,*APT] #i 
,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,AU?OR 3 ,URSULA ,K4 ,LE ,GU9 

,TEXT 3 

#i4 ,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT 

  

,BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! ,LEFT 5VISION$ ITSELF AS HAV+ REA*$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEGREE ( CONCEPTUAL SOPHI/ICATION & ORGANIZATIONAL MATURITY4 ,G5]ALLY1 :AT WAS CALL$ LEFTISM AT ?AT TIME WAS SOCIALI/1 9FLU5C$ TO V>Y+ DEGREES BY ! WORKS ( ,K>L ,M>X4 ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY ! CASE 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 BUT SOCIALISM WAS ALSO 9T]MIX$ ) POPULI/ IDEAS 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE & ) SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ALL ( !SE IDEAS W]E MELD$ TOGE!R1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,EUG5E ,V4 ,DEBS'S ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W74 

,ON ! EVE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 LEFTI/ IDEAS & MOVEM5TS HAD BECOME SO ADVANC$ ?AT !Y SEEM$ POSITION$ TO S]I\SLY *ALL5GE ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM1 9DE$1 ( CLASS SOCIETY AS SU*4 ,! WORDS FROM ! 0,9T]NATIONALE10 0,TIS ! F9AL CONFLICT10 ACQUIR$ A NEW CONCRET5ESS & IMM$IACY4 ,CAPITALISM SEEM$ FAC$ ) AN 9SURG5CY BY ! WORLD'S EXPLOIT$ CLASSES1 P>TICUL>LY ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,9DE$1 GIV5 ! SCOPE ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL & ! GR[? ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,WE/1 CAPITALISM APPE>$ TO BE FAC+ AN UNPREC$5T$1 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,MANY REVOLUTION>IES W]E CONV9C$ ?AT A POLITICALLY MATURE & WELL-ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT C\LD F9ALLY TAKE CONSCI\S CONTROL OV] SOCIAL LIFE & EVOLUTION TO SATISFY1 NOT ! P>TICUL>IZ$ ELITI/ 9T]E/S ( A PROP]TI$ M9ORITY CLASS1 BUT ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( ! MAJORITY4 

,! 0,GREAT ,W>10 AS IT WAS CALL$1 ACTUALLY DID 5D AMID SOCIALI/IC REVOLUTIONS4 ,RUSSIA E/ABLI%$ A 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP10 PREMIS$ O/5SIBLY ON REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,G]MANY1 ) ! L>GE/ & MO/ IDEOLOGICALLY ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 ,EUROPE1 W5T ?R\< ?REE YE>S ( ,M>XI/-9FLU5C$ REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL1 :ILE ,BAV>IA1 ,HUNG>Y1 & O!R PLACES EXP]I5C$ %ORT-LIV$ 9SURG5CIES4 ,9 ,ITALY & ,SPA91 ! 5D ( ! W> SAW ! EM]G5CE ( GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5TS & NE>-9SURRECTIONS1 AL?\< !Y NEV] REA*$ A DECISIVE REVOLUTION>Y LEVEL4 ,EV5 ,FRANCE SEEM$ TO BE TEET]+ ON REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g1 :5 5TIRE REGIM5TS AT ! ,WE/]N ,FRONT RAIS$ R$ FLAGS & TRI$ TO MAKE !IR WAY TO ,P>IS4 ,SU* UPHEAVALS1 :I* RECURR$ 9TO ! #a#i#cS1 APPE>$ TO SUPPORT ,L59'S VIEW ?AT A 0MORIBUND0 CAPITALISM HAD F9ALLY 5T]$ 9TO A P]IOD ( W> & REVOLUTION1 ONE ?AT 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE C\LD 5D ONLY ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SOCIALI/ OR COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 

,BY ?IS TIME1 MOREOV]1 MAJOR 9TELLECTUAL 9NOVATORS1 FROM ,DID]OT & ,R\SSEAU ?R\< ,HEGEL & ,M>X TO AN ASSORTM5T ( LIB]T>IAN REBELS1 HAD BR\<T SECUL> & RADICAL IDEOLOGIES TO A PO9T :]E1 SORT$ 9TO A LOGICAL :OLE1 !Y PROVID$ ! FRAMEWORK = A TRULY COH]5T BODY ( IDEAS ?AT GAVE A RATIONAL MEAN+ TO HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 COMB9+ A DUE RECOGNITION ( HUMANITY'S MAT]IAL NE$S ) ITS HOPES = 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL EMANCIPATION4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 IT SEEM$1 )\T REC\RSE TO DIV9E OR O!R >*AIC NONHUMAN =MS ( 9T]V5TION1 HUMANITY W\LD F9ALLY BE ABLE TO DRAW UPON ITS [N ADVANC+ 9TELLECTUALITY1 KN[L$GE1 VIRTUES1 & UNIQUE CAPACITY = 9NOVATION1 TO CREATE A NEW WORLD 9 :I* ALL ! CONDITIONS W\LD EXI/ TO ACTUALIZE ITS POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM & CREATIVITY4 ,!SE EM95TLY HUMAN GOALS1 EMBODI$ 9 ,M>X'S GREAT !ORETICAL SYN!SIS ( ! IDEAS HE HAD DRAWN FROM ! ,5LI<T5M5T AS WELL AS NEW IDEAS HE HAD DEVELOP$ ON HIS [N1 C\LD BE 9ITIAT$ 9 PRACTICE BY ! D[NTRODD5 !MSELVES1 :O W\LD BE DRIV5 9EXORABLY BY ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO REVOLUTION & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY = HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 

,I %\LD NOTE ?AT MANY ( MY [N WORDS--09EXORABLY10 0MORIBUND10 0DECAY+10 & 0G5]AL 9T]E/S0-->E DRAWN FROM ! LIT]ATURE ( E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY LEFTI/ !ORI/S & MOVEM5TS4 ,YET1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! LIMITS ( ?IS LIT]ATURE & ITS WRIT]S--AS WE1 9 ! NEW MILL5NIUM1 >E N[ PRIVILEG$ TO SEE 9 RETROSPECT--?IS SWEEP+ LANGUAGE WAS NOT ! PRODUCT ( M]E SLOGANE]+2 IT WAS D]IV$ FROM AN 9TEGRAT$ & COH]5T LEFTI/ \TLOOK & CULTURE ?AT APPE>$ ON ! EVE ( ! ,GREAT ,W>4 ,?IS \TLOOK & CULTURE =M$ :AT WE CAN PROP]LY CALL A CLASSICAL BODY ( UNIV]SALI/ IDEAS1 CONT9UALLY 5L>G$ BY ! G5]ATIONS ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a<i TO #a#g#i#d4 ,9 ! YE>S ?AT PASS$1 ?IS BODY ( IDEAS WAS /EADILY 5L>G$ BY EXP]I5CE & SUCCE$$ 9 MOBILIZ+ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9TO 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5TS = HUMAN EMANCIPATION & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 

,QUITE OBVI\SLY1 ! ,5LI<T5M5T GOALS & ,L59'S PROGNOSES1 ) !IR PROMISE ( SUCCESSFUL SOCIALI/ REVOLUTIONS1 W]E NOT TO BE REALIZ$ 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,9DE$1 :AT HAS OCCURR$ S9CE ! MIDPO9T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IS A V]Y DIFF]5T DEVELOPM5T3 A P]IOD ( CULTURAL & !ORETICAL DECAD5CE SO F> AS REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & MOVEM5TS >E CONC]N$2 A P]IOD ( DECOMPOSITION1 9 FACT1 ?AT HAS SWEPT UP NE>LY ALL ! PHILOSOPHICAL1 CULTURAL1 E?ICAL1 & SOCIAL /&>DS ?AT ! ,5LI<T5M5T HAD PRODUC$4 ,= MANY Y\NG PEOPLE :O PR(ESS$ TO HOLD A RADICAL \TLOOK 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 LEFTI/ !ORY HAS %RIVEL$ 9 SCOPE & CONT5T TO ! LEVEL ( SPECTATORIAL ES!TICS1 (T5 FOCUS$ ON ! SCATT]$ WORKS ( PEOPLE LIKE ! 9DECISIVE CRITIC ,WALT] ,B5JAM91 ! PO/MOD]NI/ ,JACQUES ,D]RIDA1 OR ! CON/IPAT$ /RUCTURALI/ ,L\IS ,AL?USS]1 AS SOCIAL !ORY HAS RETREAT$ FROM ! LU/Y DEBAT+ =UMS ( #a#i#cS SOCIALISM TO ! CLOI/]$ SEM9> ROOMS ( CONTEMPOR>Y UNIV]SITIES4 

,N[ ?AT ! TW5TIE? C5TURY HAS COME TO A CLOSE1 WE >E JU/IFI$ 9 ASK+1 ,:Y HAS HUMANITY'S EMANCIPATION FAIL$ TO A*IEVE FRUITION8 ,:Y1 9 P>TICUL>1 HAS ! PROLET>IAT FAIL$ TO MAKE ITS PR$ICT$ REVOLUTION8 ,9DE$1 :Y DID ! ONCE-RADICAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS FAIL FROM !IR V]Y 9CEPTION TO A*IEVE EV5 A MAJORITY VOTE 9 C5T]S SU* AS ,G]MANY8 ,:Y DID !Y SURR5D] SO TAMELY TO ,HITL] 9 #a#i#c#c8 ,! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/S1 ( C\RSE1 W]E SIMPLY %UNT$ ASIDE AFT] #a#i#b#c1 ASSUM+ !Y C\LD EV5 BE TAK5 S]I\SLY 9 ?AT YE>1 EXCEPT AS CONTRIV$ T>GETS = DEMAGOGIC PROPAG&I/IC PURPOSES TO FRI<T5 ! MIDDLE CLASSES ) ! M5ACE ( SOCIAL DISORD]4 

,H[1 MOREOV]1 DID CAPITALISM MANAGE TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! 0*RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS0 9 :I* IT SEEM$ HOPELESSLY MIR$ DUR+ ! #a#i#cS8 ,:Y1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 DID IT PRODUCE ADVANCES 9 TE*NICS SO DAZZL+ ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS N[ UND]GO+ A P]MAN5T 0,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION0 :OSE RESULTS >E DIFFICULT TO =ESEE8 ,F9ALLY1 :Y DID IT COME TO PASS ?AT1 FOLL[+ ! PR(\ND ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CRISES ( ! #a#i#cS1 CAPITALISM EM]G$ FROM A SECOND WORLD W> AS A MORE /ABLE & MORE SOCIALLY 5TR5*$ ORD] ?AN IT HAD EV] BE5 9 ! PA/8 

,NONE ( !SE EV5TS1 SO IMPORTANT 9 ! PR$ICTIVE CALCULATIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S1 HAVE BE5 ADEQUATELY EXPLA9$ 9 A FUNDAM5TAL & HI/ORICAL S5SE1 NOTABLY ! PROGRESSIVE ROLE ?AT ,M>X ASSIGN$ TO CAPITALISM 9 HIS 0/AGES !ORY0 ( HI/ORY4.<#c#d.> ,9/EAD1 = YE>S1 ,M>XI/S L>GELY EXP5D$ !IR POLEMICAL 5]GY 9 ?R[+ EPI!TS AT EA* O!R & AT O!R LABOR MOVEM5TS = !IR 0BETRAYALS0 )\T ASK+ :Y ,M>XISM WAS SO VULN]ABLE TO BETRAYAL 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,9 MORE REC5T YE>S1 ,M>XI/S HAVE TRI$ TO APPROPRIATE FRAGM5TS ( IDEAS ?AT BELONG TO ONCE-DESPIS$ UTOPIAN IDEOLOGIES1 SU* AS ,F\RI]ISM 7,M>CUSE1 TO CITE ONLY ONE EXAMPLE7 OR TO O!R IDEOLOGIES1 SU* AS SYNDICALISM1 AN>*ISM1 ECOLOGY1 FEM9ISM1 & COMMUNIT>IANISM1 APPROPRIAT+ ILL-FITT+ IDEOLOGICAL T5ETS FROM ONE OR ! O!R TO REFURBI% !IR LIMIT$ VIEW ( A *ANG+ B\RGEOIS REALITY UNTIL :AT PASSES = ,M>XISM TODAY IS (T5 A PA/I*E ( FRAGM5TS PAT*$ TOGE!R ) PLANKS FROM BASICALLY ALI5 IDEOLOGIES4 

,H[1 9 %ORT1 DID IT COME TO PASS ?AT ! CLASSICAL ]A1 M>K$ BY ITS COH]5CE & UNITY 9 REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T & PRACTICE1 GAVE WAY TO A COMPLETELY DECAD5T ]A 9 :I* 9COH]5CE IS CELEBRAT$1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! NAME ( A PO/MOD]NISM ?AT EQUATES *AOTIC NIHILISM ) FRE$OM1 SELF-EXPRESSION1 & CREATIVITY--NOT UNLIKE ! *AOS ( ! M>KETPLACE ITSELF8 ,WE CAN ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS BECAUSE WE N[ 5JOY OV] A HALF-C5TURY ( H9DSI<T4 ,:AT ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S HAVE %[N US IS ?AT ! UNIQUELY 9SURG5T P]IOD BETWE5 #aiag & #aici WAS NOT EVID5CE ( CAPITALI/ MORBIDITY & DECL9E1 AS ,L59 SURMIS$4 ,RA!R1 IT WAS A P]IOD ( SOCIAL TRANSITION4 ,DUR+ ?OSE DECADES1 ! WORLD WAS SO TORN BY CIRCUM/ANTIALLY CREAT$ T5SIONS ?AT ,L59'S VIEW ( CAPITALISM AS A DY+ SOCIAL ORD] SEEM$ 9DE$ CONFIRM$ BY REALITY4 

,:AT ?IS CLASSICAL PROGNOSIS & ITS SUPPORT+ !ORETICAL CORPUS DID NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT W]E V>I\S ALT]NATIVE DEVELOPM5TS ?AT FAC$ CAPITALISM BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,GREAT ,W> & EV5 DUR+ ! 9T]W> P]IOD--ALT]NATIVES ?AT LAY B5EA? ! TUMULTU\S SURFACE ( ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,! CLASSICAL ,LEFT DID NOT CONSID] O!R POSSIBLE SOCIAL TRAJECTORIES ?AT CAPITALISM C\LD HAVE FOLL[$--& EV5TUALLY DID FOLL[--?AT W\LD ALL[ = ITS /ABILIZATION4 ,IT NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO UND]/& !SE NEW SOCIAL TRAJECTORIES BUT ALSO FAIL$ TO =ESEE1 EV5 FA9TLY1 ! EM]G5CE ( NEW ISSUES ?AT EXT5D$ BEYOND ! L>GELY WORK]-ORI5T$ ANALYSIS ( ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT4 

,= ONE ?+1 :AT MAKES SO MU* ( ! CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y PROGNOSES =MULAT$ BY PREW> & W>TIME SOCIALISM SEEM P>ADOXICAL IS ?AT ! 0MORIBUND0 P]IOD 9 :I* MANY CLASSICAL LEFTI/S AN*OR$ !IR HOPES = REVOLUTION WAS /ILL NOT EV5 A P]IOD ( 0MATURE0 CAPITALISM1 LET ALONE ONE ( 0DY+0 CAPITALISM4 ,! ]A BE=E ! ,GREAT ,W> WAS ONE 9 :I* MASS PRODUCTION1 REPUBLICAN SY/EMS ( GOV]NM5T1 & SO-CALL$ 0B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC0 LIB]TIES W]E /ILL EM]G+ FROM A *RYSALIS ( PRECAPITALI/ =MS ( CRAFT PRODUCTION & COMM]CE1 /ATE /RUCTURES RUL$ BY ROYAL FAMILIES & C\RTS1 & ECONOMIES 9 :I* 5NOBL$ L&LORDS SU* AS ! ,G]MAN ,JUNK]S1 ,BRITI% >I/OCRATS1 & ,LAT9 ,GR&EES COEXI/$ ) A HUGE1 TE*NICALLY BACKW>D PEASANT POPULATION4 ,EV5 :]E MO/ GREAT E/ATES W]E [N$ BY B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS1 AS 9 ,SPA91 !IR MANAGEM5T ( AGRICULTURE WAS CONDUCT$ LE?>GICALLY1 EMULAT+ ! DIFFID5T ECONOMIC HABITS ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ P>ASITIC AGR>IAN ELITES ( A PRECAPITALI/ ]A4 ,CAPITALISM1 :ILE IT WAS ! DOM9ANT ECONOMY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ,G]MANY1 MORE AMBIGU\SLY ,FRANCE1 & ONLY M>G9ALLY 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 WAS /ILL SUBORD9AT$ CULTURALLY & EV5 /RUCTURALLY TO ELITE /RATA1 (T5 BAS$ ON K9%IP1 ?AT W]E MORE FEUDAL ?AN B\RGEOIS1 & M>K$ BY ! R5TI] & MILIT>I/IC VALUES ?AT DI/+UI%$ A WAN+ ]A4 

,9 EFFECT1 EV5 MOD]N 9DU/RY1 :ILE BECOM+ C5TRAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAJOR NATION-/ATES 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 WAS /ILL AN*OR$ 9 A CRAFT-PEASANT SOCIAL MATRIX4 ,! [N]%IP ( L& & ( SMALL-SCALE WORK%OPS1 (T5 FAMILY MANAG$1 =M$ ! TRADITIONAL FEATURES ( SOCIAL /ATUS 9 A V]Y /ATUS-RIDD5 WORLD1 SU* AS 9 ,5GL& & ,G]MANY4 ,IT IS H>D TO RECALL TODAY H[ L[ ! REAL /ATUS ( WOM5 WAS DUR+ ! E>LY #a#iS2 H[ DEGRAD$ WAS ! /ATUS ( PROP]TYLESS1 (T5 M5DICANT WORK]S2 H[ EAG]LY EV5 SUB/ANTIAL CAPITALI/S TRI$ TO M>RY 9TO TITL$ FAMILIES2 H[ FEEBLE W]E ELEM5T>Y CIVIL LIB]TIES 9 A WORLD ?AT ACKN[L$G$ ! VALIDITY ( 9H]IT$ PRIVILEGE & ! AU?ORITY ( MON>*S2 & H[ EMBATTL$ WAS ! 9DU/RIALLY REGIM5T$ PROLET>IAT 7(T5 REMOV$ BY A G5]ATION OR TWO FROM VILLAGE LIFE ) ITS MORE NATURAL LIFE-WAYS7 9 ITS EF=TS TO M]ELY ORGANIZE RE=MI/ TRADE UNIONS4 

,! ,GREAT ,W>1 A MON/R\S EV5T ?AT WAS AS MU*1 IF NOT MORE1 ! PRODUCT ( DYNA/IC AMBITIONS1 MILIT>Y OBTUS5ESS1 & ! AWESOME AU?ORITY ALL[$ TO PRE5+ MON>*S AS IT WAS ( ECONOMIC IMP]IALISM1 WAS NOT A 0HI/ORICAL NECESSITY40 ,AN 5TANGL$ ,EUROPE1 CAU<T UP 9 ,KAIS] ,WILHELM ,I,I'S JUV5ILE PO/UR+ & DIZZY+ IMAGES ( ,G]MAN NATIONAL GR&EUR1 ! BL9D SPIRIT ( ,FR5* REVAN*ISME FOLL[+ ! C\NTRY'S LOSS ( ,ALSACE & ,LORRA9E 9 #ahga TO ! ,WILHELM9E ,REI*1 & ! NAIVE NATIONALISM ( ! MASSES1 :OSE CLASS 9T]NATIONALISM WAS (T5 MORE RHETORICAL ?AN REAL--ALL L$ TO A HORRIBLE =M ( TR5* W>F>E ?AT %\LD HAVE BE5 UN5DURABLE TO ANY CIVILIZ$ PEOPLE )9 A FEW MON?S AFT] IT BEGAN1 LET ALONE = F\R BLOODY YE>S4 ,! ,DEUTS*E ,M>K1 ! PO/W> ,G]MAN CURR5CY & EMBLEMATIC EXPRESSION ( ,G]MAN CAPITALISM1 MANAG$ TO P]=M ECONOMIC PRODIGIES ?AT NEI!R ,WILHELM NOR ,HITL]'S BAYONETS C\LD HOPE TO P]=M DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY--SO DIFF]5T >E ! ALT]NATIVES ?AT ! PO/W> ]A F9ALLY REVEAL$6 

