,! ,NEXT ,REVOLUTION 
,POPUL> ,ASSEMBLIES & ! ,PROMISE ( ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,AU?OR 3 ,URSULA ,K4 ,LE ,GU9 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,=EWORD BY ,URSULA ,K4 ,LE ,GU9 

      #idg ,WORDS2 #e1#i#a#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,9TRODUCTION BY ,DEBBIE ,BOOK*9 & ,BLAIR ,TAYLOR 

      #c1#h#d ,WORDS2 #b#a1#f#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT 

      #h1#i#e#a ,WORDS2 #e#i1#a#e#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY 

      #c1#g#f#h ,WORDS2 #b#d1#c#i#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,A ,POLITICS = ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY 

      #g1#i#f#d ,WORDS2 #e#a1#e#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,MEAN+ ( ,CONF$]ALISM 

      #e1#f#g ,WORDS2 #c#c1#d#d#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,A ,POLITICS ( ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY 

      #d1#c#h#f ,WORDS2 #b#h1#i#d#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,CITIES3 ,! ,UNFOLD+ ( ,REASON 9 ,HI/ORY 

      #c1#e#h#a ,WORDS2 #b#c1#i#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,NATIONALISM & ! 0,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION0 

      #a1#a#g ,WORDS2 #f#f1#b#d#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,P[] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

      #a1#f#e#b ,WORDS2 #a1#c#d#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT 

      #a#g1#c#b ,WORDS2 #a#a#b1#d#i#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,ACKN[L$GEM5TS 

      #bhf ,WORDS2 #b1#c#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,FUR!R ,READ+ 

      #bih ,WORDS2 #b1#g#i#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,NOTES 

      #b1#c#d#a ,WORDS2 #a#f1#i#c#d ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,=EWORD BY ,URSULA ,K4 ,LE ,GU9 
,=EWORD BY ,URSULA ,K4 ,LE ,GU9 

  

0,! ,LEFT10 A MEAN+FUL T]M EV] S9CE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 TOOK ON WID] SIGNIFICANCE ) ! RISE ( SOCIALISM1 AN>*ISM1 & COMMUNISM4 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 9/ALL$ A GOV]NM5T 5TIRELY LEFTI/ 9 CONCEPTION2 LEFTI/ & RI<TI/ MOVEM5TS TORE ,SPA9 AP>T2 DEMOCRATIC P>TIES 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA >RAY$ !MSELVES BETWE5 ! TWO POLES2 LIB]AL C>TOONI/S PORTRAY$ ! OPPOSITION AS A FAT PLUTOCRAT ) A CIG>1 :ILE REACTION>IES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DEMONIZ$ 0COMMIE LEFTI/S0 FROM ! #a#i#cS ?R\< ! ,COLD ,W>4 ,! LEFT_/RI<T OPPOSITION1 ?\< (T5 AN OV]SIMPLIFICATION1 = TWO C5TURIES WAS BROADLY USEFUL AS A DESCRIPTION & A REM9D] ( DYNAMIC BALANCE4 

,9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY WE GO ON US+ ! T]MS1 BUT :AT IS LEFT ( ! ,LEFT8 ,! FAILURE ( /ATE COMMUNISM1 ! QUIET 5TR5*M5T ( A DEGREE ( SOCIALISM 9 DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS1 & ! REL5TLESS RI<TW>D MOVEM5T ( POLITICS DRIV5 BY CORPORATE CAPITALISM HAVE MADE MU* PROGRESSIVE ?9K+ SEEM ANTIQUAT$1 OR R$UNDANT1 OR ILLUSORY4 ,! ,LEFT IS M>G9ALIZ$ 9 ITS ?\<T1 FRAGM5T$ 9 ITS GOALS1 UNCONFID5T ( ITS ABILITY TO UNITE4 ,9 ,AM]ICA P>TICUL>LY1 ! DRIFT TO ! RI<T HAS BE5 SO /RONG ?AT M]E LIB]ALISM IS N[ ! T]RORI/ BOGEY ?AT AN>*ISM OR SOCIALISM US$ TO BE1 & REACTION>IES >E CALL$ 0MOD]ATES40 

,SO1 9 A C\NTRY ?AT HAS ALL BUT %UT ITS LEFT EYE & IS TRY+ TO USE ONLY ITS RI<T H&1 :]E DOES AN AMBIDEXTR\S1 B9OCUL> ,OLD ,RAD LIKE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 FIT8 

,I ?9K HE'LL F9D HIS READ]S4 ,A LOT ( PEOPLE >E SEEK+ CONSI/5T1 CON/RUCTIVE ?9K+ ON :I* TO BASE ACTION--A FRU/RAT+ SE>*4 ,!ORETICAL APPROA*ES ?AT SEEM PROMIS+ TURN \T1 LIKE ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,P>TY1 TO BE ,AYN ,R& 9 DRAG2 IMM$IATE & EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS TO A PROBLEM TURN \T1 LIKE ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T1 TO LACK /RUCTURE & /AM9A = ! LONG RUN4 ,Y\NG PEOPLE1 PEOPLE ?IS SOCIETY BLATANTLY %ORT-*ANGES & BETRAYS1 >E LOOK+ = 9TELLIG5T1 REALI/IC1 LONG-T]M ?9K+3 NOT ANO!R RANT+ IDEOLOGY1 BUT A PRACTICAL WORK+ HYPO!SIS1 A ME?ODOLOGY ( H[ TO REGA9 CONTROL ( :]E WE'RE GO+4 ,A*IEV+ ?AT CONTROL WILL REQUIRE A REVOLUTION AS P[]FUL1 AS DEEPLY AFFECT+ SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 AS ! =CE IT WANTS TO H>NESS4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 WAS AN EXP]T 9 NONVIOL5T REVOLUTION4 ,HE ?\<T AB\T RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGES1 PLANN$ & UNPLANN$1 & H[ BE/ TO PREP>E = !M1 ALL HIS LIFE4 ,?IS BOOK C>RIES HIS ?9K+ ON PA/ HIS [N LIFE 9TO ! ?REAT5+ FUTURE WE FACE4 

,IMPATI5T1 IDEALI/IC READ]S MAY F9D HIM UNCOM=TABLY T\<-M9D$4 ,HE'S UNWILL+ TO LEAP OV] REALITY TO DREAMS ( HAPPY 5D+S1 UNSYMPA!TIC TO M]E TRANSGRESSION PRET5D+ TO BE POLITICAL ACTION3 0,A 'POLITICS' ( DISORD] OR 'CREATIVE *AOS1' OR A NAIVE PRACTICE ( 'TAK+ OV] ! /REETS' 7USUALLY LITTLE MORE ?AN A /REET FE/IVAL71 REGRESSES P>TICIPANTS TO ! BEHAVIOR ( A JUV5ILE H]D40 ,?AT APPLIES MORE TO ! ,SUMM] ( ,LOVE1 C]TA9LY1 ?AN TO ! ,OCCUPY MOVEM5T1 YET IT IS A P]MAN5TLY COG5T W>N+4 ,BUT ,BOOK*9 IS NO GRIM PURITAN4 ,I FIR/ READ HIM AS AN AN>*I/1 PROBABLY ! MO/ ELOQU5T & ?\<TFUL ONE ( HIS G5]ATION1 & 9 MOV+ AWAY FROM AN>*ISM HE HASN'T LO/ HIS S5SE ( ! JOY ( FRE$OM4 ,HE DOESN'T WANT TO SEE ?AT JOY1 ?AT FRE$OM1 COME CRA%+ D[N1 YET AGA91 AMONG ! RU9S ( ITS [N EUPHORIC IRRESPONSIBILITY4 

,:AT ALL POLITICAL & SOCIAL ?9K+ HAS F9ALLY BE5 =C$ TO FACE IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! IRREV]SIBLE DEGRADATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T BY UNRE/RA9$ 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM3 ! 5ORM\S FACT ( :I* SCI5CE HAS BE5 TRY+ = FIFTY YE>S TO CONV9CE US1 :ILE TE*NOLOGY PROVID$ US EV] GREAT] DI/RACTIONS FROM IT4 ,EV]Y B5EFIT 9DU/RIALISM & CAPITALISM HAVE BR\<T US1 EV]Y WOND]FUL ADVANCE 9 KN[L$GE & HEAL? & COMMUNICATION & COM=T1 CA/S ! SAME FATAL %AD[4 ,ALL WE HAVE1 WE HAVE TAK5 FROM ! E>?2 &1 TAK+ ) EV]-9CREAS+ SPE$ & GRE$1 WE N[ RETURN LITTLE BUT :AT IS /]ILE OR POISON$4 ,YET WE CAN'T /OP ! PROCESS4 ,A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 BY DEF9ITION1 LIVES BY GR[?2 AS HE OBS]VES3 0,= CAPITALISM TO DESI/ FROM ITS M9DLESS EXPANSION W\LD BE = IT TO COMMIT SOCIAL SUICIDE40 ,WE HAVE1 ESS5TIALLY1 *OS5 CANC] AS ! MODEL ( \R SOCIAL SY/EM4 

,CAPITALISM'S GR[-OR-DIE IMP]ATIVE /&S RADICALLY AT ODDS ) ECOLOGY'S IMP]ATIVE ( 9T]DEP5D5CE & LIMIT4 ,! TWO IMP]ATIVES CAN NO LONG] COEXI/ ) EA* O!R2 NOR CAN ANY SOCIETY F\ND$ ON ! MY? ?AT !Y CAN BE RECONCIL$ HOPE TO SURVIVE4 ,EI!R WE WILL E/ABLI% AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OR SOCIETY WILL GO UND] = EV]YONE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( HIS OR H] /ATUS4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 SP5T A LIFETIME OPPOS+ ! RAPACI\S E?OS ( GR[-OR-DIE CAPITALISM4 ,! N9E ESSAYS 9 ?IS BOOK REPRES5T ! CULM9ATION ( ?AT LABOR3 ! !ORETICAL UND]P9N+ = AN EGALIT>IAN & DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ) A PRACTICAL APPROA* = H[ TO BUILD IT4 ,HE CRITIQUES ! FAILURES ( PA/ MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL *ANGE1 RESURRECTS ! PROMISE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY &1 9 ! LA/ ESSAY 9 ?IS BOOK1 SKET*ES HIS HOPE ( H[ WE MI<T TURN ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS 9TO A MOM5T ( TRUE *OICE--A *ANCE TO TRANSC5D ! P>ALYZ+ HI]>*IES ( G5D]1 RACE1 CLASS1 NATION1 A *ANCE TO F9D A RADICAL CURE = ! RADICAL EVIL ( \R SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,READ+ IT1 ,I WAS MOV$ & GRATEFUL1 AS ,I HAVE SO (T5 BE5 9 READ+ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 ,HE WAS A TRUE SON ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T 9 HIS RESPECT = CLE> ?\<T & MORAL RESPONSIBILITY & 9 HIS HONE/1 UNCOMPROMIS+ SE>* = A REALI/IC HOPE4 

O ,9TRODUCTION BY ,DEBBIE ,BOOK*9 & ,BLAIR ,TAYLOR 
,9TRODUCTION BY ,DEBBIE ,BOOK*9 & ,BLAIR ,TAYLOR 

  

,! WORLD TODAY CONFRONTS NOT ONE1 BUT A S]IES ( 9T]LOCK+ CRISES--ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECOLOGICAL4 ,! NEW MILL5NIUM HAS BE5 M>K$ BY A GR[+ GAP BETWE5 RI* & POOR ?AT HAS REA*$ UNPREC$5T$ LEVELS ( DISP>ITY1 CONSIGN+ AN 5TIRE G5]ATION TO DIM9I%$ EXPECTATIONS & DISMAL PROSPECTS4 ,SOCIALLY1 ! TRAJECTORY ( ! NEW C5TURY HAS BE5 EQUALLY BLEAK1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! DEVELOP+ WORLD1 :]E SECT>IAN VIOL5CE 9 ! NAME ( RELIGION1 TRIBALISM1 & NATIONALISM HAS TURN$ 5TIRE REGIONS 9TO 9SUFF]ABLE BATTLE ZONES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS HAS WORS5$ AT A PACE ?AT HAS EXCE$$ EV5 ! MO/ PESSIMI/IC =ECA/S4 ,GLOBAL W>M+1 RIS+ SEA LEVELS1 POLLUTION ( ! AIR1 SOIL1 & OCEANS1 & ! DE/RUCTION ( MASSIVE TRACTS ( RA9 =E/ HAVE ACCEL]AT$ AT SU* AL>M+ RATES ?AT ! 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHE ?AT WAS EXPECT$ TO REA* GRAVE PROPORTIONS SOMETIME 9 ! NEXT C5TURY HAS 9/EAD BECOME ! PRESS+1 URG5T CONC]N ( ?IS G5]ATION4 

,YET1 9 ! FACE ( !SE EV]-WORS5+ CRISES1 ! P]V]SE LOGIC ( NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM IS SO 5TR5*$ ?AT1 DESPITE ITS SPECTACUL> COLLAPSE 9 #b#h1 ! ONLY ?9KABLE RESPONSE HAS BE5 MORE NEOLIB]ALISM3 AN EV]-9CREAS+ DEF]5CE TO CORPORATE & F9ANCIAL ELITES1 :I* POSITS PRIVATIZATION1 SLA%+ S]VICES1 & GIV+ FREE REIGN TO ! M>KET AS ! ONLY WAY \T4 ,! RESULT HAS BE5 A PR$ICTABLE RISE 9 DIS5FRAN*ISEM5T POLITICALLY & AN ELECTORAL POLITICS DEVOID ( SUB/ANTIVE DEBATE & *OICE--AN EX]CISE 9 %[MAN%IP--:E!R 9 ,>G5T9A1 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY1 OR ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,/ILL1 :ILE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ELITES 9SI/ 0!RE IS NO ALT]NATIVE0 & CYNICALLY D\BLE D[N ON ! /ATUS QUO ( AU/]ITY1 ACTIVI/S >\ND ! WORLD HAVE *ALL5G$ ?IS CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ) A NEW POLITICS1 DEM&+ A MORE EXPANSIVE =M ( DEMOCRACY4 ,FROM ,NEW ,YORK & ,CAIRO TO ,I/ANBUL & ,RIO1 MOVEM5TS LIKE ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET & ! ,SPANI% 9DIGNADOS HAVE PRI$ OP5 NEW SPACE ) AN EXCIT+ POLITICS ?AT DEFIES EXI/+ CATEGORIES1 ATTACK+ BO? CAPITALI/ 9EQUALITY & OSSIFI$ 0REPRES5TATIVE0 DEMOCRACIES4 ,! VOICES & DEM&S >E DIV]SE1 BUT AT !IR ROOT IS A DIRECT *ALL5GE TO ! CURR5T POLITICAL E?OS 9 :I* ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL POLICIES ( ELECT$ GOV]NM5TS--LEFT1 RI<T1 OR C5T]--HAVE BLURR$ 9TO AN 9DI/+UI%ABLE CONS5SUS ( T9K]+ >\ND ! $GES & UNQUE/ION+ OBEISANCE TO GLOBAL M>KET CAPITALISM4 ,!SE MOVEM5TS HAVE IGNIT$ WIDESPREAD EXCITEM5T1 ATTRACT+ MILLIONS ( P>TICIPANTS >\ND ! WORLD TO MASSIVE RALLIES1 & HAVE K9DL$ ONCE AGA9 ! HOPE ?AT FROM ! /REETS WILL >ISE ! FLAME ( A REVOLUTION>Y NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 

,DESPITE 9SPIR$ MOM5TS ( RESI/ANCE1 ! RADICAL DEMOCRACY =G$ 9 SQU>ES FROM ,ZUCCOTTI TO ,TAKSIM HAS /ILL NOT CONGEAL$ 9TO A VIABLE POLITICAL ALT]NATIVE4 ,! EXCITEM5T & SOLID>ITY ON ! GR\ND HAS YET TO COALESCE 9TO A POLITICAL PRAXIS CAPABLE ( ELIM9AT+ ! CURR5T >RAY ( REPRESSIVE =CES & REPLAC+ IT ) A VISION>Y1 EGALIT>IAN--& IMPORTANTLY1 A*IEVABLE--NEW SOCIETY4 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 DIRECTLY ADDRESSES ?IS NE$1 (F]+ A TRANS=MATIVE VISION & NEW POLITICAL /RATEGY = A TRULY FREE SOCIETY--A PROJECT ?AT HE CALL$ 0,COMMUNALISM40 

,A PROLIFIC AU?OR1 ESSAYI/ & ACTIVI/1 ,BOOK*9 DEVOT$ HIS LIFE TO DEVELOP+ A NEW K9D ( LEFT POLITICS ?AT SPEAKS TO BO? MOVEM5T CONC]NS & ! DIV]SE SOCIAL PROBLEMS !Y CONFRONT4 ,COMMUNALISM MOVES BEYOND CRITIQUE TO (F] A RECON/RUCTIVE VISION ( A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SOCIETY--DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC1 ANTICAPITALI/1 ECOLOGICAL1 & OPPOS$ TO ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION--?AT ACTUALIZES FRE$OM 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES B\ND TOGE!R 9 CONF$]ATION4 ,RESCU+ ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT FROM ! TA9T ( AU?ORIT>IANISM & ! SUPPOS$ 05D ( HI/ORY10 ,COMMUNALISM ADVANCES A BOLD POLITICS ?AT MOVES FROM RESI/ANCE TO SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,BOOK*9'S USE ( ! T]M ,COMMUNALISM SIGNIFIES HIS >RIVAL1 AFT] SIX DECADES AS AN ACTIVI/ & !ORI/1 AT A PHILOSOPHY ( SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT WAS %AP$ BY A LIFETIME ON ! LEFT4 ,BORN 9 #a#i#b#a1 HE BECAME RADICALIZ$ AT ! AGE ( N9E1 :5 HE JO9$ ! ,Y\NG ,PIONE]S1 ! ,COMMUNI/ Y\? ORGANIZATION 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 ,HE BECAME A ,TROTSKYI/ 9 ! LATE ?IRTIES &1 BEG9N+ 9 #a#i#d#h1 SP5T A DECADE 9 ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,ISSUES GR\P1 :I* HAD AB&ON$ OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,9 ! LATE #a#i#eS1 HE BEGAN TO ELABORATE ! IMPORTANCE ( 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION AS A SYMPTOM ( DEEPLY 5TR5*$ SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,BOOK*9'S BOOK ON ! SUBJECT1 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T1 APPE>$ SIX MON?S BE=E ,RA*EL ,C>SON'S ,SIL5T ,SPR+1 :ILE HIS SEM9AL #aifd PAMPHLET ,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T 9TRODUC$ ! CONCEPT ( ECOLOGY AS A POLITICAL CATEGORY TO ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,?AT ESSAY'S GR\NDBREAK+ SYN!SIS ( AN>*ISM1 ECOLOGY1 & DEC5TRALIZATION WAS ! FIR/ TO EQUATE ! GR[-OR-DIE LOGIC ( CAPITALISM ) ! ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION ( ! PLANET & PRES5T$ A PR(\ND NEW UND]/&+ ( CAPITALISM'S IMPACT ON ! 5VIRONM5T AS WELL AS SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,HIS #aifh ESSAY 0,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM0 RE=MULAT$ AN>*I/ !ORY = A NEW ]A1 PROVID+ A COH]5T FRAMEWORK = ! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ALONG ECOLOGICAL-AN>*I/IC L9ES4 ,AS ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY 7,S,D,S7 WAS IMPLOD+ 9TO ,M>XI/ SECT>IANISM AT ITS F9AL CONV5TION 9 #a#i#f#i1 ,BOOK*9 WAS DI/RIBUT+ HIS PAMPHLET ,LI/5 ,M>XI/61 :I* CRITICIZ$ ! RETROGRESSIVE RETURN TO DOGMATIC ,M>XISM BY V>I\S FACTIONS ( ,S,D,S4 ,HE ADVOCAT$ = AN ALT]NATIVE AN>*I/ POLITICS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY & DEC5TRALIZATION1 IDEAS ?AT W]E BURI$ 9 ! RUBBLE ( ! CRUMBL+ ORGANIZATION BUT :I* RESONAT$ ) ?OSE MOVEM5TS ?AT W\LD LAT] BECOME DOM9ANT ON ! LEFT4 ,HIS ESSAYS FROM ?IS P]IOD1 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ! MAGAZ9E ,AN>*OS BY A ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY GR\P ?AT ,BOOK*9 C(\ND$ 9 ! MID-#a#i#fS1 W]E COLLECT$ 9 ! #aiga AN?OLOGY ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 A BOOK ?AT EX]T$ A PR(\ND 9FLU5CE ON ! ,NEW ,LEFT & BECAME A CLASSIC >TICULATION ( TW5TIE?-C5TURY AN>*ISM4 

,AU?OR+ TW5TY-?REE WORKS ( HI/ORY1 POLITICAL !ORY1 PHILOSOPHY1 & URBAN /UDIES1 ,BOOK*9 DREW ON A RI* 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION ?AT RANG$ FROM ,>I/OTLE1 ,HEGEL1 & ,M>X TO ,K>L ,POLANYI1 ,HANS ,JONAS1 & ,LEWIS ,MUM=D4 ,9 HIS MAJOR WORK1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7#a#i#h#b71 HE ELABORAT$ ! HI/ORICAL1 AN?ROPOLOGICAL1 & SOCIAL ROOTS ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION & !IR IMPLICATIONS = \R RELATION%IP TO ! NATURAL WORLD 9 AN EXPANSIVE !ORY ?AT HE CALL$ 0SOCIAL ECOLOGY40 ,HE *ALL5G$ & 9FLU5C$ EV]Y MAJOR FIGURE ( ! P]IOD1 FROM ,NOAM ,*OMSKY & ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE TO ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT & ,GUY ,DEBORD4 

,9 #a#i#g#d1 ,BOOK*9 C(\ND$ ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 7,I,S,E71 A UNIQUE $UCATIONAL PROJECT 9 ,V]MONT (F]+ CLASSES 9 POLITICAL !ORY1 RADICAL HI/ORY1 & PRACTICAL ECOLOGICAL 9ITIATIVES LIKE ORGANIC AGRICULTURE & SOL> 5]GY4 ,HE WAS AN IMPORTANT 9FLU5CE ON ! OV]LAPP+ T5D5CIES ( NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION1 PEACE1 RADICAL FEM9ISM1 & ECOLOGY ?AT COMPRIS$ ! NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( ! LATE #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS4 ,DRAW+ ON HIS [N ACTIVI/ BACKGR\ND AS1 V>I\SLY1 A Y\NG /REET AGITATOR1 AUT[ORK] %OP /EW>D1 & CIVIL RI<TS ORGANIZ] = ,C,O,R,E 7! ,CONGRESS ( ,RACIAL ,EQUALITY71 HE PLAY$ A LEAD]%IP ROLE 9 ! ANT9UCLE> ,CLAM%ELL ,ALLIANCE & 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,LEFT ,GRE5 ,NETWORK4 ,9 H] BOOK ,POLITICAL ,PROTE/ & ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION3 ,NONVIOL5T ,DIRECT ,ACTION 9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS1,B>B>A ,EP/E9 CR$ITS ,BOOK*9 ) 9TRODUC+ ! CONCEPT ( AFF9ITY GR\PS & POPUL>IZ+ ! ,EUROPEAN ,CRITICAL ,!ORY ( ,!ODOR ,ADORNO & ,MAX ,HORKHEIM]4 ,HIS IDEAS ( FACE-TO-FACE P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY1 G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 & CONF$]ATION W]E ADOPT$ AS ! BASIC MODES ( ORGANIZATION & DECISION-MAK+ BY MU* ( ! ANT9UCLE> MOVEM5T WORLDWIDE & LAT] BY ! ALT]GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T1 :I* EMPLOY$ !M TO 5SURE DEMOCRACY 9 !IR ORGANIZATION & DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES4 ,BOOK*9 ALSO MET & CORRESPOND$ ) ,G]MAN ,GRE5 LEAD]S & WAS A KEY VOICE 9 ! ,REALO_/,FUNDI DEBATE OV] :E!R ! ,GRE5S %\LD REMA9 A MOVEM5T OR BECOME A CONV5TIONAL P>TY4 ,HIS WORK HAD A GLOBAL REA* & WAS WIDELY TRANSLAT$ & REPR9T$ ?R\<\T ,EUROPE1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & ,ASIA4 

,9 ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS1 ,BOOK*9 WAS A C5TRAL 9T]LOCUTOR = CRITICAL !ORI/S LIKE ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS & A FREQU5T CONTRIBUTOR TO ! 9FLU5TIAL J\RNAL ,TELOS4 ,HE 5GAG$ 9 LIVELY DEBATES ) PROM95T ECOLOGICAL ?9K]S LIKE ,>NE ,NESS & ,DAVID ,=EMAN4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! ALT]GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T ?AT EM]G$ 9 ,SEATTLE 9 #a#i#i#i1 BECOM+ A SPACE = ACTIVI/ REFLECTION :ILE ADVOCAT+ DIRECT DEMOCRACY & ANTICAPITALISM 9 CONTRA/ TO ! RE=MI/1 ANTICORPORATE DISC\RSE ( MANY ,N,G,OS1 & LAUN*$ A V>IETY ( LEFT LIB]T>IAN & ECOLOGICAL 9ITIATIVES4 ,BUT BY ! MID-#a#i#iS1 PROBLEMATIC T5D5CIES )9 SOME /RA9S ( AN>*ISM T[>D PRIMITIVISM1 LIFE/YLE POLITICS1 & AV]SION TO ORGANIZATION L$ ,BOOK*9 FIR/ TO TRY TO RECLAIM A SOCIAL AN>*ISM BE=E EV5TUALLY BREAK+ ) ! TRADITION 5TIRELY4 ,REFLECT+ ON A LIFETIME ( EXP]I5CE ON ! LEFT1 ,BOOK*9 SP5T ! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S BE=E HIS DEA? 9 #bf WORK+ ON A COMPREH5SIVE F\R-VOLUME /UDY ( REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY CALL$ ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION1 9 :I* HE (F]$ A/UTE CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! FAILURE ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS--FROM PEASANT UPRIS+S TO MOD]N 9SURRECTIONS--TO EFFECT LA/+ SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,!SE 9SI<TS 9=M$ A NEW POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ONE HE HOP$ C\LD AVOID ! PITFALLS ( ! PA/ & LEAD TO A NEW1 EMANCIPATORY PRAXIS--,COMMUNALISM4 

,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT ,BOOK*9 PUBLI%$ MANY ( ! ESSAYS CONTA9$ 9 ?IS COLLECTION1 =MALLY ELABORAT+ ! CONCEPT ( ,COMMUNALISM & ITS CONCRETE POLITICAL DIM5SION1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,COMMUNALI/ POLITICS SUGGE/S A WAY \T ( ! FAMILI> DEADLOCK BETWE5 ! AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ TRADITIONS1 (F]+ A MISS+ ?IRD POLE 9 ! REC5T DEBATE BETWE5 ,SIMON ,CRIT*LEY & ,SLAVOJ ,ZIZEK4 ,REJECT+ BO? ! MODE/Y ( ,CRIT*LEY'S PURELY DEF5SIVE POLITICS ( RESI/ANCE AS WELL AS ,ZIZEK'S OBSESSION ) ! SEIZURE ( OPPRESSIVE /ATE P[]1 ,BOOK*9 9/EAD RETURNS TO ! RECURR5T =MATION >IS+ 9 NE>LY EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGE3 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,FROM ! QU>TI]S ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE TO ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET & ELSE:]E1 !SE SELF-ORGANIZ$ DEMOCRATIC C\NCILS RUN LIKE A R$ ?READ ?R\< HI/ORY UP TO ! PRES5T4 ,YET REVOLUTION>IES ( ALL /RIPES HAVE L>GELY OV]LOOK$ ! BROAD] POT5TIAL ( !SE POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS4 ,SUBJECT$ TO C5TRALIZ$ P>TY DISCIPL9E BY ,M>XI/S & VIEW$ ) SUSPICION BY AN>*I/S1 !SE 9/ITUTIONS ( POPUL> P[]1 :I* ,HANNAH ,>5DT CALL$ ! 0LO/ TREASURE0 ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 >E ! F\NDATION ( ,BOOK*9'S POLITICAL PROJECT4 ,COMMUNALISM DEVELOPS ?IS RECURR+ HI/ORICAL =M 9TO ! BASIS = A COMPREH5SIVE LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ VISION ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 

,ONE ( ,BOOK*9'S E>LY =MULATIONS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM APPE>$ 9 #a#i#h#g1 :5 HE WROTE ,! ,RISE ( ,URBANIZATION & ! ,DECL9E ( ,CITIZ5%IP 7REPUBLI%$ LAT] AS ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES71 A FOLL[-UP TO HIS E>LI] BOOK ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY 7#a#i#g#a71 9 :I* HE TRAC$ ! HI/ORY ( ! URBAN MEGALOPOLIS & >GU$ = DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,9 ! LAT] VOLUME1 ,BOOK*9 REVISIT$ ! HI/ORY ( ! CITY TO EXPLA9 ! IMPORTANCE ( AN EMP[]$ CITIZ5RY AS ! FUNDAM5TAL BASIS = CREAT+ FREE COMMUNITIES4 ,HE DI/+UI%$ 0/ATECRAFT10 9 :I* 9DIVIDUALS HAVE A DIM9I%$ 9FLU5CE 9 POLITICAL AFFAIRS BECAUSE ( ! LIMITS ( REPRES5TATIONAL GOV]NM5T1 FROM 0POLITICS10 9 :I* CITIZ5S HAVE DIRECT1 P>TICIPATORY CONTROL OV] !IR GOV]NM5TS & COMMUNITIES4 ,! IDEAS CONTA9$ 9 ?IS BOOK1 9 :I* ,BOOK*9 RETURNS TO ! ,GREEK POLIS TO FLE% \T NOTIONS ( FACE-TO-FACE P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY1 G5]AL ASSEMBLIES1 & CONF$]ATION1 (F] A PREFIGURATIVE /RATEGY 9 :I* A NEW SOCIETY IS CREAT$ 9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD4 ,?IS CONCEPT ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY HAS PLAY$ A GR[+ ROLE 9 ! LIB]T>IAN LEFTISM ( ACTIVI/S TODAY & HAS BECOME ! FUNDAM5TAL ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE ( ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET1 EV5 IF MANY ( ITS ADH]5TS W]E UNAW>E ( ITS ORIG9S4 ,AS ,DAVID ,H>VEY OBS]V$ 9 HIS BOOK ,REBEL ,CITIES1 0,BOOK*9'S PROPOSAL IS BY F> ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ RADICAL PROPOSAL TO DEAL ) ! CREATION & COLLECTIVE USE ( ! COMMONS ACROSS A WIDE V>IETY ( SCALES40 

,! N9E ESSAYS H]E (F] AN EXCELL5T OV]VIEW ( ,BOOK*9'S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY & ! MO/ MATURE =MULATION ( HIS ?9K+ ) RESPECT TO ! =MS ( ORGANIZATION NECESS>Y TO DEVELOP A C\NT]VAIL+ =CE TO ! CO]CIVE P[] ( ! NATION-/ATE4 ,EA* WAS ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 AS A /&-ALONE WORK2 9 COLLECT+ !M = ?IS VOLUME WE HAVE $IT$ ! ESSAYS :]E NECESS>Y TO AVOID EXCESSIVE REPETITION & PRES]VE CL>ITY4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R1 !Y *ALL5GE US TO ACCOMPLI% ! *ANGES NECESS>Y TO SAVE \R PLANET & A*IEVE REAL HUMAN FRE$OM1 & (F] A CONCRETE PROGRAM BY :I* TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS SWEEP+ SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,! WRIT+S 9 ?IS COLLECTION S]VE AS BO? AN 9TRODUCTION & CULM9ATION TO ! WORK ( ONE ( ! MO/ ORIG9AL ?9K]S ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,9 ! OP5+ ESSAY1 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT10 ,BOOK*9 SITUATES ,COMMUNALISM VIS-A-VIS O!R LEFT IDEOLOGIES1 >GU+ ?AT ! WORLD HAS *ANG$ SIGNIFICANTLY FROM ! TIMES ?AT BIR!D AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM2 HE CONT5DS ?AT !SE OLD] IDEOLOGIES >E NO LONG] CAPABLE ( ADDRESS+ ! NEW & HI<LY G5]ALIZ$ PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! MOD]N WORLD1 FROM GLOBAL W>M+ TO PO/9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,! SECOND ESSAY1 0,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY10 ELUCIDATES ! CORE 9SI<T ( ,BOOK*9'S SOCIAL ECOLOGY--?AT ! ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL CRISES >E 9T]TW9$1 9DE$1 ?AT \R DOM9ATION ( NATURE IS A PROJECTION ( DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN 9 SOCIETY4 ,REJECT+ ECOLOGICAL >GUM5TS ?AT BLAME 9DIVIDUAL *OICES1 TE*NOLOGY1 OR POPULATION GR[?1 ,BOOK*9 >GUES ?AT ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS CAUS$ BY AN IRRATIONAL SOCIAL SY/EM GOV]N$ BY ! CANC]\S LOGIC ( CAPITALISM1 DRIV5 BY ITS COMPETITIVE GR[-OR-DIE IMP]ATIVE & ITS 5DLESS PRODUCTION DIRECT$ NOT T[>D MEET+ HUMAN NE$S BUT ACCUMULAT+ PR(IT4 ,>GU+ AGA9/ ! EXTREMES ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE OR TOTALLY AUTONOM\S SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 ,BOOK*9 (F]S ,COMMUNALISM AS AN EMANCIPATORY ALT]NATIVE CAPABLE ( SAV+ \RSELVES & NATURE AT ! SAME TIME4 

,! ?REE MIDDLE ESSAYS1 0,A ,POLITICS = ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY10 0,! ,MEAN+ ( ,CONF$]ALISM10 & 0,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,A ,POLITICS ( ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY10 DESCRIBE 9 DETAIL DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,! FIR/ \TL9ES H[ CONF$]AT$ ASSEMBLIES CAN ASS]T POPUL> CONTROL OV] ! ECONOMY 9 ORD] TO ABOLI% IT AS A SEP>ATE SOCIAL REALM1 DIRECT+ IT TO HUMAN NE$S RA!R ?AN PR(IT4 0,! ,MEAN+ ( ,CONF$]ALISM0 FUR!R ELABORATES ON !SE !MES & ADDRESSES SPECIFIC OBJECTIONS TO ! CONCEPT ( CONF$]AL DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,IT ANSW]S COMMON QUE/IONS SU* AS1 ,IS CONF$]ATION FEASIBLE 9 A GLOBALIZ$ WORLD8 ,H[ W\LD LOCAL ASSEMBLIES ADDRESS BIGG] PROBLEMS 9 A DEMOCRATIC MANN]8 ,W\LD LOCAL COMMUNITIES COOP]ATE OR COMPETE ) EA* O!R1 OR C\LD LOCALISM DEVOLVE TO P>O*IALISM8 0,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,A ,POLITICS ( ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY0 TRACES ! FAMILI> HI/ORICAL TRAJECTORY FROM MOVEM5TS 9TO P>TIES--SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC1 SOCIALI/1 & ,GRE5 ALIKE--:I* HAVE CONSI/5TLY FAIL$ TO *ANGE ! WORLD BUT 9/EAD >E *ANG$ BY IT4 ,BY CONTRA/1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM *ANGES NOT ONLY ! CONT5T BUT ALSO ! =M ( POLITICS1 TRANS=M+ POLITICS FROM ITS CURR5T L[LY /ATUS AS :AT REVIL$ POLITICIANS DO TO US 9TO A NEW P>ADIGM 9 :I* POLITICS IS SOME?+ WE1 AS FULLY 5GAG$ CITIZ5S1 DO = \RSELVES1 ?US RECLAIM+ DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OV] \R [N LIVES & COMMUNITIES4 

,EXPLOR+ ! UNIQUE LIB]ATORY POT5TIAL ( ! CITY & ! CITIZ5 ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 0,CITIES3 ,! ,UNFOLD+ ( ,REASON 9 ,HI/ORY0 EXAM9ES ! DEGRADATION ( ! CONCEPT ( 0CITIZ50--FROM ?AT ( A FREE 9DIVIDUAL EMP[]$ TO P>TICIPATE & MAKE COLLECTIVE DECISIONS TO A M]E CON/ITU5T & TAXPAY]4 ,BOOK*9 SEEKS TO RESCUE ! ,5LI<T5M5T NOTION ( A PROGRESSIVE1 BUT NOT TELEOLOGICAL1 CONCEPT ( ,HI/ORY :]E9 REASON GUIDES HUMAN ACTION T[>D ! ]ADICATION ( TOIL & OPPRESSION2 OR PUT POSITIVELY1 FRE$OM4 

,! ESSAYS 0,NATIONALISM & ! ',NATIONAL ,QUE/ION' 0 & 0,AN>*ISM & ,P[] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION0 ELUCIDATE A LIB]T>IAN P]SPECTIVE ON QUE/IONS ( P[]1 CULTURAL ID5TITY1 & POLITICAL SOV]EIGNTY4 ,9 ! =M]1 ,BOOK*9 PLACES NATIONALISM 9 ! L>G] HI/ORICAL CONTEXT ( HUMANITY'S SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 ) ! AIM ( TRANSC5D+ IT1 SUGGE/+ 9/EAD A LIB]T>IAN & COSMOPOLITAN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY 9 :I* CULTURAL DIFF]5CES S]VE TO 5HANCE HUMAN UNITY4 ,9 0,AN>*ISM & ,P[] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION0 HE CONFRONTS ! QUE/ION ( P[]1 DESCRIB+ H[ AN>*I/S ?R\<\T HI/ORY HAVE SE5 P[] AS AN ESS5TIALLY NEGATIVE EVIL ?AT MU/ BE DE/ROY$4 ,BOOK*9 CONT5DS ?AT P[] WILL ALWAYS EXI/1 BUT ?AT ! QUE/ION REVOLUTION>IES FACE IS :E!R IT WILL RE/ 9 ! H&S ( ELITES OR BE GIV5 AN EMANCIPATORY 9/ITUTIONAL =M4 

,! CONCLUD+1 PREVI\SLY UNPUBLI%$1 ESSAY 0,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT0 ASSESSES ! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT DUR+ ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 EXAM9+ ! ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/ TRADITIONS4 ,BOOK*9 >GUES ?AT ,M>XISM REMA9S TRAPP$ BY A LIMIT$ FOCUS ON ECONOMY & IS DEEPLY M>R$ BY ITS LEGACY ( AU?ORIT>IAN /ATISM4 ,AN>*ISM1 BY CONTRA/1 RETA9S A PROBLEMATIC 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT VALORIZES AB/RACT & LIB]AL NOTIONS ( 0AUTONOMY0 OV] A MORE EXPANSIVE NOTION ( FRE$OM1 DUCK+ ?ORNY QUE/IONS AB\T COLLECTIVE P[]1 SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & POLITICAL /RATEGY4 ,COMMUNALISM RESOLVES ?IS T5SION BY GIV+ FRE$OM CONCRETE 9/ITUTIONAL =M 9 CONF$]AT$ POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,! ESSAY CONCLUDES ) A PASSIONATE DEF5SE ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T & A REM9D] ?AT ITS LEGACY ( DISC]N+ ! 0IS0 FROM ! 0\<T0 /ILL CON/ITUTES ! V]Y CORE ( ! ,LEFT3 CRITIQUE DIRECT$ T[>D UNLOCK+ ! POT5TIALITY ( UNIV]SAL HUMAN FRE$OM4 

,TODAY1 FEW D5Y ! GRIM REALITY ( OV]LAPP+ POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & ECOLOGICAL CRISES ?AT CURR5TLY CONFRONT ! WORLD4 ,YET1 DESPITE 9SPIR+ MOM5TS ( POPUL> \TRAGE & MOBILIZATION1 NO VIABLE ALT]NATIVE SOCIAL VISION HAS EM]G$2 HYP]COMPETITION1 AU/]ITY1 & ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION M>* ON1 OPPOS$ YET ALSO UN/OPP$4 ,! PRES5T EXHAU/ION ( CONV5TIONAL POLITICS CALLS = BOLD NEW IDEAS ?AT SPEAK TO ! RADICALLY DEMOCRATIC ASPIRATIONS AT ! CORE ( CONTEMPOR>Y GLOBAL MOVEM5TS4 ,BOOK*9'S ,COMMUNALISM CIRCUMV5TS ! /ALEMATE BETWE5 ! /ATE & ! /REET--! FAMILI> OSCILLATION BETWE5 EMP[]+ BUT EPHEM]AL /REET PROTE/ & 5T]+ ! V]Y /ATE 9/ITUTIONS DESIGN$ TO UPHOLD ! PRES5T ORD]4 ,HE EXP&S \R HORIZONS FROM 5DLESSLY OPPOS+ ! V5ALITY ( POLITICIANS & CORPORATE P[] TO A NEW ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 :I* R$EF9ES POLITICS FROM A DETE/$ ?+ DONE TO US TO SOME?+ WE DO \RSELVES1 TOGE!R1 GIV+ SUB/ANCE TO ! T]M 0FRE$OM0 BY ALL[+ US TO TAKE CONTROL ( \R LIVES4 ,BOOK*9 (F]S A VISION ( :AT SU* A TRULY FREE SOCIETY MI<T LOOK LIKE1 & A ROAD MAP CAPABLE ( TRANSPORT+ US !RE4 ,!RE=E1 WE (F] ?IS BOOK ) ! HOPE ?AT ! IDEAS DO NOT LIE DORMANT ON ! PAGE1 BUT 9SPIRE ?\<T & ACTION ?AT 5ABLES US TO MOVE FROM RESI/ANCE TO SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,DEBBIE ,BOOK*9 & ,BLAIR ,TAYLOR 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT 
#a4 ,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT 

  

,:E!R ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY WILL BE ! MO/ RADICAL ( TIMES OR ! MO/ REACTION>Y--OR WILL SIMPLY LAPSE 9TO A GRAY ]A ( DISMAL M$IOCRITY--WILL DEP5D OV]:ELM+LY UPON ! K9D ( SOCIAL MOVEM5T & PROGRAM ?AT SOCIAL RADICALS CREATE \T ( ! !ORETICAL1 ORGANIZATIONAL1 & POLITICAL WEAL? ?AT HAS ACCUMULAT$ DUR+ ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A4 ,! DIRECTION WE SELECT1 FROM AMONG SEV]AL 9T]SECT+ ROADS ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 MAY WELL DET]M9E ! FUTURE ( \R SPECIES = C5TURIES TO COME4 ,AS LONG AS ?IS IRRATIONAL SOCIETY 5DANG]S US ) NUCLE> & BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS1 WE CANNOT IGNORE ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! 5TIRE HUMAN 5T]PRISE MAY COME TO A DEVA/AT+ 5D4 ,GIV5 ! EXQUISITELY ELABORATE TE*NICAL PLANS ?AT ! MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX HAS DEVIS$1 ! SELF-EXT]M9ATION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES MU/ BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! FUTURI/IC SC5>IOS ?AT1 AT ! TURN ( ! MILL5NIUM1 ! MASS M$IA >E PROJECT+--! 5D ( A HUMAN FUTURE AS SU*4 

,LE/ !SE REM>KS SEEM TOO APOCALYPTIC1 ,I %\LD EMPHASIZE ?AT WE ALSO LIVE 9 AN ]A :5 HUMAN CREATIVITY1 TE*NOLOGY1 & IMAG9ATION HAVE ! CAPABILITY TO PRODUCE EXTRAORD9>Y MAT]IAL A*IEVEM5TS & TO 5D[ US ) SOCIETIES ?AT ALL[ = A DEGREE ( FRE$OM ?AT F> & AWAY EXCE$S ! MO/ DRAMATIC & EMANCIPATORY VISIONS PROJECT$ BY SOCIAL !ORI/S SU* AS ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 ,K>L ,M>X1 & ,PET] ,KROPOTK94.<#a.> ,MANY ?9K]S ( ! PO/MOD]N AGE HAVE OBTUSELY S+L$ \T SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY AS ! PR9CIPAL ?REATS TO HUMAN WELL-BE+1 YET FEW DISCIPL9ES HAVE IMP>T$ TO HUMANITY SU* A /UP5D\S KN[L$GE ( ! 9N]MO/ SECRETS ( MATT] & LIFE1 OR PROVID$ \R SPECIES BETT] ) ! ABILITY TO ALT] EV]Y IMPORTANT FEATURE ( REALITY & TO IMPROVE ! WELL-BE+ ( HUMAN & NONHUMAN LIFE =MS4 

,WE >E ?US 9 A POSITION EI!R TO FOLL[ A PA? T[>D A GRIM 05D ( HI/ORY10 9 :I* A BANAL SUCCESSION ( VACU\S EV5TS REPLACES G5U9E PROGRESS1 OR TO MOVE ON TO A PA? T[>D ! TRUE MAK+ ( HI/ORY1 9 :I* HUMANITY G5U9ELY PROGRESSES T[>D A RATIONAL WORLD4 ,WE >E 9 A POSITION TO *OOSE BETWE5 AN IGNOM9I\S F9ALE1 POSSIBLY 9CLUD+ ! CATA/ROPHIC NUCLE> OBLIVION ( HI/ORY ITSELF1 & HI/ORY'S RATIONAL FULFILLM5T 9 A FREE1 MAT]IALLY ABUNDANT SOCIETY 9 AN ES!TICALLY CRAFT$ 5VIRONM5T4 

,PRECISELY AT A TIME :5 WE1 AS A SPECIES1 >E CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ ! MEANS = AMAZ+ OBJECTIVE ADVANCES & IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION & 9 ! NONHUMAN NATURAL WORLD--ADVANCES ?AT C\LD MAKE = A FREE & RATIONAL SOCIETY--WE /& ALMO/ NAK$ MORALLY BE=E ! ONSLAU<T ( SOCIAL =CES ?AT MAY V]Y WELL LEAD TO \R PHYSICAL IMMOLATION4 ,PROGNOSES AB\T ! FUTURE >E UND]/&ABLY V]Y FRAGILE & >E EASILY DI/RU/$4 ,PESSIMISM HAS BECOME WIDESPREAD1 AS CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS BECOME MORE DEEPLY 5TR5*$ 9 ! HUMAN M9D ?AN EV] BE=E & AS CULTURE REGRESSES APPALL+LY1 ALMO/ TO A VANI%+ PO9T4 

,HAV+ BR\<T HI/ORY TO A PO9T :]E NE>LY EV]Y?+ IS POSSIBLE1 AT LEA/ ( A MAT]IAL NATURE--& HAV+ LEFT BEH9D A PA/ ?AT WAS P]MEAT$ IDEOLOGICALLY BY MY/ICAL & RELIGI\S ELEM5TS PRODUC$ BY ! HUMAN IMAG9ATION--WE >E FAC$ ) A NEW *ALL5GE1 ONE ?AT HAS NEV] BE=E CONFRONT$ HUMANITY4 ,WE MU/ CONSCI\SLY CREATE \R [N WORLD1 NOT ACCORD+ TO M9DLESS CU/OMS & DE/RUCTIVE PREJUDICES1 BUT ACCORD+ TO ! CANONS ( REASON1 REFLECTION1 & DISC\RSE ?AT UNIQUELY BELONG TO \R [N SPECIES4 

,:AT FACTORS %\LD BE DECISIVE GO+ =W>D8 ,( GREAT SIGNIFICANCE IS ! IMM5SE ACCUMULATION ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL EXP]I5CE ?AT IS AVAILABLE TO ACTIVI/S TODAY1 A /OREH\SE ( KN[L$GE ?AT1 PROP]LY CONCEIV$1 C\LD BE US$ TO AVOID ! T]RIBLE ]RORS ?AT \R PR$ECESSORS MADE & TO SP>E HUMANITY ! T]RIBLE PLAGUES ( FAIL$ REVOLUTIONS 9 ! PA/4 ,ALSO1 ( 9DISP5SABLE IMPORTANCE IS ! POT5TIAL = A NEW !ORETICAL SPR+BO>D ?AT HAS BE5 CREAT$ BY ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS1 ONE ?AT PROVIDES ! MEANS TO CATAPULT AN EM]G+ RADICAL MOVEM5T BEYOND EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9TO A FUTURE ?AT FO/]S HUMANITY'S EMANCIPATION4 

,BUT WE MU/ ALSO BE FULLY AW>E ( ! SCOPE ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT WE FACE4 ,WE MU/ UND]/& ) COMPLETE CL>ITY :]E WE /& 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PREVAIL+ CAPITALI/ ORD]1 & WE HAVE TO GRASP EM]G5T SOCIAL PROBLEMS & ADDRESS !M 9 ! PROGRAM ( A NEW MOVEM5T4 ,CAPITALISM IS UNQUE/IONABLY ! MO/ DYNAMIC SOCIETY EV] TO APPE> 9 HI/ORY4 ,BY DEF9ITION1 TO BE SURE1 IT ALWAYS REMA9S A SY/EM ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE 9 :I* OBJECTS ?AT >E MADE = SALE & PR(IT P]VADE & M$IATE MO/ HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,YET CAPITALISM IS ALSO A HI<LY MUTABLE SY/EM1 CONT9UALLY ADVANC+ ! BRUTAL MAXIM ?AT :ATEV] 5T]PRISE DOES NOT GR[ AT ! EXP5SE ( ITS RIVALS MU/ DIE4 ,H5CE1 0GR[?0 & P]PETUAL *ANGE BECOME ! V]Y LAWS ( LIFE ( CAPITALI/ EXI/5CE4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT CAPITALISM NEV] REMA9S P]MAN5TLY 9 ONLY ONE =M2 IT MU/ ALWAYS TRANS=M ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >ISE FROM ITS BASIC SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,AL?\< CAPITALISM BECAME A DOM9ANT SOCIETY ONLY 9 ! PA/ FEW C5TURIES1 IT LONG EXI/$ ON ! P]IPH]Y ( E>LI] SOCIETIES3 9 A L>GELY COMM]CIAL =M1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND TRADE BETWE5 CITIES & EMPIRES2 9 A CRAFT =M ?R\<\T ! ,EUROPEAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES2 9 A HUGELY 9DU/RIAL =M 9 \R [N TIME2 & IF WE >E TO BELIEVE REC5T SE]S1 9 AN 9=MATIONAL =M 9 ! COM+ P]IOD4 ,IT HAS CREAT$ NOT ONLY NEW TE*NOLOGIES BUT ALSO A GREAT V>IETY ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /RUCTURES1 SU* AS ! SMALL %OP1 ! FACTORY1 ! HUGE MILL1 & ! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL COMPLEX4 ,C]TA9LY ! CAPITALISM ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION HAS NOT COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$1 ANY MORE ?AN ! ISOLAT$ PEASANT FAMILY & SMALL CRAFTSMAN ( A /ILL E>LI] P]IOD HAVE BE5 CONSIGN$ TO COMPLETE OBLIVION4 ,MU* ( ! PA/ IS ALWAYS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! PRES5T2 AS ,M>X 9SI/5TLY W>N$1 !RE IS NO 0PURE CAPITALISM10 & NONE ( ! E>LI] =MS ( CAPITALISM FADE AWAY UNTIL RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS >E E/ABLI%$ & BECOME OV]:ELM+LY DOM9ANT4 ,BUT TODAY1 CAPITALISM1 EV5 AS IT COEXI/S ) & UTILIZES PRECAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS = ITS [N 5DS1 N[ REA*ES 9TO ! SUBURBS & ! C\NTRYSIDE ) ITS %OPP+ MALLS & NEWLY /YL$ FACTORIES4 ,9DE$1 IT IS BY NO MEANS 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT ONE DAY IT WILL REA* BEYOND \R PLANET4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IT HAS PRODUC$ NOT ONLY NEW COMMODITIES TO CREATE & FE$ NEW WANTS BUT NEW SOCIAL & CULTURAL ISSUES1 :I* 9 TURN HAVE GIV5 RISE TO NEW SUPPORT]S & ANTAGONI/S ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM4 ,! FAM\S FIR/ P>T ( ,M>X & ,5GELS'S ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 9 :I* !Y CELEBRATE CAPITALISM'S WOND]S1 W\LD HAVE TO BE P]IODICALLY REWRITT5 TO KEEP PACE ) ! A*IEVEM5TS--AS WELL AS ! HORRORS--PRODUC$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE'S DEVELOPM5T4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURES ( CAPITALISM TODAY IS ?AT 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD ! HI<LY SIMPLIFI$ TWO-CLASS /RUCTURE--! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT--?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS PR$ICT$ W\LD BECOME DOM9ANT UND] 0MATURE0 CAPITALISM HAS UND]GONE A PROCESS ( RECONFIGURATION4 ,! CONFLICT BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL1 :ILE IT HAS BY NO MEANS DISAPPE>$1 NONE!LESS LACKS ! ALL-EMBRAC+ IMPORTANCE ?AT IT POSSESS$ 9 ! PA/4 ,CONTR>Y TO ,M>X'S EXPECTATIONS1 ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS IS N[ DW9DL+ 9 NUMB]S & IS /EADILY LOS+ ITS TRADITIONAL ID5TITY AS A CLASS1 :I* BY NO MEANS EXCLUDES IT FROM A POT5TIALLY BROAD] & P]HAPS MORE EXT5SIVE CONFLICT ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,PRES5T-DAY CULTURE1 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 CITYSCAPES1 MODES ( PRODUCTION1 AGRICULTURE1 & TRANSPORTATION HAVE REMADE ! TRADITIONAL PROLET>IAN 9TO A L>GELY PETTY B\RGEOIS /RATUM :OSE M5TALITY IS M>K$ BY ITS [N UTOPIANISM ( 0CONSUMPTION = ! SAKE ( CONSUMPTION40 ,WE CAN =ESEE A TIME :5 ! PROLET>IAN1 :ATEV] ! COLOR ( HIS OR H] COLL> OR PLACE ON ! ASSEMBLY L9E1 WILL BE COMPLETELY REPLAC$ BY AUTOMAT$ & EV5 M9IATURIZ$ MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?AT >E OP]AT$ BY A FEW :ITE-COAT$ MANIPULATORS ( MA*9ES & BY COMPUT]S4 

,SE5 AS A :OLE1 ! SOCIAL CONDITION ?AT CAPITALISM HAS PRODUC$ TODAY /&S V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) ! SIMPLI/IC CLASS PROGNOSES ADVANC$ BY ,M>X & BY ! REVOLUTION>Y ,FR5* SYNDICALI/S4 ,AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 CAPITALISM UND]W5T AN 5ORM\S TRANS=MATION1 CREAT+ BROAD NEW SOCIAL ISSUES ) EXTRAORD9>Y RAPIDITY1 ISSUES ?AT W5T BEYOND TRADITIONAL PROLET>IAN DEM&S = IMPROV$ WAGES1 H\RS1 & WORK+ CONDITIONS3 NOTABLY1 5VIRONM5TAL1 G5D]1 HI]>*ICAL1 CIVIC1 & DEMOCRATIC ISSUES4 ,CAPITALISM1 9 EFFECT1 HAS G5]ALIZ$ ITS ?REATS TO HUMANITY1 P>TICUL>LY ) CLIMATIC *ANGES ?AT MAY ALT] ! V]Y FACE ( ! PLANET1 OLIG>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS ( A GLOBAL SCOPE1 & RAMPANT URBANIZATION ?AT RADICALLY CORRODES ! CIVIC LIFE BASIC TO GRASSROOTS POLITICS4 

,HI]>*Y1 TODAY1 IS BECOM+ AS PRON\NC$ AN ISSUE AS CLASS1 AS WITNESS ! EXT5T TO :I* MANY SOCIAL ANALYZES HAVE S+L$ \T MANAG]S1 BUREAUCRATS1 SCI5TI/S1 & ! LIKE AS EM]G+1 O/5SIBLY DOM9ANT GR\PS4 ,NEW & ELABORATE GRADATIONS ( /ATUS & 9T]E/S C\NT TODAY TO AN EXT5T ?AT !Y DID NOT 9 ! REC5T PA/2 !Y BLUR ! CONFLICT BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL ?AT WAS ONCE SO C5TRAL1 CLE>LY DEF9$1 & MILITANTLY WAG$ BY TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/S4 ,CLASS CATEGORIES >E N[ 9T]M+L$ ) HI]>*ICAL CATEGORIES BAS$ ON RACE1 G5D]1 SEXUAL PREF]5CE1 & C]TA9LY NATIONAL OR REGIONAL DIFF]5CES4 ,/ATUS DIFF]5TIATIONS1 *>ACT]I/IC ( HI]>*Y1 T5D TO CONV]GE ) CLASS DIFF]5TIATIONS1 & A MORE ALL-9CLUSIVE CAPITALI/IC WORLD IS EM]G+ 9 :I* E?NIC1 NATIONAL1 & G5D] DIFF]5CES (T5 SURPASS ! IMPORTANCE ( CLASS DIFF]5CES 9 ! PUBLIC EYE4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 CAPITALISM HAS PRODUC$ A NEW1 P]HAPS P>AM\NT CONTRADICTION3 ! CLA% BETWE5 AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON UN5D+ GR[? & ! DESICCATION ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4.<#b.> ,?IS ISSUE & ITS VA/ RAMIFICATIONS CAN NO MORE BE M9IMIZ$1 LET ALONE DISMISS$1 ?AN ! NE$ ( HUMAN BE+S = FOOD OR AIR4 ,AT PRES5T1 ! MO/ PROMIS+ /RUGGLES 9 ! ,WE/1 :]E SOCIALISM WAS BORN1 SEEM TO BE WAG$ LESS >\ND 9COME & WORK+ CONDITIONS ?AN >\ND NUCLE> P[]1 POLLUTION1 DE=E/ATION1 URBAN BLI<T1 $UCATION1 HEAL? C>E1 COMMUNITY LIFE1 & ! OPPRESSION ( PEOPLE 9 UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES--AS WITNESS ! 7ALBEIT SPORADIC7 ANTIGLOBALIZATION UPSURGES1 9 :I* BLUE- & :ITE-COLL> 0WORK]S0 M>* 9 ! SAME RANKS ) MIDDLE-CLASS HUMANIT>IANS & >E MOTIVAT$ BY COMMON SOCIAL CONC]NS4 ,PROLET>IAN COMBATANTS BECOME 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM MIDDLE-CLASS ONES4 ,BURLY WORK]S1 :OSE HALLM>K IS A COMBATIVE MILITANCY1 N[ M>* BEH9D 0BREAD & PUPPET0 !AT] P]=M]S1 (T5 ) A CONSID]ABLE MEASURE ( %>$ PLAYFULNESS4 ,MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ & MIDDLE CLASSES N[ WE> MANY DIFF]5T SOCIAL HATS1 SO TO SPEAK1 *ALL5G+ CAPITALISM OBLIQUELY AS WELL AS DIRECTLY ON CULTURAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC GR\NDS4 

,NOR CAN WE IGNORE1 9 DECID+ :AT DIRECTION WE >E TO FOLL[1 ! FACT ?AT CAPITALISM1 IF IT IS NOT *ECK$1 WILL 9 ! FUTURE--& NOT NECESS>ILY ! V]Y DI/ANT FUTURE--DIFF] APPRECIABLY FROM ! SY/EM WE KN[ TODAY4 ,CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T CAN BE EXPECT$ TO VA/LY ALT] ! SOCIAL HORIZON 9 ! YE>S AHEAD4 ,CAN WE SUPPOSE ?AT FACTORIES1 (FICES1 CITIES1 RESID5TIAL >EAS1 9DU/RY1 COMM]CE1 & AGRICULTURE1 LET ALONE MORAL VALUES1 ES!TICS1 M$IA1 POPUL> DESIRES1 & ! LIKE WILL NOT *ANGE IMM5SELY BE=E ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY IS \T8 ,9 ! PA/ C5TURY1 CAPITALISM1 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 HAS BROAD5$ SOCIAL ISSUES--9DE$1 ! HI/ORICAL SOCIAL QUE/ION ( H[ A HUMANITY1 DIVID$ BY CLASSES & EXPLOITATION1 WILL CREATE A SOCIETY BAS$ ON EQUALITY1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AU!NTIC H>MONY1 & FRE$OM--TO 9CLUDE ?OSE :OSE RESOLUTION WAS B>ELY =ESE5 BY ! LIB]ATORY SOCIAL !ORI/S 9 ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 ,\R AGE1 ) ITS 5DLESS >RAY ( 0BOTTOM L9ES0 & 09VE/M5T *OICES10 N[ ?REAT5S TO TURN SOCIETY ITSELF 9TO A VA/ & EXPLOITATIVE M>KETPLACE4.<#c.> 

,GIV5 ! *ANGES ?AT WE >E WITNESS+ & ?OSE ?AT >E /ILL TAK+ =M1 SOCIAL RADICALS CAN NO LONG] OPPOSE ! PR$ATORY 7AS WELL AS IMM5SELY CREATIVE7 CAPITALI/ SY/EM BY US+ ! IDEOLOGIES & ME?ODS ?AT W]E BORN 9 ! FIR/ ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 :5 A FACTORY PROLET>IAN SEEM$ TO BE ! PR9CIPAL ANTAGONI/ ( A TEXTILE PLANT [N]4 ,NOR CAN WE USE IDEOLOGIES ?AT W]E SPAWN$ BY CONFLICTS ?AT AN IMPOV]I%$ PEASANTRY US$ TO OPPOSE FEUDAL & SEMIFEUDAL L&[N]S4 ,NONE ( ! PR(ESS$LY ANTICAPITALI/ IDEOLOGIES ( ! PA/--,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 SYNDICALISM1 & MORE G5]IC =MS ( SOCIALISM--RETA9 ! SAME RELEVANCE ?AT !Y HAD AT AN E>LI] /AGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & 9 AN E>LI] P]IOD ( TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE4 ,NOR CAN ANY ( !M HOPE TO 5COMPASS ! MULTITUDE ( NEW ISSUES1 OPPORTUNITIES1 PROBLEMS1 & 9T]E/S ?AT CAPITALISM HAS REPEAT$LY CREAT$ OV] TIME4 

,M>XISM WAS ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE & COH]5T EF=T TO PRODUCE A SY/EMATIC =M ( SOCIALISM1 EMPHASIZ+ ! MAT]IAL AS WELL AS ! SUBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL PRECONDITIONS ( A NEW SOCIETY4 ,WE [E MU* TO ,M>X'S ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE US ) A COH]5T & /IMULAT+ ANALYSIS ( ! COMMODITY & COMMODITY RELATIONS1 TO AN ACTIVI/ PHILOSOPHY1 A SY/EMATIC SOCIAL !ORY1 AN OBJECTIVELY GR\ND$ OR 0SCI5TIFIC0 CONCEPT ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 & A FLEXIBLE POLITICAL /RATEGY4 ,M>XI/ POLITICAL IDEAS W]E EM95TLY RELEVANT TO ! NE$S ( A T]RIBLY DISORI5T$ PROLET>IAT & TO ! P>TICUL> OPPRESSIONS ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE 9FLICT$ UPON IT 9 ,5GL& 9 ! #a#h#dS1 SOME:AT LAT] 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ,G]MANY1 & V]Y PRESCI5TLY 9 ,RUSSIA 9 ! LA/ DECADE ( ,M>X'S LIFE4 ,UNTIL ! RISE ( ! POPULI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA 7MO/ FAM\SLY1 ! ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA71 ,M>X EXPECT$ ! EM]G+ PROLET>IAT TO BECOME ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 & TO 9EVITABLY 5GAGE 9 REVOLUTION>Y CLASS W> AS A RESULT ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & IMMIS]ATION4 ,& ESPECIALLY BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#c#i1 LONG AFT] ,M>X'S DEA?1 ,EUROPE WAS 9DE$ BELEAGU]$ BY A M\NT+ CLASS W> ?AT REA*$ ! PO9T ( \TRI<T WORK]S' 9SURRECTIONS4 ,9 #a#i#a#g1 [+ TO AN EXTRAORD9>Y CONFLU5CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES--P>TICUL>LY ) ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 :I* R5D]$ SEV]AL QUASI-FEUDAL ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL SY/EMS T]RIBLY UN/ABLE--,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS TRI$ TO USE 7BUT GREATLY ALT]$7 ,M>X'S WRIT+S 9 ORD] TO TAKE P[] 9 AN ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D EMPIRE1 :OSE SIZE SPANN$ ELEV5 TIME ZONES ACROSS ,EUROPE & ,ASIA4.<#d.> 

,BUT = ! MO/ P>T1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ,M>XISM'S ECONOMIC 9SI<TS BELONG$ TO AN ]A ( EM]G+ FACTORY CAPITALISM 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,BRILLIANT AS A !ORY ( ! MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM1 IT DID NOT ADDRESS ! ECOLOGICAL1 CIVIC1 & SUBJECTIVE =CES OR ! EFFICI5T CAUSES ?AT C\LD IMPEL HUMANITY 9TO A MOVEM5T = REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 = NE>LY A C5TURY1 ,M>XISM /AGNAT$ !ORETICALLY4 ,ITS !ORI/S W]E (T5 PUZZL$ BY DEVELOPM5TS ?AT HAD PASS$ IT BY &1 S9CE ! #a#i#fS1 HAVE ME*ANICALLY APP5D$ 5VIRONM5TALI/ & FEM9I/ IDEAS TO ITS =MULAIC \VRI]I/ \TLOOK4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 AN>*ISM REPRES5TS1 EV5 9 ITS AU!NTIC =M1 A HI<LY 9DIVIDUALI/IC \TLOOK ?AT FO/]S A RADICALLY UNFETT]$ LIFE/YLE1 (T5 AS A SUB/ITUTE = MASS ACTION4 

,9 FACT1 AN>*ISM REPRES5TS ! MO/ EXTREME =MULATION ( LIB]ALISM'S IDEOLOGY ( UNFETT]$ AUTONOMY1 CULM9AT+ 9 A CELEBRATION ( H]OIC ACTS ( DEFIANCE ( ! /ATE4 ,AN>*ISM'S MY?OS ( SELF-REGULATION 7AUTO NOMOS7--! RADICAL ASS]TION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OV] OR EV5 AGA9/ SOCIETY & ! P]SONALI/IC ABS5CE ( RESPONSIBILITY = ! COLLECTIVE WELF>E--LEADS TO A RADICAL AFFIRMATION ( ! ALL-P[]FUL WILL SO C5TRAL TO ,NIETZS*E'S IDEOLOGICAL P]EGR9ATIONS4 ,SOME SELF-PR(ESS$ AN>*I/S HAVE EV5 D5\NC$ MASS SOCIAL ACTION AS FUTILE & ALI5 TO !IR PRIVATE CONC]NS & MADE A FETI% ( :AT ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CALL$ GRUPISMO1 A SMALL-GR\P MODE ( ACTION ?AT IS HI<LY P]SONAL RA!R ?AN SOCIAL4 

,AN>*ISM HAS (T5 BE5 CONFUS$ ) REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 A HI<LY /RUCTUR$ & WELL-DEVELOP$ MASS =M ( LIB]T>IAN TRADE UNIONISM ?AT1 UNLIKE AN>*ISM1 WAS LONG COMMITT$ TO DEMOCRATIC PROC$URES1.<#e.> TO DISCIPL9E 9 ACTION1 & TO ORGANIZ$1 LONG-RANGE REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE TO ELIM9ATE CAPITALISM4 ,ITS AFF9ITY ) AN>*ISM /EMS FROM ITS /RONG LIB]T>IAN BIAS1 BUT BITT] ANTAGONISMS BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S HAVE A LONG HI/ORY 9 NE>LY EV]Y C\NTRY 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 AS WITNESS ! T5SIONS BETWE5 ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T & ! AN>*I/ GR\PS ASSOCIAT$ ) ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD E>LY 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ & AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! #aiag REVOLUTION1 & BETWE5 ! ,I,W,W 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,SW$51 TO CITE ! MORE ILLU/RATIVE CASES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! LIB]T>IAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM'S DE/9Y HAS BE5 TI$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES TO A PA?OLOGY CALL$ \VRI]ISME1 OR 0WORK]ISM10 & :ATEV] PHILOSOPHY1 !ORY ( HI/ORY1 OR POLITICAL ECONOMY IT POSSESSES HAS BE5 BORR[$1 (T5 PIECEMEAL & 9DIRECTLY1 FROM ,M>X4 ,9DE$1 ,GEORGES ,SOREL & MANY O!R PR(ESS$ REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY EXPRESSLY REG>D$ !MSELVES AS ,M>XI/S & EV5 MORE EXPRESSLY ES*EW$ AN>*ISM4 ,MOREOV]1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM LACKS A /RATEGY = SOCIAL *ANGE BEYOND ! G5]AL /RIKE2 REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+S SU* AS ! FAM\S ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB] G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ #aie PROV$ TO BE /IRR+ BUT ULTIMATELY 9EFFECTUAL4 ,9DE$1 AS 9VALUABLE AS ! G5]AL /RIKE MAY BE AS A PRELUDE TO DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE1 !Y DECID$LY DO NOT HAVE ! MY/ICAL CAPACITY ?AT REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S ASSIGN$ TO !M AS MEANS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,!IR LIMITATIONS >E /RIK+ EVID5CE ?AT1 AS EPISODIC =MS ( DIRECT ACTION1 G5]AL /RIKES >E NOT EQUATABLE ) REVOLUTION NOR EV5 ) PR(\ND SOCIAL *ANGES1 :I* PRESUPPOSE A MASS MOVEM5T & REQUIRE YE>S ( GE/ATION & A CLE> S5SE ( DIRECTION4 ,9DE$1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM EXUDES A TYPICAL \VRI]I/ANTI-9TELLECTUALISM ?AT DISDA9S ATTEMPTS TO =MULATE A PURPOSIVE REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION & HAS A REV]5CE = PROLET>IAN 0SPONTANEITY10 :I*1 AT TIMES1 HAS L$ IT 9TO HI<LY SELF-DE/RUCTIVE SITUATIONS4 ,LACK+ ! MEANS = AN ANALYSIS ( !IR SITUATION1 ! ,SPANI% SYNDICALI/S 7& AN>*I/S7 REVEAL$ ONLY A M9IMAL CAPACITY TO UND]/& ! SITUATION 9 :I* !Y F\ND !MSELVES AFT] !IR VICTORY OV] ,FRANCO'S =CES 9 ! SUMM] ( #aicf & NO CAPACITY TO TAKE 0! NEXT /EP0 TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE A WORK]S & PEASANTS' =M ( GOV]NM5T4 

,:AT !SE OBS]VATIONS ADD UP TO IS ?AT ,M>XI/S1 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 & AU!NTIC AN>*I/S ALL HAVE A FALLACI\S UND]/&+ ( POLITICS1 :I* %\LD BE CONCEIV$ AS ! CIVIC >5A & ! 9/ITUTIONS BY :I* PEOPLE DEMOCRATICALLY & DIRECTLY MANAGE !IR COMMUNITY AFFAIRS4 ,9DE$1 ! ,LEFT HAS REPEAT$LY MI/AK5 /ATECRAFT = POLITICS BY ITS P]SI/5T FAILURE TO UND]/& ?AT ! TWO >E NOT ONLY RADICALLY DIFF]5T BUT EXI/ 9 RADICAL T5SION--9 FACT1 OPPOSITION--TO EA* O!R4.<#f.> ,AS ,I HAVE WRITT5 ELSE:]E1 HI/ORICALLY1 POLITICS DID NOT EM]GE FROM ! /ATE--AN APP>ATUS :OSE PR(ESSIONAL MA*9]Y IS DESIGN$ TO DOM9ATE & FACILITATE ! EXPLOITATION ( ! CITIZ5RY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( A PRIVILEG$ CLASS4 ,RA!R1 POLITICS1 ALMO/ BY DEF9ITION1 IS ! ACTIVE 5GAGEM5T ( FREE CITIZ5S 9 ! H&L+ ( !IR MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS & 9 !IR DEF5SE ( ITS FRE$OM4 ,ONE CAN ALMO/ SAY ?AT POLITICS IS ! 0EMBODIM5T0 ( :AT ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES ( ! #a#g#iS CALL$ CIVICISME4 ,QUITE PROP]LY1 9 FACT1 ! WORD POLITICS ITSELF CONTA9S ! ,GREEK WORD = 0CITY0 OR POLIS1 & ITS USE 9 CLASSICAL ,A!NS1 TOGE!R ) DEMOCRACY1 CONNOT$ ! DIRECT GOV]N+ ( ! CITY BY ITS CITIZ5S4 ,C5TURIES ( CIVIC DEGRADATION1 M>K$ P>TICUL>LY BY ! =MATION ( CLASSES1 W]E NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE ! /ATE & ITS CORROSIVE ABSORPTION ( ! POLITICAL REALM4 

,A DEF9+ FEATURE ( ! ,LEFT IS PRECISELY ! ,M>XI/1 AN>*I/1 & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ BELIEF ?AT NO DI/9CTION EXI/S1 9 PR9CIPLE1 BETWE5 ! POLITICAL REALM & ! /ATI/ REALM4 ,BY EMPHASIZ+ ! NATION-/ATE--9CLUD+ A 0WORK]S' /ATE0--AS ! LOCUS ( ECONOMIC AS WELL AS POLITICAL P[]1 ,M>X 7AS WELL AS LIB]T>IANS7 NOTORI\SLY FAIL$ TO DEMON/RATE H[ WORK]S C\LD FULLY & DIRECTLY CONTROL SU* A /ATE )\T ! M$IATION ( AN EMP[]$ BUREAUCRACY & ESS5TIALLY /ATI/ 7OR EQUIVAL5TLY1 9 ! CASE ( LIB]T>IANS1 GOV]NM5TAL7 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,M>XI/S UNAVOIDABLY SAW ! POLITICAL REALM1 :I* IT DESIGNAT$ A WORK]S' /ATE1 AS A REPRESSIVE 5TITY1 O/5SIBLY BAS$ ON ! 9T]E/S ( A S+LE CLASS3 ! PROLET>IAT4 

,REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 = ITS P>T1 EMPHASIZ$ FACTORY CONTROL BY WORK]S' COMMITTEES & CONF$]AL ECONOMIC C\NCILS AS ! LOCUS ( SOCIAL AU?ORITY1 !REBY SIMPLY BYPASS+ ANY POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EXI/$ \TSIDE ! ECONOMY4 ,ODDLY1 ?IS WAS ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM ) A V5GEANCE1 :I*1 TE/$ BY ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 PROV$ COMPLETELY 9EFFECTUAL4 ,A VA/ DOMA9 ( REAL GOV]NM5TAL P[]1 FROM MILIT>Y AFFAIRS TO ! ADM9I/RATION ( JU/ICE1 FELL TO ! ,/AL9I/S & ! LIB]ALS ( ,SPA91 :O US$ !IR AU?ORITY TO SUBV]T ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T & ) IT1 ! REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5TS ( ! SYNDICALI/ WORK]S 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 OR :AT WAS D\RLY CALL$ BY ONE NOVELI/ 0,! ,BRIEF ,SUMM] ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM40 

,AS = AN>*ISM1 ,BAKUN9 EXPRESS$ ! TYPICAL VIEW ( ITS ADH]5TS 9 #ahga :5 HE WROTE ?AT ! NEW SOCIAL ORD] C\LD BE CREAT$ 0ONLY ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! NONPOLITICAL OR ANTIPOLITICAL SOCIAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 CITY & C\NTRY10 !REBY REJECT+ ) *>ACT]I/IC 9CONSI/5CY ! V]Y MUNICIPAL POLITICS ?AT HE SANCTION$ 9 ,ITALY >\ND ! SAME YE>4 ,ACCORD+LY1 AN>*I/S HAVE LONG REG>D$ EV]Y GOV]NM5T AS A /ATE & CONDEMN$ IT--A VIEW ?AT IS A RECIPE = ! ELIM9ATION ( ANY ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL LIFE :ATEV]4 ,:ILE ! /ATE IS ! 9/RUM5T BY :I* AN OPPRESSIVE & EXPLOITATIVE CLASS REGULATES & CO]CIVELY CONTROLS ! BEHAVIOR ( AN EXPLOIT$ CLASS BY A RUL+ CLASS1 A GOV]NM5T--OR BETT] /ILL1 A POLITY--IS AN 5SEMBLE ( 9/ITUTIONS DESIGN$ TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEMS ( CONSOCIATIONAL LIFE 9 AN ORD]LY & HOPEFULLY FAIR MANN]4 ,EV]Y 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ASSOCIATION ?AT CON/ITUTES A SY/EM = H&L+ PUBLIC AFFAIRS--) OR )\T ! PRES5CE ( A /ATE--IS NECESS>ILY A GOV]NM5T4 ,BY CONTRA/1 EV]Y /ATE1 AL?\< NECESS>ILY A =M ( GOV]NM5T1 IS A =CE = CLASS REPRESSION & CONTROL4 ,ANNOY+ AS IT MU/ SEEM TO ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S ALIKE1 ! CRY = A CON/ITUTION1 = A RESPONSIBLE & A RESPONSIVE GOV]NM5T1 & EV5 = LAW OR NOMO%AS BE5 CLE>LY >TICULAT$--& COMMITT$ TO PR9T6--BY ! OPPRESS$ = C5TURIES AGA9/ ! CAPRICI\S RULE EX]CIS$ BY MON>*S1 NOBLES1 & BUREAUCRATS4 ,! LIB]T>IAN OPPOSITION TO LAW1 NOT TO SPEAK ( GOV]NM5T AS SU*1 HAS BE5 AS SILLY AS ! IMAGE ( A SNAKE SWALL[+ ITS TAIL4 ,:AT REMA9S 9 ! 5D IS NO?+ BUT A RET9AL AFT]IMAGE ?AT HAS NO EXI/5TIAL REALITY4 

