10 :O WAS NOT K9 TO O!R MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY1 9DE$1 :O WAS 09ORGANIC10 TO USE ,M>X'S T]M1 & H5CE SUBJECT TO >BITR>Y TREATM5T BEYOND ! REA* ( CU/OM>Y RI<TS & DUTIES1 DEF9$ AS !Y W]E BY TRADITION RA!R ?AN REASON4 

,IMPORTANT AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE1 TE*NOLOGY1 & VILLAGE LIFE W]E 9 MOV+ T[>D ?IS MOM5T 9 HUMAN EMANCIPATION1 ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY WAS ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE 9 FREE+ PEOPLE FROM M]E E?NIC TIES ( SOLID>ITY1 9 BR++ REASON & SECUL>ITY1 H[EV] RUDIM5T>ILY1 9TO HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,= IT WAS ONLY BY ?IS EVOLUTION ?AT SEGM5TS ( HUMANITY C\LD REPLACE ! TYRANNY ( M9DLESS CU/OM ) A DEF9ABLE & RATIONALLY CONDITION$ NOMOS1 9 :I* ! IDEA ( JU/ICE C\LD BEG9 TO REPLACE TRIBALI/IC 0BLOOD V5GEANCE10 UNTIL LAT]1 :5 IT WAS REPLAC$ BY ! IDEA ( FRE$OM4 ,I SPEAK ( ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY1 BECAUSE AL?\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY HAS YET TO BE COMPLET$1 ITS MOM5TS 9 HI/ORY CON/ITUTE A DISC]NIBLE DIALECTIC ?AT OP5$ AN EMANCIPATORY REALM )9 :I* 0/RANG]S0 & ! 0FOLK0 C\LD BE RECON/ITUT$ AS CITIZ5S3 SECUL> & FULLY RATIONAL BE+S :O 9 V>Y+ DEGREES APPROXIMATE HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY TO BECOME FREE1 RATIONAL1 FULLY 9DIVIDUAT$1 & R\ND$4 

,MOREOV]1 ! CITY HAS BE5 ! ORIG9AT+ & AU!NTIC SPH]E ( POLITICS 9 ! ,HELL5IC DEMOCRATIC S5SE ( ! T]M1 & ( CIVILIZATION1 NOT1 AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ AGA9 & AGA91 ( ! /ATE4 ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT CITY-/ATES HAVE NOT EXI/$4 ,BUT DEMOCRACY1 CONCEIV$ AS A FACE-TO-FACE REALM ( POLICYMAK+1 5TAILS A COMMITM5T TO ! ,5LI<T5M5T BELIEF ?AT ALL 0ORD9>Y0 HUMAN BE+S >E POT5TIALLY COMPET5T TO COLLECTIVELY MANAGE !IR POLITICAL AFFAIRS--A CRUCIAL CONCEPT 9 ! ?9K+1 ALL ITS LIMITATIONS ASIDE1 ( ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRATIC TRADITION &1 MORE RADICALLY1 ( ?OSE ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #agic ?AT GAVE EQUAL VOICE TO WOM5 AS WELL AS ALL M54 ,AT SU* HI< PO9TS ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T1 9 :I* SUBSEQU5T ADVANCES (T5 SELF-CONSCI\SLY BUILT ON & EXP&$ MORE LIMIT$ E>LI] ONES1 ! CITY BECAME MORE ?AN A UNIQUE >5A = HUMAN LIFE & POLITICS1 :ILE MUNICIPALISM--CIVICISM1 :I* ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES LAT] ID5TIFI$ ) 0PATRIOTISM0--BECAME MORE ?AN AN EXPRESSION ( LOVE ( C\NTRY4 ,EV5 :5 ,JACOB9 DEMAGOGUES GAVE IT *AUV9I/IC CONNOTATIONS1 0PATRIOTISM0 9 #agic MEANT ?AT ! 0NATIONAL PATRIMONY0 WAS NOT ! 0PROP]TY ( ! ,K+ ( ,FRANCE0 BUT ?AT ,FRANCE1 9 EFFECT1 N[ BELONG$ TO ALL ! PEOPLE4 