,YET1 IRONICALLY1 IT WAS NOT ! BATTLEFRONT 9 ! ,GREAT ,W> ?AT G5]AT$ ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#i#a#g-#a#h2 IT WAS ! RE>1 :]E HUNG] MANAG$ TO DO :AT ! T]RIFY+ EXPLOSIVES1 MA*9E GUNS1 TANKS1 & POISON GAS AT ! FRONT NEV] QUITE SUCCE$$ 9 A*IEV+--A REVOLUTION OV] ISSUES SU* AS BREAD & PEACE 79 PRECISELY ?AT ORD]74 ,IT IS BREA?TAK+ TO CONSID] ?AT1 AFT] ?REE YE>S ( CON/ANT BLOODLETT+1 MUTILATION1 & 9CR$IBLE DAILY FE>1 ! ,G]MAN /RIKES ( ,JANU>Y #aiah ?AT HAD ! PUNG5T ODOR ( REVOLUTION ACTUALLY SUBSID$1 & ! ,G]MAN WORK]S REMA9$ PATI5TLY QUIESC5T :5 ,G5]AL ,LUD5DORFF'S SPR+ & SUMM] (F5SIVES ( ?AT YE> GA9$ SUB/ANTIAL GR\ND FROM ,FR5* & ,BRITI% TROOPS 9 ! ,WE/ TO ! 0GREAT] GLORY0 ( ! ,REI*4 ,SO MU* = ! 0REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CTS0 ( ! PEOPLE1 :I* ,BAKUN9 WAS WONT TO CELEBRATE4 ,IT SPEAKS VOLUMES ?AT1 DESPITE ! HORRORS ( ! ,GREAT ,W>1 ! MASSES W5T ALONG ) ! CONFLICT UNTIL IT WAS COMPLETELY UN5DURABLE MAT]IALLY4 ,SU* IS ! P[] ( ADAPTATION1 TRADITION1 & HABIT 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 

,NOT)/&+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,GREAT ,W> CAME TO AN 5D )\T OV]?R[+ ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM1 LET ALONE WORLD CAPITALISM4 ,! W> ACTUALLY REVEAL$ ?AT ! CLASSICAL TRADITION ( SOCIALISM WAS V]Y LIMIT$ &1 9 MANY RESPECTS1 GREATLY 9 NE$ ( REPAIR4 ,UND]/&ABLY1 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY TRI$ TO =E%ORT5 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & BR+ AB\T ! LIKELIHOOD ( SOCIALISM )9 !IR [N LIFE SPANS1 AL?\< ?IS IS LESS TRUE ( ,LUXEMBURG & P>TICUL>LY ( ,M>X1 :O WAS F> MORE CRITICAL ( ,M>XISM ?AN HIS ACOLYTES4 ,9DE$1 ,M>X WAS AT PA9S TO W>N ?AT IT HAD TAK5 C5TURIES = FEUDALISM TO DIE & = CAPITALISM TO EM]GE1 H5CE1 ,M>XI/S %\LD H>DLY EXPECT ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD BE OV]?R[N 9 A YE>1 A DECADE1 OR EV5 A G5]ATION4 ,TROTSKY WAS F> MORE SANGU9E ?AN ,L59 9 HIS CONVICTION ?AT CAPITALISM WAS 0MORIBUND10 0DECAY+10 0ROTT+10 & O!RWISE FALL+ AP>T1 & ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS GR[+ 0/RONG]10 OR 0MORE CLASS CONSCI\S10 OR 0ORGANIZ$0--BUT IT MATT]S LITTLE TODAY TO DWELL ON HIS EXPECTATIONS & PROGNOSES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,GREAT ,W>1 :ILE NOT COMPLETELY SWEEP+ ! HI/ORICAL SLATE CLEAN ( ! FEUDAL DETRITUS ?AT CONTRIBUT$ SO GREATLY TO ITS \TBREAK1 LEFT ! ,WE/]N WORLD 9 A CULTURAL1 MORAL1 & POLITICAL /UPOR4 ,AN ]A WAS CLE>LY 5D+1 BUT IT WAS NOT CAPITALISM ?AT WAS FAC$ ) IMM95T OBLIVION4 ,:AT WAS DISAPPE>+ WAS ! TRADITIONAL1 TIME-WORN /ATUS & CLASS SY/EM ( A FEUDAL PA/1 YET )\T ANY FULLY DEVELOP$ =M ( CAPITALISM TO TAKE ITS PLACE4 ,) ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION1 ,BRITI% L&LORDISM BEGAN TO 5T] 9TO H>D1 EV5 DEVA/AT+ TIMES1 BUT IT HAD NOT COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$ DUR+ ! #a#i#cS4 ,! ,PRUSSIAN ,JUNK]S W]E /ILL 9 COMM& ( ! ,G]MAN >MY AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i#cS &1 ?ANKS TO VON ,H9D5BURG'S ELECTION AS PRESID5T ( ! ,G]MAN /ATE1 /ILL 5JOY$ MANY ( ! PRIVILEGES ( AN E/ABLI%$ ELITE E>LY 9 ! ,HITL] P]IOD4 ,BUT ?IS ONCE-HAU<TY /RATUM WAS EV5TUALLY FAC$ ) ! *ALL5GE ( ,HITL]'S ,GLEI*S*ALTUNG1 ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL LEVEL+ ?AT F9ALLY DEGRAD$ ! ,PRUSSIAN (FIC] CA/E4 ,9 ! 5D1 IT WAS ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN & ,RUSSIAN >MIES ?AT SWEPT ! ,JUNK]S AWAY BY SEIZ+ !IR E/ATES 9 ! ,EA/ & DISSOLV+ !M AS A SOCIOECONOMIC 5TITY4 ,FRANCE WAS FI<T+ ITS LA/ BATTLES AS A MIDDLE-CLASS REPUBLIC DUR+ ! MID-#a#i#cS1 ) ,CA?OLIC REACTION>IES & ! BLOOD$ Y\NG FASCI/S ( ! ,CROIX DE ,FEU1 :O ASPIR$ TO AN >I/OCRATIC ,GALLICISM L$ BY RI* & TITL$ LEAD]S4 

,?US1 ! 9T]W> DECADES W]E A /ORMY P]IOD ( TRANSITION BETWE5 A DECL9+ QUASI-FEUDAL WORLD1 ALREADY %ATT]$ BUT NOT BURI$1 & AN EM]G+ B\RGEOIS WORLD1 :I*1 DESPITE ITS VA/ ECONOMIC P[]1 HAD /ILL NOT P5ETRAT$ 9TO EV]Y PORE ( SOCIETY & DEF9$ ! BASIC VALUES ( ! C5TURY4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION %[$ ?AT ! P$E/RIAN MAXIM 0MONEY ISN'T EV]Y?+0 IS TRUE :5 !RE IS NO MONEY TO GO >\ND4 ,9DE$1 ! ,DEPRESSION ?REW MU* ( ! WORLD1 ESPECIALLY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9TO A DISORD]LY ONE ?AT RESEMBL$ ITS [N HECTIC POPULI/ ]A ( ! #a#h#gS & #a#h#hS1 H5CE ! FL>E-UP ( TRADE UNIONISM1 VIOL5T /RIKES1 GREAT DEMON/RATIONS1 & 0,R$0 AGITATION ?AT SWEPT OV] ! ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN CONT95TS 9 ! #a#i#cS4 

,9 ?IS SOCIALLY HYP]ACTIVE BUT 9DECISIVE P]IOD ( SOCIAL T5SIONS BETWE5 ! OLD & NEW1 :5 ! RUL+ CLASSES AS WELL AS ! DOM9AT$ MASSES LIV$ 9 MURD]\S ANTIPA?Y T[>D EA* O!R1 HI/ORY UNLOCK$ ! DOOR TO REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS4 ,AMID ! UNC]TA9TY ( A T5SION-FILL$ WORLD1 ! FULFILLM5T ( ,M>X'S DREAM--A DEMOCRATIC WORK]S' SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T--SEEM$ A*IEVABLE4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! /RIFE ?AT EXI/$ )9 ?AT 9T]W> P]IOD1 IT APPE>$ ?AT CAPITALISM HAD COLLAPS$ ECONOMICALLY & A WORLDWIDE MOVEM5T T[>D A DEMOCRATIC1 POSSIBLY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WAS A*IEVABLE4 ,BUT TO CREATE SU* A SOCIETY REQUIR$ A HI<LY CONSCI\S MOVEM5T ) AN ABLE LEAD]%IP & A CLE>-EY$ S5SE ( PURPOSE4 

,TRAGICALLY1 NO SU* MOVEM5T APPE>$4 ,GROSSLY PRAGMATIC BUREAUCRATS SU* AS ,FRI$RI* ,EB]T & ,PHILIP ,S*EIDEMANN1 & P$E/RIAN !ORI/S SU* AS ,K>L ,KAUTSKY & ,RUDOLF ,HILF]D+1 ASSUM$ ! DEFLAT$ MANTLE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL & SET ITS TONE UP UNTIL ! RISE ( ,G]MAN FASCISM4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 ,/AL9 9T]V5$ 9 EV]Y POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 ,EUROPE & POISON$ IT TO S]VE ,RUSSIA'S 7& HIS [N7 9T]E/S4 ,! PRE/IGE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION1 TO :I* ?IS TYRANT CONTRIBUT$ ABSOLUTELY NO?+ & :I* HE DEFAM$ :5 HE CAME TO P[]1 WAS /ILL NOT SUFFICI5TLY SULLI$ TO ALL[ ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT TO CREATE ITS [N AU!NTIC MOVEM5TS & EXP& ITS VISION TO ACCORD ) EM]G+ SOCIAL ISSUES ?AT REFLECT$ *ANGES 9 CAPITALISM ITSELF4 

,:AT MU/ N[ BE ACKN[L$G$ IS ?AT BETWE5 #aiad & #a#i#d#e1 CAPITALISM WAS 5L>G+ ITS F\NDATIONS ) MASS MANUFACTURE & NEW 9DU/RIES1 NOT DIGG+ ITS GRAVE AS ,L59 & ,TROTSKY HAD OP9$4 ,ITS /ATUS AS A DOM9ANT WORLD ECONOMY & SOCIETY /ILL LAY BE=E IT 9 #a#i#a#g1 NOT BEH9D IT4 ,& IT W\LD BE %E] MYOPIA NOT TO SEE ?AT CAPITALISM IS /ILL 9DU/RIALIZ+ ! WORLD--AGR>IAN AS WELL AS URBAN--:I* IS BASICALLY :AT ! WORD 0GLOBALIZATION0 MEANS4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS /ILL ]OD+ ! P>TICUL>ISMS ?AT DIVIDE HUMAN BE+S ON ! BASIS ( NATIONALISM1 RELIGION1 & E?NICITY4 ,MO/ ( ! 0FUNDAM5TALISMS0 & 0ID5TITY POLITICS0 ]UPT+ 9 ! WORLD TODAY >E ESS5TIALLY REACTIONS AGA9/ ! 5CROA*+ SECUL>ISM & UNIV]SALISM ( A BUS9ESS-ORI5T$1 9CREAS+LY HOMOG5IZ+ CAPITALI/ CIVILIZATION ?AT IS SL[LY EAT+ AWAY AT A DEEPLY RELIGI\S1 NATIONALI/IC1 & E?NIC H]ITAGE4 ,! COMMODITY IS /ILL P]=M+ PRODIGIES ( SOCIAL ]OSION 9 PRECAPITALI/ CULTURES1 BE !Y = GOOD OR BAD1 SU* AS ,M>X & ,5GELS DESCRIB$ 9 ! FIR/ P>T ( ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 ,:]E SANITY & REASON DO NOT GUIDE HUMAN AFFAIRS1 TO BE SURE1 ! GOOD IS NE>LY ALWAYS POLLUT$ BY ! BAD1 & IT IS ! FUNCTION ( ANY S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y ?9K] TO SEP>ATE ! TWO 9 ! HOPE ( UNE>?+ ! RATIONAL T5D5CY 9 A SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 CAPITALISM IS NOT ONLY HOMOG5IZ+ OLD SOCIETIES & REMAK+ !M 9 ITS URBANIZ$1 COMMODITY-ORI5T$ IMAGE2 IT IS DO+ ! SAME TO ! PLANET & ! BIOSPH]E 9 ! NAME ( 0MA/]+0 ! =CES ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY ! 0HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE0 ROLE ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS ASSIGN$1 9 A CELEBRATORY MANN]1 TO ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,H[ 0PROGRESSIVE0 ?IS PROCESS ( HOMOG5IZATION IS1 9 FACT1 REMA9S TO BE SE54 ,= ! PRES5T1 IT BEHOOVES US TO EXAM9E ! FAILURE ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM 7>GUABLY ! TWO PR9CIPAL W+S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION7 TO DEAL ) ! TRANSITIONAL NATURE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,9 ! PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I P]IOD1 ! WEAKE/ ELEM5TS 9 ,M>X'S S*EMA ( HI/ORY1 CLASS /RUGGLE1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 & POLITICAL ACTIVITY HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$ TO P5ETRAT+ CRITICAL EXAM9ATION4.<#c#e.> ,! ,M>XIAN CANON TO ! CONTR>Y1 HI/ORY1 VIEW$ AS A :OLE1 CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO ECONOMIC FACTORS AS ,M>X TRI$ TO DO 9 HIS KEY WORKS1 AL?\< CAPITALISM MAY WELL BE MUTAT+ ,HOMO SAPI5S 9TO ,HOMO CONSUM]ANS & FO/]+ ! T5D5CY AMONG MASSES ( PEOPLE TO EXP]I5CE REALITY AS A HUGE M>KET4 ,M>X'S BASIC VIEWS MAY HAVE PROVID$ HIS ACOLYTES ) ! NECESS>Y OR PRECONDITIONAL CAUSES = SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T--ADMITT$LY MAT]IAL OR ECONOMIC CAUSES--BUT !Y FAIL$ TO EXPLA9 ! 5ORM\S ROLE ( ! EFFICI5T CAUSES2 ! IMM$IATE CAUSES1 SU* AS CULTURE1 POLITICS1 MORALITY1 JURIDICAL PRACTICES1 & ! LIKE 7:I* ,M>X D5OT$ AS A 0SUP]/RUCTURAL07 = PRODUC+ SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,9DE$1 :AT ELSE BESIDES 0SUP]/RUCTURAL0 7P>TICUL>LY MORAL1 RELIGI\S1 & POLITICAL7 FACTORS CAN EXPLA9 :Y ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 ELEM5TS ( :I* HAD ALWAYS EXI/$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES 9 AGR>IAN & CRAFT ECONOMIES1 WAS >RE/$ = ?\S&S ( YE>S & BECAME A MAJOR ECONOMY 9 ONLY ONE C\NTRY1 ,5GL&1 E>LY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY8 ,OR :Y REVOLUTIONS OCCUR ONLY UND] CONDITIONS ( COMPLETE SOCIAL BREAKD[N1 ?AT IS1 AFT] A VA/ BODY ( MASSIVELY 9FLU5TIAL SUP]/RUCTURAL BELIEF SY/EMS 7(T5 ACCEPT$ 9 !IR TIME AS ET]NAL REALITIES7 >E %ATT]$4 ,M>X WAS NOT OBLIVI\S TO ! EXT5T TO :I* BELIEF SY/EMS OV]RIDE B\RGEOIS =CES 9 PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ESPECIALLY 9 HIS DISCUSSIONS ON ! PR$OM9ANCE ( AGR>IAN VALUES OV] URBAN ONES 9 HIS ,GRUNDRISSE4,V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,M>XI/S W]E RIDDL$ BY CONFLICTS OV] ! /ATUS ( CAPITALISM AT V>I\S PO9TS 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :5 ! B\RGEOISIE FAC$ ONE ( ! /ORMIE/ P]IODS ( ITS HI/ORY PRECISELY BECAUSE CAPITALISM HAD NOT FULLY %$ ! TRAPP+S ( FEUDALISM & COME 0COMPLETELY 9TO ITS [N10 SO TO SPEAK4 

,H[1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS IT POSSIBLE = MANY ,M>XI/S TO 9SI/ ?AT CAPITALISM WAS 9 DECL9E AT A TIME :5 MAJOR TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS LIKE MASS MANUFACTURE1 RADICALLY NEW =MS ( TRANSPORTATION SU* AS ! AUTOMOBILE1 ADVANCES 9 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC MA*9ES & GOODS1 & NEW *EMICAL 9NOVATIONS W]E OCCURR+ 9 ! DECADE DIRECTLY FOLL[+ ! ,GREAT ,W>8 ,HAD ,M>X NOT WRITT51 AFT] ALL1 ?AT 0,NO SOCIAL ORD] EV] P]I%ES BE=E ALL ! PRODUCTIVE =CES .<TE*NOLOGY.> = :I* !RE IS ROOM 9 IT HAVE DEVELOP$08.<#c#f.> ,C\LD ?IS BE SAID ( CAPITALISM 9 #a#i#a#d-#a#h & #a#i#c#i-#d#e8 ,9DE$1 WILL IT EV] BE SAID ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 ! FUTURE8 ,9 ASK+ !SE QUE/IONS1 ,I AM NOT TRY+ TO SUGGE/ ?AT CAPITALISM WILL NEV] PRODUCE PROBLEMS ?AT NECESSITATE ITS OV]?R[ OR REPLACEM5T4 ,MY PURPOSE IS1 RA!R1 TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! PROBLEMS ?AT MAY WELL TURN MO/ ( HUMANITY AGA9/ CAPITALISM MAY NOT NECESS>ILY BE /RICTLY ECONOMIC ONES OR ROOT$ 9 CLASS ISSUES4 

,>GUABLE AS ,M>X'S PRODUCTIVI/ 9T]PRETATION ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & ITS FUTURE MAY BE1 IT BECOMES A V]Y =C$ & >TIFICIAL1 EV5 CONTORT$1 EXPLANATION ( HI/ORY IF IT IS NOT GREATLY MODIFI$ BY ! DIALECTIC ( IDEAS1 ?AT IS1 BY POLITICAL & SOCIAL IDEOLOGY1 MORALITY & E?ICS1 LAW1 JURIDICAL /&>DS1 & ! LIKE4 ,M>XISM HAS YET TO =?RI<TLY ACKN[L$GE ?AT !SE DIFF]5T SPH]ES ( LIFE HAVE !IR [N DIALECTIC1 9DE$1 ?AT !Y CAN UNFOLD FROM 9N] =CES ( !IR [N & NOT SIMPLY RESULT FROM A PRODUCTIVI/ DIALECTIC CALL$ ! 0MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY40 ,MOREOV]1 IT HAS YET TO EMPHASIZE ?AT A DIALECTIC ( E?ICS OR RELIGION CAN PR(\NDLY AFFECT ! DIALECTIC ( PRODUCTIVE =CES & PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE1 = EXAMPLE1 TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY L$ LOGICALLY TO A GR[+ RESPECT = 9DIVIDUAL WOR? & F9ALLY TO RADICAL CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIAL FRE$OM--A DIALECTIC ?AT 9 TURN PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BY ALT]+ ! WAY HUMAN BE+S 9T]ACT$ ) EA* O!R & ) ! MAT]IAL WORLD8 

,BY ! TIME ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 C5TURIES ( DEEPLY 5TR5*$ IDEAS ON PROP]TY1 SU* AS ! 5ORM\S E/EEM ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ! [N]%IP ( L&1 W]E 9T]M+L+ & MODIFY+ SEEM+LY OBJECTIVE SOCIAL =CES1 SU* AS ! GR[? ( AN 9CREAS+LY CAPITALI/IC M>KET4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! EXALT$ IMAGE ( ! 9DEP5D5T1 (T5 SELF-SUFFICI5T PEASANT :O BEGAN TO EM]GE 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,REVOLUTION ) HIS SMALL BIT ( PROP]TY & HIS CRAFT-ORI5T$ VILLAGE1 ACTUALLY 9HIBIT$ CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 ,FRANCE WELL 9TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BY CLOS+ (F L>GE P>TS ( ! DOME/IC M>KET TO COMMODITIES MASS PRODUC$ 9 ! CITIES4 ,! IMAGE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION AS A 0B\RGEOIS0 REVOLUTION ?AT FO/]$ A CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T AT HOME IS >GUABLY MORE FICTITI\S ?AN REAL1 AL?\< 9 ! LONG RUN1 IT CREAT$ MANY PRECONDITIONS = ! RISE ( ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE4 

,9 %ORT1 BY $UC+ ! DIALECTIC ( HI/ORY ALONG OV]:ELM+LY PRODUCTIVI/ L9ES1 ,M>X EASILY DECEIV$ HIMSELF AS WELL AS HIS MO/ IMPORTANT FOLL[]S1 NOTABLY ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 AB\T CAPITALISM'S MORBIDITY BY ASSUM+ ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAD F9ALLY PREP>$ ALL ! ECONOMIC PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM & H5CE WAS READY TO BE REPLAC$ BY SOCIALISM4 ,:AT HE IGNOR$ WAS ?AT MANY ( ! PROBLEMS1 CONTRADICTIONS1 & ANTAGONISMS HE IMPUT$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO CAPITALISM W]E1 9 FACT1 ! PRODUCT ( L+]+ FEUDAL TRAITS ?AT SOCIETY HAD NOT %$2 MOREOV]1 ?AT ! SEEM+LY 0SUP]/RUCTURAL0 9/ITUTIONS & VALUES ?AT HAD *>ACT]IZ$ PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 DEF9+ A SEEM+LY PR$OM9ANT CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ?AT WAS /ILL ABORN+4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ! AN>*I/S W]E RI<T :5 !Y CALL$ NOT SO MU* = ! ECONOMIC IMPROVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT AS = ITS MORAL DEVELOPM5T AS VITAL TO ! =MATION ( A FREE SOCIETY--IMPROVEM5TS ,M>XI/S L>GELY BRU%$ ASIDE AS ISSUES ?AT FELL )9 ! DOMA9 ( 0PRIVATE LIFE40 