,! ISSUES RAIS$ 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES >E ( MORE ?AN ACADEMIC 9T]E/4 ,AS WE 5T] ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 SOCIAL RADICALS NE$ A SOCIALISM--LIB]T>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y--?AT IS NEI!R AN EXT5SION ( ! PEASANT-CRAFT 0ASSOCIATIONISM0 ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( AN>*ISM NOR ! PROLET>IANISM ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM & ,M>XISM4 ,H[EV] FA%IONABLE ! TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGIES 7P>TICUL>LY AN>*ISM7 MAY BE AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE TODAY1 A TRULY PROGRESSIVE SOCIALISM ?AT IS 9=M$ BY LIB]T>IAN AS WELL AS ,M>XIAN IDEAS BUT TRANSC5DS !SE OLD] IDEOLOGIES MU/ PROVIDE 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]%IP4 ,= POLITICAL RADICALS TODAY TO SIMPLY RESUSCITATE ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 OR REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM & 5D[ !M ) IDEOLOGICAL IMMORTALITY W\LD BE OB/RUCTIVE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A RELEVANT RADICAL MOVEM5T4 ,A NEW & COMPREH5SIVE REVOLUTION>Y \TLOOK IS NE$$1 ONE ?AT IS CAPABLE ( SY/EMATICALLY ADDRESS+ ! G5]ALIZ$ ISSUES ?AT MAY POT5TIALLY BR+ MO/ ( SOCIETY 9TO OPPOSITION TO AN EV]-EVOLV+ & *ANG+ CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,! CLA% BETWE5 A PR$ATORY SOCIETY BAS$ ON 9DEF9ITE EXPANSION & NONHUMAN NATURE HAS GIV5 RISE TO AN 5SEMBLE ( IDEAS ?AT HAS EM]G$ AS ! EXPLICATION ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL CRISIS & MEAN+FUL RADICAL *ANGE4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 A COH]5T VISION ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT 9T]TW9ES ! MUTUAL IMPACT ( HI]>*Y & CLASS ON ! CIVILIZ+ ( HUMANITY1 HAS = DECADES >GU$ ?AT WE MU/ REORD] SOCIAL RELATIONS SO ?AT HUMANITY CAN LIVE 9 A PROTECTIVE BALANCE ) ! NATURAL WORLD4.<#g.> 

,CONTR>Y TO ! SIMPLI/IC IDEOLOGY ( 0ECO-AN>*ISM10 SOCIAL ECOLOGY MA9TA9S ?AT AN ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ SOCIETY CAN BE PROGRESSIVE RA!R ?AN REGRESSIVE1 PLAC+ A /RONG EMPHASIS NOT ON PRIMITIVISM1 AU/]ITY1 & D5IAL BUT ON MAT]IAL PLEASURE & EASE4 ,IF A SOCIETY IS TO BE CAPABLE ( MAK+ LIFE NOT ONLY VA/LY 5JOYABLE = ITS MEMB]S BUT ALSO LEISURELY 5\< ?AT !Y CAN 5GAGE 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL & CULTURAL SELF-CULTIVATION ?AT IS NECESS>Y = CREAT+ CIVILIZATION & A VIBRANT POLITICAL LIFE1 IT MU/ NOT D5IGRATE TE*NICS & SCI5CE BUT BR+ !M 9TO ACCORD ) VISIONS ( HUMAN HAPP9ESS & LEISURE4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS AN ECOLOGY NOT ( HUNG] & MAT]IAL DEPRIVATION BUT ( PL5TY2 IT SEEKS ! CREATION ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY 9 :I* WA/E1 9DE$ EXCESS1 WILL BE CONTROLL$ BY A NEW SY/EM ( VALUES2 & :5 OR IF %ORTAGES >ISE AS A RESULT ( IRRATIONAL BEHAVIOR1 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES WILL E/ABLI% RATIONAL /&>DS ( CONSUMPTION BY DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES4 ,9 %ORT1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY FAVORS MANAGEM5T1 PLANS1 & REGULATIONS =MULAT$ DEMOCRATICALLY BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 NOT FREE:EEL+ =MS ( BEHAVIOR ?AT HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 9DIVIDUAL ECC5TRICITIES4 

,IT IS MY CONT5TION ?AT ,COMMUNALISM IS ! OV]>*+ POLITICAL CATEGORY MO/ SUITABLE TO 5COMPASS ! FULLY ?\<T-\T & SY/EMATIC VIEWS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 9CLUD+ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM & DIALECTICAL NATURALISM4 ,AS AN IDEOLOGY1 ,COMMUNALISM DRAWS ON ! BE/ ( ! OLD] ,LEFT IDEOLOGIES--,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 MORE PROP]LY ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ TRADITION--:ILE (F]+ A WID] & MORE RELEVANT SCOPE = \R TIME4 ,FROM ,M>XISM1 IT DRAWS ! BASIC PROJECT ( =MULAT+ A RATIONALLY SY/EMATIC & COH]5T SOCIALISM ?AT 9TEGRATES PHILOSOPHY1 HI/ORY1 ECONOMICS1 & POLITICS4 ,AV[$LY DIALECTICAL1 IT ATTEMPTS TO 9FUSE !ORY ) PRACTICE4 ,FROM AN>*ISM1 IT DRAWS ITS COMMITM5T TO ANTI/ATISM & CONF$]ALISM1 AS WELL AS ITS RECOGNITION ?AT HI]>*Y IS A BASIC PROBLEM ?AT CAN BE OV]COME ONLY BY A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4.<#h.> 

,! *OICE ( ! T]M ,COMMUNALISM TO 5COMPASS ! PHILOSOPHICAL1 HI/ORICAL1 POLITICAL1 & ORGANIZATIONAL COMPON5TS ( A SOCIALISM = ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY HAS NOT BE5 AN (FH&$ ONE4 ,! WORD ORIG9AT$ 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 :5 ! >M$ PEOPLE ( ! ,FR5* CAPITAL RAIS$ B>RICADES NOT ONLY TO DEF5D ! CITY C\NCIL ( ,P>IS & ITS ADM9I/RATIVE SUB/RUCTURES BUT ALSO TO CREATE A NATIONWIDE CONF$]ATION ( CITIES & T[NS TO REPLACE ! REPUBLICAN NATION-/ATE4 ,COMMUNALISM AS AN IDEOLOGY IS NOT SULLI$ BY ! 9DIVIDUALISM & ! (T5 EXPLICIT ANTIRATIONALISM ( AN>*ISM2 NOR DOES IT C>RY ! HI/ORICAL BURD5 ( ,M>XISM'S AU?ORIT>IANISM AS EMBODI$ 9 ,BOL%EVISM4 ,IT DOES NOT FOCUS ON ! FACTORY AS ITS PR9CIPAL SOCIAL >5A OR ON ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT AS ITS MA9 HI/ORICAL AG5T2 & IT DOES NOT R$UCE ! FREE COMMUNITY ( ! FUTURE TO A FANCIFUL M$IEVAL VILLAGE4 ,ITS MO/ IMPORTANT GOAL IS CLE>LY SPELL$ \T 9 A CONV5TIONAL DICTION>Y DEF9ITION3 ,COMMUNALISM1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,H]ITAGE ,DICTION>Y ( ! ,5GLI% ,LANGUAGE1 IS 0A !ORY OR SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T 9 :I* VIRTUALLY AUTONOM\S LOCAL COMMUNITIES >E LOOSELY B\ND 9 A F$]ATION40.<#i.> 

,COMMUNALISM SEEKS TO RECAPTURE ! MEAN+ ( POLITICS 9 ITS BROADE/1 MO/ EMANCIPATORY S5SE1 9DE$1 TO FULFILL ! HI/ORIC POT5TIAL ( ! MUNICIPALITY AS ! DEVELOPM5TAL >5A ( M9D & DISC\RSE4 ,IT CONCEPTUALIZES ! MUNICIPALITY1 POT5TIALLY AT LEA/1 AS A TRANS=MATIVE DEVELOPM5T BEYOND ORGANIC EVOLUTION 9TO ! DOMA9 ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,! CITY IS ! DOMA9 :]E ! >*AIC BLOOD-TIE ?AT WAS ONCE LIMIT$ TO ! UNIFICATION ( FAMILIES & TRIBES1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( \TSID]S1 WAS--JURIDICALLY1 AT LEA/--DISSOLV$4 ,IT BECAME ! DOMA9 :]E HI]>*IES BAS$ ON P>O*IAL & SOCIOBIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES ( K9%IP1 G5D]1 & AGE C\LD BE ELIM9AT$ & REPLAC$ BY A FREE SOCIETY BAS$ ON A %>$ COMMON HUMANITY4 ,POT5TIALLY1 IT REMA9S ! DOMA9 :]E ! ONCE-FE>$ /RANG] CAN BE FULLY ABSORB$ 9TO ! COMMUNITY--9ITIALLY AS A PROTECT$ RESID5T ( A COMMON T]RITORY & EV5TUALLY AS A CITIZ51 5GAG$ 9 MAK+ POLICY DECISIONS 9 ! PUBLIC >5A4 ,IT IS ABOVE ALL ! DOMA9 :]E 9/ITUTIONS & VALUES HAVE !IR ROOTS NOT 9 ZOOLOGY BUT 9 CIVIL HUMAN ACTIVITY4 

,LOOK+ BEYOND !SE HI/ORICAL FUNCTIONS1 ! MUNICIPALITY CON/ITUTES ! ONLY DOMA9 = AN ASSOCIATION BAS$ ON ! FREE EX*ANGE ( IDEAS & A CREATIVE 5DEAVOR TO BR+ ! CAPACITIES ( CONSCI\SNESS TO ! S]VICE ( FRE$OM4 ,IT IS ! DOMA9 :]E A M]E ANIMALI/IC ADAPTATION TO AN EXI/+ & PREGIV5 5VIRONM5T CAN BE RADICALLY SUPPLANT$ BY PROACTIVE1 RATIONAL 9T]V5TION 9TO ! WORLD--9DE$1 A WORLD YET TO BE MADE & MOLD$ BY REASON--) A VIEW T[>D 5D+ ! 5VIRONM5TAL1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL 9SULTS TO :I* HUMANITY & ! BIOSPH]E HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$ BY CLASSES & HI]>*IES4 ,FRE$ ( DOM9ATION AS WELL AS MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION--9DE$1 RE-CREAT$ AS A RATIONAL >5A = HUMAN CREATIVITY 9 ALL SPH]ES ( LIFE--! MUNICIPALITY BECOMES ! E?ICAL SPACE = ! GOOD LIFE4 ,COMMUNALISM IS ?US NO CONTRIV$ PRODUCT ( M]E FANCY3 IT EXPRESSES AN ABID+ CONCEPT & PRACTICE ( POLITICAL LIFE1 =M$ BY A DIALECTIC ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & REASON4 

,AS AN EXPLICITLY POLITICAL BODY ( IDEAS1 ,COMMUNALISM SEEKS TO RECOV] & ADVANCE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY 9 A =M ?AT ACCORDS ) ITS GREATE/ POT5TIALITIES & HI/ORICAL TRADITIONS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ,COMMUNALISM ACCEPTS ! MUNICIPALITY AS IT IS TODAY4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! MOD]N MUNICIPALITY IS 9FUS$ ) MANY /ATI/ FEATURES & (T5 FUNCTIONS AS AN AG5T ( ! B\RGEOIS NATION-/ATE4 ,TODAY1 :5 ! NATION-/ATE /ILL SEEMS SUPREME1 ! RI<TS ?AT MOD]N MUNICIPALITIES POSSESS CANNOT BE DISMISS$ AS ! EPIPH5OM5A ( MORE BASIC ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,9DE$1 TO A GREAT DEGREE1 !Y >E ! H>D-WON GA9S ( COMMON]S1 :O LONG DEF5D$ !M AGA9/ ASSAULTS BY RUL+ CLASSES OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY--EV5 AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF4 

,! CONCRETE POLITICAL DIM5SION ( ,COMMUNALISM IS KN[N AS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4.<#a.> ,9 ITS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ PROGRAM1 ,COMMUNALISM RESOLUTELY SEEKS TO ELIM9ATE /ATI/ MUNICIPAL /RUCTURES & REPLACE !M ) ! 9/ITUTIONS ( A LIB]T>IAN POLITY4 ,IT SEEKS TO RADICALLY RE/RUCTURE CITIES' GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS 9TO POPUL> DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES BAS$ ON NEI<BORHOODS1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES4 ,9 !SE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 CITIZ5S--9CLUD+ ! MIDDLE CLASSES AS WELL AS ! WORK+ CLASSES--DEAL ) COMMUNITY AFFAIRS ON A FACE-TO-FACE BASIS1 MAK+ POLICY DECISIONS 9 A DIRECT DEMOCRACY & GIV+ REALITY TO ! IDEAL ( A HUMANI/IC1 RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,M9IMALLY1 IF WE >E TO HAVE ! K9D ( FREE SOCIAL LIFE TO :I* WE ASPIRE1 DEMOCRACY %\LD BE \R =M ( A %>$ POLITICAL LIFE4 ,TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS & ISSUES ?AT TRANSC5D ! B\ND>IES ( A S+LE MUNICIPALITY1 9 TURN1 ! DEMOCRATIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES %\LD JO9 TOGE!R TO =M A BROAD] CONF$]ATION4 ,!SE ASSEMBLIES & CONF$]ATIONS1 BY !IR V]Y EXI/5CE1 C\LD !N *ALL5GE ! LEGITIMACY ( ! /ATE & /ATI/ =MS ( P[]4 ,!Y C\LD EXPRESSLY BE AIM$ AT REPLAC+ /ATE P[] & /ATECRAFT ) POPUL> P[] & A SOCIALLY RATIONAL TRANS=MATIVE POLITICS4 ,& !Y W\LD BECOME >5AS :]E CLASS CONFLICTS C\LD BE PLAY$ \T & :]E CLASSES C\LD BE ELIM9AT$4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S DO NOT DELUDE !MSELVES ?AT ! /ATE WILL VIEW ) EQUANIMITY !IR ATTEMPTS TO REPLACE PR(ESSIONALIZ$ P[] ) POPUL> P[]4 ,!Y H>BOR NO ILLUSIONS ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES WILL 9DIFF]5TLY ALL[ A ,COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T TO DEM& RI<TS ?AT 9FR+E ON ! /ATE'S SOV]EIGNTY OV] T[NS & CITIES4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 REGIONS1 LOCALITIES1 & ABOVE ALL T[NS & CITIES HAVE DESP]ATELY /RUGGL$ TO RECLAIM !IR LOCAL SOV]EIGNTY FROM ! /ATE 7ALBEIT NOT ALWAYS = HI<-M9D$ PURPOSES74 ,COMMUNALI/S' ATTEMPT TO RE/ORE ! P[]S ( T[NS & CITIES & TO KNIT !M TOGE!R 9TO CONF$]ATIONS CAN BE EXPECT$ TO EVOKE 9CREAS+ RESI/ANCE FROM NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?AT ! NEW POPUL>-ASSEMBLYI/ MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS WILL EMBODY A DUAL P[] AGA9/ ! /ATE ?AT BECOMES A S\RCE ( GR[+ POLITICAL T5SION IS OBVI\S4 ,EI!R A ,COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T WILL BE RADICALIZ$ BY ?IS T5SION & WILL RESOLUTELY FACE ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES OR IT WILL SURELY S9K 9TO A MORASS ( COMPROMISES ?AT ABSORB IT BACK 9TO ! SOCIAL ORD] ?AT IT ONCE S\<T TO *ANGE4 ,H[ ! MOVEM5T MEETS ?IS *ALL5GE IS A CLE> MEASURE ( ITS S]I\SNESS 9 SEEK+ TO *ANGE ! EXI/+ POLITICAL SY/EM & ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS IT DEVELOPS AS A S\RCE ( PUBLIC $UCATION & LEAD]%IP4 

,COMMUNALISM CON/ITUTES A CRITIQUE ( HI]>*ICAL & CAPITALI/ SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,IT SEEKS TO ALT] NOT ONLY ! POLITICAL LIFE ( SOCIETY BUT ALSO ITS ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ITS AIM IS NOT TO NATIONALIZE ! ECONOMY OR RETA9 PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BUT TO MUNICIPALIZE ! ECONOMY4 ,IT SEEKS TO 9TEGRATE ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO ! EXI/5TIAL LIFE ( ! MUNICIPALITY SU* ?AT EV]Y PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISE FALLS UND] ! PURVIEW ( ! LOCAL ASSEMBLY1 :I* DECIDES H[ IT WILL FUNCTION TO MEET ! 9T]E/S ( ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,! SEP>ATION BETWE5 LIFE & WORK1 SO PREVAL5T 9 ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 MU/ BE OV]COME SO ?AT CITIZ5S' DESIRES & NE$S1 ! >TFUL *ALL5GES ( CREATION 9 ! C\RSE ( PRODUCTION1 & ROLE ( PRODUCTION 9 FA%ION+ ?\<T & SELF-DEF9ITION >E NOT LO/4 0,HUMANITY MAKES ITSELF10 TO CITE ! TITLE ( ,V4 ,GORDON ,*ILDE'S BOOK ON ! URBAN REVOLUTION AT ! 5D ( ! ,NEOLI?IC AGE & ! RISE ( CITIES1 & IT DOES SO NOT ONLY 9TELLECTUALLY & ES!TICALLY BUT BY EXP&+ HUMAN NE$S AS WELL AS ! PRODUCTIVE ME?ODS = SATISFY+ !M4 ,WE DISCOV] \RSELVES--\R POT5TIALITIES & !IR ACTUALIZATION--?R\< CREATIVE & USEFUL WORK ?AT NOT ONLY TRANS=MS ! NATURAL WORLD BUT LEADS TO \R SELF-=MATION & SELF-DEF9ITION4 

,WE MU/ ALSO AVOID ! P>O*IALISM & ULTIMATELY ! DESIRES = PROPRIETOR%IP ?AT HAVE AFFLICT$ SO MANY SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES1 SU* AS ! 0COLLECTIVES0 9 ! ,RUSSIAN & ,SPANI% REVOLUTIONS4 ,NOT 5\< HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! DRIFT AMONG MANY 0SOCIALI/IC0 SELF-MANAG$ 5T]PRISES1 EV5 UND] ! R$ & R$-&-BLACK FLAGS1 RESPECTIVELY1 ( REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA & REVOLUTION>Y ,SPA91 T[>D =MS ( COLLECTIVE CAPITALISM ?AT ULTIMATELY L$ MANY ( !SE CONC]NS TO COMPETE ) ONE ANO!R = RAW MAT]IALS & M>KETS4.<#a#a.> 

,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 9 ,COMMUNALI/ POLITICAL LIFE1 WORK]S ( DIFF]5T OCCUPATIONS W\LD TAKE !IR SEATS 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES NOT AS WORK]S--PR9T]S1 PLUMB]S1 F\NDRY WORK]S1 & ! LIKE1 ) SPECIAL OCCUPATIONAL 9T]E/S TO ADVANCE--BUT AS CITIZ5S1 :OSE OV]RID+ CONC]N %\LD BE ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* !Y LIVE4 ,CITIZ5S %\LD BE FRE$ ( !IR P>TICUL>I/IC ID5TITY AS WORK]S1 SPECIALI/S1 & 9DIVIDUALS CONC]N$ PRIM>ILY ) !IR [N P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S4 ,MUNICIPAL LIFE %\LD BECOME A S*OOL = ! =MATION ( CITIZ5S1 BO? BY ABSORB+ NEW CITIZ5S & BY $UCAT+ ! Y\NG1 :ILE ! ASSEMBLIES !MSELVES %\LD FUNCTION NOT ONLY AS P]MAN5T DECISION-MAK+ 9/ITUTIONS BUT AS >5AS = $UCAT+ ! PEOPLE 9 H&L+ COMPLEX CIVIC & REGIONAL AFFAIRS4.<#a#b.> 

,9 A ,COMMUNALI/ WAY ( LIFE1 CONV5TIONAL ECONOMICS1 ) ITS FOCUS ON PRICES & SC>CE RES\RCES1 W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY E?ICS1 ) ITS CONC]N = HUMAN NE$S & ! GOOD LIFE4 ,HUMAN SOLID>ITY--OR PHILIA1 AS ! ,GREEKS CALL$ IT--W\LD REPLACE MAT]IAL GA9 & EGOTISM4 ,MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES W\LD BECOME NOT ONLY VITAL >5AS = CIVIC LIFE & DECISION-MAK+ BUT C5T]S :]E ! %AD[Y WORLD ( ECONOMIC LOGI/ICS1 PROP]LY COORD9AT$ PRODUCTION1 & CIVIC OP]ATIONS W\LD BE DEMY/IFI$ & OP5$ TO ! SCRUT9Y & P>TICIPATION ( ! CITIZ5RY AS A :OLE4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ! NEW CITIZ5 W\LD M>K A TRANSC5D5CE ( ! P>TICUL>I/IC CLASS BE+ ( TRADITIONAL SOCIALISM & ! =MATION ( ! 0NEW MAN10 :I* ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES HOP$ !Y C\LD EV5TUALLY A*IEVE4 ,HUMANITY W\LD N[ BE ABLE TO RISE TO ! UNIV]SAL /ATE ( CONSCI\SNESS & RATIONALITY ?AT ! GREAT UTOPIANS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! ,M>XI/S HOP$ !IR EF=TS W\LD CREATE1 OP5+ ! WAY TO HUMANITY'S FULFILLM5T AS A SPECIES ?AT EMBODIES REASON RA!R ?AN MAT]IAL 9T]E/ & ?AT AF=DS MAT]IAL PO/SC>CITY RA!R ?AN AN AU/]E H>MONY 5=C$ BY A MORALITY ( SC>CITY & MAT]IAL DEPRIVATION4.<#a#c.> 

,CLASSICAL ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY ( ! FIF? C5TURY ,B,C,E1 ! S\RCE ( ! ,WE/]N DEMOCRATIC TRADITION1 WAS BAS$ ON FACE-TO-FACE DECISION-MAK+ 9 COMMUNAL ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE & CONF$]ATIONS ( ?OSE MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,= MORE ?AN TWO MILL5NIA1 ! POLITICAL WRIT+S ( ,>I/OTLE RECURR5TLY S]V$ TO HEI<T5 \R AW>5ESS ( ! CITY AS ! >5A = ! FULFILLM5T ( HUMAN POT5TIALITIES = REASON1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & ! GOOD LIFE4 ,APPROPRIATELY1 ,>I/OTLE TRAC$ ! EM]G5CE ( ! POLIS FROM ! FAMILY OR OIKOS1 ?AT IS1 ! REALM ( NECESSITY1 :]E HUMAN BE+S SATISFI$ !IR BASICALLY ANIMALI/IC NE$S & :]E AU?ORITY RE/$ ) ! ELDE/ MALE4 ,BUT ! ASSOCIATION ( SEV]AL FAMILIES1 HE OBS]V$1 0AIM.<$.> AT SOME?+ MORE ?AN ! SUPPLY ( DAILY NE$S02.<#a#d.> ?IS AIM 9ITIAT$ ! E>LIE/ POLITICAL =MATION1 ! VILLAGE4 ,>I/OTLE FAM\SLY DESCRIB$ MAN 7BY :I* HE MEANT ! ADULT ,GREEK MALE7.<#a#e.> AS A 0POLITICAL ANIMAL0 7POLITIKON ZOON71 :O PRESID$ OV] FAMILY MEMB]S NOT ONLY TO MEET !IR MAT]IAL NE$S BUT AS ! MAT]IAL PRECONDITION = HIS P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL LIFE1 9 :I* DISC\RSE & REASON REPLAC$ M9DLESS DE$S1 CU/OM1 & VIOL5CE4 ,?US1 0:5 SEV]AL VILLAGES >E UNIT$ 9 A S+LE COMPLETE COMMUNITY 7KO9ONAN71 L>GE 5\< TO BE NE>LY OR QUITE SELF-SUFFIC+10 HE CONT9U$1 0! POLIS COMES 9TO EXI/5CE1 ORIG9AT+ 9 ! B>E NE$S ( LIFE1 & CONT9U+ 9 EXI/5CE = ! SAKE ( A GOOD LIFE40.<#a#f.> 

,= ,>I/OTLE1 & WE MAY ASSUME ALSO = ! ANCI5T ,A!NIANS1 ! MUNICIPALITY'S PROP] FUNCTIONS W]E ?US NOT /RICTLY 9/RUM5TAL OR EV5 ECONOMIC4 ,AS ! LOCALE ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION1 ! MUNICIPALITY1 & ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT PEOPLE LIV+ !RE CON/RUCT$1 WAS HUMANITY'S TELOS1 ! >5A P> EXCELL5CE :]E HUMAN BE+S1 OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 C\LD ACTUALIZE !IR POT5TIALITY = REASON1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & CREATIVITY4 ,?US1 = ! ANCI5T ,A!NIANS1 POLITICS D5OT$ NOT ONLY ! H&L+ ( ! PRACTICAL AFFAIRS ( A POLITY BUT CIVIC ACTIVITIES ?AT W]E *>G$ ) MORAL OBLIGATION TO ONE'S COMMUNITY4 ,ALL CITIZ5S ( A CITY W]E EXPECT$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 CIVIC ACTIVITIES AS E?ICAL BE+S4 

,EXAMPLES ( MUNICIPAL DEMOCRACY W]E NOT LIMIT$ TO ANCI5T ,A!NS4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 LONG BE=E CLASS DIFF]5TIATIONS GAVE RISE TO ! /ATE1 MANY RELATIVELY SECUL> T[NS PRODUC$ ! E>LIE/ 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES ( LOCAL DEMOCRACY4 ,ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE MAY HAVE EXI/$ 9 ANCI5T ,SUM] AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! SO-CALL$ 0URBAN REVOLUTION0 SOME SEV5 OR EI<T ?\S& YE>S AGO4 ,!Y CLE>LY APPE>$ AMONG ! ,GREEKS1 & UNTIL ! DEFEAT ( ! ,GRAC*US BRO!RS1 !Y W]E POPUL> C5T]S ( P[] 9 REPUBLICAN ,ROME4 ,!Y W]E NE>LY UBIQUIT\S 9 ! M$IEVAL T[NS ( ,EUROPE & EV5 9 ,RUSSIA1 NOTABLY 9 ,NOVGOROD & ,PSKOV1 :I*1 = A TIME1 W]E AMONG ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC CITIES 9 ! ,SLAVIC WORLD4 ,! ASSEMBLY1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 BEGAN TO APPROXIMATE ITS TRULY MOD]N =M 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 :5 !Y BECAME ! AU!NTIC MOTIVE =CES ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION & CONSCI\S AG5TS = ! MAK+ ( A NEW BODY POLITIC4 ,?AT !Y W]E NEV] GIV5 ! CONSID]ATION !Y DES]VE 9 ! LIT]ATURE ON DEMOCRACY1 P>TICUL>LY DEMOCRATIC ,M>XI/ T5D5CIES & REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 IS DRAMATIC EVID5CE ( ! FLAWS ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION4 

,!SE DEMOCRATIC MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS NORMALLY EXI/$ 9 COMBATIVE T5SION ) GRASP+ MON>*S1 FEUDAL LORDS1 WEAL?Y FAMILIES1 & FREEBOOT+ 9VAD]S UNTIL !Y W]E CRU%$1 FREQU5TLY 9 BLOODY /RUGGLES4 ,IT CANNOT BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO /RONGLY ?AT EV]Y GREAT REVOLUTION 9 MOD]N HI/ORY HAD A CIVIC DIM5SION ?AT HAS BE5 SMO!R$ 9 RADICAL HI/ORIES BY AN EMPHASIS ON CLASS ANTAGONISMS1 H[EV] IMPORTANT !SE ANTAGONISMS HAVE BE54 ,?US1 IT IS UN?9KABLE ?AT ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS CAN BE UND]/OOD )\T S+L+ \T ,LONDON AS ITS T]RA92 OR1 BY ! SAME TOK51 ANY DISCUSSIONS ( ! V>I\S ,FR5* ,REVOLUTIONS )\T FOCUS+ ON ,P>IS1 OR ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS )\T DWELL+ ON ,PETROGRAD1 OR ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #aicf )\T CIT+ ,B>CELONA AS ITS MO/ ADVANC$ SOCIAL C5T]4 ,?IS C5TRALITY ( ! CITY IS NOT A M]E GEOGRAPHIC FACT2 IT IS1 ABOVE ALL1 A PR(\NDLY POLITICAL ONE1 :I* 9VOLV$ ! WAYS 9 :I* REVOLUTION>Y MASSES AGGREGAT$ & DEBAT$1 ! CIVIC TRADITIONS ?AT N\RI%$ !M1 & ! 5VIRONM5T ?AT FO/]$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y VIEWS4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! ,COMMUNALI/ FRAMEWORK1 9DE$ ITS PRAXIS1 JU/ AS ,COMMUNALISM AS A SY/EMATIC BODY ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T IS MEAN+LESS )\T LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,COMMUNALISM & AU!NTIC OR 0PURE0 AN>*ISM1 LET ALONE ,M>XISM1 >E MU* TOO GREAT TO BE SPANN$ BY A PREFIX SU* AS AN>*O-1 SOCIAL1 NEO-1 OR EV5 LIB]T>IAN4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO R$UCE ,COMMUNALISM TO A M]E V>IANT ( AN>*ISM W\LD BE TO D5Y ! 9TEGRITY ( BO? IDEAS2 9DE$1 TO IGNORE !IR CONFLICT+ CONCEPTS ( DEMOCRACY1 ORGANIZATION1 ELECTIONS1 GOV]NM5T1 & ! LIKE4 ,GU/AVE ,LEFRANCAIS1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUN>D :O MAY HAVE CO9$ ?IS POLITICAL T]M1 ADAMANTLY DECL>$ ?AT HE WAS 0A ,COMMUNALI/1 NOT AN AN>*I/40.<#a#g.> 

,ABOVE ALL1 ,COMMUNALISM IS 5GAG$ ) ! PROBLEM ( P[]4.<#a#h.> ,9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! V>I\S K9DS ( COMMUNIT>IAN 5T]PRISES FAVOR$ BY MANY SELF-DESIGNAT$ AN>*I/S1 SU* AS 0PEOPLE'S0 G>AGES1 PR9T %OPS1 FOOD CO-OPS1 & BACKY>D G>D5S1 ADH]5TS ( ,COMMUNALISM MOBILIZE !MSELVES TO ELECTORALLY 5GAGE 9 A POT5TIALLY IMPORTANT C5T] ( P[]--! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL--& TRY TO COMPEL IT TO CREATE LEGISLATIVELY POT5T NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES4 ,!SE ASSEMBLIES1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 W\LD MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO DELEGITIMATE & DEPOSE ! /ATI/ ORGANS ?AT CURR5TLY CONTROL !IR VILLAGES1 T[NS1 OR CITIES & !REAFT] ACT AS ! REAL 5G9ES 9 ! EX]CISE ( P[]4 ,ONCE A NUMB] ( MUNICIPALITIES >E DEMOCRATIZ$ ALONG ,COMMUNALI/ L9ES1 !Y W\LD ME?ODICALLY CONF$]ATE 9TO MUNICIPAL LEAGUES & *ALL5GE ! ROLE ( ! NATION-/ATE &1 ?R\< POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & CONF$]AL C\NCILS1 TRY TO ACQUIRE CONTROL OV] ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE4 

,F9ALLY1 ,COMMUNALISM1 9 CONTRA/ TO AN>*ISM1 DECID$LY CALLS = DECISION-MAK+ BY MAJORITY VOT+ AS ! ONLY EQUITABLE WAY = A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE TO MAKE DECISIONS4 ,AU!NTIC AN>*I/S CLAIM ?AT ?IS PR9CIPLE--! 0RULE0 ( ! M9ORITY BY ! MAJORITY--IS AU?ORIT>IAN & PROPOSE 9/EAD TO MAKE DECISIONS BY CONS5SUS4 ,CONS5SUS1 9 :I* S+LE 9DIVIDUALS CAN VETO MAJORITY DECISIONS1 ?REAT5S TO ABOLI% SOCIETY AS SU*4 ,A FREE SOCIETY IS NOT ONE 9 :I* ITS MEMB]S1 LIKE ,HOM]'S LOTUS-EAT]S1 LIVE 9 A /ATE ( BLISS )\T MEMORY1 TEMPTATION1 OR KN[L$GE4 ,LIKE IT OR NOT1 HUMANITY HAS EAT5 ( ! FRUIT ( KN[L$GE1 & ITS MEMORIES >E LAD5 ) HI/ORY & EXP]I5CE4 ,9 A LIV$ MODE ( FRE$OM--CONTR>Y TO M]E CAFE *ATT]--! RI<TS ( M9ORITIES TO EXPRESS !IR DISS5T+ VIEWS WILL ALWAYS BE PROTECT$ AS FULLY AS ! RI<TS ( MAJORITIES4 ,ANY ABRIDGM5TS ( ?OSE RI<TS W\LD BE 9/ANTLY CORRECT$ BY ! COMMUNITY--HOPEFULLY G5TLY1 BUT IF UNAVOIDABLE1 =CEFULLY--LE/ SOCIAL LIFE COLLAPSE 9TO %E] *AOS4 ,9DE$1 ! VIEWS ( A M9ORITY W\LD BE TREASUR$ AS A POT5TIAL S\RCE ( NEW 9SI<TS & NASC5T TRU?S ?AT1 IF ABRIDG$1 W\LD D5Y SOCIETY ! S\RCES ( CREATIVITY & DEVELOPM5TAL ADVANCES--= NEW IDEAS G5]ALLY EM]GE FROM 9SPIR$ M9ORITIES ?AT GRADUALLY GA9 ! C5TRALITY !Y DES]VE AT A GIV5 TIME & PLACE--UNTIL1 AGA91 !Y TOO >E *ALL5G$ AS ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( A P]IOD ?AT IS BEG9N+ TO PASS AWAY & REQUIRES NEW 7M9ORITY7 VIEWS TO REPLACE FROZ5 OR?ODOXIES4 

,IT REMA9S TO ASK1 ,H[ >E WE TO A*IEVE ?IS RATIONAL SOCIETY8 ,ONE AN>*I/ WRIT] W\LD HAVE IT ?AT ! GOOD SOCIETY 7OR A TRUE 0NATURAL0 DISPOSITION ( AFFAIRS1 9CLUD+ A 0NATURAL MAN07 EXI/S B5EA? ! OPPRESSIVE BURD5S ( CIVILIZATION LIKE F]TILE SOIL B5EA? ! SN[4 ,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS M5TALITY ?AT ALL WE >E OBLIG$ TO DO TO A*IEVE ! GOOD SOCIETY IS TO SOMEH[ ELIM9ATE ! SN[1 :I* IS TO SAY CAPITALISM1 NATION-/ATES1 *UR*ES1 CONV5TIONAL S*OOLS1 & O!R ALMO/ 5DLESS TYPES ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT P]V]SELY EMBODY DOM9ATION 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 ,PRESUMABLY1 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY--ONCE /ATE1 GOV]NM5TAL1 & CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS >E M]ELY REMOV$--W\LD EM]GE 9TACT1 READY TO FUNCTION & ?RIVE AS A FREE SOCIETY4 ,SU* A 0SOCIETY10 IF ONE CAN EV5 CALL IT SU*1 W\LD NOT REQUIRE ?AT WE PROACTIVELY CREATE IT2 WE W\LD SIMPLY LET ! SN[ ABOVE IT MELT AWAY4 ,! PROCESS ( RATIONALLY CREAT+ A FREE ,COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY1 ALAS1 WILL REQUIRE SUB/ANTIALLY MORE ?\<T & WORK ?AN EMBRAC+ A MY/IFI$ CONCEPT ( ABORIG9AL 9NOC5CE & BLISS4 

,A ,COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY %\LD RE/1 ABOVE ALL1 ON ! EF=TS ( A NEW RADICAL ORGANIZATION TO *ANGE ! WORLD--ONE ?AT HAS A NEW POLITICAL VOCABUL>Y TO EXPLA9 ITS GOALS1 & A NEW PROGRAM & !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK TO MAKE ?OSE GOALS COH]5T4 ,IT W\LD1 ABOVE ALL1 REQUIRE D$ICAT$ 9DIVIDUALS :O >E WILL+ TO TAKE ON ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( $UCATION & LEAD]%IP4 ,UNLESS WORDS >E NOT TO BECOME COMPLETELY MY/IFI$ & OBSCURE A REALITY ?AT EXI/S BE=E \R V]Y EYES1 IT %\LD M9IMALLY BE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT LEAD]%IP ALWAYS EXI/S & DOES NOT DISAPPE> BECAUSE IT IS CL\D$ BY EUPHEMISMS SU* AS 0MILITANTS0 OR1 AS 9 ,SPA91 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS40 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT MANY 9DIVIDUALS 9 E>LI] GR\PS1 LIKE ! ,C,N,T1 W]E NOT JU/ 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS0 BUT \TRI<T LEAD]S1 :OSE VIEWS W]E GIV5 MORE CONSID]ATION--& DES]V$LY SO6--?AN ?OSE ( O!RS BECAUSE !Y W]E BAS$ ON MORE EXP]I5CE1 KN[L$GE1 & WISDOM1 AS WELL AS ! PSY*OLOGICAL TRAITS ?AT W]E NE$$ TO PROVIDE EFFECTIVE GUIDANCE4 ,A S]I\S LIB]T>IAN APPROA* TO LEAD]%IP W\LD 9DE$ ACKN[L$GE ! REALITY & CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE ( LEAD]S--ALL ! MORE TO E/ABLI% ! GREATLY NE$$ =MAL /RUCTURES & REGULATIONS ?AT CAN EFFECTIVELY CONTROL & MODIFY ! ACTIVITIES ( LEAD]S & RECALL !M :5 ! MEMB]%IP DECIDES !IR RESPECT IS BE+ MISUS$ OR :5 LEAD]%IP BECOMES AN EX]CISE 9 ! ABUSE ( P[]4 

,A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T %\LD FUNCTION1 NOT ) ! ADH]5CE ( FLIPPANT & T5TATIVE MEMB]S1 BUT ) PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 S*OOL$ 9 ! MOVEM5T'S IDEAS1 PROC$URES1 & ACTIVITIES4 ,!Y %\LD1 9 EFFECT1 DEMON/RATE A S]I\S COMMITM5T TO !IR ORGANIZATION--AN ORGANIZATION :OSE /RUCTURE IS LAID \T EXPLICITLY 9 A =MAL CON/ITUTION & APPROPRIATE BYLAWS4 ,)\T A DEMOCRATICALLY =MULAT$ & APPROV$ 9/ITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK :OSE MEMB]S & LEAD]S CAN BE HELD ACC\NTABLE1 CLE>LY >TICULAT$ /&>DS ( RESPONSIBILITY CEASE TO EXI/4 ,9DE$1 IT IS PRECISELY :5 A MEMB]%IP IS NO LONG] RESPONSIBLE TO ITS CON/ITUTIONAL & REGULATORY PROVISIONS ?AT AU?ORIT>IANISM DEVELOPS & EV5TUALLY LEADS TO ! MOVEM5T'S IMMOLATION4 ,FRE$OM FROM AU?ORIT>IANISM CAN BE/ BE ASSUR$ ONLY BY ! CLE>1 CONCISE1 & DETAIL$ ALLOCATION ( P[]1 NOT BY PRET5SIONS ?AT P[] & LEAD]%IP >E =MS ( 0RULE0 OR BY LIB]T>IAN METAPHORS ?AT CONCEAL !IR REALITY4 ,IT HAS BE5 PRECISELY :5 AN ORGANIZATION FAILS TO >TICULATE !SE REGULATORY DETAILS ?AT ! CONDITIONS EM]GE = ITS DEG5]ATION & DECAY4 

,IRONICALLY1 NO /RATUM HAS BE5 MORE 9SI/5T 9 DEM&+ ITS FRE$OM TO EX]CISE ITS WILL AGA9/ REGULATION ?AN *IEFS1 MON>*S1 NOBLES1 & ! B\RGEOISIE2 SIMIL>LY1 EV5 WELL-MEAN+ AN>*I/S HAVE SE5 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY AS ! TRUE EXPRESSION ( FRE$OM FROM ! 0>TIFICIALITIES0 ( CIVILIZATION4 ,9 ! REALM ( TRUE FRE$OM1 ?AT IS1 FRE$OM ?AT HAS BE5 ACTUALIZ$ AS ! RESULT ( CONSCI\SNESS1 KN[L$GE1 & NECESSITY1 TO KN[ :AT WE CAN & CANNOT DO IS MORE CLEANLY HONE/ & TRUE TO REALITY ?AN TO AV]T ! RESPONSIBILITY ( KN[+ ! LIMITS ( ! LIV$ WORLD4 ,AS ,M>X OBS]V$ MORE ?AN A C5TURY & A HALF AGO1 0,M5 MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY1 BUT !Y DO NOT MAKE IT JU/ AS !Y PLEASE40 

,! NE$ = ! 9T]NATIONAL ,LEFT TO ADVANCE C\RAGE\SLY BEYOND A ,M>XI/1 AN>*I/1 SYNDICALI/1 OR VAGUE SOCIALI/ FRAMEWORK T[>D A ,COMMUNALI/ FRAMEWORK IS P>TICUL>LY COMPELL+ TODAY4 ,R>ELY 9 ! HI/ORY ( LEFTI/ POLITICAL IDEAS HAVE IDEOLOGIES BE5 SO WILDLY & IRRESPONSIBLY MUDDL$2 R>ELY HAS IDEOLOGY ITSELF BE5 SO DISP>AG$2 R>ELY HAS ! CRY = 0,UNITY60 ON ANY T]MS BE5 HE>D ) SU* DESP]ATION4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! V>I\S T5D5CIES ?AT OPPOSE CAPITALISM %\LD 9DE$ UNITE >\ND EF=TS TO DISCR$IT & ULTIMATELY EFFACE ! M>KET SY/EM4 ,TO SU* 5DS1 UNITY IS AN 9VALUABLE DESID]ATUM3 A UNIT$ FRONT ( ! 5TIRE ,LEFT IS NE$$ 9 ORD] TO C\NT] ! 5TR5*$ SY/EM--9DE$1 CULTURE--( COMMODITY PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 & TO DEF5D ! RESIDUAL RI<TS ?AT ! MASSES HAVE WON 9 E>LI] /RUGGLES AGA9/ OPPRESSIVE GOV]NM5TS & SOCIAL SY/EMS4 

,! URG5CY ( ?IS NE$1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT REQUIRE MOVEM5T P>TICIPANTS TO AB&ON MUTUAL CRITICISM OR TO /IFLE !IR CRITICISM ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN TRAITS PRES5T 9 ANTICAPITALI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,LEA/ ( ALL DOES IT REQUIRE !M TO COMPROMISE ! 9TEGRITY & ID5TITY ( !IR V>I\S PROGRAMS4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( P>TICIPANTS 9 TODAY'S MOVEM5T >E 9EXP]I5C$ Y\NG RADICALS :O HAVE COME ( AGE 9 AN ]A ( PO/MOD]NI/ RELATIVISM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! MOVEM5T IS M>K$ BY A *ILL+ ECLECTICISM1 9 :I* T5TATIVE OP9IONS >E *AOTICALLY MISM>RI$ TO IDEALS ?AT %\LD RE/ ON S\NDLY OBJECTIVE PREMISES4.<#a#i.> ,9 A MILIEU :]E ! CLE> EXPRESSION ( IDEAS IS NOT VALU$ & T]MS >E 9APPROPRIATELY US$1 & :]E >GUM5TATION IS DISP>AG$ AS 0AGGRESSIVE0 & WORSE1 0DIVISIVE10 IT BECOMES DIFFICULT TO =MULATE IDEAS 9 ! CRUCIBLE ( DEBATE4 ,IDEAS GR[ & MATURE BE/1 9 FACT1 NOT 9 ! SIL5CE & CONTROLL$ HUMIDITY ( AN IDEOLOGICAL NURS]Y BUT 9 ! TUMULT ( DISPUTE & MUTUAL CRITICISM4 

,FOLL[+ REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ PRACTICES ( ! PA/1 ,COMMUNALI/S W\LD TRY TO =MULATE A M9IMUM PROGRAM ?AT CALLS = ! SATISFACTION ( IMM$IATE CONC]NS1 SU* AS IMPROV$ WAGES & %ELT] OR ADEQUATE P>K SPACE & TRANSPORTATION4 ,?IS M9IMUM PROGRAM W\LD AIM TO SATISFY ! MO/ ELEM5TAL NE$S ( ! PEOPLE1 TO IMPROVE !IR ACCESS TO ! RES\RCES ?AT MAKE DAILY LIFE TOL]ABLE4 ,! MAXIMUM PROGRAM1 BY CONTRA/1 W\LD PRES5T AN IMAGE ( :AT HUMAN LIFE C\LD BE LIKE UND] LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 AT LEA/ AS F> AS SU* A SOCIETY IS =ESEEABLE 9 A WORLD ?AT IS CONT9UALLY *ANG+ UND] ! IMPACT ( SEEM+LY UN5D+ 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTIONS4 

,EV5 MORE1 H[EV]1 ,COMMUNALI/S W\LD SEE !IR PROGRAM & PRACTICE AS A PROCESS4 ,9DE$1 A TRANSITIONAL PROGRAM 9 :I* EA* NEW DEM& PROVIDES ! SPR+BO>D = ESCALAT+ DEM&S ?AT LEAD T[>D MORE RADICAL & EV5TUALLY REVOLUTION>Y DEM&S4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ EXAMPLES ( A TRANSITIONAL DEM& WAS ! PROGRAMMATIC CALL 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY BY ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL = A POPUL> MILITIA TO REPLACE A PR(ESSIONAL >MY4 ,9 /ILL O!R CASES1 REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S DEM&$ ?AT RAILROADS BE PUBLICALLY [N$ 7OR1 AS REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S MI<T HAVE DEM&$1 BE CONTROLL$ BY RAILROAD WORK]S7 RA!R ?AN PRIVATELY [N$ & OP]AT$4 ,NONE ( !SE DEM&S W]E 9 !MSELVES REVOLUTION>Y1 BUT !Y OP5$ PA?WAYS1 POLITICALLY1 TO REVOLUTION>Y =MS ( [N]%IP & OP]ATION1 :I*1 9 TURN1 C\LD BE ESCALAT$ TO A*IEVE ! MOVEM5T'S MAXIMUM PROGRAM4 ,O!RS MI<T CRITICIZE SU* /EP-BY-/EP 5DEAVORS AS 0RE=MI/10 BUT ,COMMUNALI/S DO NOT CONT5D ?AT A ,COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY CAN BE LEGISLAT$ 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,:AT !SE DEM&S TRY TO A*IEVE1 9 ! %ORT T]M1 >E NEW RULES ( 5GAGEM5T BETWE5 ! PEOPLE & CAPITAL--RULES ?AT >E ALL ! MORE NE$$ AT A TIME :5 0DIRECT ACTION0 IS BE+ CONFUS$ ) PROTE/S ( M]E EV5TS :OSE AG5DA IS SET 5TIRELY BY ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,ON ! :OLE1 ,COMMUNALISM IS TRY+ TO RESCUE A REALM ( PUBLIC ACTION & DISC\RSE ?AT IS EI!R DISAPPE>+ OR ?AT IS BE+ R$UC$ TO (T5-MEAN+LESS 5GAGEM5TS ) ! POLICE1 OR TO /REET !AT] ?AT1 H[EV] >TFULLY1 R$UCES S]I\S ISSUES TO SIMPLI/IC P]=MANCES ?AT HAVE NO 9/RUCTIVE 9FLU5CE4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,COMMUNALI/S TRY TO BUILD LA/+ ORGANIZATIONS & 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN PLAY A SOCIALLY TRANS=MATIVE ROLE 9 ! REAL WORLD4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,COMMUNALI/S DO NOT HESITATE TO RUN C&IDATES 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS :O1 IF ELECT$1 W\LD USE :AT REAL P[] !IR (FICES CONF] TO LEGISLATE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,!SE ASSEMBLIES1 9 TURN1 W\LD HAVE ! P[] ULTIMATELY TO CREATE EFFECTIVE =MS ( T[N-MEET+ GOV]NM5T4 ,9ASMU* AS ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY--& CITY C\NCILS--LONG PREC$$ ! EM]G5CE ( CLASS SOCIETY1 C\NCILS BAS$ ON POPUL> ASSEMBLIES >E NOT 9H]5TLY /ATI/ ORGANS1 & TO P>TICIPATE S]I\SLY 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS C\NT]VAILS RE=MI/ SOCIALI/ ATTEMPTS TO ELECT /ATI/ DELEGATES BY (F]+ ! HI/ORICAL LIB]T>IAN VISION ( MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS AS A PRACTICAL1 COMBATIVE1 & POLITICALLY CR$IBLE POPUL> ALT]NATIVE TO /ATE P[]4 ,9DE$1 ,COMMUNALI/ C&IDACIES1 :I* EXPLICITLY D5\NCE P>LIAM5T>Y C&IDACIES AS OPPORTUNI/1 KEEP ALIVE ! DEBATE OV] H[ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM CAN BE A*IEV$--A DEBATE ?AT HAS BE5 LANGUI%+ = YE>S4 

,!RE %\LD BE NO SELF-DECEPTION AB\T ! OPPORTUNITIES ?AT EXI/ AS A MEANS ( TRANS=M+ \R IRRATIONAL SOCIETY 9TO A RATIONAL ONE4 ,\R *OICES ON H[ TO TRANS=M ! EXI/+ SOCIETY >E /ILL ON ! TABLE ( HI/ORY & >E FAC$ ) IMM5SE PROBLEMS4 ,BUT UNLESS PRES5T & FUTURE G5]ATIONS >E BEAT5 9TO COMPLETE SUBMISSION BY A CULTURE BAS$ ON QUEASY CALCULATION AS WELL AS BY POLICE ) TE> GAS & WAT] CANNONS1 WE CANNOT DESI/ FROM FI<T+ = :AT FRE$OMS WE HAVE & TRY TO EXP& !M 9TO A FREE SOCIETY :]EV] ! OPPORTUNITY TO DO SO EM]GES4 ,AT ANY RATE1 WE N[ KN[1 9 ! LI<T ( ALL ! WEAPONRY & MEANS ( ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION ?AT >E AT H&1 ?AT ! NE$ = RADICAL *ANGE CANNOT BE 9DEF9ITELY DEF]R$4 ,:AT IS CLE> IS ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E MU* TOO 9TELLIG5T NOT TO HAVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY2 ! MO/ S]I\S QUE/ION WE FACE IS :E!R !Y >E RATIONAL 5\< TO A*IEVE ONE4 

,NOVEMB] #bb 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY 
#b4 ,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY 

  

,9 ADDRESS+ ! S\RCES ( \R PRES5T ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 P]HAPS ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL MESSAGE ?AT SOCIAL ECOLOGY ADVANCES IS ?AT ! V]Y IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE /EMS FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,! PRIM>Y IMPLICATION ( ?IS MO/ BASIC MESSAGE IS A CALL = A POLITICS & EV5 AN ECONOMICS ?AT (F] A DEMOCRATIC ALT]NATIVE TO ! NATION-/ATE & ! M>KET SOCIETY4 ,H]E ,I (F] A BROAD SKET* ( !SE ISSUES TO LAY ! GR\NDWORK = ! *ANGES NECESS>Y 9 MOV+ T[>D A FREE & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,FIR/1 ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL R\TE TO A RESOLUTION ( \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IS SOCIAL 9 *>ACT]4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 IF WE >E FAC$ ) ! PROSPECT ( \TRI<T ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE1 T[>D :I* SO MANY KN[L$GEABLE PEOPLE & 9/ITUTIONS CLAIM WE >E HEAD$ TODAY1 IT IS BECAUSE ! HI/ORIC DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN HAS BE5 EXT5D$ \TW>D FROM SOCIETY 9TO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,UNTIL DOM9ATION AS SU* IS REMOV$ FROM SOCIAL LIFE & REPLAC$ BY A TRULY COMMUNIT>IAN1 EGALIT>IAN1 & %>+ SOCIETY1 P[]FUL IDEOLOGICAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 & SY/EMIC =CES WILL BE US$ BY ! EXI/+ SOCIETY TO DEGRADE ! 5VIRONM5T1 9DE$ ! 5TIRE BIOSPH]E4 ,H5CE1 MORE ?AN EV] TODAY1 IT IS IMP]ATIVE ?AT WE DEVELOP ! CONSCI\SNESS & ! MOVEM5T TO REMOVE DOM9ATION FROM SOCIETY1 9DE$ FROM \R EV]YDAY LIVES--9 RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! Y\NG & ! ELD]LY1 BETWE5 WOM5 & M51 9 $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS & WORKPLACES1 & 9 \R ATTITUDE T[>D ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,TO P]MIT ! POISON ( DOM9ATION--& A DOM9E]+ S5SIBILITY--TO P]SI/ IS1 AT ?IS TIME1 TO IGNORE ! MO/ BASIC ROOTS ( \R ECOLOGICAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL PROBLEMS & !IR S\RCES1 :I* CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! V]Y 9CEPTION ( \R CIVILIZATION4 

,SECOND1 & MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ! MOD]N M>KET SOCIETY ?AT WE CALL CAPITALISM & ITS ALT] EGO1 0/ATE SOCIALISM10 HAVE BR\<T ALL ! HI/ORIC PROBLEMS ( DOM9ATION TO A HEAD4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS 0GR[ OR DIE0 M>KET ECONOMY MU/ 9EXORABLY LEAD TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! NATURAL BASIS = COMPLEX LIFE =MS1 9CLUD+ HUMANITY4 ,IT IS ALL TOO COMMON !SE DAYS1 H[EV]1 TO S+LE \T EI!R POPULATION GR[? OR TE*NOLOGY1 OR BO?1 TO BLAME = ! ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS ?AT BESET US4 ,BUT WE CANNOT S+LE \T EI!R ( !SE AS 0CAUSES0 ( PROBLEMS :OSE MO/ DEEP-SEAT$ ROOTS ACTUALLY LIE 9 ! M>KET ECONOMY4 ,ATTEMPTS TO FOCUS ON !SE ALLEG$ 0CAUSES0 >E SC&AL\SLY DECEPTIVE & %IFT \R FOCUS AWAY FROM ! SOCIAL ISSUES WE MU/ RESOLVE4 

,9 ! ,AM]ICAN EXP]I5CE1 PEOPLE ONLY A G5]ATION OR TWO REMOV$ FROM MY [N SLA%$ !IR WAY ?R\< ! VA/ =E/S ( ! ,WE/1 NE>LY EXT]M9AT$ MILLIONS ( BISON1 PL[$ F]TILE GRASSL&S1 & LAID WA/E TO A VA/ P>T ( A CONT95T--ALL US+ ONLY H& AXES1 SIMPLE PL[S1 HORSE-DRAWN VEHICLES1 & SIMPLE H& TOOLS4 ,IT REQUIR$ NO TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION TO CREATE ! PRES5T DEVA/ATION ( :AT HAD ONCE BE5 A VA/ & FECUND REGION CAPABLE1 ) RATIONAL MANAGEM5T1 ( SU/A9+ BO? HUMAN & NONHUMAN LIFE4 ,:AT BR\<T SO MU* RU9 TO ! L& WAS NOT ! TE*NOLOGICAL IMPLEM5TS ?AT ?OSE E>LI] G5]ATIONS ( ,AM]ICANS US$ BUT ! 9SANE DRIVE ( 5TREPR5EURS TO SUCCE$ 9 ! BITT] /RUGGLE ( ! M>KETPLACE1 TO EXP& & DEV\R ! RI*ES ( !IR COMPETITORS LE/ !Y BE DEV\R$ 9 TURN BY !IR RIVALS4 ,9 MY [N LIFETIME1 MILLIONS ( SMALL ,AM]ICAN F>M]S W]E DRIV5 FROM !IR HOMES NOT ONLY BY NATURAL DISA/]S BUT BY HUGE AGRICULTURAL CORPORATIONS ?AT TURN$ SO MU* ( ! L&SCAPE 9TO A VA/ 9DU/RIAL SY/EM = CULTIVAT+ FOOD4 

,NOT ONLY HAS A SOCIETY BAS$ ON 5DLESS1 WA/EFUL GR[? DEVA/AT$ 5TIRE REGIONS1 9DE$ A CONT95T1 ) ONLY A SIMPLE TE*NOLOGY1 ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IT HAS PRODUC$ IS SY/EMIC--& NOT A MATT] ( MIS9=MATION1 SPIRITUAL 9S5SITIVITY1 OR LACK ( MORAL 9TEGRITY4 ,! PRES5T SOCIAL ILLNESS LIES NOT ONLY 9 ! \TLOOK ?AT P]VADES ! PRES5T SOCIETY2 IT LIES ABOVE ALL 9 ! V]Y /RUCTURE & LAW ( LIFE 9 ! SY/EM ITSELF1 9 ITS IMP]ATIVE1 :I* NO 5TREPR5EUR OR CORPORATION CAN IGNORE )\T FAC+ DE/RUCTION3 GR[?1 MORE GR[?1 & /ILL MORE GR[?4 ,BLAM+ TE*NOLOGY = ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS S]VES1 H[EV] UN9T5TIONALLY1 TO BL9D US TO ! WAYS TE*NOLOGY C\LD 9 FACT PLAY A CREATIVE ROLE 9 A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,9 SU* A SOCIETY1 ! 9TELLIG5T USE ( A SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOLOGY W\LD BE DIRELY NE$$ TO RE/ORE ! VA/ ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE ?AT HAS ALREADY BE5 9FLICT$ ON ! BIOSPH]E1 MU* ( :I* WILL NOT REPAIR ITSELF )\T CREATIVE HUMAN 9T]V5TION4 

,ALONG ) TE*NOLOGY1 POPULATION IS COMMONLY S+L$ \T = BLAME AS AN ALLEG$ 0CAUSE0 ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,BUT POPULATION IS BY NO MEANS ! OV]:ELM+ ?REAT ?AT SOME DISCIPLES ( ,MAL?US 9 TODAY'S ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,PEOPLE DO NOT REPRODUCE LIKE ! FRUIT FLIES ?AT >E SO (T5 CIT$ AS EXAMPLES ( M9DLESS REPRODUCTIVE GR[?4 ,!Y >E PRODUCTS ( CULTURE1 AS WELL AS BIOLOGICAL NATURE4 ,GIV5 DEC5T LIV+ /&>DS1 REASONABLY $UCAT$ FAMILIES (T5 HAVE FEW] *ILDR5 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE ! QUALITY ( !IR LIVES4 ,GIV5 $UCATION1 MOREOV]1 & A CONSCI\SNESS ( G5D] OPPRESSION1 WOM5 NO LONG] ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE R$UC$ TO M]E REPRODUCTIVE FACTORIES4 ,9/EAD1 !Y /AKE \T CLAIMS AS HUMANS ) ALL ! RI<TS TO MEAN+FUL & CREATIVE LIVES4 ,IRONICALLY1 TE*NOLOGY HAS PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 ELIM9AT+ ! DOME/IC DRUDG]Y ?AT = C5TURIES CULTURALLY /UPEFI$ WOM5 & R$UC$ !M TO M]E S]VANTS ( M5 & M5'S DESIRE TO HAVE *ILDR5--PREF]ABLY SONS1 TO BE SURE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 EV5 IF POPULATION W]E TO DECL9E = AN UNSPECIFI$ REASON1 ! L>GE CORPORATIONS W\LD TRY TO GET PEOPLE TO BUY MORE & /ILL MORE TO R5D] ECONOMIC EXPANSION POSSIBLE4 ,FAIL+ TO ATTA9 A L>GE 5\< DOME/IC CONSUM]S M>KET 9 :I* TO EXP&1 CORPORATE M9DS W\LD TURN TO 9T]NATIONAL M>KETS--OR TO ?AT MO/ LUCRATIVE ( ALL M>KETS1 ! MILIT>Y4 

,F9ALLY1 WELL-MEAN+ PEOPLE :O REG>D ,NEW ,AGE MORALISM1 PSY*O!RAPEUTIC APPROA*ES1 OR P]SONAL LIFE/YLE *ANGES AS ! KEY TO RESOLV+ ! PRES5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS >E DE/9$ TO BE TRAGICALLY DISAPPO9T$4 ,NO MATT] H[ MU* ?IS SOCIETY PA9TS ITSELF GRE5 OR ORATES ON ! NE$ = AN ECOLOGICAL \TLOOK1 ! WAY SOCIETY LIT]ALLY BREA!S CANNOT BE UNDONE UNLESS IT UND]GOES PR(\ND /RUCTURAL *ANGES3 NAMELY1 BY REPLAC+ COMPETITION ) COOP]ATION1 & PR(IT-SEEK+ ) RELATION%IPS BAS$ ON %>+ & MUTUAL CONC]N4 ,GIV5 ! PRES5T M>KET ECONOMY1 A CORPORATION OR 5TREPR5EUR :O TRI$ TO PRODUCE GOODS 9 ACCORDANCE ) EV5 A M9IMALLY DEC5T ECOLOGICAL \TLOOK W\LD RAPIDLY BE DEV\R$ BY A RIVAL 9 A M>KETPLACE :OSE SELECTIVE PROCESS ( COMPETITION REW>DS ! MO/ VILLA9\S AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MO/ VIRTU\S4 ,AFT] ALL1 0BUS9ESS IS BUS9ESS10 AS ! MAXIM HAS IT4 ,& BUS9ESS ALL[S NO ROOM = PEOPLE :O >E RE/RA9$ BY CONSCI5CE OR MORAL QUALMS1 AS ! MANY SC&ALS 9 ! 0BUS9ESS COMMUNITY0 ATTE/4 ,ATTEMPT+ TO W9 ! 0BUS9ESS COMMUNITY0 TO AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 LET ALONE TO ECOLOGICALLY B5EFICIAL PRACTICES1 W\LD BE LIKE ASK+ PR$ATORY %>KS TO LIVE ON GRASS OR 0P]SUAD+0 LIONS TO LOV+LY LIE D[N BESIDE LAMBS4 

,! FACT IS ?AT WE >E CONFRONT$ BY A ?OR\<LY IRRATIONAL SOCIAL SY/EM1 NOT SIMPLY BY PR$ATORY 9DIVIDUALS :O CAN BE WON OV] TO ECOLOGICAL IDEAS BY MORAL >GUM5TS1 PSY*O!RAPY1 OR EV5 ! *ALL5GES ( A TR\BL$ PUBLIC TO !IR PRODUCTS & BEHAVIOR4 ,IT IS LESS ?AT !SE 5TREPR5EURS CONTROL ! PRES5T SY/EM ( SAVAGE COMPETITION & 5DLESS GR[? ?AN IT IS ?AT ! PRES5T SY/EM ( SAVAGE COMPETITION & GR[? CONTROLS !M4 ,! /AGNATION ( ,NEW ,AGE IDEOLOGY TODAY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ATTE/S TO ITS TRAGIC FAILURE TO 0IMPROVE0 A SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT MU/ BE COMPLETELY REPLAC$ IF WE >E TO RESOLVE \R ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,ONE CAN ONLY COMM5D ! 9DIVIDUALS :O BY VIRTUE ( !IR CONSUMPTION HABITS1 RECYCL+ ACTIVITIES1 & APPEALS = A NEW S5SIBILITY UND]TAKE PUBLIC ACTIVITIES TO /OP ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION4 ,EA* SURELY DOES HIS OR H] P>T4 ,BUT IT WILL REQUIRE A MU* GREAT] EF=T--AN ORGANIZ$1 CLE>LY CONSCI\S1 & =W>D-LOOK+ POLITICAL MOVEM5T--TO MEET ! BASIC *ALL5GES POS$ BY \R AGGRESSIVELY ANTI-ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,YES1 WE AS 9DIVIDUALS %\LD *ANGE \R LIFE/YLES AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 BUT IT IS ! UTMO/ %ORTSI<T$NESS TO BELIEVE ?AT ?AT IS ALL1 OR EV5 PRIM>ILY1 :AT WE HAVE TO DO4 ,WE NE$ TO RE/RUCTURE ! 5TIRE SOCIETY1 EV5 AS WE 5GAGE 9 LIFE/YLE *ANGES & S+LE-ISSUE /RUGGLES AGA9/ POLLUTION1 NUCLE> P[] PLANTS1 ! EXCESSIVE USE ( FOSSIL FUELS1 ! DE/RUCTION ( SOIL1 & SO =?4 ,WE MU/ HAVE A COH]5T ANALYSIS ( ! DEEP-SEAT$ HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS & SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION1 AS WELL AS ( CLASS RELATION%IPS & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION ?AT DEGRADE PEOPLE AS WELL AS ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,H]E1 WE MU/ MOVE BEYOND ! 9SI<TS PROVID$ BY ! ,M>XI/S1 SYNDICALI/S1 & EV5 MANY LIB]AL ECONOMI/S :O = YE>S R$UC$ MO/ SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS & PROBLEMS TO CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,CLASS /RUGGLE & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION /ILL EXI/1 & ,M>XI/ CLASS ANALYSIS REVEALS 9EQUITIES AB\T ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] ?AT >E 9TOL]ABLE4 

,BUT ! ,M>XIAN & LIB]AL BELIEF ?AT CAPITALISM HAS PLAY$ A 0REVOLUTION>Y ROLE0 9 DE/ROY+ TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES & ?AT TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES SEEK+ TO 0CONQU]0 NATURE >E A PRECONDITION = FRE$OM R+S T]RIBLY HOLL[ TODAY :5 MANY ( !SE V]Y ADVANCES >E BE+ US$ TO MAKE ! MO/ =MIDABLE WEAPONS & MEANS ( SURVEILLANCE ! WORLD HAS EV] SE54 ,NOR C\LD ! ,M>XIAN SOCIALI/S ( ! #a#i#cS HAVE ANTICIPAT$ H[ SUCCESSFULLY CAPITALISM W\LD USE ITS TE*NOLOGICAL PR[ESS TO CO-OPT ! WORK+ CLASS & EV5 DIM9I% ITS NUMB]S 9 RELATION%IP TO ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION4 

,YES1 CLASS /RUGGLES /ILL EXI/1 BUT !Y OCCUR F>!R & F>!R BEL[ ! ?RE%OLD ( CLASS W>4 ,WORK]S1 AS ,I CAN ATTE/ FROM MY [N EXP]I5CE AS A F\NDRYMAN & AS AN AUT[ORK] = ,G5]AL ,MOTORS1 DO NOT REG>D !MSELVES AS M9DLESS ADJUNCTS TO MA*9ES OR AS FACTORY DWELL]S OR EV5 AS 09/RUM5TS ( HI/ORY10 AS ,M>XI/S MI<T PUT IT4 ,!Y REG>D !MSELVES AS LIV+ HUMAN BE+S3 AS FA!RS & MO!RS1 AS SONS & DAU<T]S1 AS PEOPLE ) DREAMS & VISIONS1 AS MEMB]S ( COMMUNITIES--NOT ONLY ( TRADE UNIONS4 ,LIV+ 9 T[NS & CITIES1 !IR EM95TLY HUMAN ASPIRATIONS GO WELL BEYOND !IR 0HI/ORIC ROLE0 AS CLASS AG5TS ( 0HI/ORY40 ,!Y SUFF] FROM ! POLLUTION ( !IR COMMUNITIES AS WELL AS FROM !IR FACTORIES1 & !Y >E AS CONC]N$ AB\T ! WELF>E ( !IR *ILDR51 COMPANIONS1 NEI<BORS1 & COMMUNITIES AS !Y >E AB\T !IR JOBS & WAGE SCALES4 

,! OV]LY ECONOMI/IC FOCUS ( TRADITIONAL SOCIALISM & SYNDICALISM HAS 9 REC5T YE>S CAUS$ !SE MOVEM5TS TO LAG BEH9D EM]G+ ECOLOGICAL ISSUES & VISIONS--AS !Y LAGG$1 ,I MAY ADD1 BEH9D FEM9I/ CONC]NS1 CULTURAL ISSUES1 & URBAN ISSUES1 ALL ( :I* (T5 CUT ACROSS CLASS L9ES TO 9CLUDE MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE1 9TELLECTUALS1 SMALL PROPRIETORS1 & EV5 SOME B\RGEOIS4 ,!IR FAILURE TO CONFRONT HI]>*Y--NOT ONLY CLASS & DOM9ATION1 NOT ONLY ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION--HAS (T5 ALI5AT$ WOM5 FROM SOCIALISM & SYNDICALISM TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y AWAK5$ TO ! AGES-OLD REALITY ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 OPPRESS$ IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR CLASS /ATUS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 BROAD COMMUNITY CONC]NS LIKE POLLUTION AFFLICT PEOPLE AS SU*1 :ATEV] ! CLASS TO :I* !Y BELONG4 ,DISA/]S LIKE ! MELTD[N ( ! ,*]NOBYL REACTOR 9 ,UKRA9E JU/LY PANICK$ EV]YONE EXPOS$ TO RADIATION FROM ! PLANT1 NOT SIMPLY WORK]S & PEASANTS4 

,9DE$1 EV5 IF WE W]E TO A*IEVE A CLASSLESS SOCIETY FREE ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 W\LD WE READILY A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY8 ,W\LD WOM51 Y\NG PEOPLE1 ! 9FIRM1 ! ELD]LY1 PEOPLE ( COLOR1 V>I\S OPPRESS$ E?NIC GR\PS--! LI/ IS1 9 FACT1 5ORM\S--BE FREE ( DOM9ATION8 ,! ANSW] IS A CATEGORICAL NO--A FACT TO :I* WOM5 CAN C]TA9LY ATTE/1 EV5 )9 ! SOCIALI/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS !MSELVES4 ,)\T ELIM9AT+ ! ANCI5T HI]>*ICAL & DOM9E]+ /RUCTURES FROM :I* CLASSES & ! /ATE ACTUALLY EM]G$1 WE W\LD HAVE MADE ONLY A P>T ( ! *ANGES NE$$ TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,!RE W\LD /ILL BE A HI/ORIC TOXICANT 9 A SOCIALI/ OR SYNDICALI/ SOCIETY--HI]>*Y--?AT W\LD CONT9UALLY ]ODE ITS HI<E/ IDEALS1 NAMELY1 ! A*IEVEM5T ( A TRULY FREE & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ DISQUIET+ FEATURE ( MANY RADICAL GR\PS TODAY1 P>TICUL>LY SOCIALI/S :O MAY ACCEPT ! =EGO+ OBS]VATION1 IS !IR COMMITM5T TO AT LEA/ A M9IMAL /ATE ?AT W\LD COORD9ATE & ADM9I/] A CLASSLESS & EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY--A NONHI]>*ICAL ONE1 NO LESS6 ,ONE HE>S ?IS >GUM5T FROM ,&RE ,GORZ & MANY O!RS :O1 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE ( ! 0COMPLEXITIES0 ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 CANNOT CONCEIVE ( ! ADM9I/RATION ( ECONOMIC AFFAIRS )\T SOME K9D ( CO]CIVE ME*ANISM1 ALBEIT ONE ) A 0HUMAN FACE40 

,?IS LOGI/ICAL & 9 SOME CASES FRANKLY AU?ORIT>IAN VIEW ( ! HUMAN CONDITION 7AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,>NE ,NAESS1 ! FA!R ( ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY7 REM9DS ONE ( A DOG *AS+ ITS TAIL4 ,SIMPLY BECAUSE ! 0TAIL0 IS !RE--A METAPHOR = ECONOMIC 0COMPLEXITY0 OR M>KET SY/EMS ( DI/RIBUTION--DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! METAPHORICAL 0DOG0 MU/ *ASE IT 9 CIRCLES ?AT LEAD NO:]E4 ,! 0TAIL0 WE HAVE TO WORRY AB\T CAN BE RATIONALLY SIMPLIFI$ BY R$UC+ OR ELIM9AT+ COMM]CIAL BUREAUCRACIES1 NE$LESS RELIANCE ON GOODS FROM ABROAD ?AT CAN BE PRODUC$ BY RECYCL+ AT HOME1 & ! UND]UTILIZATION ( LOCAL RES\RCES ?AT >E N[ IGNOR$ BECAUSE !Y >E NOT 0COMPETITIVELY0 PRIC$3 9 %ORT1 ELIM9AT+ ! VA/ P>APH]NALIA ( GOODS & S]VICES ?AT MAY BE 9DISP5SABLE TO PR(IT-MAK+ & COMPETITION BUT NOT TO ! RATIONAL DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS 9 A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,! PA9FUL REALITY IS ?AT MO/ EXCUSES 9 RADICAL !ORY = PRES]V+ A 0M9IMAL /ATE0 /EM FROM ! MYOPIC VISIONS ( ECOSOCIALI/S :O CAN ACCEPT ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE AS IT IS TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R--NOT AS IT %\LD BE 9 A MORAL ECONOMY4 ,SO CONCEIV$1 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION SEEM MORE =MIDABLE--) !IR BUREAUCRATIC MA*9]Y1 IRRATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 & 0GLOBAL0 NATURE--?AN !Y ACTUALLY NE$ BE4 ,IT W\LD TAKE NO GREAT WISDOM OR >RAY ( COMPUT]S TO %[ ) EV5 A GRA9 ( IMAG9ATION H[ ! PRES5T 0GLOBAL0 SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION CAN BE SIMPLIFI$ & /ILL PROVIDE A DEC5T /&>D ( LIV+ = EV]YONE4 ,9DE$1 IT TOOK ONLY SOME FIVE YE>S TO REBUILD A RU9$ ,G]MANY AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 F> LONG] ?AN IT W\LD REQUIRE ?9K+ PEOPLE TODAY TO REMOVE ! /ATI/ & BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS = ADM9I/]+ ! GLOBAL DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & RES\RCES4 

,:AT IS EV5 MORE DISQUIET+ IS ! NAIVE BELIEF ?AT A 0M9IMAL /ATE0 C\LD 9DE$ REMA9 0M9IMAL40 ,IF HI/ORY HAS %[N ANY?+1 IT IS ?AT ! /ATE1 F> FROM BE+ ONLY AN 9/RUM5T ( A RUL+ ELITE1 BECOMES AN ORGANISM 9 ITS [N RI<T ?AT GR[S AS UNREL5T+LY AS A CANC]4 ,AN>*ISM1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 HAS EXHIBIT$ A PRESCI5CE ?AT DISCLOSES ! T]RIFY+ WEAKNESS ( ! TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ COMMITM5T TO A /ATE--PROLET>IAN1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC1 OR 0M9IMAL40 ,TO CREATE A /ATE IS TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE P[] 9 ! =M ( A MA*9E ?AT EXI/S AP>T FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS TO PR(ESSIONALIZE RULE & POLICYMAK+1 TO CREATE A DI/9CT 9T]E/ 7BE IT ( BUREAUCRATS1 DEPUTIES1 COMMISS>S1 LEGISLATORS1 ! MILIT>Y1 ! POLICE1 AD NAUSEAM7 ?AT1 H[EV] WEAK OR H[EV] WELL 9T5TION$ IT MAY BE AT FIR/1 EV5TUALLY TAKES ON A CORRUPTIVE P[] ( ITS [N4 ,:51 OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 HAVE /ATES--H[EV] 0M9IMAL0--EV] DISSOLV$ !MSELVES OR CON/RA9$ !IR [N GR[? 9TO MASSIVE MALIGNANCIES8 ,:5 HAVE !Y EV] REMA9$ 0M9IMAL08 

,! DET]IORATION ( ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S--! SO-CALL$ 0NONP>TY P>TY0 ?AT1 AFT] ITS ACQUISITION ( A PLACE 9 ! ,BUNDE/AG1 HAS N[ BECOME A CRUDE POLITICAL MA*9E--IS DRAMATIC EVID5CE ?AT P[] CORRUPTS ) A V5GEANCE4 ,! IDEALI/S :O HELP$ F\ND ! ORGANIZATION & S\<T TO USE ! ,BUNDE/AG M]ELY AS A 0PLAT=M0 = !IR RADICAL MESSAGE HAVE BY N[ EI!R LEFT IT 9 DISGU/ OR HAVE !MSELVES BECOME RA!R UNSAVORY EXAMPLES ( WANTON POLITICAL C>E]ISM4 ,ONE W\LD HAVE TO BE UTT]LY NAIVE OR SIMPLY BL9D TO ! LESSONS ( HI/ORY TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ! /ATE1 0M9IMAL0 OR NOT1 ABSORBS & ULTIMATELY DIGE/S EV5 ITS MO/ WELL-MEAN+ CRITICS ONCE !Y 5T] IT4 ,IT IS NOT ?AT /ATI/S USE ! /ATE TO ABOLI% IT OR 0M9IMALIZE0 ITS EFFECTS2 IT IS1 RA!R1 ! /ATE ?AT CORRUPTS EV5 ! MO/ IDEALI/IC ANTI/ATI/S :O FLIRT ) IT4 

,F9ALLY1 ! MO/ DI/URB+ FEATURE ( /ATISM--EV5 0M9IMAL /ATISM0--IS ?AT IT COMPLETELY UND]M9ES A POLITICS BAS$ ON CONF$]ALISM4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ UN=TUNATE FEATURES ( TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ HI/ORY1 ,M>XIAN & O!RWISE1 IS ?AT IT EM]G$ 9 AN ]A ( NATION-/ATE BUILD+4 ,! ,JACOB9 MODEL ( A C5TRALIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y /ATE WAS ACCEPT$ ALMO/ UNCRITICALLY BY N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIALI/S & BECAME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION--A TRADITION1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT MI/AK5LY ASSOCIAT$ ITSELF ) ! NATIONALI/IC EMPHASIS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 AS SE5 9 ! 0,M>SEILLAISE0 & 9 ITS ADULATION ( LA PATRIE4 ,M>X'S VIEW ?AT ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION WAS BASICALLY A MODEL = =MULAT+ A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY--HE MI/AK5LY CLAIM$ ?AT ITS ,JACOB9 =M WAS ! MO/ 0CLASSICAL0 ( ! 0B\RGEOIS0 REVOLUTIONS--HAS HAD A DISA/R\S EFFECT UPON ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION4 ,L59 ADAPT$ ?IS VISION SO COMPLETELY ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E RI<TLY CONSID]$ ! 0,JACOB9S0 ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 & ( C\RSE1 ,/AL9 US$ TE*NIQUES SU* AS PURGES1 %[ TRIALS1 & BRUTE =CE ) LE?AL EFFECTS = ! SOCIALI/ PROJECT AS A :OLE4 