,OV] ! LONG RUN1 ! CITY WAS CONCEIV$ AS ! SOCIOCULTURAL DE/9Y ( HUMANITY1 A PLACE :]E1 BY LATE ,ROMAN TIMES1 !RE W]E NO 0/RANG]S0 OR E?NIC 0FOLK10 & BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 NO CU/OM OR DEMONIC IRRATIONALITIES1 BUT RA!R CITOY5S :O LIV$ 9 A FREE T]RA91 ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO DISCURSIVE ASSEMBLIES1 & ADVANC$ CANONS ( SECUL>ITY & FRAT]NITE1 OR MORE BROADLY1 SOLID>ITY & PHILIA1 HOPEFULLY GUID$ BY REASON4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION WAS /RONGLY CONF$]ALI/ UNTIL ! DICTATORIAL ,JACOB9 ,REPUBLIC CAME 9TO BE+1 WIP+ \T ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS AS WELL AS ! IDEAL ( A FETE DE LA F$]ATION4 ,ONE MU/ READ ,JULES ,MI*ELET'S ACC\NT ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION TO LE>N ! EXT5T TO :I* CIVICISM WAS ID5TIFI$ ) MUNICIPAL LIB]TY & FRAT]NITE) LOCAL CONF$]ATIONS1 9DE$ A 0REPUBLIC0 ( CONF$]ATIONS1 BETWE5 #agi & #a#g#i#c4 ,ONE MU/ EXPLORE ! 5DEAVORS ( ,JEAN ,V>LET & ! ,EVE*E MILITANTS ( ,MAY #c-#c#a1 #a#g#i#c1 TO UND]/& H[ CLOSE ! ,REVOLUTION CAME 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ,JUNE #b TO CON/RUCT+ ! *]I%$ CONF$]AL ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES ?AT L+]$ 9 ! HI/ORICAL MEMORY ( ! ,P>ISIAN F$]ES1 AS !Y DESIGNAT$ !MSELVES1 9 #a#h#g#a4 

,H5CE1 LET ME /RESS ?AT A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ POLITICS IS NOT A M]E /RATEGY = HUMAN EMANCIPATION2 IT IS A RIGOR\S & E?ICAL CONCORDANCE ( MEANS & 5DS 7( 9/RUM5TALITIES1 SO TO SPEAK7 ) HI/ORIC GOALS1 :I* IMPLIES A CONCEPT ( HI/ORY AS MORE ?AN M]E *RONICLES OR A SCATT]$ >*IPELAGO ( SELF-5CLOS$ 0SOCIAL IMAG9>IES40 

,! CIVITAS1 HUMANLY SCAL$ & DEMOCRATICALLY /RUCTUR$1 IS ! POT5TIAL HOME ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS4 ,IT IS ! 9ITIAT+ >5A ( RATIONAL REFLECTION1 DISCURSIVE DECISION-MAK+1 & SECUL>ITY 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,IT SPEAKS TO US FROM ACROSS ! C5TURIES 9 ,P]ICLES' MAGNIFIC5T FUN]AL ORATION & 9 ! E>?Y1 AMAZ+LY FAMILI> & EM95TLY SECUL> SATIRES ( ,>I/OPHANES1 :OSE WORKS DEMOLI% ,CA/ORIADIS'S EMPHASIS ON ! MY/]IUM & 0CLOSURE0 ( ! ,A!NIAN POLIS TO ! MOD]N M9D4 ,NO ONE :O READS ! *RONICLES ( ,WE/]N HUMANITY CAN IGNORE ! RATIONAL DIALECTIC ?AT UND]LIES ! ACCUMULATION ( M]E EV5TS & ?AT REVEALS AN UNFOLD+ ( ! HUMAN POT5TIALITY = UNIV]SALITY1 RATIONALITY1 SECUL>ITY1 & FRE$OM 9 AN $UCTIVE RELATION%IP ?AT ALONE %\LD BE CALL$ ,HI/ORY4 ,?IS HI/ORY1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT HAS CULM9ATIONS AT GIV5 MOM5TS ( DEVELOPM5T ON :I* LAT] CIVILIZATIONS BUILT1 IS AN*OR$ 9 ! EVOLUTION ( A SECUL> PUBLIC SPH]E1 9 POLITICS1 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! RATIONAL CITY--! CITY ?AT IS RATIONAL 9/ITUTIONALLY1 CREATIVELY1 & COMMUNALLY4 ,NOR CAN IMAG9ATION BE EXCLUD$ FROM ,HI/ORY1 BUT IT IS AN IMAG9ATION ?AT MU/ BE ELUCIDAT$ BY REASON4 ,= NO?+ CAN BE MORE DANG]\S TO A SOCIETY1 9DE$ TO ! WORLD TODAY1 ?AN ! K9D ( UNBRIDL$ IMAG9ATION1 UNGUID$ BY REASON1 ?AT SO EASILY L5T ITSELF TO ,NUREMB]G RALLIES1 FASCI/ DEMON/RATIONS1 ,/AL9I/ IDOLATRY1 & DEA? CAMPS4 

,9/EAD ( RETREAT+ TO QUIETISM1 MY/ICISM1 & PURELY P]SONALIZ$ APPEALS = *ANGE1 WE MU/ TOGE!R EXPLORE ! K9DS ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W\LD BE REQUIR$ 9 A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ! K9D ( POLITICS WE %\LD APPROPRIATELY PRACTICE1 & ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T NE$$ TO A*IEVE SU* A SOCIETY4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY & ITS POLITICS--LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM--SEEKS TO DO JU/ ?IS3 TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE FRE$OM & GUIDE US TO A HUMANE & ECOLOGICAL FUTURE--ONE ?AT WILL FULFILL ! UNFILL$ PROMISE ( ! CITY 9 HI/ORY4 

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