,M>X & ,M>XISM ALSO FAIL US :5 !Y FOCUS OV]:ELM+LY ON ! WORK+ CLASS1 EV5 5HANC+ ITS SOCIAL WEI<T BY PRESUMABLY ELEVAT+ TRANSP>5TLY PETTY B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS SU* AS SAL>I$ :ITE-COLL> EMPLOYES TO PROLET>IAN /ATUS :5 9DU/RIAL WORK]S >E EVID5TLY DECL9+ NUM]ICALLY4 ,NOR DOES ! AU!NTIC PROLET>IAT1 :I* ASSUM$ AN ALMO/ MY/ICAL CLASS /ATUS 9 ! HEYDAY ( ,M>XISM1 ACT AS ?\< IT IS A UNIQUELY HEGEMONIC HI/ORICAL AG5T 9 ! CONFLICT ) CAPITALISM AS A SY/EM4 ,NO?+ PROV$ TO BE MORE MISLEAD+ 9 ! ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD ?AN ! MY? ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS1 :5 APPEAL$ TO AS AN ECONOMIC CLASS1 C\LD SEE BEYOND ! IMM$IATE CONDITIONS ( ITS GIV5 LIFE-WAYS--! FACTORY & B\RGEOIS =MS ( DI/RIBUTION 7EX*ANGE74.<#c#g.> ,IT CONSI/5TLY ADOPT$ RE=MI/ PROGRAMS DESIGN$ TO GA9 HI<] WAGES1 %ORT] WORK+ DAYS1 LONG] VACATIONS1 & IMPROV$ WORK+ CONDITIONS UNTIL ?UND]\S EV5TS DROVE IT TO REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 TOGE!R1 IT %\LD BE ADD$1 ) NONPROLET>IAN /RATA4 ,VIRTUALLY NONE ( ! CLASSICAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 APPEAL$ TO ! WORK]S AS PEOPLE3 AS P>5TS1 CITY DWELL]S1 BRO!RS & SI/]S1 & 9DIVIDUALS TRY+ TO LIVE DEC5T LIVES 9 A DEC5T 5VIRONM5T = !MSELVES & !IR (FSPR+4 

,MO/ CONV5TIONAL ,M>XI/ !ORI/S TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! WORK] IS FIR/ ( ALL A HUMAN BE+1 NOT SIMPLY ! EMBODIM5T ( 0SOCIAL LABOR10 DEF9ABLE 9 /RICTLY CLASS T]MS4 ,! FAILURE ( CLASSICAL SOCIALISM TO MAKE A HUMAN & CIVIC APPEAL TO ! WORK]--EV5 TO S]I\SLY CONSID] HIM OR H] AS MORE ?AN A CLASS BE+--CREAT$ A W>P$ RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS & !IR ALLEG$ 0CON/ITU5CY40 ,AL?\< CLASSICAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ESPECIALLY ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 PROVID$ WORK]S ) A HI<LY V>I$ CULTURAL LIFE ( !IR [N1 FROM $UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES TO SPORTS CLUBS1 ! PROLET>IAT WAS USUALLY BOX$ 9TO A WORLD B\ND$ BY A CONC]N = ITS MO/ IMM$IATE MAT]IAL 9T]E/S4 ,EV5 9 ! PRE-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I CULTURAL C5T]S ( ! SOCIALI/S1 SU* AS ! CASAS DEL PUEBLOE/ABLI%$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/S1 IT WAS F$ PRIM>ILY ON DISCUSSIONS ( ITS EXPLOITATION & DEGRADATION BY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 :I* 9 ANY CASE1 IT EXP]I5C$ DAILY 9 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS4 ,! ATTEMPT TO R$EF9E ! PROLET>IAT & MAKE IT A MAJORITY ( A NATIONAL POPULATION LO/ ALL CR$IBILITY :5 CAPITALISM BEGAN TO CREATE A HUGE 0SAL>IAT0 ( (FICE EMPLOYES1 MANAG]S1 SALESPEOPLE1 & AN >MY ( S]VICE1 5G9E]+1 ADV]TIS+1 M$IA1 & GOV]NM5TAL P]SONNEL :O SAW !MSELVES AS A NEW MIDDLE CLASS1 DEEPLY 9VE/$ 9 B\RGEOIS PROP]TY ?R\< /OCKS1 BONDS1 REAL E/ATE1 P5SIONS1 & ! LIKE1 H[EV] M9OR !SE MAY SEEM BY COMP>ISON ) ! BIG B\RGEOISIE4 

,F9ALLY1 A V]Y SIGNIFICANT FAIL+ ( ,M>XISM :5 IT CAME TO BUILD+ A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS ITS COMMITM5T TO ! /ATI/ ACQUISITION & MA9T5ANCE ( P>LIAM5T>Y P[]4 ,BY ! LATE #a#h#gS1 ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD DEVELOP$ 9TO 0,R$ ,REPUBLICANS10 NOT)/&+ ,M>X'S 5COMIUMS TO ! ,P>ISIAN ,COMMUN>DS & !IR QUASI-AN>*I/ VISION ( A CONF$]AL =M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,:AT IS (T5 IGNOR$ IS ?AT ,M>X DISCLAIM$ !SE 5COMIUMS %ORTLY BE=E HIS DEA? A DECADE LAT]4 ,D\BTLESS1 ,M>X'S VISION ( A REPUBLIC WAS M>K$ BY MORE DEMOCRATIC FEATURES ?AN ANY ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA DUR+ HIS LIFETIME4 ,HE W\LD HAVE FAVOR$ ! RI<T TO RECALL DEPUTIES AT ALL LEVELS ( ! /ATE1 AS WELL AS M9IMAL BUREAUCRACY & A MILITIA SY/EM BAS$ ON WORK+-CLASS RECRUITS4 ,BUT NONE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS HE ATTRIBUT$ TO A SOCIALI/ /ATE W]E 9COMPATIBLE ) ?OSE ( A 0B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC0 /ATE4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 HE BELIEV$ ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD BE VOT$ 9TO P[] 9 ,5GL&1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ! ,NE!RL&S1 A LI/ TO :I* ,5GELS YE>S LAT] ADD$ ,FRANCE4 

,9 V[+ ?AT ONLY 9SURRECTION & A COMPLETE RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! /ATE W]E COMPATIBLE ) SOCIALISM1 ,L59 & ,LUXEMBURG1 AMONG O!RS 7ESPECIALLY ,TROTSKY71 DECID$LY DEP>T$ FROM ,M>X & ,5GELS'S POLITICAL IDEAS 9 !IR LATE YE>S4 ,AT LEA/ 9 TRY+ TO WORK )9 REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS1 ! E>LY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS W]E MORE CONSI/5TLY ,M>XI/ ?AN W]E !IR REVOLUTION>Y CRITICS4 ,!Y VIEW$ ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#h-#a#i AS AN 9DISP5SABLE PRELIM9>Y TO ! CREATION ( A REPUBLICAN SY/EM ?AT W\LD OP5 A PEACEFUL BUT1 MORE SIGNIFICANT1 9/ITUTIONALLY S\ND ROAD TO SOCIALISM4 ,?AT WORK]S' C\NCILS SU* AS ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS & ,G]MAN ,RATE W]E MORE RADICALLY DEMOCRATIC ALSO MADE !M FRI<T5+ AS 9/ITUTIONAL MEASURES1 MORE AK9 TO AN>*ISM & C]TA9LY ,BOL%EVISM ?AN TO A P>LIAM5T ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,AL?\< A Y\NG] ,M>X W\LD HAVE F\ND A /ATE /RUCTUR$ >\ND C\NCILS MORE TO HIS TA/E1 !RE IS LITTLE TO %[ 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S 7AP>T FROM HIS FLIRTATION ) ! LIB]T>IAN FEATURES ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE7 ?AT HE W\LD HAVE 0SMA%$ ! /ATE10 TO USE ,L59'S T]M9OLOGY1 TO ! PO9T ( REJECT+ P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T4 

,DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT AN>*I/ PRECEPTS1 SPAWN$ NE>LY TWO C5TURIES AGO1 PROVIDE A SUB/ITUTE = ,M>XISM8 

,AFT] =TY YE>S ( TRY+ TO WORK ) ?IS IDEOLOGY1 MY [N V]Y CONSID]$ OP9ION IS ?AT SU* A HOPE1 :I* ,I 5T]TA9$ AS E>LY AS ! #a#i#eS1 IS UNREALIZABLE4 ,NOR DO ,I FEEL ?AT ?IS IS DUE ONLY TO ! FAIL+S ( ! SO-CALL$ 0NEW AN>*ISM10 SPAWN$ 9 REC5T YE>S BY Y\NG ACTIVI/S4 ,! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY AN>*ISM BELONG TO ! DAYS ( ITS BIR?1 :5 WRIT]S LIKE ,PR\DHON CELEBRAT$ ITS USE AS A NEW ALT]NATIVE TO ! EM]G+ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,9 REALITY1 AN>*ISM HAS NO COH]5T BODY ( !ORY O!R ?AN ITS COMMITM5T TO AN AHI/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( 0P]SONAL AUTONOMY10 ?AT IS1 TO ! SELF-WILL+1 ASOCIAL EGO1 DIVE/$ ( CON/RA9TS1 PRECONDITIONS1 OR LIMITATIONS %ORT ( DEA? ITSELF4 ,9DE$1 TODAY1 MANY AN>*I/S CELEBRATE ?IS !ORETICAL 9COH]5CE AS EVID5CE ( ! HI<LY LIB]T>IAN NATURE ( !IR \TLOOK & ITS (T5 DIZZY+1 IF NOT CONTRADICTORY1 RESPECT = DIV]SITY4 ,IT IS PRIM>ILY BY GIV+ PRIORITY TO AN IDEOLOGICALLY PETRIFI$ NOTION ( AN 0AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL0 ?AT AN>*I/S JU/IFY !IR OPPOSITION NOT ONLY TO ! /ATE BUT TO ANY =M ( CON/RA9T1 LAW1 & (T5 ORGANIZATION & DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ BAS$ ON MAJORITY VOT+4 ,ALL SU* CON/RA9TS >E DISMISS$ 9 PR9CIPLE AS =MS ( 0CO]CION10 0DOM9ATION10 0GOV]NM5T10 & EV5 0TYRANNY0--(T5 AS ?\< !SE T]MS W]E COEQUAL & 9T]*ANGEABLE4 

,NOR DO AN>*I/ !ORI/S TAKE COGNIZANCE ( ! SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ?AT LIMIT OR MODIFY ! ABILITY TO ATTA9 0,AN>*Y10 :I* IS (T5 DESCRIB$ AS A HI<LY P]SONAL AFFAIR OR EV5 AN EPISODIC OR 0EC/ATIC0 EXP]I5CE4 ,FOLL[$ TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 9DE$ TO ITS MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PREMISES1 ,AN>*Y IS ESS5TIALLY A MORAL DESID]ATUM1 A 0WAY ( LIFE10 AS ONE AN>*I/ PUT IT TO ME1 9DEP5D5T ( TIME OR PLACE4 ,AN>*Y1 WE >E JU/IFI$ 9 CONCLUD+1 EM]GES FROM ! EX]CISE ( PURE WILL4 ,PRESUMABLY1 :5 5\< WILLS CONV]GE TO 0ADOPT0 ,AN>*Y1 IT WILL SIMPLY BE LIKE ! SOIL ?AT REMA9S B5EA? MELT+ SN[1 AS ONE ,BRITI% AN>*I/ PUT IT4 ,?IS REVELATORY 9T]PRETATION ( H[ ,AN>*Y MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ! WORLD LIES AT ! CORE ( ! AN>*I/ VISION4 ,AN>*Y1 IT W\LD APPE>1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 0!RE10 AS ,ISAAC ,PU5TE1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT !ORI/ ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM 9 ! #a#i#cS1 PUT IT1 SAVE ?AT IT WAS CONCEAL$ OV] ! AGES BY A HI/ORICALLY IMPOS$ LAY] ( 9/ITUTIONS1 5TR5*$ EXP]I5CES1 & VALUES ?AT >E TYPIFI$ BY ! /ATE1 CIVILIZATION1 HI/ORY1 & MORALITY4 ,SOMEH[1 IT MU/ M]ELY BE RE/OR$ FROM ITS UNSULLI$ PA/ LIKE A HIDD5 GEOLOGICAL /RATUM4 

,?IS SUMM>Y EASILY EXPLA9S ! EMPHASIS ON PRIMITIVISM & ! NOTION ( 0RECOV]Y0 ?AT ONE SO (T5 5C\NT]S 9 AN>*I/ WRIT+4 ,RECOV]Y %\LD BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! NOTIONS ( DISCOV]Y & 9NOVATION ?AT MOD]N ?9K+ & RATIONALISM W]E OBLIG$ TO C\NT]POSE TO ! PREMOD]N BELIEF ?AT TRU? & VIRTUE 9 ALL !IR ASPECTS W]E ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE BUT CONCEAL$ BY AN OPPRESSIVE OR OBFUSCAT+ HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & CULTURE4 ,AN>*I/S C\LD JU/ AS EASILY USE ?IS =MULATION TO JU/IFY SOCIAL PASSIVITY RA!R ?AN PROTE/4 ,ONE HAD ONLY TO LET ! 0SN[0 7?AT IS1 ! /ATE & CIVILIZATION7 MELT AWAY = ,AN>*Y TO BE RE/OR$1 A VIEW ?AT MAY WELL EXPLA9 ! PACIFISM ?AT IS SO WIDESPREAD AMONG AN>*I/S ?R\<\T ! WORLD TODAY4 

,9 REC5T YE>S1 SOME AN>*I/S HAVE S+L$ \T CIVILIZATION1 TE*NICS1 & RATIONALITY AS ! GREATE/ FAIL+S ( ! HUMAN CONDITION & >GUE !Y MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY A MORE PRIMITIVE1 PRESUMABLY 0AU!NTIC0 CULTURE ?AT ES*EWS ALL ! ATTA9M5TS ( HI/ORY 9 ORD] TO RE/ORE HUMANITY'S PRIMAL 0H>MONY0 ) ITSELF & AN ALMO/ MY/ICAL 0,NATURE40 ,9S(> AS AN>*I/S CURR5TLY ESP\SE ?IS VIEW1 !Y HAVE ACTUALLY RETURN$ AN>*ISM TO ITS TRUE HOME AFT] ITS C5TURIES-LONG ME&]+S ?R\< ! MAZES ( SYNDICALISM & O!R BASICALLY ALI5 SOCIAL CAUSES4 ,PR\DHON'S WI/FUL IMAGE ( ! SELF-SUFFICI5T PEASANT F>M OR VILLAGE1 WISELY PRESID$ OV] BY AN ALL-KN[+ PAT]FAMILIAS1 IS F9ALLY RECOV]$2 ?IS1 ,I W\LD ADD1 AT A TIME :5 ! WORLD IS MORE 9T]DEP5D5T & TE*NOLOGICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ ?AN AT ANY O!R 9 HI/ORY4 

,9ASMU* AS AN>*ISM EMPHASIZES PRIMITIVISM AS AGA9/ ACCULTURATION1 RECOV]Y AS AGA9/ DISCOV]Y1 AUT>*Y AS AGA9/ 9T]DEP5D5CE1 & NATURISM AS AGA9/ CIVILIZATION--(T5 ROOT+ ITS CONCEPTUAL APP>ATUS 9 A 0NATURAL10 CONCEIVABLY 0BASIC0 AHI/ORICAL AUTONOM\S EGO1 FRE$ ( ! RATIONALISM & !ORETICAL BURD5 ( 0CIVILIZATION0--IT 9 FACT /&S 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! REAL EGO1 :I* IS ALWAYS LOCAT$ 9 A GIV5 TEMPORAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 CULTURAL1 TRADITIONAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,9DE$1 ! AN>*I/ V]SION ( ! /RIPP$-D[N1 9DE$1 VACU\S1 EGO DI/URB+LY RESEMBLES ,HOM]'S DESCRIPTION ( ! LOTUS EAT] 9 ! ,ODYSSEY1 :O1 :ILE EAT+ ! LOTUS FRUIT1 SLIPS 9TO AN 9DOL5CE ( =GETFULNESS1 ATEMPORALITY1 & BLISSFULNESS ?AT ACTUALLY REPRES5TS ! V]Y ANNIHILATION ( P]SONALITY & SELFHOOD4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 ?IS 0AUTONOM\S EGO0 BECAME ! BUILD+ BLOCK ?AT AN>*I/S US$ TO CREATE V>I\S MOVEM5T-TYPE /RUCTURES ?AT (T5 GAVE IT A HI<LY SOCIAL & REVOLUTION>Y PAT9A4 ,SYNDICALISM1 TO CITE ! MO/ IMPORTANT CASE 9 PO9T1 BECAME ! >*ITECTURAL =M 9 :I* !SE BLOCKS W]E MO/ COMMONLY >RANG$--NOT AS A DEF9+ F\NDATION = AN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BUT AS A HI<LY UN/ABLE SUP]/RUCTURE4 ,:5 WORK]S 9 ! CLOS+ DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BECAME ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ 9 SOCIALISM1 UNIONISM1 ORGANIZATION1 DEMOCRACY1 & EV]YDAY /RUGGLES = BETT] LIV+ & WORK+ CONDITIONS1 AN>*ISM TOOK ON ! =M ( A RADICAL TRADE UNIONISM4 ,?IS ASSOCIATION WAS PREC>I\S AT BE/4 ,AL?\< BO? %>$ ! SAME LIB]T>IAN AMBIANCE1 SYNDICALISM EXI/$ 9 %>P T5SION ) ! BASIC 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT PURE AN>*I/S PRIZ$1 (T5 ABOVE--& AGA9/--ALL ORGANIZATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,BO? IDEOLOGIES--,M>XISM & AN>*ISM--EM]G$ AT TIMES :5 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES W]E /ILL 9 !IR 9FANCY & NATION-/ATES W]E /ILL 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ =M$4 ,:ILE ,M>X TRI$ TO CONCEPTUALIZE SMALL-SCALE1 (T5 WELL-$UCAT$ ,P>ISIAN CRAFTSM5 AS 0PROLET>IANS10 ,BAKUN9'S IMAG9ATION WAS CAU<T UP ) IMAGES ( SOCIAL B&ITS & PEASANT JACQU]IES4 ,BO? M51 TO BE SURE1 CONTRIBUT$ VALUABLE 9SI<TS TO REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 BUT !Y W]E REVOLUTION>IES :O =MULAT$ !IR IDEAS 9 A SOCIALLY LIMIT$ TIME4 ,!Y C\LD H>DLY BE EXPECT$ TO ANTICIPATE ! PROBLEMS ?AT EM]G$ DUR+ ! HECTIC C5TURY ?AT FOLL[$ !IR DEA?S4 ,A MAJOR PROBLEM FAC+ RADICAL SOCIAL ?\<T & ACTION TODAY IS TO DET]M9E :AT CAN BE 9CORPORAT$ FROM !IR TIME 9TO A NEW1 HI<LY DYNAMIC CAPITALI/ ]A ?AT HAS LONG TRANSC5D$ ! OLD SEMIFEUDAL WORLD ( 9DEP5D5T PEASANTS & CRAFTSM52 A NEW ]A1 ALSO1 ?AT HAS L>GELY DISC>D$ ! TEXTILE-METAL-/EAM 5G9E WORLD ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ) ITS BURGEON+ POPULATION ( TOTALLY DISPOSSESS$ PROLET>IAN MASSES4 ,!IR PLACE HAS BE5 TAK5 9 GREAT P>T BY TE*NOLOGIES ?AT CAN REPLACE LABOR 9 NE>LY ALL SPH]ES ( WORK & PROVIDE A DEGREE ( ABUNDANCE 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE ?AT ! MO/ IMAG9ATIVE UTOPIANS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY C\LD NOT HAVE ANTICIPAT$4 

,BUT JU/ AS ADVANCES 9 AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY ALWAYS TA9T ! MO/ VALUABLE ( HUMAN A*IEVEM5TS ) EVIL1 SO TOO ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION HAS PRODUC$ NEW PROBLEMS & POT5TIAL CRISES ?AT CALL = NEW MEANS TO DEAL ) !M4 ,!SE NEW MEANS MU/ GO BEYOND M]E PROTE/ IF !Y >E NOT TO SUFF] ! FATE ( MOVEM5TS SU* AS ! ,LUDDITES1 :O C\LD (F] LITTLE MORE ?AN A RETURN TO ! PA/ BY TRY+ TO DE/ROY ! TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS ( !IR ]A4 ,ANY ASSESSM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION IMM$IATELY RAISES ! QUE/ION ( ! FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT 9 A SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T ?AT IS NOT ONLY BESET BY NEW PROBLEMS BUT DEM&S NEW SOLUTIONS4 ,:AT APPROA* CAN 9CORPORATE ! BE/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION--,M>XISM & AN>*ISM--9 WAYS & =MS ?AT SPEAK TO ! K9D ( PROBLEMS ?AT FACE ! PRES5T8 ,9DE$1 9 VIEW ( ! REM>KABLE DYNAMISM ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT *ANGES 9 ! NEW ONE WILL BE EV5 MORE SWEEP+1 IT N[ BEHOOVES US TO SPECULATE AB\T ! ANALYZES ?AT WILL EXPLA9 ITS =?COM+ DEVELOPM5T1 ! K9D ( CRISES IT IS LIKELY TO FACE1 & ! 9/ITUTIONS1 ME?ODS1 & MOVEM5TS ?AT CAN HOPE TO R5D] SOCIETY RATIONAL & N\RI%+ AS AN >5A = HUMAN CREATIVITY4 ,ABOVE ALL1 WE MU/ ?9K BEYOND ! IMM$IATE PRES5T & ITS PROXIMATE PA/ BY TRY+ TO ANTICIPATE PROBLEMS ?AT MAY LIE AT LEA/ A G5]ATION1 IF NOT FUR!R1 BEYOND A HI<LY TRANSITORY PRES5T4 