,! NOTION ?AT HUMAN FRE$OM CAN BE A*IEV$1 MU* LESS P]PETUAT$1 ?R\< A /ATE ( ANY K9D IS MON/R\SLY OXYMORONIC--A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,ATTEMPTS TO JU/IFY ! EXI/5CE ( A CANC]\S PH5OM5ON LIKE ! /ATE & ! USE ( /ATI/ MEASURES OR 0/ATECRAFT0--SO (T5 MI/AK5LY CALL$ 0POLITICS10 :I* IS ACTUALLY ! SELF-MANAGEM5T ( ! POLIS--EXCLUDE A RADICALLY DIFF]5T =M ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T1 NAMELY1 CONF$]ALISM4 ,9 FACT1 = C5TURIES1 DEMOCRATIC =MS ( CONF$]ALISM1 9 :I* MUNICIPALITIES W]E COORD9AT$ BY M&AT$ & RECALLABLE DEPUTIES :O W]E ALWAYS UND] PUBLIC SCRUT9Y1 HAVE COMPET$ ) /ATI/ =MS & CON/ITUT$ A *ALL5G+ ALT]NATIVE TO C5TRALIZATION1 BUREAUCRATIZATION1 & ! PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( P[] 9 ! H&S ( ELITE BODIES4 ,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT CONF$]ALISM %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) F$]ALISM1 :I* IS SIMPLY A CONT9UATION ( NATION-/ATES 9 A NETWORK ( AGREEM5TS ?AT PRES]VE ! PR]OGATIVES ( POLICYMAK+ ) LITTLE IF ANY CITIZ5 9VOLVEM5T4 ,F$]ALISM IS SIMPLY ! /ATE WRIT L>GE1 9DE$1 ! FUR!R C5TRALIZATION ( ALREADY C5TRALIZ$ /ATES1 AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' F$]AL REPUBLIC1 ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMUNITY1 & ! REC5TLY =M$ ,COMMONWEAL? ( ,9DEP5D5T ,/ATES--ALL COLLECTIONS ( HUGE CONT95TAL SUP]-/ATES ?AT EV5 FUR!R REMOVE :ATEV] CONTROL PEOPLE HAVE OV] NATION-/ATES4 

,A CONF$]ALI/ ALT]NATIVE W\LD BE BAS$ ON A NETWORK ( POLICYMAK+ POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ) RECALLABLE DEPUTIES TO LOCAL & REGIONAL CONF$]AL C\NCILS--C\NCILS :OSE SOLE FUNCTION1 ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE1 W\LD BE TO ADJUDICATE DIFF]5CES & UND]TAKE /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE TASKS4 ,ONE C\LD SC>CELY ADVANCE SU* A PROSPECT BY MAK+ USE ( A /ATE =MATION ( ANY K9D1 H[EV] M9IMAL4 ,9DE$1 TO JUGGLE /ATI/ & CONF$]AL P]SPECTIVES 9 A V]BAL GAME BY DI/+UI%+ 0M9IMAL0 FROM 0MAXIMAL0 IS TO CONFUSE ! BASIS = A NEW POLITICS /RUCTUR$ >\ND P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY4 ,AMONG ,GRE5S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 !RE HAVE ALREADY BE5 T5D5CIES ?AT ABSURDLY CALL = 0DEC5TRALIZATION0 & 0GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY0 :ILE SEEK+ TO RUN C&IDATES = /ATE & NATIONAL (FICES1 ?AT IS1 = /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 ONE ( :OSE ESS5TIAL FUNCTIONS IS TO CONF9E1 RE/RICT1 & ESS5TIALLY SUPPRESS LOCAL DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS & 9ITIATIVES4 ,9DE$1 AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ 9 O!R BOOKS & ESSAYS1 :5 LIB]T>IANS ( ALL K9DS1 BUT P>TICUL>LY AN>*I/S & ECOSOCIALI/S1 5GAGE 9 CONF$]AL MUNICIPALI/ POLITICS & RUN = MUNICIPAL PUBLIC (FICE1 !Y >E NOT M]ELY SEEK+ TO REMAKE CITIES1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES ON ! BASIS ( FULLY DEMOCRATIC CONF$]AL NETWORKS1 !Y >E RUNN+ AGA9/ ! /ATE & P>LIAM5T>Y (FICES4 ,H5CE1 TO CALL = A 0M9IMAL /ATE10 EV5 AS A COORD9ATIVE 9/ITUTION1 AS ,&RE ,GORZ & O!RS HAVE DONE1 IS TO OBSCURE & C\NT]VAIL ANY EF=T TO REPLACE ! NATION-/ATE ) A CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES4 

,IT IS TO ! CR$IT ( E>LY AN>*ISM &1 MORE REC5TLY1 TO ! ECO-AN>*ISM ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 ?AT IT FIRMLY REJECTS ! TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ ORI5TATION T[>D /ATE P[] & RECOGNIZES ! CORRUPTIVE ROLE ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS4 ,:AT IS REGRETTABLE IS ?AT ?IS REJECTION1 SO CLE>LY CORROBORAT$ BY ! CORRUPTION ( /ATI/ SOCIALI/S1 ,GRE5S1 & MEMB]S ( O!R PR(ESS$ RADICAL MOVEM5TS1 WAS NOT SUFFICI5TLY NUANC$ TO DI/+UI% ACTIVITY ON ! MUNICIPAL LEVEL 7:I* EV5 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 REG>D$ AS VALID7 AS ! BASIS ( POLITICS 9 ! ,HELL5IC S5SE3 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO DI/+UI% ELECTORAL ACTIVITY ON ! LOCAL LEVEL FROM ELECTORAL ACTIVITY ON ! PROV9CIAL & NATIONAL LEVELS1 :I* REALLY CON/ITUTE /ATECRAFT4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 :ATEV] ITS O!R VALUE OR FAIL+S1 REPRES5TS A COH]5T 9T]PRETATION ( ! 5ORM\S ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL PROBLEMS WE FACE TODAY4 ,ITS PHILOSOPHY1 SOCIAL !ORY1 & POLITICAL PRACTICE =M A VITAL ALT]NATIVE TO ! IDEOLOGICAL /AGNATION & TRAGIC FAILURE ( ! PRES5T SOCIALI/1 SYNDICALI/1 & RADICAL PROJECTS ?AT W]E SO MU* 9 VOGUE EV5 AS REC5TLY AS ! #a#i#fS4 ,AS TO 0ALT]NATIVES0 ?AT (F] US ,NEW ,AGE OR MY/ICAL ECOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS1 :AT C\LD BE MORE NAIVE ?AN TO BELIEVE ?AT A SOCIETY :OSE V]Y METABOLISM IS BAS$ ON GR[?1 PRODUCTION = ITS [N SAKE1 HI]>*Y1 CLASSES1 DOM9ATION1 & EXPLOITATION C\LD BE *ANG$ SIMPLY BY MORAL SUASION1 9DIVIDUAL ACTION1 OR A PRIMITIVISM ?AT ESS5TIALLY VIEWS TE*NOLOGY AS A CURSE & ?AT FOCUSES V>I\SLY ON DEMOGRAPHIC GR[? & P]SONAL MODES ( CONSUMPTION AS PRIM>Y ISSUES8 ,WE MU/ GET TO ! HE>T ( ! CRISIS WE FACE & DEVELOP A POPUL> POLITICS ?AT WILL ES*EW /ATISM AT ONE EXTREME & ,NEW ,AGE PRIVATISM AT ! O!R4 ,IF ?IS GOAL IS DISMISS$ AS UTOPIAN1 ,I AM OBLIG$ TO QUE/ION :AT MANY RADICALS TODAY W\LD CALL 0REALISM40 

,JANU>Y #aiib 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,A ,POLITICS = ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY 
#c4 ,A ,POLITICS = ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY 

  

,IT W\LD BE HELPFUL TO PLACE LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9 A BROAD HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ALL ! MORE TO UND]/& ITS REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS G5]ALLY AS WELL AS ITS PLACE 9 ! REP]TOIRE ( ANTI/ATI/ PRACTICES4 ,! COMMUNE1 ! T[N OR CITY1 OR MORE BROADLY1 ! MUNICIPALITY1 IS NOT M]ELY A 0SPACE0 CREAT$ BY A GIV5 D5SITY ( HUMAN HABITATIONS4 ,9 T]MS ( ITS HI/ORY AS A CIVILIZ+ T5D5CY 9 HUMANITY'S DEVELOPM5T1 ! MUNICIPALITY IS 9TEGRALLY P>T ( ! SWEEP+ PROCESS :]EBY HUMAN BE+S BEGAN TO DISSOLVE BIOLOGICALLY CONDITION$ SOCIAL RELATIONS BAS$ ON REAL OR FICTITI\S BLOOD TIES1 ) !IR PRIMORDIAL HO/ILITY TO 0/RANG]S10 & SL[LY REPLACE !M BY L>GELY SOCIAL & RATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 RI<TS1 & DUTIES ?AT 9CREAS+LY 5COMPASS$ ALL RESID5TS ( AN URBAN SPACE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( CONSANGU9ITY & BIOLOGICAL FACTS4 ,! T[N1 CITY1 MUNICIPALITY1 OR COMMUNE 7! EQUIVAL5T WORD1 9 ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 = 0MUNICIPALITY07 WAS ! EM]G+ CIVIC SUB/ITUTE1 BAS$ ON RESID5CE & SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 = ! TRIBAL BLOOD GR\P1 :I* HAD BE5 BAS$ ON MY?S ( A COMMON ANCE/RY4 ,! MUNICIPALITY1 H[EV] SL[LY & 9COMPLETELY1 =M$ ! NECESS>Y CONDITION = HUMAN ASSOCIATION BAS$ ON RATIONAL DISC\RSE1 MAT]IAL 9T]E/1 & A SECUL> CULTURE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( & (T5 9 CONFLICT ) ANCE/RAL ROOTS & BLOOD TIES4 ,9DE$1 ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE CAN GA!R 9 LOCAL ASSEMBLIES1 DISCUSS & %>E CREATIVELY 9 ! EX*ANGE ( IDEAS )\T ANY HO/ILITY OR SUSPICION1 DESPITE DISP>ATE E?NIC1 L+UI/IC1 & NATIONAL BACKGR\NDS1 IS A GR& HI/ORIC A*IEVEM5T ( CIVILIZATION1 ONE ?AT IS ! WORK ( C5TURIES 9VOLV+ A PA9FUL DISC>D+ ( PRIMORDIAL DEF9ITIONS ( ANCE/RY & ! REPLACEM5T ( !SE >*AIC DEF9ITIONS BY REASON1 KN[L$GE1 & A GR[+ S5SE ( \R /ATUS AS MEMB]S ( A COMMON HUMANITY4 

,9 GREAT P>T1 ?IS HUMANIZ+ DEVELOPM5T WAS ! WORK ( ! MUNICIPALITY--! 9CREAS+LY FREE SPACE 9 :I* PEOPLE1 AS PEOPLE1 BEGAN TO SEE EA* O!R REALI/ICALLY1 /EADILY UNFETT]$ BY >*AIC NOTIONS ( BIOLOGICAL TIES1 TRIBAL AFFILIATIONS1 & A MY/ICAL1 TRADITION-LAD51 & P>O*IAL ID5TITY4 ,I DO NOT CONT5D ?AT ?IS PROCESS ( CIVILIZATION1 A T]M ?AT D]IVES FROM ! ,LAT9 WORD = CITY & CITIZ5%IP1 HAS BE5 COMPLETELY A*IEV$4 ,F> FROM IT3 )\T ! EXI/5CE ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 ! MUNICIPALITY CAN EASILY BECOME A MEGALOPOLIS1 9 :I* COMMUNITY1 H[EV] SECUL>1 IS REPLAC$ BY ATOMIZATION & AN 9HUMAN SOCIAL SCALE BEYOND ! COMPREH5SION ( ITS CITIZ5S--9DE$1 ! SPACE = CLASS1 RACIAL1 RELIGI\S1 & O!R IRRATIONAL CONFLICTS4 

,BUT BO? HI/ORICALLY & CONTEMPORANE\SLY1 CITIFICATION =MS ! NECESS>Y CONDITION--ALBEIT BY NO MEANS FULLY ACTUALIZ$--= ! REALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY TO BECOME FULLY HUMAN1 RATIONAL1 & COLLECTIVI/IC1 !REBY %$D+ DIVISIONS BAS$ ON PRESUM$ BLOOD AFFILIATIONS & DIFF]5CES1 M9DLESS CU/OM1 FE>FUL IMAG9>IES1 & A NONRATIONAL1 (T5 9TUITIONAL1 NOTION ( RI<TS & DUTIES4 

,H5CE1 ! MUNICIPALITY IS ! POT5TIAL >5A = REALIZ+ ! GREAT GOAL ( TRANS=M+ P>O*IALIZ$ HUMAN BE+S 9TO TRULY UNIV]SAL HUMAN BE+S1 A G5U9E HUMANITAS1 DIVE/$ ( ! D>K] BRUTI% ATTRIBUTES ( ! PRIMORDIAL WORLD4 ,! MUNICIPALITY 9 :I* ALL HUMAN BE+S CAN BE CITIZ5S1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR E?NIC BACKGR\ND & IDEOLOGICAL CONVICTIONS1 CON/ITUTES ! TRUE >5A ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,METAPHORICALLY SPEAK+1 IT IS NOT ONLY A DESID]ATUM = RATIONAL HUMAN BE+S1 )\T :I* A FREE SOCIETY IS IMPOSSIBLE1 IT IS ALSO ! FUTURE ( A RATIONAL HUMANITY1 ! 9DISP5SABLE SPACE = ACTUALIZ+ HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 

,I DO NOT PRESUME TO CLAIM ?AT A CONF$]ATION ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALITIES--A ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES--HAS EV] EXI/$ 9 ! PA/4 ,YET1 NO MATT] H[ FREQU5TLY ,I DISCLAIM ! EXI/5CE ( ANY HI/ORICAL 0MODELS0 & 0P>ADIGMS0 = LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALITIES1 MY CRITICS /ILL TRY TO SADDLE ME ) ! MANY SOCIAL DEFECTS ( ,A!NS1 REVOLUTION>Y ,NEW ,5GL& T[NS1 & ! LIKE1 AS SOMEH[ AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( MY 0IDEALS40 ,I PRIVILEGE NO S+LE CITY OR GR\P ( CITIES--BE !Y CLASSICAL ,A!NS1 ! FREE CITIES ( ! M$IEVAL WORLD1 ! T[N MEET+S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! SECTIONS ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 OR ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ COLLECTIVES ?AT EM]G$ 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION--AS ! FULL ACTUALIZATION1 /ILL LESS ! COMPREH5SIVE 0MODELS0 OR 0P>ADIGMS10 ( ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ VISION4 

,YET SIGNIFICANT FEATURES--DESPITE V>I\S1 (T5 UNAVOIDABLE DI/ORTIONS--EXI/$ AMONG ALL ( !SE MUNICIPALITIES & ! F$]ATIONS ?AT !Y =M$4 ,!IR VALUE = US LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT WE CAN LE>N FROM ALL ( !M AB\T ! WAYS 9 :I* !Y PRACTIC$ ! DEMOCRATIC PRECEPTS BY :I* !Y W]E GUID$4 ,& WE CAN 9CORPORATE ! BE/ ( !IR 9/ITUTIONS = \R [N & FUTURE TIMES1 /UDY !IR DEFECTS1 & GA9 9SPIRATION FROM ! FACT ?AT !Y DID EXI/ & FUNCTION$ ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( SUCCESS = G5]ATIONS1 IF NOT C5TURIES4 

,AT PRES5T1 ,I ?9K IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ?AT :5 WE ADVANCE A POLITICS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 WE >E NOT 5GAG$ 9 DISCUSS+ A M]E TACTIC OR /RATEGY = CREAT+ A PUBLIC SPH]E4 ,RA!R1 WE >E TRY+ TO CREATE A NEW POLITICAL CULTURE ?AT IS NOT ONLY CONSI/5T ) AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ GOALS BUT ?AT 9CLUDES REAL EF=TS TO ACTUALIZE !SE GOALS1 FULLY COGNIZANT ( ALL ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT FACE US & ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ?AT !Y HOLD = US 9 ! YE>S AHEAD4 

,LET ME NOTE H]E ?AT ! 0NEI<BORHOOD0 IS NOT M]ELY ! PLACE :]E PEOPLE MAKE !IR HOMES1 RE> !IR *ILDR51 & PUR*ASE MANY ( !IR GOODS4 ,UND] A MORE POLITICAL COLORATION1 SO TO SPEAK1 A NEI<BORHOOD MAY WELL 9CLUDE ?OSE VITAL SPACES :]E PEOPLE CONGREGATE TO DISCUSS POLITICAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL ISSUES4 ,9DE$1 IT IS ! EXT5T TO :I* PUBLIC ISSUES >E OP5LY DISCUSS$ 9 A CITY OR T[N ?AT TRULY DEF9ES ! NEI<BORHOOD AS AN IMPORTANT POLITICAL & P[] SPACE4 

,BY ?IS1 ,I DO NOT MEAN ONLY AN ASSEMBLY1 :]E CITIZ5S DISCUSS & GIRD !MSELVES TO FI<T = SPECIFIC POLICIES2 ,I ALSO MEAN ! NEI<BORHOOD AS ! C5T] ( A T[N1 :]E CITIZ5S MAY GA!R AS A L>GE GR\P TO %>E !IR VIEWS & GIVE PUBLIC EXPRESSION TO !IR POLICIES4 ,?IS WAS ! FUNCTION ( ! ,A!NIAN AGORA1 = EXAMPLE1 & ! T[N SQU>ES 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! SPACES = POLITICAL LIFE MAY BE MULTIPLE1 BUT !Y >E G5]ALLY HI<LY SPECIFIC & DEF9ABLE1 NOT R&OM OR AD HOC4 

,SU* ESS5TIALLY POLITICAL NEI<BORHOODS HAVE (T5 APPE>$ 9 TIMES ( UNRE/1 :5 SIZABLE NUMB]S ( 9DIVIDUALS SPONTANE\SLY OCCUPY SPACES = DISCUSSION1 AS 9 ! ,HELL5IC AGORA4 ,I RECALL !M DUR+ MY [N Y\? 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 9 ,UNION ,SQU>E & ,CROTONA ,P>K1 :]E HUNDR$S & POSSIBLY ?\S&S ( M5 & WOM5 APPE>$ WEEKLY TO 9=MALLY DISCUSS ! ISSUES ( ! DAY4 ,HYDE ,P>K 9 ,LONDON CON/ITUT$ SU* A CIVIC SPACE1 AS DID ! ,PALAIS-,ROYAL 9 ,P>IS1 :I* WAS ! BRE$+ GR\ND ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#c4 

,& DUR+ ! E>LY DAYS ( ! #ahdh REVOLUTION 9 ,P>IS1 SCORES 7POSSIBLY HUNDR$S7 ( NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY HALLS EXI/$ AS CLUBS & =UMS & POT5TIALLY =M$ ! BASIS = A RE/ORATION ( ! OLD] NEI<BORHOOD SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c4 ,! BE/ E/IMATES 9DICATE ?AT CLUB MEMB]%IP DID NOT EXCE$ #g1 \T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( AB\T A MILLION RESID5TS4 ,YET1 HAD ?IS CLUB MOVEM5T BE5 COORD9AT$ BY AN ACTIVE & POLITICALLY COH]5T REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 IT C\LD HAVE BECOME A =MIDABLE1 POSSIBLY A SUCCESSFUL =CE1 DUR+ ! WEEKS ( CRISIS ?AT L$ TO ! ,JUNE 9SURRECTION ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S4 

,!RE IS NO REASON1 9 PR9CIPLE1 :Y SU* SPACES & ! PEOPLE :O REGUL>LY OCCUPY !M CANNOT BECOME CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES AS WELL4 ,9DE$1 LIKE C]TA9 SECTIONS 9 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 !Y MAY WELL TAKE A LEAD+ ROLE 9 SP>K+ A REVOLUTION & PU%+ IT =W>D TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION4 

,A PROBLEM EXI/S 9 AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ !ORY3 IT FAILS TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT A POLITICAL SPH]E1 DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! /ATE & POT5TIALLY LIB]T>IAN 9 ITS POSSIBILITIES1 MU/ BE ACKN[L$G$ & ITS POT5TIALITIES = A TRULY LIB]T>IAN POLITICS EXPLOR$4 ,WE CANNOT CONT5T \RSELVES ) SIMPLI/ICALLY DIVID+ CIVILIZATION 9TO A WORKADAY WORLD ( EV]YDAY LIFE ?AT IS PROP]LY SOCIAL1 AS ,I CALL IT1 9 :I* WE REPRODUCE ! CONDITIONS ( \R 9DIVIDUAL EXI/5CE AT WORK1 9 ! HOME1 & AMONG \R FRI5DS1 &1 ( C\RSE1 ! /ATE1 :I* R$UCES US AT BE/ TO DOCILE OBS]V]S ( ! ACTIVITIES ( PR(ESSIONALS :O ADM9I/] \R CIVIC & NATIONAL AFFAIRS4 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO WORLDS IS /ILL ANO!R WORLD1 ! REALM ( ! POLITICAL1 :]E \R ANCE/ORS 9 ! PA/1 AT V>I\S TIMES & PLACES HI/ORICALLY1 EX]CIS$ V>Y+1 SOMETIMES COMPLETE CONTROL OV] ! COMMUNE & ! CONF$]ATION TO :I* IT BELONG$4 

,IT IS A LACUNA 9 AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ !ORY ?AT ! POLITICAL WAS CONFLAT$ ) ! /ATE1 !REBY EFFAC+ A MAJOR DI/9CTION BETWE5 A POLITICAL SPH]E 9 :I* PEOPLE 9 V>Y+ DEGREES EX]CIS$ P[]1 (T5 ?R\< DIRECT ASSEMBLIES1 OV] !IR CIVIC 5VIRONM5T1 & ! /ATE1 9 :I* PEOPLE HAD NO DIRECT CONTROL1 (T5 NO CONTROL AT ALL1 OV] ?AT 5VIRONM5T4 

,IF POLITICS IS D5ATUR$ TO MEAN LITTLE MORE ?AN /ATECRAFT & ! MANIPULATION ( PEOPLE BY !IR SO-CALL$ 0REPRES5TATIVES10 !N A CONDITION ?AT HAS ACQUIR$ V>Y+ =MS ( EXPRESSION 9 ! CLASSICAL ,A!NIAN ASSEMBLY1 POPUL> M$IEVAL CIVIC ASSEMBLIES1 T[N MEET+S1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES ( ,P>IS1 IS CONV5I5TLY ]AS$ & ! MULTITUD9\S 9/ITUTIONS = MANAG+ A MUNICIPALITY BECOME R$UCIBLE TO ! BEHAVIOR ( CYNICAL P>LIAM5T>IANS OR WORSE4 ,IT IS A GROSS SIMPLIFICATION ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & ! WORLD 9 :I* WE LIVE TO SEE ! POLITICAL SIMPLY AS ! PRACTICE ( /ATECRAFT4 ,JU/ AS ! TRIBE EM]G$ LONG BE=E ! CITY1 SO ! CITY EM]G$ LONG BE=E ! /ATE--9DE$1 (T5 9 OPPOSITION TO IT4 ,MESOPOTAMIAN CITIES1 APPE>+ 9 ! L& BETWE5 ! ,TIGRIS & ,EUPHRATES RIV]S SOME SIX ?\S& YE>S AGO1 >E BELIEV$ TO HAVE BE5 MANAG$ BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES LONG BE=E !Y W]E =C$ BY 9T]CITY CONFLICTS TO E/ABLI% /ATE-LIKE 9/ITUTIONS & ULTIMATELY DESPOTIC IMP]IAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT WAS 9 !SE E>LY CITIES ?AT POLITICS1 ?AT IS1 POPUL> WAYS ( MANAG+ ! CITY1 W]E BORN & MAY V]Y WELL HAVE ?RIV$4 ,! /ATE FOLL[$ LAT] & ELABORAT$ ITSELF 9/ITUTIONALLY1 (T5 9 BITT] OPPOSITION TO T5D5CIES ?AT TRI$ TO RE/ORE POPUL> CONTROL OV] CIVIC AFFAIRS4 

,NOR CAN WE AF=D TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ! SAME CONFLICT ALSO EM]G$ 9 E>LY ,A!NS & PROBABLY O!R ,GREEK POLEIS LONG BE=E ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! /ATE REA*$ A RELATIVELY HI< DEGREE ( COMPLETION4 ,ONE CAN SEE ! RECURR5CE ( SIMIL> CONFLICTS 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,GRAC*I BRO!RS & POPUL> ASSEMBLIES 9 ,ROME AGA9/ ! ELITI/ ,S5ATE &1 REPEAT$LY1 9 ! M$IEVAL CITIES1 LONG BE=E ! RISE ( LATE M$IEVAL >I/OCRACIES & ! ,B>OQUE MON>*IES ( ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? C5TURIES4 ,KROPOTK9 DID NOT WRITE NONS5SE :5 HE PO9T$ TO ! FREE CITIES ( ,EUROPE1 M>K$ NOT BY ! EXI/5CE ( /ATES BUT BY !IR ABS5CE4 

,9DE$1 LET US ALSO ACKN[L$GE ?AT ! /ATE ITSELF UND]W5T A PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T & DIFF]5TIATION1 AT TIMES DEVELOP+ NO FUR!R ?AN A LOOSE1 ALMO/ M9IMAL SY/EM ( CO]CION1 AT O!R TIMES EXT5D+ FUR!R 9TO AN EV]-GR[+ APP>ATUS1 & F9ALLY1 9 ?IS C5TURY 9 P>TICUL>1 ACQUIR+ TOTALIT>IAN CONTROL OV] EV]Y ASPECT ( HUMAN EXI/5CE--AN APP>ATUS ?AT WAS ONLY TOO FAMILI> ?\S&S ( YE>S AGO 9 ,ASIA & EV5 9 ,9DIAN ,AM]ICA 9 PRE-,COLUMBIAN TIMES4 ,! CLASSICAL ,A!NIAN /ATE WAS ONLY P>TIALLY /ATI/2 IT CON/ITUT$ A FRAT]NITY1 (T5 RIV5 BY CLASS CONFLICTS1 ( SELECT CITIZ5S :O COLLECTIVELY OPPRESS$ SLAVES1 WOM51 & EV5 =EIGN RESID5TS4 ,! M$IEVAL /ATE WAS (T5 A MU* LOOS] /ATE =MATION ?AN1 SAY1 ! ,ROMAN IMP]IAL /ATE1 & AT V>I\S TIMES 9 HI/ORY 7ONE ?9KS ( ! COMUN]OS 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! SIXTE5? C5TURY & ! SECTIONS 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ ! EI<TE5?71 ! /ATE ALMO/ COMPLETELY COLLAPS$ & DIRECT DEMOCRACIES BAS$ ON COMMUNALI/ POLITICAL PR9CIPLES PLAY$ A HEGEMONIC ROLE 9 SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS CONC]N$ ) ! POLITICAL SPH]E1 9CLUD+ ASPECTS ( BASIC CIVIC IMPORTANCE1 SU* AS ! ECONOMIC4 ,IT DOES NOT DRAW /RICT IMP5ETRABLE B>RI]S BETWE5 ! TWO TO ! PO9T :]E !Y >E IMPLACABLY SET AGA9/ EA* O!R4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM CALLS = ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY &1 :]E MAT]IAL 9T]E/S BETWE5 COMMUNITIES OV]LAP1 ! CONF$]ALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY4 

,NOR >E LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S 9DIFF]5T TO ! MANY CULTURAL FACTORS ?AT MU/ PLAY A ROLE 9 ! =MATION ( TRUE CITIZ5S1 9DE$1 R\ND$ HUMAN BE+S4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 LET US NOT R$UCE EV]Y CULTURAL DESID]ATUM TO ! SOCIAL SPH]E--TO CREATE ! MY? ?AT ! MUNICIPALITY CAN BE R$UC$ TO A FAMILY--& IGNORE ITS OV]LAP ) ! POLITICAL4 ,! DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 !M WILL ONLY BE LO/ 9 ?AT PO//RUCTURAL HOMOG5IZATION ( EV]Y?+1 MAK+ !IR UNIQUE ID5TITIES ALMO/ COMPLETELY MEAN+LESS & POT5TIALLY1 9 FACT1 TOTALIT>IAN4 

,?US1 ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ >5A MAY BE A S*OOL = $UCAT+ ITS Y\? & ITS MATURE CITIZ5S2 BUT :AT MAKES IT P>TICUL>LY SIGNIFICANT1 ESPECIALLY AT ?IS TIME1 IS ?AT IT IS A SPH]E ( P[] RELATIONS ?AT MU/ BE CRY/ALLIZ$ AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 ! M>KETPLACE1 ! =CES = ECOLOGICAL DE/RUCTION1 & ! /ATE4 ,9DE$1 )\T A MOVEM5T ?AT KEEPS ?IS NE$ COMPLETELY 9 M9D1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM CAN EASILY DEG5]ATE 9 ?IS AGE ( ACADEMIC SPECIALIZATION 9TO ANO!R SUBJECT 9 A CLASSROOM CURRICULUM4 

,F9ALLY1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM RE/S ITS POLITICS TODAY ON ! HI/ORICALLY PREEMPTIVE ROLE ( ! CITY 9 RELATION TO ! /ATE1 & ABOVE ALL ON ! FACT ?AT CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS /ILL EXI/1 H[EV] DI/ORT$ !Y MAY APPE> OR H[EV] CAPTIVE TO ! /ATE !Y MAY BE1 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN BE 5L>G$1 RADICALIZ$1 & EV5TUALLY AIM$ AT ! ELIM9ATION ( ! /ATE4 ,! CITY C\NCIL1 H[EV] FEEBLE ITS P[]S MAY BE1 /ILL EXI/S AS ! REMNANT ( ! COMMUNES ) :I* IT WAS ID5TIFI$ 9 ! PA/1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( RE-CREAT+ A SECTIONAL DEMOCRACY /ILL REMA9S1 ASSUM+ EI!R A LEGAL OR EXTRALEGAL =M4 ,WE MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SECTIONS DID NOT HAVE ANY PRIOR TRADITION ON :I* TO RE/ !IR CLAIMS TO LEGITIMACY--9DE$1 !Y ACTUALLY EM]G$ FROM ! ELITI/ ASSEMBLIES OR DI/RICTS ( #a#g#h#i1 :I* ! MON>*Y HAD CREAT$ TO ELECT ! ,P>ISIAN DEPUTIES TO ! ,E/ATES ,G5]AL--EXCEPT ?AT !Y REFUS$ TO DISB& AFT] !Y COMPLET$ !IR ELECTORAL ROLE & REMA9$ AS WAT*DOGS OV] ! BEHAVIOR ( ! ,E/ATES 9 ,V]SAILLES4 

,WE1 TOO1 >E FAC$ ) ! TASK ( RE/RUCTUR+ & EXP&+ ! CIVIC DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT /ILL EXI/1 H[EV] VE/IGIAL !IR =MS & P[]S MAY BE2 ( ATTEMPT+ TO BASE !M ON OLD OR NEW POPUL> ASSEMBLIES--&1 TO BE QUITE CATEGORICAL1 ( CREAT+ NEW LEGAL OR1 MO/ EMPHATICALLY1 EXTRALEGAL POPUL> DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS :]E VE/IGES ( CIVIC DEMOCRACY DO NOT EXI/4 ,9 DO+ SO1 WE >E DIRELY 9 NE$ ( A MOVEM5T--9DE$1 A RESPONSIBLE1 WELL-/RUCTUR$1 & PROGRAMMATICALLY COH]5T ORGANIZATION--?AT CAN PROVIDE ! $UCATIONAL RES\RCES1 MEANS ( MOBILIZATION1 & VITAL IDEAS = A*IEV+ \R LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ & MUNICIPALI/ GOALS4 

,\R PROGRAM %\LD BE FLEXIBLE 9 ! SPECIAL S5SE ?AT IT POSES M9IMUM DEM&S ?AT WE SEEK TO A*IEVE AT ONCE1 GIV5 ! POLITICAL SOPHI/ICATION ( ! COMMUNITY 9 :I* WE FUNCTION4 ,BUT SU* DEM&S W\LD EASILY DEG5]ATE 9TO RE=MISM IF !Y DID NOT ESCALATE 9TO A BODY ( TRANSITIONAL DEM&S ?AT W\LD ULTIMATELY LEAD TO \R MAXIMUM DEM&S = A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 

,NOR CAN WE GIVE UP \R SEEM+LY UTOPIAN VISION ?AT ! GREAT METROPOLITAN >EAS CAN BE /RUCTURALLY DEC5TRALIZ$4 ,CITIES ON ! SCALE ( ,NEW ,YORK1 ,LONDON1 & ,P>IS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ,MEXICO ,CITY1 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ,BOMBAY1 & ! LIKE1 MU/ ULTIMATELY BE P>CEL$ 9TO SMALL] CITIES & DEC5TRALIZ$ TO A PO9T :]E !Y >E ONCE AGA9 HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES1 NOT HUGE & 9COMPREH5SIBLE URBAN BELTS4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM TAKES ITS IMM$IATE PO9T ( DEP>TURE FROM ! EXI/+ FACTS ( URBAN LIFE1 MANY ( :I* >E BEYOND ! COMPREH5SION ( ITS RESID5TS4 ,BUT IT ALWAYS /RIVES TO PHYSICALLY AS WELL AS POLITICALLY FRAGM5T ! GREAT CITIES UNTIL IT A*IEVES ! GREAT AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ & EV5 ,M>XIAN GOAL ( SCAL+ ALL CITIES TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ COMMON CRITICISM ?AT BO? ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S HAVE PRES5T$ IS ! CLAIM ?AT MOD]N CITIES >E TOO HUGE TO BE ORGANIZ$ >\ND WORKABLE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,SOME CRITICS ASSUME ?AT IF WE >E TO HAVE TRUE DEMOCRACY1 EV]YONE FROM AGE Z]O TO ONE HUNDR$1 IRRESPECTIVE ( HEAL?1 M5TAL CONDITION1 OR DISPOSITION1 MU/ BE 9CLUD$ 9 A POPUL> ASSEMBLY--& ?AT AN ASSEMBLY MU/ BE AS SMALL AS AN 0AFF9ITY GR\P40 ,BUT 9 L>GE WORLD CITIES1 !SE CRITICS SUGGE/1 :I* HAVE SEV]AL MILLION RESID5TS1 WE W\LD REQUIRE MANY ?\S&S ( ASSEMBLIES 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE TRUE DEMOCRACY4 ,9 SU* CITIES1 SU* A MULTIPLICITY ( SMALL ASSEMBLIES1 !Y >GUE1 W\LD BE JU/ TOO CUMB]SOME & UNWORKABLE4 

,BUT A L>GE URBAN POPULATION IS ITSELF NO OB/ACLE TO LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,9DE$1 BAS$ ON ?IS K9D ( CALCULATION--:I* W\LD C\NT ALL RESID5TS AS P>TICIPAT+ CITIZ5S--! =TY-EI<T ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #agic W\LD HAVE BE5 COMPLETELY DYSFUNCTIONAL1 9 VIEW ( ! FACT ?AT REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS HAD A TOTAL ( #e1 TO #f1 PEOPLE4 ,IF EV]Y MAN1 WOMAN1 & *ILD1 9DE$1 EV] HAD ATT5D$ SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES1 & EA* ASSEMBLY HAD HAD NO MORE ?AN =TY PEOPLE1 MY >I?METIC TELLS ME ?AT AB\T #a#e1 ASSEMBLIES W\LD HAVE BE5 NE$$ TO ACCOMMODATE ALL ! PEOPLE ( REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS4 ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 ONE WOND]S H[ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION C\LD EV] HAVE OCCURR$4 

,A POPUL> DEMOCRACY1 TO BEG9 )1 IS NOT PREMIS$ ON ! IDEA ?AT EV]YONE CAN1 WILL1 OR EV5 WANT TO ATT5D POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,NOR %\LD ANYONE :O PR(ESSES TO BE AN AN>*I/ MAKE P>TICIPATION COMPULSORY1 CO]C+ EV]YONE 9TO DO+ SO4 ,EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 IT HAS R>ELY HAPP5$--9DE$1 IT HAS NEV] HAPP5$1 9 MY KN[L$GE ( REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY--?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY ( PEOPLE 9 A P>TICUL> PLACE1 /ILL LESS EV]YONE1 5GAGES 9 REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! FACE ( 9SURRECTION 9 A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 :ILE UNKN[N MILITANTS1 AID$ BY A FAIRLY SMALL NUMB] ( SUPPORT]S1 RISE UP & OV]?R[ ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]1 MO/ PEOPLE T5D TO BE OBS]V]S4 

,HAV+ REVIEW$ C>EFULLY ! C\RSE ( ALMO/ EV]Y MAJOR REVOLUTION 9 ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN WORLD1 ,I CAN SAY ) SOME KN[L$GE ?AT EV5 9 A COMPLETELY SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION1 IT WAS ALWAYS A M9ORITY ( ! PEOPLE :O ATT5D$ MEET+S ( ASSEMBLIES ?AT MADE SIGNIFICANT DECISIONS AB\T ! FATE ( !IR SOCIETY4 ,! V]Y DIFF]5TIAT$ POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS1 9T]E/S1 $UCATION1 & BACKGR\NDS AMONG MASSES 9 A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY GU>ANTEE ?AT PEOPLE WILL BE DRAWN 9TO REVOLUTIONS 9 WAVES1 IF AT ALL4 ,! =EMO/1 MO/ MILITANT WAVE1 AT FIR/1 IS NUM]ICALLY SURPRIS+LY SMALL2 IT IS FOLL[$ BY SEEM+ BY/&]S :O1 IF AN UPRIS+ SEEMS TO BE CAPABLE ( SUCCESS1 M]GE ) ! FIR/ WAVE1 & ONLY AFT] ! UPRIS+ IS LIKELY TO BE SUCCESSFUL DO ! POLITICALLY LESS DEVELOP$ WAVES1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 FOLL[ IT4 ,EV5 AFT] AN UPRIS+ IS SUCCESSFUL1 IT TAKES TIME = A SUB/ANTIAL MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE TO FULLY P>TICIPATE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 COMMONLY AS CR[DS 9 DEMON/RATIONS1 MORE R>ELY AS P>TICIPANTS 9 REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS4 

,9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS1 = EXAMPLE1 IT WAS PRIM>ILY ! ,PURITAN >MY ?AT RAIS$ ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC ISSUES1 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,LEVEL]S1 :O =M$ A V]Y SMALL FRACTION ( ! CIVILIAN POPULATION4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION WAS NOTORI\SLY SUPPORT$1 ALBEIT BY NO MEANS ACTIVELY1 BY ONLY ONE-?IRD ( ! COLONIAL POPULATION2 ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION F\ND ITS PR9CIPAL SUPPORT 9 ,P>IS & WAS C>RI$ =W>D BY =TY-EI<T SECTIONS1 MO/ ( :I* W]E ROOT$ 9 ASSEMBLIES ?AT W]E POORLY ATT5D$1 EXCEPT AT TIMES :5 MOM5T\S DECISIONS >\S$ ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y NEI<BORHOODS4 

,9DE$1 :AT DECID$ ! FATE ( MO/ REVOLUTIONS WAS LESS ! AM\NT ( SUPPORT !IR MILITANTS RECEIV$ ?AN ! DEGREE ( RESI/ANCE !Y 5C\NT]$4 ,:AT BR\<T ,L\IS ,X,V,I & HIS FAMILY BACK TO ,P>IS FROM ,V]SAILLES 9 ,OCTOB] #a<i WAS C]TA9LY NOT ALL ! WOM5 ( ,P>IS--9DE$1 ONLY A FEW ?\S& MADE ! FAM\S M>* TO ,V]SAILLES--BUT ! K+'S [N 9ABILITY TO MOBILIZE A SUFFICI5TLY L>GE & RELIABLE =CE TO RESI/ !M4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #aiag 9 ,PETROGRAD1 = MANY HI/ORIANS ! 0MODEL0 ( A MASS SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION 7& AN UPRIS+ F> MORE NUANC$ ?AN MO/ ACC\NTS SUGGE/71 SUCCE$$ BECAUSE NOT EV5 ! CZ>'S P]SONAL GU>D1 LET ALONE SU* =M]LY RELIABLE SUPPORTS ( ! AUTOCRACY AS ! ,COSSACKS1 WAS PREP>$ TO DEF5D ! MON>*Y4 ,9DE$1 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#c#f1 ! RESI/ANCE TO ,FRANCO'S =CES WAS 9ITIAT$ BY ONLY A FEW ?\S& AN>*OSYNDICALI/S ) ! AID ( ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 :OSE DISCIPL9E1 WEAPONRY1 & TRA9+ W]E 9DISP5SABLE FACTORS 9 P9N+ D[N & ULTIMATELY DEFEAT+ ! REGUL> >MY'S UPRIS+4 

,IT IS SU* CON/ELLATIONS ( =CES1 9 FACT1 ?AT EXPLA9 H[ REVOLUTIONS ACTUALLY SUCCE$4 ,!Y DO NOT TRIUMPH BECAUSE 0EV]YONE10 OR EV5 A MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 ACTIVELY P>TICIPATES 9 OV]?R[+ AN OPPRESSIVE REGIME1 BUT BECAUSE ! >M$ =CES ( ! OLD ORD] & ! POPULATION AT-L>GE >E NO LONG] WILL+ TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ A MILITANT & RESOLUTE M9ORITY4 

,NOR IS IT LIKELY1 H[EV] DESIRABLE IT MAY BE1 ?AT AFT] A SUCCESSFUL 9SURRECTION1 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE OR EV5 ! OPPRESS$ WILL P]SONALLY P>TICIPATE 9 REVOLUTIONIZ+ SOCIETY4 ,FOLL[+ ! SUCCESS ( A REVOLUTION1 ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE T5D TO )DRAW 9TO ! LOCALITIES 9 :I* !Y LIVE1 H[EV] L>GE OR SMALL1 :]E ! PROBLEMS ( EV]YDAY LIFE HAVE !IR MO/ VISIBLE IMPACT ON ! MASSES4 ,!SE LOCALITIES MAY BE RESID5TIAL &_/OR OCCUPATIONAL NEI<BORHOODS 9 L>GE CITIES1 ! 5VIRONS ( VILLAGES & HAMLETS1 OR EV5 AT SOME DI/ANCE FROM ! C5T] ( A CITY OR REGION1 FAIRLY DISP]S$ LOCALITIES 9 :I* PEOPLE LIVE & WORK4 

,NO--,I DO NOT ?9K ! L>GE SIZE ( MOD]N CITIES CON/ITUTES AN 9SUP]ABLE OB/ACLE TO ! =MATION ( A NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY MOVEM5T4 ,! DOORS ( ! NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES %\LD ALWAYS BE OP5 TO :OEV] LIVES 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,POLITICALLY LESS AW>E 9DIVIDUALS MAY *OOSE NOT TO ATT5D !IR NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY1 & !Y %\LD NOT BE OBLIG$ TO ATT5D4 ,! ASSEMBLIES1 REG>DLESS ( !IR SIZE1 WILL HAVE PROBLEMS 5\< )\T HAV+ TO DEAL ) 9DIFF]5T BY/&]S & PASS]SBY4 ,:AT C\NTS IS ?AT ! DOORS ( ! ASSEMBLIES REMA9 OP5 = ALL :O WI% TO ATT5D & P>TICIPATE1 = !RE9 LIES ! TRUE DEMOCRATIC NATURE ( NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES4 

,ANO!R CRITICISM AGA9/ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS ?AT A L>GE CR[D1 SU* AS NUM]\S CITIZ5S AT AN ASSEMBLY MEET+1 MAY BE MANIPULAT$ BY A =CEFUL SPEAK] OR FACTION4 ,?IS CRITICISM C\LD BE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ANY DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTION1 BE IT A L>GE ASSEMBLY1 A SMALL COMMITTEE1 AN AD HOC CONF]5CE OR MEET+1 OR EV5 AN 0AFF9ITY0 GR\P4 ,! SIZE ( ! GR\P IS NOT A FACTOR H]E--SOME V]Y ABUSIVE TYRANNIES APPE> 9 V]Y SMALL GR\PS1 :]E ONE OR TWO 9TIMIDAT+ FIGURES CAN COMPLETELY DOM9ATE EV]YONE ELSE4 

,:AT ! CRITICS MI<T WELL ASK--BUT SELDOM DO--IS H[ WE >E TO PREV5T P]SUASIVE 9DIVIDUALS FROM MAK+ DEMAGOGIC ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL ANY POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 REG>DLESS ( SIZE4 ,9 MY VIEW1 ! ONLY OB/ACLE TO SU* ATTEMPTS IS ! EXI/5CE ( AN ORGANIZ$ BODY ( REVOLUTION>IES--YES1 EV5 A FACTION--?AT IS COMMITT$ TO SEEK+ TRU?1 EX]CIS+ RATIONALITY1 & ADVANC+ AN E?ICS ( PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY4 ,SU* AN ORGANIZATION WILL BE NE$$1 9 MY VIEW1 NOT ONLY BE=E & DUR+ A REVOLUTION BUT ALSO AFT] ONE1 :5 ! CON/RUCTIVE PROBLEM ( CREAT+ /ABLE1 5DUR+1 & $UCATIONAL DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS BECOMES ! ORD] ( ! DAY4 

,SU* AN ORGANIZATION WILL BE P>TICUL>LY NE$$ DUR+ ! P]IOD ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION :5 ATTEMPTS >E MADE TO PUT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9TO PRACTICE4 ,WE CANNOT EXPECT ?AT1 BECAUSE WE PROPOSE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 WE WILL ALWAYS--OR P]HAPS EV5 (T5--BE ! MAJORITY 9 ! V]Y 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WE HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY HELP$ TO E/ABLI%4 ,WE MU/ ALWAYS BE PREP>$1 9 FACT1 TO BE 9 ! M9ORITY1 UNTIL SU* TIME AS CIRCUM/ANCES & SOCIAL 9/ABILITY MAKE \R OV]ALL MESSAGES PLAUSIBLE TO ASSEMBLY MAJORITIES4 

,9DE$1 :]EV] WE E/ABLI% A POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 ) OR )\T LEGAL LEGITIMACY1 IT WILL EV5TUALLY BE 9VAD$ BY COMPET+ CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 ,I %\LD EMPHASIZE H]E1 IS NOT AN ATTEMPT TO OV]LOOK OR EVADE ! REALITY ( CLASS CONFLICT2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT ATTEMPTS1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 TO GIVE DUE RECOGNITION TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE'S CIVIC DIM5SION4 ,MOD]N CONFLICTS BETWE5 CLASSES HAVE NEV] BE5 CONF9$ SIMPLY TO ! FACTORY OR WORKPLACE2 !Y HAVE ALSO TAK5 A DI/9CTLY URBAN =M1 AS 9 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS10 0,R$ ,PETROGRAD10 & 0,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,B>CELONA40 ,AS ANY /UDY ( ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS VIVIDLY REVEALS1 ! BATTLE BETWE5 CLASSES HAS ALWAYS BE5 A BATTLE NOT ONLY BETWE5 DIFF]5T ECONOMIC /RATA 9 SOCIETY BUT ALSO )9 & BETWE5 NEI<BORHOODS4 

,MOREOV]1 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 T[N1 & VILLAGE ALSO G5]ATES SE>+ ISSUES ?AT CUT ACROSS CLASS L9ES3 BETWE5 WORK+ PEOPLE 7! TRADITIONAL 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 :I* IS N[ DW9DL+ 9 NUMB]S 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & IS FI<T+ A RE>GU>D BATTLE ) CAPITAL71 MIDDLE-CLASS /RATA 7:I* LACK ANY CONSCI\SNESS ( !MSELVES AS WORK+ PEOPLE71 ! VA/ >MY ( GOV]NM5T EMPLOYES1 A HUGE PR(ESSIONAL & TE*NICAL /RATUM ?AT IS NOT LIKELY TO REG>D ITSELF AS A PROLET>IAT1 & AN UND]CLASS ?AT IS ESS5TIALLY DEMORALIZ$ & HELPLESS4 

,WE CANNOT IGNORE ! COMPELL+ FACT ?AT CAPITALISM HAS *ANG$ S9CE ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>2 ?AT IT HAS TRANS=M$ ! V]Y SOCIAL FIB] ( ! GREAT MAJORITY ( PEOPLE1 BO? ATTITUD9ALLY & OCCUPATIONALLY1 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 ?AT IT WILL WREAK EV5 FUR!R *ANGES 9 ! DECADES ?AT LIE AHEAD1 ) DAZZL+ RAPIDITY1 ESPECIALLY AS AUTOMATION IS FUR!R DEVELOP$ & AS NEW RES\RCES1 TE*NIQUES1 & PRODUCTS REPLACE ?OSE ?AT SEEM SO DOM9ANT TODAY4 

,NO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T CAN IGNORE ! PROBLEMS ?AT CAPITALISM IS LIKELY TO G5]ATE 9 ! YE>S ?AT LIE AHEAD1 ESPECIALLY 9 T]MS ( CAPITAL'S PR(\ND EFFECTS ON BO? SOCIETY & ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,! FUTILITY ( SYNDICALISM TODAY LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT IT IS /ILL TRY+ TO ADDRESS ! PROBLEMS G5]AT$ BY ! OLD 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION & 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! SOCIAL SETT+ ?AT GAVE !SE PROBLEMS MEAN+ 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IF WE HAVE HI/ORICALLY EXHAU/$ ! SYNDICALI/ ALT]NATIVE1 IT IS BECAUSE ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT IS EV]Y:]E DE/9$1 BY VIRTUE ( TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 TO BECOME A SMALL M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,IT WILL NOT DO TO TRY TO !ORETICALLY FABRICATE A 0PROLET>IAT0 \T ( CL]ICAL1 S]VICE1 & PR(ESSIONAL 0WORK]S0 :O1 9 MANY IF NOT MO/ CASES1 WILL NOT ACQUIRE ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ID5TIFI$ & GAVE A HI/ORICAL /&+ TO ! AU!NTIC PROLET>IAN4 

,BUT !SE /RATA1 (T5 AMONG ! MO/ EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$1 CAN BE 5LI/$ TO SUPPORT \R AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ IDEALS ON ! BASIS ( ! L>G] 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* !Y LIVE & ! L>G] ISSUES ( !IR SOV]EIGNTY 9 A WORLD ?AT IS RAC+ \T ( CONTROL3 NAMELY1 !IR NEI<BORHOODS1 CITIES1 & T[NS1 & ! EXPANSION ( !IR DEMOCRATIC RI<TS AS FREE CITIZ5S 9 A WORLD ?AT HAS R$UC$ !M TO M]E ELECTORAL CON/ITU5TS4 ,!Y CAN BE MOBILIZ$ TO SUPPORT \R AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ IDEALS BECAUSE !Y FEEL !IR P[] TO CONTROL !IR [N LIVES IS DIM9I%+ 9 ! FACE ( C5TRALIZ$ /ATE & CORPORATE P[]4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,I AM NOT D5Y+ ?AT WORK+ PEOPLE HAVE GRIM ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ?AT MAY PIT !M AGA9/ CAPITAL1 BUT !IR QUASI-MIDDLE-CLASS \TLOOK IF NOT /ATUS DIM9I%ES !IR ABILITY TO SEE ! ILLS ( CAPITALISM EXCLUSIVELY AS AN ECONOMIC SY/EM4 

,TODAY1 WE LIVE 9 AN ]A ( P]MAN5T 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION 9 :I* PEOPLE T5D TO RESPOND TO ! EXTREME RAPIDITY & VA/ SCOPE ( *ANGE ) A MY/ICISM ?AT EXPRESSES !IR DISEMP[]M5T & A PRIVATISM ?AT EXPRESSES !IR 9ABILITY TO CONT5D ) *ANGE4 ,9DE$1 CAPITALISM1 F> FROM BE+ 0ADVANC$10 /ILL LESS 0MORIBUND10 CONT9UES TO MATURE & EXT5D ITS SCOPE4 ,:AT IT WILL LOOK LIKE A HALF C5TURY OR A C5TURY FROM N[ IS OP5 TO ! BOLDE/ ( SPECULATIONS4 

,H5CE1 MORE ?AN EV]1 ANY REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T MU/1 9 MY VIEW1 RECOGNIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! MUNICIPALITY AS ! LOCUS ( NEW1 9DE$1 (T5 TRANSCLASS PROBLEMS ?AT CANNOT SIMPLY BE R$UC$ TO ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL4 ,REAL PROBLEMS ( 5VIRONM5TAL DET]IORATION AFFECT EV]YONE 9 A COMMUNITY2 REAL PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9EQUITIES AFFECT EV]YONE 9 A COMMUNITY2 REAL PROBLEMS ( HEAL?1 $UCATION1 SANIT>Y CONDITIONS1 & ! NI<TM>E1 AS ,PAUL ,GOODMAN PUT IT1 ( 0GR[+ UP ABSURD0 PLAGUE EV]YONE 9 A COMMUNITY--PROBLEMS ?AT >E EV5 MORE S]I\S TODAY ?AN !Y W]E 9 ! ALI5AT$ #a#i#fS DECADE4 ,!SE TRANSCLASS ISSUES CAN BR+ PEOPLE TOGE!R ) WORK]S ( ALL K9DS 9 A COMMON EF=T TO SEEK !IR SELF-EMP[]M5T1 AN ISSUE ?AT CANNOT BE RESOLV$ 9TO ! CONFLICT ( WAGE LABOR AGA9/ CAPITAL ALONE4 

,NOR >E WORK]S M]E 0AG5TS0 ( HI/ORY1 AS VULG> ,M>XI/S 7& IMPLICITLY1 SYNDICALI/S7 W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,WORK]S LIVE 9 CITIES1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES--NOT ONLY AS CLASS BE+S BUT AS CIVIC BE+S4 ,!Y >E FA!RS & MO!RS1 BRO!RS & SI/]S1 FRI5DS & COMRADES1 & NO LESS ?AN !IR ECOLOGICAL C\NT]P>TS AMONG ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 !Y >E CONC]N$ ) 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES4 ,AS P>5TS & Y\NG PEOPLE1 !Y >E CONC]N$ ) ! PROBLEMS ( ACQUIR+ AN $UCATION1 5T]+ A PR(ESSION1 & ! LIKE4 ,!Y >E DEEPLY DI/URB$ BY ! DECAY ( URBAN 9FRA/RUCTURES1 ! DIM9UTION ( 9EXP5SIVE H\S+1 & ISSUES ( URBAN SAFETY & ES!TICS4 ,!IR HORIZON EXT5DS F> BEYOND ! REALM ( ! FACTORY OR EV5 ! (FICE TO ! RESID5TIAL URBAN WORLD 9 :I* !Y & !IR FAMILIES LIVE4 ,AFT] ,I HAD SP5T YE>S WORK+ 9 FACTORIES1 ,I WAS NOT SURPRIS$ TO F9D ?AT ,I C\LD REA* WORK]S1 MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE1 & EV5 RELATIVELY AFFLU5T 9DIVIDUALS MORE EASILY BY DISCUSS+ ISSUES RELAT+ TO !IR LIV$ 5VIRONM5TS--!IR NEI<BORHOODS & CITIES--RA!R ?AN TO !IR WORKPLACES4 

,TODAY1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! GLOBALIZATION ( CAPITAL RAISES ! QUE/ION ( H[ LOCALITIES CAN KEEP PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES )9 !IR [N CONF9ES )\T IMPAIR+ ! OPPORTUNITIES ( PEOPLES 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 OR ,S\? TO FREELY DEVELOP TE*NOLOGICALLY ACCORD+ TO !IR [N NE$S4 ,?IS CONUNDRUM CANNOT BE RESOLV$ BY LEGISLATION & ECONOMIC RE=MS4 ,CAPITALISM IS A COMPULSIVELY EXPANSIVE SY/EM4 ,A MOD]N M>KET ECONOMY DICTATES ?AT AN 5T]PRISE MU/ GR[ OR DIE1 & NO?+ WILL PREV5T CAPITALISM FROM 9DU/RIALIZ+--MORE ACCURATELY1 EXP&+--5DLESSLY OV] ! 5TIRE FACE ( ! PLANET :5EV] IT IS PREP>$ TO DO SO4 ,ONLY ! COMPLETE RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY & ! ECONOMY CAN 5D ! DILEMMAS ?AT GLOBALIZATION RAISES--! EXPLOITATION ( WORK]S & ! 5HANCEM5T ( CORPORATE P[] TO ! PO9T ( ?REAT5+ ! /ABILITY1 9DE$ ! V]Y SAFETY1 ( ! PLANET4 

,H]E AGA91 ,I W\LD CONT5D ?AT ONLY A GRASSROOTS ECONOMIC POLICY1 BAS$ ON A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ AG5DA & MOVEM5T1 CAN (F] A MAJOR ALT]NATIVE--& IT IS PRECISELY AN ALT]NATIVE ?AT MANY PEOPLE SEEK TODAY--CAPABLE ( >RE/+ ! IMPACT ( GLOBALIZATION4 ,= ! PROBLEM ( GLOBALIZATION1 !RE IS NO GLOBAL SOLUTION4 ,GLOBAL CAPITAL1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS V]Y HUG5ESS1 CAN ONLY BE EAT5 AWAY AT ITS ROOTS1 SPECIFICALLY BY MEANS ( A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ RESI/ANCE AT ! BASE ( SOCIETY4 ,IT MU/ BE ]OD$ BY ! MYRIAD MILLIONS :O1 MOBILIZ$ BY A GRASSROOTS MOVEM5T1 *ALL5GE GLOBAL CAPITAL'S SOV]EIGNTY OV] !IR LIVES & TRY TO DEVELOP LOCAL & REGIONAL ECONOMIC ALT]NATIVES TO ITS 9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS4 ,DEVELOP+ ?IS RESI/ANCE W\LD 9VOLVE SUBSIDIZ+ MUNICIPALLY CONTROLL$ 9DU/RIES & RETAIL \TLETS1 & TAK+ REC\RSE 9 REGIONAL RES\RCES ?AT CAPITAL DOES NOT F9D IT PR(ITABLE TO USE4 ,A MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMY1 SL[ AS IT MAY BE 9 ! MAK+1 WILL BE A MORAL ECONOMY1 ONE ?AT--CONC]N$ PRIM>ILY ) ! QUALITY ( ITS PRODUCTS & !IR PRODUCTION AT ! L[E/ POSSIBLE CO/--CAN HOPE TO ULTIMATELY SUBV]T A CORPORATE ECONOMY1 :OSE SUCCESS IS MEASUR$ 5TIRELY BY ITS PR(ITS RA!R ?AN BY ! QUALITY ( ITS COMMODITIES4 

,LET ME /RESS ?AT :5 ,I SPEAK ( A MORAL ECONOMY1 ,I AM NOT ADVOCAT+ A COMMUNIT>IAN OR COOP]ATIVE ECONOMY 9 :I* SMALL PR(ITE]S1 H[EV] WELL-MEAN+ !IR 9T5TIONS MAY BE1 SIMPLY BECOME LITTLE 0SELF-MANAG$0 CAPITALI/S 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,9 MY [N COMMUNITY1 ,I HAVE SE5 A SELF-/YL$ 0MORAL0 5T]PRISE1 ,B5 & ,J]RY'S ,ICE ,CREAM1 GR[ 9 TYPICAL CAPITALI/ FA%ION FROM A SMALL1 PRESUMABLY 0C>+10 & 9TIMATE 5T]PRISE 9TO A GLOBAL CORPORATION1 9T5T ON MAK+ PR(IT & FO/]+ ! MY? ?AT 0CAPITALISM CAN BE GOOD40 ,COOP]ATIVES ?AT PR(ESS TO BE MORAL 9 !IR 9T5TIONS HAVE YET TO MAKE ANY HEADWAY 9 REPLAC+ BIG CAPITALI/ CONC]NS OR EV5 9 SURVIV+ )\T !MSELVES BECOM+ CAPITALI/IC 9 !IR ME?ODS & PR(IT-ORI5T$ 9 !IR GOALS4 

,! ,PR\DHONI/ MY? ?AT SMALL ASSOCIATIONS ( PRODUC]S--AS OPPOS$ TO A G5U9ELY SOCIALI/IC OR LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/IC 5DEAVOR--CAN SL[LY EAT AWAY AT CAPITALISM %\LD F9ALLY BE DISPELL$4 ,SADLY1 !SE G5]ALLY FAIL$ ILLUSIONS >E /ILL PROMOT$ BY LIB]ALS1 AN>*I/S1 & ACADEMICS ALIKE4 ,EI!R MUNICIPALIZ$ 5T]PRISES CONTROLL$ BY CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES WILL TRY TO TAKE OV] ! ECONOMY1 OR CAPITALISM WILL PREVAIL 9 ?IS SPH]E ( LIFE ) A =CEFULNESS ?AT NO M]E RHETORIC CAN DIM9I%4 

,CAPITALI/ SOCIETY HAS EFFECTS NOT ONLY ON ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RELATIONS BUT ON IDEAS & 9TELLECTUAL TRADITIONS AS WELL1 9DE$1 ON ALL ( HI/ORY1 FRAGM5T+ !M UNTIL KN[L$GE1 DISC\RSE1 & EV5 REALITY BECOME BLURR$1 DIVE/$ ( ANY DI/9CTIONS1 SPECIFICITY1 & >TICULATION4 ,! CULTURE ?AT PROMOTES ?IS CELEBRATION ( DIFFUS5ESS & FRAGM5TATION--A CULTURE ?AT IS EPIDEMIC 9 ,AM]ICAN COLLEGES & UNIV]SITIES--GOES UND] ! NAME ( PO//RUCTURALISM OR1 MORE COMMONLY1 PO/MOD]NISM4 ,GIV5 ITS CORROSIVE PRECEPTS1 ! PO/MOD]NI/ WORLDVIEW IS ABLE TO LEVEL OR HOMOG5IZE EV]Y?+ ?AT IS UNIQUE OR DI/9CTIVE1 DISSOLV+ IT 9TO A L[E/ COMMON D5OM9ATOR ( IDEAS4 

,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 ! OBSCURANTI/ T]M 0E>? CITIZ5%IP10 :I* DISSOLVES ! V]Y COMPLEX NOTION ( 0CITIZ5%IP10 ) ITS PRESUPPOSITIONS ( PAIDEIA1 ?AT IS1 ! LIFELONG $UCATION ( ! CITIZ5 = ! PRACTICE ( CIVIC SELF-MANAGEM5T1 9TO A DIFFUSE CATEGORY1 BY EXT5D+ 7& *EAP5+7 ! NOTION ( CITIZ5%IP TO 9CLUDE ANIMALS1 PLANTS1 ROCKS1 M\NTA9S1 ! PLANET1 9DE$ ! V]Y COSMOS ITSELF4 ,) A PURELY METAPHORICAL LABEL = ALL RELATION%IPS AS AN 0E>? COMMUNITY10 ! HI/ORICAL & CONTEMPOR>Y UNIQU5ESS ( ! CITY DISAPPE>S4 ,IT PRESUMABLY PREEMPTS EV]Y O!R COMMUNITY BECAUSE ( ITS WID] SCOPE & BREAD?4 ,SU* METAPHORS ULTIMATELY FLATT5 EV]Y?+1 9 EFFECT1 9TO A UNIV]SAL 0,ON5ESS0 ?AT1 9 ! NAME ( 0ECOLOGICAL WISDOM10 D5IES DEF9ITION TO VITAL CONCEPTS & REALITIES BY ! V]Y UBIQUITY ( ! 0,ONE40 

,IF ! WORD 0CITIZ50 APPLIES TO EV]Y EXI/+ ?+1 & IF ! WORD 0COMMUNITY0 EMBRACES ALL RELATION%IPS 9 ?IS SEEM+LY 0GRE50 WORLD1 !N NO?+1 9 FACT1 IS A CITIZ5 OR A COMMUNITY4 ,JU/ AS ! LOGICAL CATEGORY 0,BE+0 IS R5D]$ AS M]E EXI/5CE1 ,BE+ CAN ONLY BE REG>D$ AS 9T]*ANGEABLE ) 0,NO?+40 ,SO1 TOO1 0CITIZ50 & 0COMMUNITY0 BECOME A UNIV]SAL PASSPORT TO VACUITY1 NOT TO UNIQUELY CIVIC CONDITIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 =M+ & DIFF]5TIAT+ DIALECTICALLY = ?\S&S ( YE>S ?R\< ! ANCI5T1 M$IEVAL1 & MOD]N WORLDS4 ,TO R$UCE !M TO AN AB/RACT 0COMMUNITY0 IS TO ULTIMATELY NEGATE !IR WEAL? ( EVOLUTION>Y =MS & P>TICUL>LY !IR DIFF]5TIATION AS SOPHI/ICAT$ ASPECTS ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM MU/ BE CONCEIV$ AS A PROCESS1 A PATI5T PRACTICE ?AT WILL HAVE ONLY LIMIT$ SUCCESS AT ! PRES5T TIME1 & EV5 !N ONLY 9 SELECT >EAS ?AT CAN AT BE/ PROVIDE EXAMPLES ( ! POSSIBILITIES IT C\LD HOLD IF & :5 ADOPT$ ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,WE WILL NOT CREATE A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ SOCIETY OV]NI<T1 & 9 ?IS ]A ( C\NT]REVOLUTION1 WE MU/ BE PREP>$ TO 5DURE MORE FAILURES ?AN SUCCESSES4 ,PATI5CE & COMMITM5T >E TRAITS ?AT REVOLUTION>IES ( ! PA/ CULTIVAT$ ASSIDU\SLY2 ALAS1 TODAY1 9 \R FA/ CONSUM]I/ SOCIETY1 ! DEM& = IMM$IATE GRATIFICATION1 = FA/ FOOD & FA/ LIV+1 9CULCATES A DEM& = FA/ POLITICS4 ,:AT %\LD C\NT = US IS :E!R LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS A MEANS = A*IEV+ ! RATIONAL CULM9ATION ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 NOT :E!R IT IS SUITABLE AS A QUICK FIX = PRES5T SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 

,WE MU/ LE>N TO BE FLEXIBLE )\T ALL[+ \R BASIC PR9CIPLES TO BE REPLAC$ BY A PO/MOD]NI/ QUAGMIRE ( AD HOC1 EV]-*ANGEABLE OP9IONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF WE HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO USE ELECTRONIC MEANS1 SU* AS TO E/ABLI% POPUL> P>TICIPATION 9 RELATIVELY L>GE CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES1 !N SO BE IT4 ,BUT WE %\LD1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 DO SO ONLY :5 IT IS UNAVOIDABLE & = ONLY AS LONG AS IT IS NECESS>Y4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 IF C]TA9 MEASURES 9VOLVE A DEGREE ( C5TRALIZATION1 !N WE %\LD ADOPT !M--)\T SACRIFIC+1 LET ME 9SI/1 ! RI<T TO IMM$IATE RECALL4 ,BUT H]E1 TOO1 WE %\LD 5DURE SU* ORGANIZATIONAL MEASURES = ONLY AS LONG AS !Y >E NECESS>Y & NO LONG]4 ,\R BASIC PR9CIPLES 9 SU* CASES MU/ ALWAYS BE \R GUIDE3 WE REMA9 COMMITT$ TO A DIRECT FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY & A WELL-COORD9AT$1 CONF$]AL1 BUT DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY4 

,NOR %\LD WE FETI%IZE CONS5SUS OV] DEMOCRACY 9 \R DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES4 ,CONS5SUS1 AS ,I HAVE >GU$1 IS PRACTICABLE ) V]Y SMALL GR\PS 9 :I* PEOPLE KN[ EA* O!R 9TIMATELY4 ,BUT 9 L>G] GR\PS1 IT BECOMES TYRANNICAL BECAUSE IT ALL[S A SMALL M9ORITY TO DECIDE ! PRACTICE ( L>GE OR EV5 SIZABLE MAJORITY2 & IT FO/]S HOMOG5EITY & /AGNATION 9 IDEAS & POLICIES4 ,M9ORITIES & !IR FACTIONS >E ! 9DISP5SABLE YEA/ = MATUR+ NEW IDEAS--& NE>LY ALL NEW IDEAS />T \T AS ! VIEWS ( M9ORITIES4 ,9 A LIB]T>IAN GR\P1 ! 0RULE0 ( ! MAJORITY OV] A M9ORITY IS A MY?2 NO ONE EXPECTS A M9ORITY TO GIVE UP ITS UNPOPUL> BELIEFS OR TO YIELD ITS RI<T TO >GUE ITS VIEWS--BUT ! M9ORITY MU/ HAVE PATI5CE & ALL[ A MAJORITY DECISION TO BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,?IS EXP]I5CE & ! DISCUSSION IT G5]ATES %\LD BE ! MO/ DECISIVE ELEM5T 9 IMPELL+ A GR\P OR ASSEMBLY TO RECONSID] ITS DECISION & ADOPT ! M9ORITY'S VIEWPO9T1 SPURR+ ON ! FUR!R 9NOVATION ( PRACTICES & IDEAS AS O!R M9ORITIES EM]GE4 ,CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+ CAN EASILY PRODUCE 9TELLECTUAL & PRACTICAL /AGNATION IF IT ESS5TIALLY COMPELS A MAJORITY TO =GO A SPECIFIC POLICY 9 ORD] TO PLEASE A M9ORITY4 

,I WILL NOT 5T] 9TO MY DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLICY DECISIONS & !IR 5ACTM5T 9 PRACTICE BY ?OSE QUALIFI$ TO ADM9I/] !M4 ,I WILL ONLY NOTE ?AT IF ! ,U4,S4 ,CONGRESS--A GA!R+1 = ! MO/ P>T1 ( LAWY]S--CAN MAKE BASIC POLICY DECISIONS ON ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,AM]ICAN 9FRA/RUCTURE1 ON W> & PEACE1 ON $UCATION & =EIGN POLICY1 ETC41 )\T HAV+ FULL KN[L$GE ( ALL ASPECTS ( !SE FIELDS1 LEAV+ ! ADM9I/RATION ( !IR DECISIONS TO O!RS1 !N ,I FAIL TO UND]/& :Y A CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLY CANNOT MAKE POLICY DECISIONS ON USUALLY MORE MODE/ ISSUES & LEAVE !IR ADM9I/RATION1 UND] CLOSE SUP]VISION1 TO EXP]TS 9 ! FIELDS 9VOLV$4 

,AMONG ! O!R ISSUES ?AT WE MU/ AT SOME PO9T CONSID] >E ! PLACE ( LAW OR NOMOS 9 A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS CON/ITUTIONS ?AT LAY D[N IMPORTANT PR9CIPLES ( RI<T OR JU/ICE & FRE$OM4 ,>E WE TO VE/ ! P]PETUATION ( \R GUID+ PR9CIPLES SIMPLY 9 BL9D CU/OM1 OR 9 ! GOOD NATURE ( \R FELL[ HUMANS--:I* ALL[S = A GREAT DEAL ( >BITR>9ESS8 ,= C5TURIES1 OPPRESS$ PEOPLES DEM&$ WRITT5 F\ND+ CON/ITUTIONAL PROVISIONS TO PROTECT !M FROM ! >BITR>Y OPPRESSION ( ! NOBILITY4 ,) ! EM]G5CE ( A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 ?IS PROBLEM DOES NOT DISAPPE>4 ,= US1 ,I BELIEVE1 ! QUE/ION CAN NEV] BE :E!R LAW & CON/ITUTIONS >E 9H]5TLY ANTI-AN>*I/IC1 BUT :E!R !Y >E RATIONAL1 MUTABLE1 SECUL>1 & RE/RICTIVE ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y PROHIBIT ! ABUSE ( P[]4 ,WE MU/1 ,I BELIEVE1 FREE \RSELVES ( ! FETI%ES BORN ( REMOTE POLEMICS ) AU?ORIT>IANS1 FETI%ES ?AT HAVE PU%$ MANY AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S 9TO UNREFLECTIVE ONE-SID$ POSITIONS ?AT >E MORE LIKE DOGMAS ?AN REASON$ !ORETICAL IDEAS4 

,ADMITT$LY1 ! PRES5T TIME IS NOT ONE ?AT IS FAVORABLE = ! SPREAD ( ANTICAPITALI/1 SOCIAL AN>*I/ IDEAS & MOVEM5TS4 ,UNLESS WE >E TO LET ! CAPITALI/ CANC] SPREAD OV] ! 5TIRE PLANET1 H[EV]1 EV5 ABSORB+ ! NATURAL WORLD 9TO ! WORLD ECONOMY1 AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S MU/ DEVELOP A !ORY & PRACTICE ?AT PROVIDES !M ) AN 5TRY 9TO ! PUBLIC SPH]E--A !ORY & PRACTICE1 ,I %\LD EMPHASIZE1 ?AT IS CONSI/5T ) ! GOAL ( A RATIONAL1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 

,F9ALLY1 WE MU/ ASS]T ! HI/ORIC RI<T ( SPECULATIVE REASON1 RE/+ ON ! REAL POT5TIALITIES ( HUMAN BE+S AS WE KN[ !M FROM ! PA/ AS WELL AS ! PRES5T1 TO PROJECT ITSELF BEYOND ! IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* WE LIVE1 9DE$1 TO CLAIM ?AT ! PRES5T IRRATIONAL SOCIETY IS NOT ! ACTUAL--OR 0REAL0--?AT IS WOR?Y ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,DESPITE ITS PREVAL5CE--&1 TO MANY PEOPLE1 ITS P]MAN5CE--IT IS UNTRUE TO ! PROJECT ( FULFILL+ HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & H5CE IT IS UNREAL 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT IS A BETRAYAL ( ! CLAIMS ( HUMANITY'S GREATE/ QUALITIES1 ! CAPACITY = REASON & 9NOVATION4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ?AT BROAD S*OOL ( IDEAS ?AT WE CALL 0AN>*ISM0 IS FAC$ ) A P>T+ ( ! WAYS BETWE5 SOCIAL AN>*I/S1 :O WI% TO FOCUS !IR EF=TS ON ! REVOLUTION>Y ELIM9ATION ( HI]>*ICAL & CLASS SOCIETY1 & 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/S1 :O SEE SOCIAL *ANGE ONLY 9 T]MS ( !IR P]SONAL SELF-EXPRESSION & ! REPLACEM5T ( S]I\S IDEAS ) MY/ICAL FANTASIES4 

,I P]SONALLY DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT AN>*ISM CAN BECOME A PUBLIC MOVEM5T UNLESS IT =MULATES A POLITICS ?AT OP5S IT TO SOCIAL 9T]V5TION1 ?AT BR+S IT 9TO ! PUBLIC SPH]E AS AN ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T ?AT CAN GR[1 ?9K RATIONALLY1 MOBILIZE PEOPLE1 & ACTIVELY SEEK TO *ANGE ! WORLD4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS HAVE (F]$ US P>LIAM5T>Y RE=MS AS A PRACTICE1 & ! RESULTS !Y HAVE PRODUC$ HAVE BE5 DEBILITAT+--MO/ NOTABLY1 A RADICAL DECL9E 9 PUBLIC LIFE & A DISA/R\S GR[? 9 CONSUM]I/ SELF-9DULG5CE & PRIVATISM4 ,AL?\< ! ,/AL9I/S AS >*ITECTS ( ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE HAVE MO/LY PASS$ FROM ! PUBLIC SC5E1 A FEW P]SI/ AS P>ASITES ON :ATEV] RADICAL MOVEM5T MAY EM]GE AMONG OPPRESS$ PEOPLES4 ,& FASCISM1 9 ITS V>I\S MUTATIONS1 HAS ATTEMPT$ TO FILL ! VOID CREAT$ BY DISEMP[]M5T & A LACK ( HUMAN SCALE 9 POLITICS AS WELL AS COMMUNITY1 ) TRAGIC RESULTS4 

,AS AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S1 WE MU/ ASK \RSELVES :AT MODE ( 5TRY 9TO ! PUBLIC SPH]E IS CONSI/5T ) \R VISION ( EMP[]M5T4 ,IF \R IDEAL IS ! ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES1 !N ,I SUBMIT ?AT ! ONLY MEANS ( 5TRY & SOCIAL FULFILLM5T IS A ,COMMUNALI/ POLITICS ) A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ PRAXIS2 ?AT IS1 A MOVEM5T & PROGRAM ?AT F9ALLY EM]GES ON ! LOCAL POLITICAL SC5E AS ! UNCOMPROMIS+ ADVOCATE ( POPUL> NEI<BORHOOD & T[N ASSEMBLIES & ! DEVELOPM5T ( A MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,I KN[ ( NO O!R ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITULATION TO ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT A NEW V]SION ( RE=MISM 9 ! VE9 ( ,PAUL ,BR\SSE'S 0POSSIBILISM0 ( ! #a#h#iS4 ,RA!R1 IT IS AN EXPLICIT ATTEMPT TO UPDATE ! TRADITIONAL SOCIAL AN>*I/ IDEAL ( ! ,F$]ATION ( COMMUNES OR 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES10 NAMELY1 ! CONF$]AL L9K+ ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ MUNICIPALITIES1 9 ! =M ( DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC POPUL> ASSEMBLIES AS WELL AS ! COLLECTIVE CONTROL OR 0[N]%IP0 ( SOCIALLY IMPORTANT PROP]TY4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9 NO WAY COMPROMISES ) P>LIAM5T>ISM1 RE=MI/ ATTEMPTS TO 0IMPROVE0 CAPITALISM OR ! P]PETUATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,LIMIT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! MUNICIPALITY AS ! LOCUS = POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM PROV9CIAL & /ATE GOV]NM5TS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( NATIONAL & SUPRANATIONAL GOV]NM5TS1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS REVOLUTION>Y TO ! CORE1 9 ! V]Y IMPORTANT S5SE ?AT IT SEEKS TO EXAC]BATE ! LAT5T & (T5 V]Y REAL T5SION BETWE5 ! MUNICIPALITY & ! /ATE1 & TO 5L>GE ! DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ( ! COMMUNE ?AT /ILL REMA91 AT ! EXP5SE ( /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT C\NT]POSES ! CONF$]ATION TO ! NATION-/ATE1 & LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM TO EXI/+ SY/EMS ( PRIVATE & NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY4 