,:AT REMA9S V]Y CONTEMPOR>Y 9 ,M>X'S WRIT+S1 EV5 AFT] A C5TURY & A HALF1 IS ! 9SI<T !Y BR+ TO ! NATURE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>X FULLY EXPLOR$ ! COMPETITIVE =CES ?AT 9H]E 9 ! BUY]-SELL] EX*ANGE1 A RELATION%IP ?AT1 UND] CAPITALISM1 COMPELS ! B\RGEOISIE TO CONT9UALLY EXP& ITS 5T]PRISES & OP]ATIONS4 ,EV] S9CE ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY BECAME PREVAL5T OV] A SIZABLE >EA ( ! WORLD1 IT HAS BE5 GUID$ BY ! COMPETITIVE M>KET IMP]ATIVE ( 0GR[ OR DIE10 LEAD+ TO CONT9UAL 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION & ! CONSOLIDATION ( COMPET+ CONC]NS 9TO EV]-L>G]1 QUASI-MONOPOLI/IC COMPLEXES4 ,W\LD ! PROCESS ( CAPITAL CONC5TRATION CULM9ATE 9 A WORLDWIDE ECONOMY UND] ! TUTELAGE ( A FEW OR ( A S+LE CORPORATE 5TITY1 !REBY T]M9AT+ ! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION & BR++ CAPITALISM TO AN 5D8 ,OR W\LD CAPITAL EXPANSION 7?AT IS1 GLOBALIZATION7 SO LEVEL M>KET DIFF]5TIALS ?AT ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES AS A S\RCE ( ACCUMULATION BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE8 ,!SE W]E S]I\S TOPICS ( DISCUSSION DUR+ ! HEYDAY ( CLASSICAL ,M>XISM4 ,!Y REMA9 CONUNDRUMS TODAY4 

,TODAY1 WE CAN SAY = C]TA9 ?AT EXI/+ QUASI-MONOPOLI/IC COMPLEXES FURI\SLY ACCEL]ATE ! RATE AT :I* SOCIETY UND]GOES ECONOMIC & SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,NOT ONLY DO FIRMS EXP& AT AN EV]-9CREAS+ PACE1 EI!R ANNIHILAT+ OR ABSORB+ !IR COMPETITORS1 BUT ! COMMODITIES !Y PRODUCE & ! RES\RCES !Y DEV\R AFFECT EV]Y CORN] ( ! PLANET4 ,GLOBALIZATION IS NOT UNIQUE TO MOD]N CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY & F9ANCE2 ! B\RGEOISIE HAS BE5 EAT+ ITS WAY 9TO ISOLAT$ & SEEM+LY SELF-CONTA9$ CULTURES = C5TURIES &1 EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 TRANS=M+ !M4 ,:AT IS UNUSUAL AB\T PRES5T-DAY GLOBALIZATION IS ! SCALE ON :I* IT IS OCCURR+ & ! F>-REA*+ IMPACT IT IS HAV+ ON CULTURES ?AT ONCE SEEM$ TO BE 9SULAT$ FROM MOD]N COMMODITY PRODUCTION & TRADE & FROM NATION-/ATE SOV]EIGNTY4 ,N[ ! PRESUMABLY 0QUA9T0 TRAITS ( PRECAPITALI/ PEOPLES HAVE BE5 TURN$ 9TO M>KETABLE ITEMS TO TITILLATE ,WE/]N T\RI/S :O PAY EXORBITANT PRICES TO 5JOY A PRESUMABLY 0PRIMITIVE0 ITEM OR EXP]I5CE4 

,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S CONSID]$ ?IS PROCESS ( EXP&+ 9DU/RIALIZATION & M>KET RELATIONS TO BE A PROGRESSIVE FEATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ 0/AGE0 ( HI/ORY1 & !Y EXPECT$ ?AT IT W\LD EV5TUALLY ELIM9ATE ALL PREEXI/+ T]RITORIAL1 CULTURAL1 NATIONAL1 & E?NIC TIES & REPLACE !M ) CLASS SOLID>ITY1 !REBY REMOV+ OB/ACLES TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,COMMODIFICATION1 ,M>X FAM\SLY EMPHASIZ$1 TURNS EV]Y?+ SOLID 9TO AIR4 ,IT ONCE ELIM9AT$ ! ECONOMIC EXCLUSIVITY ( GUILDS & O!R ECONOMIC B>RI]S TO 9NOVATION1 & IT CONT9UES TO CORRODE >T1 CRAFTS1 FAMILIAL TIES1 & ALL ! BONDS ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY--9DE$1 ALL ! HONOR$ TRADITIONS ?AT N\RI%$ ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 

,M>X SAW ! HOMOG5IZ+ EFFECTS ( GLOBALIZATION AS DE/RUCTIVE 9S(> AS !Y DISSOLV$ ! MEAN+FUL RELATION%IPS & S5TIM5TS ?AT KNITT$ SOCIETY TOGE!R2 BUT HIS =MULATION WAS NOT ONLY A CRITIQUE4 ,HE ALSO SAW !SE EFFECTS AS PROGRESSIVE 9S(> AS !Y CLE>$ AWAY PRECAPITALI/ & P>TICUL>I/IC DETRITUS4 ,TODAY1 RADICALS EMPHASIZE ?AT ! WORLDWIDE 9VASION ( ! COMMODITY 9TO SOCIETY IS OV]:ELM+LY DE/RUCTIVE4 ,CAPITALISM 7NOT SIMPLY GLOBALIZATION & CORPORATIZATION7 NOT ONLY TURNS EV]Y?+ SOLID 9TO AIR BUT REPLACES E>LI] TRADITIONS ) DI/9CTLY B\RGEOIS ATTRIBUTES4 ,IMPLICIT 9 ,M>X'S REM>KS WAS ! BELIEF ?AT GLOBALIZ$ CAPITALISM W\LD PROVIDE ! FUTURE ) A CLEAN SLATE ON :I* TO 9SCRIBE ! \TL9ES ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,BUT AS CAPITALISM WRITES ITS MESSAGE ( UNIQUELY B\RGEOIS VALUES1 IT CREATES POT5TIALLY MON/R\S DEVELOPM5TS ?AT MAY WELL UND]M9E SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF4 ,IT SUPPLANTS TRADITIONAL TIES ( SOLID>ITY & COMMUNITY ) AN ALL-P]VASIVE GRE$1 AN APPETITE = WEAL?1 A SY/EM ( MORAL ACC\NT+ FOCUS$ ON 0! BOTTOM L9E10 & A HE>TLESS DISREG>D = ! DESP]ATION ( ! POOR1 AG$1 & PHYSICALLY DISABL$4 

,NOT ?AT GRE$ & HE>TLESSNESS W]E ABS5T FROM CAPITALISM 9 ! PA/4 ,BUT 9 AN E>LI] TIME1 ! B\RGEOISIE WAS RELATIVELY M>G9AL & VULN]ABLE TO ! PATRONIZ+ \TLOOK ( ! L&$ NOBILITY2 PRE9DU/RIAL VALUES MORE OR LESS HELD CAPITALI/S 9 *ECK4 ,!N ! M>KET ECONOMY R5D]$ 9CREAS+LY PREVAL5T AN UNBRIDL$ CAPITALI/ SPIRIT ( SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T & UNFEEL+ EXPLOITATION4 ,NAK$ B\RGEOIS GRE$ & HE>TLESSNESS1 ILLUM9AT$ BY ! VIGILANCE ( GREAT WRIT]S SU* AS ,BALZAC & ,DICK5S1 PRODUC$ A WAVE ( REVULSION ?AT SWEPT OV] ! PEOPLE EXPOS$ TO IT4 ,9 PA/ EPO*S1 ! RI* W]E NEI!R ADMIR$ NOR TURN$ 9TO EMBODIM5TS ( VIRTUE4 ,! HONOR$ VIRTUE ( MO/ ( ! PRECAPITALI/ WORLD1 RA!R1 WAS NOT SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T BUT SELF-SACRIFICE1 NOT ACCUMULAT+ BUT GIV+1 H[EV] MU* !SE VIRTUES W]E HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*4 

,BUT TODAY1 CAPITALISM HAS P5ETRAT$ 9TO ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE4 ,GRE$1 AN 9ORD9ATE APPETITE = WEAL?1 AN ACC\NT+ M5TALITY1 & A DISDA9FUL VIEW ( POV]TY & 9FIRMITY HAVE BECOME A MORAL PA?OLOGY4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 B\RGEOIS TRAITS >E ! CELEBRAT$ SYMBOLS ( ! 0BEAUTIFUL PEOPLE0 &1 MORE SUBTLY1 ( YUPPIFI$ BABY BOOM]S4 ,!SE VALUES P]COLATE 9TO LESS =TUNATE /RATA ( ! POPULATION :O1 DEP5D+ UPON !IR [N RES\RCES1 VIEW ! =TUNATE ) 5VY1 EV5 AWE1 & GUILTILY T>GET !MSELVES = !IR [N LACK ( PRIVILEGE & /ATUS AS 0NE']-DO-WELLS40 

,9 ?IS NEW EMB\RGEOISEM5T1 ! DISPOSSESS$ H>BOR NO CLASS ANTAGONISMS T[>D ! 0RI* & BEAUTIFUL0 7A UNIQUE JUXTAPOSITION7 BUT RA!R E/EEM !M4 ,AT PRES5T1 POOR & MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE >E LESS LIKELY TO VIEW ! B\RGEOISIE ) HATR$ ?AN ) S]VILE ADMIRATION2 !Y 9CREAS+LY SEE ! ABILITY TO MAKE MONEY & ACCRUE WEAL? NOT AS 9DICATIVE ( A PR$ATORY DISPOSITION & ! ABS5CE ( MORAL SCRUPLES1 AS WAS ! CASE A FEW G5]ATIONS AGO1 BUT AS EVID5CE ( 9NATE ABILITIES & 9TELLIG5CE4 ,NEWS/&S & BOOK/ORES >E FILL$ ) A MASSIVE LIT]ATURE CELEBRAT+ ! LIFE/YLES1 C>E]S1 P]SONAL AFFAIRS1 & RI*ES ( ! NEW WEAL?Y1 :O >E HELD UP AS MODELS ( A*IEVEM5T & SUCCESS4 ,?AT !SE 0CELEBRITIES0 ( PO/MOD]NITY BUBBLE UP FROM OBSCURITY IS AN ADD$ ASSET3 IT SUGGE/S ?AT ! ADMIR+ BUT DEBT-BURD5$ READ] CAN ALSO 0MAKE IT0 9 A NEW B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,ANY OBSCURE C&IDATE CAN 0BECOME A MILLIONAIRE0--OR A MULTIMILLIONAIRE--M]ELY BY W9N+ 9 A TELEVISION GAME %[ OR A LOTT]Y4 ,! MYRIAD MILLIONS :O 5VY & ADMIRE ! B\RGEOISIE NO LONG] SEE ITS MEMB]S AS P>T ( A 0CLASS02 !Y >E RA!R A 0M]ITOCRACY10 :O HAVE BECOME1 AS A RESULT ( LUCK & EF=T1 W9N]S 9 ! LOTT]Y ( LIFE4 ,IF ,AM]ICANS ONCE WIDELY BELIEV$ ?AT ANYONE C\LD BECOME ! PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! NEW BELIEF HOLDS ?AT ANYONE CAN BECOME A MILLIONAIRE OR--:O KN[S8--ONE ( ! T5 RI*E/ PEOPLE 9 ! WORLD4 

,CAPITALISM1 9 TURN1 IS 9CREAS+LY ASSUM$ TO BE ! NATURAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS T[>D :I* HI/ORY HAS BE5 CONV]G+ = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,EV5 AS CAPITALISM IS A*IEV+ ?IS SPL5DOR1 WE >E WITNESS+ A DEGREE ( PUBLIC IGNORANCE1 FATUITY1 & SMUGNESS UNSE5 S9CE ! 9CEPTION ( ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,LIKE FA/ FOOD & QUICK SEX1 IDEAS & EXP]I5CES SIMPLY RACE ?R\< ! HUMAN M9D1 & F> FROM BE+ ABSORB$ & US$ AS BUILD+ BLOCKS = G5]ALIZATIONS1 !Y QUICKLY DISAPPE> TO MAKE ROOM = /ILL NEW] & FA/]-MOV+ IDEAS & EXP]I5CES ( AN EV]-MORE SUP]FICIAL OR DEGRAD$ *>ACT]4 ,EV]Y FEW YE>S1 IT W\LD SEEM1 A NEW G5]ATION 9ITIATES O/5SIBLY 0NEW CAUSES0 ?AT W]E EXHAU/$ ONLY A DECADE OR TWO E>LI]1 !REBY CA/+ 9TO IDEOLOGICAL OBLIVION 9VALUABLE LESSONS & KN[L$GE ?AT >E 9DISP5SABLE = A RADICAL SOCIAL PRACTICE4 ,EA* NEW G5]ATION HAS A CONCOMITANTLY >ROGANT NOTION ?AT HI/ORY BEGAN ONLY :5 IT WAS BORN2 H5CE1 ALL EXP]I5CES FROM ! PA/1 EV5 ! REC5T PA/1 >E TO BE IGNOR$4 ,?US1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ GLOBALIZATION1 :I* WAS F\<T = DECADES UND] ! RUBRIC ( ANTI-IMP]IALISM1 HAS BE5 RE9V5T$ & R5AM$4 

,! PROBLEM ( LO/ DEF9ITION & SPECIFICITY1 ( EV]Y?+ BE+ TURN$ 9TO 0AIR10 & ! DISA/R\S LOSS ( ! MEMORY ( EXP]I5CES & LESSONS VITAL TO E/ABLI%+ A ,LEFT TRADITION1 CONFRONTS ANY 5DEAVOR TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ! FUTURE4 ,!ORIES & CONCEPTS LOSE !IR DIM5SIONS1 !IR MASS1 !IR TRADITIONS1 & !IR RELEVANCE1 AS A RESULT ( :I* !Y >E ADOPT$ & DROPP$ ) JUV5ILE FLIPPANCY4 ,! *AUV9I/IC NOTION ( 0ID5TITY10 :I* IS ! BYPRODUCT ( CLASS & HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY1 IDEOLOGICALLY CORRODES ! CONCEPT ( 0CLASS10 PRIORITIZ+ A L>GELY PSY*OLOGICAL DI/9CTION AT ! EXP5SE ( A SOCIOPOLITICAL ONE4 0,ID5TITY0 BECOMES A HI<LY P]SONAL PROBLEM ) :I* 9DIVIDUALS MU/ WRE/LE PSY*OLOGICALLY & CULTURALLY RA!R ?AN A ROOT SOCIAL PROBLEM ?AT MU/ BE UND]/OOD BY & RESOLV$ ?R\< A RADICAL SOCIAL APPROA*4 

,9DE$1 ! B\RGEOISIE CAN EASILY REM$Y SU* A PROBLEM BY PROMOT+ E?NICALLY DISCRIM9AT$ EMPLOYES TO UPP]-LEVEL MANAG]S & BY PROMOT+ FEMALE LIEUT5ANTS 9 ! MILIT>Y 9TO MAJORS OR G5]ALS4 ,H5CE ! AMAZ+ WILL+NESS ?AT NEW 5T]PRISES & ! M$IA EXHIBIT 9 SELECT+ BLACKS & WOM5 = HI< SPOTS 9 !IR OP]ATIONS OR M$IA PRES5TATIONS4 ,BABY BOOM] CAPITALI/S SU* AS ,TOM ,PET]S1 :O SEASON !IR IDEAS ( NONHI]>*ICAL PRACTICES 9 BUS9ESS ADM9I/RATION ) DA%+LY AN>*IC TRAITS1 (T5 REG>D RACE & G5D] AS >*AISMS4 ,COL9 ,P[ELL HAS %[N ?AT EV5 ) AN ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN AS *AIRMAN ( ! ,JO9T ,*IEFS ( ,/AFF1 ! ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y CAN BE AS DEADLY AS IT NE$S TO BE1 & ,OPRAH ,W9FREY HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT :AT ,AM]ICANS READ OR BUY NE$S HAVE NO BE>+ ON ! RACE OR G5D] ( A TELEVISION PURVEYOR ( ?OSE COMMODITIES4 

,! MIDDLE & WORK+ CLASSES NO LONG] ?9K ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY AS /RUCTUR$ >\ND CLASSES4 ,CURR5T OP9ION HOLDS ?AT ! RI* >E DES]V+ & ! POOR >E NOT1 :ILE AN 9CALCULABLE NUMB] ( PEOPLE L+] BETWE5 ! CATEGORIES4 ,A HUGE SECTION ( PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD T5DS TO REG>D OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION AS RESIDUAL ABUSES1 NOT 9H]5T FEATURES ( A SPECIFIC SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY IS NEI!R RATIONALLY ANALYZ$ NOR =CEFULLY *ALL5G$2 IT IS PRUD5TLY PSY*OANALYZ$ & POLITELY COAX$1 AS ?\< SOCIAL PROBLEMS EM]GE FROM ]RATIC 9DIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR4 ,AL?\< /RID5T PROTE/S EXPLODE FROM TIME TO TIME1 A GR[+ G5TILITY IS WAT]+ D[N ! SEV]ITY ( SOCIAL DISPUTES & ANTAGONISMS1 EV5 AMONG PEOPLE :O PR(ESS LEFTI/ VIEWS4 

,:AT IS ABS5T 9 ?IS TYPE ( SPORADIC & ]UPTIVE OPPOSITION IS AN UND]/&+ ( ! CAUSAL CONT9UITIES ?AT ONLY S]I\S &1 ABOVE ALL1 RATIONAL EXPLORATIONS CAN REVEAL4 ,9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,SEATTLE REBELLION0 9 LATE ,NOVEMB] & E>LY ,DECEMB] #aiii AGA9/ ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION1 :AT WAS AT ISSUE WAS NOT ! SUB/ITUTION ( 0FAIR TRADE0 = 0FREE TRADE10 BUT H[ MOD]N SOCIETY PRODUCES ! WEAL? ( ! WORLD & DI/RIBUTES IT4 ,AL?\< SOME MILITANT DEMON/RATORS ATTEMPT$ TO 9VOKE ! 09JU/ICES0 ( CAPITALISM 7ACTUALLY1 CAPITALISM WAS NOT BE+ PECULI>LY 0UNJU/0 ANY MORE ?AN LE?AL BACILLI >E BE+ 0UNFAIR0 :5 !Y PRODUCE ILLNESS & DEA?71 F> FEW] ( ! DEMON/RATORS APPE>$ TO UND]/& ! LOGIC ( A M>KET ECONOMY4 ,IT HAS BE5 REPORT$ ?AT DUR+ ANTI-,W,T,O DEMON/RATIONS1 LITTLE LIT]ATURE WAS DI/RIBUT$ ?AT EXPLA9$ ! BASIC REASON = D5\NC+ ! ,W,T,O & PREV5T+ ITS DELEGATES FROM DO+ !IR BUS9ESS4 

,9DE$1 ! DEMON/RATION 9 ,SEATTLE1 LIKE ! ONE 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C1 ?AT FOLL[$ IT SEV]AL MON?S LAT]1 H[EV] WELL-MEANT1 CREAT$ ! ILLUSION ?AT ACTS ( M]E DISRUPTION1 :I* BECAME 9CREAS+LY /AG$1 CAN DO MORE ?AN MOD]ATE ! 0EXCESSES0 ( GLOBALIZATION4 ,! ,WA%+TON DEMON/RATION1 9 FACT1 WAS SO NEGOTIAT$ 9 *>ACT] ?AT ! POLICE ALL[$ ! DEMON/RATORS TO WALK ACROSS A *ALK$ L9E AS A M]E SYMBOL ( ILLEGALITY & !N ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE ESCORT$ 9TO BUSSES AS >RE/EES4 ,POLICE SPOKESM5 PLEASANTLY AGRE$ ?AT ! Y\NG DEMON/RATORS W]E 0DEC5T0 & 0SOCIALLY CONC]N$ KIDS0 :O MEANT WELL1 & ,W,T,O DELEGATES TOL]ANTLY ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! DEMON/RATORS DREW !IR ATT5TION TO TR\BL+ ECONOMIC & 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS ?AT NE$$ CORRECTION4 ,UND\BT$LY1 ! AU?ORITIES EXPECT !SE 0SOCIALLY CONC]N$ KIDS0 TO EV5TUALLY GR[ UP & BECOME GOOD CITIZ5S4 