,:]E MO/ AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S 9 ! PA/ HAVE REG>D$ ! ,F$]ATION ( COMMUNES AS AN IDEAL TO BE A*IEV$ AFT] AN 9SURRECTION1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S1 ,I CONT5D1 REG>D ! F$]ATION OR CONF$]ATION ( COMMUNES AS A POLITICAL PRACTICE ?AT CAN BE DEVELOP$1 AT LEA/ P>TLY1 PRIOR TO AN \TRI<T REVOLUTION>Y CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE--A CONFRONTATION :I*1 9 MY VIEW1 CANNOT BE AVOID$ &1 IF ANY?+1 %\LD BE 5C\RAG$ BY 9CREAS+ ! T5SION BETWE5 ! /ATE & F$]ATIONS ( MUNICIPALITIES4 ,9 FACT1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS A COMMUNALI/ PRACTICE = CREAT+ A REVOLUTION>Y CULTURE & = BR++ REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 9TO COMPLETE CON=MITY ) ! GOALS ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 

,9 ! LA/ CASE1 IT UNIFIES PRACTICE & IDEAL 9TO A S+LE & COH]5T MEANS-&-5DS APPROA* = 9ITIAT+ A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 )\T ANY DISJUNCTION BETWE5 ! /RATEGY = A*IEV+ SU* A SOCIETY & ! SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,NOR DOES LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM CULTIVATE ! ILLUSION ?AT ! /ATE & B\RGEOISIE WILL ALL[ SU* A CONT9UUM TO F9D FULFILLM5T )\T OP5 /RUGGLE1 AS SOME ADVOCATES ( SO-CALL$ 0CONF$]AL MUNICIPALISM0 & 0LOCALI/ POLITICS0 HAVE >GU$4 

,I HAVE NO D\BT ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 IF IT MEETS ) A MEASURE ( SUCCESS1 WILL FACE MANY OB/ACLES & ! POSSIBILITY ( BE+ CO-OPT$ OR ( DEG5]AT+ 9TO A =M ( 0SEW] AN>*ISM10 ?AT IT WILL FACE NOT ONLY A CIVIC REALM ( IDEOLOGICAL DISCORD BUT 9T]NAL DISCORD )9 ITS [N ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK1 ?AT IT OP5S A BROAD FIELD ( POLITICAL CONFLICT1 ) ALL ITS RISKS & UNC]TA9TIES4 ,AT A TIME :5 SOCIAL LIFE HAS BE5 TRIVIALIZ$ BEYOND DESCRIPTION1 :5 ACCOMMODATION TO CAPITALI/ VALUES & LIFEWAYS HAS REA*$ UNPREC$5T$ LEVELS1 :5 AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM >E SE5 AS ! 0LO/ CAUSES0 ( ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES1 ONE CAN ONLY HOPE ?AT SU* DISCORD BECOMES A G5U9E PUBLIC REALITY4 ,AT NO TIME HAS M$IOCRITY BE5 MORE TRIUMPHANT ?AN IT IS TODAY1 & AT NO TIME HAS 9DIFF]5CE TO SOCIAL & POLITICAL ISSUES BE5 AS WIDESPREAD AS IT IS TODAY4 

,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT SOCIAL *ANGE CAN BE A*IEV$ )\T TAK+ RISKS1 ALL[+ = UNC]TA9TIES1 & RECOGNIZ+ ! POSSIBILITY ( FAILURE4 ,IF WE >E TO HAVE ANY EFFECT ON ! FOSSILIZATION ( PUBLIC LIFE--TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! PRES5T P]IOD IS M>K$ 9 ANY S5SE BY A G5U9E PUBLIC LIFE--HI/ORY TOO MU/ MOVE ) US4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ,I AM MU* TOO OLD TO MAKE WOR?:ILE PR$ICTIONS AB\T H[ ! C\RSE ( EV5TS WILL UNFOLD1 EXCEPT TO SAY ?AT ! PRES5T1 :E!R = GOOD OR ILL1 WILL H>DLY BE RECOGNIZABLE TO ! G5]ATION ?AT WILL COME ( AGE FIFTY YE>S FROM N[1 SO RAPIDLY >E ?+S LIKELY TO *ANGE 9 ! COM+ C5TURY4 

,BUT :]E *ANGE EXI/S1 SO TOO DO POSSIBILITIES4 ,! TIMES CANNOT REMA9 AS !Y >E1 ANY MORE ?AN ! WORLD CAN BE FROZ5 9TO IMMOBILITY4 ,:AT WE CAN HOPE TO DO IS TO PRES]VE ! ?READ ( RATIONALITY ?AT DI/+UI%ES TRUE CIVILIZATION FROM B>B>ISM--& B>B>ISM W\LD 9DE$ BE ! \TCOME ( A WORLD ?AT IS P]MITT$ TO TUMBLE 9TO A FUTURE )\T RATIONAL ACTIVITY OR GUIDANCE4 

,AUGU/ #aiih 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,MEAN+ ( ,CONF$]ALISM 
#d4 ,! ,MEAN+ ( ,CONF$]ALISM 

  

,FEW >GUM5TS HAVE BE5 US$ MORE EFFECTIVELY TO *ALL5GE ! CASE = FACE-TO-FACE P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY ?AN ! CLAIM ?AT WE LIVE 9 A 0COMPLEX SOCIETY40 ,MOD]N POPULATION C5T]S1 WE >E TOLD1 >E TOO L>GE & TOO CONC5TRAT$ TO ALL[ = DIRECT DECISION-MAK+ AT A GRASSROOTS LEVEL4 ,& \R ECONOMY IS TOO 0GLOBAL10 PRESUMABLY1 TO UNRAVEL ! 9TRICACIES ( PRODUCTION & COMM]CE4 ,9 \R PRES5T TRANSNATIONAL1 (T5 HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ SOCIAL SY/EM1 IT IS BETT] TO 5HANCE REPRES5TATION 9 ! /ATE1 TO 9CREASE ! EFFICI5CY ( BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 WE >E ADVIS$1 ?AN TO ADVANCE UTOPIAN 0LOCALI/0 S*EMES ( POPUL> CONTROL OV] POLITICAL & ECONOMIC LIFE4 

,AFT] ALL1 SU* >GUM5TS (T5 RUN1 C5TRALI/S >E ALL REALLY 0LOCALI/S0 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y BELIEVE 9 0MORE P[] TO ! PEOPLE0--OR AT LEA/1 TO !IR REPRES5TATIVES4 ,& SURELY A GOOD REPRES5TATIVE IS ALWAYS EAG] TO KN[ ! WI%ES ( HIS OR H] 0CON/ITU5TS0 7TO USE ANO!R ( ?OSE >ROGANT SUB/ITUTES = 0CITIZ5S074 

,BUT FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY8 ,=GET ! DREAM ?AT 9 \R 0COMPLEX0 MOD]N WORLD WE CAN HAVE ANY DEMOCRATIC ALT]NATIVE TO ! NATION-/ATE6 ,MANY PRAGMATIC PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ SOCIALI/S1 (T5 DISMISS >GUM5TS = ?AT K9D ( 0LOCALISM0 AS O!RWORLDLY--) GOOD-NATUR$ CONDESC5SION AT BE/ & \TRI<T D]ISION AT WOR/4 ,9DE$1 SOME YE>S BACK1 9 #a#i#g#b1 ,I WAS *ALL5G$ 9 ! P]IODICAL ,ROOT & ,BRAN* BY ,J]EMY ,BRE*]1 A DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/1 TO EXPLA9 H[ ! DEC5TRALI/ VIEWS ,I EXPRESS$ 9 MY #aifi ESSAY 0,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM0 W\LD PREV5T1 SAY1 ,TROY1 ,NEW ,YORK1 FROM DUMP+ ITS UNTREAT$ WA/ES 9TO ! ,HUDSON ,RIV]1 FROM :I* D[N/REAM CITIES LIKE ,P]? ,AMBOY DRAW !IR DR9K+ WAT]4 

,ON ! SURFACE ( ?+S1 >GUM5TS LIKE ,BRE*]'S = C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T SEEM RA!R COMPELL+4 ,A /RUCTURE ?AT IS 0DEMOCRATIC10 TO BE SURE1 BUT /ILL L>GELY TOP-D[N1 IS ASSUM$ AS NECESS>Y TO PREV5T ONE LOCALITY FROM AFFLICT+ ANO!R ECOLOGICALLY4 ,BUT CONV5TIONAL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL >GUM5TS AGA9/ DEC5TRALIZATION1 RANG+ FROM ! FATE ( ,P]? ,AMBOY'S DR9K+ WAT] TO \R ALLEG$ 0ADDICTION0 TO PETROLEUM1 RE/ ON A NUMB] ( V]Y PROBLEMATICAL ASSUMPTIONS4 ,MO/ DI/URB+LY1 !Y RE/ ON AN UNCONSCI\S ACCEPTANCE ( ! ECONOMIC /ATUS QUO4 

,DEC5TRALISM & ,SELF-,SU/A9ABILITY 

  

,! ASSUMPTION ?AT :AT CURR5TLY EXI/S MU/ NECESS>ILY EXI/ IS ! ACID ?AT CORRODES ALL VISION>Y ?9K+ 7AS WITNESS ! REC5T T5D5CY ( RADICALS TO ESP\SE 0M>KET SOCIALISM0 RA!R ?AN DEAL ) ! FAIL+S ( ! M>KET ECONOMY AS WELL AS /ATE SOCIALISM74 ,D\BTLESS1 WE WILL HAVE TO IMPORT C(FEE = ?OSE PEOPLE :O NE$ A MORN+ FIX AT ! BREAKFA/ TABLE OR EXOTIC METALS = PEOPLE :O WANT !IR W>ES TO BE MORE LA/+ ?AN ! JUNK PRODUC$ BY A CONSCI\SLY 5G9E]$ ?R[AWAY ECONOMY4 ,BUT ASIDE FROM ! UTT] IRRATIONALITY ( CR[D+ T5S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9TO CONGE/$1 9DE$1 SUFFOCAT+ URBAN BELTS1 MU/ ! PRES5T-DAY EXTRAVAGANT 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR NECESS>ILY EXI/ 9 ORD] TO SATISFY HUMAN NE$S8 ,OR HAS IT BE5 CREAT$ TO PROVIDE EXTRAVAGANT PR(ITS = MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS8 ,>E WE TO IGNORE ! ECOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ( PLUND]+ ! ,?IRD ,WORLD ( ITS RES\RCES1 9SANELY 9T]LOCK+ MOD]N ECONOMIC LIFE ) PETROLEUM-RI* >EAS :OSE ULTIMATE PRODUCTS 9CLUDE AIR POLLUTANTS & PETROLEUM-D]IV$ C>C9OG5S8 ,TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT \R 0GLOBAL ECONOMY0 IS ! RESULT ( BURGEON+ 9DU/RIAL BUREAUCRACIES & A COMPETITIVE GR[-OR-DIE M>KET ECONOMY IS PR(\NDLY MYOPIC4 

,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO EXPLORE ! S\ND ECOLOGICAL REASONS = A*IEV+ A C]TA9 MEASURE ( SELF-SU/A9ABILITY4 ,MO/ 5VIRONM5TALLY ORI5T$ PEOPLE >E AW>E ?AT A MASSIVE NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR IS EXTREMELY WA/EFUL 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ?AT T]M4 ,NOT ONLY DOES AN EXCESSIVE DIVISION ( LABOR MAKE = OV]ORGANIZATION 9 ! =M ( HUGE BUREAUCRACIES & TREM5D\S EXP5DITURES ( RES\RCES 9 TRANSPORT+ MAT]IALS OV] GREAT DI/ANCES1 IT R$UCES ! POSSIBILITIES ( EFFECTIVELY RECYCL+ WA/ES1 AVOID+ POLLUTION ?AT MAY HAVE ITS S\RCE 9 HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ 9DU/RIAL & POPULATION C5T]S1 & MAK+ S\ND USE ( LOCAL OR REGIONAL RAW MAT]IALS4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 WE CANNOT IGNORE ! FACT ?AT RELATIVELY SELF-SU/A9+ COMMUNITIES 9 :I* CRAFTS1 AGRICULTURE1 & 9DU/RIES S]VE DEF9ABLE NETWORKS ( CONF$]ALLY ORGANIZ$ COMMUNITIES 5RI* ! OPPORTUNITIES & /IMULI TO :I* 9DIVIDUALS >E EXPOS$ & MAKE = MORE R\ND$ P]SONALITIES ) A RI* S5SE ( SELFHOOD & COMPET5CE4 ,! ,GREEK IDEAL ( ! R\ND$ CITIZ5 9 A R\ND$ 5VIRONM5T--ONE ?AT REAPPE>$ 9 ,*>LES ,F\RI]'S UTOPIAN WORKS--WAS LONG *]I%$ BY ! AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY4 

,! OPPORTUNITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO DEVOTE HIS OR H] PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY TO MANY DIFF]5T TASKS OV] AN ATT5UAT$ WORK WEEK 7OR 9 ,F\RI]'S IDEAL SOCIETY1 OV] A GIV5 DAY7 WAS SE5 AS A VITAL FACTOR 9 OV]COM+ ! DIVISION BETWE5 MANUAL & 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY1 9 TRANSC5D+ /ATUS DIFF]5CES ?AT ?IS MAJOR DIVISION ( WORK CREAT$1 & 9 5HANC+ ! WEAL? ( EXP]I5CES ?AT CAME ) A FREE MOVEM5T FROM 9DU/RY ?R\< CRAFTS TO FOOD CULTIVATION4 ,H5CE1 SELF-SU/A9ABILITY MADE = A RI*] SELF1 ONE /R5G!N$ BY V>IEGAT$ EXP]I5CES1 COMPET5CIES1 & ASSURANCES4 ,ALAS1 ?IS VISION WAS LO/ BY LEFTI/S & MANY 5VIRONM5TALI/S 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ) !IR %IFT T[>D A PRAGMATIC LIB]ALISM & ! RADICAL MOVEM5T'S TRAGIC IGNORANCE ( ITS [N VISION>Y PA/4 

,WE %\LD NOT1 ,I BELIEVE1 LOSE SI<T ( :AT IT MEANS TO LIVE AN ECOLOGICAL WAY ( LIFE1 NOT M]ELY FOLL[ S\ND ECOLOGICAL PRACTICES4 ,! MULTITUDE ( H&BOOKS ?AT TEA* US H[ TO CONS]VE1 9VE/1 EAT1 & BUY 9 AN 0ECOLOGICALLY RESPONSIBLE0 MANN] >E A TRAVE/Y ( ! MORE BASIC NE$ TO REFLECT ON :AT IT MEANS TO ?9K--YES1 TO REASON--& TO LIVE ECOLOGICALLY 9 ! FULL MEAN+ ( ! T]M4 ,?US1 ,I W\LD HOLD ?AT TO G>D5 ORGANICALLY IS MORE ?AN A GOOD =M ( HUSB&RY & A GOOD S\RCE ( NUTRI5TS2 IT IS ABOVE ALL A WAY TO PLACE ONESELF DIRECTLY 9 ! FOOD WEB BY P]SONALLY CULTIVAT+ ! V]Y SUB/ANCES ONE CONSUMES TO LIVE & BY RETURN+ TO ONE'S 5VIRONM5T :AT ONE ELICITS FROM IT4 

,FOOD ?US BECOMES MORE ?AN A =M ( MAT]IAL NUTRI5T4 ,! SOIL ONE TILLS1 ! LIV+ ?+S ONE CULTIVATES & CONSUMES1 ! COMPO/ ONE PREP>ES ALL UNITE 9 AN ECOLOGICAL CONT9UUM TO FE$ ! SPIRIT AS WELL AS ! BODY1 %>P5+ ONE'S S5SITIVITY TO ! NONHUMAN & HUMAN WORLD >\ND US4 ,I AM (T5 AMUS$ BY ZEAL\S 0SPIRITUALI/S10 MANY ( :OM >E EI!R PASSIVE VIEW]S ( SEEM+LY 0NATURAL0 L&SCAPES OR DEVOTEES ( RITUALS1 MAGIC1 & PAGAN DEITIES 7OR ALL ( !SE7 :O FAIL TO REALIZE ?AT ONE ( ! MO/ EM95TLY HUMAN ACTIVITIES1 NAMELY1 FOOD CULTIVATION1 CAN DO MORE TO FO/] AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY 7& SPIRITUALITY1 IF Y\ PLEASE7 ?AN ALL ! 9CANTATIONS & MANTRAS DEVIS$ 9 ! NAME ( ECOLOGICAL SPIRITUALISM4 

,SU* MONUM5TAL *ANGES AS ! DISSOLUTION ( ! NATION-/ATE & ITS SUB/ITUTION BY A P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY1 !N1 DO NOT OCCUR 9 A PSY*OLOGICAL VACUUM :]E ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE ALONE IS *ANG$4 ,I >GU$ AGA9/ ,J]EMY ,BRE*] ?AT 9 A SOCIETY ?AT WAS RADICALLY VE]+ T[>D DEC5TRALI/IC1 P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY1 GUID$ BY COMMUNIT>IAN & ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES1 IT IS ONLY REASONABLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT PEOPLE W\LD NOT *OOSE SU* AN IRRESPONSIBLE SOCIAL DISP5SATION AS W\LD ALL[ ! WAT]S ( ! ,HUDSON TO BE SO POLLUT$4 ,DEC5TRALISM1 A FACE-TO-FACE P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY1 & A LOCALI/ EMPHASIS ON COMMUNITY VALUES %\LD BE VIEW$ AS ALL ( ONE PIECE--!Y MO/ ASSUR$LY HAVE BE5 SO 9 ! VISION ,I HAVE BE5 ADVOCAT+ = MORE ?AN ?IRTY YE>S4 ,?IS 0ONE PIECE0 9VOLVES NOT ONLY A NEW POLITICS BUT A NEW POLITICAL CULTURE ?AT EMBRACES NEW WAYS ( ?9K+ & FEEL+1 & NEW HUMAN 9T]RELATION%IPS1 9CLUD+ ! WAYS WE EXP]I5CE ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,WORDS LIKE 0POLITICS0 & 0CITIZ5%IP0 W\LD BE R$EF9$ BY ! RI* MEAN+S !Y ACQUIR$ 9 ! PA/1 & 5L>G$ = ! PRES5T4 

,IT IS NOT V]Y DIFFICULT TO %[1 ITEM BY ITEM1 H[ ! 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR CAN BE GREATLY ATT5UAT$ BY US+ LOCAL & REGIONAL RES\RCES1 IMPLEM5T+ ECOTE*NOLOGIES1 RESCAL+ HUMAN CONSUMPTION ALONG RATIONAL 79DE$1 HEAL?FUL7 L9ES1 & EMPHASIZ+ QUALITY PRODUCTION ?AT PROVIDES LA/+ 79/EAD ( ?R[AWAY7 MEANS ( LIFE4 ,IT IS UN=TUNATE ?AT ! V]Y CONSID]ABLE 9V5TORY ( !SE POSSIBILITIES1 :I* ,I P>TLY ASSEMBL$ & EVALUAT$ 9 MY #aife ESSAY 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY10 SUFF]S FROM ! BURD5 ( HAV+ BE5 WRITT5 TOO LONG AGO TO BE ACCESSIBLE TO ! PRES5T G5]ATION ( ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ PEOPLE4 ,9DE$1 9 ?AT ESSAY1 ,I ALSO >GU$ = REGIONAL 9TEGRATION & ! NE$ TO 9T]L9K RES\RCES AMONG ECOCOMMUNITIES2 = DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES >E 9EVITABLY 9T]DEP5D5T UPON ONE ANO!R4 

,PROBLEMS ( ,DEC5TRALISM 

  

,IF MANY PRAGMATIC PEOPLE >E BL9D TO ! IMPORTANCE ( DEC5TRALISM1 MANY 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T T5D TO IGNORE V]Y REAL PROBLEMS ) 0LOCALISM0--PROBLEMS ?AT >E NO LESS TR\BL+ ?AN ! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY A GLOBALISM ?AT FO/]S A TOTAL 9T]LOCK+ ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE ON A WORLDWIDE BASIS4 ,)\T SU* HOLI/IC CULTURAL & POLITICAL *ANGES1 NOTIONS ( DEC5TRALISM ?AT EMPHASIZE LOCALI/ ISOLATION & A DEGREE ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY MAY LEAD TO CULTURAL P>O*IALISM & *AUV9ISM4 ,P>O*IALISM CAN LEAD TO PROBLEMS ?AT >E AS S]I\S AS A 0GLOBAL0 M5TALITY ?AT OV]LOOKS ! UNIQU5ESS ( CULTURES1 ! PECULI>ITIES ( ECOSY/EMS & ECOREGIONS1 & ! NE$ = A HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITY LIFE ?AT MAKES A P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE4 ,?IS IS NO M9OR ISSUE TODAY1 9 AN ECOLOGY MOVEM5T ?AT T5DS TO SW+ T[>D V]Y WELL-MEAN+ BUT RA!R NAIVE EXTREMES4 ,I CANNOT REPEAT TOO EMPHATICALLY ?AT WE MU/ F9D A WAY ( %>+ ! WORLD ) O!R HUMANS & ) NONHUMAN =MS ( LIFE1 A VIEW ?AT IS (T5 DIFFICULT TO ATTA9 9 OV]LY 0SELF-SUFFICI5T0 COMMUNITIES4 

,MU* AS ,I RESPECT ! 9T5TIONS ( ?OSE :O ADVOCATE LOCAL SELF-RELIANCE & SELF-SU/A9ABILITY1 !SE CONCEPTS CAN BE HI<LY MISLEAD+4 ,I CAN C]TA9LY AGREE ) ! ASS]TION1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT IF A COMMUNITY CAN PRODUCE ! ?+S IT NE$S1 IT %\LD PROBABLY DO SO4 ,BUT SELF-SU/A9+ COMMUNITIES CANNOT PRODUCE ALL ! ?+S !Y NE$--UNLESS IT 9VOLVES A RETURN TO A BACKBREAK+ WAY ( VILLAGE LIFE ?AT HI/ORICALLY (T5 PREMATURELY AG$ ITS M5 & WOM5 ) H>D WORK & ALL[$ !M V]Y LITTLE TIME = POLITICAL LIFE BEYOND ! IMM$IATE CONF9ES ( ! COMMUNITY ITSELF4 

,I REGRET TO SAY ?AT !RE >E PEOPLE 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T :O DO1 9 FACT1 ADVOCATE A RETURN TO A HI<LY LABOR-9T5SIVE ECONOMY1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ,/ONE ,AGE DEITIES4 ,CLE>LY1 WE MU/ GIVE ! IDEALS ( LOCALISM1 DEC5TRALISM1 & SELF-SU/A9ABILITY GREAT] & FULL] MEAN+4 

,TODAY1 WE CAN PRODUCE ! BASIC MEANS ( LIFE--& A GOOD DEAL MORE--9 AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT IS FOCUS$ ON ! PRODUCTION ( HI<-QUALITY USEFUL GOODS4 ,YET /ILL O!RS 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T TOO (T5 5D UP ADVOCAT+ A K9D ( 0COOP]ATIVE0 CAPITALISM1 9 :I* ONE COMMUNITY FUNCTIONS LIKE A S+LE 5TREPR5EUR1 ) A S5SE ( PROPRIETOR%IP T[>D ITS RES\RCES4 ,SU* A SY/EM ( COOP]ATIVES ONCE AGA9 M>KS ! BEG9N+S ( A M>KET SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION AS COOP]ATIVES BECOME 5TANGL$ 9 ! WEB ( 0B\RGEOIS RI<TS10 ?AT IS1 9 CONTRACTS & BOOKKEEP+ ?AT FOCUS ON ! EXACT AM\NTS A COMMUNITY WILL RECEIVE 9 0EX*ANGE0 = :AT IT DELIV]S TO O!RS4 ,?IS DET]IORATION OCCURR$ AMONG SOME ( ! WORK]-CONTROLL$ 5T]PRISES ?AT FUNCTION$ LIKE CAPITALI/IC 5T]PRISES 9 ,B>CELONA AFT] ! WORK]S EXPROPRIAT$ !M 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f--A PRACTICE ?AT ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T F\<T E>LY 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 

,IT IS A TR\BL+ FACT ?AT NEI!R DEC5TRALIZATION NOR SELF-SUFFICI5CY 9 ITSELF IS NECESS>ILY DEMOCRATIC4 ,PLATO'S IDEAL CITY 9 ! ,REPUBLIC WAS1 9DE$1 DESIGN$ TO BE SELF-SUFFICI5T1 BUT ITS SELF-SUFFICI5CY WAS MEANT TO MA9TA9 A W>RIOR AS WELL AS A PHILOSOPHICAL ELITE4 ,9DE$1 ITS CAPACITY TO PRES]VE ITS SELF-SUFFICI5CY DEP5D$ UPON ITS ABILITY1 LIKE ,SP>TA1 TO RESI/ ! SEEM+LY 0CORRUPTIVE0 9FLU5CE ( \TSIDE CULTURES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 DEC5TRALIZATION 9 ITSELF PROVIDES NO ASSURANCE ?AT WE WILL HAVE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY CAN EASILY COEXI/ ) EXTREMELY RIGID HI]>*IES4 ,A /RIK+ EXAMPLE IS ,EUROPEAN & ,ORI5TAL FEUDALISM1 A SOCIAL ORD] 9 :I* PR9CELY1 DUCAL1 & B>ONIAL HI]>*IES W]E BAS$ ON HI<LY DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES4 ,) ALL DUE RESPECT TO ,FRITZ ,S*UMA*]1 SMALL IS NOT NECESS>ILY BEAUTIFUL4 

,NOR DOES IT FOLL[ ?AT HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES & 0APPROPRIATE TE*NOLOGIES0 9 !MSELVES CON/ITUTE GU>ANTEES AGA9/ DOM9E]+ SOCIETIES4 ,9 FACT1 = C5TURIES1 HUMANITY LIV$ 9 VILLAGES & SMALL T[NS1 (T5 ) TI<TLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL TIES & EV5 COMMUNI/IC =MS ( PROP]TY4 ,BUT !SE PROVID$ ! MAT]IAL BASIS = HI<LY DESPOTIC IMP]IAL /ATES4 ,CONSID]$ ON ECONOMIC & PROP]TY T]MS1 !Y MI<T E>N A HI< PLACE 9 ! 0NO-GR[?0 \TLOOK ( ECONOMI/S LIKE ,H]MAN ,DALY1 BUT !Y W]E ! H>D BRICKS ?AT W]E US$ TO BUILD ! MO/ AWESOME DESPOTISMS 9 ,9DIA & ,*9A4 ,:AT !SE SELF-SUFFICI5T1 DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES FE>$ ALMO/ AS MU* AS ! >MIES ?AT RAVAG$ !M W]E ! IMP]IAL TAX-GA!R]S ?AT PLUND]$ !M4 

,IF WE EXTOLL SU* COMMUNITIES BECAUSE ( ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y W]E DEC5TRALIZ$1 SELF-SUFFICI5T1 OR SMALL1 OR EMPLOY$ 0APPROPRIATE TE*NOLOGIES10 WE W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO IGNORE ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y W]E ALSO CULTURALLY /AGNANT & EASILY DOM9AT$ BY EXOG5\S ELITES4 ,!IR SEEM+LY ORGANIC BUT TRADITION-B\ND DIVISION ( LABOR MAY V]Y WELL HAVE =M$ ! BASES = HI<LY OPPRESSIVE & DEGRAD+ CA/E SY/EMS 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! WORLD--CA/E SY/EMS ?AT PLAGUE ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ,9DIA TO ?IS V]Y DAY4 

,AT ! RISK ( SEEM+ CONTR>Y1 ,I FEEL OBLIG$ TO EMPHASIZE ?AT DEC5TRALIZATION1 LOCALISM1 SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 & EV5 CONF$]ATION1 EA* TAK5 S+LY1 DO NOT CON/ITUTE A GU>ANTEE ?AT WE WILL A*IEVE A RATIONAL ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,9 FACT1 ALL ( !M HAVE AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R SUPPORT$ P>O*IAL COMMUNITIES1 OLIG>*IES1 & EV5 DESPOTIC REGIMES4 ,TO BE SURE1 )\T ! 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES ?AT CLU/] >\ND \R USE ( !SE T]MS & )\T TAK+ !M 9 COMB9ATION ) EA* O!R1 WE CANNOT HOPE TO A*IEVE A FREE ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ SOCIETY4 

,CONF$]ALISM & ,9T]DEP5D5CE 

  

,DEC5TRALISM & SELF-SU/A9ABILITY MU/ 9VOLVE A MU* BROAD] PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AN M]E LOCALISM4 ,TOGE!R ) DEC5TRALIZATION1 APPROXIMATIONS TO SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 HUMANLY SCAL$ COMMUNITIES1 ECOTE*NOLOGIES1 & ! LIKE1 !RE IS A COMPELL+ NE$ = DEMOCRATIC & TRULY COMMUNIT>IAN =MS ( 9T]DEP5D5CE--9 %ORT1 = LIB]T>IAN =MS ( CONF$]ALISM4 

,I HAVE DETAIL$ AT L5G? 9 MANY >TICLES & BOOKS 7P>TICUL>LY ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES7 ! HI/ORY ( CONF$]AL /RUCTURES FROM ANCI5T & M$IEVAL TO MOD]N CONF$]ATIONS SU* AS ! ,COMUN]OS9 ! E>LY SIXTE5? C5TURY ?R\< ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONAL MOVEM5T ( #agic & MORE REC5T ATTEMPTS AT CONF$]ATION1 P>TICUL>LY BY ! ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#i#cS4 ,TODAY1 :AT (T5 LEADS TO S]I\S MISUND]/&+S AMONG DEC5TRALI/S IS !IR FAILURE 9 ALL TOO MANY CASES TO SEE ! NE$ = CONF$]ATION1 :I* AT LEA/ T5DS TO C\NT]ACT ! T5D5CY ( DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES TO DRIFT T[>D EXCLUSIVITY & P>O*IALISM4 ,IF WE LACK A CLE> UND]/&+ ( :AT CONF$]ALISM MEANS--9DE$1 ! FACT ?AT IT =MS A KEY PR9CIPLE & GIVES FULL] MEAN+ TO DEC5TRALISM--A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ AG5DA CAN EASILY BECOME VACU\S AT BE/ OR BE US$ = HI<LY P>O*IAL 5DS AT WOR/4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS CONF$]ALISM8 ,IT IS ABOVE ALL A NETWORK ( ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCILS :OSE MEMB]S OR DELEGATES >E ELECT$ FROM POPUL> FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES1 9 ! V>I\S VILLAGES1 T[NS1 & EV5 NEI<BORHOODS ( L>GE CITIES4 ,! MEMB]S ( !SE CONF$]AL C\NCILS >E /RICTLY M&AT$1 RECALLABLE1 & RESPONSIBLE TO ! ASSEMBLIES ?AT *OOSE !M = ! PURPOSE ( COORD9AT+ & ADM9I/]+ ! POLICIES =MULAT$ BY ! ASSEMBLIES !MSELVES4 ,!IR FUNCTION IS ?US A PURELY ADM9I/RATIVE & PRACTICAL ONE1 NOT A POLICYMAK+ ONE LIKE ! FUNCTION ( REPRES5TATIVES 9 REPUBLICAN SY/EMS ( GOV]NM5T4 

,A CONF$]ALI/ VIEW 9VOLVES A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLICYMAK+ & ! COORD9ATION & EXECUTION ( ADOPT$ POLICIES4 ,POLICYMAK+ IS EXCLUSIVELY ! RI<T ( POPUL> COMMUNITY ASSEMBLIES BAS$ ON ! PRACTICES ( P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY4 ,ADM9I/RATION & COORD9ATION >E ! RESPONSIBILITY ( CONF$]AL C\NCILS1 :I* BECOME ! MEANS = 9T]L9K+ VILLAGES1 T[NS1 NEI<BORHOODS1 & CITIES 9TO CONF$]AL NETWORKS4 ,P[] ?US FL[S FROM ! BOTTOM UP 9/EAD ( FROM ! TOP D[N1 & 9 CONF$]ATIONS1 ! FL[ ( P[] FROM ! BOTTOM UP DIM9I%ES ) ! SCOPE ( ! F$]AL C\NCIL RANG+ T]RITORIALLY FROM LOCALITIES TO REGIONS & FROM REGIONS TO EV]-BROAD] T]RITORIAL >EAS4 

,A CRUCIAL ELEM5T 9 GIV+ REALITY TO CONF$]ALISM IS ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( COMMUNITIES = AN AU!NTIC MUTUALISM BAS$ ON %>$ RES\RCES1 PRODUCTION1 & POLICYMAK+4 ,IF ONE COMMUNITY IS NOT OBLIG$ TO C\NT ON ANO!R OR O!RS G5]ALLY TO SATISFY IMPORTANT MAT]IAL NE$S & REALIZE COMMON POLITICAL GOALS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT IS 9T]L9K$ TO A GREAT] :OLE1 EXCLUSIVITY & P>O*IALISM >E G5U9E POSSIBILITIES4 ,ONLY 9S(> AS WE RECOGNIZE ?AT CONF$]ATION MU/ BE CONCEIV$ AS AN EXT5SION ( A =M ( P>TICIPATORY ADM9I/RATION--BY MEANS ( CONF$]AL NETWORKS--CAN DEC5TRALIZATION & LOCALISM PREV5T ! COMMUNITIES ?AT COMPOSE L>G] BODIES ( ASSOCIATION FROM )DRAW+ 9TO !MSELVES AT ! EXP5SE ( WID] >EAS ( HUMAN CONSOCIATION4 

,CONF$]ALISM IS ?US A WAY ( P]PETUAT+ ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ?AT %\LD EXI/ AMONG COMMUNITIES & REGIONS2 9DE$1 IT IS A WAY ( DEMOCRATIZ+ ?AT 9T]DEP5D5CE )\T SURR5D]+ ! PR9CIPLE ( LOCAL CONTROL4 ,:ILE A REASONABLE MEASURE ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY IS DESIRABLE = EV]Y LOCALITY & REGION1 CONF$]ALISM IS A MEANS = AVOID+ LOCAL P>O*IALISM ON ! ONE H& & AN EXTRAVAGANT NATIONAL & GLOBAL DIVISION ( LABOR ON ! O!R4 ,9 %ORT1 IT IS A WAY 9 :I* A COMMUNITY CAN RETA9 ITS ID5TITY & R\ND$NESS :ILE P>TICIPAT+ 9 A %>+ WAY ) ! L>G] :OLE ?AT MAKES UP A BALANC$ ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,CONF$]ALISM AS A PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION REA*ES ITS FULLE/ DEVELOPM5T :5 ! ECONOMY ITSELF IS CONF$]ALIZ$ BY PLAC+ LOCAL F>MS1 FACTORIES1 & O!R NE$$ 5T]PRISES 9 LOCAL MUNICIPAL H&S2 ?AT IS1 :5 A COMMUNITY1 H[EV] L>GE OR SMALL1 BEG9S TO MANAGE ITS [N ECONOMIC RES\RCES 9 AN 9T]L9K$ NETWORK ) O!R COMMUNITIES4 ,TO =CE A *OICE BETWE5 EI!R SELF-SUFFICI5CY ON ! ONE H& OR A M>KET SY/EM ( EX*ANGE ON ! O!R IS A SIMPLI/IC & UNNECESS>Y DI*OTOMY4 ,I W\LD LIKE TO ?9K ?AT A CONF$]AL ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY W\LD BE A %>+ ONE--ONE BAS$ ON ! PLEASURE ?AT IS FELT 9 DI/RIBUT+ AMONG COMMUNITIES ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S1 NOT ONE 9 :I* 0COOP]ATIVE0 CAPITALI/IC COMMUNITIES MIRE !MSELVES 9 ! QUID PRO QUO ( EX*ANGE RELATION%IPS4 

,IMPOSSIBLE8 ,UNLESS WE >E TO BELIEVE ?AT NATIONALIZ$ PROP]TY 7:I* RE9=CES ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE ) ECONOMIC P[]7 OR A PRIVATE M>KET ECONOMY 7:OSE LAW ( 0GR[ OR DIE0 ?REAT5S TO UND]M9E ! ECOLOGICAL /ABILITY ( ! 5TIRE PLANET7 IS MORE WORKABLE1 ,I FAIL TO SEE :AT VIABLE ALT]NATIVE WE HAVE TO ! CONF$]AT$ MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY4 ,AT ANY RATE1 = ONCE1 IT WILL NO LONG] BE PRIVILEG$ /ATE BUREAUCRATS OR GRASP+ B\RGEOIS 5TREPR5EURS--OR EV5 0COLLECTIVE0 CAPITALI/S 9 SO-CALL$ 0WORK]S-CONTROLL$ 5T]PRISES0--ALL ) !IR SPECIAL 9T]E/S TO PROMOTE1 :O >E FAC$ ) A COMMUNITY'S PROBLEMS1 BUT CITIZ5S1 IRRESPECTIVE ( !IR OCCUPATIONS OR WORKPLACES4 ,= ONCE1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO TRANSC5D ! TRADITIONAL SPECIAL 9T]E/S ( WORK1 WORKPLACE1 /ATUS1 & PROP]TY RELATIONS1 & CREATE A G5]AL 9T]E/ BAS$ ON %>$ COMMUNITY PROBLEMS4 

,CONF$]ATION IS ?US ! 5SEMBLE ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 LOCALISM1 SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 9T]DEP5D5CE--& MORE4 ,?IS MORE IS ! 9DISP5SABLE MORAL $UCATION & *>ACT] BUILD+--:AT ! ,GREEKS CALL$ PAIDEIA--?AT MAKES = RATIONAL ACTIVE CITIZ5%IP 9 A P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY1 UNLIKE ! PASSIVE CON/ITU5TS & CONSUM]S ?AT WE HAVE TODAY4 ,9 ! 5D1 !RE IS NO SUB/ITUTE = A CONSCI\S RECON/RUCTION ( \R RELATION%IP TO EA* O!R & ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,TO >GUE ?AT ! REMAK+ ( SOCIETY & \R RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD CAN BE A*IEV$ M]ELY BY DEC5TRALIZATION OR LOCALISM OR SELF-SU/A9ABILITY LEAVES US ) AN 9COMPLETE COLLECTION ( SOLUTIONS4 ,:ATEV] WE OMIT AMONG !SE PRESUPPOSITIONS = A SOCIETY BAS$ ON CONF$]AT$ MUNICIPALITIES W\LD LEAVE A YAWN+ HOLE 9 ! 5TIRE SOCIAL FABRIC WE HOPE TO CREATE4 ,?AT HOLE W\LD GR[ & EV5TUALLY DE/ROY ! FABRIC ITSELF1 JU/ AS A M>KET ECONOMY1 CONJO9$ ) 0SOCIALISM10 0AN>*ISM10 OR :ATEV] CONCEPT ONE HAS ( ! GOOD SOCIETY1 W\LD EV5TUALLY DOM9ATE ! SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,NOR CAN WE OMIT ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLICYMAK+ & ADM9I/RATION1 = ONCE POLICYMAK+ SLIPS FROM ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE1 IT IS DEV\R$ BY ITS DELEGATES1 :O QUICKLY BECOME BUREAUCRATS4 

,CONF$]ALISM1 9 EFFECT1 MU/ BE CONCEIV$ AS A :OLE3 A CONSCI\SLY =M$ BODY ( 9T]DEP5D5CIES ?AT UNITES P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY 9 MUNICIPALITIES ) A SCRUPUL\SLY SUP]VIS$ SY/EM ( COORD9ATION4 ,IT 9VOLVES ! DIALECTICAL DEVELOPM5T ( 9DEP5D5CE & DEP5D5CE 9TO A MORE RI*LY >TICULAT$ =M ( 9T]DEP5D5CE1 JU/ AS ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 A FREE SOCIETY GR[S FROM DEP5D5CE 9 *ILDHOOD TO 9DEP5D5CE 9 Y\?1 ONLY TO SUBLATE ! TWO 9TO A CONSCI\S =M ( 9T]DEP5D5CE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY4 

,CONF$]ALISM IS ?US A FLUID & EV]-DEVELOP+ K9D ( SOCIAL METABOLISM 9 :I* ! ID5TITY ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY IS PRES]V$ ?R\< ITS DIFF]5CES & BY VIRTUE ( ITS POT5TIAL = EV]-GREAT] DIFF]5TIATION4 ,CONF$]ALISM1 9 FACT1 DOES NOT M>K A CLOSURE ( SOCIAL HI/ORY 7AS ! 05D ( HI/ORY0 IDEOLOGI/S ( REC5T YE>S W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE AB\T LIB]AL CAPITALISM7 BUT RA!R ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A NEW ECOSOCIAL HI/ORY M>K$ BY A P>TICIPATORY EVOLUTION )9 SOCIETY & BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,CONF$]ATION AS ,DUAL ,P[] 

  

,ABOVE ALL1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ 9 MY PREVI\S WRIT+S H[ CONF$]ATION ON A MUNICIPAL BASIS HAS EXI/$ 9 %>P T5SION ) ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE G5]ALLY & ! NATION-/ATE ( REC5T TIMES4 ,CONF$]ALISM1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO EMPHASIZE1 IS NOT SIMPLY A UNIQUE SOCIETAL1 P>TICUL>LY CIVIC1 OR MUNICIPAL1 =M ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,IT IS A VIBRANT TRADITION 9 ! AFFAIRS ( HUMANITY1 ONE ?AT HAS A C5TURIES-LONG HI/ORY BEH9D IT4 ,= G5]ATIONS1 CONF$]ATIONS TRI$ TO C\NT]VAIL A NE>LY EQUALLY LONG HI/ORICAL T5D5CY T[>D C5TRALIZATION & ! CREATION ( ! NATION-/ATE4 

,IF ! TWO--CONF$]ALISM & /ATISM-->E NOT SE5 AS BE+ 9 T5SION ) EA* O!R1 A T5SION 9 :I* ! NATION-/ATE HAS US$ A V>IETY ( 9T]M$I>IES LIKE PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5TS 9 ,CANADA & /ATE GOV]NM5TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO CREATE ! ILLUSION ( 0LOCAL CONTROL10 !N ! CONCEPT ( CONF$]ATION LOSES ALL MEAN+4 ,PROV9CIAL AUTONOMY 9 ,CANADA & /ATES' RI<TS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E NO MORE CONF$]AL ?AN 0SOVIETS0 OR C\NCILS W]E ! M$IUM = POPUL> CONTROL ?AT EXI/$ 9 T5SION ) ,/AL9'S TOTALIT>IAN /ATE4 ,! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS W]E TAK5 OV] BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O SUPPLANT$ !M ) !IR P>TY )9 A YE> OR TWO ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 ,TO WEAK5 ! ROLE ( CONF$]AL MUNICIPALITIES AS A C\NT]VAIL+ P[] TO ! NATION-/ATE BY OPPORTUNI/ICALLY RUNN+ 0CONF$]ALI/0 C&IDATES = /ATE GOV]NM5T--OR1 MORE NI<TM>I%LY1 = GOV]NOR%IP 9 SEEM+LY DEMOCRATIC /ATES 7AS SOME ,U4,S4 ,GRE5S HAVE PROPOS$7--IS TO BLUR ! IMPORTANCE ( ! NE$ = T5SION BETWE5 CONF$]ATIONS & NATION-/ATES2 9DE$1 !Y OBSCURE ! FACT ?AT ! TWO CANNOT COEXI/ OV] ! LONG T]M4 

,9 DESCRIB+ CONF$]ALISM--AS A /RUCTURE = DEC5TRALIZATION1 P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY1 & LOCALISM--& AS A POT5TIALITY = AN EV]-GREAT] DIFF]5TIATION ALONG NEW L9ES ( DEVELOPM5T1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS SAME CONCEPT ( :OL5ESS ?AT APPLIES TO ! 9T]DEP5D5CIES BETWE5 MUNICIPALITIES ALSO APPLIES TO ! MUNICIPALITY ITSELF4 ,! MUNICIPALITY1 AS ,I HAVE PO9T$ \T 9 E>LI] WRIT+S1 IS ! MO/ IMM$IATE POLITICAL >5A ( ! 9DIVIDUAL--! WORLD ?AT IS LIT]ALLY A DOOR/EP BEYOND ! PRIVACY ( ! FAMILY & ! 9TIMACY ( P]SONAL FRI5D%IPS4 ,9 ?AT PRIM>Y POLITICAL >5A1 :]E POLITICS %\LD BE CONCEIV$ 9 ! ,HELL5IC S5SE ( LIT]ALLY MANAG+ ! POLIS OR COMMUNITY1 ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN BE TRANS=M$ FROM A M]E P]SON 9TO AN ACTIVE CITIZ5--FROM A PRIVATE BE+ 9TO A PUBLIC BE+4 ,GIV5 ?IS CRUCIAL >5A ?AT R5D]S CITIZ5S ABLE TO P>TICIPATE DIRECTLY 9 ! FUTURE ( SOCIETY1 WE >E DEAL+ ) A LEVEL ( HUMAN 9T]ACTION ?AT IS MORE BASIC 7AP>T FROM ! FAMILY ITSELF7 ?AN ANY LEVEL ?AT IS EXPRESS$ 9 REPRES5TATIVE =MS ( GOV]NANCE :]E COLLECTIVE P[] IS LIT]ALLY TRANSMUT$ 9TO P[] EMBODI$ BY ONE OR A FEW 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! MUNICIPALITY IS ?US ! MO/ AU!NTIC >5A ( PUBLIC LIFE1 H[EV] MU* IT MAY HAVE BE5 DI/ORT$ OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 

,BY CONTRA/1 DELEGAT$ OR AU?ORIT>IAN LEVELS ( 0POLITICS0 PRESUPPOSE ! ABDICATION ( MUNICIPAL & CITIZ5 P[] TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R4 ,! MUNICIPALITY MU/ ALWAYS BE UND]/OOD AS ?IS TRULY AU!NTIC PUBLIC WORLD4 ,TO COMP>E EV5 EXECUTIVE POSITIONS1 LIKE A MAYOR ) A GOV]NOR1 9 REPRES5TATIVE REALMS ( P[] IS TO GROSSLY MISUND]/& ! BASIC POLITICAL NATURE ( CIVIC LIFE ITSELF1 ALL ITS MAL=MATIONS NOT)/&+4 ,?US1 = ,GRE5S TO CONT5D 9 A PURELY =MAL & ANALYTICAL MANN]--AS MOD]N LOGIC 9/RUCTS ?AT T]MS LIKE 0EXECUTIVE0 MAKE ! TWO POSITIONS 9T]*ANGEABLE--IS TO TOTALLY REMOVE ! NOTION ( EXECUTIVE P[] FROM ITS CONTEXT1 TO REIFY IT1 TO MAKE IT 9TO A LIFELESS CATEGORY BECAUSE ( ! EXT]NAL TRAPP+S WE ATTA* TO ! WORD4 ,IF ! CITY IS TO BE SE5 AS A :OLE1 & ITS POT5TIALITIES = CREAT+ A P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY >E TO BE FULLY RECOGNIZ$1 !N PROV9CIAL & /ATE GOV]NM5TS 9 ,CANADA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MU/ BE SE5 AS SMALL REPUBLICS ORGANIZ$ 5TIRELY >\ND REPRES5TATION AT BE/ & OLIG>*ICAL RULE AT WOR/4 ,!Y PROVIDE ! *ANNELS ( EXPRESSION = ! NATION-/ATE--& CON/ITUTE OB/ACLES TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A G5U9E PUBLIC REALM4 

,TO RUN A ,GRE5 = A MAYOR ON A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ PROGRAM1 9 %ORT1 IS QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T FROM RUNN+ A PROV9CIAL OR /ATE GOV]NOR ON A PRESUMABLY LIB]T>IAN MUNCIPALI/ PROGRAM4 ,IT AM\NTS TO DECONTEXTUALIZ+ ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EXI/ 9 A MUNICIPALITY1 9 A PROV9CE OR /ATE1 & 9 ! NATION-/ATE ITSELF1 !REBY PLAC+ ALL ?REE ( !SE EXECUTIVE POSITIONS UND] A PURELY =MAL RUBRIC4 ,ONE MI<T ) EQUAL IMPRECISION SAY ?AT BECAUSE HUMAN BE+S & D9OSAURS BO? HAVE SP9AL CORDS1 ?AT !Y BELONG TO ! SAME SPECIES OR EV5 TO ! SAME G5US4 ,9 EA* SU* CASE1 AN 9/ITUTION--BE IT A MAYORAL1 C\NCILOR1 OR SELECTP]SON--MU/ BE SE5 9 A MUNICIPAL CONTEXT AS A :OLE1 JU/ AS A PRESID5T1 PRIME M9I/]1 CONGRESSP]SON1 OR MEMB] ( P>LIAM5T1 9 TURN1 MU/ BE SE5 9 ! /ATE CONTEXT AS A :OLE4 ,FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 = ,GRE5S TO RUN MAYORS IS FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM RUNN+ = PROV9CIAL & /ATE (FICES4 ,ONE CAN GO 9TO 5DLESS DETAIL$ REASONS :Y ! P[]S ( A MAYOR >E F> MORE CONTROLL$ & UND] CLOS] PUBLIC PURVIEW ?AN ?OSE ( /ATE & PROV9CIAL (FICE-HOLD]S4 

,TO IGNORE ?IS FACT IS TO AB&ON ANY S5SE ( CONTEXTUALITY & ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ISSUES LIKE POLICY1 ADM9I/RATION1 P>TICIPATION1 & REPRES5TATION MU/ BE PLAC$4 ,SIMPLY1 A CITY HALL 9 A T[N OR CITY IS NOT A CAPITAL 9 A PROV9CE1 /ATE1 OR NATION-/ATE4 

,UNQUE/IONABLY1 !RE >E N[ CITIES ?AT >E SO L>GE ?AT !Y V]GE ON BE+ QUASI-REPUBLICS 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,ONE ?9KS1 = EXAMPLE1 ( SU* MEGALOPOLITAN >EAS AS ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY & ,LOS ,ANGELES4 ,9 SU* CASES1 ! M9IMAL PROGRAM ( A ,GRE5 MOVEM5T CAN DEM& ?AT CONF$]ATIONS BE E/ABLI%$ )9 ! URBAN >EA--NAMELY1 AMONG NEI<BORHOODS OR DEF9ABLE DI/RICTS--NOT ONLY AMONG ! URBAN >EAS !MSELVES4 ,9 A V]Y REAL S5SE1 !SE HI<LY POPULAT$1 SPRAWL+1 & OV]SIZE 5TITIES MU/ ULTIMATELY BE BROK5 D[N 9/ITUTIONALLY 9TO MUNICIPALITIES ?AT >E SCAL$ TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS & ?AT L5D !MSELVES TO P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY4 ,!SE 5TITIES >E NOT YET FULLY =M$ /ATE P[]S1 EI!R 9/ITUTIONALLY OR 9 REALITY1 SU* AS WE F9D EV5 9 SP>SELY POPULAT$ ,AM]ICAN /ATES4 ,! MAYOR IS NOT YET A GOV]NOR1 ) ! 5ORM\S CO]CIVE P[]S ?AT A GOV]NOR HAS1 NOR IS ! CITY C\NCIL A P>LIAM5T OR /ATEH\SE ?AT CAN LIT]ALLY LEGISLATE ! DEA? P5ALTY 9TO EXI/5CE1 SU* AS IS OCCURR+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TODAY4 

,9 CITIES ?AT >E TRANS=M+ !MSELVES 9TO QUASI-/ATES1 !RE IS /ILL A GOOD DEAL ( LEEWAY 9 :I* POLITICS CAN BE CONDUCT$ ALONG LIB]T>IAN L9ES4 ,ALREADY1 ! EXECUTIVE BRAN*ES ( !SE URBAN 5TITIES CON/ITUTE A HI<LY PREC>I\S GR\ND1 BURD5$ BY 5ORM\S BUREAUCRACIES1 POLICE P[]S1 TAX P[]S1 & JURIDICAL SY/EMS ?AT RAISE S]I\S PROBLEMS = A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPAL APPROA*4 ,WE MU/ ALWAYS ASK \RSELVES 9 ALL FRANKNESS :AT =M ! CONCRETE SITUATION TAKES4 ,:]E CITY C\NCILS & MAYORAL (FICES 9 L>GE CITIES PROVIDE AN >5A = BATTL+ ! CONC5TRATION ( P[] 9 AN 9CREAS+LY /RONG /ATE OR PROV9CIAL EXECUTIVE1 & EV5 WORSE1 9 REGIONAL JURISDICTIONS ?AT MAY CUT ACROSS MANY SU* CITIES 7,LOS ,ANGELES IS A NOTABLE EXAMPLE71 TO RUN C&IDATES = ! CITY C\NCIL MAY BE ! ONLY REC\RSE WE HAVE = >RE/+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9CREAS+LY AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE 9/ITUTIONS & HELP+ TO RE/ORE AN 9/ITUTIONALLY DEC5TRALIZ$ DEMOCRACY4 

,IT WILL NO D\BT TAKE A LONG TIME TO PHYSICALLY DEC5TRALIZE AN URBAN 5TITY SU* AS ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY 9TO AU!NTIC MUNICIPALITIES & ULTIMATELY COMMUNES4 ,SU* AN EF=T IS P>T ( ! MAXIMUM PROGRAM ( A ,GRE5 MOVEM5T4 ,BUT !RE IS NO REASON :Y AN URBAN 5TITY ( SU* A HUGE MAGNITUDE CANNOT BE SL[LY DEC5TRALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONALLY4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 PHYSICAL DEC5TRALIZATION & 9/ITUTIONAL DEC5TRALIZATION MU/ ALWAYS BE KEPT 9 M9D4 ,TIME & AGA91 EXCELL5T PROPOSALS HAVE BE5 ADVANC$ BY RADICALS & EV5 CITY PLANN]S TO LOCALIZE DEMOCRACY 9 SU* HUGE URBAN 5TITIES & GIVE GREAT] P[] TO ! PEOPLE1 ONLY TO BE CYNICALLY %OT D[N BY C5TRALI/S :O 9VOKE PHYSICAL IMP$IM5TS TO SU* AN 5DEAVOR4 

,TO MAKE 9/ITUTIONAL DEC5TRALIZATION CONGRU5T ) ! PHYSICAL BREAKUP ( SU* A L>GE 5TITY CONFUSES ! >GUM5TS ( ADVOCATES = DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,!RE IS A C]TA9 TREA*]Y ON ! P>T ( C5TRALI/S 9 MAK+ !SE TWO V]Y DI/9CT L9ES ( DEVELOPM5T ID5TICAL OR 5TANGL+ !M ) EA* O!R4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S MU/ ALWAYS KEEP ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 9/ITUTIONAL & PHYSICAL DEC5TRALIZATION CLE>LY 9 M9D & RECOGNIZE ?AT ! =M] IS 5TIRELY A*IEVABLE EV5 :ILE ! LATT] MAY TAKE YE>S TO ATTA94 

,NOVEMB] #aii 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,A ,POLITICS ( ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY 
#e4 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,A ,POLITICS ( ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY 

  

,P]HAPS ! GREATE/ S+LE FAIL+ ( MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION--,I REF] P>TICUL>LY TO ! ,LEFT1 TO RADICAL ECOLOGY GR\PS1 & TO ORGANIZATIONS ?AT PR(ESS TO SPEAK = ! OPPRESS$--IS !IR LACK ( A POLITICS ?AT WILL C>RY PEOPLE BEYOND ! LIMITS E/ABLI%$ BY ! /ATUS QUO4 

,POLITICS TODAY PRIM>ILY MEANS DUELS BETWE5 TOP-D[N BUREAUCRATIC P>TIES = ELECTORAL (FICE ?AT (F] VACU\S PROGRAMS = 0SOCIAL JU/ICE0 TO ATTRACT A NONDESCRIPT 0ELECTORATE40 ,ONCE 9 (FICE1 !IR PROGRAMS USUALLY TURN 9TO A B\QUET ( 0COMPROMISES40 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 MANY ,GRE5 P>TIES 9 ,EUROPE HAVE BE5 ONLY M>G9ALLY DIFF]5T FROM CONV5TIONAL P>LIAM5T>Y P>TIES4 ,NOR HAVE SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 ) ALL !IR V>I\S LABELS1 EXHIBIT$ ANY BASIC DIFF]5CES FROM !IR CAPITALI/ C\NT]P>TS4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN PUBLIC--ITS 0APOLITICISM0--IS UND]/&ABLY DEPRESS+4 ,GIV5 !IR L[ EXPECTATIONS1 :5 PEOPLE DO VOTE1 !Y NORMALLY TURN TO E/ABLI%$ P>TIES IF ONLY BECAUSE1 AS C5T]S ( P[]1 !Y CAN PRODUCE RESULTS1 ( SORTS1 9 PRACTICAL MATT]S4 ,IF ONE BO!RS TO VOTE1 MO/ PEOPLE REASON1 :Y WA/E A VOTE ON A NEW M>G9AL ORGANIZATION ?AT HAS ALL ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! MAJOR ONES & WILL1 IF IT SUCCE$S1 EV5TUALLY BECOME CORRUPT$8 ,WITNESS ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S1 :OSE 9T]NAL & PUBLIC LIFE 9CREAS+LY APPROXIMATES ?AT ( TRADITIONAL P>TIES4 

,?AT ?IS 0POLITICAL PROCESS0 HAS L+]$ ON ) ALMO/ NO BASIC ALT]ATION = DECADES N[ IS DUE 9 GREAT P>T TO ! 9]TIA ( ! PROCESS ITSELF4 ,TIME WE>S EXPECTATIONS ?91 & HOPES >E (T5 R$UC$ TO HABITS AS ONE DISAPPO9TM5T IS FOLL[$ BY ANO!R4 ,TALK ( A 0NEW POLITICS10 ( UPSETT+ TRADITION1 :I* IS AS OLD AS POLITICS ITSELF1 IS BECOM+ UNCONV9C+4 ,= DECADES1 AT LEA/1 ! *ANGES ?AT HAVE OCCURR$ 9 RADICAL POLITICS >E L>GELY *ANGES 9 RHETORIC RA!R ?AN /RUCTURE4 ,! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S >E ONLY ! MO/ REC5T ( A SUCCESSION ( 0NONP>TY P>TIES0 7TO USE !IR ORIG9AL WAY ( DESCRIB+ !IR ORGANIZATION7 ?AT HAVE TURN$ FROM AN ATTEMPT TO PRACTICE GRASSROOTS POLITICS--IRONICALLY1 9 ! ,BUNDE/AG1 ( ALL PLACES6--9TO A TYPICAL P>LIAM5T>Y P>TY4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ,G]MANY1 ! ,LABOR ,P>TY 9 ,BRITA91 ! ,NEW ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 9 ,CANADA1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 ,FRANCE1 & O!RS1 DESPITE !IR ORIG9AL EMANCIPATORY VISIONS1 B>ELY QUALIFY TODAY AS EV5 LIB]AL P>TIES 9 :I* A ,FRANKL9 ,D4 ,ROOSEVELT OR A ,H>RY ,TRUMAN W\LD HAVE F\ND A COM=TABLE HOME4 ,:ATEV] SOCIAL IDEALS !SE P>TIES MAY HAVE HAD G5]ATIONS AGO HAS BE5 ECLIPS$ BY ! PRAGMATICS ( GA9+1 HOLD+1 & EXT5D+ !IR P[] 9 !IR RESPECTIVE P>LIAM5T>Y & M9I/]IAL BODIES4 

,IT IS PRECISELY SU* P>LIAM5T>Y & M9I/]IAL OBJECTIVES ?AT WE CALL 0POLITICS0 TODAY4 ,TO ! MOD]N POLITICAL IMAG9ATION1 0POLITICS0 IS A BODY ( TE*NIQUES = HOLD+ P[] 9 REPRES5TATIVE BODIES--NOTABLY ! LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE >5AS--NOT A MORAL CALL+ BAS$ ON RATIONALITY1 COMMUNITY1 & FRE$OM4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM REPRES5TS A S]I\S1 9DE$ A HI/ORICALLY FUNDAM5TAL PROJECT TO R5D] POLITICS E?ICAL 9 *>ACT] & GRASSROOTS 9 ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS /RUCTURALLY & MORALLY DIFF]5T FROM O!R GRASSROOTS EF=TS1 NOT M]ELY RHETORICALLY DIFF]5T4 ,IT SEEKS TO RECLAIM ! PUBLIC SPH]E = ! EX]CISE ( AU!NTIC CITIZ5%IP :ILE BREAK+ AWAY FROM ! BLEAK CYCLE ( P>LIAM5T>ISM & ITS MY/IFICATION ( ! 0P>TY0 ME*ANISM AS A MEANS = PUBLIC REPRES5TATION4 ,9 !SE RESPECTS1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT M]ELY A 0POLITICAL /RATEGY40 ,IT IS AN EF=T TO WORK FROM LAT5T OR 9CIPI5T DEMOCRATIC POSSIBILITIES T[>D A RADICALLY NEW CONFIGURATION ( SOCIETY ITSELF--A COMMUNAL SOCIETY ORI5T$ T[>D MEET+ HUMAN NE$S1 RESPOND+ TO ECOLOGICAL IMP]ATIVES1 & DEVELOP+ A NEW E?ICS BAS$ ON %>+ & COOP]ATION4 ,?AT IT 9VOLVES A CONSI/5TLY 9DEP5D5T =M ( POLITICS IS A TRUISM4 ,MORE IMPORTANT1 IT 9VOLVES A R$EF9ITION ( POLITICS1 A RETURN TO ! WORD'S ORIG9AL ,GREEK MEAN+ AS ! MANAGEM5T ( ! COMMUNITY1 OR POLIS1 BY MEANS ( DIRECT FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! =MULATION ( PUBLIC POLICY & BAS$ ON AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY & SOLID>ITY4 

,9 ?IS RESPECT1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT ONE ( MANY PLURALI/IC TE*NIQUES ?AT IS 9T5D$ TO A*IEVE A VAGUE & UNDEF9$ SOCIAL GOAL4 ,DEMOCRATIC TO ITS CORE & NONHI]>*ICAL 9 ITS /RUCTURE1 IT IS A K9D ( HUMAN DE/9Y1 NOT M]ELY ONE ( AN ASSORTM5T ( POLITICAL TOOLS OR /RATEGIES ?AT CAN BE ADOPT$ & DISC>D$ ) ! AIM ( A*IEV+ P[]4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 9 EFFECT1 SEEKS TO DEF9E ! 9/ITUTIONAL CONT\RS ( A NEW SOCIETY EV5 AS IT ADVANCES ! PRACTICAL MESSAGE ( A RADICALLY NEW POLITICS = \R DAY4 

,H]E1 MEANS & 5DS MEET 9 A RATIONAL UNITY4 ,! WORD POLITICS N[ EXPRESSES DIRECT POPUL> CONTROL ( SOCIETY BY ITS CITIZ5S ?R\< A*IEV+ & SU/A9+ A TRUE DEMOCRACY 9 MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES--?IS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM REPUBLICAN SY/EMS ( REPRES5TATION ?AT PREEMPT ! RI<T ( ! CITIZ5 TO =MULATE COMMUNITY & REGIONAL POLICIES4 ,SU* POLITICS IS RADICALLY DI/9CT FROM /ATECRAFT & ! /ATE--A PR(ESSIONAL BODY COMPOS$ ( BUREAUCRATS1 POLICE1 MILIT>Y1 LEGISLATORS1 & ! LIKE ?AT EXI/S AS A CO]CIVE APP>ATUS1 CLE>LY DI/9CT FROM & ABOVE ! PEOPLE4 ,! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ APPROA* DI/+UI%ES /ATECRAFT--:I* WE USUALLY *>ACT]IZE AS 0POLITICS0 TODAY--& POLITICS AS IT ONCE EXI/$ 9 PRECAPITALI/ DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES4 

,MOREOV]1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM ALSO 9VOLVES A CLE> DEL9EATION ( ! SOCIAL REALM--AS WELL AS ! POLITICAL REALM--9 ! /RICT MEAN+ ( ! T]M SOCIAL3 NOTABLY1 ! >5A 9 :I* WE LIVE \R PRIVATE LIVES & 5GAGE 9 PRODUCTION4 ,AS SU*1 ! SOCIAL REALM IS TO BE DI/+UI%$ FROM BO? ! POLITICAL & ! /ATI/ REALMS4 ,5ORM\S H>M HAS BE5 CAUS$ BY ! 9T]*ANGEABLE USE ( !SE T]MS--SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ! /ATE4 ,9DE$1 ! T5D5CY HAS BE5 TO ID5TIFY !M ) ONE ANO!R 9 \R ?9K+ & 9 ! REALITY ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,BUT ! /ATE IS A COMPLETELY ALI5 =MATION1 A ?ORN 9 ! SIDE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T1 AN EXOG5\S 5TITY ?AT HAS 9CESSANTLY 5CROA*$ ON ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL REALMS4 ,9 FACT1 ! /ATE HAS (T5 BE5 AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 AS WITNESS ! RISE ( ,ASIAN EMPIRES1 ANCI5T IMP]IAL ,ROME1 & ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE ( MOD]N TIMES4 ,MORE ?AN ?IS1 IT HAS /EADILY 9VAD$ ! POLITICAL DOMA91 :I*1 = ALL ITS PA/ %ORTCOM+S1 HAD EMP[]$ COMMUNITIES1 SOCIAL GR\P+S1 & 9DIVIDUALS4 

,SU* 9VASIONS HAVE NOT GONE UN*ALL5G$4 ,9DE$1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! /ATE ON ! ONE H& & ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL REALMS ON ! O!R HAS BE5 AN ONGO+ SUBT]RANEAN CIVIL W> = C5TURIES4 ,IT HAS (T5 BROK5 \T 9TO ! OP5--9 MOD]N TIMES 9 ! CONFLICT ( ! ,CA/ILIAN CITIES 7,COMUN]OS7 AGA9/ ! ,SPANI% MON>*Y 9 ! #a#e#bS1 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS AGA9/ ! C5TRALI/ ,JACOB9 ,CONV5TION ( #a#g#i#c1 & 9 5DLESS O!R CLA%ES BO? BE=E & AFT] !SE 5C\NT]S4 

,TODAY1 ) ! 9CREAS+ C5TRALIZATION & CONC5TRATION ( P[] 9 ! NATION-/ATE1 A 0NEW POLITICS0--ONE ?AT IS G5U9ELY NEW--MU/ BE /RUCTUR$ 9/ITUTIONALLY >\ND ! RE/ORATION ( P[] BY MUNICIPALITIES4 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY NECESS>Y BUT POSSIBLE EV5 9 SU* GIGANTIC URBAN >EAS AS ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 ,MONTREAL1 ,LONDON1 & ,P>IS4 ,SU* URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS >E NOT1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 CITIES OR MUNICIPALITIES 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE ( ?OSE T]MS1 DESPITE BE+ DESIGNAT$ AS SU* BY SOCIOLOGI/S4 ,IT IS ONLY IF WE ?9K ?AT !Y >E CITIES ?AT WE BECOME MY/IFI$ BY PROBLEMS ( SIZE & LOGI/ICS4 ,EV5 BE=E WE CONFRONT ! ECOLOGICAL IMP]ATIVE ( PHYSICAL DEC5TRALIZATION 7A NECESSITY ANTICIPAT$ BY ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS & ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 ALIKE71 WE NE$ FEEL NO PROBLEMS AB\T DEC5TRALIZ+ !M 9/ITUTIONALLY4 ,:5 ,FRANCOIS ,MITT]& TRI$ TO DEC5TRALIZE ,P>IS ) LOCAL CITY HALLS SOME YE>S AGO1 HIS REASONS W]E /RICTLY TACTICAL--HE WANT$ TO WEAK5 ! AU?ORITY ( ! CAPITAL'S RI<T-W+ MAYOR4 ,NONE!LESS1 HE FAIL$ NOT BECAUSE RE/RUCTUR+ ! L>GE METROPOLIS WAS IMPOSSIBLE BUT BECAUSE ! MAJORITY ( AFFLU5T ,P>ISIANS SUPPORT$ ! MAYOR4 

,CLE>LY1 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGES DO NOT OCCUR 9 A SOCIAL VACUUM4 ,NOR DO !Y GU>ANTEE ?AT A DEC5TRALIZ$ MUNICIPALITY1 EV5 IF IT IS /RUCTURALLY DEMOCRATIC1 WILL NECESS>ILY BE HUMANE1 RATIONAL1 & ECOLOGICAL 9 DEAL+ ) PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS PREMIS$ ON ! /RUGGLE TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 A /RUGGLE ?AT DEP5DS ON $UCATION & ORGANIZATION4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+1 IT PRESUPPOSES A G5U9ELY DEMOCRATIC DESIRE BY PEOPLE TO >RE/ ! GR[+ P[]S ( ! NATION-/ATE & RECLAIM !M = !IR COMMUNITY & REGION4 ,UNLESS !RE IS A MOVEM5T--HOPEFULLY AN EFFECTIVE ,LEFT ,GRE5 MOVEM5T--TO FO/] !SE AIMS1 DEC5TRALIZATION CAN LEAD TO LOCAL P>O*IALISM AS EASILY AS IT CAN LEAD TO ECOLOGICAL1 HUMANI/ COMMUNITIES4 

,BUT :5 HAVE BASIC SOCIAL *ANGES EV] BE5 )\T RISK8 ,! CASE ?AT ,M>X'S COMMITM5T TO A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE & PLANN$ ECONOMY W\LD 9EVITABLY YIELD BUREAUCRATIC TOTALIT>IANISM C\LD HAVE BE5 BETT] MADE ?AN ! CASE ?AT DEC5TRALIZ$ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALITIES WILL 9EVITABLY BE AU?ORIT>IAN & HAVE EXCLUSION>Y & P>O*IAL TRAITS4 ,ECONOMIC 9T]DEP5D5CE IS A FACT ( LIFE TODAY1 & CAPITALISM ITSELF HAS MADE P>O*IAL AUT>*IES A *IM]A4 ,:ILE MUNICIPALITIES & REGIONS CAN SEEK TO ATTA9 A CONSID]ABLE MEASURE ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 WE HAVE LONG S9CE LEFT ! ]A :5 IT WAS /ILL POSSIBLE = SELF-SUFFICI5T COMMUNITIES TO 9DULGE !IR PREJUDICES4 

,EQUALLY IMPORTANT IS ! NE$ = CONF$]ATION--! NETWORK+ ( COMMUNITIES ) ONE ANO!R ?R\< RECALLABLE DEPUTIES M&AT$ BY MUNICIPAL CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES & :OSE SOLE FUNCTIONS >E COORD9ATIVE & ADM9I/RATIVE4 ,CONF$]ATION HAS A LONG HI/ORY ( ITS [N ?AT DATES BACK TO ANTIQUITY1 :I* SURFAC$ AS A MAJOR ALT]NATIVE TO ! NATION-/ATE4 ,FROM ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 ?R\< ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 CONF$]ALISM HAS *ALL5G$ /ATE C5TRALISM4 ,NOR HAS IT DISAPPE>$ 9 \R [N TIME1 :5 ! BREAKUP ( EXI/+ TW5TIE?-C5TURY EMPIRES RAISES ! ISSUE ( 5=C$ /ATE C5TRALISM OR ! RELATIVELY AUTONOM\S NATION4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM ADDS A RADICALLY DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y DISCUSSIONS ( CONF$]ATION 7AS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! =M] ,YUGOSLAVIA & ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA7 BY CALL+ = CONF$]ATIONS NOT ( NATION-/ATES BUT ( MUNICIPALITIES & ( ! NEI<BORHOODS ( GIANT MEGALOPOLITAN >EAS AS WELL AS T[NS & VILLAGES4 

,9 ! CASE ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 P>O*IALISM CAN ?US BE *ECK$ NOT ONLY BY ! COMPELL+ REALITIES ( ECONOMIC 9T]DEP5D5CE BUT BY ! COMMITM5T ( MUNICIPAL M9ORITIES TO DEF] TO ! MAJORITY WI%ES ( P>TICIPAT+ COMMUNITIES4 ,DO !SE 9T]DEP5D5CIES & MAJORITY DECISIONS GU>ANTEE US ?AT A MAJORITY DECISION WILL BE A CORRECT ONE8 ,C]TA9LY NOT2 BUT \R *ANCES = A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY >E MU* BETT] 9 ?IS APPROA* ?AN 9 ?OSE ?AT RIDE ON C5TRALIZ$ 5TITIES & BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUSES4 ,I CANNOT HELP BUT M>VEL ?AT NO MUNICIPAL NETWORK HAS EM]G$ AMONG ! ,G]MAN ,GRE5S1 :O HAVE HUNDR$S ( REPRES5TATIVES 9 CITY C\NCILS >\ND ,G]MANY BUT :O C>RY ON A LOCAL POLITICS ?AT IS L>GELY CONV5TIONAL & SELF-5CLOS$ )9 P>TICUL> T[NS & CITIES4 

,MANY >GUM5TS AGA9/ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM--EV5 ) ITS /RONG CONF$]AL EMPHASIS--D]IVE FROM A FAILURE TO UND]/& ITS DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLICYMAK+ & ADM9I/RATION4 ,?IS DI/9CTION IS FUNDAM5TAL TO LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM & MU/ ALWAYS BE KEPT 9 M9D4 ,POLICY IS MADE BY A COMMUNITY OR NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY ( FREE CITIZ5S2 ADM9I/RATION IS P]=M$ BY CONF$]AL C\NCILS COMPOS$ ( M&AT$1 RECALLABLE DEPUTIES ( W>DS1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES4 ,IF P>TICUL> COMMUNITIES OR NEI<BORHOODS 7OR A M9ORITY GR\P+ ( !M7 *OOSE TO GO !IR [N WAY TO A PO9T :]E HUMAN RI<TS >E VIOLAT$ OR :]E ECOLOGICAL MAYHEM IS P]MITT$1 ! MAJORITY 9 A LOCAL OR REGIONAL CONF$]ATION HAS EV]Y RI<T TO PREV5T SU* MALFEASANCES ?R\< ITS CONF$]AL C\NCIL4 ,?IS IS NOT A D5IAL ( DEMOCRACY BUT ! ASS]TION ( A %>$ AGREEM5T BY ALL TO RECOGNIZE CIVIL RI<TS & MA9TA9 ! ECOLOGICAL 9TEGRITY ( A REGION4 ,!SE RI<TS & NE$S >E NOT ASS]T$ SO MU* BY A CONF$]AL C\NCIL AS BY ! MAJORITY ( ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES CONCEIV$ AS ONE L>GE COMMUNITY ?AT EXPRESSES ITS WI%ES ?R\< CONF$]AL DEPUTIES4 ,?US1 POLICYMAK+ /ILL REMA9S LOCAL1 BUT ITS ADM9I/RATION IS VE/$ 9 ! CONF$]AL NETWORK AS A :OLE4 ,9 EFFECT1 ! CONF$]ATION IS A ,COMMUNITY ( COMMUNITIES1 BAS$ ON DI/9CT HUMAN RI<TS & ECOLOGICAL IMP]ATIVES4 

,IF LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT TO BE TOTALLY W>P$ ( ITS =M & DIVE/$ ( ITS MEAN+1 IT IS A DESID]ATUM ?AT MU/ BE F\<T =4 ,IT SPEAKS TO A TIME 7HOPEFULLY1 ONE ?AT WILL YET COME7 :5 DISEMP[]$ PEOPLE ACTIVELY SEEK EMP[]M5T4 ,EXI/+ 9 GR[+ T5SION ) ! NATION-/ATE1 IT IS A PROCESS AS WELL AS A /RUGGLE TO BE FULFILL$1 NOT A BEQUE/ GRANT$ BY ! SUMMITS ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS A DUAL P[] ?AT CONTE/S ! LEGITIMACY ( EXI/+ /ATE P[]4 ,SU* A MOVEM5T CAN BE EXPECT$ TO BEG9 SL[LY1 P]HAPS SPORADICALLY1 9 COMMUNITIES ?AT 9ITIALLY MAY DEM& ONLY ! MORAL AU?ORITY TO ALT] ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY BE=E 5\< 9T]L9K$ CONF$]ATIONS EXI/ TO DEM& ! \TRI<T 9/ITUTIONAL P[] TO REPLACE ! /ATE4 ,! GR[+ T5SION CREAT$ BY ! EM]G5CE ( MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS REPRES5TS A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! /ATE & ! POLITICAL REALMS4 ,?IS CONFRONTATION CAN BE RESOLV$ ONLY AFT] LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM =MS ! NEW POLITICS ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T & ULTIMATELY CAPTURES ! IMAG9ATION ( MILLIONS4 

,C]TA9 PO9TS1 H[EV]1 %\LD BE OBVI\S4 ,! PEOPLE :O 9ITIALLY 5T] 9TO ! DUEL BETWE5 CONF$]ALISM & /ATISM WILL NOT BE ! SAME HUMAN BE+S AS ?OSE :O EV5TUALLY A*IEVE LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,! MOVEM5T ?AT TRIES TO $UCATE !M & ! /RUGGLES ?AT GIVE LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ PR9CIPLES REALITY WILL TURN !M 9TO ACTIVE CITIZ5S RA!R ?AN PASSIVE 0CON/ITU5TS40 ,NO ONE :O P>TICIPATES 9 A /RUGGLE = SOCIAL RE/RUCTUR+ EM]GES FROM ?AT /RUGGLE ) ! PREJUDICES1 HABITS1 & S5SIBILITIES ) :I* HE OR %E 5T]$ IT4 ,HOPEFULLY1 SU* PREJUDICES1 LIKE P>O*IALISM1 WILL 9CREAS+LY BE REPLAC$ BY A G5]\S S5SE ( COOP]ATION & A C>+ S5SE ( 9T]DEP5D5CE4 