,RA!R ?AN MEAN+FUL PROTE/S1 ! DEMON/RATIONS W]E NOTEWOR?Y MA9LY BECAUSE PROTE/ ( ANY K9D IS SU* A R>ITY TODAY4 ,! LIMIT$ NUMB] ( P>TICIPANTS SEEM$ TO LACK AN 9-DEP? UND]/&+ ( :AT ! ,W,T,O REPRES5T$4 ,EV5 TO PROTE/ 0CAPITALISM0 IS SIMPLY TO VOICE AN OPPOSITION TO AN AB/RACT N\N1 :I* 9 ITSELF TELLS US NO?+ AB\T CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 !IR DYNAMIC1 !IR TRANS=MATION 9TO DE/RUCTIVE SOCIAL =CES1 ! PR]EQUISITES = UNDO+ !M1 & F9ALLY ! ALT]NATIVES ?AT EXI/ TO REPLACE !M4 ,FEW ( ! DEMON/RATORS APPE>$ TO KN[ ! ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS2 ?US1 !Y CA/IGAT$ CORPORATIONS & MULT9ATIONALS AS ?\< !SE >E NOT ! UNAVOIDABLE \TCOMES ( HI/ORIC =CES ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,W\LD ! DANG]S ( GLOBALIZATION BE REMOV$ FROM ! WORLD IF ! CORPORATIONS W]E SCAL$ D[N 9 SIZE8 ,MORE FUNDAM5TALLY1 C\LD SMALL] 5T]PRISES EV] HAVE BE5 PREV5T$ FROM DEVELOP+ 9TO 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL1 & F9ANCIAL GIANTS ?AT W\LD NOT DIFF] FROM MOD]N MULT9ATIONALS8 

,MY PO9T IS LESS TO ADVANCE CRITICISMS ?AN TO QUE/ION ! EXT5T TO :I* ! ,SEATTLE & ,WA%+TON DEMON/RATORS ADEQUATELY UND]/OOD ! PROBLEMS !Y W]E DEAL+ )4 ,9DE$1 :AT IS A DEMON/RATION MEANT TO DEMON/RATE8 ,IT MU/ NOT ONLY PROTE/ BUT ALSO CONFRONT (FICIAL P[] ) POPUL> P[]1 EV5 9 9CIPI5T =M4 ,DEMON/RATIONS >E MOBILIZATIONS ( SIZABLE NUMB]S ( S]I\S PEOPLE :O1 9 TAK+ TO ! /REETS1 9T5D TO LET ! AU?ORITIES KN[ ?AT !Y E>NE/LY OPPOSE C]TA9 ACTIONS BY ! P[]S-?AT-BE4 ,R$UC$ TO SU* ANTICS1 !Y BECOME SELF-DEFLAT+ =MS ( 5T]TA9M5T4 ,AS SU*1 !Y CON/ITUTE NO *ALL5GE TO ! AU?ORITIES2 9DE$1 :]E IDIOSYNCRATIC BEHAVIOR REPLACES =CEFUL OPPOSITION1 !Y %[ ! PUBLIC ?AT ADVOCATES ( !IR VIEW >E M]E ECC5TRICS :O NE$ NOT BE TAK5 S]I\SLY & :OSE CAUSE IS TRIVIAL4 ,)\T ! GRAVITAS ?AT COMM&S RESPECT--&1 YES1 ! DISCIPL9E ?AT REVEALS S]I\S 9T5TIONALITY--DEMON/RATIONS & O!R SU* MANIFE/ATIONS >E WORSE ?AN USELESS2 !Y H>M !IR CAUSE BY TRIVIALIZ+ IT4 

,A POLITICS ( M]E PROTE/1 LACK+ PROGRAMMATIC CONT5T1 A PROPOS$ ALT]NATIVE1 & A MOVEM5T TO GIVE PEOPLE DIRECTION & CONT9UITY1 CONSI/S ( LITTLE MORE ?AN EV5TS1 EA* ( :I* HAS A BEG9N+ & AN 5D BUT LITTLE MORE4 ,! SOCIAL ORD] CAN LIVE ) AN EV5T OR S]IES ( EV5TS & EV5 F9D ?IS PRAISEWOR?Y4 ,WORSE /ILL1 SU* A POLITICS LIVES OR DIES ACCORD+ TO AN AG5DA E/ABLI%$ BY ! SOCIAL ORD] IT OPPOSES4 ,CORPORATIONS PROPOS$ ! ,W,T,O2 !Y NE$$ WORLDWIDE P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,ORGANIZATION &1 9 !IR [N WAY1 G5]AT$ ! V]Y OPPOSITION ?AT N[ D5\NCES ITS LACK ( DEMOCRACY & LACK ( HUMAN5ESS4 ,!Y EXPECT$ OPPOSITION1 & ONLY POLICE AMATEURISM 9 ,SEATTLE LET IT GET SLI<TLY \T ( H&4 ,IT ILL-BECOMES SU* AN OPPOSITION TO !N PLAN TO PROTE/ ! NOM9AT+ CONV5TIONS ( MAJOR POLITICAL P>TIES :OSE V]Y EXI/5CE MANY DEMON/RATORS PR(ESS TO OPPOSE4 ,9DE$1 ! DEMON/RATORS1 H[EV] WELL-MEAN+1 LEGITIMATE ! EXI/5CE ( ! P>TIES BY CALL+ UPON !M TO ALT] !IR POLICIES ON 9T]NATIONAL TRADE1 AS ?\< !Y EV5 HAVE A JU/IFIABLE PLACE 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,A POLITICS ( PROTE/ IS NOT A POLITICS AT ALL4 ,IT OCCURS )9 P>AMET]S SET BY ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL SY/EM & M]ELY RESPONDS TO REM$IABLE ILLS1 (T5 M]E SYMPTOMS1 9/EAD ( *ALL5G+ ! SOCIAL ORD] AS SU*4 ,! MASK$ AN>*I/S :O JO9 9 !SE EV5TS BY SMA%+ W9D[S USE ! CLAMOR ( %ATT]$ GLASS TO GLAM\RIZE LIMIT$ /REET PROTE/S ) ! SEMBLANCE ( VIOL5CE & LITTLE MORE4 

,I HAVE NOT MADE !SE CRITICAL REM>KS AB\T ! /ATE ( ! ,LEFT TODAY 9 ORD] TO C>P AGA9/ PEOPLE1 ACTIVITIES1 & EV5TS1 OR FROM ANY G5]ATIONAL OR SECT>IAN DISDA94 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 MY CRITICISMS /EM FROM A DEEP SYMPA?Y = PEOPLE :O >E S5SITIVE TO 9JU/ICES & P>TICUL>LY = ?OSE /RIV+ TO REM$Y !M4 ,BETT] TO DO SOME?+ TO 5D ! SIL5CE ( POPUL> ACQUIESC5CE ?AN SIMPLY TO P]PETUATE ! COMPLAC5CY G5]AT$ BY A CONSUM]-ORI5T$ SOCIETY4 

,NOR HAVE ,I PRES5T$ MY CRITICISMS ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM--! MA9 PLAY]S 9 ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT--9 ORD] TO TRY TO A/\ND A NEW G5]ATION ( ACTIVI/S ) ! GR&EUR ( REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY ?AT !Y SOMEH[ MU/ MAT*4 ,AGA9 TO ! CONTR>Y1 ,I HAVE 9VOK$ ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT ( YE/]YE> NOT ONLY TO SUGGE/ :AT IT HAS TO TEA* US BUT ALSO TO NOTE ITS [N LIMITATIONS AS ! PRODUCT ( A DIFF]5T ]A & ONE ?AT1 = BETT] OR WORSE1 WILL NEV] RETURN4 ,:AT ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT HAS TO TEA* US IS ?AT IDEAS MU/ BE SY/EMATIC--COH]5T--IF !Y >E TO BE PRODUCTIVE & UND]/&ABLE TO PEOPLE :O >E S]I\SLY COMMITT$ TO BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,9DE$1 A FUTURE ,LEFT MU/ %[ ?AT ! SEEM+LY DISP>ATE PROBLEMS ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY >E CONNECT$ & /EM FROM A COMMON SOCIAL PA?OLOGY ?AT MU/ BE REMOV$ AS A TOTALITY4 ,MOREOV]1 NO ATTEMPTS TO *ANGE ! EXI/+ SOCIETY WILL EV] PROVE TO BE FUNDAM5TAL UNLESS WE UND]/& H[ ITS PROBLEMS >E 9T]CONNECT$ & H[ !IR SOLUTIONS CAN BE $UC$ FROM HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 RATIONALITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 

,BY COH]5CE1 ,I DO NOT MEAN ONLY A ME?ODOLOGY OR A SY/EM ( ?9K+ ?AT EXPLORES ROOT CAUSES1 BUT RA!R ?AT ! V]Y PROCESS ( ATTEMPT+ TO L9K TOGE!R ! V>I\S SOCIAL PA?OLOGIES TO UND]LY+ FACTORS & TO RESOLVE !M 9 !IR TOTALITY IS AN E?ICAL 5DEAVOR4 ,TO DECL>E ?AT HUMANITY HAS A POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM1 RATIONALITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS--&1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 ?AT ?IS POT5TIALITY IS NOT BE+ REALIZ$ TODAY--LEADS 9EXORABLY TO ! DEM& ?AT EV]Y SOCIETY JU/IFY ITS EXI/5CE ACCORD+ TO ! EXT5T TO :I* IT ACTUALIZES !SE NORMS4 ,ANY 5DEAVOR TO ASSESS A SOCIETY'S SUCCESS 9 A*IEV+ FRE$OM1 RATIONALITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS MAKES AN IMPLICIT JUDGM5T4 ,IT RAISES ! SE>+ QUE/ION ( :AT A SOCIETY 0%\LD BE0 )9 ITS MAT]IAL & CULTURAL LIMITS4 ,IT CON/ITUTES ! REALIZABLE IDEAL ?AT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T RAISES = ALL ?9K+ PEOPLE & ?AT1 UP TO N[1 HAS KEPT ALIVE MOVEM5TS = ! FULFILLM5T ( FRE$OM4 

,)\T ?AT IDEAL AS A CONT9UAL & ACTIVAT+ PRES5CE1 NO LA/+ MOVEM5T = HUMAN LIB]ATION IS POSSIBLE--ONLY SPORADIC PROTE/S ?AT !MSELVES MAY MASK ! BASIC IRRATIONALITY ( AN UNFREE SOCIETY BY SEEK+ TO COSMETICALLY REMOVE ITS BLEMI%ES4 ,BY CONTRA/1 A CON/ANT AW>5ESS ?AT A GIV5 SOCIETY'S IRRATIONALITY IS DEEP SEAT$1 ?AT ITS S]I\S PA?OLOGIES >E NOT ISOLAT$ PROBLEMS ?AT CAN BE CUR$ PIECEMEAL BUT MU/ BE SOLV$ BY SWEEP+ *ANGES 9 ! (T5 HIDD5 S\RCES ( CRISIS & SUFF]+--?AT AW>5ESS ALONE IS :AT CAN HOLD A MOVEM5T TOGE!R1 GIVE IT CONT9UITY1 PRES]VE ITS MESSAGE & ORGANIZATION BEYOND A GIV5 G5]ATION1 & EXP& ITS ABILITY TO DEAL ) NEW ISSUES & DEVELOPM5TS4 

,TOO (T51 IDEAS MEANT TO YIELD A C]TA9 PRACTICE >E 9/EAD TRANSPORT$ 9TO ! ACADEMY1 AS F>E = 05RI*+0 A CURRICULUM &1 ( C\RSE1 G5]AT+ JOBS = ! GR[+ PR(ESSORIAT4 ,SU* HAS BE5 ! UNHAPPY FATE ( ,M>XISM1 :I*1 ONCE AN EMBATTL$ & CREATIVE BODY ( IDEAS1 HAS N[ ACQUIR$ ACADEMIC RESPECTABILITY--TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT IS EV5 REG>D$ AS WOR?Y ( /UDY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! R\T9E USE ( ! WORD 0ACTIVI/0 RAISES PROBLEMS ?AT CAN BE UN9T5TIONALLY REGRESSIVE4 ,CAN !RE BE ACTION )\T 9SI<T 9TO ! NATURE ( SOCIAL ILLS & A !ORETICAL UND]/&+ ( ! MEASURES NE$$ TO RESOLVE !M8 ,CAN ! ACTIVI/ EV5 ACT MEAN+FULLY & EFFECTIVELY )\T DRAW+ UPON ! RI* BODY ( EXP]I5CES & IDEAS ?AT HAVE GR[N OV] ! YE>S & ?AT CAN %[ US ! PITFALLS ?AT LIE BEL[ ! SURFACE1 OR ! MANY /RATEGIES ?AT HAVE BE5 TE/$ BY E>LI] G5]ATIONS8 

,9 :AT LIKELY DIRECTIONS IS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY DEVELOP+ 9 ! COM+ C5TURY1 & :AT >E ! MO/ BASIC PROBLEMS IT IS RAIS+ = HUMANITY8 ,IS !RE ANY SPECIAL SECTOR1 CLASS1 OR GR\P 9 SOCIETY TO :I* WE MU/ APPEAL IF WE >E TO HOPE TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T8 ,:AT K9D ( MOVEM5T & 9/ITUTIONS MU/ WE CREATE ?AT WILL PLAY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 SOCIAL *ANGE8 ,DO WE NE$ ANY WELL-ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T AT ALL1 OR WILL \R HOP$-= *ANGES OCCUR SPONTANE\SLY1 EM]G+ \T ( DEMON/RATIONS >\ND SPECIFIC ISSUES OR /REET FE/IVALS OR COMMUNIT>IAN 5T]PRISES SU* AS CO-OPS1 ALT]NATIVE 5T]PRISES1 & ! LIKE8 ,OR DO WE HAVE TO BUILD POLITICAL 5TITIES1 & IF SO1 :AT K9D8 ,:AT IS ! RELATION%IP ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO !SE NEW POLITICAL 5TITIES8 ,& H[ %\LD P[] BE SITUAT$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY8 ,F9ALLY1 :AT E?ICAL CONSID]ATIONS %\LD GUIDE US 9 \R EF=TS8 

,M>XISM FAIL$ TO =M AN ADEQUATE PICTURE ( ! WORK] AS A MANY-SID$ HUMAN BE+ & 9DE$ FETI%IZ$ HIM OR H] TO ! PO9T ( ABSURDITY4 ,IT DID NOT NORMALLY SEE WORK]S AS MORE ?AN ECONOMIC 5TITIES1 BUT RA!R 5D[$ !M ) SEMIMY/ICAL PROP]TIES AS REVOLUTION>Y AG5TS1 POSSESS$ ( SECRET P[]S TO UND]/& !IR 9T]E/S & A UNIQUE S5SITIVITY TO RADICAL POSSIBILITIES 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,TO READ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,LEON ,TROTSKY1 ! SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&I/S1 & EV5 RUN-(-!-MILL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS IS TO S5SE ?AT !Y HELD ! SOCIALI/ JUDGM5T ( WORK]S 9 AWE & IMBU$ !M ) REM>KABLE REVOLUTION>Y P[]S4 ,?AT WORK]S C\LD ALSO BECOME FASCI/S OR REACTION>IES WAS 9CONCEIVABLE4 

,?IS MY/IFICATION HAS NOT 5TIRELY BE5 DISPELL$1 BUT EV5 SO1 WE MU/ ASK1 :I* P>T ( SOCIETY CAN PLAY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 RADICAL *ANGE TODAY8 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! LEVEL+ ROLE ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM & ! 9CREAS+ DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES ALONG EV]-VAGU] L9ES HAS OP5$ UP A VI/A MU* DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* ONCE HYPNOTIZ$ ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT4 ,! TE*NOLOGICAL LEVEL ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION WAS HI<LY LABOR 9T5SIVE2 ! BRUTI% EXPLOITATION ( LABOR & ! SIMPLIFICATION ( ! WORK PROCESS ) ITS CONSEQU5T DE/RUCTION ( SKILLS BY A DEAD5+ DIVISION ( LABOR MADE IT POSSIBLE = ,M>X & O!R !ORI/S TO S+LE \T ! PROLET>IAT AS ! PR9CIPAL VICTIM ( CAPITALISM & ?US ! PR9CIPAL 5G9E ( ITS DEMISE4 

,AL?\< MANY TRADITIONAL FACTORIES >E /ILL ) US1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA !Y >E GIV+ WAY TO HI<LY SKILL$ & DIFF]5TIAT$ SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION4 ,MANY NEW /RATA CAN NO LONG] BE REG>D$1 EXCEPT 9 ! MO/ ELA/IC WAY1 AS 0WORK]S0 9 ANY 9DU/RIAL S5SE4 ,SU* PEOPLE >E EV5 BECOM+ ! MAJORITY ( ! 0WORK+ CLASS10 :ILE ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 7CONTR>Y TO ,M>X'S EXPECTATIONS7 IS VISIBLY BECOM+ AN EV]-SMALL] M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,= ! PRES5T1 AT LEA/1 !SE WORK]S >E WELL PAID 7(T5 RECEIV+ SAL>IES RA!R ?AN WAGES71 CONSUM] ORI5T$ 9 TA/ES1 & F> REMOV$ FROM A WORK+-CLASS \TLOOK & A DISPOSITION TO HOLD LEFTI/ SOCIAL VIEWS4 

,CAPITALISM1 9 EFFECT1 IS CREAT+ ! BASES = A POPULI/ POLITICS--HOPEFULLY A RADICAL & ULTIMATELY REVOLUTION>Y ONE--?AT IS FOCUS$ ON ! BROAD5+ & EXP&+ ( PR(ESSIONAL OPPORTUNITIES1 ! QUALITY ( LIFE1 & A MORE PLEASANT 5VIRONM5T4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 MATUR+ CAPITALISM CAN PROP]LY BE DESCRIPTIVELY DIVID$ 9TO /RATA ( ! WEAL?Y1 ! WELL-(F1 ! COM=TABLE1 & ! POOR4 ,9DU/RIAL WAGE WORK]S 9 ! ,WE/ HAVE MORE 9 COMMON ) SAL>I$ TE*NICIANS & PR(ESSIONALS ?AN ) UND]PAID UNSKILL$ WORK]S 9 ! S]VICE SECTOR ( FA/-FOOD RE/AURANTS & RETAIL SALES & ! LIKE1 LET ALONE ) ! NE>LY LUMP5IZ$ POOR4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ECONOMIC CRISES1 SOCIAL DISQUIET MAY FOCUS ON FE>S ( CRIME1 %ORTCOM+S 9 PUBLIC S]VICES & $UCATION1 ! DECL9E ( TRADITIONAL VALUES1 & ! LIKE4 ,MORE MOM5T\SLY1 ?IS POPULI/ \TLOOK FE>S 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( OP5 SPACES1 & ! GR[+ CONGE/ION ( ONCE-HUMAN-SCAL$ COMMUNITIES--9DE$1 ( COMMUNITY LIFE 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS4 