,IT REMA9S TO EMPHASIZE ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT M]ELY AN EVOCATION ( TRADITIONAL ANTI/ATI/ NOTIONS ( POLITICS4 ,JU/ AS IT R$EF9ES POLITICS TO 9CLUDE FACE-TO-FACE MUNICIPAL DEMOCRACIES GRADUAT$ TO CONF$]AL LEVELS1 SO IT 9CLUDES A MUNICIPALI/ & CONF$]AL APPROA* TO ECONOMICS4 ,M9IMALLY1 A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ ECONOMICS CALLS = ! MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY1 NOT ITS C5TRALIZATION 9TO /ATE-[N$ 0NATIONALIZ$0 5T]PRISES ON ! ONE H& OR ITS R$UCTION TO 0WORK]-CONTROLL$0 =MS ( COLLECTIVI/IC CAPITALISM ON ! O!R4 ,TRADE-UNION-DIRECT$ 0WORK]-CONTROLL$0 5T]PRISES1 ?AT IS1 SYNDICALISM1 HAS HAD ITS DAY4 ,?IS %\LD BE EVID5T TO ANYONE :O EXAM9ES ! BUREAUCRACIES ?AT EV5 REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONS SPAWN$ DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ( #a#i#c#f4 ,TODAY1 CORPORATE CAPITALISM IS 9CREAS+LY EAG] TO BR+ WORK]S 9TO COMPLICITY ) !IR [N EXPLOITATION BY MEANS ( 0WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY40 ,NOR WAS ! REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 & 9 O!R C\NTRIES SP>$ ! EXI/5CE ( COMPETITION AMONG WORK]-CONTROLL$ 5T]PRISES = RAW MAT]IALS1 M>KETS1 & PR(ITS4 ,EV5 MORE REC5TLY1 MANY ,ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM HAVE BE5 FAILURES AS EXAMPLES ( NONEXPLOITATIVE1 NE$-ORI5T$ 5T]PRISES1 DESPITE ! HI< IDEALS ) :I* !Y W]E 9ITIALLY F\ND$4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM PROPOSES A RADICALLY DIFF]5T =M ( ECONOMY--ONE ?AT IS NEI!R NATIONALIZ$ NOR COLLECTIVIZ$ ACCORD+ TO SYNDICALI/ PRECEPTS4 ,IT PROPOSES ?AT L& & 5T]PRISES BE PLAC$ 9CREAS+LY 9 ! CU/ODY ( ! COMMUNITY--MORE PRECISELY1 ! CU/ODY ( CITIZ5S 9 FREE ASSEMBLIES & !IR DEPUTIES 9 CONF$]AL C\NCILS4 ,H[ WORK %\LD BE PLANN$1 :AT TE*NOLOGIES %\LD BE US$1 H[ GOODS %\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ >E QUE/IONS ?AT CAN ONLY BE RESOLV$ 9 PRACTICE4 ,! MAXIM 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] NE$S0 W\LD SEEM A B$ROCK GUIDE = AN ECONOMICALLY RATIONAL SOCIETY1 PROVID$ ?AT GOODS >E ( ! HI<E/ DURABILITY & QUALITY1 ?AT NE$S >E GUID$ BY RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL /&>DS1 & ?AT ! ANCI5T NOTIONS ( LIMIT & BALANCE REPLACE ! B\RGEOIS M>KETPLACE IMP]ATIVE ( 0GR[ OR DIE40 

,9 SU* A MUNICIPAL ECONOMY--CONF$]AL1 9T]DEP5D5T1 & RATIONAL BY ECOLOGICAL1 NOT SIMPLY TE*NOLOGICAL1 /&>DS--WE W\LD EXPECT ?AT ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ?AT DIVIDE PEOPLE TODAY 9TO WORK]S1 PR(ESSIONALS1 MANAG]S1 & ! LIKE W\LD BE MELD$ 9TO A G5]AL 9T]E/ 9 :I* PEOPLE SEE !MSELVES AS CITIZ5S GUID$ /RICTLY BY ! NE$S ( !IR COMMUNITY & REGION RA!R ?AN BY P]SONAL PROCLIVITIES & VOCATIONAL CONC]NS4 ,H]E1 CITIZ5%IP W\LD COME 9TO ITS [N1 & RATIONAL AS WELL AS ECOLOGICAL 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! PUBLIC GOOD W\LD SUPPLANT CLASS & HI]>*ICAL 9T]E/S4 

,?IS IS ! MORAL BASIS ( A MORAL ECONOMY = MORAL COMMUNITIES4 ,BUT ( OV]>*+ IMPORTANCE IS ! G5]AL SOCIAL 9T]E/ ?AT POT5TIALLY UND]P9S ALL MORAL COMMUNITIES1 AN 9T]E/ ?AT MU/ ULTIMATELY CUT ACROSS CLASS1 G5D]1 E?NIC1 & /ATUS L9ES IF HUMANITY IS TO CONT9UE TO EXI/ AS A VIABLE SPECIES4 ,9 \R TIMES1 ?IS COMMON 9T]E/ IS POS$ BY ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE4 ,CAPITALISM'S GR[-OR-DIE IMP]ATIVE /&S RADICALLY AT ODDS ) ECOLOGY'S IMP]ATIVE ( 9T]DEP5D5CE & LIMIT4 ,! TWO IMP]ATIVES CAN NO LONG] COEXI/ ) EA* O!R2 NOR CAN ANY SOCIETY F\ND$ ON ! MY? ?AT !Y CAN BE RECONCIL$ HOPE TO SURVIVE4 ,EI!R WE WILL E/ABLI% AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OR SOCIETY WILL GO UND] = EV]YONE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( HIS OR H] /ATUS4 

,WILL ?IS ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY BE AU?ORIT>IAN1 OR POSSIBLY EV5 TOTALIT>IAN1 A HI]>*ICAL DISP5SATION ?AT IS IMPLICIT 9 ! IMAGE ( ! PLANET AS A 0SPACE%IP08 ,OR WILL IT BE DEMOCRATIC8 ,IF HI/ORY IS ANY GUIDE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A DEMOCRATIC ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A COMM& ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 MU/ FOLL[ ITS [N LOGIC4 ,ONE CANNOT RESOLVE ?IS HI/ORICAL DILEMMA )\T GETT+ TO ITS ROOTS4 ,)\T A SE>*+ ANALYSIS ( \R ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS & !IR SOCIAL S\RCES1 ! P]NICI\S 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WE HAVE N[ WILL LEAD TO 9CREAS$ C5TRALIZATION & FUR!R ECOLOGICAL CATA/ROPHE4 ,9 A DEMOCRATIC ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ?OSE ROOTS >E LIT]ALLY ! 0GRASSROOTS0 ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM SEEKS TO FO/]4 

,= ?OSE :O RI<TLY CALL = A NEW TE*NOLOGY1 NEW S\RCES ( 5]GY1 NEW MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 & NEW ECOLOGICAL LIFEWAYS1 CAN A NEW SOCIETY BE ANY?+ LESS ?AN A ,COMMUNITY ( COMMUNITIES BAS$ ON CONF$]ATION RA!R ?AN /ATISM8 ,WE ALREADY LIVE 9 A WORLD 9 :I* ! ECONOMY IS OV]GLOBALIZ$1 OV]C5TRALIZ$1 & OV]BUREAUCRATIZ$4 ,MU* ?AT CAN BE DONE LOCALLY & REGIONALLY IS N[ BE+ DONE--L>GELY = PR(IT1 MILIT>Y NE$S1 & IMP]IAL APPETITES--ON A GLOBAL SCALE ) A SEEM+ COMPLEXITY ?AT CAN ACTUALLY BE EASILY DIM9I%$4 

,IF ?IS SEEMS TOO 0UTOPIAN0 = \R TIME1 !N SO MU/ ! PRES5T FLOOD ( LIT]ATURE ?AT ASKS = RADICALLY SWEEP+ %IFTS 9 5]GY POLICIES1 F>-REA*+ R$UCTIONS 9 AIR & WAT] POLLUTION1 & ! =MULATION ( WORLDWIDE PLANS TO >RE/ GLOBAL W>M+ & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! OZONE LAY]4 ,IS IT TOO MU* TO TAKE SU* DEM&S ONE /EP FUR!R & CALL = 9/ITUTIONAL & ECONOMIC *ANGES ?AT >E NO LESS DRA/IC & ?AT1 9 FACT1 >E DEEPLY S$IM5T$ 9 ! NOBLE/ DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL TRADITIONS ( BO? ,AM]ICA &1 9DE$1 ! WORLD8 

,NOR >E WE OBLIG$ TO EXPECT !SE *ANGES TO OCCUR IMM$IATELY4 ,! ,LEFT LONG WORK$ ) M9IMUM & MAXIMUM PROGRAMS = *ANGE1 9 :I* IMM$IATE /EPS ?AT CAN BE TAK5 N[ W]E L9K$ BY TRANSITIONAL ADVANCES & 9T]M$IATE >EAS ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY YIELD ULTIMATE GOALS4 ,M9IMAL /EPS ?AT CAN BE TAK5 N[ 9CLUDE 9ITIAT+ ,LEFT ,GRE5 MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5TS ?AT PROPOSE POPUL> NEI<BORHOOD & T[N ASSEMBLIES--EV5 IF !Y HAVE ONLY MORAL FUNCTIONS AT FIR/--& ELECT+ T[N & CITY C\NCILORS ?AT ADVANCE ! CAUSE ( !SE ASSEMBLIES & O!R POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!SE M9IMAL /EPS CAN PROGRESSIVELY LEAD TO ! =MATION ( CONF$]AL BODIES & ! 9CREAS+ LEGITIMATION ( TRULY DEMOCRATIC BODIES4 ,CIVIC BANKS TO FUND MUNICIPAL 5T]PRISES & L& PUR*ASES1 ! FO/]+ ( NEW ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ 5T]PRISES [N$ BY ! COMMUNITY1 & ! CREATION ( GRASSROOTS NETWORKS 9 MANY FIELDS ( 5DEAVOR & ! PUBLIC WEAL--ALL !SE CAN BE DEVELOP$ AT A PACE APPROPRIATE TO *ANGES BE+ MADE 9 POLITICAL LIFE4 

,?AT CAPITAL WILL LIKELY 0MIGRATE0 FROM COMMUNITIES & CONF$]ATIONS ?AT >E MOV+ T[>D LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS A PROBLEM FAC$ BY EV]Y COMMUNITY1 EV]Y NATION1 :OSE POLITICAL LIFE HAS BECOME RADICALIZ$4 ,CAPITAL1 9 FACT1 NORMALLY 0MIGRATES0 TO >EAS :]E IT CAN ACQUIRE HI< PR(ITS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,OV]:ELM$ BY FE>S ( CAPITAL FLI<T1 A GOOD CASE C\LD BE E/ABLI%$ = NOT ROCK+ ! POLITICAL BOAT AT ANY TIME4 ,MORE TO ! PO9T1 MUNICIPALLY [N$ F>MS & 5T]PRISES C\LD PROVIDE NEW ECOLOGICALLY VALUABLE & HEAL?-N\RI%+ PRODUCTS TO A PUBLIC BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY AW>E ( ! L[-QUALITY GOODS & /APLES BE+ FOI/$ ON IT N[4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS A POLITICS ?AT CAN EXCITE ! PUBLIC IMAG9ATION1 APPROPRIATE = A MOVEM5T DIRELY 9 NE$ ( A S5SE ( DIRECTION & PURPOSE4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM (F]S IDEAS1 WAYS1 & MEANS NOT ONLY TO UNDO ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] BUT TO REMAKE IT DRA/ICALLY1 EXP&+ ITS RESIDUAL DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS 9TO A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,?US1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT M]ELY AN EF=T SIMPLY TO TAKE OV] CITY C\NCILS TO CON/RUCT A MORE 5VIRONM5TALLY FRI5DLY CITY GOV]NM5T4 ,SU* AN APPROA*1 9 EFFECT1 VIEWS ! CIVIC /RUCTURES ?AT EXI/ N[ & ESS5TIALLY 7ALL RHETORIC TO ! CONTR>Y ASIDE7 TAKES !M AS !Y EXI/4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 BY CONTRA/1 IS AN EF=T TO TRANS=M & DEMOCRATIZE CITY GOV]NM5TS1 TO ROOT !M 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 TO KNIT !M TOGE!R ALONG CONF$]AL L9ES1 TO APPROPRIATE A REGIONAL ECONOMY ALONG CONF$]AL & MUNICIPAL L9ES4 

,9 FACT1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM GA9S ITS LIFE & ITS 9TEGRITY PRECISELY FROM ! DIALECTICAL T5SION IT PROPOSES BETWE5 ! NATION-/ATE & ! MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATION4 ,ITS 0LAW ( LIFE10 TO USE AN OLD ,M>XIAN T]M1 CONSI/S PRECISELY 9 ITS /RUGGLE ) ! /ATE4 ,! T5SION BETWE5 MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS & ! /ATE MU/ BE CLE> & UNCOMPROMIS+4 ,S9CE !SE CONF$]ATIONS W\LD EXI/ PRIM>ILY 9 OPPOSITION TO /ATECRAFT1 !Y CANNOT BE COMPROMIS$ BY /ATE1 PROV9CIAL1 OR NATIONAL ELECTIONS1 MU* LESS A*IEV$ BY !SE MEANS4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS =M$ BY ITS /RUGGLE ) ! /ATE1 /R5G!N$ BY ?IS /RUGGLE1 9DE$1 DEF9$ BY ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,DIVE/$ ( ?IS DIALECTICAL T5SION ) ! /ATE1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM BECOMES LITTLE MORE ?AN 0SEW] SOCIALISM40 

,MANY COMRADES :O >E PREP>$ TO ONE DAY DO BATTLE ) ! COSMIC =CES ( CAPITALISM F9D ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS TOO ?ORNY1 IRRELEVANT1 OR VAGUE & OPT 9/EAD = :AT IS BASICALLY A =M ( POLITICAL P>TICUL>ISM4 ,SU* RADICALS MAY *OOSE TO BRU% LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM ASIDE AS 0A LUDICR\S TACTIC10 BUT IT NEV] CEASES TO AMAZE ME ?AT REVOLUTION>IES :O >E COMMITT$ TO ! 0OV]?R[0 ( CAPITALISM F9D IT TOO DIFFICULT TO FUNCTION POLITICALLY1 9CLUD+ ELECTORALLY1 9 !IR [N NEI<BORHOODS = A NEW POLITICS BAS$ ON A G5U9E DEMOCRACY4 ,IF !Y CANNOT PROVIDE A TRANS=MATIVE POLITICS = !IR [N NEI<BORHOOD--A RELATIVELY MODE/ TASK--OR DILIG5TLY WORK AT DO+ SO ) ! CON/ANCY ?AT US$ TO M>K ! LEFT MOVEM5TS ( ! PA/1 ,I F9D IT V]Y H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y WILL EV] DO MU* H>M TO ! PRES5T SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,9DE$1 BY CREAT+ CULTURAL C5T]S1 P>KS1 & GOOD H\S+1 !Y MAY WELL BE IMPROV+ ! SY/EM BY GIV+ CAPITALISM A HUMAN FACE )\T DIM9I%+ ITS UND]LY+ 0UNFRE$OM0 AS A HI]>*ICAL & CLASS SOCIETY4 

,A RANGE ( /RUGGLES = 0ID5TITY0 HAS (T5 FRACTUR$ RIS+ RADICAL MOVEM5TS S9CE ,S,D,S 9 ! #a#i#fS1 RANG+ FROM =EIGN TO DOME/IC NATIONALISMS4 ,BECAUSE !SE ID5TITY /RUGGLES >E SO POPUL> TODAY1 SOME CRITICS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9VOKE 0PUBLIC OP9ION0 AGA9/ IT4 ,BUT :5 HAS IT BE5 ! TASK ( REVOLUTION>IES TO SURR5D] TO PUBLIC OP9ION--NOT EV5 ! PUBLIC OP9ION ( ! OPPRESS$1 :OSE VIEWS CAN (T5 BE V]Y REACTION>Y8 ,TRU? HAS ITS [N LIFE1 REG>DLESS ( :E!R ! OPPRESS$ MASSES P]CEIVE OR AGREE ON :AT IS TRUE4 ,NOR IS IT ELITI/ TO 9VOKE TRU?1 9 CONTRADICTION TO EV5 RADICAL PUBLIC OP9ION1 :5 ?AT OP9ION ESS5TIALLY SEEKS A M>* BACKW>D 9TO ! POLITICS ( P>TICUL>ISM & EV5 RACISM4 ,WE MU/ *ALL5GE ! EXI/+ SOCIETY ON BEHALF ( \R %>$ COMMON HUMANITY1 NOT ON ! BASIS ( G5D]1 RACE1 AGE1 & ! LIKE4 

,CRITICS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM DISPUTE EV5 ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( A 0G5]AL 9T]E/40 ,IF ! FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY ADVOCAT$ BY LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM & ! NE$ TO EXT5D ! PREMISES ( DEMOCRACY BEYOND M]E JU/ICE TO COMPLETE FRE$OM DO NOT SUFFICE AS A G5]AL 9T]E/1 IT W\LD SEEM TO ME ?AT ! NE$ TO REPAIR \R RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD IS C]TA9LY A G5]AL 9T]E/ ?AT IS BEYOND DISPUTE--& IT REMA9S ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ADVANC$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO CO-OPT MANY DISSATISFI$ ELEM5TS 9 ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 BUT NATURE IS NOT CO-OPTABLE4 ,9DE$1 ! ONLY POLITICS ?AT REMA9S = ! ,LEFT IS ONE BAS$ ON ! PREMISE ?AT !RE IS A 0G5]AL 9T]E/0 9 DEMOCRATIZ+ SOCIETY & PRES]V+ ! PLANET4 ,N[ ?AT TRADITIONAL =CES SU* AS ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T HAVE EBB$ FROM ! HI/ORICAL SC5E1 IT CAN BE SAID ) ALMO/ COMPLETE C]TA9TY ?AT )\T A POLITICS AK9 TO LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 ! ,LEFT WILL HAVE NO POLITICS :ATEV]4 ,A DIALECTICAL VIEW ( ! RELATION%IP ( CONF$]ALISM TO ! NATION-/ATE2 AN UND]/&+ ( ! N>R[NESS1 9TROV]T$ *>ACT]1 & P>O*IALISM ( ID5TITY MOVEM5TS2 & A RECOGNITION ?AT ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T IS ESS5TIALLY DEAD--ALL ILLU/RATE ?AT IF A NEW POLITICS IS GO+ TO DEVELOP TODAY1 IT MU/ BE UNFL9*+LY PUBLIC1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ALT]NATIVE CAFE 0POLITICS0 ADVANC$ BY MANY RADICALS TODAY4 ,IT MU/ BE ELECTORAL ON A MUNICIPAL BASIS1 CONF$]AL 9 ITS VISION1 & REVOLUTION>Y 9 ITS *>ACT]4 

,9DE$1 CONF$]AL LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS PRECISELY ! 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES0 = :I* AN>*I/S HAVE F\<T OV] ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES4 ,TODAY1 IT IS ! 0R$ BUTTON0 ?AT MU/ BE PU%$ IF A RADICAL MOVEM5T IS TO OP5 ! DOOR TO ! PUBLIC SPH]E4 ,TO LEAVE ?AT BUTTON UNT\*$ & SLIP BACK 9TO ! WOR/ HABITS ( ! PO/-#a#i#f#h ,NEW ,LEFT1 :5 ! NOTION ( 0P[]0 WAS DIVE/$ ( UTOPIAN OR IMAG9ATIVE QUALITIES1 IS TO R$UCE RADICALISM TO YET ANO!R SUBCULTURE ?AT WILL PROBABLY LIVE MORE ON H]OIC MEMORIES ?AN ON ! HOPES ( A RATIONAL FUTURE4 

,OCTOB] #aiia 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,CITIES3 ,! ,UNFOLD+ ( ,REASON 9 ,HI/ORY 
#f4 ,CITIES3 ,! ,UNFOLD+ ( ,REASON 9 ,HI/ORY 

  

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM CON/ITUTES ! POLITICS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 A REVOLUTION>Y EF=T 9 :I* FRE$OM IS GIV5 9/ITUTIONAL =M 9 PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES ?AT BECOME DECISION-MAK+ BODIES4 ,IT DEP5DS UPON LIB]T>IAN LEFTI/S RUNN+ C&IDATES AT ! LOCAL MUNICIPAL LEVEL1 CALL+ = ! DIVISION ( MUNICIPALITIES 9TO W>DS1 :]E POPUL> ASSEMBLIES CAN BE CREAT$ ?AT BR+ PEOPLE 9TO FULL & DIRECT P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL LIFE4 ,HAV+ DEMOCRATIZ$ !MSELVES1 MUNICIPALITIES W\LD CONF$]ATE 9TO A DUAL P[] TO OPPOSE ! NATION-/ATE & ULTIMATELY DISP5SE ) IT & ) ! ECONOMIC =CES ?AT UND]P9 /ATISM AS SU*4 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS ?US BO? A HI/ORICAL GOAL & A CONCORDANT MEANS TO A*IEVE ! REVOLUTION>Y 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES40 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS ABOVE ALL A POLITICS ?AT SEEKS TO CREATE A VITAL DEMOCRATIC PUBLIC SPH]E4 ,9 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1 AS WELL AS O!R WORKS1 ,I HAVE MADE C>EFUL BUT CRUCIAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ?REE SOCIETAL REALMS3 ! SOCIAL1 ! POLITICAL1 & ! /ATE4 ,:AT PEOPLE DO 9 !IR HOMES1 :AT FRI5D%IPS !Y =M1 ! COMMUNAL LIFE/YLES !Y PRACTICE1 ! WAY !Y MAKE !IR LIV+1 !IR SEXUAL BEHAVIOR1 ! CULTURAL >TIFACTS !Y CONSUME1 & ! RAPTURE & EC/ASY !Y EXP]I5CE ON M\NTA9TOPS--ALL !SE P]SONAL AS WELL AS MAT]IALLY NECESS>Y ACTIVITIES BELONG TO :AT ,I CALL ! SOCIALSPH]E ( LIFE4 ,FAMILIES1 FRI5DS1 & COMMUNAL LIV+ >RANGEM5TS >E P>T ( ! SOCIAL REALM4 ,AP>T FROM MATT]S ( HUMAN RI<TS1 IT IS ! BUS9ESS ( NO ONE TO SIT 9 JUDGM5T ( :AT CONS5T+ ADULTS FREELY 5GAGE 9 SEXUALLY1 ! HOBBIES !Y PREF]1 ! K9DS ( FRI5DS !Y ADOPT1 OR ! SPIRITUAL PRACTICES !Y MAY *OOSE TO P]=M4 ,H[EV] MU* !SE ASPECTS ( LIFE 9T]ACT ) ONE ANO!R1 NONE ( !SE SOCIAL ASPECTS ( HUMAN LIFE PROP]LY BELONGS TO ! PUBLICSPH]E1 :I* ,I EXPLICITLY ID5TIFY ) POLITICS 9 ! ,HELL5IC S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,9 CREAT+ A NEW POLITICS BAS$ ON SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 WE >E CONC]N$ ) :AT PEOPLE DO 9 ?IS PUBLIC OR POLITICAL SPH]E4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS NOT A SUB/ITUTE = ! MANIFOLD DIM5SIONS ( CULTURAL OR EV5 PRIVATE LIFE4 ,YET1 ONCE 9DIVIDUALS LEAVE ! SOCIAL REALM & 5T] ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 IT IS PRECISELY ! MUNICIPALITY ?AT !Y MU/ DEAL ) DIRECTLY4 ,D\BTLESS ! MUNICIPALITY IS USUALLY ! PLACE :]E EV5 A GREAT DEAL ( SOCIAL LIFE IS EXI/5TIALLY LIV$--S*OOL1 WORK1 5T]TA9M5T1 & SIMPLE PLEASURES LIKE WALK+1 BICYCL+1 & DISPORT+ !MSELVES--:I* DOES NOT EFFACE ITS DI/9CTIV5ESS AS A UNIQUE SPH]E ( LIFE4 ,AS A PROJECT = 5T]+ 9TO ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM CALLS = A RADICAL PRES5CE 9 A COMMUNITY ?AT ADDRESSES ! QUE/ION ( :O %ALL EX]CISE P[] 9 A LIV$ S5SE2 9DE$1 IT IS TRULY A POLITICAL CULTURE ?AT SEEKS TO REEMP[] ! 9DIVIDUAL & %>P5 HIS OR H] S5SIBILITY AS A LIV+ CITIZ54 

,TODAY1 ! CONCEPT ( CITIZ5%IP HAS ALREADY UND]GONE S]I\S ]OSION ?R\< ! R$UCTION ( CITIZ5S TO 0CON/ITU5TS0 ( /ATI/ JURISDICTIONS1 OR TO 0TAXPAY]S0 :O SU/A9 /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,TO FUR!R R$UCE CITIZ5%IP TO 0P]SONHOOD0--OR TO E!REALIZE ! CONCEPT BY SPEAK+ ( AN AIRY 0E>? CITIZ5%IP0--IS NO?+ %ORT ( REACTION>Y4 ,IT TOOK LONG MILL5NIA = HI/ORY TO CREATE ! CONCEPT ( ! CITIZ5 AS A SELF-MANAG+ & COMPET5T AG5T 9 DEMOCRATICALLY %AP+ A POLITY4 ,DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! T]M CITOY5 WAS US$ PRECISELY TO EFFACE ! /ATUS-G5]AT$ RELEGATION ( 9DIVIDUALS TO M]E 0SUBJECTS0 ( ! ,B\RBON K+S4 ,MOREOV]1 REVOLUTION>IES ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 FROM ,M>X TO ,BAKUN91 REF]R$ TO !MSELVES AS 0CITIZ5S0 LONG BE=E ! APPELLATION 0COMRADE0 REPLAC$ IT4 

,WE MU/ NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! FACT ?AT ! CITIZ5 CULM9ATES ! TRANS=MATION ( E?NIC TRIBAL FOLK--SOCIETIES /RUCTUR$ >\ND BIOLOGICAL FACTS LIKE K9%IP1 G5D] DIFF]5CES1 & AGE GR\PS--9TO A SECUL>1 RATIONAL1 & HUMANE COMMUNITY4 ,9DE$1 MU* ( ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ W> AGA9/ 0,JEWI% COSMOPOLITANISM0 WAS 9 FACT AN E?NICALLY 7VOLKIS*7 NATIONALI/IC W> AGA9/ ! ,5LI<T5M5T IDEAL ( ! CITOY54 ,= IT WAS PRECISELY ! DEPOLITICIZ$1 9DE$1 ANIMALIZ$ 0LOYAL SUBJECT0 RA!R ?AN ! CITIZ5 ?AT ! ,NAZIS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO !IR RACIAL IMAGE ( ! ,G]MAN ,VOLK1 ! ABJECT1 /ATUS-DEF9$ CREATURE ( ,HITL]'S HI]>*ICAL ,FUHR]PR9ZIP4 ,ONCE CITIZ5%IP BECOMES CONT5TLESS ?R\< ! DEFLATION ( ITS EXI/5TIAL POLITICAL REALITY OR1 EQUALLY TREA*]\SLY1 BY ! EXPANSION ( ITS HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T 9TO A 0PLANET>Y0 METAPHOR1 WE HAVE COME A LONG WAY T[>D ACCEPT+ ! B>B>ISM ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM IS N[ FO/]+ ) C]TA9 ,HEIDEGG]IAN V]SIONS ( ECOLOGY4 

,TO ?OSE :O LEVEL ! COMPLA9T AGA9/ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM ?AT ! ,GREEK POLIS WAS M>R$ BY 0! EXCLUSION ( WOM51 SLAVES1 & =EIGN]S10 ,I W\LD SAY ?AT WE MU/ ALWAYS REMEMB] ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S >E ALSO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S1 :O OBVI\SLY OPPOSE HI]>*Y1 9CLUD+ PATRI>*Y & *ATTEL SLAV]Y4 ,AS IT TURNS \T1 9 FACT1 ! 0,GREEK POLIS0 IS NEI!R AN IDEAL NOR A MODEL = ANY?+1 EXCEPT P]HAPS = ,R\SSEAU1 :O GREATLY ADMIR$ ,SP>TA4 ,IT IS ! ,A!NIAN POLIS :OSE DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ,I (T5 DESCRIBE ?AT HAS ! GREATE/ SIGNIFICANCE = ! DEMOCRATIC TRADITION4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 ITS SIGNIFICANCE IS TO PROVIDE US ) EVID5CE ?AT A PEOPLE1 = A TIME1 C\LD QUITE SELF-CONSCI\SLY E/ABLI% & MA9TA9 A DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 DESPITE ! EXI/5CE ( SLAV]Y1 PATRI>*Y1 ECONOMIC & CLASS 9EQUALITIES1 AGONI/IC BEHAVIOR1 & EV5 IMP]IALISM1 ALL ( :I* EXI/$ ?R\<\T ! ANCI5T ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD4 ,! FACT IS ?AT WE MU/ LOOK = :AT IS NEW & 9NOVATIVE 9 A HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 EV5 AS WE ACKN[L$GE CONT9UITIES ) SOCIAL /RUCTURES ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ! PA/4 

,9 FACT1 %ORT ( ! HAZY ,NEOLI?IC VILLAGE TRADITIONS ?AT ,M>IJA ,GIMBUTAS1 ,RIANE ,EISL]1 & ,WILLIAM ,IRW9 ,?OMPSON HYPO/ATIZE1 WE WILL HAVE A H>D TIME F9D+ ANY TRADITION ?AT WAS NOT PATRI>*AL TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R4 ,REJECT+ ALL PATRI>*AL SOCIETIES AS S\RCES ( 9/ITUTIONAL /UDY W\LD MEAN ?AT WE MU/ AB&ON NOT ONLY ! ,A!NIAN POLIS BUT ! FREE M$IEVAL COMMUNES & !IR CONF$]ATIONS1 ! ,COMUN]O MOVEM5T ( SIXTE5?-C5TURY ,SPA91 ! REVOLUTION>Y ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 & EV5 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ COLLECTIVES ( #a#i#c#f-#c#g4 ,ALL ( !SE 9/ITUTIONAL DEVELOPM5TS1 BE IT NOT$1 W]E M>R$ TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R BY PATRI>*AL VALUES4 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/S >E NOT IGNORANT ( !SE V]Y REAL HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS2 NOR IS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM BAS$ ON ANY HI/ORICAL 0MODELS40 ,NO LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ BELIEVES ?AT SOCIETY & CITIES AS !Y EXI/ TODAY CAN SUDD5LY BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC & RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION WE SEEK IS ONE ?AT REQUIRES $UCATION1 ! =MATION ( A MOVEM5T1 & ! PATI5CE TO COPE ) DEFEATS4 ,AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ AGA9 & AGA91 A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ PRACTICE BEG9S1 M9IMALLY1 ) AN ATTEMPT TO 5L>GE LOCAL FRE$OM AT ! EXP5SE ( /ATE P[]4 ,& IT DOES ?IS BY EXAMPLE1 BY $UCATION1 & BY 5T]+ ! PUBLIC SPH]E 7?AT IS1 9TO LOCAL ELECTIONS OR EXTRALEGAL ASSEMBLIES71 :]E IDEAS CAN BE RAIS$ AMONG ORD9>Y PEOPLE ?AT OP5 ! POSSIBILITY ( A LIV$ PRACTICE4 ,9 %ORT1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9VOLVES A VIBRANT POLITICS 9 ! REAL WORLD TO *ANGE SOCIETY & PUBLIC CONSCI\SNESS ALIKE4 ,IT TRIES TO =GE A MOVEM5T ?AT WILL 5T] 9TO OP5 CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE & ! B\RGEOISIE1 NOT CRAV5LY SNEAK >\ND !M4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO OBS]VE ?AT ?IS APPEAL TO A NEW POLITICS ( CITIZ5%IP IS NOT 9 ANY WAY MEANT TO GLOSS OV] V]Y REAL SOCIAL CONFLICTS1 NOR IS IT AN APPEAL TO CLASS NEUTRALITY4 ,! FACT IS ?AT 0! ,PEOPLE0 ,I 9VOKE DOES NOT 9CLUDE ,*ASE ,MANHATTAN ,BANK1 ,G5]AL ,MOTORS1 OR ANY CLASS EXPLOIT]S & ECONOMIC B&ITS4 ,! 0,PEOPLE0 ,I AM ADDRESS+ >E AN OPPRESS$ HUMANITY1 ALL ( :OM MU/--IF !Y >E TO ELIM9ATE !IR OPPRESSIONS--TRY TO REMOVE ! %>$ ROOTS ( OPPRESSION AS SU*4 

,WE CANNOT IGNORE CLASS 9T]E/S BY COMPLETELY ABSORB+ !M 9TO TRANSCLASS ONES4 ,BUT 9 \R TIME1 P>TICUL>IZATION IS BE+ OV]EMPHASIZ$ TO ! PO9T :]E ANY %>$ /RUGGLE MU/ N[ OV]COME NOT ONLY DIFF]5CES 9 CLASS1 G5D]1 E?NICITY1 0& O!R ISSUES10 BUT NATIONALISM1 RELIGI\S ZEALOTRY1 & ID5TITY BAS$ ON EV5 M9OR DI/9CTIONS 9 /ATUS4 ,! ROLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T = OV] TWO C5TURIES HAS BE5 TO EMPHASIZE \R %>$ HUMANITY PRECISELY AGA9/ RUL+ /ATUS GR\PS & CLASSES1 :I* ,M>X1 EV5 9 S+L+ \T ! PROLET>IAT AS HEGEMONIC1 VIEW$ AS A 0UNIV]SAL CLASS40 ,NOR >E ALL 0IMAGES0 ?AT PEOPLE HAVE ( !MSELVES AS CLASSES1 G5D]S1 RACES1 NATIONALITIES1 & CULTURAL GR\PS RATIONAL OR HUMANE1 EVID5CE ( CONSCI\SNESS OR DESIRABLE FROM A RADICAL VIEWPO9T4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 !RE IS NO REASON :Y DIFF]ANCE AS SU* %\LD NOT 5TANGLE & P>ALYZE US COMPLETELY 9 \R MULTIF>I\S & SELF-5CLOS$ 0P>TICUL>ITY10 9 PO/MOD]NI/ ,D]RIDEAN FA%ION4 ,9DE$1 TODAY1 :5 P>O*IAL DIFF]5CES AMONG ! OPPRESS$ HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO MICROSCOPIC DIVISIONS1 IT IS ALL ! MORE IMPORTANT = A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO RESOLUTELY PO9T \T ! COMMON S\RCES ( OPPRESSION AS SU*1 & ! EXT5T TO :I* COMMODIFICATION HAS UNIV]SALIZ$ !M--P>TICUL>LY GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 

,! DE=MATIONS ( ! PA/ W]E CREAT$ L>GELY BY ! FAM\S 0SOCIAL QUE/ION10 NOTABLY BY CLASS EXPLOITATION1 :I* 9 GREAT MEASURE C\LD HAVE BE5 REM$I$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y W]E SC>CITY SOCIETIES1 ALBEIT NOT ?AT ALONE4 ,A NEW SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY HAS TO BE CREAT$1 AS DO NEW VALUES & RELATION%IPS2 ?IS WILL BE DONE P>TLY BY OV]COM+ ECONOMIC NE$1 H[EV] ECONOMIC NE$ IS CON/RU$4 ,LITTLE D\BT %\LD EXI/ ?AT A CALL = AN 5D TO ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION MU/ BE A C5TRAL FEATURE 9 ANY SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROGRAM & MOVEM5T1 :I* >E P>T ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRADITION & ITS REVOLUTION>Y \TCOME4 

,! ESS5CE ( DIALECTIC IS TO ALWAYS SE>* \T :AT IS NEW 9 ANY DEVELOPM5T3 SPECIFICALLY1 = ! PURPOSES ( ?IS DISCUSSION1 ! EM]G5CE ( A TRANSCLASS PEOPLE1 SU* AS OPPRESS$ WOM51 PEOPLE ( COLOR1 EV5 ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 AS WELL AS SUBCULTURES DEF9$ BY SEXUAL PREF]5CES & LIFE/YLES4 ,TO P>TICUL>IZE DI/9CTIONS 7L>GELY CREAT$ BY ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]7 TO ! PO9T ( R$UC+ OPPRESS$ PEOPLE TO SEEM+LY 0DIV]SE P]SONS0--9DE$1 TO M]E 0P]SONHOOD0--IS TO FE$ 9TO ! CURR5T PRIVATI/IC FADS ( \R TIME & TO REMOVE ALL POSSIBILITY = COLLECTIVE SOCIAL ACTION & REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 

,TO EXAM9E :AT IS REALLY AT ISSUE 9 ! QUE/IONS ( MUNICIPALISM1 CONF$]ALISM1 & CITIZ5%IP1 AS WELL AS ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! SOCIAL & ! POLITICAL1 WE MU/ GR\ND !SE NOTIONS 9 A HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND :]E WE CAN LOCATE ! MEAN+ ( ! CITY 7PROP]LY CONCEIV$ 9 DI/9CTION TO ! MEGALOPOLIS71 ! CITIZ51 & ! POLITICAL SPH]E 9 ! HUMAN CONDITION4 

,HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE BEGAN TO ADVANCE BEYOND A CONCEPTION ( M]E CYCLICAL TIME1 TRAPP$ 9 ! /ASIS ( ET]NAL RECURR5CE1 9TO A CREATIVE HI/ORY 9S(> AS 9TELLIG5CE & WISDOM--MORE PROP]LY1 REASON--BEGAN TO 9=M HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( A HUNDR$ ?\S& YE>S OR SO1 ,HOMO SAPI5S SL[LY OV]CAME ! SLUGGI%NESS ( !IR MORE ANIMALI/IC C\S9S ! ,NE&]?ALS & 5T]$ AS AN 9CREAS+LY ACTIVE AG5T 9TO ! SURR\ND+ WORLD1 BO? TO MEET !IR MORE COMPLEX NE$S 7MAT]IAL AS WELL AS IDEOLOGICAL71 & TO ALT] ?AT 5VIRONM5T BY MEANS ( TOOLS &1 YES1 9/RUM5TAL RATIONALITY4 ,LIFE BECAME LONG]1 MORE SECURE1 9CREAS+LY ACCULTURAT$ ES!TICALLY2 & HUMAN COMMUNITIES1 AT DIFF]5T LEVELS ( !IR DEVELOPM5T1 TRI$ TO DEF9E & RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( FRE$OM & CONSCI\SNESS4 

,! NECESS>Y CONDITIONS = FRE$OM & CONSCI\SNESS--OR PRECONDITIONS1 AS SOCIALI/S ( ALL K9DS RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! LA/ C5TURY & A HALF--9VOLV$ TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES ?AT1 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 C\LD EMANCIPATE PEOPLE FROM ! IMM$IATE1 ANIMALI/IC CONC]NS ( SELF-MA9T5ANCE1 9CREASE ! REALM ( FRE$OM FROM CON/RICTIONS IMPOS$ UPON IT BY PREOCCUPATIONS ) MAT]IAL NECESSITY1 & PLACE KN[L$GE ON A RATIONAL1 SY/EMATIC1 & COH]5T BASIS TO ! EXT5T ?AT ?IS WAS POSSIBLE4 ,!SE CONDITIONS 9VOLV$ HUMANITY'S SELF-EMANCIPATION FROM ! OV]P[]+ !I/IC CREATIONS ( ITS [N IMAG9ATION 7CREATIONS (T5 =MULAT$ BY %AMANS & PRIE/S = !IR [N SELF-S]V+ 5DS1 AS WELL AS BY APOLOGI/S = HI]>*Y71 NOTABLY1 MY?OPOESIS1 MY/ICISM1 ANTIRATIONALISM1 & FE>S ( DEMONS & DEITIES1 CALCULAT$ TO PRODUCE SUBS]VI5CE & QUIETISM 9 ! FACE ( ! SOCIAL P[]S ?AT BE4 

,?AT ! NECESS>Y & SUFFICI5T CONDITIONS = ?IS EMANCIPATION HAVE NEV] EXI/$ 9 A 0ONE-TO-ONE0 RELATION%IP ) EA* O!R HAS PROVID$ ! FUEL = ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS'S ESSAYS ON ! OMNIPOT5CE ( 0SOCIAL IMAG9>IES10 ,!ODOR ,ADORNO'S BASIC NIHILISM1 & AN>*O-*AOTICS :O1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 HAVE DEBAS$ ,5LI<T5M5T IDEALS & CLASSICAL =MS ( SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( ! SPE> DID NOT PRODUCE AN AUTOMATIC %IFT FROM 0MATRI>*Y0 TO 0PATRI>*Y10 NOR DID ! DISCOV]Y ( ! PL[ PRODUCE AN AUTOMATIC %IFT FROM 0PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM0 TO PRIVATE PROP]TY1 AS EVOLUTION>Y AN?ROPOLOGI/S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY SUPPOS$4 ,9DE$1 IT *EAP5S ANY DISCUSSION ( HI/ORY & SOCIAL *ANGE TO CREATE 0ONE-TO-ONE0 RELATIONS BETWE5 TE*NOLOGICAL & CULTURAL DEVELOPM5TS1 A TRAGIC FEATURE ( ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS'S SIMPLIFICATION ( HIS M5TOR'S IDEAS4 

,9 FACT1 SOCIAL EVOLUTION IS V]Y UNEV5 & COMB9$4 ,NO LESS SIGNIFICANTLY1 SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 LIKE NATURAL EVOLUTION1 IS PR(LIGATE 9 PRODUC+ A VA/ DIV]SITY ( SOCIAL =MS & CULTURES1 :I* >E (T5 9COMM5SURABLE 9 !IR DETAILS4 ,IF \R GOAL IS TO EMPHASIZE ! VA/ DIFF]5CES ?AT SEP>ATE ONE SOCIETY FROM ANO!R RA!R ?AN ID5TIFY ! IMPORTANT ?READ ( SIMIL>ITIES ?AT BR+ HUMANITY TO ! PO9T ( A HI<LY CREATIVE DEVELOPM5T1 0! ,AZTECS1 ,9CAS1 ,*9ESE1 ,JAPANESE1 ,MONGOLS1 ,H9DUS1 ,P]SIANS1 ,>ABS1 ,BYZANT9ES1 & ,WE/]N ,EUROPEANS1 PLUS EV]Y?+ ?AT C\LD BE 5UM]AT$ FROM O!R CULTURES0 DO NOT RESEMBLE EA* O!R1 TO CITE ! OBLIGATIONS ,CA/ORIADIS PLACES ON :AT HE CALLS 0A 'RATIONAL DIALECTIC' ( HI/ORY0 &1 IMPLICITLY1 ON REASON ITSELF4.<#b.> ,9DE$1 IT IS UNP>DONABLE TO C>ELESSLY FL+ !SE CIVILIZATIONS TOGE!R )\T REG>D = !IR PLACE 9 TIME1 !IR SOCIAL P$IGREES1 ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y CAN BE $UC$ DIALECTICALLY FROM ONE ANO!R1 OR )\T AN EXPLANATION ( :Y AS WELL AS DESCRIPTIONS ( H[ !Y DIFF] FROM EA* O!R4 ,BY FOCUS+ 5TIRELY ON ! PECULI>ITY ( 9DIVIDUAL CULTURES1 ONE R$UCES ! DEVELOPM5T ( CIVILIZATIONS 9 AN $UCTIVE SEQU5CE TO ! N>R[ NOM9ALISM ?AT ,/EPH5 ,JAY ,G\LD APPLI$ TO ORGANIC EVOLUTION1 EV5 TO ! PO9T :]E ! 0AUTONOMY0 SO PRIZ$ BY ,CA/ORIADIS CAN BE DISMISS$ AS A PURELY SUBJECTIVE 0NORM10 ( NO GREAT] VALUE 9 A PO/MOD]NI/ WORLD ( 9T]*ANGEABLE EQUIVAL5CES ?AN AU?ORIT>IAN 0NORMS0 ( HI]>*Y4 

,BUT IF WE EXPLORE V]Y EXI/5TIAL DEVELOPM5TS T[>D FRE$OM FROM TOIL & FRE$OM FROM OPPRESSION 9 ALL ITS =MS1 WE F9D ?AT !RE IS A HI/ORY TO BE TOLD ( RATIONAL ADVANCES1 )\T PRESUPPOS+ TELEOLOGIES ?AT PR$ET]M9E ?AT HI/ORY & ITS T5D5CIES4 ,IF WE CAN GIVE MAT]IAL FACTORS !IR DUE EMPHASIS )\T R$UC+ CULTURAL *ANGES TO /RICTLY AUTOMATIC RESPONSES TO TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES &1 )\T LOCAT+ ALL HI<LY V>IEGAT$ SOCIETIES 9 A NE>LY MY/ICAL SEQU5CE ( 0/AGES ( DEVELOPM5T10 !N WE CAN SPEAK 9TELLIGIBLY ( DEF9ITE ADVANCES MADE BY HUMANITY \T ( ANIMALITY2 \T ( ! TIMELESS 0ET]NAL RECURR5CE0 ( RELATIVELY /AGNANT CULTURES2 \T ( BLOOD1 G5D]1 & AGE RELATION%IPS AS ! BASIS = SOCIAL ORGANIZATION2 & \T ( ! IMAGE ( ! 0/RANG]10 :O WAS NOT K9 TO O!R MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY1 9DE$1 :O WAS 09ORGANIC10 TO USE ,M>X'S T]M1 & H5CE SUBJECT TO >BITR>Y TREATM5T BEYOND ! REA* ( CU/OM>Y RI<TS & DUTIES1 DEF9$ AS !Y W]E BY TRADITION RA!R ?AN REASON4 

,IMPORTANT AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE1 TE*NOLOGY1 & VILLAGE LIFE W]E 9 MOV+ T[>D ?IS MOM5T 9 HUMAN EMANCIPATION1 ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY WAS ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE 9 FREE+ PEOPLE FROM M]E E?NIC TIES ( SOLID>ITY1 9 BR++ REASON & SECUL>ITY1 H[EV] RUDIM5T>ILY1 9TO HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,= IT WAS ONLY BY ?IS EVOLUTION ?AT SEGM5TS ( HUMANITY C\LD REPLACE ! TYRANNY ( M9DLESS CU/OM ) A DEF9ABLE & RATIONALLY CONDITION$ NOMOS1 9 :I* ! IDEA ( JU/ICE C\LD BEG9 TO REPLACE TRIBALI/IC 0BLOOD V5GEANCE10 UNTIL LAT]1 :5 IT WAS REPLAC$ BY ! IDEA ( FRE$OM4 ,I SPEAK ( ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY1 BECAUSE AL?\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY HAS YET TO BE COMPLET$1 ITS MOM5TS 9 HI/ORY CON/ITUTE A DISC]NIBLE DIALECTIC ?AT OP5$ AN EMANCIPATORY REALM )9 :I* 0/RANG]S0 & ! 0FOLK0 C\LD BE RECON/ITUT$ AS CITIZ5S3 SECUL> & FULLY RATIONAL BE+S :O 9 V>Y+ DEGREES APPROXIMATE HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY TO BECOME FREE1 RATIONAL1 FULLY 9DIVIDUAT$1 & R\ND$4 

,MOREOV]1 ! CITY HAS BE5 ! ORIG9AT+ & AU!NTIC SPH]E ( POLITICS 9 ! ,HELL5IC DEMOCRATIC S5SE ( ! T]M1 & ( CIVILIZATION1 NOT1 AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ AGA9 & AGA91 ( ! /ATE4 ,:I* IS NOT TO SAY ?AT CITY-/ATES HAVE NOT EXI/$4 ,BUT DEMOCRACY1 CONCEIV$ AS A FACE-TO-FACE REALM ( POLICYMAK+1 5TAILS A COMMITM5T TO ! ,5LI<T5M5T BELIEF ?AT ALL 0ORD9>Y0 HUMAN BE+S >E POT5TIALLY COMPET5T TO COLLECTIVELY MANAGE !IR POLITICAL AFFAIRS--A CRUCIAL CONCEPT 9 ! ?9K+1 ALL ITS LIMITATIONS ASIDE1 ( ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRATIC TRADITION &1 MORE RADICALLY1 ( ?OSE ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #agic ?AT GAVE EQUAL VOICE TO WOM5 AS WELL AS ALL M54 ,AT SU* HI< PO9TS ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T1 9 :I* SUBSEQU5T ADVANCES (T5 SELF-CONSCI\SLY BUILT ON & EXP&$ MORE LIMIT$ E>LI] ONES1 ! CITY BECAME MORE ?AN A UNIQUE >5A = HUMAN LIFE & POLITICS1 :ILE MUNICIPALISM--CIVICISM1 :I* ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES LAT] ID5TIFI$ ) 0PATRIOTISM0--BECAME MORE ?AN AN EXPRESSION ( LOVE ( C\NTRY4 ,EV5 :5 ,JACOB9 DEMAGOGUES GAVE IT *AUV9I/IC CONNOTATIONS1 0PATRIOTISM0 9 #agic MEANT ?AT ! 0NATIONAL PATRIMONY0 WAS NOT ! 0PROP]TY ( ! ,K+ ( ,FRANCE0 BUT ?AT ,FRANCE1 9 EFFECT1 N[ BELONG$ TO ALL ! PEOPLE4 

,OV] ! LONG RUN1 ! CITY WAS CONCEIV$ AS ! SOCIOCULTURAL DE/9Y ( HUMANITY1 A PLACE :]E1 BY LATE ,ROMAN TIMES1 !RE W]E NO 0/RANG]S0 OR E?NIC 0FOLK10 & BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 NO CU/OM OR DEMONIC IRRATIONALITIES1 BUT RA!R CITOY5S :O LIV$ 9 A FREE T]RA91 ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO DISCURSIVE ASSEMBLIES1 & ADVANC$ CANONS ( SECUL>ITY & FRAT]NITE1 OR MORE BROADLY1 SOLID>ITY & PHILIA1 HOPEFULLY GUID$ BY REASON4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION WAS /RONGLY CONF$]ALI/ UNTIL ! DICTATORIAL ,JACOB9 ,REPUBLIC CAME 9TO BE+1 WIP+ \T ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS AS WELL AS ! IDEAL ( A FETE DE LA F$]ATION4 ,ONE MU/ READ ,JULES ,MI*ELET'S ACC\NT ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION TO LE>N ! EXT5T TO :I* CIVICISM WAS ID5TIFI$ ) MUNICIPAL LIB]TY & FRAT]NITE) LOCAL CONF$]ATIONS1 9DE$ A 0REPUBLIC0 ( CONF$]ATIONS1 BETWE5 #agi & #a#g#i#c4 ,ONE MU/ EXPLORE ! 5DEAVORS ( ,JEAN ,V>LET & ! ,EVE*E MILITANTS ( ,MAY #c-#c#a1 #a#g#i#c1 TO UND]/& H[ CLOSE ! ,REVOLUTION CAME 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ,JUNE #b TO CON/RUCT+ ! *]I%$ CONF$]AL ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES ?AT L+]$ 9 ! HI/ORICAL MEMORY ( ! ,P>ISIAN F$]ES1 AS !Y DESIGNAT$ !MSELVES1 9 #a#h#g#a4 

,H5CE1 LET ME /RESS ?AT A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ POLITICS IS NOT A M]E /RATEGY = HUMAN EMANCIPATION2 IT IS A RIGOR\S & E?ICAL CONCORDANCE ( MEANS & 5DS 7( 9/RUM5TALITIES1 SO TO SPEAK7 ) HI/ORIC GOALS1 :I* IMPLIES A CONCEPT ( HI/ORY AS MORE ?AN M]E *RONICLES OR A SCATT]$ >*IPELAGO ( SELF-5CLOS$ 0SOCIAL IMAG9>IES40 

,! CIVITAS1 HUMANLY SCAL$ & DEMOCRATICALLY /RUCTUR$1 IS ! POT5TIAL HOME ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS4 ,IT IS ! 9ITIAT+ >5A ( RATIONAL REFLECTION1 DISCURSIVE DECISION-MAK+1 & SECUL>ITY 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,IT SPEAKS TO US FROM ACROSS ! C5TURIES 9 ,P]ICLES' MAGNIFIC5T FUN]AL ORATION & 9 ! E>?Y1 AMAZ+LY FAMILI> & EM95TLY SECUL> SATIRES ( ,>I/OPHANES1 :OSE WORKS DEMOLI% ,CA/ORIADIS'S EMPHASIS ON ! MY/]IUM & 0CLOSURE0 ( ! ,A!NIAN POLIS TO ! MOD]N M9D4 ,NO ONE :O READS ! *RONICLES ( ,WE/]N HUMANITY CAN IGNORE ! RATIONAL DIALECTIC ?AT UND]LIES ! ACCUMULATION ( M]E EV5TS & ?AT REVEALS AN UNFOLD+ ( ! HUMAN POT5TIALITY = UNIV]SALITY1 RATIONALITY1 SECUL>ITY1 & FRE$OM 9 AN $UCTIVE RELATION%IP ?AT ALONE %\LD BE CALL$ ,HI/ORY4 ,?IS HI/ORY1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT HAS CULM9ATIONS AT GIV5 MOM5TS ( DEVELOPM5T ON :I* LAT] CIVILIZATIONS BUILT1 IS AN*OR$ 9 ! EVOLUTION ( A SECUL> PUBLIC SPH]E1 9 POLITICS1 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! RATIONAL CITY--! CITY ?AT IS RATIONAL 9/ITUTIONALLY1 CREATIVELY1 & COMMUNALLY4 ,NOR CAN IMAG9ATION BE EXCLUD$ FROM ,HI/ORY1 BUT IT IS AN IMAG9ATION ?AT MU/ BE ELUCIDAT$ BY REASON4 ,= NO?+ CAN BE MORE DANG]\S TO A SOCIETY1 9DE$ TO ! WORLD TODAY1 ?AN ! K9D ( UNBRIDL$ IMAG9ATION1 UNGUID$ BY REASON1 ?AT SO EASILY L5T ITSELF TO ,NUREMB]G RALLIES1 FASCI/ DEMON/RATIONS1 ,/AL9I/ IDOLATRY1 & DEA? CAMPS4 

,9/EAD ( RETREAT+ TO QUIETISM1 MY/ICISM1 & PURELY P]SONALIZ$ APPEALS = *ANGE1 WE MU/ TOGE!R EXPLORE ! K9DS ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W\LD BE REQUIR$ 9 A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ! K9D ( POLITICS WE %\LD APPROPRIATELY PRACTICE1 & ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T NE$$ TO A*IEVE SU* A SOCIETY4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY & ITS POLITICS--LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM--SEEKS TO DO JU/ ?IS3 TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE FRE$OM & GUIDE US TO A HUMANE & ECOLOGICAL FUTURE--ONE ?AT WILL FULFILL ! UNFILL$ PROMISE ( ! CITY 9 HI/ORY4 

,SEPTEMB] #aiie 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,NATIONALISM & ! 0,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION0 
#g4 ,NATIONALISM & ! 0,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION0 

  

,ONE ( ! MO/ VEX+ QUE/IONS ?AT ! ,LEFT FACES 7H[EV] ONE MAY DEF9E ! ,LEFT7 IS ! ROLE PLAY$ BY NATIONALISM 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & BY POPUL> DEM&S = CULTURAL ID5TITY & POLITICAL SOV]EIGNTY4 ,= ! ,LEFT ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 NATIONALISM WAS SE5 PRIM>ILY AS A ,EUROPEAN ISSUE1 9VOLV+ ! CONSOLIDATION ( NATION-/ATES 9 ! HE>TL& ( CAPITALISM4 ,ONLY SECOND>ILY1 IF AT ALL1 WAS IT SE5 AS ! ANTI-IMP]IALI/ & PRESUMABLY ANTICAPITALI/ /RUGGLE ?AT IT WAS TO BECOME 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,?IS DID NOT MEAN ?AT ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,LEFT FAVOR$ IMP]IALI/ DEPR$ATIONS 9 ! COLONIAL WORLD4 ,AT ! TURN ( ?IS C5TURY1 H>DLY ANY S]I\S RADICAL ?9K] REG>D$ ! IMP]IALI/ P[]S' ATTEMPTS TO QUELL MOVEM5TS = SELF-DET]M9ATION 9 COLONIAL >EAS AS A BLESS+4 ,! ,LEFT SC(F$ AT & USUALLY D5\NC$ ! >ROGANT CLAIMS ( ,EUROPEAN P[]S TO BR+ 0PROGRESS0 TO ! 0B>B>\S0 >EAS ( ! WORLD4 ,M>X'S VIEWS ( IMP]IALISM MAY HAVE BE5 EQUIVOCAL1 BUT HE NEV] LACK$ A G5U9E AV]SION = ! AFFLICTIONS ?AT NATIVE PEOPLES SUFF]$ AT ! H&S ( IMP]IALI/S4 ,AN>*I/S1 9 TURN1 W]E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY HO/ILE TO ! ,EUROPEAN CLAIM TO BE ! BEACON ( CIVILIZATION = ! WORLD4 

,YET IF ! ,LEFT UNIV]SALLY SCORN$ ! CIVILIZATORY CLAIMS ( IMP]IALI/S AT ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 IT G5]ALLY REG>D$ NATIONALISM AS AN >GUABLE ISSUE4 ,! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION10 TO USE ! TRADITIONAL PHRASE 9 :I* SU* DISCUSSIONS W]E CA/1 WAS SUBJECT TO S]I\S DISPUTES1 C]TA9LY AS F> AS TACTICS W]E 9VOLV$4 ,BUT BY G5]AL AGREEM5T1 LEFTI/S DID NOT REG>D NATIONALISM1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! CREATION ( NATION-/ATES1 AS ! ULTIMATE DISP5SATION ( HUMANITY'S FUTURE 9 A COLLECTIVI/ OR COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,9DE$1 ! S+LE PR9CIPLE ON :I* ! ,LEFT ( ! PRE-,WORLD ,W> ,I & ! 9T]W> P]IODS AGRE$ WAS A BELIEF 9 ! %>$ HUMANITY ( PEOPLE REG>DLESS ( !IR MEMB]%IP 9 DIFF]5T CULTURAL1 E?NIC1 & G5D] GR\PS1 & !IR COMPLEM5T>Y AFF9ITIES 9 A FREE SOCIETY AS RATIONAL HUMAN BE+S ) ! CAPACITY = COOP]ATION1 A WILL+NESS TO %>E MAT]IAL RES\RCES1 & A F]V5T S5SE ( EMPA?Y4 ,! 0,9T]NATIONALE10 ! %>$ AN!M ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 SOCIALI/S1 & AN>*I/S ALIKE UP TO & EV5 AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION1 5D$ ) ! /IRR+ CRY1 0,! ',9T]NATIONALE' %ALL BE ! HUMAN RACE40 ,! ,LEFT S+L$ \T ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT AS ! HI/ORIC AG5T = MOD]N SOCIAL *ANGE NOT BY VIRTUE ( ITS SPECIFICITY AS A CLASS OR ITS P>TICUL>ITY AS ONE COMPON5T 9 A DEVELOP+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT BY VIRTUE ( ITS NE$ TO A*IEVE UNIV]SALITY 9 ORD] TO ABOLI% CLASS SOCIETY1 ?AT IS1 AS ! CLASS DRIV5 BY NECESSITY TO REMOVE WAGE SLAV]Y BY ABOLI%+ 5SLAVEM5T AS SU*4 ,CAPITALISM HAD BR\<T ! HI/ORIC 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 ( HUMAN EXPLOITATION TO ITS F9AL & MO/ ADVANC$ =M4 0,TIS ! F9AL CONFLICT60 RANG \T ! ,9T]NATIONALE1 ) A S5SE ( UNIV]SALI/IC COMMITM5T1 ONE ?AT NO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T C\LD IGNORE )\T SUBV]T+ ! POSSIBILITIES = PASS+ FROM A 0PREHI/ORY0 ( B>B>\S CLASS 9T]E/ TO A 0TRUE HI/ORY0 ( A TOTALLY EMANCIPAT$ HUMANITY4 

,M9IMALLY1 ?IS WAS ! %>$ \TLOOK ( ! PREW> & 9T]W> ,LEFT1 P>TICUL>LY ( ITS V>I\S SOCIALI/IC T5D5CIES4 ,! PRIMACY ! AN>*I/S HAVE HI/ORICALLY GIV5 TO ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 ! AG5CY P> EXCELL5CE ( HI]>*ICAL CO]CION1 L$ DIRECTLY TO !IR D5IGRATION ( ! NATION-/ATE & ( NATIONALISM G5]ALLY1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE NATIONALISM DIVIDES HUMAN BE+S T]RITORIALLY1 CULTURALLY1 & ECONOMICALLY1 BUT BECAUSE IT FOLL[S 9 ! WAKE ( ! MOD]N /ATE & IDEOLOGICALLY JU/IFIES IT4 

,( CONC]N H]E IS ! 9T]NATIONALI/ TRADITION ?AT PLAY$ SO PRON\NC$ A ROLE 9 ! ,LEFT ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE?1 & ITS MUTATIONS 9TO A HI<LY PROBLEMATICAL 0QUE/ION10 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59'S WRIT+S4 ,?IS IS A 0QUE/ION0 ( NO SMALL IMPORTANCE4 ,WE HAVE ONLY TO CONSID] ! UTT] CONFUSION ?AT SURR\NDS IT TODAY--AS A SAVAGELY BIGOT$ NATIONALISM SUBV]TS ! 9T]NATIONALI/ TRADITION ( ! ,LEFT--TO RECOGNIZE ITS IMPORTANCE4 ,! RISE ( NATIONALISMS ?AT EXPLOIT RACIAL1 RELIGI\S1 & TRADITIONAL CULTURAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S1 9CLUD+ EV5 ! MO/ TRIVIAL L+UI/IC & QUASI-TRIBALI/IC DIFF]5CES1 NOT TO SPEAK ( DIFF]5CES 9 G5D] ID5TITY & SEXUAL PREF]5CE1 M>KS A DECIVILIZATION ( HUMANITY4 

,:AT IS P>TICUL>LY DI/URB+ IS ?AT ! ,LEFT HAS NOT ALWAYS SE5 NATIONALISM AS A REGRESSIVE DEM&4 ,! MOD]N ,LEFT1 SU* AS IT IS TODAY1 ALL TOO (T5 UNCRITICALLY EMBRACES ! SLOGAN 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0--A SLOGAN ?AT HAS E*O$ ?R\< ITS RANKS )\T REG>D = ! BASIC IDEAL VOIC$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONALE4 ,CALLS = TRIBAL 0ID5TITY0 %RILLY ACC5TUATE A GR\P'S P>TICUL> *>ACT]I/ICS TO G>N] CON/ITU5CIES1 AN EF=T ?AT NEGATES ! SPIRIT ( ! ,9T]NATIONALE & ! TRADITIONAL 9T]NATIONALISM ( ! ,LEFT4 ,! V]Y MEAN+ ( NATIONALISM & ! NATURE ( ITS RELATION%IP TO /ATISM RAISES ISSUES = :I* ! ,LEFT IS B]EFT ( IDEAS1 AP>T FROM APPEALS = 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION40 

,IF PRES5T-DAY LEFTI/S LOSE ALL VIABLE MEMORY ( AN E>LI] 9T]NATIONALI/ ,LEFT--NOT TO SPEAK ( HUMANITY'S HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE \T ( ITS ANIMALI/IC BACKGR\ND1 ITS MILL5NIA-LONG DEVELOPM5T AWAY FROM SU* BIOLOGICAL FACTS AS E?NICITY1 G5D]1 & AGE DIFF]5CES T[>D TRULY SOCIAL AFF9ITIES BAS$ ON CITIZ5%IP1 EQUALITY1 & A UNIV]SALI/IC S5SE ( A COMMON HUMANITY--! GREAT ROLE ASSIGN$ TO REASON BY ! ,5LI<T5M5T MAY WELL BE 9 GRAVE D\BT4 ,)\T A =M ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION ?AT CAN RESI/ & HOPEFULLY GO BEYOND NATIONALISM 9 ALL ITS POPUL> V>IANTS--:E!R IT TAKES ! =M ( A RECON/ITUT$ ,LEFT1 A NEW POLITICS1 A SOCIAL LIB]T>IANISM1 A REAWAK5$ HUMANISM1 AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY--!N ANY?+ ?AT WE CAN LEGITIMATELY CALL CIVILIZATION1 9DE$1 ! HUMAN SPIRIT ITSELF1 MAY WELL BE EXT+UI%$ LONG BE=E WE >E OV]:ELM$ BY ! GR[+ ECOLOGICAL CRISES1 NUCLE> W>1 OR1 MORE G5]ALLY1 A CULTURAL B>B>ISM COMP>ABLE ONLY TO ! MO/ DE/RUCTIVE P]IODS 9 HI/ORY4 ,9 VIEW ( TODAY'S GR[+ NATIONALISM1 !N1 FEW 5DEAVORS C\LD BE MORE IMPORTANT ?AN TO EXAM9E ! NATURE ( NATIONALISM & UND]/& ! SO-CALL$ 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 AS ! ,LEFT 9 ITS V>I\S =MS HAS 9T]PRET$ IT OV] ! YE>S4 

,A ,HI/ORICAL ,OV]VIEW 

  

,! LEVEL ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T CAN BE GAUG$ 9 GREAT P>T BY ! EXT5T TO :I* PEOPLE RECOGNIZE !IR %>$ UNITY4 ,9DE$1 P]SONAL FRE$OM CONSI/S 9 GREAT P>T ( \R ABILITY TO *OOSE FRI5DS1 P>TN]S1 ASSOCIATES1 & AFF9ES )\T REG>D TO !IR BIOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES4 ,:AT MAKES US HUMAN1 AP>T FROM \R ABILITY TO REASON ON A HI< PLANE ( G5]ALIZATION1 CONSOCIATE 9TO MUTABLE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 WORK COOP]ATIVELY1 & DEVELOP A HI<LY SYMBOLIC SY/EM ( COMMUNICATION1 IS A %>$ KN[L$GE ( \R HUMANITAS4,GOE!'S MEMORABLE WORDS1 SO *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T M9D1 /ILL HAUNT AS A CRIT]ION ( \R HUMANITY3 0,!RE IS A DEGREE ( CULTURE :]E NATIONAL HATR$ VANI%ES1 & :]E ONE /&S TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ABOVE NATIONS & FEELS ! WEAL & WOE ( A NEI<BOR+ PEOPLE AS IF IT HAPP5$ TO ONE'S [N40.<#b#a.> 

,IF ,GOE! E/ABLI%$ A /&>D ( AU!NTIC HUMANITY H]E--& SURELY ONE CAN DEM& MORE ( HUMAN BE+S ?AN EMPA?Y = !IR 0[N PEOPLE0--E>LY HUMANITY WAS LESS ?AN HUMAN BY ?AT /&>D4 ,AL?\< A LUNATIC ELEM5T 9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T ONCE CALL$ = A 0RETURN TO A ,PLEI/OC5E SPIRITUALITY10 !Y W\LD 9 ALL PROBABILITY HAVE F\ND ?AT 0SPIRITUALITY0 V]Y DESPIRIT+ 9 REALITY4 ,9 PREHI/ORIC ]AS1 M>K$ BY B& & TRIBAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 HUMAN BE+S W]E1 0SPIRITUALLY0 OR O!RWISE1 FIR/ & =EMO/ MEMB]S ( AN IMM$IATE FAMILY1 SECONDLY1 MEMB]S ( A B&1 & ULTIMATELY1 MEMB]S ( A TRIBE4 ,:AT DET]M9$ MEMB]%IP 9 ANY?+ BEYOND ONE'S GIV5 FAMILY GR\P WAS AN EXT5SION ( ! K9%IP TIE3 ! PEOPLE ( A GIV5 TRIBE W]E SOCIALLY L9K$ TO ONE ANO!R BY REAL OR FICTIVE BLOOD RELATION%IPS4 ,?IS 0BLOOD OA?10 AS WELL AS O!R 0BIOLOGICAL FACTS0 LIKE G5D] & AGE1 DEF9$ ONE'S RI<TS1 OBLIGATIONS1 & 9DE$ ONE'S ID5TITY 9 ! TRIBAL SOCIETY4 

,MOREOV]1 MANY 7P]HAPS MO/7 B& OR TRIBAL GR\PS REG>D$ ONLY ?OSE :O %>$ ! 0BLOOD OA?0 ) !MSELVES AS HUMAN4 ,9DE$1 A TRIBE (T5 REF]R$ TO ITSELF AS 0! ,PEOPLE10 A NAME ?AT EXPRESS$ ITS EXCLUSIVE CLAIM TO HUMANITY4 ,O!R PEOPLE1 :O W]E \TSIDE ! MAGIC CIRCLE ( ! REAL OR MY?IC BLOOD L9KAGES ( A TRIBE1 W]E 0/RANG]S0 & H5CE 9 SOME S5SE W]E NOT HUMAN BE+S4 ,! 0BLOOD OA?0 & ! USE ( ! NAME 0! ,PEOPLE0 TO DESIGNATE !MSELVES (T5 PITT$ A TRIBE AGA9/ O!RS :O MADE ! SAME EXCLUSIVE CLAIM TO BE HUMAN & TO BE 0! ,PEOPLE10 EV5 AMONG PEOPLES :O %>$ COMMON L+UI/IC & CULTURAL TRAITS4 

,TRIBAL SOCIETIES1 9 FACT1 W]E EXTREMELY W>Y ( ANYONE :O WAS NOT ONE ( ITS [N MEMB]S4 ,9 MANY >EAS1 BE=E /RANG]S C\LD CROSS A T]RITORIAL B\ND>Y1 !Y HAD TO SUBMISSIVELY & PATI5TLY AWAIT AN 9VITATION FROM AN ELD] OR %AMAN ( ! TRIBE ?AT CLAIM$ ! T]RITORY BE=E PROCE$+4 ,)\T HOSPITALITY1 :I* WAS G5]ALLY CONCEIV$ AS A QUASI-RELIGI\S VIRTUE1 ANY /RANG] RISK$ LIFE & LIMB 9 A TRIBE'S T]RITORY1 SO ?AT LODG+S & FOOD W]E USUALLY PREC$$ BY RITUAL ACTS ( TRU/ OR GOODWILL4 ,! MOD]N H&%AKE MAY ITSELF HAVE ORIG9AT$ AS A SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION ?AT ONE'S RI<T H& WAS FREE ( WEAPONS4 

,W>F>E WAS 5DEMIC AMONG \R PREHI/ORIC ANCE/ORS & 9 LAT] NATIVE COMMUNITIES1 NOT)/&+ ! HI<1 ALMO/ CULTIC /ATUS 5JOY$ BY O/5SIBLY PEACEFUL 0ECOLOGICAL ABORIG9ES0 AMONG :ITE MIDDLE-CLASS ,EURO-,AM]ICANS TODAY4 ,:5 =AG+ GR\PS OV]HUNT$ ! GAME 9 !IR ACCU/OM$ T]RITORY1 AS (T5 HAPP5$1 !Y W]E USUALLY MORE ?AN WILL+ TO 9VADE ! >EA ( A NEI<BOR+ GR\P & CLAIM ITS RES\RCES = !IR [N4 ,COMMONLY1 AFT] ! RISE ( W>RIOR SODALITIES1 W>F>E ACQUIR$ CULTURAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES1 SO VICTORS NO LONG] M]ELY DEFEAT$ !IR REAL OR *OS5 05EMIES0 BUT VIRTUALLY EXT]M9AT$ !M1 AS WITNESS ! NE>-G5OCIDAL DE/RUCTION ( ! ,HURON ,9DIANS BY !IR L+UI/ICALLY & CULTURALLY RELAT$ ,IROQUOIS C\S9S4 

,IF ! MAJOR EMPIRES ( ! ANCI5T ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ,ORI5T CONQU]$1 PACIFI$1 & SUBJUGAT$ MANY DIFF]5T E?NIC & CULTURAL GR\PS1 !REBY MAK+ ALI5 PEOPLES 9TO ! ABJECT SUBJECTS ( DESPOTIC MON>*IES1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT S+LE FACTOR TO ]ODE ABORIG9AL P>O*IALISM WAS ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY4 ,! RISE ( ! ANCI5T CITY1 :E!R DEMOCRATIC AS AT ,A!NS OR REPUBLICAN AS 9 ,ROME1 M>K$ A RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! FAMILY-ORI5T$ & P>O*IAL FOLK :O HAD CON/ITUT$ ! TRIBAL & VILLAGE WORLD1 ,WE/]N CITIES W]E N[ /RUCTUR$ 9CREAS+LY >\ND RESID5TIAL PROP9QUITY & %>$ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,A 0SECOND NATURE10 AS ,CIC]O CALL$ IT1 ( HUMANI/IC SOCIAL & CULTURAL TIES BEGAN TO REPLACE ! OLD] =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON ! 0FIR/ NATURE0 ( BIOLOGICAL & BLOOD TIES1 9 :I* 9DIVIDUALS' SOCIAL ROLES & OBLIGATIONS W]E AN*OR$ 9 !IR FAMILY1 CLAN1 G5D]1 & ! LIKE1 RA!R ?AN 9 ASSOCIATIONS ( !IR [N *OICE4 

,ETYMOLOGICALLY1 0POLITICS0 D]IVES FROM ! ,GREEK POLITIKA1 :I* CONNOTES AN ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ CITIZ5RY ?AT =MULATES ! POLICIES ( A COMMUNITY OR POLIS &1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 R\T9ELY EXECUTES !M 9 ! C\RSE ( PUBLIC S]VICE4 ,AL?\< =MAL CITIZ5%IP WAS REQUIR$ = P>TICIPATION 9 SU* POLITICS1 POLEIS LIKE DEMOCRATIC ,A!NS CELEBRAT$ !IR OP5NESS TO VISITORS1 P>TICUL>LY TO SKILL$ CRAFTSM5 & KN[L$GEABLE M]*ANTS ( O!R E?NIC COMMUNITIES4 ,9 HIS FAM\S FUN]AL ORATION1 ,P]ICLES DECL>$1  
  

,WE ?R[ OP5 \R CITY TO ! WORLD1 & NEV] BY ALI5 ACTS EXCLUDE =EIGN]S FROM ANY OPPORTUNITY ( LE>N+ OR OBS]V+1 AL?\< ! EYES ( AN 5EMY MAY OCCASIONALLY PR(IT BY \R LIB]ALITY1 TRU/+ LESS 9 SY/EM & POLICY ?AN TO ! NATIVE SPIRIT ( \R CITIZ5S2 :]E1 9 $UCATION1 FROM !IR V]Y CRADLES BY A PA9FUL DISCIPL9E SEEK AFT] MANL9ESS .<9 ,SP>TA.>1 AT ,A!NS WE LIVE EXACTLY AS WE PLEASE & YET >E JU/ AS READY TO 5C\NT] EV]Y LEGITIMATE DANG]4.<#b#b.>  
  

,9 ,P]ICLEAN TIMES1 ,A!NIAN LIB]ALITY1 TO BE SURE1 WAS /ILL LIMIT$ BY A L>GELY FICTITI\S NOTION ( ! %>$ ANCE/RY ( ITS CITIZ5S1 AL?\< LESS ?AN IT HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY4 ,BUT IT IS H>D TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ,PLATO'S DIALECTICAL MA/]PIECE1 ,! ,REPUBLIC1 OCCURS AS A DIALOGUE 9 ! HOME ( ,CEPHALOS1 :OSE FAMILY W]E RESID5T ALI5S 9 ! ,PIRAEUS1 ! PORT >EA ( ,A!NS :]E MO/ =EIGN]S LIV$4 ,YET1 9 ! DIALOGUE ITSELF1 ! 9T]*ANGE BETWE5 CITIZ5 & ALI5 IS UN9HIBIT$ BY ANY /ATUS CONSID]ATIONS4 

,! ,ROMAN EMP]OR ,C>ACALLA1 9 TIME1 MADE ALL FREEM5 9 ! ,EMPIRE 0CITIZ5S0 ( ,ROME ) EQUAL JURIDICAL RI<TS1 !REBY UNIV]SALIZ+ HUMAN RELATION%IPS DESPITE DIFF]5CES 9 LANGUAGE1 E?NICITY1 TRADITION1 & PLACE ( RESID5CE4 ,*RI/IANITY1 = ALL ITS FAIL+S1 NONE!LESS CELEBRAT$ ! EQUALITY ( ALL PEOPLE'S S\LS 9 ! EYES ( ! DEITY1 A HEAV5LY 0EGALIT>IANISM0 ?AT1 9 COMB9ATION ) OP5 M$IEVAL CITIES1 !ORETICALLY ELIM9AT$ ! LA/ ATTRIBUTES ( ANCE/RY1 E?NICITY1 & TRADITION ?AT DIVID$ HUMAN BE+S FROM EA* O!R4 

,9 PRACTICE1 IT GOES )\T SAY+1 !SE ATTRIBUTES /ILL P]SI/$1 & V>I\S PEOPLES RETA9$ P>O*IAL ALLEGIANCES TO !IR VILLAGES1 LOCALITIES1 & EV5 CITIES1 C\NT]VAIL+ ! T5U\S ,ROMAN & P>TICUL>LY ,*RI/IAN IDEALS ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS4 ,! UNIFI$ M$IEVAL WORLD WAS FRAGM5T$ JURIDICALLY 9TO C\NTLESS B>ONIAL & >I/OCRATIC SOV]EIGNTIES ?AT P>O*IALIZ$ LOCAL POPUL> COMMITM5TS TO A GIV5 LORD OR PLACE1 (T5 PITT+ CULTURALLY & E?NICALLY RELAT$ PEOPLES AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 O!R >EAS4 ,! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* OPPOS$ !SE P>O*IAL SOV]EIGNTIES1 NOT ONLY = DOCTR9AL REASONS BUT 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO EXP& PAPAL AU?ORITY OV] ,*RI/5DOM AS A :OLE4 ,AS = SECUL> P[]1 WAYW>D BUT /RONG MON>*S LIKE ,H5RY ,I,I ( ,5GL& TRI$ TO IMPOSE ! 0K+'S PEACE0 OV] L>GE T]RITORIAL >EAS1 SUBDU+ W>R+ NOBLES ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( SUCCESS4 ,?US DID POPE & K+ WORK 9 T&EM TO DIM9I% P>O*IALISM1 EV5 AS !Y DUEL$ ) EA* O!R = CONTROL OV] EV]-L>G] >EAS ( ! FEUDAL WORLD4 

,YET AU!NTIC CITIZ5S W]E DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 CLASSICAL POLITICAL ACTIVITY 9 MANY PLACES 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! BUR<]S ( M$IEVAL T[N DEMOCRACIES W]E ESS5TIALLY MA/] CRAFTSM54 ,! TASKS ( !IR GUILDS1 OR RI*LY >TICULAT$ VOCATIONAL FRAT]NITIES1 W]E NO LESS MORAL ?AN ECONOMIC2 9DE$1 !Y =M$ ! /RUCTURAL BASIS = A G5U9E MORAL ECONOMY4 ,GUILDS NOT ONLY 0POLIC$0 LOCAL M>KETS1 FIX+ 0FAIR PRICES0 & ASSUR+ ?AT ! QUALITY ( !IR MEMB]S' GOODS W\LD BE HI<1 !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 CIVIC & RELIGI\S FE/IVALS AS DI/9CT 5TITIES ) !IR [N BANN]S1 HELP$ F9ANCE & CON/RUCT PUBLIC BUILD+S1 SAW TO ! WELF>E ( ! FAMILIES ( DECEAS$ MEMB]S1 COLLECT$ MONEY = *>ITY1 & P>TICIPAT$ AS MILITIAM5 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! COMMUNITY ( :I* !Y W]E P>T4 ,!IR CITIES1 9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 CONF]R$ FRE$OM ON RUNAWAY S]FS1 SAW TO ! SAFETY ( TRAVEL]S1 & ADAMANTLY DEF5D$ !IR CIVIC LIB]TIES4 ,! EV5TUAL DIFF]5TIATION ( ! T[N POPULATIONS 9TO WEAL?Y & POOR1 P[]FUL & P[]LESS1 & 0NATIONALI/S0 :O SUPPORT$ ! MON>*Y AGA9/ A PR$ATORY NOBILITY ALL MAKE UP A COMPLEX DRAMA ?AT CANNOT BE DISCUSS$ H]E4 

,AT V>I\S TIMES & PLACES1 SOME CITIES CREAT$ =MS ( ASSOCIATION ?AT W]E NEI!R NATIONS NOR P>O*IAL B>ONIES4 ,!SE W]E 9T]CITY CONF$]ATIONS ?AT LA/$ = C5TURIES1 SU* AS ! ,HANSEATIC ,LEAGUE2 CANTONAL CONF$]ATIONS LIKE ?AT ( ,SWITZ]L&2 &1 MORE BRIEFLY1 ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE FREE CITY CONF$]ATIONS LIKE ! ,SPANI% ,COMUN]OS MOVEM5T 9 ! E>LY SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 P>TICUL>LY UND] ,CROMWELL 9 ,5GL& & ,L\IS ,X,I,V 9 ,FRANCE1 ?AT C5TRALIZ]S ( ONE =M OR ANO!R F9ALLY BEGAN TO C>VE \T LA/+ NATIONS 9 ,EUROPE4 

,NATION-/ATES1 LET ME EMPHASIZE1 >E /ATES1 NOT ONLY NATIONS4 ,E/ABLI%+ !M MEANS VE/+ P[] 9 A C5TRALIZ$1 PR(ESSIONAL1 BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS ?AT EX]CISES A SOCIAL MONOPOLY ( ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE1 NOTABLY 9 ! =M ( ITS >MIES & POLICE4 ,! /ATE PREEMPTS ! AUTONOMY ( LOCALITIES & PROV9CES BY MEANS ( ITS ALL-P[]FUL EXECUTIVE &1 9 REPUBLICAN /ATES1 ITS LEGISLATURE1 :OSE MEMB]S >E ELECT$ OR APPO9T$ TO REPRES5T A FIX$ NUMB] ( 0CON/ITU5TS40 ,9 NATION-/ATES1 :AT US$ TO BE A CITIZ5 9 A SELF-MANAG$ LOCALITY VANI%ES 9TO AN ANONYM\S AGGREGATION ( 9DIVIDUALS :O PAY A SUITABLE AM\NT ( TAXES & RECEIVE ! /ATE'S 0S]VICES40 0,POLITICS0 9 ! NATION-/ATE DEVOLVES 9TO A BODY ( EX*ANGE RELATION%IPS 9 :I* CON/ITU5TS G5]ALLY TRY TO GET :AT !Y PAY = 9 A 0POLITICAL0 M>KETPLACE ( GOODS & S]VICES4 ,NATIONALISM AS A =M ( TRIBALISM WRIT L>GE RE9=CES ! /ATE BY PROVID+ IT ) ! LOYALTY ( A PEOPLE ( %>$ L+UI/IC1 E?NIC1 & CULTURAL AFF9ITIES1 9DE$1 LEGITIMIZ+ ! /ATE BY GIV+ IT A BASIS ( SEEM+LY ALL-EMBRAC+ BIOLOGICAL & TRADITIONAL COMMONALITIES AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS NOT ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE :O CREAT$ AN ,5GL& BUT ! ,5GLI% MON>*S & C5TRALIZ+ RUL]S1 JU/ AS IT WAS ! ,FR5* K+S & !IR BUREAUCRACIES :O =G$ ! ,FR5* NATION4 

,9DE$1 UNTIL /ATE-BUILD+ BEGAN TO ACQUIRE NEW VIGOR 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 NATION-/ATES 9 ,EUROPE REMA9$ A NOVELTY4 ,EV5 :5 C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY BAS$ M9IMALLY ON A L+UI/IC COMMONALITY BEGAN TO FO/] NATIONALISM ?R\<\T ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 NATIONALISM FAC$ A V]Y DUBI\S DE/9Y4 ,CONF$]ALISM REMA9$ A VIABLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! NATION-/ATE WELL 9TO ! LATT] HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,AS LATE AS #a#h#g#a1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE CALL$ UPON ALL ! COMMUNES ( ,FRANCE TO =M A CONF$]AL DUAL P[] 9 OPPOSITION TO ! NEWLY CREAT$ ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ! NATION-/ATE WON \T 9 ?IS COMPLEX CONFLICT1 & /ATISM WAS FIRMLY L9K$ TO NATIONALISM4 ,BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! TWO W]E VIRTUALLY 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM EA* O!R4 

,NATIONALISM & ! ,LEFT 

  

,RADICAL !ORI/S & ACTIVI/S ON ! ,LEFT DEALT 9 V]Y DIFF]5T WAYS ) ! HO/ ( HI/ORICAL & E?ICAL PROBLEMS ?AT NATIONALISM RAIS$ ) RESPECT TO EF=TS TO BUILD A COMMUNI/IC1 COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ! E>LIE/ LEFTI/ ATTEMPTS TO EXPLORE NATIONALISM AS A PROBLEM OB/RUCT+ ! ADV5T ( A FREE & JU/ SOCIETY CAME FROM V>I\S AN>*I/ !ORI/S4 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON SEEMS NEV] TO HAVE QUE/ION$ ! IDEAL ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 AL?\< HE NEV] D5I$ ! RI<T ( A PEOPLE TO CULTURAL UNIQU5ESS & EV5 TO SEC$E FROM ANY K9D ( 0SOCIAL CONTRACT10 PROVID$1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT NO ONE ELSE'S RI<TS W]E 9FR+$ UPON4 ,AL?\< ,PR\DHON DETE/$ SLAV]Y--HE S>CA/ICALLY OBS]V$ ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN ,S\? 0) ,BIBLE 9 H&1 CULTIVATES SLAV]Y10 :ILE ! ,AM]ICAN ,NOR? 0IS ALREADY CREAT+ A PROLET>IAT0--HE =MALLY CONC$$ ! RI<T ( ! ,CONF$]ACY TO )DRAW FROM ! ,UNION DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> ( #a#h#f#a-#f#e4.<#b#c.> 

,MORE G5]ALLY1 ,PR\DHON'S CONF$]ALI/ & MUTUALI/IC VIEWS L$ HIM TO OPPOSE NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,POL&1 ,HUNG>Y1 & ,ITALY4 ,HIS ANT9ATIONALI/ NOTIONS W]E SOME:AT DILUT$ BY HIS [N ,FRANCOPHILISM1 AS ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/ ,JEAN ,JAURES LAT] NOT$4 ,PR\DHON FE>$ ! =MATION ( /RONG NATION-/ATES ON OR NE> ,FRANCE'S BORD]S4 ,BUT HE WAS ALSO A PRODUCT1 9 HIS [N WAY1 ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,WRIT+ 9 #a#h#f#b1 HE DECL>$1  
  

,I WILL NEV] PUT DEVOTION TO MY C\NTRY BE=E ! RI<TS ( ,MAN4 ,IF ! ,FR5* ,GOV]NM5T BEHAVES UNJU/LY TO ANY PEOPLE1 ,I AM DEEPLY GRIEV$ & PROTE/ 9 EV]Y WAY ?AT ,I CAN4 ,IF ,FRANCE IS PUNI%$ = ! MISDE$S ( H] LEAD]S1 ,I B[ MY HEAD & SAY FROM ! DEP?S ( MY S\L1 0,M]ITO HAEC PATIMUR0--,WE HAVE DES]V$ !SE ILLS4.<#b#d.>  
  

,DESPITE HIS ,GALLIC *AUV9ISM1 ! 0RI<TS ( ,MAN0 REMA9$ =EMO/ 9 ,PR\DHON'S M9D4.<#b#e.> 0,DO Y\ ?9K ?AT IT IS ,FR5* EGOISM1 HATR$ ( LIB]TY1 SCORN = ! ,POLES & ,ITALIANS ?AT CAUSE ME TO MOCK AT & MI/RU/ ?IS COMMONPLACE WORD NATIONALITY10 HE WROTE TO ,H]Z51 0:I* IS BE+ SO WIDELY US$ & MAKES SO MANY SC\NDRELS & SO MANY HONE/ CITIZ5S TALK SO MU* NONS5SE8 ,= PITY'S SAKE 444 DO NOT TAKE (F5SE SO EASILY4 ,IF Y\ DO1 ,I %ALL HAVE TO SAY TO Y\ :AT ,I HAVE BE5 SAY+ = SIX MON?S AB\T Y\R FRI5D ,G>IBALDI3 ',( GREAT HE>T BUT NO BRA94' 0.<#b#f.> 

,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9'S 9T]NATIONALISM WAS AS EMPHATIC AS ,PR\DHON'S1 AL?\< HIS VIEWS W]E ALSO M>K$ BY A C]TA9 AMBIGUITY4 0,ONLY ?AT CAN BE CALL$ A HUMAN PR9CIPLE :I* IS UNIV]SAL & COMMON TO ALL M510 HE WROTE 9 HIS 9T]NATIONALI/ VE92 0& NATIONALITY SEP>ATES M51 !RE=E IT IS NOT A PR9CIPLE40 ,9DE$1 0,!RE IS NO?+ MORE ABSURD & AT ! SAME TIME MORE H>MFUL1 MORE DEADLY1 = ! PEOPLE ?AN TO UPHOLD ! FICTITI\S PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY AS ! IDEAL ( ALL ! PEOPLE'S ASPIRATIONS40 ,:AT C\NT$ F9ALLY = ,BAKUN9 WAS ?AT 0,NATIONALITY IS NOT A UNIV]SAL HUMAN PR9CIPLE40 ,/ILL FUR!R1  
  

,WE %\LD PLACE HUMAN1 UNIV]SAL JU/ICE ABOVE ALL NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,& WE %\LD ONCE & = ALL TIME AB&ON ! FALSE PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY1 9V5T$ ( LATE BY ! DESPOTS ( ,FRANCE1 ,RUSSIA1 & ,PRUSSIA = ! PURPOSE ( CRU%+ ! SOV]EIGN PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY4.<#b#g.>  
  

,YET ,BAKUN9 ALSO DECL>$ ?AT NATIONALITY 0IS A HI/ORIC1 LOCAL FACT1 :I* LIKE ALL REAL & H>MLESS FACTS1 HAS ! RI<T TO CLAIM G5]AL ACCEPTANCE40 ,NOT ONLY ?AT1 BUT ?IS IS A 0NATURAL FACT0 ?AT DES]VES 0RESPECT40 ,IT MAY HAVE BE5 HIS RHETORICAL PROCLIVITIES ?AT L$ HIM TO DECL>E HIMSELF 0ALWAYS S9C]ELY ! PATRIOT ( ALL OPPRESS$ FA!RL&S40 ,BUT HE >GU$ ?AT ! RI<T ( EV]Y NATIONALITY 0TO LIVE ACCORD+ TO ITS [N NATURE0 MU/ BE RESPECT$1 S9CE ?IS 0RI<T0 IS 0SIMPLY ! COROLL>Y ( ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM40 

,! SUBTLETY ( ,BAKUN9'S OBS]VATIONS %\LD NOT BE OV]LOOK$ 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS SEEM+ SELF-CONTRADICTION4 ,HE DEF9$ A G5]AL PR9CIPLE ?AT IS HUMAN1 ONE ?AT IS ABRIDG$ OR P>TIALLY VIOLAT$ BY ASOCIAL OR 0BIOLOGICAL0 FACTS ?AT = BETT] OR WORSE MU/ BE TAK5 = GRANT$4 ,TO BE A NATIONALI/ IS TO BE LESS ?AN HUMAN1 BUT IT IS ALSO 9EVITABLE 9S(> AS 9DIVIDUALS >E PRODUCTS ( DI/9CTIVE CULTURAL TRADITIONS1 5VIRONM5TS1 & /ATES ( M9D4 ,OV]%AD[+ ! M]E FACT ( 0NATIONALITY0 IS ! HI<] UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLE 9 :I* PEOPLE RECOGNIZE !MSELVES AS MEMB]S ( ! SAME SPECIES & SEEK TO FO/] !IR COMMONALITIES RA!R ?AN !IR 0NATIONAL0 DI/9CTIV5ESS4 

,SU* HUMANI/IC PR9CIPLES W]E TO BE TAK5 V]Y S]I\SLY BY AN>*I/S G5]ALLY & /RIK+LY SO BY ! L>GE/ AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( MOD]N TIMES1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,FROM ! E>LY #a#h#hS UP TO ! BLOODY CIVIL W> ( #a#i#c#f-#c#i1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ,SPA9 OPPOS$ NOT ONLY /ATISM & NATIONALISM BUT EV5 REGIONALISM 9 ALL ITS =MS4 ,DESPITE ITS 5ORM\S ,CATALAN FOLL[+1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CONSI/5TLY RAIS$ ! HI<] HUMAN PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION OV] NATIONAL LIB]ATION & OPPOS$ NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES )9 ,SPA9 ?AT SO (T5 DIVID$ ,BASQUES1 ,CATALANS1 ,&ALUSIANS1 & ,GALICIANS FROM ONE ANO!R & P>TICUL>LY FROM ! ,CA/ILIANS1 :O 5JOY$ CULTURAL SUPREMACY OV] ! C\NTRY'S M9ORITIES4 ,9DE$1 ! WORD 0,IB]IAN0 RA!R ?AN 0,SPANI%10 :I* APPE>S 9 ! NAME ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I71 S]V$ TO EXPRESS NOT ONLY A COMMITM5T TO P59SUL> SOLID>ITY BUT AN 9DIFF]5CE TO REGIONAL & NATIONAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL4 ,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CULTIVAT$ ,ESP]ANTO AS A 0UNIV]SAL0 HUMAN LANGUAGE MORE 5?USIA/ICALLY ?AN ANY MAJOR RADICAL T5D5CY1 & 0UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD0 REMA9$ A LA/+ IDEAL ( !IR MOVEM5T1 AS IT HAS HI/ORICALLY 9 MO/ AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS UP TO ! PRES5T DAY4 

,PRIOR TO #a#i#a#d1 ,M>XI/S & ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL G5]ALLY HELD SIMIL> CONVICTIONS1 DESPITE ! BURGEON+ ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY NATIONALISM4 ,9 ,M>X & ,5GELS' VIEW1 ! PROLET>IAT ( ! WORLD HAD NO C\NTRY2 AU!NTICALLY UNIFI$ AS A CLASS1 IT WAS DE/9$ TO ABOLI% ALL =MS ( CLASS SOCIETY4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 5DS ) ! R++ APPEAL3 0,WORK+ ,M5 ( ,ALL ,C\NTRIES1 ,UNITE60 ,9 ! BODY ( ! WORK 7:I* ,BAKUN9 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,RUSSIAN71 ! AU?ORS DECL>$1 0,9 ! NATIONAL /RUGGLES ( ! PROLET>IANS ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 .<,COMMUNI/S.> PO9T \T & BR+ TO ! FRONT ! COMMON 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ALL NATIONALITY40.<#b#h.> ,& FUR!R1 0,! WORK+ M5 HAVE NO C\NTRY4 ,WE CANNOT TAKE AWAY FROM !M :AT !Y HAVE NOT GOT40.<#b#i.> 

,! SUPPORT ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS DID L5D TO NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES WAS ESS5TIALLY /RATEGIC1 /EMM+ PRIM>ILY FROM !IR GEOPOLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONC]NS RA!R ?AN FROM BROAD SOCIAL PR9CIPLE4 ,!Y VIGOR\SLY *AMPION$ ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,RUSSIA1 = EXAMPLE1 BECAUSE !Y WANT$ TO WEAK5 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE1 :I* 9 !IR DAY WAS ! SUPREME C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y P[] ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 ,& !Y WANT$ TO SEE A UNIT$ ,G]MANY BECAUSE A C5TRALIZ$1 P[]FUL NATION-/ATE W\LD PROVIDE IT ) :AT ,5GELS1 9 A LETT] TO ,K>L ,KAUTSKY 9 #a#h#h#b1 CALL$ 0! NORMAL POLITICAL CON/ITUTION ( ! ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOISIE40 

,YET ! MANIFE/ SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ! 9T]NATIONALI/ RHETORIC ( ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O & ! 9T]NATIONALISM ( ! AN>*I/ !ORI/S & MOVEM5TS %\LD NOT BE P]MITT$ TO CONCEAL ! IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !SE TWO =MS ( SOCIALISM--DIFF]5CES ?AT W]E TO PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! DEBATES ?AT SEP>AT$ !M4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E 9 EV]Y S5SE E?ICALSOCIALI/S :O UPHELD UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES ( ! 0BRO!RHOOD ( MAN0 & 0FRAT]NITY10.<#c.> PR9CIPLES ?AT ,M>X'S 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 DISDA9$ AS M]E 0AB/RACTIONS40 ,9 LAT] YE>S1 EV5 :5 SPEAK+ BROADLY ( FRE$OM & ! OPPRESS$1 ,M>X & ,5GELS CONSID]$ ! USE ( SEEM+LY 09EXACT0 WORDS LIKE 0WORK]S0 & 0TOIL]S0 TO BE AN IMPLICIT REJECTION ( SOCIALISM AS A 0SCI5CE02 9/EAD1 !Y PREF]R$ :AT !Y CONSID]$ ! MORE SCI5TIFICALLY RIGOR\S WORD PROLET>IAT1 :I* SPECIFICALLY REF]R$ TO ?OSE :O G5]ATE SURPLUS VALUE4 

,9DE$1 9 CONTRA/ TO AN>*I/ !ORI/S LIKE ,PR\DHON1 :O CONSID]$ ! SPREAD ( CAPITALISM & ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( PRE9DU/RIAL PEASANTRY & CRAFTSPEOPLE TO BE A DISA/]1 ,M>X & ,5GELS 5?USIA/ICALLY WELCOM$ !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 AS WELL AS ! =MATION ( L>GE1 C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES 9 :I* M>KET ECONOMIES C\LD FL\RI%4 ,!Y SAW !M NOT ONLY AS DESID]ATA 9 FO/]+ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T BUT1 BY PROMOT+ CAPITALISM1 AS 9DISP5SABLE 9 CREAT+ ! PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM4 ,DESPITE !IR SUPPORT = PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM1 !Y D]OGAT$ :AT !Y SAW AS 0AB/RACT0 D5UNCIATIONS ( NATIONALISM AS SU* OR SCORN$ !M AS M]ELY 0MORALI/IC40 ,AL?\< 9T]NATIONALISM 9 ! 9T]E/S ( CLASS SOLID>ITY REMA9$ A DESID]ATUM = ,M>X & ,5GELS1 !IR VIEW IMPLICITLY /OOD AT ODDS ) !IR COMMITM5T TO CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC EXPANSION ) ITS NE$ 9 ! LA/ C5TURY = C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES4 ,!Y HELD ! NATION-/ATE TO BE GOOD OR BAD 9S(> AS IT ADVANC$ OR 9HIBIT$ ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 ! ADVANCE ( ! 0PRODUCTIVE =CES10 & ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( PRE9DU/RIAL PEOPLES4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 !Y LOOK$ ASKANCE AT ! NATIONALI/ S5TIM5TS ( ,9DIANS1 ,*9ESE1 ,AFRICANS1 & ! RE/ ( ! NONCAPITALI/ WORLD1 :OSE PRECAPITALI/ SOCIAL =MS MI<T IMP$E CAPITALI/ EXPANSION4 ,IREL&1 IRONICALLY1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 AN EXCEPTION TO ?IS APPROA*4 ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T AS A :OLE ACKN[L$G$ ! RI<T ( ! ,IRI% TO NATIONAL LIB]ATION L>GELY = S5TIM5TAL REASONS & BECAUSE IT W\LD PRODUCE PROBLEMS = ,5GLI% IMP]IALISM1 :I* COMM&$ A WORLD M>KET4 ,9 ! MA91 UNTIL SU* TIME AS A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY C\LD BE A*IEV$1 ,M>XI/S CONSID]$ ! =MATION ( L>GE1 EV]-MORE C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES 9 ,EUROPE TO BE 0HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE40 

,GIV5 !IR 9/RUM5TAL GEOPOLITICS1 IT %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS+ ?AT AS ! YE>S W5T BY1 ,M>X & ,5GELS ESS5TIALLY SUPPORT$ ,BISM>CK'S ATTEMPTS TO UNIFY ,G]MANY4 ,!IR EXPRESS DI/A/E = ,BISM>CK'S ME?ODS & = ! L&$ G5TRY 9 :OSE 9T]E/S HE SPOKE %\LD NOT BE TAK5 TOO S]I\SLY4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE WELCOM$ ,G]MANY'S ANNEXATION ( ,D5M>K1 & !Y CALL$ = ! 9CORPORATION ( SMALL] ,EUROPEAN NATIONALITIES LIKE ! ,CZE*S & ,SLAVS G5]ALLY 9TO A C5TRALIZ$ ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y1 AS WELL AS ! UNIFICATION ( ,ITALY 9TO A NATION-/ATE1 9 ORD] TO BROAD5 ! T]RA9 ( ! M>KET & ! SOV]EIGNTY ( CAPITALISM ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 

,NOR IS IT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS SUPPORT$ ,BISM>CK'S >MIES 9 ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN W> ( #a#h#g--DESPITE ! OPPOSITION ( !IR CLOSE/ ADH]5TS 9 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T & ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL--AT LEA/ UP TO ! PO9T :5 ?OSE >MIES CROSS$ ! ,FR5* FRONTI] & SURR\ND$ ,P>IS 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,M>X & ,5GELS' [N >GUM5TS W]E TO BE 9VOK$ BY ! ,EUROPEAN ,M>XI/S :O DIV]G$ FROM !IR ANTIW> COMRADES TO SUPPORT !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONAL MILIT>Y EF=TS AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,PR[> ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS SUPPORT$ ! ,KAIS] AS A BULW>K AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN 0,ASIATIC0 B>B>ISM--SEEM+LY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,M>X & ,5GELS' [N VIEWS--:ILE ! ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/S 7AS WELL AS ,KROPOTK9 9 ,BRITA9 & LAT] 9 ,RUSSIA7 9VOK$ ! TRADITION ( !IR C\NTRY'S ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION 9 OPPOSITION TO 0,PRUSSIAN MILIT>ISM40 

,DESPITE MANY WIDESPREAD CLAIMS ?AT ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS MORE AN>*I/IC ?AN A COMMITT$ ,M>XI/1 %E ACTUALLY VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ ! MOTIVATIONS ( AN>*IC =MS ( SOCIALISM & WAS MORE ( A DOCTR9AIRE ,M>XI/ ?AN IS G5]ALLY REALIZ$4 ,H] OPPOSITION TO ,POLI% NATIONALISM & ,PILSUDSKI'S ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7:I* DEM&$ ,POLI% NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE7 AS WELL AS H] HO/ILITY T[>D NATIONALISM G5]ALLY1 ADMIRABLE & C\RAGE\S AS IT WAS1 RE/$ PR9CIPALLY NOT ON AN AN>*I/IC BELIEF 9 ! 0BRO!RHOOD ( MAN0 BUT ON TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ >GUM5TS1 NAMELY1 AN EXT5SION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS' DESIRE = UNIFI$ M>KETS & C5TRALIZ$ /ATES AT ! EXP5SE ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN NATIONALITIES1 ALBEIT ) A NEW TWI/4 

,BY ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 NEW CONSID]ATIONS HAD COME TO ! =EGR\ND ?AT 9DUC$ ,LUXEMBURG TO MODIFY H] VIEWS4 ,LIKE MANY SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC !ORI/S AT ! TIME1 ,LUXEMBURG %>$ ! CONVICTION ?AT CAPITALISM HAD PASS$ FROM A PROGRESSIVE 9TO A L>GELY REACTION>Y PHASE4 ,NO LONG] A HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE ECONOMIC ORD]1 CAPITALISM WAS N[ REACTION>Y BECAUSE IT HAD FULFILL$ ITS 0HI/ORICAL0 FUNCTION 9 ADVANC+ TE*NOLOGY & PRESUMABLY 9 PRODUC+ A CLASS-CONSCI\S OR EV5 REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4 ,L59 SY/EMIZ$ ?IS CONCLUSION 9 HIS WORK ,IMP]IALISM3 ,! ,HI<E/ ,/AGE ( ,CAPITALISM4 

,?US1 BO? ,L59 & ,LUXEMBURG LOGICALLY D5\NC$ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> AS IMP]IALI/ & BROKE ) ALL SOCIALI/S :O SUPPORT$ ! ,5T5TE & ! ,C5TRAL ,P[]S1 D]ID+ !M AS 0SOCIAL PATRIOTS40 ,:]E ,L59 M>K$LY DIFF]$ FROM ,LUXEMBURG 7ASIDE FROM ! FAM\S ISSUE ( HIS SUPPORT = A C5TRALIZ$ P>TY ORGANIZATION7 WAS ON H[1 FROM A /RICTLY 0REALI/IC0 /&PO9T1 ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 C\LD BE US$ AGA9/ CAPITALISM 9 AN ]A ( IMP]IALISM4 ,TO ,L591 ! NATIONAL /RUGGLES ( ECONOMICALLY UNDEVELOP$ COLONIZ$ C\NTRIES = LIB]ATION FROM ! COLONIAL P[]S1 9CLUD+ ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 W]E N[ 9H]5TLY PROGRESSIVE 9S(> AS !Y S]V$ TO UND]M9E ! P[] ( CAPITAL4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ,L59'S SUPPORT = NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES WAS ESS5TIALLY NO LESS PRAGMATIC ?AN ?AT ( O!R ,M>XI/S1 9CLUD+ ,LUXEMBURG H]SELF4 ,= IMP]IALI/ ,RUSSIA1 APPROPRIATELY *>ACT]IZ$ AS A 0PRISON ( NATIONS10 ,L59 ADVOCAT$ ! UNCONDITIONAL RI<T ( NON-,RUSSIAN PEOPLES TO SEC$E UND] ANY CONDITIONS & TO =M NATION-/ATES ( !IR [N4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HE MA9TA9$ ?AT NON-,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 9 ,RUSSIA'S COLONIZ$ C\NTRIES W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO ADVOCATE SOME K9D ( F$]AL UNION ) ! 0MO!R C\NTRY0 IF ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS SUCCE$$ 9 A*IEV+ A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,H5CE1 AL?\< ,L59 & ,LUXEMBURG'S PREMISES W]E V]Y SIMIL>1 ! TWO ,M>XI/S CAME TO RADICALLY DIFF]5T CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 & ! CORRECT MANN] ( RESOLV+ IT4 ,L59 DEM&$ ! RI<T ( ,POL& TO E/ABLI% A NATION-/ATE ( ITS [N1 :ILE ,LUXEMBURG OPPOS$ IT AS ECONOMICALLY UNVIABLE & REGRESSIVE4 ,L59 %>$ ,M>X & ,5GELS' SUPPORT = ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE1 ALBEIT = V]Y DIFF]5T YET EQUALLY PRAGMATIC REASONS4 ,HE DID NOT HONOR HIS [N POSITION ON ! RI<T TO SECESSION DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W>1 MO/ FLAGRANTLY 9 HIS MANN] ( DEAL+ ) ,GEORGIA1 A V]Y DI/9CT NATION ?AT HAD SUPPORT$ ! ,M5%EVIKS UNTIL ! ,SOVIET REGIME =C$ IT TO ACCEPT A DOME/IC V>IANT ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,ONLY 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE1 AFT] A ,GEORGIAN ,COMMUNI/ P>TY TOOK COMM& ( ! /ATE1 DID ,L59 OPPOSE ,/AL9'S ATTEMPT TO SUBORD9ATE ! ,GEORGIAN P>TY TO ! ,RUSSIAN--A PREPOND]ANTLY 9TRAP>TY CONFLICT ?AT WAS ( LITTLE CONC]N TO ! PRO-,M5%EVIK ,GEORGIAN POPULATION4 ,L59 DID NOT LIVE LONG 5\< TO 5GAGE ,/AL9 ON ?IS1 & O!R1 POLICIES & ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES4 

,TWO ,APPROA*ES TO ! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION 

  

,! ,M>XI/ & ,M>XI/-,L59I/ DISCUSSIONS ON ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ?US PRODUC$ A HI<LY CONVOLUT$ LEGACY ?AT AFFECT$ ! POLICIES NOT ONLY ( ! ,OLD ,LEFT ( ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS BUT ?OSE ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT ( ! #a#i#fS AS WELL4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT TO CL>IFY H]E >E ! RADICALLY DIFF]5T PREMISES FROM :I* AN>*I/S & ,M>XI/S VIEW$ NATIONALISM G5]ALLY4 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! MA9 ADVANC$ HUMANI/IC1 BASICALLY E?ICAL REASONS = OPPOS+ ! NATION-/ATES ?AT FO/]$ NATIONALISM4 ,AN>*I/S DID SO1 TO BE MORE SPECIFIC1 BECAUSE NATIONAL DI/9CTIONS T5D$ TO LEAD TO /ATE =MATION & TO SUBV]T ! UNITY ( HUMANITY1 TO P>O*IALIZE SOCIETY1 & TO FO/] CULTURAL P>TICUL>ITIES RA!R ?AN ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,M>XISM1 AS A 0SOCIALI/ SCI5CE10 ES*EW$ SU* E?ICAL 0AB/RACTIONS40 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ! AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE & TO C5TRALIZATION1 NOT ONLY DID ,M>XI/S SUPPORT A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 !Y 9SI/$ ON ! 0HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE0 NATURE ( CAPITALISM & A M>KET ECONOMY1 :I* REQUIR$ C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES AS DOME/IC M>KETS & AS MEANS = REMOV+ ALL 9T]NAL B>RI]S TO COMM]CE ?AT LOCAL & REGIONAL SOV]EIGNTIES HAD CREAT$4 ,M>XI/S G5]ALLY REG>D$ ! NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLES AS MATT]S ( POLITICAL /RATEGY ?AT %\LD BE SUPPORT$ OR OPPOS$ = /RICTLY PRAGMATIC CONSID]ATIONS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ANY BROAD] E?ICAL ONES4 

,?US1 TWO DI/9CT APPROA*ES TO NATIONALISM EM]G$ )9 ! ,LEFT4 ,! E?ICAL ANT9ATIONALISM ( AN>*I/S *AMPION$ ! UNITY ( HUMANITY1 ) DUE ALL[ANCE = CULTURAL DI/9CTIONS BUT 9 FLAT OPPOSITION TO ! =MATION ( NATION-/ATES2 ! ,M>XI/S SUPPORT$ OR OPPOS$ ! NATIONALI/IC DEM&S ( L>GELY PRECAPITALI/ CULTURES = A V>IETY ( PRAGMATIC & GEOPOLITICAL REASONS4 ,?IS DI/9CTION IS NOT 9T5D$ TO BE H>D & FA/2 SOCIALI/S 9 PRE-,WORLD ,W> ,I ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y W]E /RONGLY MULT9ATIONAL AS A RESULT ( ! MANY DIFF]5T PEOPLES :O MADE UP ! PREW> EMPIRE4 ,!Y CALL$ = A CONF$]AL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ RUL]S ( ! EMPIRE & ITS L>GELY ,SLAVONIC MEMB]S1 :I* APPROXIMAT$ AN AN>*I/ VIEW4 ,:E!R !Y W\LD HAVE HONOR$ !IR [N IDEALS 9 PRACTICE ANY BETT] ?AN ,L59 ADH]$ TO HIS [N PRESCRIPTIONS ONCE A 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION0 ACTUALLY SUCCE$$ WE WILL NEV] KN[4 ,! ORIG9AL EMPIRE HAD DISAPPE>$ BY #a#i#a#h1 & ! O/5SIBLE LIB]T>IANISM ( 0,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN ,M>XISM10 AS IT WAS CALL$1 BECAME MOOT DUR+ ! 9T]W> P]IOD4 ,TO !IR HONOR1 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicd 9 ,VI5NA1 ,AU/RIAN SOCIALI/S1 UNLIKE ANY O!R MOVEM5T AP>T FROM ! ,SPANI>DS1 RESI/$ PROT(ASCI/ DEVELOPM5TS 9 BLOODY /REET FI<T+2 ! MOVEM5T NEV] REGA9$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y ELAN AFT] IT WAS RE/OR$ 9 #a#i#d#e4 

,NATIONALISM & ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> 

  

,! ,LEFT ( ! 9T]W> P]IOD1 ! SO-CALL$ 0,OLD ,LEFT10 VIEW$ ! FA/-APPROA*+ W> AGA9/ ,NAZI ,G]MANY AS A CONT9UATION ( ! 0,GREAT ,W>0 ( #a#i#a#d-#a#h4 ,ANTI-,/AL9I/ ,M>XI/S PR$ICT$ A %ORT-LIV$ CONFLICT ?AT W\LD T]M9ATE 9 PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS EV5 MORE SWEEP+ ?AN ?OSE ( ! #a#i#a#g-#b#a P]IOD4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,TROTSKY /AK$ HIS ADH]5CE TO OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ITSELF ON ?IS CALCULATION3 IF ! W> DID NOT 5D 9 ?IS \TCOME1 HE PROPOS$1 NE>LY ALL ! PREMISES ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM W\LD HAVE TO BE EXAM9$ & P]HAPS DRA/ICALLY REVIS$4 ,HIS DEA? 9 #aid PRECLUD$ SU* A REEVALUATION ON HIS [N P>T4 ,:5 ! W> DID NOT CONCLUDE 9 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS1 ,TROTSKY'S SUPPORT]S W]E H>DLY WILL+ TO MAKE ! SWEEP+ REEXAM9ATION ?AT HE HAD SUGGE/$4 

,YET ?IS REEXAM9ATION WAS V]Y MU* NE$$4 ,NOT ONLY DID ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> FAIL TO 5D 9 PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS 9 ,EUROPE1 IT BR\<T AN 5D TO ! 5TIRE ]A ( REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM & ! CLASS-ORI5T$ 9T]NATIONALISM ?AT HAD EM]G$ 9 ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 :5 ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS RAIS$ B>RICADES & R$ FLAGS 9 SUPPORT ( A 0SOCIAL REPUBLIC40 ,F> FROM A*IEV+ ANY SUCCESSFUL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 ! ,EUROPEAN WORK+ CLASS FAIL$ TO EXHIBIT ANY SEMBLANCE ( 9T]NATIONALISM DUR+ ! CONFLICT4 ,UNLIKE !IR FA!RS A G5]ATION E>LI]1 NO W>R+ TROOPS 5GAG$ 9 FRAT]NIZATION2 NOR DID ! CIVILIAN POPULATIONS EXHIBIT ANY OV]T HO/ILITY TO !IR POLITICAL & MILIT>Y LEAD]S = !IR CONDUCT ( ! W>1 DESPITE ! MASSIVE DE/RUCTION ( CITIES BY A]IAL BOMB]S & >TILL]Y4 ,! ,G]MAN >MY F\<T DESP]ATELY AGA9/ ! ,ALLIES 9 ! ,WE/ & W]E PREP>$ TO DEF5D ,HITL]'S BUNK] TO ! 5D4 

,ABOVE ALL1 AN ELEVAT$ AW>5ESS ( CLASS DI/9CTIONS & CONFLICTS 9 ,EUROPE GAVE WAY TO NATIONALISM1 P>TLY 9 REACTION TO ,G]MANY'S OCCUPATIONS ( HOME T]RITORIES1 BUT ALSO1 & SIGNIFICANTLY1 AS A RESULT ( ! RESURG5CE ( A CRUDE X5OPHOBIA ?AT V]G$ ON \TRI<T RACISM4 ,:AT LIMIT$ CLASS-ORI5T$ MOVEM5TS DID EM]GE = A :ILE AFT] ! W>1 NOTABLY 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ,GREECE1 W]E EASILY MANIPULAT$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S TO S]VE ,SOVIET 9T]E/S 9 ! ,COLD ,W>4 ,H5CE1 AL?\< ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> LA/$ MU* LONG] ?AN ! FIR/1 ITS \TCOME NEV] ROSE TO ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL LEVEL ( ! #a#i#a#g-#b#a P]IOD4 ,9 FACT1 WORLD CAPITALISM EM]G$ FROM ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I /RONG] ?AN IT HAD BE5 AT ANY TIME 9 ITS HI/ORY1 [+ PR9CIPALLY TO ! /ATE'S MASSIVE 9T]V5TION 9 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 

,/RUGGLES = 0,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION0 

  

,! FAILURE ( S]I\S RADICAL !ORI/S TO REEXAM9E ,M>XI/ !ORY 9 ! LI<T ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 AS ,TROTSKY HAD PROPOS$1 WAS FOLL[$ BY ! PRECIPITATE DECL9E ( ! ,OLD ,LEFT2 ! G5]AL RECOGNITION ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS NO LONG] A 0HEGEMONIC0 CLASS 9 OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM2 ! ABS5CE ( A 0G5]AL CRISIS0 ( CAPITALISM2 & ! FAILURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION TO PLAY AN 9T]NATIONALI/ ROLE 9 PO/W> EV5TS4 

,:AT CAME TO ! =EGR\ND 9/EAD W]E NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES 9 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 C\NTRIES & SPORADIC ANTI-,SOVIET ]UPTIONS 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 :I* W]E L>GELY SMO!R$ BY ,/AL9I/ TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,! ,LEFT1 9 !SE 9/ANCES1 HAS (T5 TAK5 NATIONALI/ /RUGGLES AS G5]AL 0ANTI-IMP]IALI/0 ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE 0AUTONOMY0 FROM IMP]IALISM1 & /ATE =MATION AS A LEGITIMATION ( ?IS 0AUTONOMY10 EV5 AT ! EXP5SE ( A POPUL> DEMOCRACY 9 ! COLONIZ$ WORLD4 

,IF ,M>X & ,5GELS (T5 SUPPORT$ NATIONAL /RUGGLES = /RATEGIC REASONS1 ! ,LEFT 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 BO? ,NEW & ,OLD1 HAS (T5 ELEVAT$ SU* SUPPORT = SU* /RUGGLES 9TO A M9DLESS >TICLE ( FAI?4 ,! /RATEGIC 0NATIONALISMS0 ( ,M>XI/-TYPE MOVEM5TS L>GELY =ECLOS$ 9QUIRY 9TO :AT K9D ( SOCIETY A GIV5 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 MOVEM5T W\LD LIKELY PRODUCE1 9 A WAY ?AT E?ICAL SOCIALISMS LIKE AN>*ISM 9 ! LA/ C5TURY DID NOT4 ,IT WAS 7OR IF NOT1 IT %\LD HAVE BE57 A MATT] ( ! GRAVE/ CONC]N = ! ,OLD ,LEFT 9 ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS TO 9QUIRE 9TO :AT TYPE ( SOCIETY ,MAO ,TSE-TUNG1 TO TAKE A /RIK+ CASE 9 PO9T1 W\LD E/ABLI% 9 ,*9A IF HE DEFEAT$ ! ,KUOM9TANG1 :ILE ! ,NEW ,LEFT ( ! #a#i#fS %\LD HAVE 9QUIR$ 9TO :AT TYPE ( SOCIETY ,CA/RO1 TO CITE ANO!R IMPORTANT CASE1 W\LD E/ABLI% 9 ,CUBA AFT] ! EXPULSION ( ,BATI/A4 

,BUT ?R\<\T ?IS C5TURY1 :5 ,?IRD ,WORLD NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS 9 COLONIAL C\NTRIES HAVE MADE CONV5TIONAL AV[ALS ( SOCIALISM & !N PROCE$$ TO E/ABLI% HI<LY C5TRALIZ$1 (T5 BRUTALLY AU?ORIT>IAN /ATES1 ! ,LEFT (T5 GREET$ !M AS EFFECTIVE /RUGGLES AGA9/ IMP]IALI/ 5EMIES4 ,ADVANC$ AS NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 NATIONALISM HAS (T5 /OPP$ %ORT ( ADVANC+ MAJOR SOCIAL *ANGES & EV5 IGNOR$ ! NE$ TO DO SO4 ,AV[ALS ( AU?ORIT>IAN =MS ( SOCIALISM HAVE BE5 US$ BY NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS V]Y MU* ! WAY ,/AL9 US$ SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGIES TO BRUTALLY CONSOLIDATE HIS [N DICTATOR%IP4 ,9DE$1 ,M>XISM-,L59ISM HAS PROV$ A REM>KABLY EFFECTIVE DOCTR9E = MOBILIZ+ NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES AGA9/ IMP]IALI/ P[]S & GA9+ ! SUPPORT ( LEFTI/ RADICALS ABROAD1 :O SAW NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS AS L>GELY ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES RA!R ?AN OBS]V+ !IR TRUE SOCIAL CONT5T4 

,?US1 DESPITE ! POPULI/ & (T5 EV5 AN>*I/IC T5D5CIES ?AT GAVE RISE TO ! ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN ,NEW ,LEFT1 ITS ESS5TIALLY 9T]NATIONAL FOCUS WAS DIRECT$ 9CREAS+LY T[>D AN UNCRITICAL SUPPORT = NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES \TSIDE ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SPH]E1 )\T REG>D = :]E !SE /RUGGLES W]E LEAD+ & ! AU?ORIT>IAN NATURE ( !IR LEAD]%IP4 ,AS ! #a#i#fS PROGRESS$1 ?IS 9CR$IBLY CONFUS$ MOVEM5T 9 FACT /EADILY %$ ! AN>*I/IC & UNIV]SALI/IC AMBIANCE ) :I* IT HAD BEGUN4 ,AFT] ,MAO'S PRACTICES W]E ELEVAT$ TO AN 0ISM0 9 ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 MANY Y\NG RADICALS ADOPT$ 0,MAOISM0 UNRES]V$LY1 ) GRIM RESULTS = ! ,NEW ,LEFT AS A :OLE4 ,BY #a#i#f#i1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT HAD L>GELY BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ,MAOI/S & ADMIR]S ( ,FIDEL ,CA/RO4 ,AN UTT]LY MISLEAD+ BOOK LIKE ,FAN%51 :I* UNCRITICALLY APPLAUD$ ,MAOI/ ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,*9ESE C\NTRYSIDE1 WAS REV]$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS1 & MANY RADICAL GR\PS ADOPT$ :AT !Y TOOK TO BE ,MAOI/ ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES4 ,SO HEAVILY FOCUS$ WAS ! ,NEW ,LEFT'S ATT5TION ON NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN 9VASION ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA 9 #aifi H>DLY PRODUC$ S]I\S PROTE/ BY Y\NG LEFTI/S1 AT LEA/ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,! #a#i#fS ALSO SAW ! EM]G5CE ( YET ANO!R =M ( NATIONALISM ON ! ,LEFT4 ,9CREAS+LY E?NICALLY *AUV9I/IC GR\PS BEGAN TO APPE> ?AT ULTIMATELY 9V]T$ ,EURO-,AM]ICAN CLAIMS ( ! ALLEG$ SUP]IORITY ( ! :ITE RACE 9TO AN EQUALLY REACTION>Y CLAIM TO ! SUP]IORITY ( NON:ITES4 ,EMBRAC+ ! P>TICUL>ISM 9TO :I* RACIAL POLITICS HAD DEG5]AT$ 9/EAD ( ! POT5TIAL UNIV]SALISM ( A HUMANITAS1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT PLAC$ BLACKS1 COLONIAL PEOPLES1 & EV5 TOTALIT>IAN COLONIAL NATIONS ON ! TOP ( ITS !ORETICAL PYRAMID1 5D[+ !M ) A COMM&+ OR 0HEGEMONIC0 POSITION 9 RELATION TO :ITES1 ,EURO-,AM]ICANS1 & B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC NATIONS4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS1 ?IS P>TICUL>I/IC /RATEGY WAS ADOPT$ BY C]TA9 FEM9I/S1 :O BEGAN TO EXTOLL ! 0SUP]IORITY0 ( WOM5 OV] M51 9DE$1 TO AFFIRM AN ALLEG$LY FEMALE MY/ICAL 0P[]0 & AN ALLEG$LY FEMALE IRRATIONALISM OV] ! SECUL> RATIONALITY & SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY ?AT W]E PRESUMABLY ! DOMA9 ( ALL MALES4 ,! T]M 0:ITE MALE0 BECAME A PAT5TLY D]OGATORY EXPRESSION ?AT WAS APPLI$ ECUM5ICALLY TO ALL ,EURO-,AM]ICAN M51 IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R !Y !MSELVES W]E EXPLOIT$ & DOM9AT$ BY RUL+ CLASSES & HI]>*IES4 

,A HI<LY P>O*IAL 0ID5TITY POLITICS0 BEGAN TO EM]GE1 EV5 TO DOM9ATE MANY ,NEW ,LEFTI/S AS NEW 0MICRONATIONALISMS40 ,NOT ONLY DO C]TA9 T5D5CIES 9 SU* 0ID5TITY0 MOVEM5TS CLOSELY RESEMBLE ?OSE ( V]Y TRADITIONAL =MS ( OPPRESSION LIKE PATRI>*Y1 BUT ID5TITY POLITICS ALSO CON/ITUTES A REGRESSION FROM ! LIB]T>IAN & EV5 G5]AL ,M>XIAN MESSAGE ( ! ,9T]NATIONALE & A TRANSC5D5CE ( ALL 0MICRONATIONALI/0 DIFF]5TIA 9 A TRULY HUMANI/IC COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,:AT PASSES = 0RADICAL CONSCI\SNESS0 TODAY IS %IFT+ 9CREAS+LY T[>D A BIOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ EMPHASIS ON HUMAN DIFF]5TIATION LIKE G5D] & E?NICITY1 NOT AN EMPHASIS ON ! NE$ TO FO/] HUMAN UNIV]SALITY ?AT WAS SO PRON\NC$ AMONG ! AN>*I/ WRIT]S ( ! LA/ C5TURY & 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 

,T[>D A ,NEW ,9T]NATIONALISM 

  

,H[ TO ASSESS ?IS DEVOLUTION 9 LEFTI/ ?\<T & ! PROBLEMS IT RAISES TODAY8 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO PLACE NATIONALISM 9 ! L>G] HI/ORICAL CONTEXT ( HUMANITY'S SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 FROM ! 9T]NAL SOLID>ITY ( ! TRIBE1 TO ! 9CREAS+ EXPANSIV5ESS ( URBAN LIFE & ! UNIV]SALISM ADVANC$ BY ! GREAT MONO!I/IC RELIGIONS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & F9ALLY TO IDEALS ( HUMAN AFF9ITY BAS$ ON REASON1 SECUL>ISM1 COOP]ATION1 & DEMOCRACY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,WE CAN SAY ) C]TA9TY ?AT ANY MOVEM5T ?AT ASPIRES TO SOME?+ LESS ?AN !SE AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ NOTIONS ( ! 0BRO!RHOOD ( MAN10 C]TA9LY AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONALE1 FALLS %ORT ( ! HI<E/ IDEALS ( ! ,LEFT4 ,9DE$1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! 5D ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO ASK = EV5 MORE ?AN :AT N9ETE5? C5TURY 9T]NATIONALISM DEM&$4 ,WE >E OBLIG$ TO =MULATE AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY 9 :I* CULTURAL DIFF]5TIA MUTUALI/ICALLY S]VE TO 5HANCE HUMAN UNITY ITSELF1 9 %ORT1 ?AT CON/ITUTE A NEW MOSAIC ( VIGOR\S CULTURES ?AT 5RI* ! HUMAN CONDITION & ?AT FO/] ITS ADVANCE RA!R ?AN FRAGM5T & DECOMPOSE IT 9TO NEW 0NATIONALITIES0 & AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( NATION-/ATES4 

,NO LESS SIGNIFICANT IS ! NE$ = A RADICAL SOCIAL \TLOOK ?AT CONJO9S CULTURAL V>IETY & ! IDEAL ( A UNIFI$ HUMANITY ) AN E?ICAL CONCEPT ( :AT A NEW SOCIETY %\LD BE LIKE--ONE ?AT IS UNIV]SALI/IC 9 ITS VIEW ( HUMANITY1 COOP]ATIVE 9 ITS VIEW ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS ON ALL LEVELS ( LIFE1 & EGALIT>IAN 9 ITS IDEA ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,:ILE 9T]NATIONALI/ 9 !IR CLASS \TLOOK1 NE>LY ALL ,M>XI/ ATTITUDES T[>D ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 W]E 9/RUM5TAL3 !Y W]E GUID$ BY EXP$I5CY & OPPORTUNISM1 & WORSE1 !Y (T5 D5IGRAT$ IDEAS ( DEMOCRACY1 CITIZ5%IP1 & FRE$OM AS 0AB/RACT0 &1 PRESUMABLY1 0UNSCI5TIFIC0 NOTIONS4 ,\T/&+ ,M>XI/S ACCEPT$ ! NATION-/ATE ) ALL ITS CO]CIVE P[] & C5TRALI/IC TRAITS1 BE !Y ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,LUXEMBURG1 OR ,L594 ,NOR DID !SE ,M>XI/S VIEW CONF$]ALISM AS A DESID]ATUM4 ,LUXEMBURG'S WRIT+S1 = EXAMPLE1 SIMPLY TAKE CONF$]ALISM AS IT EXI/$ 9 H] [N TIME 7P>TICUL>LY ! VICISSITUDES ( ,SWISS CANTONALISM7 AS EXHAU/+ ALL ! POSSIBILITIES ( ?IS POLITICAL IDEA1 )\T DUE REG>D = ! AN>*I/ EMPHASIS ON ! NE$ = A PR(\ND SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! MUNICIPALITIES ?AT >E TO CONF$]ATE ) EA* O!R4 ,) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ,M>XI/S ADVANC$ NO S]I\S CRITIQUE ( ! NATION-/ATE & /ATE C5TRALIZATION AS SU*1 AN OMISSION ?AT1 ALL 0COLLECTIVI/IC0 A*IEVEM5TS ASIDE1 W\LD HAVE =$OOM$ !IR ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY IF NO?+ ELSE HAD4 

,CULTURAL FRE$OM & V>IETY1 LET ME EMPHASIZE1 %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) NATIONALISM4 ,?AT SPECIFIC PEOPLES %\LD BE FREE TO FULLY DEVELOP !IR [N CULTURAL CAPACITIES IS NOT M]ELY A RI<T BUT A DESID]ATUM4 ,! WORLD WILL BE A DRAB PLACE 9DE$ IF A MAGNIFIC5T MOSAIC ( DIFF]5T CULTURES DOES NOT REPLACE ! L>GELY DECULTURAT$ & HOMOG5IZ$ WORLD CREAT$ BY MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,BUT BY ! SAME TOK51 ! WORLD WILL BE COMPLETELY DIVID$ & PEOPLES WILL BE *RONICALLY AT ODDS ) ONE ANO!R IF !IR CULTURAL DIFF]5CES >E P>O*IALIZ$ & IF SEEM+ 0CULTURAL DIFF]5CES0 >E ROOT$ 9 BIOLOGI/IC NOTIONS ( G5D]1 RACIAL1 & PHYSICAL SUP]IORITY4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 !RE IS A S5SE 9 :I* ! NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION ( PEOPLES ALONG T]RITORIAL L9ES DID PRODUCE A SOCIAL SPH]E ?AT WAS BROAD] ?AN ! N>R[ K9%IP BASIS = K9%IP SOCIETIES BECAUSE IT WAS OBVI\SLY MORE OP5 TO /RANG]S1 JU/ AS CITIES T5D$ TO FO/] BROAD] HUMAN AFF9ITIES ?AN TRIBES4 ,BUT NEI!R TRIBAL AFF9ITIES NOR T]RITORIAL B\ND>IES CON/ITUTE A REALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIAL TO A*IEVE A FULL S5SE ( COMMONALITY ) RI* BUT H>MONI\S CULTURAL V>IATIONS4 ,FRONTI]S HAVE NO PLACE ON ! MAP ( ! PLANET1 ANY MORE ?AN !Y HAVE A PLACE ON ! L&SCAPE ( ! M9D4 

,A SOCIALISM ?AT IS NOT 9=M$ BY ?IS K9D ( E?ICAL \TLOOK1 ) A DUE RESPECT = CULTURAL V>IETY1 CANNOT IGNORE ! POT5TIAL \TCOME ( A NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE AS ! ,OLD & ,NEW ,LEFTS ALIKE SO (T5 DID4 ,NOR CAN IT SUPPORT NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES = 9/RUM5TAL PURPOSES M]ELY AS A MEANS ( 0WEAK5+0 IMP]IALISM4 ,C]TA9LY1 SU* A SOCIALISM CANNOT PROMOTE ! PROLIF]ATION ( NATION-/ATES1 MU* LESS 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( DIVISIVE NATIONAL 5TITIES4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! SUCCESS ( MANY NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES HAS HAD ! EFFECT ( CREAT+ POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T /ATI/ REGIMES ?AT >E NONE!LESS AS MANIPULABLE BY ! =CES ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM AS W]E ! OLD1 G5]ALLY OBTUSE IMP]IALI/ ONES4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 ,?IRD ,WORLD NATIONS HAVE NOT CA/ (F !IR COLONIAL %ACKLES S9CE ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>3 !Y HAVE M]ELY BECOME DOME/ICAT$ & R5D]$ HI<LY VULN]ABLE TO ! =CES ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM1 ) LITTLE MORE ?AN A FACADE ( SELF-DET]M9ATION4 

,MOREOV]1 !Y HAVE (T5 US$ !IR MY?S ( 0NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY0 TO N\RI% X5OPHOBIC AMBITIONS TO GRAB ADJAC5T >EAS >\ND !M & OPPRESS !IR NEI<BORS AS BRUTALLY AS IMP]IALI/S 9 !IR [N RI<T1 SU* AS ,<ANA'S OPPRESSION UND] ,NKRUMAH ( ! ,TOGO PEOPLES 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA OR ,MILOSEVIC'S ATTEMPT TO 0CLEANSE0 ,MUSLIMS FROM ,BOSNIA4 ,NO LESS REGRESSIVE1 SU* NATIONALISMS EVOKE :AT IS MO/ S9I/] 9 A PEOPLE'S PA/3 RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISM 9 ALL ITS =MS1 TRADITIONAL HATR$S ( 0=EIGN]S10 A 0NATIONAL UNITY0 ?AT OV]RIDES T]RIBLE 9T]NAL SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9EQUITIES1 & MO/ COMMONLY1 A TOTAL DISREG>D = HUMAN RI<TS4 ,! 0NATION0 AS A CULTURAL 5TITY IS SUP]S$$ BY AN OV]P[]+ & OPPRESSIVE /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,RACISM COMMONLY GOES H& 9 H& ) NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES1 SU* AS 0E?NIC CLEANS+0 & W>S = T]RITORIAL GA91 AS WE SEE MO/ POIGNANTLY TODAY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ,9DIA1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,NATIONALISMS ?AT ONLY A G5]ATION AGO MI<T HAVE BE5 REG>D$ AS NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES >E MORE CLE>LY SE5 TODAY1 9 ! WAKE ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET EMPIRE1 AS LITTLE MORE ?AN SOCIAL NI<TM>ES & DECIVILIZ+ BLI<TS4 

,PUT BLUNTLY1 NATIONALISMS >E REGRESSIVE ATAVISMS ?AT ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRI$ TO OV]COME LONG AGO4 ,!Y 9TROJECT ! WOR/ FEATURES ( ! V]Y EMPIRES FROM :I* OPPRESS$ PEOPLES HAVE TRI$ TO %AKE LOOSE4 ,NOT ONLY DO !Y TYPICALLY REPRODUCE /ATE MA*9ES ?AT >E AS OPPRESSIVE AS ! ONES ?AT COLONIAL P[]S IMPOS$ ON !M1 BUT !Y RE9=CE ?OSE MA*9ES ) CULTURAL1 RELIGI\S1 E?NIC1 & X5OPHOBIC TRAITS ?AT >E (T5 US$ TO FO/] REGIONAL & EV5 DOME/IC HATR$S & SUBIMP]IALISMS4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT1 9 ! ABS5CE ( G5U9E POPUL> DEMOCRACIES1 ! SEQUELAE ( UND]/&ABLY ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES TOO (T5 9CLUDE ! /R5G!N+ ( IMP]IALISM ITSELF1 SU* ?AT ! P[]S ?AT HAVE BE5 SEEM+LY DISPOSSESS$ ( !IR COLONIES CAN N[ PLAY ! /ATE ( ONE =M] COLONY AGA9/ ?AT ( ANO!R1 AS WITNESS ! CONFLICTS ?AT RAVAGE ,AFRICA1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 & ! ,9DIAN SUBCONT95T4 ,!SE >E ! >EAS1 ,I MAY ADD1 :]E NUCLE> W>S WILL BE MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR AS ! YE>S GO BY ?AN ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ,ISLAMIC NUCLE> BOMB TO C\NT]VAIL AN ,ISRAELI ONE OR ( A ,PAKI/ANI BOMB TO C\NT]VAIL AN ,9DIAN ONE--ALL PORT5D NO GOOD = ! ,S\? & ITS CONFLICT ) ! ,NOR?4 ,9DE$1 ! T5D5CY = =M] COLONIES TO ACTIVELY SEEK ALLIANCES ) !IR ]/:ILE IMP]IALI/ RUL]S IS N[ A MORE TYPICAL FEATURE ( ,NOR?-,S\? DIPLOMACY ?AN IS ANY UNITY BY ! ,S\? AGA9/ ! ,NOR?4 

,NATIONALISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 A DISEASE ?AT DIVID$ HUMAN FROM HUMAN--0AB/RACT0 AS TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/S MAY CONSID] ?IS NOTION TO BE--& IT CAN NEV] BE VIEW$ AS ANY?+ MORE ?AN A REGRESSION T[>D TRIBAL P>O*IALISM & ! FUEL = 9T]COMMUNAL W>F>E4 ,NOR HAVE ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES ?AT HAVE PRODUC$ NEW /ATES ?R\<\T ! ,?IRD ,WORLD & 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE IMPAIR$ ! EXPANSION ( IMP]IALISM OR EV5TUAT$ 9 FULLY DEMOCRATIC /ATES4 ,?AT ! 0LIB]AT$0 PEOPLES ( ! ,/AL9I/ EMPIRE >E LESS OPPRESS$ TODAY ?AN !Y W]E UND] ,COMMUNI/ RULE %\LD NOT MISLEAD US 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT !Y >E ALSO FREE FROM ! X5OPHOBIA ?AT NE>LY ALL NATION-/ATES CULTIVATE OR FROM ! CULTURAL HOMOG5IZATION ?AT CAPITALISM & ITS M$IA PRODUCE4 

,NO LEFT LIB]T>IAN1 TO BE SURE1 CAN OPPOSE ! RI<T ( A SUBJUGAT$ PEOPLE TO E/ABLI% ITSELF AS AN AUTONOM\S 5TITY4 ,BUT TO OPPOSE AN OPPRESSOR IS NOT EQUIVAL5T TO CALL+ = SUPPORT = EV]Y?+ =M]LY COLONIZ$ NATION-/ATES DO4 ,E?ICALLY SPEAK+1 ONE CANNOT OPPOSE A WRONG :5 ONE P>TY COMMITS IT !N SUPPORT ANO!R P>TY :O COMMITS ! SAME WRONG4 ,! TRITE BUT PI?Y MAXIM 0,MY 5EMY'S 5EMY IS NOT MY FRI5D0 IS P>TICUL>LY APPLICABLE TO OPPRESS$ PEOPLE :O MAY BE MANIPULAT$ BY TOTALIT>IANS1 RELIGI\S ZEALOTS1 & 0E?NIC CLEANS]S40 ,JU/ AS AN AU!NTIC E?ICS MU/ BE REASON$ \T & PREMIS$ ON G5U9E HUMANI/IC POT5TIALITIES1 SO A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM OR AN>*ISM MU/ RETA9 ITS E?ICAL 9TEGRITY IF ! VOICE ( REASON IS TO BE HE>D 9 SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 ,9 ! #a#i#fS1 ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA & AT ! SAME TIME REJECT$ GIV+ ANY SUPPORT = ! ,COMMUNI/ REGIME 9 ,HANOI1 & ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION 9 ,CUBA )\T SUPPORT+ ,CA/ROI/ TOTALIT>IANISM1 /OOD ON A HI<] MORAL GR\ND ?AN ! ,NEW ,LEFTI/S :O EX]CIS$ !IR REBELLI\SNESS AGA9/ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PR$OM9ANTLY BY SUPPORT+ NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES )\T REG>D TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/ GOALS ( ?OSE /RUGGLES4 ,9DE$1 ID5TIFI$ ) ! AU?ORIT>IANS :OM !Y ACTIVELY SUPPORT$1 !SE ,NEW ,LEFTI/S EV5TUALLY GREW DEMORALIZ$ BY ! ABS5CE ( AN E?ICAL BASIS 9 !IR LIB]ATORY IDEAS4 ,TODAY1 9 FACT1 LIB]ATORY /RUGGLES BAS$ ON NATIONALISM & /ATISM HAVE BORNE ! T]RIFY+ H>VE/ ( 9T]NEC9E BLOODLETT+ ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,EV5 9 0LIB]AT$0 /ATES LIKE ,EA/ ,G]MANY1 NATIONALISM HAS F\ND BRUTAL EXPRESSION 9 ! RISE ( FASCI/ MOVEM5TS1 ,G]MAN NATIONALISM1 PLANS TO RE/RICT ! IMMIGRATION ( ASYLUM SEEK]S1 VIOL5CE AGA9/ 0=EIGN]S0 79CLUD+ VICTIMS ( ,NAZISM LIKE GYPSIES71 & ! LIKE4 ,?US1 ! 9/RUM5TAL VIEW ( NATIONALISM ?AT ,M>XI/S ORIG9ALLY CULTIVAT$ HAS LEFT MANY 0LEFTI/S0 9 A CONDITION ( MORAL BANKRUPTCY4 

,E?ICALLY1 !RE >E SOME SOCIAL ISSUES ON :I* ONE MU/ TAKE A /&1 SU* AS :ITE & BLACK RACISM1 PATRI>*Y & MATRI>*Y1 & IMP]IALISM & ,?IRD ,WORLD TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,AN UNSW]V+ OPPOSITION TO RACISM1 G5D] OPPRESSION1 & DOM9ATION AS SU* MU/ ALWAYS BE P>AM\NT IF AN E?ICAL SOCIALISM IS TO EM]GE FROM ! RU9S ( SOCIALISM ITSELF4 ,BUT WE ALSO LIVE 9 A WORLD 9 :I* ISSUES SOMETIMES >ISE ON :I* LEFTI/S CANNOT TAKE ANY POSITION AT ALL--ISSUES ON :I* TO TAKE A POSITION IS TO OP]ATE )9 ! ALT]NATIVES ADVANC$ BY A BASICALLY IRRATIONAL SOCIETY & TO *OOSE ! LESS] ( SEV]AL IRRATIONALITIES OR EVILS OV] O!R IRRATIONALITIES OR EVILS4 ,IT IS NOT A SIGN ( POLITICAL 9EFFECTUALITY TO REJECT SU* A *OICE ALTOGE!R & DECL>E ?AT TO OPPOSE ONE EVIL ) A LESS] ONE MU/ EV5TUALLY LEAD TO ! SUPPORT ( ! WOR/ EVIL ?AT EM]GES4 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 BY ABETT+ ONE 0LESS] EVIL0 AFT] ANO!R DUR+ ! #a#i#bS1 W5T FROM SUPPORT+ LIB]ALS TO CONS]VATIVES TO REACTION>IES :O F9ALLY BR\<T ,HITL] TO P[]4 ,9 AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY1 CONV5TIONAL WISDOM & 9/RUM5TALISM CAN PRODUCE ONLY EV]-GREAT] IRRATIONALITY1 US+ VIRTUE AS A PAT9A TO CONCEAL BASIC CONTRADICTIONS BO? 9 ITS [N POSITION & 9 SOCIETY4 

0,LIKE ! PROCESSES ( LIFE1 DIGE/ION & BREA?+10 OBS]V$ ,BAKUN91 NATIONALITY 0HAS NO RI<T TO BE CONC]N$ ) ITSELF UNTIL ?AT RI<T IS D5I$40.<#c#a.> ,?IS WAS A P]CEPTIVE 5\< /ATEM5T 9 ITS DAY4 ,) ! EXPLOSIONS ( B>B>\S NATIONALISM 9 \R [N DAY & ! SN>L+ APPETITES ( NATIONALI/S TO CREATE MORE & MORE NATION-/ATES1 IT IS CLE> ?AT 0NATIONALITY0 IS A SOCIAL PA?OLOGY ?AT MU/ BE CUR$ IF SOCIETY IS NOT TO FUR!R DET]IORATE4 

,SEEK+ & ,ALT]NATIVE 

  

,IF NATIONALISM IS REGRESSIVE1 :AT RATIONAL & HUMANI/IC ALT]NATIVE TO IT CAN AN E?ICAL SOCIALISM (F]8 ,!RE IS NO PLACE 9 A FREE SOCIETY = NATION-/ATES--EI!R AS NATIONS OR AS /ATES4 ,H[EV] /RONG MAY BE ! IMPULSE ( SPECIFIC PEOPLES = A COLLECTIVE ID5TITY1 REASON & A CONC]N = E?ICAL BEHAVIOR OBLIGE US TO RECOV] ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! CITY OR T[N & A DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL CULTURE1 ALBEIT ON A HI<] PLANE ?AN EV5 ! POLIS ( ,P]ICLEAN ,A!NS4 ,ID5TITY %\LD PROP]LY BE REPLAC$ BY COMMUNITY--BY A %>$ AFF9ITY ?AT IS HUMANLY SCAL$1 NONHI]>*ICAL1 LIB]T>IAN1 & OP5 TO ALL1 IRRESPECTIVE ( AN 9DIVIDUAL'S G5D]1 E?NIC TRAITS1 SEXUAL ID5TITY1 TAL5TS1 OR P]SONAL PROCLIVITIES4 ,SU* COMMUNITY LIFE CAN ONLY BE RECOV]$ BY A NEW POLITICS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM3 ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( MUNICIPALITIES SO ?AT !Y >E SELF-MANAG$ BY ! PEOPLE :O 9HABIT !M1 & ! =MATION ( A CONF$]ATION ( !SE MUNICIPALITIES TO CON/ITUTE A C\NT]-P[] TO ! NATION-/ATE4 

,! DANG] ?AT DEMOCRATIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES 9 A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY W\LD RESULT 9 ECONOMIC & CULTURAL P>O*IALISM IS V]Y REAL1 & IT CAN ONLY BE PRECLUD$ BY A VIGOR\S CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES BAS$ ON !IR MAT]IAL 9T]DEP5D5CE4 ,! 0SELF-SUFFICI5CY0 ( COMMUNITY LIFE1 EV5 IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TODAY1 W\LD BY NO MEANS GU>ANTEE A G5U9E GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY4 ,! CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES1 AS A M$IUM = 9T]ACTION1 COLLABORATION1 & MUTUAL AID AMONG ITS MUNICIPAL COMPON5TS1 PROVIDES ! SOLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! P[]FUL NATION-/ATE ON ! ONE H& & ! P>O*IAL T[N OR CITY ON ! O!R4 ,FULLY DEMOCRATIC1 9 :I* ! MUNICIPAL DEPUTIES TO CONF$]AL 9/ITUTIONS W\LD BE SUBJECT TO RECALL1 ROTATION1 & UNREL5T+ PUBLIC REVIEW1 ! CONF$]ATION W\LD CON/ITUTE AN EXT5SION ( LOCAL LIB]TIES TO ! REGIONAL LEVEL1 ALL[+ = A S5SITIVE EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 LOCALITY & REGION 9 :I* ! CULTURAL V>IETY ( T[NS C\LD FL\RI% )\T TURN+ 9W>D T[>D LOCAL EXCLUSIVITY4 ,9DE$1 B5EFICIAL CULTURAL TRAITS W\LD ALSO BE %>$ )9 & BETWE5 V>I\S CONF$]ATIONS1 ALONG ) ! 9T]*ANGE ( GOODS & S]VICES ?AT MAKE UP ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 0PROP]TY0 W\LD BE MUNICIPALIZ$ RA!R ?AN NATIONALIZ$ 7:I* M]ELY RE9=CES /ATE P[] ) ECONOMIC P[]71 COLLECTIVIZ$ 7:I* SIMPLY RECA/S PRIVATE 5TREPR5EURIAL RI<TS 9 A 0COLLECTIVE0 =M71 OR PRIVATIZ$ 7:I* FACILITATES ! REEM]G5CE ( A COMPETITIVE M>KET ECONOMY74 ,A MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMY W\LD APPROXIMATE A SY/EM ( USUFRUCT BAS$ 5TIRELY ON ONE'S NE$S & CITIZ5%IP 9 A COMMUNITY RA!R ?AN ONE'S PROPRIET>Y1 VOCATIONAL1 OR PR(ESSIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,:]E A MUNICIPAL CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLY CONTROLS ECONOMIC POLICY1 NO ONE 9DIVIDUAL CONTROLS1 MU* LESS 0[NS10 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ( LIFE4 ,:]E CONF$]AL MEANS ( ADM9I/]+ A REGION'S RES\RCES COORD9ATE ! ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR ( ! :OLE1 P>O*IAL 9T]E/S W\LD T5D TO GIVE WAY TO L>G] HUMAN 9T]E/S & ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS TO MORE DEMOCRATIC ONES4 ,! ISSUES ?AT MUNICIPALITIES & !IR CONF$]ATIONS ADDRESS W\LD CEASE TO RANGE >\ND ECONOMIC SELF-9T]E/2 !Y W\LD FOCUS ON DEMOCRATIC PROC$URES & SIMPLE EQUITY 9 MEET+ HUMAN NE$S4 

,LET !RE BE NO D\BT ?AT ! TE*NOLOGICAL RES\RCES ?AT MAKE IT POSSIBLE = PEOPLE TO *OOSE !IR [N LIFE/YLES & HAVE ! FREE TIME TO P>TICIPATE FULLY 9 A DEMOCRATIC POLITICS >E ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! LIB]T>IAN1 CONF$]ALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY ?AT ,I HAVE SKET*$ H]E4 ,EV5 ! BE/ ( E?ICAL 9T5TIONS >E LIKELY TO YIELD TO SOME =M ( OLIG>*Y1 9 :I* DIFF]5TIAL ACCESS TO ! MEANS ( LIFE WILL LEAD TO ELITES :O HAVE MORE ( ! GOOD ?+S 9 LIFE ?AN O!R CITIZ5S DO4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ! ASCETICISM ?AT SOME LEFTI/S PROMOTE IS 9SIDI\SLY REACTION>Y3 NOT ONLY DOES IT IGNORE ! FRE$OM ( PEOPLE TO *OOSE !IR [N LIFE/YLE--! ONLY ALT]NATIVE 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY TO BECOM+ A M9DLESS CONSUM]--BUT IT SUBORD9ATES HUMAN FRE$OM AS SU* TO AN ALMO/ MY/ICAL NOTION ( ! DICTATES ( 0,NATURE40 ,A FREE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY--AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ONE REGULAT$ BY AN AU?ORIT>IAN ECOLOGICAL ELITE OR BY ! 0FREE M>KET0--CAN ONLY BE CA/ 9 T]MS ( AN ECOLOGICALLY CONF$]AL =M ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,:5 AT L5G? FREE COMMUNES REPLACE ! NATION & CONF$]AL =MS ( ORGANIZATION REPLACES ! /ATE1 HUMANITY WILL HAVE RID ITSELF ( NATIONALISM4 

,M>* #aiic 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,AN>*ISM & ,P[] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 
#h4 ,AN>*ISM & ,P[] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

  

,TODAY1 :5 AN>*ISM HAS BECOME LE MOT DU JOR 9 RADICAL CIRCLES1 ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON AN>*Y & ONE BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY %\LD BE CLE>LY DI/+UI%$4 ,AU!NTIC AN>*ISM ABOVE ALL SEEKS ! EMANCIPATION ( 9DIVIDUAL P]SONALITY FROM ALL E?ICAL1 POLITICAL1 & SOCIAL CON/RA9TS4 ,9 SO DO+1 H[EV]1 IT FAILS TO ADDRESS ! ALL-IMPORTANT & V]Y CONCRETE ISSUE ( P[]1 :I* CONFRONTS ALL REVOLUTION>IES 9 A P]IOD ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,RA!R ?AN ADDRESS H[ ! PEOPLE1 ORGANIZ$ 9TO CONF$]AT$ POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 MI<T CAPTURE P[] & CREATE A FULLY DEVELOP$ LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY1 AN>*I/S CONCEIVE ( P[] ESS5TIALLY AS A MALIGNANT EVIL ?AT MU/ BE DE/ROY$4 ,PR\DHON1 = EXAMPLE1 ONCE /AT$ ?AT HE W\LD DIVIDE & SUBDIVIDE P[] UNTIL IT1 9 EFFECT1 CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,PR\DHON MAY WELL HAVE 9T5D$ ?AT GOV]NM5T BE R$UC$ TO ! M9IMUM 5TITY ?AT C\LD EX]CISE AU?ORITY OV] ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT HIS /ATEM5T P]PETUATES ! ILLUSION ?AT P[] CAN ACTUALLY CEASE TO EXI/1 A NOTION AS ABSURD AS ! IDEA ?AT GRAVITY CAN BE ABOLI%$4 

,! TRAGIC CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS ILLUSION1 :I* HAS BURD5$ AN>*ISM FROM ITS 9CEPTION1 CAN BE/ BE UND]/OOD BY EXAM9+ A CRUCIAL EV5T 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f4 ,ON ,JULY #b#a1 ! WORK]S ( ,CATALONIA & ESPECIALLY ( ITS CAPITAL ,B>CELONA DEFEAT$ ! =CES ( ,G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO & !REBY GA9$ COMPLETE CONTROL OV] ONE ( ,SPA9'S L>GE/ & MO/ 9DU/RIALIZ$ PROV9CES1 9CLUD+ MANY IMPORTANT CITIES ALONG ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/ & A CONSID]ABLE AGR>IAN >EA4 ,P>TLY AS ! RESULT ( AN 9DIG5\S LIB]T>IAN TRADITION & P>TLY AS A RESULT ( ! 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ BY ,SPA9'S MASS REVOLUTION>Y-SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNION1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 ! ,CATALAN PROLET>IAT PROCE$$ TO ORGANIZE A HUGE NETWORK ( DEF5SE1 NEI<BORHOOD1 SUPPLY1 & TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEES & ASSEMBLIES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ! MORE RADICAL PEASANTRY 7A SIZABLE P>T ( ! AGR>IAN POPULATION7 TOOK OV] & COLLECTIVIZ$ ! L&4 ,CATALONIA & ITS POPULATION W]E PROTECT$ AGA9/ A POSSIBLE C\NT]ATTACK BY A REVOLUTION>Y MILITIA1 :I*1 NOT)/&+ ITS (T5 >*AIC WEAPONS1 WAS SUFFICI5TLY WELL >M$ TO HAVE DEFEAT$ ! WELL-TRA9$ & WELL-SUPPLI$ REBEL >MY & POLICE =CE4 ,! WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ,CATALONIA HAD1 9 EFFECT1 %ATT]$ ! B\RGEOIS /ATE MA*9E & CREAT$ A RADICALLY NEW GOV]NM5T OR POLITY 9 :I* !Y !MSELVES EX]CIS$ DIRECT CONTROL OV] PUBLIC & ECONOMIC AFFAIRS ?R\< 9/ITUTIONS ( !IR [N MAK+4 ,PUT 9 V]Y BLUNT T]MS1 !Y HAD TAK5 P[]--NOT BY SIMPLY *ANG+ ! NAMES ( EXI/+ OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS BUT BY LIT]ALLY DE/ROY+ ?OSE OLD 9/ITUTIONS & CREAT+ RADICALLY NEW ONES :OSE =M & SUB/ANCE GAVE ! MASSES ! RI<T TO DEF9ITIVELY DET]M9E ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ECONOMY & POLITY ( !IR REGION4.<#c#b.> 