,= MORE ?AN A HALF-C5TURY1 CAPITALISM HAS MANAG$ NOT ONLY TO AVOID A *RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS ( ! K9D ,M>X EXPECT$ BUT ALSO TO CONTROL CRISES ?AT POT5TIALLY HAD A HI<LY EXPLOSIVE *>ACT]4 ,AS A SY/EM1 CAPITALISM IS ONE ( ! MO/ UN/ABLE ECONOMIES 9 HI/ORY & H5CE IS ALWAYS UNPR$ICTABLE4 ,BUT EQUALLY UNC]TA9 IS ! TRADITIONAL RADICAL NOTION ?AT IT MU/ SLIP ) UNFAIL+ REGUL>ITY 9TO P]IODIC CRISES AS WELL AS *RONIC ONES4 ,! G5]AL POPULATION 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS DISPLAY$ A REM>KABLE CONFID5CE 9 ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ECONOMY2 MORE ?AN #d P] C5T ( ,U4,S4 FAMILIES HAVE N[ 9VE/$ 9 ! /OCK M>KET & ACCEPT ITS HUGE SW+S )\T BE+ SWEPT UP BY PANICS SU* AS ?OSE ?AT AFFLICT$ F9ANCIAL M>KETS 9 ! PA/4 ,A /RICTLY CLASS-ORI5T$ POLITICS BAS$ ON 9DU/RIAL WORK]S HAS REC$$1 & ! ,LEFT N[ FACES ! IMP]ATIVE TO CREATE A POPULI/ POLITICS ?AT REA*ES \T TO 0! PEOPLE0 AS !Y >E TODAY1 9 ANTICIPATION ?AT !Y CAN N[ MORE EASILY BE RADICALIZ$ BY ISSUES ?AT CONC]N !IR COMMUNITIES1 !IR CIVIL LIB]TIES1 !IR OV]ALL 5VIRONM5T1 & ! 9TEGRITY ( !IR SUPPLIES ( FOOD1 AIR1 & WAT]1 NOT SIMPLY BY A FOCUS ON ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & WAGE ISSUES4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ECONOMIC ISSUES CANNOT BE OV]/AT$1 BUT ESPECIALLY 9 P]IODS ( RELATIVE WELL-BE+1 A FUTURE ,LEFT WILL BE SUCCESSFUL ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT ADDRESSES ! PUBLIC AS A 0PEOPLE0 RA!R ?AN AS A CLASS1 A POPULATION :OSE DISQUIET HAS AT LEA/ AS MU* TO DO ) FRE$OMS1 QUALITY ( LIFE1 & FUTURE WELL-BE+ AS IT DOES ) ECONOMIC CRISES & MAT]IAL 9SECURITY4.<#c#h.> 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 A FUTURE ,LEFT CAN HOPE TO EX]CISE 9FLU5CE ONLY IF IT CAN MOBILIZE PEOPLE ON ISSUES ?AT CUT ACROSS CLASS L9ES4 ,FROM ,M>X'S DAY UNTIL ! #a#i#cS1 ! PR9CIPAL VICTIMS ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION APPE>$ TO BE WORK]S AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 IT WAS >GU$1 ALL[$ ! PEASANTRY TO GA9 GREAT] CONTROL ( ! L&1 & ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY GRANT$ ! L[] MIDDLE CLASSES A MAJOR PLACE 9 ALL SPH]ES ( ,FR5* SOCIETY4 ,BUT !Y LEFT ONE CLASS UNSATISFI$3 ! EM]G+ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 :I* WAS SUBJECT$ TO H>% WORK+ CONDITIONS1 PREV5T$ FROM ORGANIZ+1 & SUFF]$ A DECL9+ /&>D ( LIV+4 ,5GELS PORTRAY$ A WORK+-CLASS LIFE BAS$ ON ! ,5GLI% PROLET>IAT ( #ahdd AT ! HEI<T ( ! FIR/ ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION2 ,M>X >GU$ ?AT ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & ! DISPLACEM5T ( WORK]S BY MA*9ES W\LD CREATE 9SUFF]ABLE MIS]Y 9 ! FACTORIES ( ,5GL& & ! CONT95T4 ,?IS ANTICAPITALI/ VISION WAS PR$ICAT$ ON ! BELIEF ?AT ! PROLET>IAT'S MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE W\LD WORS5 /EADILY :ILE ITS NUMB]S W\LD 9CREASE TO A PO9T :]E IT BECAME ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4 

,BY ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 H[EV]1 !SE PR$ICTIONS W]E ALREADY FALL+ %ORT1 & BY #aie !Y W]E :OLLY DISCR$IT$4 ,:AT ) ! SOPHI/ICATION ( MA*9]Y1 ! APPE>ANCE ( ELECTRONICS1 ! SPECTACUL> 9CREASE 9 MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION1 ! RISE ( ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 & ! LIKE1 ! PROPORTION ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S TO ! POPULATION AT-L>GE WAS DIM9I%+1 NOT RIS+4 ,MOREOV]1 DUE 9 L>GE P>T TO ! /RUGGLES ( LEGAL TRADE UNIONS TO IMPROVE ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 P>TICUL>1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR WAS BE+ SIGNIFICANTLY MUT$4 ,M>XISM1 !N1 WAS CLE>LY BOX$ 9TO ! CLASS RELATIONS ( A HI/ORICALLY LIMIT$ P]IOD1 ! ]A ( ! FIR/ ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,F> FROM BECOM+ PROLET>IANIZ$ OR DECL9+ TO A M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION AS ,M>X HAD PR$ICT$1 ! MIDDLE CLASS RETA9$ ! PSY*OLOGY & CONSCI\SNESS ( PEOPLE :O C\LD HOPE = AN EV]-HI<] /ATUS4 ,PROP]TYLESS AS IT MAY HAVE BE5 9 REALITY & (T5 C[$ BY ! REAL B\RGEOISIE1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE WAS 7& REMA9S TO A GREAT EXT5T7 CONV9C$ ?AT IT HAS A PRIVILEG$ PLACE 9 ! M>KET ECONOMY & 5T]TA9S EXPECTATIONS ?AT IT CAN CLIMB UPW>D ON ! SOCIAL LADD] ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,IF ANY?+1 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS MADE SUFFICI5T GA9S ?AT IT EXPECTS ITS *ILDR51 EQUIPP$ ) A BETT] $UCATION ?AN !IR P>5TS1 TO /EP UPW>D 9 LIFE4 ,MILLIONS ( SMALL PROP]TY [N]S 9VE/ 9 F9ANCIAL M>KETS4 ,WORK]S N[ DESCRIBE !MSELVES AS 0MIDDLE CLASS0 OR1 ) A NUANCE ?AT HEI<T5S ! DIGNITY ( LABOR1 AS 0WORK+ FAMILIES40 ,COMBATIVE & EXCLUSIVE EXPRESSIONS LIKE 0WORK]S10 0TOIL]S10 & 0LABOR]S0 ?AT ONCE IMPLICITLY H9T$ AT ! EXI/5CE ( CLASS /RUGGLE >E N[ US$ ) 9CREAS+ R>ITY OR NOT AT ALL4 

,! %>P L9ES ?AT ONCE DI/+UI%$ A FACTORY'S ACC\NT+ (FICE FROM ! PROLET>IAT >E BE+ BLURR$ IDEOLOGICALLY & EAT+ AWAY AT WORK+-CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,NOT)/&+ ,M>X'S !ORY ( HI/ORY AS AN ACC\NT ( CLASS /RUGGLES1 ) ITS MANY TRU?S1 A CLASS IS NO MORE AU!NTIC ?AN ! CONSCI\SNESS ) :I* IT VIEWS REALITY4 ,NO WORK] IS TRULY A CLASS BE+1 H[EV] MU* HE IS EXPLOIT$1 :5 HE VIEWS SOCIAL LIFE 9 B\RGEOIS T]MS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE LE>N$ ?IS FACT QUITE E>LY :5 IT EXPLOIT$ E?NIC1 RELIGI\S1 G5D]1 & CRAFT DIVISIONS )9 ! PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE4 ,H5CE1 ! BLUE- OR :ITE-COLL> WORK] IS A CLASS BE+ ACCORD+ TO H[ %E ?9KS ( H]SELF1 RELATES TO H] BOSS1 & HOLDS EXPECTATIONS 9 LIFE4 ,A WORK] )\T A COMBATIVE CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IS NO MORE AN EXPLOIT$ PROLET>IAN1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 ?AN A POLICEMAN IS AN ORD9>Y WORK]4 ,RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS' MY/IFICATION ( ! WORK] HAS ITS ORIG9S 9 !IR IMPUTATION ?AT 0CONSCI\SNESS FOLL[S BE+10 ?AT IS1 :5 ! WORK] RECOGNIZES ?AT HE IS EXPLOIT$ & ?AT CAPITALISM IS HIS SOCIAL 5EMY4 

,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN = A FUTURE ,LEFT8 ,UNLESS CAPITALISM UNEXPECT$LY COLLAPSES 9TO A MAJOR *RONIC CRISIS 79 :I* CASE1 WORK]S MAY WELL TURN TO ! FASCISM ( A ,LE ,P5 9 ,FRANCE OR ! REACTIONISM ( A ,BU*ANAN 9 ! ,U4,S471 !N ! ,LEFT MU/ FOCUS ON ISSUES ?AT >E 9T]CLASS 9 NATURE1 ADDRESS+ ! MIDDLE AS WELL AS ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BY ! V]Y LOGIC ( ITS GR[-OR-DIE IMP]ATIVE1 CAPITALISM MAY WELL BE PRODUC+ ECOLOGICAL CRISES ?AT GRAVELY IMP]IL ! 9TEGRITY ( LIFE ON ?IS PLANET4 ,! \TPUTS ( FACTORIES & ! RAW MAT]IAL 9DU/RIES1 ! DE/RUCTIVE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES1 & ! CONSUMPTION PATT]NS 9 PRIVILEG$ P>TS ( ! WORLD >E SIMPLIFY+ ! HI<LY COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL TIES ?AT EM]G$ OV] MILLIONS ( YE>S ( NATURAL EVOLUTION1 R$UC+ HI<LY F]TILE >EAS TO CONCRETE L&SCAPES1 TURN+ USABLE WAT] 9TO AN 9CREAS+LY DEGRAD$ RES\RCE1 SURR\ND+ ! PLANET ) A C>BON DIOXIDE LAY] ?AT ?REAT5S TO RADICALLY *ANGE ! CLIMATE1 & OP5+ DANG]\S HOLES 9 ! OZONE LAY]4 ,RIV]S1 LAKES1 & OCEANS >E BECOM+ G>BAGE DUMPS = POISON\S & LIFE-9HIBIT+ WA/ES4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y TANGIBLE COMPON5T ( DAILY LIFE1 FROM ! FOOD ON ! D9N] TABLE TO SUB/ANCES US$ 9 ! WORKPLACE1 IS BECOM+ POLLUT$ ) KN[N OR POT5TIALLY DANG]\S TOXICANTS4 ,CITIES >E GR[+ 9TO VA/1 POLLUT$1 SPRAWL+ 5VIRONM5TS :OSE POPULATIONS >E L>G] ?AN ?OSE ( MANY NATION-/ATES ONLY A FEW DECADES AGO4 ,! EQUATORIAL BELT ( TROPICAL =E/S ?AT SURR\ND ! PLANET'S L& >EAS & L>GE P>TS ( ! TEMP]ATE ZONES >E BE+ DE=E/$ & D5UD$ ( !IR COMPLEX LIFE-=MS4 

,YET = CAPITALISM TO DESI/ FROM ITS M9DLESS EXPANSION W\LD BE = IT TO COMMIT SOCIAL SUICIDE4 ,BY DEF9ITION1 CAPITALISM IS A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY ?AT CANNOT CEASE TO EXP&4 ,! PROBLEMS IT MAY BE CREAT+ = HUMANITY AS A :OLE--PROBLEMS ?AT TRANSC5D CLASS DIFF]5CES--CAN EASILY BECOME ! BASES = A VA/ CRITIQUE IF CURR5T 5VIRONM5TALI/S >E WILL+ TO RAISE !IR CONC]NS TO ! LEVEL ( A RADICAL SOCIAL ANALYSIS & ORGANIZE NOT SIMPLY >\ND SAV+ A SELECT SPECIES OR >\ND ! VICES ( AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTUR]S BUT >\ND REPLAC+ ! EXI/+ IRRATIONAL ECONOMY BY A RATIONAL ONE4 ,! FACT ?AT ! NUCLE> 9DU/RY /ILL EXI/S MU/ BE SE5 NOT SIMPLY AS AN ABUSE OR A MATT] ( /UPIDITY1 = EXAMPLE1 BUT AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( A GREAT] :OLE3 ! NE$ = AN 9DU/RY 9 A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY TO GR[ & \TCOMPETE ITS RIVALS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! SUCCESSES ( ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY 9 PROMOT+ ! USE ( TOXICANTS 9 AGRICULTURE1 & ! GR[+ \TPUT ( ! AUTOMOBILE & PETROLEUM 9DU/RIES--ALL MU/ BE SE5 AS ! RESULTS ( ! 9N] WORK+S ( A DEEPLY 5TR5*$ SY/EM4 ,NOT ONLY WORK]S BUT ! PUBLIC MU/ BE $UCAT$ 9 ! REALITY ?AT \R EM]G+ ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS /EM FROM \R IRRATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,ISSUES SU* AS G5D] DISCRIM9ATION1 RACISM1 & NATIONAL *AUV9ISM MU/ BE RECA/ NOT ONLY AS CULTURAL & SOCIAL REGRESSIONS BUT AS EVID5CE ( ! ILLS PRODUC$ BY HI]>*Y4 ,A GR[+ PUBLIC AW>5ESS MU/ BE FO/]$ 9 ORD] TO RECOGNIZE ?AT OPPRESSION 9CLUDES NOT ONLY EXPLOITATION BUT ALSO DOM9ATION1 & ?AT IT IS BAS$ NOT ONLY ON ECONOMIC CAUSES BUT ON CULTURAL P>TICUL>ISMS ?AT DIVIDE PEOPLE ACCORD+ TO SEXUAL1 E?NIC1 & SIMIL> TRAITS4 ,:]E !SE ISSUES COME TO ! =EGR\ND 9 ! =M ( PAT5T ABUSES1 A CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MU/ EXP& !IR IMPLICATIONS TO %[ ?AT SOCIETY AS IT EXI/S IS BASICALLY IRRATIONAL & DANG]\S4 

,SU* A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T NE$S A DI/9CTIVE BODY ( TACTICS DESIGN$ TO EXP& ! SCOPE ( ANY ISSUE1 H[EV] RE=MI/ IT MAY SEEM AT FIR/ GLANCE1 /EADILY RADICALIZ+ IT & GIV+ IT A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y ?RU/4 ,IT %\LD MAKE NO AGREEM5T ) LIB]ALS & ! B\RGEOISIE ON RETA9+ ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,IF ! SOLUTION TO A SPECIFIC 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEM SEEMS FAIRLY PRAGMATIC1 !N ! MOVEM5T MU/ REG>D IT AS A /EP = WID5+ A P>TLY OP5 DOOR UNTIL IT CAN %[ ?AT ! 5TIRE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM IS SY/EMIC & EXPOSE IT AS SU* TO PUBLIC VIEW4 ,?US1 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T %\LD 9SI/ NOT ONLY ON BLOCK+ ! CON/RUCTION ( A NUCLE> PLANT BUT ON %UTT+ D[N ALL NUCLE> PLANTS & REPLAC+ !M ) ALT]NATIVE 5]GY S\RCES ?AT 5HANCE ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,IT %\LD REG>D NO LIMIT$ GA9S AS CONCLUSIVE BUT RA!R MU/ CLE>LY L9K A GIV5 DEM& TO ! NE$ = BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! SAME /RATEGY APPLIES TO ! USE ( *EMICALS 9 AGRICULTURE1 CURR5T AGRICULTURAL ME?ODS ( GR[+ FOOD1 ! MANUFACTURE ( H>MFUL MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 ! MANUFACTURE ( DANG]\S H\SEHOLD PRODUCTS2 9DE$1 EV]Y ITEM :OSE PRODUCTION & USE DEBASES ! 5VIRONM5T & DEGRADES HUMAN VALUES4 

,I HAVE EXAM9$ ELSE:]E ! REASONS :Y P[] CANNOT BE IGNOR$--A PROBLEM ?AT BELEAGU]$ ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,BUT CAN WE CONCEIVE ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T GA9+ P[] )\T AN AG5CY ?AT CAN PROVIDE IT ) GUIDANCE8 ,A REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT ?AT SEEKS TO ADVANCE FROM PROTE/ DEMON/RATIONS TO REVOLUTION>Y DEMON/RATIONS MU/ RESOLUTELY CONFRONT ! PROBLEM ( ORGANIZATION4 ,I SPEAK H]E NOT ( AD HOC PLANN+ GR\PS BUT RA!R ( ! CREATION & MA9T5ANCE ( AN ORGANIZATION ?AT IS 5DUR+1 /RUCTUR$1 & BROADLY PROGRAMMATIC4 ,SU* AN ORGANIZATION CON/ITUTES A DEF9ABLE 5TITY & MU/ BE /RUCTUR$ >\ND LA/+ & =MAL 9/ITUTIONS TO MAKE IT OP]ATIONAL2 IT MU/ CONTA9 A RESPONSIBLE MEMB]%IP ?AT FIRMLY & KN[L$GEABLY ADH]ES TO ITS IDEALS2 & IT MU/ ADVANCE A SWEEP+ PROGRAM = SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT CAN BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO EV]YDAY PRACTICE4 ,AL?\< SU* AN ORGANIZATION MAY JO9 A COALITION 7OR UNIT$ FRONT1 AS ! TRADITIONAL ,LEFT CALL$ IT71 IT MU/ NOT DISAPPE> 9TO SU* A COALITION OR SURR5D] ITS 9DEP5D5CE1 LET ALONE ITS ID5TITY4 ,IT MU/ RETA9 ITS [N NAME AT ALL TIMES & BE GUID$ BY ITS [N /ATUTES4 ,! ORGANIZATION'S PROGRAM MU/ BE ! PRODUCT ( A REASON$ ANALYSIS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ?AT FACE SOCIETY1 !IR HI/ORICAL S\RCES & !ORETICAL FUNDAM5TS1 & ! CLE>LY VISIBLE GOALS ?AT FOLL[ FROM ! POT5TIALITIES & REALITIES = SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,ONE ( ! GREATE/ PROBLEMS ?AT REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! PA/ FAC$1 FROM ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY TO ! ,SPANI% 9 ! TW5TIE?1 WAS !IR FAILURE TO CREATE A RESOLUTE1 WELL-/RUCTUR$1 & FULLY 9=M$ ORGANIZATION ) :I* TO C\NT] !IR REACTION>Y OPPON5TS4 ,FEW UPRIS+S EXP& BEYOND ! LIMITS ( A RIOT )\T ! GUIDANCE ( A KN[L$GEABLE LEAD]%IP4 ,! MY? ( ! PURELY SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION CAN BE DISPAT*$ BY A C>EFUL /UDY ( PA/ UPRIS+S 7AS ,I HAVE ATTEMPT$ 9 MY [N WORK1 ! F\R-VOLUME HI/ORY CALL$ ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION74 ,EV5 9 SELF-CONSCI\SLY LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 LEAD]%IP ALWAYS EXI/$ 9 ! =M ( 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS10 SPIRIT$ M5 & WOM5 :O CON/ITUT$ ! NUCLEI >\ND :I* CR[DS TRANS=M$ /REET PROTE/S 9TO \TRI<T 9SURRECTIONS4 ,9 HIS FAM\S ET*+ ,! ,REVOLT1,DAUMI] 9TUITIVELY FOCUSES ON A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 AMID O!R REBELS1 :O RAISES ! CRY ?AT BR+S ! MASSES 9TO MOTION4 ,EV5 9 SEEM+LY 0SPONTANE\S 9SURRECTIONS10 ADVANC$ MILITANTS1 SCATT]$ ?R\<\T REBELLI\S CR[DS1 SPURR$ ! UNC]TA9 MASSES ON TO FUR!R ACTION4 ,CONTR>Y TO AN>*I/IC MY?S1 NONE ( ! SOVIETS1 C\NCILS1 & COMMITTEES ?AT >OSE 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g1 ,G]MANY 9 #a#i#a#h1 & ,SPA9 9 #aicf W]E =M$ SIMPLY ( !IR [N ACCORD4 ,9V>IABLY1 SPECIFIC MILITANTS 7A EUPHEMISM = LEAD]S7 TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 =M+ !M & 9 GUID+ 9EXP]I5C$ MASSES T[>D ! ADOPTION ( A RADICAL C\RSE ( ACTION4 

,ABSORB$ AS !Y W]E ) MAK+ CONCRETE & IMM$IATE DEM&S1 FEW ( !SE C\NCILS & COMMITTEES HAD A BROAD OV]VIEW ( ! SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES OP5$ BY ! 9SURRECTIONS !Y 9ITIAT$ OR A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ! 5EMIES !Y HAD TEMPOR>ILY DEFEAT$4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS /ATESM5 KNEW ONLY TOO WELL H[ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES1 ?ANKS TO !IR CONSID]ABLE EXP]I5CE AS 5TREPR5EURS1 POLITICAL LEAD]S1 & MILIT>Y COMM&]S4 ,BUT ! WORK]S TOO (T5 LACK$ ! KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE SO VITAL TO DEVELOP+ SU* A P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT REMA9S A TRAGIC IRONY ?AT 9SURRECTIONS NOT DEFEAT$ \TRI<T BY SUP]IOR MILIT>Y =CES (T5 FROZE 9TO IMMOBILITY ONCE !Y TOOK P[] FROM !IR CLASS 5EMIES & R>ELY TOOK ! ORGANIZATIONAL /EPS NECESS>Y TO RETA9 !IR P[]4 ,)\T A !ORETICALLY TRA9$ & MILITANT ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD DEVELOP$ A BROAD SOCIAL VISION ( ITS TASKS & C\LD (F] WORK]S PRACTICAL PROGRAMS = COMPLET+ ! REVOLUTION ?AT !Y HAD 9ITIAT$1 REVOLUTIONS QUICKLY FELL AP>T = LACK ( FUR!R ACTION4 ,!IR SUPPORT]S1 ZEAL\S AT ! \TSET & = A BRIEF P]IOD AFT]W>DS1 SOON FL\ND]$1 BECAME DEMORALIZ$ = WANT ( A ?OR\<GO+ PROGRAM1 LO/ !IR ELAN1 & !N W]E CRU%$ PHYSICALLY4 ,NO:]E WAS ?IS DE/RUCTIVE PROCESS MORE APP>5T ?AN 9 ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#h-#a#i & ALSO TO A GREAT DEGREE 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#c#g2 MA9LY BECAUSE ! MASS AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNION1 ! ,C,N,T1 SURR5D]$ ! P[] IT HAD RECEIV$ FROM ! ,CATALAN WORK]S 9 ,JULY #aicf TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,A FUTURE ,LEFT MU/ C>EFULLY /UDY !SE TRAGIC EXP]I5CES & DET]M9E H[ TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( ORGANIZATION & P[]4 ,SU* AN ORGANIZATION CANNOT BE A CONV5TIONAL P>TY1 SEEK+ A COM=TABLE PLACE 9 A P>LIAM5T>Y /ATE1 )\T LOS+ ITS REVOLUTION>Y ELAN4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 /RUCTUR$ AS A TOP-D[N ORGANIZATION ?AT FETI%IZ$ C5TRALIZATION & 9T]NAL P>TY HI]>*Y1 EXEMPLIFIES H[ A P>TY CAN M]ELY REPLICATE A /ATE TO BECOME A BUREAUCRATIC & AU?ORIT>IAN 5TITY4 