,ALMO/ AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 MILITANT MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T GAVE !IR UNION ! AU?ORITY TO ORGANIZE A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T & PROVIDE IT ) POLITICAL DIRECTION4 ,NOT)/&+ !IR REPUTATION = 9DISCIPL9E1 ! MAJORITY ( ,C,N,T MEMB]S1 OR C5ETI/AS1 W]E LIB]T>IAN SYNDICALI/S RA!R ?AN AN>*I/S2 !Y W]E /RONGLY COMMITT$ TO A WELL-/RUCTUR$1 DEMOCRATIC1 DISCIPL9$1 & COORD9AT$ ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 !Y ACT$ NOT ONLY ) A DUE REG>D = IDEOLOGY BUT (T5 ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE TO CREATE !IR [N LIB]T>IAN =MS1 SU* AS NEI<BORHOOD C\NCILS & ASSEMBLIES1 FACTORY ASSEMBLIES1 & A GREAT V>IETY ( EXTREMELY LOOSE COMMITTEES1 BREAK+ ?R\< ANY PR$ET]M9$ MOLDS ?AT HAD BE5 IMPOS$ UPON ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T BY DOGMATIC IDEOLOGUES4 

,ON ,JULY #b#c1 TWO DAYS AFT] ! WORK]S HAD DEFEAT$ ! LOCAL ,FRANCOI/ UPRIS+1 A ,CATALAN REGIONAL PL5UM ( ! ,C,N,T CONV5$ 9 ,B>CELONA TO DECIDE :AT TO DO ) ! POLITY ! WORK]S HAD PLAC$ 9 ! UNION'S H&S4 ,A FEW DELEGATES FROM ! MILITANT ,BAJO DE ,LLOBREGAT REGION ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ! CITY F]V5TLY DEM&$ ?AT ! PL5UM DECL>E LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & ! 5D ( ! OLD POLITICAL & SOCIAL ORD]2 ?AT IS1 ! WORK]S ?AT ! ,C,N,T PR(ESS$ TO LEAD W]E (F]+ TO GIVE ! PL5UM ! P[] ?AT !Y HAD ALREADY CAPTUR$ & ! SOCIETY !IR MILITANTS HAD 9 FACT BEGUN TO TRANS=M4 

,BY ACCEPT+ ! P[] ?AT WAS BE+ (F]$ TO IT1 ! PL5UM W\LD HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO *ANGE ! 5TIRE SOCIAL ORD] 9 A V]Y CONSID]ABLE & /RATEGIC >EA ( ,SPA9 ?AT WAS N[ UND] ! ,C,N,T'S DE FACTO CONTROL4 ,EV5 IF IT W]E NO MORE P]MAN5T ?AN ! 0,P>IS ,COMMUNE10 SU* A /EP W\LD HAVE PRODUC$ A 0,B>CELONA ,COMMUNE0 ( EV5 MORE MEMORABLE DIM5SIONS4 

,BUT TO ! A/ONI%M5T ( MANY MILITANTS 9 ! UNION1 ! PL5UM'S MEMB]S W]E RELUCTANT TO TAKE ?IS DECISIVE MEASURE4 ,! ,BAJO DE ,LLOBREGAT DELEGATES & ! ,C,N,T MILITANT ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIVI]1 TO !IR LA/+ CR$IT1 TRI$ TO GET ! PL5UM TO CLAIM ! P[] IT ALREADY POSSESS$1 BUT ! ORATORY ( ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y & ! >GUM5TS ( ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN 7TWO ,C,N,T LEAD]S7 P]SUAD$ ! PL5UM NOT TO UND]TAKE ?IS MOVE1 D5\NC+ IT AS A 0,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[]40 

,! MONUM5TAL NATURE ( ?IS ]ROR %\LD BE FULLY APPRECIAT$ BECAUSE IT REVEALS ALL ?AT IS 9T]NALLY CONTRADICTORY AB\T AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY4 ,BY FAIL+ TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 A POLITY & A /ATE1 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]S 7GUID$1 = ! MO/ P>T1 BY ! AN>*I/IC ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN & ,MONTS5Y7 MI/OOK A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T = A CAPITALI/ /ATE1 !REBY REJECT+ POLITICAL P[] 9 ,CATALONIA AT A TIME :5 IT WAS ALREADY 9 !IR H&S4 ,BY REFUS+ TO EX]CISE ! P[] !Y HAD ALREADY ACQUIR$1 ! PL5UM DID NOT ELIM9ATE P[] AS SU*2 IT M]ELY TRANSF]R$ IT FROM ITS [N H&S TO ?OSE ( ITS MO/ TREA*]\S 0ALLIES40 ,! RUL+ CLASSES CELEBRAT$ ?IS FATAL DECISION & SL[LY1 BY ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#c#f1 W5T ON TO REFA%ION A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T 9TO A 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC0 /ATE & OP5 ! DOOR TO AN 9CREAS+LY AU?ORIT>IAN ,/AL9I/ REGIME4 

,! HI/ORIC ,C,N,T PL5UM1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 DID NOT SIMPLY REJECT ! P[] ?AT ! UNION'S [N MEMB]S HAD WON AT A CONSID]ABLE CO/ 9 LIVES4 ,TURN+ ITS BACK ON A CRUCIAL FEATURE ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE1 IT TRI$ TO SUPPLANT REALITY ) A DAYDREAM1 NOT ONLY BY REJECT+ ! POLITICAL P[] ?AT ! WORK]S HAD ALREADY PLAC$ 9 ! ,C,N,T'S H&S1 BUT BY DISAV[+ ! V]Y LEGITIMACY ( P[] & CONDEMN+ P[] AS SU*--EV5 9 A LIB]T>IAN1 DEMOCRATIC =M--AS AN UNABAT$ EVIL ?AT MU/ BE EFFAC$4 ,9 NO 9/ANCE DID ! PL5UM OR ! ,C,N,T'S LEAD]%IP GIVE ! SLI<TE/ EVID5CE ?AT IT KNEW :AT TO DO 0AFT] ! REVOLUTION10 TO USE ! TITLE ( ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN'S UTOPIAN DISQUISITION4 ,! ,C,N,T1 9 EFFECT1 HAD PROPAGAT$ REVOLUTIONS & !ATRICAL UPRIS+S = YE>S2 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 IT HAD TAK5 UP >MS AGA9 & AGA9 )\T ! LEA/ PROSPECT ( ACTUALLY BE+ ABLE TO *ANGE ,SPANI% SOCIETY1 BUT :5 AT LA/ IT C\LD F9ALLY HAVE HAD A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON SOCIETY1 IT /OOD >\ND ) A PUZZL$ LOOK1 ORPHAN$ BY ! V]Y SUCCESS ( ITS WORK+-CLASS MEMB]S 9 A*IEV+ ! GOALS EMB$D$ 9 ITS RHETORIC4 ,?IS WAS NOT A FAILURE ( N]VE2 IT WAS A FAILURE ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I'S !ORETICAL 9SI<T 9TO ! MEASURES IT W\LD HAVE HAD TO UND]TAKE TO KEEP ! P[] IT ACTUALLY HAD ACQUIR$1 9DE$1 ?AT IT FE>$ TO KEEP 7&1 )9 ! LOGICAL FRAMEWORK ( AN>*ISM1 %\LD NEV] HAVE TAK57 BECAUSE IT S\<T ! ABOLITION ( P[]1 NOT SIMPLY ITS ACQUISITION BY ! PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY4 

,IF WE >E TO LE>N ANY?+ FROM ?IS CRUCIAL ]ROR BY ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP1 IT IS ?AT P[] CANNOT BE ABOLI%$2 IT IS ALWAYS A FEATURE ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE4 ,P[] ?AT IS NOT 9 ! H&S ( ! MASSES MU/ 9EVITABLY FALL 9TO ! H&S ( !IR OPPRESSORS4 ,!RE IS NO CLOSET 9 :I* IT CAN BE TUCK$ AWAY1 NO RITUAL ?AT CAN MAKE IT EVAPORATE1 NO REALM TO :I* IT CAN BE DISPAT*$--& NO IDEOLOGY ?AT CAN MAKE IT DISAPPE> ) MORAL 9CANTATIONS4 ,RADICALS MAY TRY TO IGNORE IT1 AS ! ,C,N,T LEAD]S DID 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 BUT IT WILL REMA9 HIDD5 AT EV]Y MEET+1 LIE CONCEAL$ 9 PUBLIC ACTIVITIES1 & APPE> & REAPPE> AT EV]Y RALLY4 

,! TRULY P]T95T ISSUE ?AT CONFRONTS AN>*ISM IS NOT :E!R P[] WILL EXI/ BUT :E!R IT WILL RE/ 9 ! H&S ( AN ELITE OR 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE--& :E!R IT WILL BE GIV5 A =M ?AT CORRESPONDS TO ! MO/ ADVANC$ LIB]T>IAN IDEALS OR BE PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE ( REACTION4 ,RA!R ?AN REFUSE ! P[] (F]$ TO IT BY ITS [N MEMB]S1 ! ,C,N,T PL5UM %\LD HAVE ACCEPT$ IT & LEGITIMAT$ & APPROV$ ! NEW 9/ITUTIONS !Y HAD ALREADY CREAT$ SO ?AT ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY C\LD RETA9 !IR P[] ECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY4 

,9/EAD1 ! T5SION BETWE5 RHETORICAL CLAIMS & PA9FUL REALITIES F9ALLY BECAME 9TOL]ABLE1 & 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 RESOLUTE ,C,N,T WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA W]E DRAWN 9TO OP5 BATTLE ) ! B\RGEOIS /ATE 9 A BRIEF BUT BLOODY W> )9 ! CIVIL W>4.<#c#c.> ,9 ! 5D1 ! B\RGEOIS /ATE SUPPRESS$ ! LA/ MAJOR UPRIS+ ( ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 BUT*]+ HUNDR$S IF NOT ?\S&S ( ,C,N,T MILITANTS4 ,H[ MANY W]E KILL$ WILL NEV] BE KN[N1 BUT WE DO KN[ ?AT ! 9T]NALLY CONTRADICTORY IDEOLOGY CALL$ AN>*OSYNDICALISM LO/ ! GREAT] P>T ( ! FOLL[+ IT HAD POSSESS$ 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#f4 

,SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES1 F> FROM REMOV+ ! PROBLEM ( P[] FROM !IR FIELD ( VISION1 MU/ ADDRESS ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO GIVE P[] A CONCRETE & EMANCIPATORY 9/ITUTIONAL =M4 ,TO BE SIL5T ON ?IS QUE/ION1 & TO HIDE BEH9D SUP]ANNUAT$ IDEOLOGIES ?AT >E IRRELEVANT TO \R PRES5T-DAY OV]HEAT$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 IS M]ELY TO PLAY AT REVOLUTION1 EV5 TO MOCK ! MEMORY ( ! C\NTLESS MILITANTS :O HAVE GIV5 !IR ALL TO A*IEVE IT4 

,NOVEMB] #bb 

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT 
#i4 ,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT 

  

,BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! ,LEFT 5VISION$ ITSELF AS HAV+ REA*$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y DEGREE ( CONCEPTUAL SOPHI/ICATION & ORGANIZATIONAL MATURITY4 ,G5]ALLY1 :AT WAS CALL$ LEFTISM AT ?AT TIME WAS SOCIALI/1 9FLU5C$ TO V>Y+ DEGREES BY ! WORKS ( ,K>L ,M>X4 ,?IS WAS ESPECIALLY ! CASE 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 BUT SOCIALISM WAS ALSO 9T]MIX$ ) POPULI/ IDEAS 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE & ) SYNDICALISM 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ALL ( !SE IDEAS W]E MELD$ TOGE!R1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ,EUG5E ,V4 ,DEBS'S ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W74 

,ON ! EVE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 LEFTI/ IDEAS & MOVEM5TS HAD BECOME SO ADVANC$ ?AT !Y SEEM$ POSITION$ TO S]I\SLY *ALL5GE ! EXI/5CE ( CAPITALISM1 9DE$1 ( CLASS SOCIETY AS SU*4 ,! WORDS FROM ! 0,9T]NATIONALE10 0,TIS ! F9AL CONFLICT10 ACQUIR$ A NEW CONCRET5ESS & IMM$IACY4 ,CAPITALISM SEEM$ FAC$ ) AN 9SURG5CY BY ! WORLD'S EXPLOIT$ CLASSES1 P>TICUL>LY ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,9DE$1 GIV5 ! SCOPE ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL & ! GR[? ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,WE/1 CAPITALISM APPE>$ TO BE FAC+ AN UNPREC$5T$1 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,MANY REVOLUTION>IES W]E CONV9C$ ?AT A POLITICALLY MATURE & WELL-ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAT C\LD F9ALLY TAKE CONSCI\S CONTROL OV] SOCIAL LIFE & EVOLUTION TO SATISFY1 NOT ! P>TICUL>IZ$ ELITI/ 9T]E/S ( A PROP]TI$ M9ORITY CLASS1 BUT ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( ! MAJORITY4 

,! 0,GREAT ,W>10 AS IT WAS CALL$1 ACTUALLY DID 5D AMID SOCIALI/IC REVOLUTIONS4 ,RUSSIA E/ABLI%$ A 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP10 PREMIS$ O/5SIBLY ON REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,G]MANY1 ) ! L>GE/ & MO/ IDEOLOGICALLY ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 ,EUROPE1 W5T ?R\< ?REE YE>S ( ,M>XI/-9FLU5C$ REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL1 :ILE ,BAV>IA1 ,HUNG>Y1 & O!R PLACES EXP]I5C$ %ORT-LIV$ 9SURG5CIES4 ,9 ,ITALY & ,SPA91 ! 5D ( ! W> SAW ! EM]G5CE ( GREAT /RIKE MOVEM5TS & NE>-9SURRECTIONS1 AL?\< !Y NEV] REA*$ A DECISIVE REVOLUTION>Y LEVEL4 ,EV5 ,FRANCE SEEM$ TO BE TEET]+ ON REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g1 :5 5TIRE REGIM5TS AT ! ,WE/]N ,FRONT RAIS$ R$ FLAGS & TRI$ TO MAKE !IR WAY TO ,P>IS4 ,SU* UPHEAVALS1 :I* RECURR$ 9TO ! #a#i#cS1 APPE>$ TO SUPPORT ,L59'S VIEW ?AT A 0MORIBUND0 CAPITALISM HAD F9ALLY 5T]$ 9TO A P]IOD ( W> & REVOLUTION1 ONE ?AT 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE C\LD 5D ONLY ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SOCIALI/ OR COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 

,BY ?IS TIME1 MOREOV]1 MAJOR 9TELLECTUAL 9NOVATORS1 FROM ,DID]OT & ,R\SSEAU ?R\< ,HEGEL & ,M>X TO AN ASSORTM5T ( LIB]T>IAN REBELS1 HAD BR\<T SECUL> & RADICAL IDEOLOGIES TO A PO9T :]E1 SORT$ 9TO A LOGICAL :OLE1 !Y PROVID$ ! FRAMEWORK = A TRULY COH]5T BODY ( IDEAS ?AT GAVE A RATIONAL MEAN+ TO HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 COMB9+ A DUE RECOGNITION ( HUMANITY'S MAT]IAL NE$S ) ITS HOPES = 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL EMANCIPATION4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 IT SEEM$1 )\T REC\RSE TO DIV9E OR O!R >*AIC NONHUMAN =MS ( 9T]V5TION1 HUMANITY W\LD F9ALLY BE ABLE TO DRAW UPON ITS [N ADVANC+ 9TELLECTUALITY1 KN[L$GE1 VIRTUES1 & UNIQUE CAPACITY = 9NOVATION1 TO CREATE A NEW WORLD 9 :I* ALL ! CONDITIONS W\LD EXI/ TO ACTUALIZE ITS POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM & CREATIVITY4 ,!SE EM95TLY HUMAN GOALS1 EMBODI$ 9 ,M>X'S GREAT !ORETICAL SYN!SIS ( ! IDEAS HE HAD DRAWN FROM ! ,5LI<T5M5T AS WELL AS NEW IDEAS HE HAD DEVELOP$ ON HIS [N1 C\LD BE 9ITIAT$ 9 PRACTICE BY ! D[NTRODD5 !MSELVES1 :O W\LD BE DRIV5 9EXORABLY BY ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 9TO REVOLUTION & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY = HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 

,I %\LD NOTE ?AT MANY ( MY [N WORDS--09EXORABLY10 0MORIBUND10 0DECAY+10 & 0G5]AL 9T]E/S0-->E DRAWN FROM ! LIT]ATURE ( E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY LEFTI/ !ORI/S & MOVEM5TS4 ,YET1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! LIMITS ( ?IS LIT]ATURE & ITS WRIT]S--AS WE1 9 ! NEW MILL5NIUM1 >E N[ PRIVILEG$ TO SEE 9 RETROSPECT--?IS SWEEP+ LANGUAGE WAS NOT ! PRODUCT ( M]E SLOGANE]+2 IT WAS D]IV$ FROM AN 9TEGRAT$ & COH]5T LEFTI/ \TLOOK & CULTURE ?AT APPE>$ ON ! EVE ( ! ,GREAT ,W>4 ,?IS \TLOOK & CULTURE =M$ :AT WE CAN PROP]LY CALL A CLASSICAL BODY ( UNIV]SALI/ IDEAS1 CONT9UALLY 5L>G$ BY ! G5]ATIONS ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a<i TO #a#g#i#d4 ,9 ! YE>S ?AT PASS$1 ?IS BODY ( IDEAS WAS /EADILY 5L>G$ BY EXP]I5CE & SUCCE$$ 9 MOBILIZ+ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9TO 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5TS = HUMAN EMANCIPATION & SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 

,QUITE OBVI\SLY1 ! ,5LI<T5M5T GOALS & ,L59'S PROGNOSES1 ) !IR PROMISE ( SUCCESSFUL SOCIALI/ REVOLUTIONS1 W]E NOT TO BE REALIZ$ 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,9DE$1 :AT HAS OCCURR$ S9CE ! MIDPO9T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IS A V]Y DIFF]5T DEVELOPM5T3 A P]IOD ( CULTURAL & !ORETICAL DECAD5CE SO F> AS REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & MOVEM5TS >E CONC]N$2 A P]IOD ( DECOMPOSITION1 9 FACT1 ?AT HAS SWEPT UP NE>LY ALL ! PHILOSOPHICAL1 CULTURAL1 E?ICAL1 & SOCIAL /&>DS ?AT ! ,5LI<T5M5T HAD PRODUC$4 ,= MANY Y\NG PEOPLE :O PR(ESS$ TO HOLD A RADICAL \TLOOK 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS1 LEFTI/ !ORY HAS %RIVEL$ 9 SCOPE & CONT5T TO ! LEVEL ( SPECTATORIAL ES!TICS1 (T5 FOCUS$ ON ! SCATT]$ WORKS ( PEOPLE LIKE ! 9DECISIVE CRITIC ,WALT] ,B5JAM91 ! PO/MOD]NI/ ,JACQUES ,D]RIDA1 OR ! CON/IPAT$ /RUCTURALI/ ,L\IS ,AL?USS]1 AS SOCIAL !ORY HAS RETREAT$ FROM ! LU/Y DEBAT+ =UMS ( #a#i#cS SOCIALISM TO ! CLOI/]$ SEM9> ROOMS ( CONTEMPOR>Y UNIV]SITIES4 

,N[ ?AT ! TW5TIE? C5TURY HAS COME TO A CLOSE1 WE >E JU/IFI$ 9 ASK+1 ,:Y HAS HUMANITY'S EMANCIPATION FAIL$ TO A*IEVE FRUITION8 ,:Y1 9 P>TICUL>1 HAS ! PROLET>IAT FAIL$ TO MAKE ITS PR$ICT$ REVOLUTION8 ,9DE$1 :Y DID ! ONCE-RADICAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS FAIL FROM !IR V]Y 9CEPTION TO A*IEVE EV5 A MAJORITY VOTE 9 C5T]S SU* AS ,G]MANY8 ,:Y DID !Y SURR5D] SO TAMELY TO ,HITL] 9 #a#i#c#c8 ,! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/S1 ( C\RSE1 W]E SIMPLY %UNT$ ASIDE AFT] #a#i#b#c1 ASSUM+ !Y C\LD EV5 BE TAK5 S]I\SLY 9 ?AT YE>1 EXCEPT AS CONTRIV$ T>GETS = DEMAGOGIC PROPAG&I/IC PURPOSES TO FRI<T5 ! MIDDLE CLASSES ) ! M5ACE ( SOCIAL DISORD]4 

,H[1 MOREOV]1 DID CAPITALISM MANAGE TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! 0*RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS0 9 :I* IT SEEM$ HOPELESSLY MIR$ DUR+ ! #a#i#cS8 ,:Y1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 DID IT PRODUCE ADVANCES 9 TE*NICS SO DAZZL+ ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS N[ UND]GO+ A P]MAN5T 0,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION0 :OSE RESULTS >E DIFFICULT TO =ESEE8 ,F9ALLY1 :Y DID IT COME TO PASS ?AT1 FOLL[+ ! PR(\ND ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CRISES ( ! #a#i#cS1 CAPITALISM EM]G$ FROM A SECOND WORLD W> AS A MORE /ABLE & MORE SOCIALLY 5TR5*$ ORD] ?AN IT HAD EV] BE5 9 ! PA/8 

,NONE ( !SE EV5TS1 SO IMPORTANT 9 ! PR$ICTIVE CALCULATIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/S1 HAVE BE5 ADEQUATELY EXPLA9$ 9 A FUNDAM5TAL & HI/ORICAL S5SE1 NOTABLY ! PROGRESSIVE ROLE ?AT ,M>X ASSIGN$ TO CAPITALISM 9 HIS 0/AGES !ORY0 ( HI/ORY4.<#c#d.> ,9/EAD1 = YE>S1 ,M>XI/S L>GELY EXP5D$ !IR POLEMICAL 5]GY 9 ?R[+ EPI!TS AT EA* O!R & AT O!R LABOR MOVEM5TS = !IR 0BETRAYALS0 )\T ASK+ :Y ,M>XISM WAS SO VULN]ABLE TO BETRAYAL 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,9 MORE REC5T YE>S1 ,M>XI/S HAVE TRI$ TO APPROPRIATE FRAGM5TS ( IDEAS ?AT BELONG TO ONCE-DESPIS$ UTOPIAN IDEOLOGIES1 SU* AS ,F\RI]ISM 7,M>CUSE1 TO CITE ONLY ONE EXAMPLE7 OR TO O!R IDEOLOGIES1 SU* AS SYNDICALISM1 AN>*ISM1 ECOLOGY1 FEM9ISM1 & COMMUNIT>IANISM1 APPROPRIAT+ ILL-FITT+ IDEOLOGICAL T5ETS FROM ONE OR ! O!R TO REFURBI% !IR LIMIT$ VIEW ( A *ANG+ B\RGEOIS REALITY UNTIL :AT PASSES = ,M>XISM TODAY IS (T5 A PA/I*E ( FRAGM5TS PAT*$ TOGE!R ) PLANKS FROM BASICALLY ALI5 IDEOLOGIES4 

,H[1 9 %ORT1 DID IT COME TO PASS ?AT ! CLASSICAL ]A1 M>K$ BY ITS COH]5CE & UNITY 9 REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T & PRACTICE1 GAVE WAY TO A COMPLETELY DECAD5T ]A 9 :I* 9COH]5CE IS CELEBRAT$1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! NAME ( A PO/MOD]NISM ?AT EQUATES *AOTIC NIHILISM ) FRE$OM1 SELF-EXPRESSION1 & CREATIVITY--NOT UNLIKE ! *AOS ( ! M>KETPLACE ITSELF8 ,WE CAN ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS BECAUSE WE N[ 5JOY OV] A HALF-C5TURY ( H9DSI<T4 ,:AT ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S HAVE %[N US IS ?AT ! UNIQUELY 9SURG5T P]IOD BETWE5 #aiag & #aici WAS NOT EVID5CE ( CAPITALI/ MORBIDITY & DECL9E1 AS ,L59 SURMIS$4 ,RA!R1 IT WAS A P]IOD ( SOCIAL TRANSITION4 ,DUR+ ?OSE DECADES1 ! WORLD WAS SO TORN BY CIRCUM/ANTIALLY CREAT$ T5SIONS ?AT ,L59'S VIEW ( CAPITALISM AS A DY+ SOCIAL ORD] SEEM$ 9DE$ CONFIRM$ BY REALITY4 

,:AT ?IS CLASSICAL PROGNOSIS & ITS SUPPORT+ !ORETICAL CORPUS DID NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT W]E V>I\S ALT]NATIVE DEVELOPM5TS ?AT FAC$ CAPITALISM BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,GREAT ,W> & EV5 DUR+ ! 9T]W> P]IOD--ALT]NATIVES ?AT LAY B5EA? ! TUMULTU\S SURFACE ( ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,! CLASSICAL ,LEFT DID NOT CONSID] O!R POSSIBLE SOCIAL TRAJECTORIES ?AT CAPITALISM C\LD HAVE FOLL[$--& EV5TUALLY DID FOLL[--?AT W\LD ALL[ = ITS /ABILIZATION4 ,IT NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO UND]/& !SE NEW SOCIAL TRAJECTORIES BUT ALSO FAIL$ TO =ESEE1 EV5 FA9TLY1 ! EM]G5CE ( NEW ISSUES ?AT EXT5D$ BEYOND ! L>GELY WORK]-ORI5T$ ANALYSIS ( ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT4 

,= ONE ?+1 :AT MAKES SO MU* ( ! CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y PROGNOSES =MULAT$ BY PREW> & W>TIME SOCIALISM SEEM P>ADOXICAL IS ?AT ! 0MORIBUND0 P]IOD 9 :I* MANY CLASSICAL LEFTI/S AN*OR$ !IR HOPES = REVOLUTION WAS /ILL NOT EV5 A P]IOD ( 0MATURE0 CAPITALISM1 LET ALONE ONE ( 0DY+0 CAPITALISM4 ,! ]A BE=E ! ,GREAT ,W> WAS ONE 9 :I* MASS PRODUCTION1 REPUBLICAN SY/EMS ( GOV]NM5T1 & SO-CALL$ 0B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC0 LIB]TIES W]E /ILL EM]G+ FROM A *RYSALIS ( PRECAPITALI/ =MS ( CRAFT PRODUCTION & COMM]CE1 /ATE /RUCTURES RUL$ BY ROYAL FAMILIES & C\RTS1 & ECONOMIES 9 :I* 5NOBL$ L&LORDS SU* AS ! ,G]MAN ,JUNK]S1 ,BRITI% >I/OCRATS1 & ,LAT9 ,GR&EES COEXI/$ ) A HUGE1 TE*NICALLY BACKW>D PEASANT POPULATION4 ,EV5 :]E MO/ GREAT E/ATES W]E [N$ BY B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS1 AS 9 ,SPA91 !IR MANAGEM5T ( AGRICULTURE WAS CONDUCT$ LE?>GICALLY1 EMULAT+ ! DIFFID5T ECONOMIC HABITS ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ P>ASITIC AGR>IAN ELITES ( A PRECAPITALI/ ]A4 ,CAPITALISM1 :ILE IT WAS ! DOM9ANT ECONOMY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ,G]MANY1 MORE AMBIGU\SLY ,FRANCE1 & ONLY M>G9ALLY 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 WAS /ILL SUBORD9AT$ CULTURALLY & EV5 /RUCTURALLY TO ELITE /RATA1 (T5 BAS$ ON K9%IP1 ?AT W]E MORE FEUDAL ?AN B\RGEOIS1 & M>K$ BY ! R5TI] & MILIT>I/IC VALUES ?AT DI/+UI%$ A WAN+ ]A4 

,9 EFFECT1 EV5 MOD]N 9DU/RY1 :ILE BECOM+ C5TRAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAJOR NATION-/ATES 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 WAS /ILL AN*OR$ 9 A CRAFT-PEASANT SOCIAL MATRIX4 ,! [N]%IP ( L& & ( SMALL-SCALE WORK%OPS1 (T5 FAMILY MANAG$1 =M$ ! TRADITIONAL FEATURES ( SOCIAL /ATUS 9 A V]Y /ATUS-RIDD5 WORLD1 SU* AS 9 ,5GL& & ,G]MANY4 ,IT IS H>D TO RECALL TODAY H[ L[ ! REAL /ATUS ( WOM5 WAS DUR+ ! E>LY #a#iS2 H[ DEGRAD$ WAS ! /ATUS ( PROP]TYLESS1 (T5 M5DICANT WORK]S2 H[ EAG]LY EV5 SUB/ANTIAL CAPITALI/S TRI$ TO M>RY 9TO TITL$ FAMILIES2 H[ FEEBLE W]E ELEM5T>Y CIVIL LIB]TIES 9 A WORLD ?AT ACKN[L$G$ ! VALIDITY ( 9H]IT$ PRIVILEGE & ! AU?ORITY ( MON>*S2 & H[ EMBATTL$ WAS ! 9DU/RIALLY REGIM5T$ PROLET>IAT 7(T5 REMOV$ BY A G5]ATION OR TWO FROM VILLAGE LIFE ) ITS MORE NATURAL LIFE-WAYS7 9 ITS EF=TS TO M]ELY ORGANIZE RE=MI/ TRADE UNIONS4 

,! ,GREAT ,W>1 A MON/R\S EV5T ?AT WAS AS MU*1 IF NOT MORE1 ! PRODUCT ( DYNA/IC AMBITIONS1 MILIT>Y OBTUS5ESS1 & ! AWESOME AU?ORITY ALL[$ TO PRE5+ MON>*S AS IT WAS ( ECONOMIC IMP]IALISM1 WAS NOT A 0HI/ORICAL NECESSITY40 ,AN 5TANGL$ ,EUROPE1 CAU<T UP 9 ,KAIS] ,WILHELM ,I,I'S JUV5ILE PO/UR+ & DIZZY+ IMAGES ( ,G]MAN NATIONAL GR&EUR1 ! BL9D SPIRIT ( ,FR5* REVAN*ISME FOLL[+ ! C\NTRY'S LOSS ( ,ALSACE & ,LORRA9E 9 #ahga TO ! ,WILHELM9E ,REI*1 & ! NAIVE NATIONALISM ( ! MASSES1 :OSE CLASS 9T]NATIONALISM WAS (T5 MORE RHETORICAL ?AN REAL--ALL L$ TO A HORRIBLE =M ( TR5* W>F>E ?AT %\LD HAVE BE5 UN5DURABLE TO ANY CIVILIZ$ PEOPLE )9 A FEW MON?S AFT] IT BEGAN1 LET ALONE = F\R BLOODY YE>S4 ,! ,DEUTS*E ,M>K1 ! PO/W> ,G]MAN CURR5CY & EMBLEMATIC EXPRESSION ( ,G]MAN CAPITALISM1 MANAG$ TO P]=M ECONOMIC PRODIGIES ?AT NEI!R ,WILHELM NOR ,HITL]'S BAYONETS C\LD HOPE TO P]=M DUR+ ! LA/ C5TURY--SO DIFF]5T >E ! ALT]NATIVES ?AT ! PO/W> ]A F9ALLY REVEAL$6 

,YET1 IRONICALLY1 IT WAS NOT ! BATTLEFRONT 9 ! ,GREAT ,W> ?AT G5]AT$ ! REVOLUTIONS ( #a#i#a#g-#a#h2 IT WAS ! RE>1 :]E HUNG] MANAG$ TO DO :AT ! T]RIFY+ EXPLOSIVES1 MA*9E GUNS1 TANKS1 & POISON GAS AT ! FRONT NEV] QUITE SUCCE$$ 9 A*IEV+--A REVOLUTION OV] ISSUES SU* AS BREAD & PEACE 79 PRECISELY ?AT ORD]74 ,IT IS BREA?TAK+ TO CONSID] ?AT1 AFT] ?REE YE>S ( CON/ANT BLOODLETT+1 MUTILATION1 & 9CR$IBLE DAILY FE>1 ! ,G]MAN /RIKES ( ,JANU>Y #aiah ?AT HAD ! PUNG5T ODOR ( REVOLUTION ACTUALLY SUBSID$1 & ! ,G]MAN WORK]S REMA9$ PATI5TLY QUIESC5T :5 ,G5]AL ,LUD5DORFF'S SPR+ & SUMM] (F5SIVES ( ?AT YE> GA9$ SUB/ANTIAL GR\ND FROM ,FR5* & ,BRITI% TROOPS 9 ! ,WE/ TO ! 0GREAT] GLORY0 ( ! ,REI*4 ,SO MU* = ! 0REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CTS0 ( ! PEOPLE1 :I* ,BAKUN9 WAS WONT TO CELEBRATE4 ,IT SPEAKS VOLUMES ?AT1 DESPITE ! HORRORS ( ! ,GREAT ,W>1 ! MASSES W5T ALONG ) ! CONFLICT UNTIL IT WAS COMPLETELY UN5DURABLE MAT]IALLY4 ,SU* IS ! P[] ( ADAPTATION1 TRADITION1 & HABIT 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 

,NOT)/&+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,GREAT ,W> CAME TO AN 5D )\T OV]?R[+ ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM1 LET ALONE WORLD CAPITALISM4 ,! W> ACTUALLY REVEAL$ ?AT ! CLASSICAL TRADITION ( SOCIALISM WAS V]Y LIMIT$ &1 9 MANY RESPECTS1 GREATLY 9 NE$ ( REPAIR4 ,UND]/&ABLY1 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY TRI$ TO =E%ORT5 HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & BR+ AB\T ! LIKELIHOOD ( SOCIALISM )9 !IR [N LIFE SPANS1 AL?\< ?IS IS LESS TRUE ( ,LUXEMBURG & P>TICUL>LY ( ,M>X1 :O WAS F> MORE CRITICAL ( ,M>XISM ?AN HIS ACOLYTES4 ,9DE$1 ,M>X WAS AT PA9S TO W>N ?AT IT HAD TAK5 C5TURIES = FEUDALISM TO DIE & = CAPITALISM TO EM]GE1 H5CE1 ,M>XI/S %\LD H>DLY EXPECT ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD BE OV]?R[N 9 A YE>1 A DECADE1 OR EV5 A G5]ATION4 ,TROTSKY WAS F> MORE SANGU9E ?AN ,L59 9 HIS CONVICTION ?AT CAPITALISM WAS 0MORIBUND10 0DECAY+10 0ROTT+10 & O!RWISE FALL+ AP>T1 & ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS GR[+ 0/RONG]10 OR 0MORE CLASS CONSCI\S10 OR 0ORGANIZ$0--BUT IT MATT]S LITTLE TODAY TO DWELL ON HIS EXPECTATIONS & PROGNOSES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,GREAT ,W>1 :ILE NOT COMPLETELY SWEEP+ ! HI/ORICAL SLATE CLEAN ( ! FEUDAL DETRITUS ?AT CONTRIBUT$ SO GREATLY TO ITS \TBREAK1 LEFT ! ,WE/]N WORLD 9 A CULTURAL1 MORAL1 & POLITICAL /UPOR4 ,AN ]A WAS CLE>LY 5D+1 BUT IT WAS NOT CAPITALISM ?AT WAS FAC$ ) IMM95T OBLIVION4 ,:AT WAS DISAPPE>+ WAS ! TRADITIONAL1 TIME-WORN /ATUS & CLASS SY/EM ( A FEUDAL PA/1 YET )\T ANY FULLY DEVELOP$ =M ( CAPITALISM TO TAKE ITS PLACE4 ,) ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION1 ,BRITI% L&LORDISM BEGAN TO 5T] 9TO H>D1 EV5 DEVA/AT+ TIMES1 BUT IT HAD NOT COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$ DUR+ ! #a#i#cS4 ,! ,PRUSSIAN ,JUNK]S W]E /ILL 9 COMM& ( ! ,G]MAN >MY AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i#cS &1 ?ANKS TO VON ,H9D5BURG'S ELECTION AS PRESID5T ( ! ,G]MAN /ATE1 /ILL 5JOY$ MANY ( ! PRIVILEGES ( AN E/ABLI%$ ELITE E>LY 9 ! ,HITL] P]IOD4 ,BUT ?IS ONCE-HAU<TY /RATUM WAS EV5TUALLY FAC$ ) ! *ALL5GE ( ,HITL]'S ,GLEI*S*ALTUNG1 ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL LEVEL+ ?AT F9ALLY DEGRAD$ ! ,PRUSSIAN (FIC] CA/E4 ,9 ! 5D1 IT WAS ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN & ,RUSSIAN >MIES ?AT SWEPT ! ,JUNK]S AWAY BY SEIZ+ !IR E/ATES 9 ! ,EA/ & DISSOLV+ !M AS A SOCIOECONOMIC 5TITY4 ,FRANCE WAS FI<T+ ITS LA/ BATTLES AS A MIDDLE-CLASS REPUBLIC DUR+ ! MID-#a#i#cS1 ) ,CA?OLIC REACTION>IES & ! BLOOD$ Y\NG FASCI/S ( ! ,CROIX DE ,FEU1 :O ASPIR$ TO AN >I/OCRATIC ,GALLICISM L$ BY RI* & TITL$ LEAD]S4 

,?US1 ! 9T]W> DECADES W]E A /ORMY P]IOD ( TRANSITION BETWE5 A DECL9+ QUASI-FEUDAL WORLD1 ALREADY %ATT]$ BUT NOT BURI$1 & AN EM]G+ B\RGEOIS WORLD1 :I*1 DESPITE ITS VA/ ECONOMIC P[]1 HAD /ILL NOT P5ETRAT$ 9TO EV]Y PORE ( SOCIETY & DEF9$ ! BASIC VALUES ( ! C5TURY4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION %[$ ?AT ! P$E/RIAN MAXIM 0MONEY ISN'T EV]Y?+0 IS TRUE :5 !RE IS NO MONEY TO GO >\ND4 ,9DE$1 ! ,DEPRESSION ?REW MU* ( ! WORLD1 ESPECIALLY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9TO A DISORD]LY ONE ?AT RESEMBL$ ITS [N HECTIC POPULI/ ]A ( ! #a#h#gS & #a#h#hS1 H5CE ! FL>E-UP ( TRADE UNIONISM1 VIOL5T /RIKES1 GREAT DEMON/RATIONS1 & 0,R$0 AGITATION ?AT SWEPT OV] ! ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN CONT95TS 9 ! #a#i#cS4 

,9 ?IS SOCIALLY HYP]ACTIVE BUT 9DECISIVE P]IOD ( SOCIAL T5SIONS BETWE5 ! OLD & NEW1 :5 ! RUL+ CLASSES AS WELL AS ! DOM9AT$ MASSES LIV$ 9 MURD]\S ANTIPA?Y T[>D EA* O!R1 HI/ORY UNLOCK$ ! DOOR TO REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS4 ,AMID ! UNC]TA9TY ( A T5SION-FILL$ WORLD1 ! FULFILLM5T ( ,M>X'S DREAM--A DEMOCRATIC WORK]S' SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T--SEEM$ A*IEVABLE4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! /RIFE ?AT EXI/$ )9 ?AT 9T]W> P]IOD1 IT APPE>$ ?AT CAPITALISM HAD COLLAPS$ ECONOMICALLY & A WORLDWIDE MOVEM5T T[>D A DEMOCRATIC1 POSSIBLY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ SOCIETY WAS A*IEVABLE4 ,BUT TO CREATE SU* A SOCIETY REQUIR$ A HI<LY CONSCI\S MOVEM5T ) AN ABLE LEAD]%IP & A CLE>-EY$ S5SE ( PURPOSE4 

,TRAGICALLY1 NO SU* MOVEM5T APPE>$4 ,GROSSLY PRAGMATIC BUREAUCRATS SU* AS ,FRI$RI* ,EB]T & ,PHILIP ,S*EIDEMANN1 & P$E/RIAN !ORI/S SU* AS ,K>L ,KAUTSKY & ,RUDOLF ,HILF]D+1 ASSUM$ ! DEFLAT$ MANTLE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL & SET ITS TONE UP UNTIL ! RISE ( ,G]MAN FASCISM4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 ,/AL9 9T]V5$ 9 EV]Y POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 ,EUROPE & POISON$ IT TO S]VE ,RUSSIA'S 7& HIS [N7 9T]E/S4 ,! PRE/IGE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION1 TO :I* ?IS TYRANT CONTRIBUT$ ABSOLUTELY NO?+ & :I* HE DEFAM$ :5 HE CAME TO P[]1 WAS /ILL NOT SUFFICI5TLY SULLI$ TO ALL[ ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT TO CREATE ITS [N AU!NTIC MOVEM5TS & EXP& ITS VISION TO ACCORD ) EM]G+ SOCIAL ISSUES ?AT REFLECT$ *ANGES 9 CAPITALISM ITSELF4 

,:AT MU/ N[ BE ACKN[L$G$ IS ?AT BETWE5 #aiad & #a#i#d#e1 CAPITALISM WAS 5L>G+ ITS F\NDATIONS ) MASS MANUFACTURE & NEW 9DU/RIES1 NOT DIGG+ ITS GRAVE AS ,L59 & ,TROTSKY HAD OP9$4 ,ITS /ATUS AS A DOM9ANT WORLD ECONOMY & SOCIETY /ILL LAY BE=E IT 9 #a#i#a#g1 NOT BEH9D IT4 ,& IT W\LD BE %E] MYOPIA NOT TO SEE ?AT CAPITALISM IS /ILL 9DU/RIALIZ+ ! WORLD--AGR>IAN AS WELL AS URBAN--:I* IS BASICALLY :AT ! WORD 0GLOBALIZATION0 MEANS4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS /ILL ]OD+ ! P>TICUL>ISMS ?AT DIVIDE HUMAN BE+S ON ! BASIS ( NATIONALISM1 RELIGION1 & E?NICITY4 ,MO/ ( ! 0FUNDAM5TALISMS0 & 0ID5TITY POLITICS0 ]UPT+ 9 ! WORLD TODAY >E ESS5TIALLY REACTIONS AGA9/ ! 5CROA*+ SECUL>ISM & UNIV]SALISM ( A BUS9ESS-ORI5T$1 9CREAS+LY HOMOG5IZ+ CAPITALI/ CIVILIZATION ?AT IS SL[LY EAT+ AWAY AT A DEEPLY RELIGI\S1 NATIONALI/IC1 & E?NIC H]ITAGE4 ,! COMMODITY IS /ILL P]=M+ PRODIGIES ( SOCIAL ]OSION 9 PRECAPITALI/ CULTURES1 BE !Y = GOOD OR BAD1 SU* AS ,M>X & ,5GELS DESCRIB$ 9 ! FIR/ P>T ( ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 ,:]E SANITY & REASON DO NOT GUIDE HUMAN AFFAIRS1 TO BE SURE1 ! GOOD IS NE>LY ALWAYS POLLUT$ BY ! BAD1 & IT IS ! FUNCTION ( ANY S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y ?9K] TO SEP>ATE ! TWO 9 ! HOPE ( UNE>?+ ! RATIONAL T5D5CY 9 A SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 CAPITALISM IS NOT ONLY HOMOG5IZ+ OLD SOCIETIES & REMAK+ !M 9 ITS URBANIZ$1 COMMODITY-ORI5T$ IMAGE2 IT IS DO+ ! SAME TO ! PLANET & ! BIOSPH]E 9 ! NAME ( 0MA/]+0 ! =CES ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY ! 0HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE0 ROLE ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS ASSIGN$1 9 A CELEBRATORY MANN]1 TO ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,H[ 0PROGRESSIVE0 ?IS PROCESS ( HOMOG5IZATION IS1 9 FACT1 REMA9S TO BE SE54 ,= ! PRES5T1 IT BEHOOVES US TO EXAM9E ! FAILURE ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM 7>GUABLY ! TWO PR9CIPAL W+S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION7 TO DEAL ) ! TRANSITIONAL NATURE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,9 ! PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I P]IOD1 ! WEAKE/ ELEM5TS 9 ,M>X'S S*EMA ( HI/ORY1 CLASS /RUGGLE1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 & POLITICAL ACTIVITY HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$ TO P5ETRAT+ CRITICAL EXAM9ATION4.<#c#e.> ,! ,M>XIAN CANON TO ! CONTR>Y1 HI/ORY1 VIEW$ AS A :OLE1 CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO ECONOMIC FACTORS AS ,M>X TRI$ TO DO 9 HIS KEY WORKS1 AL?\< CAPITALISM MAY WELL BE MUTAT+ ,HOMO SAPI5S 9TO ,HOMO CONSUM]ANS & FO/]+ ! T5D5CY AMONG MASSES ( PEOPLE TO EXP]I5CE REALITY AS A HUGE M>KET4 ,M>X'S BASIC VIEWS MAY HAVE PROVID$ HIS ACOLYTES ) ! NECESS>Y OR PRECONDITIONAL CAUSES = SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T--ADMITT$LY MAT]IAL OR ECONOMIC CAUSES--BUT !Y FAIL$ TO EXPLA9 ! 5ORM\S ROLE ( ! EFFICI5T CAUSES2 ! IMM$IATE CAUSES1 SU* AS CULTURE1 POLITICS1 MORALITY1 JURIDICAL PRACTICES1 & ! LIKE 7:I* ,M>X D5OT$ AS A 0SUP]/RUCTURAL07 = PRODUC+ SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,9DE$1 :AT ELSE BESIDES 0SUP]/RUCTURAL0 7P>TICUL>LY MORAL1 RELIGI\S1 & POLITICAL7 FACTORS CAN EXPLA9 :Y ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 ELEM5TS ( :I* HAD ALWAYS EXI/$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES 9 AGR>IAN & CRAFT ECONOMIES1 WAS >RE/$ = ?\S&S ( YE>S & BECAME A MAJOR ECONOMY 9 ONLY ONE C\NTRY1 ,5GL&1 E>LY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY8 ,OR :Y REVOLUTIONS OCCUR ONLY UND] CONDITIONS ( COMPLETE SOCIAL BREAKD[N1 ?AT IS1 AFT] A VA/ BODY ( MASSIVELY 9FLU5TIAL SUP]/RUCTURAL BELIEF SY/EMS 7(T5 ACCEPT$ 9 !IR TIME AS ET]NAL REALITIES7 >E %ATT]$4 ,M>X WAS NOT OBLIVI\S TO ! EXT5T TO :I* BELIEF SY/EMS OV]RIDE B\RGEOIS =CES 9 PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ESPECIALLY 9 HIS DISCUSSIONS ON ! PR$OM9ANCE ( AGR>IAN VALUES OV] URBAN ONES 9 HIS ,GRUNDRISSE4,V]Y SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,M>XI/S W]E RIDDL$ BY CONFLICTS OV] ! /ATUS ( CAPITALISM AT V>I\S PO9TS 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :5 ! B\RGEOISIE FAC$ ONE ( ! /ORMIE/ P]IODS ( ITS HI/ORY PRECISELY BECAUSE CAPITALISM HAD NOT FULLY %$ ! TRAPP+S ( FEUDALISM & COME 0COMPLETELY 9TO ITS [N10 SO TO SPEAK4 

,H[1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS IT POSSIBLE = MANY ,M>XI/S TO 9SI/ ?AT CAPITALISM WAS 9 DECL9E AT A TIME :5 MAJOR TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS LIKE MASS MANUFACTURE1 RADICALLY NEW =MS ( TRANSPORTATION SU* AS ! AUTOMOBILE1 ADVANCES 9 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC MA*9ES & GOODS1 & NEW *EMICAL 9NOVATIONS W]E OCCURR+ 9 ! DECADE DIRECTLY FOLL[+ ! ,GREAT ,W>8 ,HAD ,M>X NOT WRITT51 AFT] ALL1 ?AT 0,NO SOCIAL ORD] EV] P]I%ES BE=E ALL ! PRODUCTIVE =CES .<TE*NOLOGY.> = :I* !RE IS ROOM 9 IT HAVE DEVELOP$08.<#c#f.> ,C\LD ?IS BE SAID ( CAPITALISM 9 #a#i#a#d-#a#h & #a#i#c#i-#d#e8 ,9DE$1 WILL IT EV] BE SAID ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 ! FUTURE8 ,9 ASK+ !SE QUE/IONS1 ,I AM NOT TRY+ TO SUGGE/ ?AT CAPITALISM WILL NEV] PRODUCE PROBLEMS ?AT NECESSITATE ITS OV]?R[ OR REPLACEM5T4 ,MY PURPOSE IS1 RA!R1 TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! PROBLEMS ?AT MAY WELL TURN MO/ ( HUMANITY AGA9/ CAPITALISM MAY NOT NECESS>ILY BE /RICTLY ECONOMIC ONES OR ROOT$ 9 CLASS ISSUES4 

,>GUABLE AS ,M>X'S PRODUCTIVI/ 9T]PRETATION ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & ITS FUTURE MAY BE1 IT BECOMES A V]Y =C$ & >TIFICIAL1 EV5 CONTORT$1 EXPLANATION ( HI/ORY IF IT IS NOT GREATLY MODIFI$ BY ! DIALECTIC ( IDEAS1 ?AT IS1 BY POLITICAL & SOCIAL IDEOLOGY1 MORALITY & E?ICS1 LAW1 JURIDICAL /&>DS1 & ! LIKE4 ,M>XISM HAS YET TO =?RI<TLY ACKN[L$GE ?AT !SE DIFF]5T SPH]ES ( LIFE HAVE !IR [N DIALECTIC1 9DE$1 ?AT !Y CAN UNFOLD FROM 9N] =CES ( !IR [N & NOT SIMPLY RESULT FROM A PRODUCTIVI/ DIALECTIC CALL$ ! 0MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY40 ,MOREOV]1 IT HAS YET TO EMPHASIZE ?AT A DIALECTIC ( E?ICS OR RELIGION CAN PR(\NDLY AFFECT ! DIALECTIC ( PRODUCTIVE =CES & PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE1 = EXAMPLE1 TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ,*RI/IAN !OLOGY L$ LOGICALLY TO A GR[+ RESPECT = 9DIVIDUAL WOR? & F9ALLY TO RADICAL CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIAL FRE$OM--A DIALECTIC ?AT 9 TURN PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T BY ALT]+ ! WAY HUMAN BE+S 9T]ACT$ ) EA* O!R & ) ! MAT]IAL WORLD8 

,BY ! TIME ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 C5TURIES ( DEEPLY 5TR5*$ IDEAS ON PROP]TY1 SU* AS ! 5ORM\S E/EEM ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ! [N]%IP ( L&1 W]E 9T]M+L+ & MODIFY+ SEEM+LY OBJECTIVE SOCIAL =CES1 SU* AS ! GR[? ( AN 9CREAS+LY CAPITALI/IC M>KET4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! EXALT$ IMAGE ( ! 9DEP5D5T1 (T5 SELF-SUFFICI5T PEASANT :O BEGAN TO EM]GE 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,REVOLUTION ) HIS SMALL BIT ( PROP]TY & HIS CRAFT-ORI5T$ VILLAGE1 ACTUALLY 9HIBIT$ CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 ,FRANCE WELL 9TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BY CLOS+ (F L>GE P>TS ( ! DOME/IC M>KET TO COMMODITIES MASS PRODUC$ 9 ! CITIES4 ,! IMAGE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION AS A 0B\RGEOIS0 REVOLUTION ?AT FO/]$ A CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T AT HOME IS >GUABLY MORE FICTITI\S ?AN REAL1 AL?\< 9 ! LONG RUN1 IT CREAT$ MANY PRECONDITIONS = ! RISE ( ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE4 

,9 %ORT1 BY $UC+ ! DIALECTIC ( HI/ORY ALONG OV]:ELM+LY PRODUCTIVI/ L9ES1 ,M>X EASILY DECEIV$ HIMSELF AS WELL AS HIS MO/ IMPORTANT FOLL[]S1 NOTABLY ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 AB\T CAPITALISM'S MORBIDITY BY ASSUM+ ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAD F9ALLY PREP>$ ALL ! ECONOMIC PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM & H5CE WAS READY TO BE REPLAC$ BY SOCIALISM4 ,:AT HE IGNOR$ WAS ?AT MANY ( ! PROBLEMS1 CONTRADICTIONS1 & ANTAGONISMS HE IMPUT$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TO CAPITALISM W]E1 9 FACT1 ! PRODUCT ( L+]+ FEUDAL TRAITS ?AT SOCIETY HAD NOT %$2 MOREOV]1 ?AT ! SEEM+LY 0SUP]/RUCTURAL0 9/ITUTIONS & VALUES ?AT HAD *>ACT]IZ$ PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETIES PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 DEF9+ A SEEM+LY PR$OM9ANT CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ?AT WAS /ILL ABORN+4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ! AN>*I/S W]E RI<T :5 !Y CALL$ NOT SO MU* = ! ECONOMIC IMPROVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT AS = ITS MORAL DEVELOPM5T AS VITAL TO ! =MATION ( A FREE SOCIETY--IMPROVEM5TS ,M>XI/S L>GELY BRU%$ ASIDE AS ISSUES ?AT FELL )9 ! DOMA9 ( 0PRIVATE LIFE40 

,M>X & ,M>XISM ALSO FAIL US :5 !Y FOCUS OV]:ELM+LY ON ! WORK+ CLASS1 EV5 5HANC+ ITS SOCIAL WEI<T BY PRESUMABLY ELEVAT+ TRANSP>5TLY PETTY B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS SU* AS SAL>I$ :ITE-COLL> EMPLOYES TO PROLET>IAN /ATUS :5 9DU/RIAL WORK]S >E EVID5TLY DECL9+ NUM]ICALLY4 ,NOR DOES ! AU!NTIC PROLET>IAT1 :I* ASSUM$ AN ALMO/ MY/ICAL CLASS /ATUS 9 ! HEYDAY ( ,M>XISM1 ACT AS ?\< IT IS A UNIQUELY HEGEMONIC HI/ORICAL AG5T 9 ! CONFLICT ) CAPITALISM AS A SY/EM4 ,NO?+ PROV$ TO BE MORE MISLEAD+ 9 ! ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD ?AN ! MY? ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS1 :5 APPEAL$ TO AS AN ECONOMIC CLASS1 C\LD SEE BEYOND ! IMM$IATE CONDITIONS ( ITS GIV5 LIFE-WAYS--! FACTORY & B\RGEOIS =MS ( DI/RIBUTION 7EX*ANGE74.<#c#g.> ,IT CONSI/5TLY ADOPT$ RE=MI/ PROGRAMS DESIGN$ TO GA9 HI<] WAGES1 %ORT] WORK+ DAYS1 LONG] VACATIONS1 & IMPROV$ WORK+ CONDITIONS UNTIL ?UND]\S EV5TS DROVE IT TO REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 TOGE!R1 IT %\LD BE ADD$1 ) NONPROLET>IAN /RATA4 ,VIRTUALLY NONE ( ! CLASSICAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 APPEAL$ TO ! WORK]S AS PEOPLE3 AS P>5TS1 CITY DWELL]S1 BRO!RS & SI/]S1 & 9DIVIDUALS TRY+ TO LIVE DEC5T LIVES 9 A DEC5T 5VIRONM5T = !MSELVES & !IR (FSPR+4 

,MO/ CONV5TIONAL ,M>XI/ !ORI/S TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! WORK] IS FIR/ ( ALL A HUMAN BE+1 NOT SIMPLY ! EMBODIM5T ( 0SOCIAL LABOR10 DEF9ABLE 9 /RICTLY CLASS T]MS4 ,! FAILURE ( CLASSICAL SOCIALISM TO MAKE A HUMAN & CIVIC APPEAL TO ! WORK]--EV5 TO S]I\SLY CONSID] HIM OR H] AS MORE ?AN A CLASS BE+--CREAT$ A W>P$ RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS & !IR ALLEG$ 0CON/ITU5CY40 ,AL?\< CLASSICAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ESPECIALLY ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 PROVID$ WORK]S ) A HI<LY V>I$ CULTURAL LIFE ( !IR [N1 FROM $UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES TO SPORTS CLUBS1 ! PROLET>IAT WAS USUALLY BOX$ 9TO A WORLD B\ND$ BY A CONC]N = ITS MO/ IMM$IATE MAT]IAL 9T]E/S4 ,EV5 9 ! PRE-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I CULTURAL C5T]S ( ! SOCIALI/S1 SU* AS ! CASAS DEL PUEBLOE/ABLI%$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/S1 IT WAS F$ PRIM>ILY ON DISCUSSIONS ( ITS EXPLOITATION & DEGRADATION BY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 :I* 9 ANY CASE1 IT EXP]I5C$ DAILY 9 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS4 ,! ATTEMPT TO R$EF9E ! PROLET>IAT & MAKE IT A MAJORITY ( A NATIONAL POPULATION LO/ ALL CR$IBILITY :5 CAPITALISM BEGAN TO CREATE A HUGE 0SAL>IAT0 ( (FICE EMPLOYES1 MANAG]S1 SALESPEOPLE1 & AN >MY ( S]VICE1 5G9E]+1 ADV]TIS+1 M$IA1 & GOV]NM5TAL P]SONNEL :O SAW !MSELVES AS A NEW MIDDLE CLASS1 DEEPLY 9VE/$ 9 B\RGEOIS PROP]TY ?R\< /OCKS1 BONDS1 REAL E/ATE1 P5SIONS1 & ! LIKE1 H[EV] M9OR !SE MAY SEEM BY COMP>ISON ) ! BIG B\RGEOISIE4 

,F9ALLY1 A V]Y SIGNIFICANT FAIL+ ( ,M>XISM :5 IT CAME TO BUILD+ A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS ITS COMMITM5T TO ! /ATI/ ACQUISITION & MA9T5ANCE ( P>LIAM5T>Y P[]4 ,BY ! LATE #a#h#gS1 ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD DEVELOP$ 9TO 0,R$ ,REPUBLICANS10 NOT)/&+ ,M>X'S 5COMIUMS TO ! ,P>ISIAN ,COMMUN>DS & !IR QUASI-AN>*I/ VISION ( A CONF$]AL =M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,:AT IS (T5 IGNOR$ IS ?AT ,M>X DISCLAIM$ !SE 5COMIUMS %ORTLY BE=E HIS DEA? A DECADE LAT]4 ,D\BTLESS1 ,M>X'S VISION ( A REPUBLIC WAS M>K$ BY MORE DEMOCRATIC FEATURES ?AN ANY ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA DUR+ HIS LIFETIME4 ,HE W\LD HAVE FAVOR$ ! RI<T TO RECALL DEPUTIES AT ALL LEVELS ( ! /ATE1 AS WELL AS M9IMAL BUREAUCRACY & A MILITIA SY/EM BAS$ ON WORK+-CLASS RECRUITS4 ,BUT NONE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS HE ATTRIBUT$ TO A SOCIALI/ /ATE W]E 9COMPATIBLE ) ?OSE ( A 0B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC0 /ATE4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 HE BELIEV$ ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD BE VOT$ 9TO P[] 9 ,5GL&1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ! ,NE!RL&S1 A LI/ TO :I* ,5GELS YE>S LAT] ADD$ ,FRANCE4 

,9 V[+ ?AT ONLY 9SURRECTION & A COMPLETE RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! /ATE W]E COMPATIBLE ) SOCIALISM1 ,L59 & ,LUXEMBURG1 AMONG O!RS 7ESPECIALLY ,TROTSKY71 DECID$LY DEP>T$ FROM ,M>X & ,5GELS'S POLITICAL IDEAS 9 !IR LATE YE>S4 ,AT LEA/ 9 TRY+ TO WORK )9 REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS1 ! E>LY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS W]E MORE CONSI/5TLY ,M>XI/ ?AN W]E !IR REVOLUTION>Y CRITICS4 ,!Y VIEW$ ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#h-#a#i AS AN 9DISP5SABLE PRELIM9>Y TO ! CREATION ( A REPUBLICAN SY/EM ?AT W\LD OP5 A PEACEFUL BUT1 MORE SIGNIFICANT1 9/ITUTIONALLY S\ND ROAD TO SOCIALISM4 ,?AT WORK]S' C\NCILS SU* AS ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS & ,G]MAN ,RATE W]E MORE RADICALLY DEMOCRATIC ALSO MADE !M FRI<T5+ AS 9/ITUTIONAL MEASURES1 MORE AK9 TO AN>*ISM & C]TA9LY ,BOL%EVISM ?AN TO A P>LIAM5T ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,AL?\< A Y\NG] ,M>X W\LD HAVE F\ND A /ATE /RUCTUR$ >\ND C\NCILS MORE TO HIS TA/E1 !RE IS LITTLE TO %[ 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S 7AP>T FROM HIS FLIRTATION ) ! LIB]T>IAN FEATURES ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE7 ?AT HE W\LD HAVE 0SMA%$ ! /ATE10 TO USE ,L59'S T]M9OLOGY1 TO ! PO9T ( REJECT+ P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T4 

,DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT AN>*I/ PRECEPTS1 SPAWN$ NE>LY TWO C5TURIES AGO1 PROVIDE A SUB/ITUTE = ,M>XISM8 

,AFT] =TY YE>S ( TRY+ TO WORK ) ?IS IDEOLOGY1 MY [N V]Y CONSID]$ OP9ION IS ?AT SU* A HOPE1 :I* ,I 5T]TA9$ AS E>LY AS ! #a#i#eS1 IS UNREALIZABLE4 ,NOR DO ,I FEEL ?AT ?IS IS DUE ONLY TO ! FAIL+S ( ! SO-CALL$ 0NEW AN>*ISM10 SPAWN$ 9 REC5T YE>S BY Y\NG ACTIVI/S4 ,! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY AN>*ISM BELONG TO ! DAYS ( ITS BIR?1 :5 WRIT]S LIKE ,PR\DHON CELEBRAT$ ITS USE AS A NEW ALT]NATIVE TO ! EM]G+ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,9 REALITY1 AN>*ISM HAS NO COH]5T BODY ( !ORY O!R ?AN ITS COMMITM5T TO AN AHI/ORICAL CONCEPTION ( 0P]SONAL AUTONOMY10 ?AT IS1 TO ! SELF-WILL+1 ASOCIAL EGO1 DIVE/$ ( CON/RA9TS1 PRECONDITIONS1 OR LIMITATIONS %ORT ( DEA? ITSELF4 ,9DE$1 TODAY1 MANY AN>*I/S CELEBRATE ?IS !ORETICAL 9COH]5CE AS EVID5CE ( ! HI<LY LIB]T>IAN NATURE ( !IR \TLOOK & ITS (T5 DIZZY+1 IF NOT CONTRADICTORY1 RESPECT = DIV]SITY4 ,IT IS PRIM>ILY BY GIV+ PRIORITY TO AN IDEOLOGICALLY PETRIFI$ NOTION ( AN 0AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL0 ?AT AN>*I/S JU/IFY !IR OPPOSITION NOT ONLY TO ! /ATE BUT TO ANY =M ( CON/RA9T1 LAW1 & (T5 ORGANIZATION & DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ BAS$ ON MAJORITY VOT+4 ,ALL SU* CON/RA9TS >E DISMISS$ 9 PR9CIPLE AS =MS ( 0CO]CION10 0DOM9ATION10 0GOV]NM5T10 & EV5 0TYRANNY0--(T5 AS ?\< !SE T]MS W]E COEQUAL & 9T]*ANGEABLE4 

,NOR DO AN>*I/ !ORI/S TAKE COGNIZANCE ( ! SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ?AT LIMIT OR MODIFY ! ABILITY TO ATTA9 0,AN>*Y10 :I* IS (T5 DESCRIB$ AS A HI<LY P]SONAL AFFAIR OR EV5 AN EPISODIC OR 0EC/ATIC0 EXP]I5CE4 ,FOLL[$ TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 9DE$ TO ITS MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PREMISES1 ,AN>*Y IS ESS5TIALLY A MORAL DESID]ATUM1 A 0WAY ( LIFE10 AS ONE AN>*I/ PUT IT TO ME1 9DEP5D5T ( TIME OR PLACE4 ,AN>*Y1 WE >E JU/IFI$ 9 CONCLUD+1 EM]GES FROM ! EX]CISE ( PURE WILL4 ,PRESUMABLY1 :5 5\< WILLS CONV]GE TO 0ADOPT0 ,AN>*Y1 IT WILL SIMPLY BE LIKE ! SOIL ?AT REMA9S B5EA? MELT+ SN[1 AS ONE ,BRITI% AN>*I/ PUT IT4 ,?IS REVELATORY 9T]PRETATION ( H[ ,AN>*Y MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ! WORLD LIES AT ! CORE ( ! AN>*I/ VISION4 ,AN>*Y1 IT W\LD APPE>1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 0!RE10 AS ,ISAAC ,PU5TE1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT !ORI/ ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM 9 ! #a#i#cS1 PUT IT1 SAVE ?AT IT WAS CONCEAL$ OV] ! AGES BY A HI/ORICALLY IMPOS$ LAY] ( 9/ITUTIONS1 5TR5*$ EXP]I5CES1 & VALUES ?AT >E TYPIFI$ BY ! /ATE1 CIVILIZATION1 HI/ORY1 & MORALITY4 ,SOMEH[1 IT MU/ M]ELY BE RE/OR$ FROM ITS UNSULLI$ PA/ LIKE A HIDD5 GEOLOGICAL /RATUM4 

,?IS SUMM>Y EASILY EXPLA9S ! EMPHASIS ON PRIMITIVISM & ! NOTION ( 0RECOV]Y0 ?AT ONE SO (T5 5C\NT]S 9 AN>*I/ WRIT+4 ,RECOV]Y %\LD BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! NOTIONS ( DISCOV]Y & 9NOVATION ?AT MOD]N ?9K+ & RATIONALISM W]E OBLIG$ TO C\NT]POSE TO ! PREMOD]N BELIEF ?AT TRU? & VIRTUE 9 ALL !IR ASPECTS W]E ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE BUT CONCEAL$ BY AN OPPRESSIVE OR OBFUSCAT+ HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & CULTURE4 ,AN>*I/S C\LD JU/ AS EASILY USE ?IS =MULATION TO JU/IFY SOCIAL PASSIVITY RA!R ?AN PROTE/4 ,ONE HAD ONLY TO LET ! 0SN[0 7?AT IS1 ! /ATE & CIVILIZATION7 MELT AWAY = ,AN>*Y TO BE RE/OR$1 A VIEW ?AT MAY WELL EXPLA9 ! PACIFISM ?AT IS SO WIDESPREAD AMONG AN>*I/S ?R\<\T ! WORLD TODAY4 

,9 REC5T YE>S1 SOME AN>*I/S HAVE S+L$ \T CIVILIZATION1 TE*NICS1 & RATIONALITY AS ! GREATE/ FAIL+S ( ! HUMAN CONDITION & >GUE !Y MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY A MORE PRIMITIVE1 PRESUMABLY 0AU!NTIC0 CULTURE ?AT ES*EWS ALL ! ATTA9M5TS ( HI/ORY 9 ORD] TO RE/ORE HUMANITY'S PRIMAL 0H>MONY0 ) ITSELF & AN ALMO/ MY/ICAL 0,NATURE40 ,9S(> AS AN>*I/S CURR5TLY ESP\SE ?IS VIEW1 !Y HAVE ACTUALLY RETURN$ AN>*ISM TO ITS TRUE HOME AFT] ITS C5TURIES-LONG ME&]+S ?R\< ! MAZES ( SYNDICALISM & O!R BASICALLY ALI5 SOCIAL CAUSES4 ,PR\DHON'S WI/FUL IMAGE ( ! SELF-SUFFICI5T PEASANT F>M OR VILLAGE1 WISELY PRESID$ OV] BY AN ALL-KN[+ PAT]FAMILIAS1 IS F9ALLY RECOV]$2 ?IS1 ,I W\LD ADD1 AT A TIME :5 ! WORLD IS MORE 9T]DEP5D5T & TE*NOLOGICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ ?AN AT ANY O!R 9 HI/ORY4 

,9ASMU* AS AN>*ISM EMPHASIZES PRIMITIVISM AS AGA9/ ACCULTURATION1 RECOV]Y AS AGA9/ DISCOV]Y1 AUT>*Y AS AGA9/ 9T]DEP5D5CE1 & NATURISM AS AGA9/ CIVILIZATION--(T5 ROOT+ ITS CONCEPTUAL APP>ATUS 9 A 0NATURAL10 CONCEIVABLY 0BASIC0 AHI/ORICAL AUTONOM\S EGO1 FRE$ ( ! RATIONALISM & !ORETICAL BURD5 ( 0CIVILIZATION0--IT 9 FACT /&S 9 M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ! REAL EGO1 :I* IS ALWAYS LOCAT$ 9 A GIV5 TEMPORAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 CULTURAL1 TRADITIONAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,9DE$1 ! AN>*I/ V]SION ( ! /RIPP$-D[N1 9DE$1 VACU\S1 EGO DI/URB+LY RESEMBLES ,HOM]'S DESCRIPTION ( ! LOTUS EAT] 9 ! ,ODYSSEY1 :O1 :ILE EAT+ ! LOTUS FRUIT1 SLIPS 9TO AN 9DOL5CE ( =GETFULNESS1 ATEMPORALITY1 & BLISSFULNESS ?AT ACTUALLY REPRES5TS ! V]Y ANNIHILATION ( P]SONALITY & SELFHOOD4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 ?IS 0AUTONOM\S EGO0 BECAME ! BUILD+ BLOCK ?AT AN>*I/S US$ TO CREATE V>I\S MOVEM5T-TYPE /RUCTURES ?AT (T5 GAVE IT A HI<LY SOCIAL & REVOLUTION>Y PAT9A4 ,SYNDICALISM1 TO CITE ! MO/ IMPORTANT CASE 9 PO9T1 BECAME ! >*ITECTURAL =M 9 :I* !SE BLOCKS W]E MO/ COMMONLY >RANG$--NOT AS A DEF9+ F\NDATION = AN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BUT AS A HI<LY UN/ABLE SUP]/RUCTURE4 ,:5 WORK]S 9 ! CLOS+ DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BECAME ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ 9 SOCIALISM1 UNIONISM1 ORGANIZATION1 DEMOCRACY1 & EV]YDAY /RUGGLES = BETT] LIV+ & WORK+ CONDITIONS1 AN>*ISM TOOK ON ! =M ( A RADICAL TRADE UNIONISM4 ,?IS ASSOCIATION WAS PREC>I\S AT BE/4 ,AL?\< BO? %>$ ! SAME LIB]T>IAN AMBIANCE1 SYNDICALISM EXI/$ 9 %>P T5SION ) ! BASIC 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT PURE AN>*I/S PRIZ$1 (T5 ABOVE--& AGA9/--ALL ORGANIZATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,BO? IDEOLOGIES--,M>XISM & AN>*ISM--EM]G$ AT TIMES :5 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES W]E /ILL 9 !IR 9FANCY & NATION-/ATES W]E /ILL 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ =M$4 ,:ILE ,M>X TRI$ TO CONCEPTUALIZE SMALL-SCALE1 (T5 WELL-$UCAT$ ,P>ISIAN CRAFTSM5 AS 0PROLET>IANS10 ,BAKUN9'S IMAG9ATION WAS CAU<T UP ) IMAGES ( SOCIAL B&ITS & PEASANT JACQU]IES4 ,BO? M51 TO BE SURE1 CONTRIBUT$ VALUABLE 9SI<TS TO REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 BUT !Y W]E REVOLUTION>IES :O =MULAT$ !IR IDEAS 9 A SOCIALLY LIMIT$ TIME4 ,!Y C\LD H>DLY BE EXPECT$ TO ANTICIPATE ! PROBLEMS ?AT EM]G$ DUR+ ! HECTIC C5TURY ?AT FOLL[$ !IR DEA?S4 ,A MAJOR PROBLEM FAC+ RADICAL SOCIAL ?\<T & ACTION TODAY IS TO DET]M9E :AT CAN BE 9CORPORAT$ FROM !IR TIME 9TO A NEW1 HI<LY DYNAMIC CAPITALI/ ]A ?AT HAS LONG TRANSC5D$ ! OLD SEMIFEUDAL WORLD ( 9DEP5D5T PEASANTS & CRAFTSM52 A NEW ]A1 ALSO1 ?AT HAS L>GELY DISC>D$ ! TEXTILE-METAL-/EAM 5G9E WORLD ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ) ITS BURGEON+ POPULATION ( TOTALLY DISPOSSESS$ PROLET>IAN MASSES4 ,!IR PLACE HAS BE5 TAK5 9 GREAT P>T BY TE*NOLOGIES ?AT CAN REPLACE LABOR 9 NE>LY ALL SPH]ES ( WORK & PROVIDE A DEGREE ( ABUNDANCE 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE ?AT ! MO/ IMAG9ATIVE UTOPIANS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY C\LD NOT HAVE ANTICIPAT$4 

,BUT JU/ AS ADVANCES 9 AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY ALWAYS TA9T ! MO/ VALUABLE ( HUMAN A*IEVEM5TS ) EVIL1 SO TOO ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION HAS PRODUC$ NEW PROBLEMS & POT5TIAL CRISES ?AT CALL = NEW MEANS TO DEAL ) !M4 ,!SE NEW MEANS MU/ GO BEYOND M]E PROTE/ IF !Y >E NOT TO SUFF] ! FATE ( MOVEM5TS SU* AS ! ,LUDDITES1 :O C\LD (F] LITTLE MORE ?AN A RETURN TO ! PA/ BY TRY+ TO DE/ROY ! TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS ( !IR ]A4 ,ANY ASSESSM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION IMM$IATELY RAISES ! QUE/ION ( ! FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT 9 A SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T ?AT IS NOT ONLY BESET BY NEW PROBLEMS BUT DEM&S NEW SOLUTIONS4 ,:AT APPROA* CAN 9CORPORATE ! BE/ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION--,M>XISM & AN>*ISM--9 WAYS & =MS ?AT SPEAK TO ! K9D ( PROBLEMS ?AT FACE ! PRES5T8 ,9DE$1 9 VIEW ( ! REM>KABLE DYNAMISM ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT *ANGES 9 ! NEW ONE WILL BE EV5 MORE SWEEP+1 IT N[ BEHOOVES US TO SPECULATE AB\T ! ANALYZES ?AT WILL EXPLA9 ITS =?COM+ DEVELOPM5T1 ! K9D ( CRISES IT IS LIKELY TO FACE1 & ! 9/ITUTIONS1 ME?ODS1 & MOVEM5TS ?AT CAN HOPE TO R5D] SOCIETY RATIONAL & N\RI%+ AS AN >5A = HUMAN CREATIVITY4 ,ABOVE ALL1 WE MU/ ?9K BEYOND ! IMM$IATE PRES5T & ITS PROXIMATE PA/ BY TRY+ TO ANTICIPATE PROBLEMS ?AT MAY LIE AT LEA/ A G5]ATION1 IF NOT FUR!R1 BEYOND A HI<LY TRANSITORY PRES5T4 

,:AT REMA9S V]Y CONTEMPOR>Y 9 ,M>X'S WRIT+S1 EV5 AFT] A C5TURY & A HALF1 IS ! 9SI<T !Y BR+ TO ! NATURE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>X FULLY EXPLOR$ ! COMPETITIVE =CES ?AT 9H]E 9 ! BUY]-SELL] EX*ANGE1 A RELATION%IP ?AT1 UND] CAPITALISM1 COMPELS ! B\RGEOISIE TO CONT9UALLY EXP& ITS 5T]PRISES & OP]ATIONS4 ,EV] S9CE ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY BECAME PREVAL5T OV] A SIZABLE >EA ( ! WORLD1 IT HAS BE5 GUID$ BY ! COMPETITIVE M>KET IMP]ATIVE ( 0GR[ OR DIE10 LEAD+ TO CONT9UAL 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION & ! CONSOLIDATION ( COMPET+ CONC]NS 9TO EV]-L>G]1 QUASI-MONOPOLI/IC COMPLEXES4 ,W\LD ! PROCESS ( CAPITAL CONC5TRATION CULM9ATE 9 A WORLDWIDE ECONOMY UND] ! TUTELAGE ( A FEW OR ( A S+LE CORPORATE 5TITY1 !REBY T]M9AT+ ! PROCESS ( ACCUMULATION & BR++ CAPITALISM TO AN 5D8 ,OR W\LD CAPITAL EXPANSION 7?AT IS1 GLOBALIZATION7 SO LEVEL M>KET DIFF]5TIALS ?AT ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES AS A S\RCE ( ACCUMULATION BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE8 ,!SE W]E S]I\S TOPICS ( DISCUSSION DUR+ ! HEYDAY ( CLASSICAL ,M>XISM4 ,!Y REMA9 CONUNDRUMS TODAY4 

,TODAY1 WE CAN SAY = C]TA9 ?AT EXI/+ QUASI-MONOPOLI/IC COMPLEXES FURI\SLY ACCEL]ATE ! RATE AT :I* SOCIETY UND]GOES ECONOMIC & SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,NOT ONLY DO FIRMS EXP& AT AN EV]-9CREAS+ PACE1 EI!R ANNIHILAT+ OR ABSORB+ !IR COMPETITORS1 BUT ! COMMODITIES !Y PRODUCE & ! RES\RCES !Y DEV\R AFFECT EV]Y CORN] ( ! PLANET4 ,GLOBALIZATION IS NOT UNIQUE TO MOD]N CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY & F9ANCE2 ! B\RGEOISIE HAS BE5 EAT+ ITS WAY 9TO ISOLAT$ & SEEM+LY SELF-CONTA9$ CULTURES = C5TURIES &1 EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 TRANS=M+ !M4 ,:AT IS UNUSUAL AB\T PRES5T-DAY GLOBALIZATION IS ! SCALE ON :I* IT IS OCCURR+ & ! F>-REA*+ IMPACT IT IS HAV+ ON CULTURES ?AT ONCE SEEM$ TO BE 9SULAT$ FROM MOD]N COMMODITY PRODUCTION & TRADE & FROM NATION-/ATE SOV]EIGNTY4 ,N[ ! PRESUMABLY 0QUA9T0 TRAITS ( PRECAPITALI/ PEOPLES HAVE BE5 TURN$ 9TO M>KETABLE ITEMS TO TITILLATE ,WE/]N T\RI/S :O PAY EXORBITANT PRICES TO 5JOY A PRESUMABLY 0PRIMITIVE0 ITEM OR EXP]I5CE4 