,IF ,M>XI/S1 :5 !Y F\ND !MSELVES 9 REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( ANY POLITICS ?AT ABOLI%$ ! /ATE1 !N ! AN>*I/S1 & TRAGICALLY ! SYNDICALI/S :O W]E DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY !M 9TELLECTUALLY1 W]E SO FIXAT$ ON AVOID+ ! /ATE ?AT !Y DE/ROY$ VITAL1 SELF-GOV]N+ REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO DISCUSS ,SPANI% AN>*ISM & ITS RA!R CONFUS$ AN>*OSYNDICALI/ 0F>RAGO10 AS ,*RIS ,EALHAM HAS SO APTLY CALL$ IT1 BUT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]%IP SEEMS TO HAVE LACK$ ! SLI<TE/ IDEA H[ TO A*IEVE A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION4.<#c#i.> ,:5 P[] WAS ACTUALLY ?RU/ 9TO !IR TREMBL+ H&S1 !Y SIMPLY DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) IT4 

,EV]Y REVOLUTION1 9DE$1 EV5 EV]Y ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE1 WILL ALWAYS MEET ) RESI/ANCE FROM ELITES 9 P[]4 ,EV]Y EF=T TO DEF5D A REVOLUTION WILL REQUIRE ! AMASS+ ( P[]--PHYSICAL AS WELL AS 9/ITUTIONAL & ADM9I/RATIVE--:I* IS TO SAY1 ! CREATION ( A GOV]NM5T4 ,AN>*I/S MAY CALL = ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 BUT CO]CION ( SOME K9D WILL BE NECESS>Y TO PREV5T ! B\RGEOIS /ATE FROM RETURN+ 9 FULL =CE ) UNBRIDL$ T]ROR4 ,= A LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION TO ES*EW1 \T ( MISPLAC$ FE> ( CREAT+ A 0/ATE10 TAK+ P[] :5 IT CAN DO SO ) ! SUPPORT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSES IS CONFUSION AT BE/ & A TOTAL FAILURE ( N]VE AT WOR/4 ,P]HAPS ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ACTUALLY LIV$ 9 AWE ( ! V]Y /ATE APP>ATUS :OSE EXI/5CE IT WAS COMMITT$ TO ABOLI%+4 ,BETT] ?AT SU* A MOVEM5T GETS \T ( ! WAY ?AN REMA9 CLOAK$ 9 A SEEM+LY 0RADICAL0 CAM\FLAGE ?AT MAKES PROMISES TO ! MASSES ?AT IT CANNOT HONOR4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! LIB]T>IAN ,LEFT DOES SUGGE/1 H[EV]1 A =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT IS CONSI/5T ) ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A LEFT LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,9 A CONF$]ATION1 SEEM+ HI<] BODIES PLAY ! ROLE ( ADM9I/]+ POLICY DECISIONS ?AT >E MADE AT ! BASE ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ! 5D1 NE>LY ALL POLICY DECISIONS1 ESPECIALLY BASIC ONES1 >E MADE AT ! BASE ( ! ORGANIZATION BY ITS BRAN*ES OR SECTIONS4 ,DECISIONS MADE AT ! BASE MOVE TO ! TOP & !N BACK AGA9 9 MODIFI$ =M TO ! BASE UNTIL1 BY MAJORITY VOTE AT ! BASE1 !Y BECOME POLICIES :OSE IMPLEM5TATION IS UND]TAK5 BY SPECIAL OR /&+ COMMITTEES4 

,NO ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL1 H[EV]1 %\LD BE FETI%IZ$ TO ! PO9T :]E IT FLATLY CONTRADICTS ! IMP]ATIVES ( REAL LIFE4 ,:]E EV5TS REQUIRE A MEASURE ( C5TRALIZATION1 COORD9ATION AT A CONF$]AL LEVEL MAY HAVE TO BE TI<T5$ TO IMPLEM5T A POLICY OR TACTIC1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y & ONLY = AS LONG AS IT IS NECESS>Y4 ,A CONF$]ATION CAN ALL[ NECESS>Y C5TRALIZATION ON A TEMPOR>Y BASIS1 )\T YIELD+ TO A P]MAN5T C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION1 ONLY IF ITS MEMB]%IP IS CONSCI\S & ?OR\<LY 9=M$ TO GU>D AGA9/ ! ABUSES ( C5TRALIZATION & ONLY IF ! ORGANIZATION HAS /RUCTURES 9 PLACE TO RECALL LEAD]S :O SEEM TO BE ABUS+ !IR P[]S4 ,O!RWISE1 WE HAVE NO C]TA9TY ?AT ANY LIB]T>IAN PRACTICES WILL BE HONOR$4 ,I HAVE SE5 PEOPLE :O = DECADES W]E COMMITT$ TO LIB]T>IAN PRACTICES & PR9CIPLES ?R[ !IR IDEALS TO ! W9D1 & EV5 DRIFT 9TO A CO>SE NATIONALISM1 :5 EV5TS APPEAL$ MORE TO !IR EMOTIONS ?AN TO !IR M9DS4 ,A LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION MU/ HAVE 9 PLACE PRECAUTIONS SU* AS ! RI<T TO RECALL BY ! ORGANIZATION'S MEMB]%IP & ! RI<T TO DEM& A FULL ACC\NT+ ( A CONF$]AL BODY'S PRACTICES1 BUT ! FACT REMA9S ?AT !RE IS NO SUB/ITUTE = KN[L$GE & CONSCI\SNESS4 

,A COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY W\LD HAVE TO MAKE DECISIONS ON H[ RES\RCES >E TO BE ACQUIR$1 PRODUC$1 ALLOCAT$1 & DI/RIBUT$4 ,SU* A SOCIETY MU/ SEEK TO PREV5T ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM & ( OLD OR NEW SY/EMS ( PRIVILEGE4 ,IT MU/ TRY TO A*IEVE A DEGREE ( ADM9I/RATIVE COORD9ATION & REGULATION ON A HUGE SCALE AMONG COMMUNITIES1 & DECISION-MAK+ MU/ BE RESOLUTE IF SOCIAL LIFE ( ANY K9D IS NOT TO COLLAPSE COMPLETELY4 

,!SE CON/RA9TS >E NECESS>Y TO PROVIDE ! GREATE/ DEGREE ( FRE$OM POSSIBLE1 BUT !Y WILL NOT BE IMPOS$ SIMPLY BY 0GOODWILL10 0MUTUAL AID10 0SOLID>ITY10 OR EV5 0CU/OM10 & ANY NOTION ?AT !Y WILL RE/S MORE ON A PRAY] ?AN ON HUMAN EXP]I5CE4 ,MAT]IAL WANT WILL QUICKLY ]ODE ANY GOODWILL & SOLID>ITY ?AT A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION MI<T CREATE AMONG ! LIB]T>IAN VICTORS2 H5CE1 ! NE$ = PO/SC>CITY AS A PRECONDITION = A COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#c#g1 MANY ( ! NEW SOCIETY'S COLLECTIVES1 ALL FLY+ ! BLACK-&-R$ FLAG ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 5T]$ 9TO BLATANT COMPETITION ) ONE ANO!R = RAW MAT]IALS1 TE*NICIANS1 & EV5 M>KETS & PR(ITS4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT !Y HAD TO BE 0SOCIALIZ$0 BY ! ,C,N,T1 ?AT IS1 ! TRADE UNION HAD TO EX]T CONTROL TO EQUALIZE ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & ! AVAILABILITY ( CO/LY MA*9]Y1 & OBLIGE 0RI*0 COLLECTIVES TO %>E !IR WEAL? ) POOR ONES4 7,LAT] ?IS AU?ORITY WAS TAK5 OV] BY ! ,MADRID NATION-/ATE = REASONS ( ITS [N47 ,NOR W]E ALL PEASANTS EAG] TO JO9 COLLECTIVES :5 !Y W]E ALSO AF=D$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO FUNCTION AS SMALL PROP]TY [N]S4 ,/ILL O!RS LEFT ! COLLECTIVES 9 SIZABLE NUMB]S :5 !Y F\ND !MSELVES FREE TO DO SO )\T FE>4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 TO E/ABLI% A VIABLE COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY1 MORE ?AN P]SONAL & MORAL COMMITM5TS WILL BE NE$$--LEA/ ( ALL1 ?OSE EXTREMELY PREC>I\S V>IABLES ?AT >E BAS$ ON 0HUMAN NATURE0 & 09/9CTS = MUTUAL AID40 

,! PROBLEM ( A*IEV+ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM IS ONE ( ! MO/ UN!ORIZ$ ASPECTS ( ! LIB]T>IAN REP]TOIRE4 ,! COMMUNI/ MAXIM 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO NE$0 PRESUPPOSES A SUFFICI5CY ( GOODS & H5CE COMPLEX TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?AT A*IEVEM5T 9VOLVES A CLOSE AGREEM5T ) ,M>X'S EMPHASIS ?AT ADVANCES 9 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION >E A PRECONDITION = COMMUNISM4 ,! SUCCESS ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 !N1 DEP5DS PR(\NDLY ON ! GR[? ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES OV] MANY C5TURIES & ON ! 9CREAS+ AVAILABILITY ( ! MEANS ( LIFE4 

,HI/ORY IS FILL$ ) C\NTLESS EXAMPLES :]E NATURAL SC>CITY OR LIMIT$ RES\RCES OBLIG$ PEOPLES TO TURN POPUL> GOV]NM5TS 9TO K+LY /ATES1 CAPTIVES 9TO SLAVES1 WOM5 9TO SUBJUGAT$ DRUDGES1 FREE PEASANTS 9TO S]FS1 & ! LIKE4 ,NO SU* DEVELOPM5T LACKS EXCESSES1 & IF K9DLY RUL]S DID NOT TURN 9TO BRUTAL DESPOTS1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 MIRACUL\S4 ,?AT WE CAN SIT 9 JUDGM5T ON !SE SOCIETIES1 !IR /ATES1 & !IR OPPRESSIVE ME?ODS IS EVID5CE ?AT PROGRESS HAS OCCURR$ &1 EQUALLY IMPORTANTLY1 ?AT \R CIRCUM/ANCES DIFF] PR(\NDLY FROM !IRS4 ,:]E FAM9E WAS ONCE A NORMAL FEATURE ( LIFE1 WE TODAY >E %OCK$ :5 NO EF=T IS MADE TO FE$ ! />V+4 ,BUT WE >E %OCK$ ONLY BECAUSE WE HAVE ALREADY DEVELOP$ ! MEANS TO PRODUCE A SUFFICI5CY1 DISALL[+ 9DIFF]5CE TO SC>CITY4 ,9 %ORT1 ! CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE *ANG$ PR(\NDLY1 H[EV] UNJU/ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! MEANS ( LIFE MAY CONT9UE TO BE4 ,9DE$1 ?AT WE CAN EV5 SAY ! DI/RIBUTION IS UNJU/ IS A V]DICT ?AT ONLY A SOCIETY ABLE TO ELIM9ATE MAT]IAL SC>CITY--& CREATE1 POT5TIALLY1 A PO/SC>CITY SOCIETY--CAN MAKE4 

,?US1 \R EXPANSIVE VISIONS ( FRE$OM1 TODAY1 HAVE !IR PRECONDITIONS3 M9IMALLY1 TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCEM5T4 ,ONLY G5]ATIONS ?AT HAVE NOT EXP]I5C$ ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION CAN IGNORE ! PRECONDITIONAL BASES = \R MORE G5]\S IDEOLOGIES4 ,! CLASSICAL ,LEFT1 P>TICUL>LY ?9K]S SU* AS ,M>X1 GAVE US MU* SY/EMATIC ?9K+ ON HI/ORY & CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 ,BUT WILL WE ELECT TO FOLL[ A TRULY LIB]T>IAN USE ( ! RES\RCES AT \R COMM& & CREATE A SOCIETY ?AT IS DEMOCRATIC1 COMMUNI/IC1 & COMMUNALI/IC1 BAS$ ON POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 CONF$]ATIONS1 & SWEEP+ CIVIL LIB]TIES8 ,OR WILL WE FOLL[ A C\RSE ?AT IS 9CREAS+LY /ATI/1 C5TRALIZ$1 & AU?ORIT>IAN8 ,H]E1 ANO!R 0HI/ORY0 OR DIALECTIC COMES 9TO PLAY--! GREAT TRADITIONS ( FRE$OM ?AT W]E ELABORAT$ OV] TIME BY UNKN[N REVOLUTION>IES & BY LIB]T>IAN ?9K]S SU* AS ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 & ,MALATE/A4 ,WE >E ?US FAC$ ) TWO LEGACIES ?AT HAVE UNFOLD$ 9 T&EM ) EA* O!R3 A MAT]IAL ONE & AN IDEOLOGICAL ONE4 

,LET US BE FRANK & ACKN[L$GE ?AT !SE LEGACIES >E NOT WELL KN[N OR EASILY UND]/OOD4 ,BUT FROM !M1 WE CAN WEAVE AN E?ICAL APPROA* TO SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT CAN GIVE \R 5DEAVORS DEF9ITION & A POSSIBILITY ( SUCCESS4 ,= ONE ?+1 WE CAN DECL>E ?AT 0:AT %\LD BE0--HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 RATIONALITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS--IS TO BE ACTUALIZ$ & GUIDE \R SOCIAL LIVES4 ,WE CAN AFFIRM 0:AT %\LD BE0 ON ! BASIS ( DECID$LY REAL MAT]IAL POSSIBILITIES & REALIZABLE IDEOLOGICAL ONES4 ,KN[L$GE ( 0:AT %\LD BE10 IF REASON IS TO GUIDE \R BEHAVIOR1 BECOMES ! =CE DRIV+ US TO MAKE SOCIAL *ANGE & TO PRODUCE A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,) \R MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS 9 PLACE & ) REASON TO GUIDE US TO ! ACTUALIZATION ( \R POT5TIALITIES1 WE CAN BEG9 TO =MULATE ! CONCRETE /EPS ?AT A FUTURE ,LEFT WILL BE OBLIG$ TO TAKE TO A*IEVE ITS 5DS4 ,! MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS >E DEMON/RABLY AT H&1 & REASON1 =TIFI$ BY A KN[L$GE ( PA/ 5DEAVORS TO PRODUCE A RELATIVELY RATIONAL SOCIETY1 PROVIDES ! MEANS TO =MULATE ! MEASURES & ! MEANS1 /EP BY /EP1 TO PRODUCE A NEW ,LEFT ?AT IS RELEVANT = ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE4 

,F> FROM ES*EW+ REASON & !ORY1 A FUTURE ,LEFT ?AT IS MEAN+FUL MU/ BE SOLIDLY GR\ND$ 9 !ORY IF IT IS TO HAVE ANY P[] TO UND]/& ! PRES5T 9 RELATION%IP TO ! PA/1 & ! FUTURE 9 RELATION%IP TO ! PRES5T4 ,A LACK ( PHILOSOPHICAL EQUIPM5T TO 9T]PRET EV5TS1 PA/ & PRES5T1 WILL R5D] ITS !ORETICAL 9SI<TS FRAGM5T>Y & B]EFT ( CONTEXTUALITY & CONT9UITY4 ,NOR WILL IT BE ABLE TO %[ H[ SPECIFIC EV5TS RELATE TO A L>G] :OLE & L9K !M TOGE!R 9 A BROAD P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT WAS ?IS ADMIRABLE 9T5TION1 ,I %\LD NOTE1 ?AT 9DUC$ ,M>X TO GIVE HIS IDEAS A SY/EMATIC & UNIFI$ =M1 NOT ANY P]SONAL DISPOSITION ON HIS P>T = 0TOTALIT>IANISM40 ,! WORLD 9 :I* HE LIV$ HAD TO BE %[N ?AT CAPITAL ACCUMULATION & ! B\RGEOISIE'S UNREL5T+ CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RIAL RES\RCES W]E NOT PRODUCTS ( GRE$ BUT VITAL NECESSITIES = 5T]PRISES 9 A %>PLY COMPETITIVE ECONOMY4 

,ONE CAN PROJECT AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! PRES5T SOCIETY ONLY BY ADVANC+ RATIONAL ALT]NATIVES TO ! EXI/+ ORD] ( ?+S--ALT]NATIVES ?AT >E OBJECTIVELY & LOGICALLY BAS$ ON HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM & 9NOVATION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! ABILITY ( HUMAN BE+S TO PROJECT !MSELVES BEYOND !IR GIV5 CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO RE-CREATE !IR WORLD & !IR SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & TO 9FUSE 9NOVATION ) E?ICAL JUDGM5TS BECOMES ! BASIS = ACTUALIZ+ A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,?IS 0:AT %\LD BE10 AS $UC$ BY REASON1 /&S ON A HI<] PLANE ( TRU?FULNESS & :OL5ESS ?AN DOES ! EXI/5TIAL & PRAGMATIC 0:AT IS40 ,FIGURATIVELY SPEAK+1 ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! 0:AT %\LD BE0 & ! 0:AT IS10 AS ELABORAT$ & *ALL5G$ BY M9D AS WELL AS BY EXP]I5CE1 LIES AT ! HE>T ( DIALECTIC4 ,9DE$1 ! 0:AT %\LD BE10 BY SITT+ 9 JUDGM5T ON ! VALIDITY ( ! GIV51 JO9S DIALECTICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! BIOSPH]E ) DIALECTICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! SOCIAL SPH]E4 ,IT PROVIDES ! BASIS = DET]M9+ :E!R A SOCIETY IS RATIONAL & TO :AT DEGREE IT HAS RATIONAL CONT5T4 ,ABS5T SU* A CRIT]ION1 WE HAVE NO BASIS = SOCIAL E?ICS AP>T FROM ! EGOC5TRIC1 ADV5TITI\S1 AN>*IC1 & HI<LY SUBJECTIVE /ATEM5T 0,I *OOSE60 ,A SOCIAL E?ICS CANNOT REMA9 SUSP5D$ 9 ! AIR )\T AN OBJECTIVE F\NDATION1 A COMPREH5SIVE EVOLUTION FROM ! PRIMITIVE TO ! 9CREAS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$1 & A COH]5T CONT5T ?AT SUPPORTS ITS DEVELOPM5T4 

,MOREOV]1 )\T AN OBJECTIVE POT5TIALITY 7?AT IS1 ! IMPLICIT REALITY ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO RATIONAL $UCTION1 9 CONTRA/ TO M]E DAYDREAM+7 ?AT SITS 9 0JUDGM5T0 ( EXI/5TIAL REALITY AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A RATIONALLY CONCEIV$ REALITY1 WE HAVE NO WAY TO D]IVE AN E?ICS ?AT GOES BEYOND M]E P]SONAL TA/E4 ,:AT IS TO GUIDE US 9 UND]/&+ ! NATURE ( FRE$OM8 ,:Y IS FRE$OM SUP]IOR TO M]E CU/OM OR HABIT8 ,:Y IS A FREE SOCIETY DESIRABLE & AN 5SLAV$ ONE NOT1 AP>T FROM TA/E & OP9ION8 ,NO SOCIAL E?ICS IS EV5 POSSIBLE1 LET ALONE DESIRABLE1 )\T A PROCESSUAL CONCEPTION ( BEHAVIOR1 FROM ITS PRIMAL ROOTS 9 ! REALM ( POT5TIALITY AT ! 9CEPTION ( A HUMAN EVOLUTION1 ?R\< ?AT EVOLUTION ITSELF1 TO ! LEVEL ( ! RATIONAL & DISCURSIVE4 ,)\T CRIT]IA SUPPLI$ BY ! DIALECTICALLY D]IV$ 0\<T10 ! F\NDATIONS = A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T DISSOLVE 9TO AN AN>*IC VACUUM ( P]SONAL *OICE1 ! MUDDL$ NOTION ?AT 0:AT IS GOOD = ME CON/ITUTES ! GOOD & ! TRUE--& ?AT IS ?AT60 

,AS MU* AS WE >E OBLIG$ TO DEAL ) ! 0:AT IS0--) ! EXI/5TIAL FACTS ( LIFE1 9CLUD+ CAPITALISM--IT IS ! DIALECTICALLY D]IV$ 0TRUE10 AS ,HEGEL MI<T PUT IT1 ?AT MU/ ALWAYS REMA9 \R GUIDE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT DEF9ES A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,AB&ON ! RATIONAL & WE >E R$UC$ TO ! LEVEL ( M]E ANIMALITY FROM :I* ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY & ! GREAT /RUGGLES ( HUMANITY = EMANCIPATION HAVE T5D$ TO FREE US4 ,IT IS TO BREAK FAI? ) ,HI/ORY1 CONCEIV$ AS A RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T T[>D FRE$OM & 9NOVATION1 & TO DIM9I% ! DEF9+ /&>DS ( \R HUMANITY4 ,IF WE (T5 SEEM ADRIFT1 IT IS NOT = LACK ( A COMPASS & A MAP BY :I* TO GUIDE \RSELVES T[>D ! ACTUALIZATION ( \R UNIQUELY HUMAN & SOCIAL POT5TIALITIES4 

,?IS LEADS US TO ANO!R PREMISE = ACQUIR+ SOCIAL TRU?3 ! IMPORTANCE ( DIALECTICAL ?9K+ AS \R COMPASS4 ,?IS LOGIC CON/ITUTES BO? ! ME?OD & ! SUB/ANCE ( AN $UCTIVE PROCESS ( REASON+ & UNFOLD+4 ,$UCTION IS ! PROC$URE ?AT IMMAN5TLY ELICITS ! IMPLICIT TRAITS ?AT L5D !MSELVES TO RATIONAL ACTUALIZATION1 NAMELY1 FRE$OM & 9NOVATION4 ,A DEEP ECOLOGI/ ONCE *ALL5G$ ME BY ASK+ :Y FRE$OM %\LD BE MORE DESIRABLE ?AN UNFRE$OM4 ,I REPLY ?AT FRE$OM1 AS IT DEVELOPS OBJECTIVELY ?R\< V>I\S PHASES ( ! ASC5T ( LIFE1 FROM M]E *OICE AS A =M ( SELF-MA9T5ANCE TO ! RE-CREATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T BY 9TELLECTION & 9NOVATION1 CAN MAKE = A WORLD ?AT IS MORE HABITABLE1 HUMANE1 & CREATIVE ?AN ANY?+ A*IEV$ BY ! 9T]PLAY ( NATURAL =CES4 ,9DE$1 TO REPHRASE A FAM\S AXIOM ( ,HEGEL'S1 A PO9T CAN BE REA*$ 9 A FREE SOCIETY :]E :AT IS NOT FREE IS NOT REAL 7OR ACTUAL74 

,9DE$1 A TASK ( DIALECTICAL ?9K+ IS TO SEP>ATE ! RATIONAL FROM ! >BITR>Y1 EXT]NAL1 & ADV5TITI\S 9 :I* IT UNFOLDS1 AN 5DEAVOR ?AT DEM&S CONSID]ABLE 9TELLECTUAL C\RAGE AS WELL AS 9SI<T4 ,?US1 ! CONQUE/S ( ,ALEX&] ! ,GREAT DOVETAIL ) ! RATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ,HI/ORY1 9S(> AS ,ALEX&] UNIFI$ A DECOMPOS+ WORLD MADE UP ( ROTT+ CITY-/ATES & P>ASITIC MON>*IES & TRANSMITT$ ,HELL5IC ?\<T TO IT4 ,BUT ! EXPLOSION ( ,MONGOL HORSEM5 FROM ! /EPPES ( C5TRAL ,ASIA CONTRIBUT$ NO MORE TO ! RATIONAL C\RSE ( EV5TS ?AN DID1 SAY1 A DECL9E 9 RA9FALL OV] ,NOR? ,AFRICA ?AT TURN$ A VA/ =E/$ >EA 9TO A GRIM1 =MIDABLE DES]T4 ,MOREOV]1 TO SPEAK ( A ,MONGOL 9VASION AS EVID5CE ( A 0POT5TIALITY = EVIL0 IS TO DIVE/ ! RI* PHILOSOPHICAL T]M POT5TIALITY ( ITS CREATIVE CONT5T4 ,MU* BETT] TO USE H]E ! IDEOLOGICALLY NEUTRAL T]M CAPACITY1 :I* CAN BE APPLI$ ANY:]E = ANY PH5OM5ON--& TO NO 9TELLIGIBLE PURPOSE :ATEV]4 

,REMOTE AS IT MAY SEEM TO SOME1 DIALECTICAL ?9K+ IS1 9 MY VIEW1 9DISP5SABLE = CREAT+ ! MAP & =MULAT+ ! AG5DA = A NEW ,LEFT4 ,! ACTUALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY = A RATIONAL SOCIETY--! 0:AT %\LD BE0 A*IEV$ BY HUMAN DEVELOPM5T--OCCURS 9 ! FULLY DEMOCRATIC MUNICIPALITY1 ! MUNICIPALITY BAS$ ON A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLY COMPOS$ ( FREE CITIZ5S1 = :OM ! WORD POLITICS MEANS DIRECT POPUL> CONTROL OV] ! COMMUNITY'S PUBLIC AFFAIRS BY MEANS ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,SU* A SY/EM ( CONTROL %\LD OCCUR )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A DULY CON/ITUT$ SY/EM ( LAWS1 RATIONALLY D]IV$ BY DISC\RSE1 EXP]I5CE1 HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE1 & JUDGM5T4 ,! FREE MUNICIPALITY1 9 EFFECT1 IS NOT ONLY A SPH]E = DEPLOY+ POLITICAL TACTICS BUT A PRODUCT ( REASON4 ,H]E1 MEANS & 5DS >E 9 P]FECT CONGRU5CE1 )\T ! TR\BL+ 0TRANSITIONS0 ?AT ONCE GAVE US A 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 ?AT SOON TURN$ 9TO A DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALITY1 LIKE ANY SOCIAL >TIFACT1 IS CON/ITUT$4 ,IT IS TO BE CONSCI\SLY CREAT$ BY ! EX]CISE ( REASON1 NOT BY >BITR>Y 0*OICES0 ?AT LACK OBJECTIVE E?ICAL CRIT]IA & !RE=E MAY EASILY YIELD OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS & *AOTIC COMMUNITIES4 ,! MUNICIPALITY'S CON/ITUTION & LAWS %\LD DEF9E ! DUTIES AS WELL AS ! RI<TS ( ! CITIZ51 ?AT IS1 !Y %\LD EXPLICITLY CL>IFY ! REALM ( NECESSITY AS WELL AS ! REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,! LIFE ( ! MUNICIPALITY IS DET]M9$ BY LAWS1 NOT >BITR>ILY 0BY M540 ,LAW1 AS SU*1 IS NOT NECESS>ILY OPPRESSIVE3 9DE$1 = ?\S&S ( YE>S ! OPPRESS$ DEM&$ LAWS1 AS NOMOS1 TO PREV5T >BITR>Y RULE & ! 0TYRANNY ( /RUCTURELESSNESS40 ,9 ! FREE MUNICIPALITY1 LAW MU/ ALWAYS BE RATIONALLY1 DISCURSIVELY1 & OP5LY D]IV$ & SUBJECT TO C>EFUL CONSID]ATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 WE MU/ CONT9UALLY BE AW>E ( REGULATIONS & DEF9ITIONS ?AT HAVE H>NESS$ HUMANITY TO !IR OPPRESSORS4 

,AS ,R\SSEAU SAW1 ! MUNICIPALITY IS NOT M]ELY AN AGGLOM]ATION ( BUILD+S BUT ( FREE CITIZ5S4 ,COMB9$ ) REASON1 ORD] CAN YIELD COH]5T 9/ITUTIONS4 ,LACK+ ORD] & REASON1 WE >E LEFT ) A SY/EM ( >BITR>Y RULE1 ) CONTROLS ?AT >E NOT ACC\NTABLE OR ANSW]ABLE TO ! PEOPLE--9 %ORT1 ) TYRANNY4 ,:AT CON/ITUTES A /ATE IS NOT ! EXI/5CE ( 9/ITUTIONS BUT RA!R ! EXI/5CE ( PR(ESSIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 SET AP>T FROM ! PEOPLE1 ?AT >E DESIGN$ TO DOM9ATE !M = ! EXPRESS PURPOSE ( SECUR+ !IR OPPRESSION 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 

,A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS DOES NOT *ALL5GE ! EXI/5CE ( 9/ITUTIONS AS SU* BUT RA!R ASSESSES :E!R A GIV5 9/ITUTION IS EMANCIPATORY & RATIONAL OR OPPRESSIVE & IRRATIONAL4 ,! GR[+ PROCLIVITY 9 OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5TS TO TRANSGRESS 9/ITUTIONS & LAWS M]ELY BECAUSE !Y EXI/ IS 9 FACT REACTION>Y &1 9 ANY CASE1 S]VES TO DIV]T PUBLIC ATT5TION AWAY FROM ! NE$ TO CREATE OR TRANS=M 9/ITUTIONS 9TO DEMOCRATIC1 POPUL>1 & RATIONAL 5TITIES4 ,A 0POLITICS0 ( DISORD] OR 0CREATIVE *AOS10 OR A NAIVE PRACTICE ( 0TAK+ OV] ! /REETS0 7USUALLY LITTLE MORE ?AN A /REET FE/IVAL71 REGRESSES P>TICIPANTS TO ! BEHAVIOR ( A JUV5ILE H]D2 BY REPLAC+ ! RATIONAL ) ! 0PRIMAL0 OR 0PLAYFUL10 IT AB&ONS ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S COMMITM5T TO ! CIVILIZ$1 ! CULTIVAT$1 & ! KN[L$GEABLE4 ,JOYFUL AS REVOLUTIONS MAY SOMETIMES ALSO BE1 !Y >E PRIM>ILY E>NE/LY S]I\S & EV5 BLOODY2 & IF !Y >E NOT SY/EMATIC & A/UTELY L$1 !Y WILL 9V>IABLY 5D 9 C\NT]REVOLUTION & T]ROR4 ,! ,COMMUN>DS ( #ahga MAY HAVE BE5 DELIRI\SLY DRUNK :5 !Y 0/ORM$ ! HEAV5S0 7AS ,M>X PUT IT71 BUT :5 !Y SOB]$ UP1 !Y F\ND ?AT ! WALLS SURR\ND+ ,P>IS HAD BE5 BREA*$ BY ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ,V]SAILLAIS4 ,AFT] A WEEK ( FI<T+1 !IR RESI/ANCE COLLAPS$1 & ! ,V]SAILLAIS %OT !M >BITR>ILY & 9 BAT*ES BY ! ?\S&S4 ,A POLITICS ?AT LACKS SUFFICI5T S]I\SNESS 9 ITS CORE BEHAVIOR MAY MAKE = WOND]FUL ,AN>*Y BUT IS DISA/R\S REVOLUTIONISM4 

,:AT SPECIFIC POLITICAL CONCLUSIONS DO !SE OBS]VATIONS YIELD8 ,:AT POLITICAL AG5DA DO !Y SUPPORT8 

,FIR/1 ! 0:AT %\LD BE0 %\LD PRESIDE OV] EV]Y T5ET ( A FUTURE POLITICAL AG5DA & MOVEM5T4 ,AS IMPORTANT AS A POLITICS ( PROTE/ MAY BE1 IT IS NO SUB/ITUTE = A POLITICS ( SOCIAL 9NOVATION4 ,TODAY1 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S ALIKE T5D TO BEHAVE DEF5SIVELY1 M]ELY REACT+ TO ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] & TO ! PROBLEMS IT CREATES4 ,CAPITALISM ?US OR*E/RATES ! BEHAVIOR ( ITS 9TUITIVE OPPON5TS4 ,MOREOV]1 IT HAS LE>N$ TO MUTE OPPOSITION BY %REWDLY MAK+ P>TIAL CONCESSIONS TO PROTE/]S4 

,! MUNICIPALITY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IS ! AU!NTIC T]RA9 = ! ACTUALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S SOCIAL POT5TIALITIES TO BE FREE & 9NOVATIVE4 ,/ILL1 LEFT TO ITSELF1 EV5 ! MO/ EMANCIPAT$ MUNICIPALITY MAY BECOME P>O*IAL1 9SUL>1 & N>R[4 ,CONF$]ALISM REMA9S AT ONCE ! OP]ATIONAL MEANS ( R\ND+ \T DEFICITS ?AT ANY MUNICIPALITY IS LIKELY TO FACE :5 IT 9TRODUCES A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ ECONOMY4 ,FEW1 IF ANY1 MUNICIPALITIES >E CAPABLE ( MEET+ !IR NE$S ON !IR [N4 ,AN ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE ECONOMIC AUT>*Y--& ! CONCOMITANT CULTURAL P>O*IALISM ?AT IT SO (T5 YIELDS 9 LESS ECONOMICALLY DEVELOP$ SOCIETIES--W\LD BE SOCIALLY UNDESIRABLE4 ,NOR DOES ! M]E EX*ANGE ( SURPLUS PRODUCTS REMOVE ! COMMODITY RELATION%IP2 ! %>+ ( GOODS ACCORD+ TO A TRULY LIB]T>IAN VIEW IS F> DIFF]5T FROM AN EX*ANGE ( GOODS1 :I* CLOSELY RESEMBLES M>KET EX*ANGES4 ,BY :AT /&>D W\LD ! 0VALUE0 ( SURPLUS COMMODITIES BE DET]M9$--BY !IR CONGEAL$ LABOR8 ,! 9CIPI5T BASES = A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY REMA9$ UNRECOGNIZ$1 EV5 9 AN>*I/ ,CATALONIA1 AMONG ?OSE :O BOA/$ ( !IR COMMUNI/ CONVICTIONS4 

,/ILL ANO!R DI/9CTION ?AT MU/ BE DRAWN IS ?AT BETWE5 POLICYMAK+ DECISIONS & /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE ONES4 ,JU/ AS ! PROBLEMS ( DI/RIBUTION MU/ NOT BE P]MITT$ TO DRAG A COMMUNITY 9TO CAPITALI/ MORES & M>KET PRACTICES1 ADM9I/RATORS MU/ NOT BE ALL[$ TO MAKE POLICY DECISIONS1 :I* PROP]LY BELONG TO POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,SU* PRACTICES MU/ BE MADE1 QUITE SIMPLY1 ILLEGAL1 ?AT IS1 ! COMMUNITY MU/ E/ABLI% REGULATIONS1 ) PUNITIVE FEATURES1 =BIDD+ COMMITTEES & AG5CIES TO EX]CISE RI<TS ?AT PROP]LY BELONG TO ! ASSEMBL$ COMMUNITY4 ,AS 9S5SITIVE AS SU* MEASURES MAY SEEM TO DELICATE LIB]T>IAN S5SIBILITIES1 !Y >E JU/IFI$ BY A HI/ORY 9 :I* H>D-WON RI<TS W]E SL[LY ]OD$ BY ELITES :O S\<T PRIVILEGES = !MSELVES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MANY4 ,PO/SC>CITY 9 ! AVAILABILITY ( ! MEANS ( LIFE MAY S]VE TO R5D] ANY PURSUIT ( ECONOMIC PRIVILEGE A LAU<ABLE ANA*RONISM4 ,BUT1 AS HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY HAS %[N1 SOME?+ MORE ?AN ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES1 SU* AS ! 5HANCEM5T ( /ATUS & P[]1 MAY BE 9VOLV$4 

,HUMAN BE+S ACTUALIZE !IR POT5TIALITIES 9 FREE MUNICIPALITIES ?AT >E RATIONALLY & DISCURSIVELY CON/ITUT$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 FREE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,:ATEV] POLITICS ABETS ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE2 ANY SELF-PR(ESS$ POLITICS ?AT DIM9I%ES ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS REACTION>Y & RE9=CES ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,M]E EXPRESSIONS ( =MLESS 0COMMUNITY0 ?AT DEVOLVE 9TO 0/REET FE/IVALS10 P>TICUL>LY :5 !Y BECOME SUB/ITUTES = A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ POLITICS 7OR1 MORE DI/URB+LY1 A DI/ORTION ( !M71 FE$ ! OV]ALL JUV5ILIZATION ?AT CAPITALISM PROMOTES ?R\< ITS IMPETUS TO DUMB D[N SOCIETY ON A MASSIVE SCALE4 

,DUR+ ! 9T]W> YE>S1 :5 PROACTIVE =CES = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE SEEM$ TO ?REAT5 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! SOCIAL ORD]1 ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT WAS FOCUS$ ON A DI/9CT SET ( ISSUES3 ! NE$ = A PLANN$ ECONOMY1 ! PROBLEMS ( A *RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS1 ! IMM95CE ( A WORLDWIDE W>1 ! ADVANCE ( FASCISM1 & ! *ALL5G+ EXAMPLES PROVID$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,TODAY1 CONTEMPOR>Y LEFTI/S >E MORE FOCUS$ ON MAJOR ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS1 CORPORATE GIGANTISM1 ! 9FLU5CE ( TE*NOLOGY ON DAILY LIFE1 & ! IMPACT ( ! MASS M$IA4 ,! CLASSICAL ,LEFT LOOK$ AT DEEP-SEAT$ CRISES & ! FEASIBILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y APPROA*ES TO CREATE SOCIAL *ANGE2 ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,LEFT IS MORE ATT5TIVE TO A DIFF]5T SET ( ABUSES4 

,! CAPITALISM UND] :I* WE LIVE TODAY IS F> REMOV$ FROM ! CAPITALISM ?AT ,M>X KNEW & ?AT REVOLUTION>IES ( ALL K9DS TRI$ TO OV]?R[ 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IT HAS1 9DE$1 DEVELOP$ 9 GREAT P>T ALONG ! L9ES ,M>X SUGGE/$ 9 HIS CLOS+ *APT]S ( ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL3 AS AN ECONOMY :OSE V]Y LAW ( LIFE IS ACCUMULATION1 CONC5TRATION1 & EXPANSION4 ,:5 IT CAN NO LONG] DEVELOP ALONG !SE L9ES1 IT WILL CEASE TO BE CAPITALISM4 ,?IS FOLL[S FROM ! V]Y LOGIC ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 ) ITS EXPRESSION 9 COMPETITION & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION4 

,M>XI/ PRODUCTIVISM & AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM HAVE BO? L$ TO BL9D ALLEYS1 ALBEIT WIDELY DIV]G5T ONES4 ,:]E ,M>XISM T5DS TO OV]ORGANIZE PEOPLE 9TO P>TIES1 UNIONS1 & PROLET>IAN 0>MIES0 GUID$ BY ELITI/ LEAD]S1 AN>*ISM ES*EWS ORGANIZATION & LEAD]S AS 0VANGU>DS0 & CELEBRATES REVOLUTIONISM AS AN 9/9CTIVE IMPULSE UNGUID$ BY REASON OR !ORY4 ,:]E ,M>XISM CELEBRATES TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES1 )\T PLAC+ !M 9 A RATIONAL1 E?ICAL1 & ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT1 AN>*ISM DEPRECATES SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NICS AS ! DEMONIC P>5T ( ! 0TE*NOCRATIC MAN10 :O IS LUR$ TO P]DITION BY REASON & CIVILIZATION4 ,TE*NOPHILIA HAS BE5 PITT$ AGA9/ TE*NOPHOBIA2 ANALYTICAL REASON AGA9/ RAW 9/9CT2 & A SYN!TIC CIVILIZATION AGA9/ A PRESUMABLY PRIMEVAL NATURE4 

,! FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 DEP5DS UPON ITS ABILITY TO ACCEPT :AT IS VALID 9 BO? ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM = ! PRES5T TIME & = ! FUTURE ?AT IS COM+ 9TO VIEW4 ,9 AN ]A ( P]MAN5T TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION1 ! VALIDITY ( A !ORY & A MOVEM5T WILL DEP5D PR(\NDLY ON H[ CLE>LY IT CAN SEE :AT LIES JU/ AHEAD4 ,RADICALLY NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 /ILL DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E1 WILL UND\BT$LY BE 9TRODUC$ ?AT WILL HAVE A TRANS=MATIVE EFFECT UPON ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,NEW P[] ALIGNM5TS MAY >ISE ?AT PRODUCE A DEGREE ( SOCIAL DISEQUILIBRIUM ?AT HAS NOT BE5 SE5 = DECADES1 ACCOMPANI$ BY NEW WEAPONS ( UNSPEAKABLE HOMICIDAL & ECOCIDAL EFFECTS1 & A CONT9U+ ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 

,BUT NO GREAT] DAMAGE C\LD AFFLICT HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS ?AN ! LOSS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T PROGRAM3 ! ADVANCE ( REASON1 KN[L$GE1 SCI5CE1 E?ICS1 & EV5 TE*NICS1 :I* MU/ BE MODULAT$ TO F9D A PROGRESSIVE PLACE 9 A FREE & HUMANE SOCIETY4 ,)\T ! ATTA9M5TS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 NO LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS IS POSSIBLE4 ,9 ASSESS+ ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 A REASON$ ,LEFT HAS TO %AKE (F DEAD TRADITIONS ?AT1 AS ,M>X W>N$1 WEI< ON ! HEADS ( ! LIV+1 & COMMIT ITSELF TO CREATE A RATIONAL SOCIETY & A R\ND$ CIVILIZATION4 

,DECEMB] #bb 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/