,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S CONSID]$ ?IS PROCESS ( EXP&+ 9DU/RIALIZATION & M>KET RELATIONS TO BE A PROGRESSIVE FEATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ 0/AGE0 ( HI/ORY1 & !Y EXPECT$ ?AT IT W\LD EV5TUALLY ELIM9ATE ALL PREEXI/+ T]RITORIAL1 CULTURAL1 NATIONAL1 & E?NIC TIES & REPLACE !M ) CLASS SOLID>ITY1 !REBY REMOV+ OB/ACLES TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,COMMODIFICATION1 ,M>X FAM\SLY EMPHASIZ$1 TURNS EV]Y?+ SOLID 9TO AIR4 ,IT ONCE ELIM9AT$ ! ECONOMIC EXCLUSIVITY ( GUILDS & O!R ECONOMIC B>RI]S TO 9NOVATION1 & IT CONT9UES TO CORRODE >T1 CRAFTS1 FAMILIAL TIES1 & ALL ! BONDS ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY--9DE$1 ALL ! HONOR$ TRADITIONS ?AT N\RI%$ ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 

,M>X SAW ! HOMOG5IZ+ EFFECTS ( GLOBALIZATION AS DE/RUCTIVE 9S(> AS !Y DISSOLV$ ! MEAN+FUL RELATION%IPS & S5TIM5TS ?AT KNITT$ SOCIETY TOGE!R2 BUT HIS =MULATION WAS NOT ONLY A CRITIQUE4 ,HE ALSO SAW !SE EFFECTS AS PROGRESSIVE 9S(> AS !Y CLE>$ AWAY PRECAPITALI/ & P>TICUL>I/IC DETRITUS4 ,TODAY1 RADICALS EMPHASIZE ?AT ! WORLDWIDE 9VASION ( ! COMMODITY 9TO SOCIETY IS OV]:ELM+LY DE/RUCTIVE4 ,CAPITALISM 7NOT SIMPLY GLOBALIZATION & CORPORATIZATION7 NOT ONLY TURNS EV]Y?+ SOLID 9TO AIR BUT REPLACES E>LI] TRADITIONS ) DI/9CTLY B\RGEOIS ATTRIBUTES4 ,IMPLICIT 9 ,M>X'S REM>KS WAS ! BELIEF ?AT GLOBALIZ$ CAPITALISM W\LD PROVIDE ! FUTURE ) A CLEAN SLATE ON :I* TO 9SCRIBE ! \TL9ES ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,BUT AS CAPITALISM WRITES ITS MESSAGE ( UNIQUELY B\RGEOIS VALUES1 IT CREATES POT5TIALLY MON/R\S DEVELOPM5TS ?AT MAY WELL UND]M9E SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF4 ,IT SUPPLANTS TRADITIONAL TIES ( SOLID>ITY & COMMUNITY ) AN ALL-P]VASIVE GRE$1 AN APPETITE = WEAL?1 A SY/EM ( MORAL ACC\NT+ FOCUS$ ON 0! BOTTOM L9E10 & A HE>TLESS DISREG>D = ! DESP]ATION ( ! POOR1 AG$1 & PHYSICALLY DISABL$4 

,NOT ?AT GRE$ & HE>TLESSNESS W]E ABS5T FROM CAPITALISM 9 ! PA/4 ,BUT 9 AN E>LI] TIME1 ! B\RGEOISIE WAS RELATIVELY M>G9AL & VULN]ABLE TO ! PATRONIZ+ \TLOOK ( ! L&$ NOBILITY2 PRE9DU/RIAL VALUES MORE OR LESS HELD CAPITALI/S 9 *ECK4 ,!N ! M>KET ECONOMY R5D]$ 9CREAS+LY PREVAL5T AN UNBRIDL$ CAPITALI/ SPIRIT ( SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T & UNFEEL+ EXPLOITATION4 ,NAK$ B\RGEOIS GRE$ & HE>TLESSNESS1 ILLUM9AT$ BY ! VIGILANCE ( GREAT WRIT]S SU* AS ,BALZAC & ,DICK5S1 PRODUC$ A WAVE ( REVULSION ?AT SWEPT OV] ! PEOPLE EXPOS$ TO IT4 ,9 PA/ EPO*S1 ! RI* W]E NEI!R ADMIR$ NOR TURN$ 9TO EMBODIM5TS ( VIRTUE4 ,! HONOR$ VIRTUE ( MO/ ( ! PRECAPITALI/ WORLD1 RA!R1 WAS NOT SELF-AGGR&IZEM5T BUT SELF-SACRIFICE1 NOT ACCUMULAT+ BUT GIV+1 H[EV] MU* !SE VIRTUES W]E HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*4 

,BUT TODAY1 CAPITALISM HAS P5ETRAT$ 9TO ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE4 ,GRE$1 AN 9ORD9ATE APPETITE = WEAL?1 AN ACC\NT+ M5TALITY1 & A DISDA9FUL VIEW ( POV]TY & 9FIRMITY HAVE BECOME A MORAL PA?OLOGY4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 B\RGEOIS TRAITS >E ! CELEBRAT$ SYMBOLS ( ! 0BEAUTIFUL PEOPLE0 &1 MORE SUBTLY1 ( YUPPIFI$ BABY BOOM]S4 ,!SE VALUES P]COLATE 9TO LESS =TUNATE /RATA ( ! POPULATION :O1 DEP5D+ UPON !IR [N RES\RCES1 VIEW ! =TUNATE ) 5VY1 EV5 AWE1 & GUILTILY T>GET !MSELVES = !IR [N LACK ( PRIVILEGE & /ATUS AS 0NE']-DO-WELLS40 

,9 ?IS NEW EMB\RGEOISEM5T1 ! DISPOSSESS$ H>BOR NO CLASS ANTAGONISMS T[>D ! 0RI* & BEAUTIFUL0 7A UNIQUE JUXTAPOSITION7 BUT RA!R E/EEM !M4 ,AT PRES5T1 POOR & MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE >E LESS LIKELY TO VIEW ! B\RGEOISIE ) HATR$ ?AN ) S]VILE ADMIRATION2 !Y 9CREAS+LY SEE ! ABILITY TO MAKE MONEY & ACCRUE WEAL? NOT AS 9DICATIVE ( A PR$ATORY DISPOSITION & ! ABS5CE ( MORAL SCRUPLES1 AS WAS ! CASE A FEW G5]ATIONS AGO1 BUT AS EVID5CE ( 9NATE ABILITIES & 9TELLIG5CE4 ,NEWS/&S & BOOK/ORES >E FILL$ ) A MASSIVE LIT]ATURE CELEBRAT+ ! LIFE/YLES1 C>E]S1 P]SONAL AFFAIRS1 & RI*ES ( ! NEW WEAL?Y1 :O >E HELD UP AS MODELS ( A*IEVEM5T & SUCCESS4 ,?AT !SE 0CELEBRITIES0 ( PO/MOD]NITY BUBBLE UP FROM OBSCURITY IS AN ADD$ ASSET3 IT SUGGE/S ?AT ! ADMIR+ BUT DEBT-BURD5$ READ] CAN ALSO 0MAKE IT0 9 A NEW B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,ANY OBSCURE C&IDATE CAN 0BECOME A MILLIONAIRE0--OR A MULTIMILLIONAIRE--M]ELY BY W9N+ 9 A TELEVISION GAME %[ OR A LOTT]Y4 ,! MYRIAD MILLIONS :O 5VY & ADMIRE ! B\RGEOISIE NO LONG] SEE ITS MEMB]S AS P>T ( A 0CLASS02 !Y >E RA!R A 0M]ITOCRACY10 :O HAVE BECOME1 AS A RESULT ( LUCK & EF=T1 W9N]S 9 ! LOTT]Y ( LIFE4 ,IF ,AM]ICANS ONCE WIDELY BELIEV$ ?AT ANYONE C\LD BECOME ! PRESID5T ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! NEW BELIEF HOLDS ?AT ANYONE CAN BECOME A MILLIONAIRE OR--:O KN[S8--ONE ( ! T5 RI*E/ PEOPLE 9 ! WORLD4 

,CAPITALISM1 9 TURN1 IS 9CREAS+LY ASSUM$ TO BE ! NATURAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS T[>D :I* HI/ORY HAS BE5 CONV]G+ = ?\S&S ( YE>S4 ,EV5 AS CAPITALISM IS A*IEV+ ?IS SPL5DOR1 WE >E WITNESS+ A DEGREE ( PUBLIC IGNORANCE1 FATUITY1 & SMUGNESS UNSE5 S9CE ! 9CEPTION ( ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,LIKE FA/ FOOD & QUICK SEX1 IDEAS & EXP]I5CES SIMPLY RACE ?R\< ! HUMAN M9D1 & F> FROM BE+ ABSORB$ & US$ AS BUILD+ BLOCKS = G5]ALIZATIONS1 !Y QUICKLY DISAPPE> TO MAKE ROOM = /ILL NEW] & FA/]-MOV+ IDEAS & EXP]I5CES ( AN EV]-MORE SUP]FICIAL OR DEGRAD$ *>ACT]4 ,EV]Y FEW YE>S1 IT W\LD SEEM1 A NEW G5]ATION 9ITIATES O/5SIBLY 0NEW CAUSES0 ?AT W]E EXHAU/$ ONLY A DECADE OR TWO E>LI]1 !REBY CA/+ 9TO IDEOLOGICAL OBLIVION 9VALUABLE LESSONS & KN[L$GE ?AT >E 9DISP5SABLE = A RADICAL SOCIAL PRACTICE4 ,EA* NEW G5]ATION HAS A CONCOMITANTLY >ROGANT NOTION ?AT HI/ORY BEGAN ONLY :5 IT WAS BORN2 H5CE1 ALL EXP]I5CES FROM ! PA/1 EV5 ! REC5T PA/1 >E TO BE IGNOR$4 ,?US1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ GLOBALIZATION1 :I* WAS F\<T = DECADES UND] ! RUBRIC ( ANTI-IMP]IALISM1 HAS BE5 RE9V5T$ & R5AM$4 

,! PROBLEM ( LO/ DEF9ITION & SPECIFICITY1 ( EV]Y?+ BE+ TURN$ 9TO 0AIR10 & ! DISA/R\S LOSS ( ! MEMORY ( EXP]I5CES & LESSONS VITAL TO E/ABLI%+ A ,LEFT TRADITION1 CONFRONTS ANY 5DEAVOR TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ! FUTURE4 ,!ORIES & CONCEPTS LOSE !IR DIM5SIONS1 !IR MASS1 !IR TRADITIONS1 & !IR RELEVANCE1 AS A RESULT ( :I* !Y >E ADOPT$ & DROPP$ ) JUV5ILE FLIPPANCY4 ,! *AUV9I/IC NOTION ( 0ID5TITY10 :I* IS ! BYPRODUCT ( CLASS & HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY1 IDEOLOGICALLY CORRODES ! CONCEPT ( 0CLASS10 PRIORITIZ+ A L>GELY PSY*OLOGICAL DI/9CTION AT ! EXP5SE ( A SOCIOPOLITICAL ONE4 0,ID5TITY0 BECOMES A HI<LY P]SONAL PROBLEM ) :I* 9DIVIDUALS MU/ WRE/LE PSY*OLOGICALLY & CULTURALLY RA!R ?AN A ROOT SOCIAL PROBLEM ?AT MU/ BE UND]/OOD BY & RESOLV$ ?R\< A RADICAL SOCIAL APPROA*4 

,9DE$1 ! B\RGEOISIE CAN EASILY REM$Y SU* A PROBLEM BY PROMOT+ E?NICALLY DISCRIM9AT$ EMPLOYES TO UPP]-LEVEL MANAG]S & BY PROMOT+ FEMALE LIEUT5ANTS 9 ! MILIT>Y 9TO MAJORS OR G5]ALS4 ,H5CE ! AMAZ+ WILL+NESS ?AT NEW 5T]PRISES & ! M$IA EXHIBIT 9 SELECT+ BLACKS & WOM5 = HI< SPOTS 9 !IR OP]ATIONS OR M$IA PRES5TATIONS4 ,BABY BOOM] CAPITALI/S SU* AS ,TOM ,PET]S1 :O SEASON !IR IDEAS ( NONHI]>*ICAL PRACTICES 9 BUS9ESS ADM9I/RATION ) DA%+LY AN>*IC TRAITS1 (T5 REG>D RACE & G5D] AS >*AISMS4 ,COL9 ,P[ELL HAS %[N ?AT EV5 ) AN ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN AS *AIRMAN ( ! ,JO9T ,*IEFS ( ,/AFF1 ! ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y CAN BE AS DEADLY AS IT NE$S TO BE1 & ,OPRAH ,W9FREY HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT :AT ,AM]ICANS READ OR BUY NE$S HAVE NO BE>+ ON ! RACE OR G5D] ( A TELEVISION PURVEYOR ( ?OSE COMMODITIES4 

,! MIDDLE & WORK+ CLASSES NO LONG] ?9K ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY AS /RUCTUR$ >\ND CLASSES4 ,CURR5T OP9ION HOLDS ?AT ! RI* >E DES]V+ & ! POOR >E NOT1 :ILE AN 9CALCULABLE NUMB] ( PEOPLE L+] BETWE5 ! CATEGORIES4 ,A HUGE SECTION ( PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD T5DS TO REG>D OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION AS RESIDUAL ABUSES1 NOT 9H]5T FEATURES ( A SPECIFIC SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY IS NEI!R RATIONALLY ANALYZ$ NOR =CEFULLY *ALL5G$2 IT IS PRUD5TLY PSY*OANALYZ$ & POLITELY COAX$1 AS ?\< SOCIAL PROBLEMS EM]GE FROM ]RATIC 9DIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR4 ,AL?\< /RID5T PROTE/S EXPLODE FROM TIME TO TIME1 A GR[+ G5TILITY IS WAT]+ D[N ! SEV]ITY ( SOCIAL DISPUTES & ANTAGONISMS1 EV5 AMONG PEOPLE :O PR(ESS LEFTI/ VIEWS4 

,:AT IS ABS5T 9 ?IS TYPE ( SPORADIC & ]UPTIVE OPPOSITION IS AN UND]/&+ ( ! CAUSAL CONT9UITIES ?AT ONLY S]I\S &1 ABOVE ALL1 RATIONAL EXPLORATIONS CAN REVEAL4 ,9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,SEATTLE REBELLION0 9 LATE ,NOVEMB] & E>LY ,DECEMB] #aiii AGA9/ ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION1 :AT WAS AT ISSUE WAS NOT ! SUB/ITUTION ( 0FAIR TRADE0 = 0FREE TRADE10 BUT H[ MOD]N SOCIETY PRODUCES ! WEAL? ( ! WORLD & DI/RIBUTES IT4 ,AL?\< SOME MILITANT DEMON/RATORS ATTEMPT$ TO 9VOKE ! 09JU/ICES0 ( CAPITALISM 7ACTUALLY1 CAPITALISM WAS NOT BE+ PECULI>LY 0UNJU/0 ANY MORE ?AN LE?AL BACILLI >E BE+ 0UNFAIR0 :5 !Y PRODUCE ILLNESS & DEA?71 F> FEW] ( ! DEMON/RATORS APPE>$ TO UND]/& ! LOGIC ( A M>KET ECONOMY4 ,IT HAS BE5 REPORT$ ?AT DUR+ ANTI-,W,T,O DEMON/RATIONS1 LITTLE LIT]ATURE WAS DI/RIBUT$ ?AT EXPLA9$ ! BASIC REASON = D5\NC+ ! ,W,T,O & PREV5T+ ITS DELEGATES FROM DO+ !IR BUS9ESS4 

,9DE$1 ! DEMON/RATION 9 ,SEATTLE1 LIKE ! ONE 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C1 ?AT FOLL[$ IT SEV]AL MON?S LAT]1 H[EV] WELL-MEANT1 CREAT$ ! ILLUSION ?AT ACTS ( M]E DISRUPTION1 :I* BECAME 9CREAS+LY /AG$1 CAN DO MORE ?AN MOD]ATE ! 0EXCESSES0 ( GLOBALIZATION4 ,! ,WA%+TON DEMON/RATION1 9 FACT1 WAS SO NEGOTIAT$ 9 *>ACT] ?AT ! POLICE ALL[$ ! DEMON/RATORS TO WALK ACROSS A *ALK$ L9E AS A M]E SYMBOL ( ILLEGALITY & !N ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE ESCORT$ 9TO BUSSES AS >RE/EES4 ,POLICE SPOKESM5 PLEASANTLY AGRE$ ?AT ! Y\NG DEMON/RATORS W]E 0DEC5T0 & 0SOCIALLY CONC]N$ KIDS0 :O MEANT WELL1 & ,W,T,O DELEGATES TOL]ANTLY ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ! DEMON/RATORS DREW !IR ATT5TION TO TR\BL+ ECONOMIC & 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS ?AT NE$$ CORRECTION4 ,UND\BT$LY1 ! AU?ORITIES EXPECT !SE 0SOCIALLY CONC]N$ KIDS0 TO EV5TUALLY GR[ UP & BECOME GOOD CITIZ5S4 

,RA!R ?AN MEAN+FUL PROTE/S1 ! DEMON/RATIONS W]E NOTEWOR?Y MA9LY BECAUSE PROTE/ ( ANY K9D IS SU* A R>ITY TODAY4 ,! LIMIT$ NUMB] ( P>TICIPANTS SEEM$ TO LACK AN 9-DEP? UND]/&+ ( :AT ! ,W,T,O REPRES5T$4 ,EV5 TO PROTE/ 0CAPITALISM0 IS SIMPLY TO VOICE AN OPPOSITION TO AN AB/RACT N\N1 :I* 9 ITSELF TELLS US NO?+ AB\T CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 !IR DYNAMIC1 !IR TRANS=MATION 9TO DE/RUCTIVE SOCIAL =CES1 ! PR]EQUISITES = UNDO+ !M1 & F9ALLY ! ALT]NATIVES ?AT EXI/ TO REPLACE !M4 ,FEW ( ! DEMON/RATORS APPE>$ TO KN[ ! ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS2 ?US1 !Y CA/IGAT$ CORPORATIONS & MULT9ATIONALS AS ?\< !SE >E NOT ! UNAVOIDABLE \TCOMES ( HI/ORIC =CES ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,W\LD ! DANG]S ( GLOBALIZATION BE REMOV$ FROM ! WORLD IF ! CORPORATIONS W]E SCAL$ D[N 9 SIZE8 ,MORE FUNDAM5TALLY1 C\LD SMALL] 5T]PRISES EV] HAVE BE5 PREV5T$ FROM DEVELOP+ 9TO 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL1 & F9ANCIAL GIANTS ?AT W\LD NOT DIFF] FROM MOD]N MULT9ATIONALS8 

,MY PO9T IS LESS TO ADVANCE CRITICISMS ?AN TO QUE/ION ! EXT5T TO :I* ! ,SEATTLE & ,WA%+TON DEMON/RATORS ADEQUATELY UND]/OOD ! PROBLEMS !Y W]E DEAL+ )4 ,9DE$1 :AT IS A DEMON/RATION MEANT TO DEMON/RATE8 ,IT MU/ NOT ONLY PROTE/ BUT ALSO CONFRONT (FICIAL P[] ) POPUL> P[]1 EV5 9 9CIPI5T =M4 ,DEMON/RATIONS >E MOBILIZATIONS ( SIZABLE NUMB]S ( S]I\S PEOPLE :O1 9 TAK+ TO ! /REETS1 9T5D TO LET ! AU?ORITIES KN[ ?AT !Y E>NE/LY OPPOSE C]TA9 ACTIONS BY ! P[]S-?AT-BE4 ,R$UC$ TO SU* ANTICS1 !Y BECOME SELF-DEFLAT+ =MS ( 5T]TA9M5T4 ,AS SU*1 !Y CON/ITUTE NO *ALL5GE TO ! AU?ORITIES2 9DE$1 :]E IDIOSYNCRATIC BEHAVIOR REPLACES =CEFUL OPPOSITION1 !Y %[ ! PUBLIC ?AT ADVOCATES ( !IR VIEW >E M]E ECC5TRICS :O NE$ NOT BE TAK5 S]I\SLY & :OSE CAUSE IS TRIVIAL4 ,)\T ! GRAVITAS ?AT COMM&S RESPECT--&1 YES1 ! DISCIPL9E ?AT REVEALS S]I\S 9T5TIONALITY--DEMON/RATIONS & O!R SU* MANIFE/ATIONS >E WORSE ?AN USELESS2 !Y H>M !IR CAUSE BY TRIVIALIZ+ IT4 

,A POLITICS ( M]E PROTE/1 LACK+ PROGRAMMATIC CONT5T1 A PROPOS$ ALT]NATIVE1 & A MOVEM5T TO GIVE PEOPLE DIRECTION & CONT9UITY1 CONSI/S ( LITTLE MORE ?AN EV5TS1 EA* ( :I* HAS A BEG9N+ & AN 5D BUT LITTLE MORE4 ,! SOCIAL ORD] CAN LIVE ) AN EV5T OR S]IES ( EV5TS & EV5 F9D ?IS PRAISEWOR?Y4 ,WORSE /ILL1 SU* A POLITICS LIVES OR DIES ACCORD+ TO AN AG5DA E/ABLI%$ BY ! SOCIAL ORD] IT OPPOSES4 ,CORPORATIONS PROPOS$ ! ,W,T,O2 !Y NE$$ WORLDWIDE P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,ORGANIZATION &1 9 !IR [N WAY1 G5]AT$ ! V]Y OPPOSITION ?AT N[ D5\NCES ITS LACK ( DEMOCRACY & LACK ( HUMAN5ESS4 ,!Y EXPECT$ OPPOSITION1 & ONLY POLICE AMATEURISM 9 ,SEATTLE LET IT GET SLI<TLY \T ( H&4 ,IT ILL-BECOMES SU* AN OPPOSITION TO !N PLAN TO PROTE/ ! NOM9AT+ CONV5TIONS ( MAJOR POLITICAL P>TIES :OSE V]Y EXI/5CE MANY DEMON/RATORS PR(ESS TO OPPOSE4 ,9DE$1 ! DEMON/RATORS1 H[EV] WELL-MEAN+1 LEGITIMATE ! EXI/5CE ( ! P>TIES BY CALL+ UPON !M TO ALT] !IR POLICIES ON 9T]NATIONAL TRADE1 AS ?\< !Y EV5 HAVE A JU/IFIABLE PLACE 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,A POLITICS ( PROTE/ IS NOT A POLITICS AT ALL4 ,IT OCCURS )9 P>AMET]S SET BY ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL SY/EM & M]ELY RESPONDS TO REM$IABLE ILLS1 (T5 M]E SYMPTOMS1 9/EAD ( *ALL5G+ ! SOCIAL ORD] AS SU*4 ,! MASK$ AN>*I/S :O JO9 9 !SE EV5TS BY SMA%+ W9D[S USE ! CLAMOR ( %ATT]$ GLASS TO GLAM\RIZE LIMIT$ /REET PROTE/S ) ! SEMBLANCE ( VIOL5CE & LITTLE MORE4 

,I HAVE NOT MADE !SE CRITICAL REM>KS AB\T ! /ATE ( ! ,LEFT TODAY 9 ORD] TO C>P AGA9/ PEOPLE1 ACTIVITIES1 & EV5TS1 OR FROM ANY G5]ATIONAL OR SECT>IAN DISDA94 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 MY CRITICISMS /EM FROM A DEEP SYMPA?Y = PEOPLE :O >E S5SITIVE TO 9JU/ICES & P>TICUL>LY = ?OSE /RIV+ TO REM$Y !M4 ,BETT] TO DO SOME?+ TO 5D ! SIL5CE ( POPUL> ACQUIESC5CE ?AN SIMPLY TO P]PETUATE ! COMPLAC5CY G5]AT$ BY A CONSUM]-ORI5T$ SOCIETY4 

,NOR HAVE ,I PRES5T$ MY CRITICISMS ( ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM--! MA9 PLAY]S 9 ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT--9 ORD] TO TRY TO A/\ND A NEW G5]ATION ( ACTIVI/S ) ! GR&EUR ( REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY ?AT !Y SOMEH[ MU/ MAT*4 ,AGA9 TO ! CONTR>Y1 ,I HAVE 9VOK$ ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT ( YE/]YE> NOT ONLY TO SUGGE/ :AT IT HAS TO TEA* US BUT ALSO TO NOTE ITS [N LIMITATIONS AS ! PRODUCT ( A DIFF]5T ]A & ONE ?AT1 = BETT] OR WORSE1 WILL NEV] RETURN4 ,:AT ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT HAS TO TEA* US IS ?AT IDEAS MU/ BE SY/EMATIC--COH]5T--IF !Y >E TO BE PRODUCTIVE & UND]/&ABLE TO PEOPLE :O >E S]I\SLY COMMITT$ TO BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,9DE$1 A FUTURE ,LEFT MU/ %[ ?AT ! SEEM+LY DISP>ATE PROBLEMS ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY >E CONNECT$ & /EM FROM A COMMON SOCIAL PA?OLOGY ?AT MU/ BE REMOV$ AS A TOTALITY4 ,MOREOV]1 NO ATTEMPTS TO *ANGE ! EXI/+ SOCIETY WILL EV] PROVE TO BE FUNDAM5TAL UNLESS WE UND]/& H[ ITS PROBLEMS >E 9T]CONNECT$ & H[ !IR SOLUTIONS CAN BE $UC$ FROM HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 RATIONALITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 

,BY COH]5CE1 ,I DO NOT MEAN ONLY A ME?ODOLOGY OR A SY/EM ( ?9K+ ?AT EXPLORES ROOT CAUSES1 BUT RA!R ?AT ! V]Y PROCESS ( ATTEMPT+ TO L9K TOGE!R ! V>I\S SOCIAL PA?OLOGIES TO UND]LY+ FACTORS & TO RESOLVE !M 9 !IR TOTALITY IS AN E?ICAL 5DEAVOR4 ,TO DECL>E ?AT HUMANITY HAS A POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM1 RATIONALITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS--&1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 ?AT ?IS POT5TIALITY IS NOT BE+ REALIZ$ TODAY--LEADS 9EXORABLY TO ! DEM& ?AT EV]Y SOCIETY JU/IFY ITS EXI/5CE ACCORD+ TO ! EXT5T TO :I* IT ACTUALIZES !SE NORMS4 ,ANY 5DEAVOR TO ASSESS A SOCIETY'S SUCCESS 9 A*IEV+ FRE$OM1 RATIONALITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS MAKES AN IMPLICIT JUDGM5T4 ,IT RAISES ! SE>+ QUE/ION ( :AT A SOCIETY 0%\LD BE0 )9 ITS MAT]IAL & CULTURAL LIMITS4 ,IT CON/ITUTES ! REALIZABLE IDEAL ?AT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T RAISES = ALL ?9K+ PEOPLE & ?AT1 UP TO N[1 HAS KEPT ALIVE MOVEM5TS = ! FULFILLM5T ( FRE$OM4 

,)\T ?AT IDEAL AS A CONT9UAL & ACTIVAT+ PRES5CE1 NO LA/+ MOVEM5T = HUMAN LIB]ATION IS POSSIBLE--ONLY SPORADIC PROTE/S ?AT !MSELVES MAY MASK ! BASIC IRRATIONALITY ( AN UNFREE SOCIETY BY SEEK+ TO COSMETICALLY REMOVE ITS BLEMI%ES4 ,BY CONTRA/1 A CON/ANT AW>5ESS ?AT A GIV5 SOCIETY'S IRRATIONALITY IS DEEP SEAT$1 ?AT ITS S]I\S PA?OLOGIES >E NOT ISOLAT$ PROBLEMS ?AT CAN BE CUR$ PIECEMEAL BUT MU/ BE SOLV$ BY SWEEP+ *ANGES 9 ! (T5 HIDD5 S\RCES ( CRISIS & SUFF]+--?AT AW>5ESS ALONE IS :AT CAN HOLD A MOVEM5T TOGE!R1 GIVE IT CONT9UITY1 PRES]VE ITS MESSAGE & ORGANIZATION BEYOND A GIV5 G5]ATION1 & EXP& ITS ABILITY TO DEAL ) NEW ISSUES & DEVELOPM5TS4 

,TOO (T51 IDEAS MEANT TO YIELD A C]TA9 PRACTICE >E 9/EAD TRANSPORT$ 9TO ! ACADEMY1 AS F>E = 05RI*+0 A CURRICULUM &1 ( C\RSE1 G5]AT+ JOBS = ! GR[+ PR(ESSORIAT4 ,SU* HAS BE5 ! UNHAPPY FATE ( ,M>XISM1 :I*1 ONCE AN EMBATTL$ & CREATIVE BODY ( IDEAS1 HAS N[ ACQUIR$ ACADEMIC RESPECTABILITY--TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT IS EV5 REG>D$ AS WOR?Y ( /UDY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! R\T9E USE ( ! WORD 0ACTIVI/0 RAISES PROBLEMS ?AT CAN BE UN9T5TIONALLY REGRESSIVE4 ,CAN !RE BE ACTION )\T 9SI<T 9TO ! NATURE ( SOCIAL ILLS & A !ORETICAL UND]/&+ ( ! MEASURES NE$$ TO RESOLVE !M8 ,CAN ! ACTIVI/ EV5 ACT MEAN+FULLY & EFFECTIVELY )\T DRAW+ UPON ! RI* BODY ( EXP]I5CES & IDEAS ?AT HAVE GR[N OV] ! YE>S & ?AT CAN %[ US ! PITFALLS ?AT LIE BEL[ ! SURFACE1 OR ! MANY /RATEGIES ?AT HAVE BE5 TE/$ BY E>LI] G5]ATIONS8 

,9 :AT LIKELY DIRECTIONS IS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY DEVELOP+ 9 ! COM+ C5TURY1 & :AT >E ! MO/ BASIC PROBLEMS IT IS RAIS+ = HUMANITY8 ,IS !RE ANY SPECIAL SECTOR1 CLASS1 OR GR\P 9 SOCIETY TO :I* WE MU/ APPEAL IF WE >E TO HOPE TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T8 ,:AT K9D ( MOVEM5T & 9/ITUTIONS MU/ WE CREATE ?AT WILL PLAY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 SOCIAL *ANGE8 ,DO WE NE$ ANY WELL-ORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T AT ALL1 OR WILL \R HOP$-= *ANGES OCCUR SPONTANE\SLY1 EM]G+ \T ( DEMON/RATIONS >\ND SPECIFIC ISSUES OR /REET FE/IVALS OR COMMUNIT>IAN 5T]PRISES SU* AS CO-OPS1 ALT]NATIVE 5T]PRISES1 & ! LIKE8 ,OR DO WE HAVE TO BUILD POLITICAL 5TITIES1 & IF SO1 :AT K9D8 ,:AT IS ! RELATION%IP ( A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO !SE NEW POLITICAL 5TITIES8 ,& H[ %\LD P[] BE SITUAT$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY8 ,F9ALLY1 :AT E?ICAL CONSID]ATIONS %\LD GUIDE US 9 \R EF=TS8 

,M>XISM FAIL$ TO =M AN ADEQUATE PICTURE ( ! WORK] AS A MANY-SID$ HUMAN BE+ & 9DE$ FETI%IZ$ HIM OR H] TO ! PO9T ( ABSURDITY4 ,IT DID NOT NORMALLY SEE WORK]S AS MORE ?AN ECONOMIC 5TITIES1 BUT RA!R 5D[$ !M ) SEMIMY/ICAL PROP]TIES AS REVOLUTION>Y AG5TS1 POSSESS$ ( SECRET P[]S TO UND]/& !IR 9T]E/S & A UNIQUE S5SITIVITY TO RADICAL POSSIBILITIES 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,TO READ ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,LEON ,TROTSKY1 ! SYNDICALI/ PROPAG&I/S1 & EV5 RUN-(-!-MILL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS IS TO S5SE ?AT !Y HELD ! SOCIALI/ JUDGM5T ( WORK]S 9 AWE & IMBU$ !M ) REM>KABLE REVOLUTION>Y P[]S4 ,?AT WORK]S C\LD ALSO BECOME FASCI/S OR REACTION>IES WAS 9CONCEIVABLE4 

,?IS MY/IFICATION HAS NOT 5TIRELY BE5 DISPELL$1 BUT EV5 SO1 WE MU/ ASK1 :I* P>T ( SOCIETY CAN PLAY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 RADICAL *ANGE TODAY8 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! LEVEL+ ROLE ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM & ! 9CREAS+ DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL /RUGGLES ALONG EV]-VAGU] L9ES HAS OP5$ UP A VI/A MU* DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* ONCE HYPNOTIZ$ ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT4 ,! TE*NOLOGICAL LEVEL ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION WAS HI<LY LABOR 9T5SIVE2 ! BRUTI% EXPLOITATION ( LABOR & ! SIMPLIFICATION ( ! WORK PROCESS ) ITS CONSEQU5T DE/RUCTION ( SKILLS BY A DEAD5+ DIVISION ( LABOR MADE IT POSSIBLE = ,M>X & O!R !ORI/S TO S+LE \T ! PROLET>IAT AS ! PR9CIPAL VICTIM ( CAPITALISM & ?US ! PR9CIPAL 5G9E ( ITS DEMISE4 

,AL?\< MANY TRADITIONAL FACTORIES >E /ILL ) US1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA !Y >E GIV+ WAY TO HI<LY SKILL$ & DIFF]5TIAT$ SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION4 ,MANY NEW /RATA CAN NO LONG] BE REG>D$1 EXCEPT 9 ! MO/ ELA/IC WAY1 AS 0WORK]S0 9 ANY 9DU/RIAL S5SE4 ,SU* PEOPLE >E EV5 BECOM+ ! MAJORITY ( ! 0WORK+ CLASS10 :ILE ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 7CONTR>Y TO ,M>X'S EXPECTATIONS7 IS VISIBLY BECOM+ AN EV]-SMALL] M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,= ! PRES5T1 AT LEA/1 !SE WORK]S >E WELL PAID 7(T5 RECEIV+ SAL>IES RA!R ?AN WAGES71 CONSUM] ORI5T$ 9 TA/ES1 & F> REMOV$ FROM A WORK+-CLASS \TLOOK & A DISPOSITION TO HOLD LEFTI/ SOCIAL VIEWS4 

,CAPITALISM1 9 EFFECT1 IS CREAT+ ! BASES = A POPULI/ POLITICS--HOPEFULLY A RADICAL & ULTIMATELY REVOLUTION>Y ONE--?AT IS FOCUS$ ON ! BROAD5+ & EXP&+ ( PR(ESSIONAL OPPORTUNITIES1 ! QUALITY ( LIFE1 & A MORE PLEASANT 5VIRONM5T4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 MATUR+ CAPITALISM CAN PROP]LY BE DESCRIPTIVELY DIVID$ 9TO /RATA ( ! WEAL?Y1 ! WELL-(F1 ! COM=TABLE1 & ! POOR4 ,9DU/RIAL WAGE WORK]S 9 ! ,WE/ HAVE MORE 9 COMMON ) SAL>I$ TE*NICIANS & PR(ESSIONALS ?AN ) UND]PAID UNSKILL$ WORK]S 9 ! S]VICE SECTOR ( FA/-FOOD RE/AURANTS & RETAIL SALES & ! LIKE1 LET ALONE ) ! NE>LY LUMP5IZ$ POOR4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ECONOMIC CRISES1 SOCIAL DISQUIET MAY FOCUS ON FE>S ( CRIME1 %ORTCOM+S 9 PUBLIC S]VICES & $UCATION1 ! DECL9E ( TRADITIONAL VALUES1 & ! LIKE4 ,MORE MOM5T\SLY1 ?IS POPULI/ \TLOOK FE>S 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( OP5 SPACES1 & ! GR[+ CONGE/ION ( ONCE-HUMAN-SCAL$ COMMUNITIES--9DE$1 ( COMMUNITY LIFE 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS4 

,= MORE ?AN A HALF-C5TURY1 CAPITALISM HAS MANAG$ NOT ONLY TO AVOID A *RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS ( ! K9D ,M>X EXPECT$ BUT ALSO TO CONTROL CRISES ?AT POT5TIALLY HAD A HI<LY EXPLOSIVE *>ACT]4 ,AS A SY/EM1 CAPITALISM IS ONE ( ! MO/ UN/ABLE ECONOMIES 9 HI/ORY & H5CE IS ALWAYS UNPR$ICTABLE4 ,BUT EQUALLY UNC]TA9 IS ! TRADITIONAL RADICAL NOTION ?AT IT MU/ SLIP ) UNFAIL+ REGUL>ITY 9TO P]IODIC CRISES AS WELL AS *RONIC ONES4 ,! G5]AL POPULATION 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS DISPLAY$ A REM>KABLE CONFID5CE 9 ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ECONOMY2 MORE ?AN #d P] C5T ( ,U4,S4 FAMILIES HAVE N[ 9VE/$ 9 ! /OCK M>KET & ACCEPT ITS HUGE SW+S )\T BE+ SWEPT UP BY PANICS SU* AS ?OSE ?AT AFFLICT$ F9ANCIAL M>KETS 9 ! PA/4 ,A /RICTLY CLASS-ORI5T$ POLITICS BAS$ ON 9DU/RIAL WORK]S HAS REC$$1 & ! ,LEFT N[ FACES ! IMP]ATIVE TO CREATE A POPULI/ POLITICS ?AT REA*ES \T TO 0! PEOPLE0 AS !Y >E TODAY1 9 ANTICIPATION ?AT !Y CAN N[ MORE EASILY BE RADICALIZ$ BY ISSUES ?AT CONC]N !IR COMMUNITIES1 !IR CIVIL LIB]TIES1 !IR OV]ALL 5VIRONM5T1 & ! 9TEGRITY ( !IR SUPPLIES ( FOOD1 AIR1 & WAT]1 NOT SIMPLY BY A FOCUS ON ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & WAGE ISSUES4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ECONOMIC ISSUES CANNOT BE OV]/AT$1 BUT ESPECIALLY 9 P]IODS ( RELATIVE WELL-BE+1 A FUTURE ,LEFT WILL BE SUCCESSFUL ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT ADDRESSES ! PUBLIC AS A 0PEOPLE0 RA!R ?AN AS A CLASS1 A POPULATION :OSE DISQUIET HAS AT LEA/ AS MU* TO DO ) FRE$OMS1 QUALITY ( LIFE1 & FUTURE WELL-BE+ AS IT DOES ) ECONOMIC CRISES & MAT]IAL 9SECURITY4.<#c#h.> 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 A FUTURE ,LEFT CAN HOPE TO EX]CISE 9FLU5CE ONLY IF IT CAN MOBILIZE PEOPLE ON ISSUES ?AT CUT ACROSS CLASS L9ES4 ,FROM ,M>X'S DAY UNTIL ! #a#i#cS1 ! PR9CIPAL VICTIMS ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION APPE>$ TO BE WORK]S AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 IT WAS >GU$1 ALL[$ ! PEASANTRY TO GA9 GREAT] CONTROL ( ! L&1 & ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY GRANT$ ! L[] MIDDLE CLASSES A MAJOR PLACE 9 ALL SPH]ES ( ,FR5* SOCIETY4 ,BUT !Y LEFT ONE CLASS UNSATISFI$3 ! EM]G+ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 :I* WAS SUBJECT$ TO H>% WORK+ CONDITIONS1 PREV5T$ FROM ORGANIZ+1 & SUFF]$ A DECL9+ /&>D ( LIV+4 ,5GELS PORTRAY$ A WORK+-CLASS LIFE BAS$ ON ! ,5GLI% PROLET>IAT ( #ahdd AT ! HEI<T ( ! FIR/ ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION2 ,M>X >GU$ ?AT ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & ! DISPLACEM5T ( WORK]S BY MA*9ES W\LD CREATE 9SUFF]ABLE MIS]Y 9 ! FACTORIES ( ,5GL& & ! CONT95T4 ,?IS ANTICAPITALI/ VISION WAS PR$ICAT$ ON ! BELIEF ?AT ! PROLET>IAT'S MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE W\LD WORS5 /EADILY :ILE ITS NUMB]S W\LD 9CREASE TO A PO9T :]E IT BECAME ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4 

,BY ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 H[EV]1 !SE PR$ICTIONS W]E ALREADY FALL+ %ORT1 & BY #aie !Y W]E :OLLY DISCR$IT$4 ,:AT ) ! SOPHI/ICATION ( MA*9]Y1 ! APPE>ANCE ( ELECTRONICS1 ! SPECTACUL> 9CREASE 9 MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION1 ! RISE ( ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 & ! LIKE1 ! PROPORTION ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S TO ! POPULATION AT-L>GE WAS DIM9I%+1 NOT RIS+4 ,MOREOV]1 DUE 9 L>GE P>T TO ! /RUGGLES ( LEGAL TRADE UNIONS TO IMPROVE ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 P>TICUL>1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR WAS BE+ SIGNIFICANTLY MUT$4 ,M>XISM1 !N1 WAS CLE>LY BOX$ 9TO ! CLASS RELATIONS ( A HI/ORICALLY LIMIT$ P]IOD1 ! ]A ( ! FIR/ ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,F> FROM BECOM+ PROLET>IANIZ$ OR DECL9+ TO A M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION AS ,M>X HAD PR$ICT$1 ! MIDDLE CLASS RETA9$ ! PSY*OLOGY & CONSCI\SNESS ( PEOPLE :O C\LD HOPE = AN EV]-HI<] /ATUS4 ,PROP]TYLESS AS IT MAY HAVE BE5 9 REALITY & (T5 C[$ BY ! REAL B\RGEOISIE1 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE WAS 7& REMA9S TO A GREAT EXT5T7 CONV9C$ ?AT IT HAS A PRIVILEG$ PLACE 9 ! M>KET ECONOMY & 5T]TA9S EXPECTATIONS ?AT IT CAN CLIMB UPW>D ON ! SOCIAL LADD] ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,IF ANY?+1 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS MADE SUFFICI5T GA9S ?AT IT EXPECTS ITS *ILDR51 EQUIPP$ ) A BETT] $UCATION ?AN !IR P>5TS1 TO /EP UPW>D 9 LIFE4 ,MILLIONS ( SMALL PROP]TY [N]S 9VE/ 9 F9ANCIAL M>KETS4 ,WORK]S N[ DESCRIBE !MSELVES AS 0MIDDLE CLASS0 OR1 ) A NUANCE ?AT HEI<T5S ! DIGNITY ( LABOR1 AS 0WORK+ FAMILIES40 ,COMBATIVE & EXCLUSIVE EXPRESSIONS LIKE 0WORK]S10 0TOIL]S10 & 0LABOR]S0 ?AT ONCE IMPLICITLY H9T$ AT ! EXI/5CE ( CLASS /RUGGLE >E N[ US$ ) 9CREAS+ R>ITY OR NOT AT ALL4 

,! %>P L9ES ?AT ONCE DI/+UI%$ A FACTORY'S ACC\NT+ (FICE FROM ! PROLET>IAT >E BE+ BLURR$ IDEOLOGICALLY & EAT+ AWAY AT WORK+-CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,NOT)/&+ ,M>X'S !ORY ( HI/ORY AS AN ACC\NT ( CLASS /RUGGLES1 ) ITS MANY TRU?S1 A CLASS IS NO MORE AU!NTIC ?AN ! CONSCI\SNESS ) :I* IT VIEWS REALITY4 ,NO WORK] IS TRULY A CLASS BE+1 H[EV] MU* HE IS EXPLOIT$1 :5 HE VIEWS SOCIAL LIFE 9 B\RGEOIS T]MS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE LE>N$ ?IS FACT QUITE E>LY :5 IT EXPLOIT$ E?NIC1 RELIGI\S1 G5D]1 & CRAFT DIVISIONS )9 ! PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE4 ,H5CE1 ! BLUE- OR :ITE-COLL> WORK] IS A CLASS BE+ ACCORD+ TO H[ %E ?9KS ( H]SELF1 RELATES TO H] BOSS1 & HOLDS EXPECTATIONS 9 LIFE4 ,A WORK] )\T A COMBATIVE CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IS NO MORE AN EXPLOIT$ PROLET>IAN1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 ?AN A POLICEMAN IS AN ORD9>Y WORK]4 ,RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS' MY/IFICATION ( ! WORK] HAS ITS ORIG9S 9 !IR IMPUTATION ?AT 0CONSCI\SNESS FOLL[S BE+10 ?AT IS1 :5 ! WORK] RECOGNIZES ?AT HE IS EXPLOIT$ & ?AT CAPITALISM IS HIS SOCIAL 5EMY4 

,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN = A FUTURE ,LEFT8 ,UNLESS CAPITALISM UNEXPECT$LY COLLAPSES 9TO A MAJOR *RONIC CRISIS 79 :I* CASE1 WORK]S MAY WELL TURN TO ! FASCISM ( A ,LE ,P5 9 ,FRANCE OR ! REACTIONISM ( A ,BU*ANAN 9 ! ,U4,S471 !N ! ,LEFT MU/ FOCUS ON ISSUES ?AT >E 9T]CLASS 9 NATURE1 ADDRESS+ ! MIDDLE AS WELL AS ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BY ! V]Y LOGIC ( ITS GR[-OR-DIE IMP]ATIVE1 CAPITALISM MAY WELL BE PRODUC+ ECOLOGICAL CRISES ?AT GRAVELY IMP]IL ! 9TEGRITY ( LIFE ON ?IS PLANET4 ,! \TPUTS ( FACTORIES & ! RAW MAT]IAL 9DU/RIES1 ! DE/RUCTIVE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES1 & ! CONSUMPTION PATT]NS 9 PRIVILEG$ P>TS ( ! WORLD >E SIMPLIFY+ ! HI<LY COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL TIES ?AT EM]G$ OV] MILLIONS ( YE>S ( NATURAL EVOLUTION1 R$UC+ HI<LY F]TILE >EAS TO CONCRETE L&SCAPES1 TURN+ USABLE WAT] 9TO AN 9CREAS+LY DEGRAD$ RES\RCE1 SURR\ND+ ! PLANET ) A C>BON DIOXIDE LAY] ?AT ?REAT5S TO RADICALLY *ANGE ! CLIMATE1 & OP5+ DANG]\S HOLES 9 ! OZONE LAY]4 ,RIV]S1 LAKES1 & OCEANS >E BECOM+ G>BAGE DUMPS = POISON\S & LIFE-9HIBIT+ WA/ES4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y TANGIBLE COMPON5T ( DAILY LIFE1 FROM ! FOOD ON ! D9N] TABLE TO SUB/ANCES US$ 9 ! WORKPLACE1 IS BECOM+ POLLUT$ ) KN[N OR POT5TIALLY DANG]\S TOXICANTS4 ,CITIES >E GR[+ 9TO VA/1 POLLUT$1 SPRAWL+ 5VIRONM5TS :OSE POPULATIONS >E L>G] ?AN ?OSE ( MANY NATION-/ATES ONLY A FEW DECADES AGO4 ,! EQUATORIAL BELT ( TROPICAL =E/S ?AT SURR\ND ! PLANET'S L& >EAS & L>GE P>TS ( ! TEMP]ATE ZONES >E BE+ DE=E/$ & D5UD$ ( !IR COMPLEX LIFE-=MS4 

,YET = CAPITALISM TO DESI/ FROM ITS M9DLESS EXPANSION W\LD BE = IT TO COMMIT SOCIAL SUICIDE4 ,BY DEF9ITION1 CAPITALISM IS A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY ?AT CANNOT CEASE TO EXP&4 ,! PROBLEMS IT MAY BE CREAT+ = HUMANITY AS A :OLE--PROBLEMS ?AT TRANSC5D CLASS DIFF]5CES--CAN EASILY BECOME ! BASES = A VA/ CRITIQUE IF CURR5T 5VIRONM5TALI/S >E WILL+ TO RAISE !IR CONC]NS TO ! LEVEL ( A RADICAL SOCIAL ANALYSIS & ORGANIZE NOT SIMPLY >\ND SAV+ A SELECT SPECIES OR >\ND ! VICES ( AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTUR]S BUT >\ND REPLAC+ ! EXI/+ IRRATIONAL ECONOMY BY A RATIONAL ONE4 ,! FACT ?AT ! NUCLE> 9DU/RY /ILL EXI/S MU/ BE SE5 NOT SIMPLY AS AN ABUSE OR A MATT] ( /UPIDITY1 = EXAMPLE1 BUT AS AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( A GREAT] :OLE3 ! NE$ = AN 9DU/RY 9 A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY TO GR[ & \TCOMPETE ITS RIVALS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! SUCCESSES ( ! *EMICAL 9DU/RY 9 PROMOT+ ! USE ( TOXICANTS 9 AGRICULTURE1 & ! GR[+ \TPUT ( ! AUTOMOBILE & PETROLEUM 9DU/RIES--ALL MU/ BE SE5 AS ! RESULTS ( ! 9N] WORK+S ( A DEEPLY 5TR5*$ SY/EM4 ,NOT ONLY WORK]S BUT ! PUBLIC MU/ BE $UCAT$ 9 ! REALITY ?AT \R EM]G+ ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS /EM FROM \R IRRATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,ISSUES SU* AS G5D] DISCRIM9ATION1 RACISM1 & NATIONAL *AUV9ISM MU/ BE RECA/ NOT ONLY AS CULTURAL & SOCIAL REGRESSIONS BUT AS EVID5CE ( ! ILLS PRODUC$ BY HI]>*Y4 ,A GR[+ PUBLIC AW>5ESS MU/ BE FO/]$ 9 ORD] TO RECOGNIZE ?AT OPPRESSION 9CLUDES NOT ONLY EXPLOITATION BUT ALSO DOM9ATION1 & ?AT IT IS BAS$ NOT ONLY ON ECONOMIC CAUSES BUT ON CULTURAL P>TICUL>ISMS ?AT DIVIDE PEOPLE ACCORD+ TO SEXUAL1 E?NIC1 & SIMIL> TRAITS4 ,:]E !SE ISSUES COME TO ! =EGR\ND 9 ! =M ( PAT5T ABUSES1 A CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MU/ EXP& !IR IMPLICATIONS TO %[ ?AT SOCIETY AS IT EXI/S IS BASICALLY IRRATIONAL & DANG]\S4 

,SU* A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T NE$S A DI/9CTIVE BODY ( TACTICS DESIGN$ TO EXP& ! SCOPE ( ANY ISSUE1 H[EV] RE=MI/ IT MAY SEEM AT FIR/ GLANCE1 /EADILY RADICALIZ+ IT & GIV+ IT A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y ?RU/4 ,IT %\LD MAKE NO AGREEM5T ) LIB]ALS & ! B\RGEOISIE ON RETA9+ ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,IF ! SOLUTION TO A SPECIFIC 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEM SEEMS FAIRLY PRAGMATIC1 !N ! MOVEM5T MU/ REG>D IT AS A /EP = WID5+ A P>TLY OP5 DOOR UNTIL IT CAN %[ ?AT ! 5TIRE ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM IS SY/EMIC & EXPOSE IT AS SU* TO PUBLIC VIEW4 ,?US1 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T %\LD 9SI/ NOT ONLY ON BLOCK+ ! CON/RUCTION ( A NUCLE> PLANT BUT ON %UTT+ D[N ALL NUCLE> PLANTS & REPLAC+ !M ) ALT]NATIVE 5]GY S\RCES ?AT 5HANCE ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,IT %\LD REG>D NO LIMIT$ GA9S AS CONCLUSIVE BUT RA!R MU/ CLE>LY L9K A GIV5 DEM& TO ! NE$ = BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! SAME /RATEGY APPLIES TO ! USE ( *EMICALS 9 AGRICULTURE1 CURR5T AGRICULTURAL ME?ODS ( GR[+ FOOD1 ! MANUFACTURE ( H>MFUL MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 ! MANUFACTURE ( DANG]\S H\SEHOLD PRODUCTS2 9DE$1 EV]Y ITEM :OSE PRODUCTION & USE DEBASES ! 5VIRONM5T & DEGRADES HUMAN VALUES4 

,I HAVE EXAM9$ ELSE:]E ! REASONS :Y P[] CANNOT BE IGNOR$--A PROBLEM ?AT BELEAGU]$ ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,BUT CAN WE CONCEIVE ( A POPUL> MOVEM5T GA9+ P[] )\T AN AG5CY ?AT CAN PROVIDE IT ) GUIDANCE8 ,A REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT ?AT SEEKS TO ADVANCE FROM PROTE/ DEMON/RATIONS TO REVOLUTION>Y DEMON/RATIONS MU/ RESOLUTELY CONFRONT ! PROBLEM ( ORGANIZATION4 ,I SPEAK H]E NOT ( AD HOC PLANN+ GR\PS BUT RA!R ( ! CREATION & MA9T5ANCE ( AN ORGANIZATION ?AT IS 5DUR+1 /RUCTUR$1 & BROADLY PROGRAMMATIC4 ,SU* AN ORGANIZATION CON/ITUTES A DEF9ABLE 5TITY & MU/ BE /RUCTUR$ >\ND LA/+ & =MAL 9/ITUTIONS TO MAKE IT OP]ATIONAL2 IT MU/ CONTA9 A RESPONSIBLE MEMB]%IP ?AT FIRMLY & KN[L$GEABLY ADH]ES TO ITS IDEALS2 & IT MU/ ADVANCE A SWEEP+ PROGRAM = SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT CAN BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO EV]YDAY PRACTICE4 ,AL?\< SU* AN ORGANIZATION MAY JO9 A COALITION 7OR UNIT$ FRONT1 AS ! TRADITIONAL ,LEFT CALL$ IT71 IT MU/ NOT DISAPPE> 9TO SU* A COALITION OR SURR5D] ITS 9DEP5D5CE1 LET ALONE ITS ID5TITY4 ,IT MU/ RETA9 ITS [N NAME AT ALL TIMES & BE GUID$ BY ITS [N /ATUTES4 ,! ORGANIZATION'S PROGRAM MU/ BE ! PRODUCT ( A REASON$ ANALYSIS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ?AT FACE SOCIETY1 !IR HI/ORICAL S\RCES & !ORETICAL FUNDAM5TS1 & ! CLE>LY VISIBLE GOALS ?AT FOLL[ FROM ! POT5TIALITIES & REALITIES = SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,ONE ( ! GREATE/ PROBLEMS ?AT REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! PA/ FAC$1 FROM ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY TO ! ,SPANI% 9 ! TW5TIE?1 WAS !IR FAILURE TO CREATE A RESOLUTE1 WELL-/RUCTUR$1 & FULLY 9=M$ ORGANIZATION ) :I* TO C\NT] !IR REACTION>Y OPPON5TS4 ,FEW UPRIS+S EXP& BEYOND ! LIMITS ( A RIOT )\T ! GUIDANCE ( A KN[L$GEABLE LEAD]%IP4 ,! MY? ( ! PURELY SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION CAN BE DISPAT*$ BY A C>EFUL /UDY ( PA/ UPRIS+S 7AS ,I HAVE ATTEMPT$ 9 MY [N WORK1 ! F\R-VOLUME HI/ORY CALL$ ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION74 ,EV5 9 SELF-CONSCI\SLY LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 LEAD]%IP ALWAYS EXI/$ 9 ! =M ( 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS10 SPIRIT$ M5 & WOM5 :O CON/ITUT$ ! NUCLEI >\ND :I* CR[DS TRANS=M$ /REET PROTE/S 9TO \TRI<T 9SURRECTIONS4 ,9 HIS FAM\S ET*+ ,! ,REVOLT1,DAUMI] 9TUITIVELY FOCUSES ON A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 AMID O!R REBELS1 :O RAISES ! CRY ?AT BR+S ! MASSES 9TO MOTION4 ,EV5 9 SEEM+LY 0SPONTANE\S 9SURRECTIONS10 ADVANC$ MILITANTS1 SCATT]$ ?R\<\T REBELLI\S CR[DS1 SPURR$ ! UNC]TA9 MASSES ON TO FUR!R ACTION4 ,CONTR>Y TO AN>*I/IC MY?S1 NONE ( ! SOVIETS1 C\NCILS1 & COMMITTEES ?AT >OSE 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g1 ,G]MANY 9 #a#i#a#h1 & ,SPA9 9 #aicf W]E =M$ SIMPLY ( !IR [N ACCORD4 ,9V>IABLY1 SPECIFIC MILITANTS 7A EUPHEMISM = LEAD]S7 TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 =M+ !M & 9 GUID+ 9EXP]I5C$ MASSES T[>D ! ADOPTION ( A RADICAL C\RSE ( ACTION4 

,ABSORB$ AS !Y W]E ) MAK+ CONCRETE & IMM$IATE DEM&S1 FEW ( !SE C\NCILS & COMMITTEES HAD A BROAD OV]VIEW ( ! SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES OP5$ BY ! 9SURRECTIONS !Y 9ITIAT$ OR A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ! 5EMIES !Y HAD TEMPOR>ILY DEFEAT$4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS /ATESM5 KNEW ONLY TOO WELL H[ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES1 ?ANKS TO !IR CONSID]ABLE EXP]I5CE AS 5TREPR5EURS1 POLITICAL LEAD]S1 & MILIT>Y COMM&]S4 ,BUT ! WORK]S TOO (T5 LACK$ ! KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE SO VITAL TO DEVELOP+ SU* A P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT REMA9S A TRAGIC IRONY ?AT 9SURRECTIONS NOT DEFEAT$ \TRI<T BY SUP]IOR MILIT>Y =CES (T5 FROZE 9TO IMMOBILITY ONCE !Y TOOK P[] FROM !IR CLASS 5EMIES & R>ELY TOOK ! ORGANIZATIONAL /EPS NECESS>Y TO RETA9 !IR P[]4 ,)\T A !ORETICALLY TRA9$ & MILITANT ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD DEVELOP$ A BROAD SOCIAL VISION ( ITS TASKS & C\LD (F] WORK]S PRACTICAL PROGRAMS = COMPLET+ ! REVOLUTION ?AT !Y HAD 9ITIAT$1 REVOLUTIONS QUICKLY FELL AP>T = LACK ( FUR!R ACTION4 ,!IR SUPPORT]S1 ZEAL\S AT ! \TSET & = A BRIEF P]IOD AFT]W>DS1 SOON FL\ND]$1 BECAME DEMORALIZ$ = WANT ( A ?OR\<GO+ PROGRAM1 LO/ !IR ELAN1 & !N W]E CRU%$ PHYSICALLY4 ,NO:]E WAS ?IS DE/RUCTIVE PROCESS MORE APP>5T ?AN 9 ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#h-#a#i & ALSO TO A GREAT DEGREE 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#c#g2 MA9LY BECAUSE ! MASS AN>*OSYNDICALI/ UNION1 ! ,C,N,T1 SURR5D]$ ! P[] IT HAD RECEIV$ FROM ! ,CATALAN WORK]S 9 ,JULY #aicf TO ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,A FUTURE ,LEFT MU/ C>EFULLY /UDY !SE TRAGIC EXP]I5CES & DET]M9E H[ TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( ORGANIZATION & P[]4 ,SU* AN ORGANIZATION CANNOT BE A CONV5TIONAL P>TY1 SEEK+ A COM=TABLE PLACE 9 A P>LIAM5T>Y /ATE1 )\T LOS+ ITS REVOLUTION>Y ELAN4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 /RUCTUR$ AS A TOP-D[N ORGANIZATION ?AT FETI%IZ$ C5TRALIZATION & 9T]NAL P>TY HI]>*Y1 EXEMPLIFIES H[ A P>TY CAN M]ELY REPLICATE A /ATE TO BECOME A BUREAUCRATIC & AU?ORIT>IAN 5TITY4 

,IF ,M>XI/S1 :5 !Y F\ND !MSELVES 9 REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( ANY POLITICS ?AT ABOLI%$ ! /ATE1 !N ! AN>*I/S1 & TRAGICALLY ! SYNDICALI/S :O W]E DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY !M 9TELLECTUALLY1 W]E SO FIXAT$ ON AVOID+ ! /ATE ?AT !Y DE/ROY$ VITAL1 SELF-GOV]N+ REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO DISCUSS ,SPANI% AN>*ISM & ITS RA!R CONFUS$ AN>*OSYNDICALI/ 0F>RAGO10 AS ,*RIS ,EALHAM HAS SO APTLY CALL$ IT1 BUT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]%IP SEEMS TO HAVE LACK$ ! SLI<TE/ IDEA H[ TO A*IEVE A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION4.<#c#i.> ,:5 P[] WAS ACTUALLY ?RU/ 9TO !IR TREMBL+ H&S1 !Y SIMPLY DID NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) IT4 

,EV]Y REVOLUTION1 9DE$1 EV5 EV]Y ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE1 WILL ALWAYS MEET ) RESI/ANCE FROM ELITES 9 P[]4 ,EV]Y EF=T TO DEF5D A REVOLUTION WILL REQUIRE ! AMASS+ ( P[]--PHYSICAL AS WELL AS 9/ITUTIONAL & ADM9I/RATIVE--:I* IS TO SAY1 ! CREATION ( A GOV]NM5T4 ,AN>*I/S MAY CALL = ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 BUT CO]CION ( SOME K9D WILL BE NECESS>Y TO PREV5T ! B\RGEOIS /ATE FROM RETURN+ 9 FULL =CE ) UNBRIDL$ T]ROR4 ,= A LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION TO ES*EW1 \T ( MISPLAC$ FE> ( CREAT+ A 0/ATE10 TAK+ P[] :5 IT CAN DO SO ) ! SUPPORT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSES IS CONFUSION AT BE/ & A TOTAL FAILURE ( N]VE AT WOR/4 ,P]HAPS ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ACTUALLY LIV$ 9 AWE ( ! V]Y /ATE APP>ATUS :OSE EXI/5CE IT WAS COMMITT$ TO ABOLI%+4 ,BETT] ?AT SU* A MOVEM5T GETS \T ( ! WAY ?AN REMA9 CLOAK$ 9 A SEEM+LY 0RADICAL0 CAM\FLAGE ?AT MAKES PROMISES TO ! MASSES ?AT IT CANNOT HONOR4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! LIB]T>IAN ,LEFT DOES SUGGE/1 H[EV]1 A =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT IS CONSI/5T ) ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A LEFT LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,9 A CONF$]ATION1 SEEM+ HI<] BODIES PLAY ! ROLE ( ADM9I/]+ POLICY DECISIONS ?AT >E MADE AT ! BASE ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ! 5D1 NE>LY ALL POLICY DECISIONS1 ESPECIALLY BASIC ONES1 >E MADE AT ! BASE ( ! ORGANIZATION BY ITS BRAN*ES OR SECTIONS4 ,DECISIONS MADE AT ! BASE MOVE TO ! TOP & !N BACK AGA9 9 MODIFI$ =M TO ! BASE UNTIL1 BY MAJORITY VOTE AT ! BASE1 !Y BECOME POLICIES :OSE IMPLEM5TATION IS UND]TAK5 BY SPECIAL OR /&+ COMMITTEES4 

,NO ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL1 H[EV]1 %\LD BE FETI%IZ$ TO ! PO9T :]E IT FLATLY CONTRADICTS ! IMP]ATIVES ( REAL LIFE4 ,:]E EV5TS REQUIRE A MEASURE ( C5TRALIZATION1 COORD9ATION AT A CONF$]AL LEVEL MAY HAVE TO BE TI<T5$ TO IMPLEM5T A POLICY OR TACTIC1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y & ONLY = AS LONG AS IT IS NECESS>Y4 ,A CONF$]ATION CAN ALL[ NECESS>Y C5TRALIZATION ON A TEMPOR>Y BASIS1 )\T YIELD+ TO A P]MAN5T C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION1 ONLY IF ITS MEMB]%IP IS CONSCI\S & ?OR\<LY 9=M$ TO GU>D AGA9/ ! ABUSES ( C5TRALIZATION & ONLY IF ! ORGANIZATION HAS /RUCTURES 9 PLACE TO RECALL LEAD]S :O SEEM TO BE ABUS+ !IR P[]S4 ,O!RWISE1 WE HAVE NO C]TA9TY ?AT ANY LIB]T>IAN PRACTICES WILL BE HONOR$4 ,I HAVE SE5 PEOPLE :O = DECADES W]E COMMITT$ TO LIB]T>IAN PRACTICES & PR9CIPLES ?R[ !IR IDEALS TO ! W9D1 & EV5 DRIFT 9TO A CO>SE NATIONALISM1 :5 EV5TS APPEAL$ MORE TO !IR EMOTIONS ?AN TO !IR M9DS4 ,A LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION MU/ HAVE 9 PLACE PRECAUTIONS SU* AS ! RI<T TO RECALL BY ! ORGANIZATION'S MEMB]%IP & ! RI<T TO DEM& A FULL ACC\NT+ ( A CONF$]AL BODY'S PRACTICES1 BUT ! FACT REMA9S ?AT !RE IS NO SUB/ITUTE = KN[L$GE & CONSCI\SNESS4 

,A COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY W\LD HAVE TO MAKE DECISIONS ON H[ RES\RCES >E TO BE ACQUIR$1 PRODUC$1 ALLOCAT$1 & DI/RIBUT$4 ,SU* A SOCIETY MU/ SEEK TO PREV5T ! RE/ORATION ( CAPITALISM & ( OLD OR NEW SY/EMS ( PRIVILEGE4 ,IT MU/ TRY TO A*IEVE A DEGREE ( ADM9I/RATIVE COORD9ATION & REGULATION ON A HUGE SCALE AMONG COMMUNITIES1 & DECISION-MAK+ MU/ BE RESOLUTE IF SOCIAL LIFE ( ANY K9D IS NOT TO COLLAPSE COMPLETELY4 

,!SE CON/RA9TS >E NECESS>Y TO PROVIDE ! GREATE/ DEGREE ( FRE$OM POSSIBLE1 BUT !Y WILL NOT BE IMPOS$ SIMPLY BY 0GOODWILL10 0MUTUAL AID10 0SOLID>ITY10 OR EV5 0CU/OM10 & ANY NOTION ?AT !Y WILL RE/S MORE ON A PRAY] ?AN ON HUMAN EXP]I5CE4 ,MAT]IAL WANT WILL QUICKLY ]ODE ANY GOODWILL & SOLID>ITY ?AT A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION MI<T CREATE AMONG ! LIB]T>IAN VICTORS2 H5CE1 ! NE$ = PO/SC>CITY AS A PRECONDITION = A COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#c#g1 MANY ( ! NEW SOCIETY'S COLLECTIVES1 ALL FLY+ ! BLACK-&-R$ FLAG ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 5T]$ 9TO BLATANT COMPETITION ) ONE ANO!R = RAW MAT]IALS1 TE*NICIANS1 & EV5 M>KETS & PR(ITS4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT !Y HAD TO BE 0SOCIALIZ$0 BY ! ,C,N,T1 ?AT IS1 ! TRADE UNION HAD TO EX]T CONTROL TO EQUALIZE ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & ! AVAILABILITY ( CO/LY MA*9]Y1 & OBLIGE 0RI*0 COLLECTIVES TO %>E !IR WEAL? ) POOR ONES4 7,LAT] ?IS AU?ORITY WAS TAK5 OV] BY ! ,MADRID NATION-/ATE = REASONS ( ITS [N47 ,NOR W]E ALL PEASANTS EAG] TO JO9 COLLECTIVES :5 !Y W]E ALSO AF=D$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO FUNCTION AS SMALL PROP]TY [N]S4 ,/ILL O!RS LEFT ! COLLECTIVES 9 SIZABLE NUMB]S :5 !Y F\ND !MSELVES FREE TO DO SO )\T FE>4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 TO E/ABLI% A VIABLE COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY1 MORE ?AN P]SONAL & MORAL COMMITM5TS WILL BE NE$$--LEA/ ( ALL1 ?OSE EXTREMELY PREC>I\S V>IABLES ?AT >E BAS$ ON 0HUMAN NATURE0 & 09/9CTS = MUTUAL AID40 

,! PROBLEM ( A*IEV+ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM IS ONE ( ! MO/ UN!ORIZ$ ASPECTS ( ! LIB]T>IAN REP]TOIRE4 ,! COMMUNI/ MAXIM 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO NE$0 PRESUPPOSES A SUFFICI5CY ( GOODS & H5CE COMPLEX TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?AT A*IEVEM5T 9VOLVES A CLOSE AGREEM5T ) ,M>X'S EMPHASIS ?AT ADVANCES 9 ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION >E A PRECONDITION = COMMUNISM4 ,! SUCCESS ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 !N1 DEP5DS PR(\NDLY ON ! GR[? ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES OV] MANY C5TURIES & ON ! 9CREAS+ AVAILABILITY ( ! MEANS ( LIFE4 

,HI/ORY IS FILL$ ) C\NTLESS EXAMPLES :]E NATURAL SC>CITY OR LIMIT$ RES\RCES OBLIG$ PEOPLES TO TURN POPUL> GOV]NM5TS 9TO K+LY /ATES1 CAPTIVES 9TO SLAVES1 WOM5 9TO SUBJUGAT$ DRUDGES1 FREE PEASANTS 9TO S]FS1 & ! LIKE4 ,NO SU* DEVELOPM5T LACKS EXCESSES1 & IF K9DLY RUL]S DID NOT TURN 9TO BRUTAL DESPOTS1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 MIRACUL\S4 ,?AT WE CAN SIT 9 JUDGM5T ON !SE SOCIETIES1 !IR /ATES1 & !IR OPPRESSIVE ME?ODS IS EVID5CE ?AT PROGRESS HAS OCCURR$ &1 EQUALLY IMPORTANTLY1 ?AT \R CIRCUM/ANCES DIFF] PR(\NDLY FROM !IRS4 ,:]E FAM9E WAS ONCE A NORMAL FEATURE ( LIFE1 WE TODAY >E %OCK$ :5 NO EF=T IS MADE TO FE$ ! />V+4 ,BUT WE >E %OCK$ ONLY BECAUSE WE HAVE ALREADY DEVELOP$ ! MEANS TO PRODUCE A SUFFICI5CY1 DISALL[+ 9DIFF]5CE TO SC>CITY4 ,9 %ORT1 ! CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE *ANG$ PR(\NDLY1 H[EV] UNJU/ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! MEANS ( LIFE MAY CONT9UE TO BE4 ,9DE$1 ?AT WE CAN EV5 SAY ! DI/RIBUTION IS UNJU/ IS A V]DICT ?AT ONLY A SOCIETY ABLE TO ELIM9ATE MAT]IAL SC>CITY--& CREATE1 POT5TIALLY1 A PO/SC>CITY SOCIETY--CAN MAKE4 

,?US1 \R EXPANSIVE VISIONS ( FRE$OM1 TODAY1 HAVE !IR PRECONDITIONS3 M9IMALLY1 TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCEM5T4 ,ONLY G5]ATIONS ?AT HAVE NOT EXP]I5C$ ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION CAN IGNORE ! PRECONDITIONAL BASES = \R MORE G5]\S IDEOLOGIES4 ,! CLASSICAL ,LEFT1 P>TICUL>LY ?9K]S SU* AS ,M>X1 GAVE US MU* SY/EMATIC ?9K+ ON HI/ORY & CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 ,BUT WILL WE ELECT TO FOLL[ A TRULY LIB]T>IAN USE ( ! RES\RCES AT \R COMM& & CREATE A SOCIETY ?AT IS DEMOCRATIC1 COMMUNI/IC1 & COMMUNALI/IC1 BAS$ ON POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 CONF$]ATIONS1 & SWEEP+ CIVIL LIB]TIES8 ,OR WILL WE FOLL[ A C\RSE ?AT IS 9CREAS+LY /ATI/1 C5TRALIZ$1 & AU?ORIT>IAN8 ,H]E1 ANO!R 0HI/ORY0 OR DIALECTIC COMES 9TO PLAY--! GREAT TRADITIONS ( FRE$OM ?AT W]E ELABORAT$ OV] TIME BY UNKN[N REVOLUTION>IES & BY LIB]T>IAN ?9K]S SU* AS ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 & ,MALATE/A4 ,WE >E ?US FAC$ ) TWO LEGACIES ?AT HAVE UNFOLD$ 9 T&EM ) EA* O!R3 A MAT]IAL ONE & AN IDEOLOGICAL ONE4 

,LET US BE FRANK & ACKN[L$GE ?AT !SE LEGACIES >E NOT WELL KN[N OR EASILY UND]/OOD4 ,BUT FROM !M1 WE CAN WEAVE AN E?ICAL APPROA* TO SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT CAN GIVE \R 5DEAVORS DEF9ITION & A POSSIBILITY ( SUCCESS4 ,= ONE ?+1 WE CAN DECL>E ?AT 0:AT %\LD BE0--HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM1 RATIONALITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS--IS TO BE ACTUALIZ$ & GUIDE \R SOCIAL LIVES4 ,WE CAN AFFIRM 0:AT %\LD BE0 ON ! BASIS ( DECID$LY REAL MAT]IAL POSSIBILITIES & REALIZABLE IDEOLOGICAL ONES4 ,KN[L$GE ( 0:AT %\LD BE10 IF REASON IS TO GUIDE \R BEHAVIOR1 BECOMES ! =CE DRIV+ US TO MAKE SOCIAL *ANGE & TO PRODUCE A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,) \R MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS 9 PLACE & ) REASON TO GUIDE US TO ! ACTUALIZATION ( \R POT5TIALITIES1 WE CAN BEG9 TO =MULATE ! CONCRETE /EPS ?AT A FUTURE ,LEFT WILL BE OBLIG$ TO TAKE TO A*IEVE ITS 5DS4 ,! MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS >E DEMON/RABLY AT H&1 & REASON1 =TIFI$ BY A KN[L$GE ( PA/ 5DEAVORS TO PRODUCE A RELATIVELY RATIONAL SOCIETY1 PROVIDES ! MEANS TO =MULATE ! MEASURES & ! MEANS1 /EP BY /EP1 TO PRODUCE A NEW ,LEFT ?AT IS RELEVANT = ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE4 

,F> FROM ES*EW+ REASON & !ORY1 A FUTURE ,LEFT ?AT IS MEAN+FUL MU/ BE SOLIDLY GR\ND$ 9 !ORY IF IT IS TO HAVE ANY P[] TO UND]/& ! PRES5T 9 RELATION%IP TO ! PA/1 & ! FUTURE 9 RELATION%IP TO ! PRES5T4 ,A LACK ( PHILOSOPHICAL EQUIPM5T TO 9T]PRET EV5TS1 PA/ & PRES5T1 WILL R5D] ITS !ORETICAL 9SI<TS FRAGM5T>Y & B]EFT ( CONTEXTUALITY & CONT9UITY4 ,NOR WILL IT BE ABLE TO %[ H[ SPECIFIC EV5TS RELATE TO A L>G] :OLE & L9K !M TOGE!R 9 A BROAD P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT WAS ?IS ADMIRABLE 9T5TION1 ,I %\LD NOTE1 ?AT 9DUC$ ,M>X TO GIVE HIS IDEAS A SY/EMATIC & UNIFI$ =M1 NOT ANY P]SONAL DISPOSITION ON HIS P>T = 0TOTALIT>IANISM40 ,! WORLD 9 :I* HE LIV$ HAD TO BE %[N ?AT CAPITAL ACCUMULATION & ! B\RGEOISIE'S UNREL5T+ CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RIAL RES\RCES W]E NOT PRODUCTS ( GRE$ BUT VITAL NECESSITIES = 5T]PRISES 9 A %>PLY COMPETITIVE ECONOMY4 

,ONE CAN PROJECT AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! PRES5T SOCIETY ONLY BY ADVANC+ RATIONAL ALT]NATIVES TO ! EXI/+ ORD] ( ?+S--ALT]NATIVES ?AT >E OBJECTIVELY & LOGICALLY BAS$ ON HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES = FRE$OM & 9NOVATION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! ABILITY ( HUMAN BE+S TO PROJECT !MSELVES BEYOND !IR GIV5 CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO RE-CREATE !IR WORLD & !IR SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & TO 9FUSE 9NOVATION ) E?ICAL JUDGM5TS BECOMES ! BASIS = ACTUALIZ+ A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,?IS 0:AT %\LD BE10 AS $UC$ BY REASON1 /&S ON A HI<] PLANE ( TRU?FULNESS & :OL5ESS ?AN DOES ! EXI/5TIAL & PRAGMATIC 0:AT IS40 ,FIGURATIVELY SPEAK+1 ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! 0:AT %\LD BE0 & ! 0:AT IS10 AS ELABORAT$ & *ALL5G$ BY M9D AS WELL AS BY EXP]I5CE1 LIES AT ! HE>T ( DIALECTIC4 ,9DE$1 ! 0:AT %\LD BE10 BY SITT+ 9 JUDGM5T ON ! VALIDITY ( ! GIV51 JO9S DIALECTICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! BIOSPH]E ) DIALECTICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! SOCIAL SPH]E4 ,IT PROVIDES ! BASIS = DET]M9+ :E!R A SOCIETY IS RATIONAL & TO :AT DEGREE IT HAS RATIONAL CONT5T4 ,ABS5T SU* A CRIT]ION1 WE HAVE NO BASIS = SOCIAL E?ICS AP>T FROM ! EGOC5TRIC1 ADV5TITI\S1 AN>*IC1 & HI<LY SUBJECTIVE /ATEM5T 0,I *OOSE60 ,A SOCIAL E?ICS CANNOT REMA9 SUSP5D$ 9 ! AIR )\T AN OBJECTIVE F\NDATION1 A COMPREH5SIVE EVOLUTION FROM ! PRIMITIVE TO ! 9CREAS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$1 & A COH]5T CONT5T ?AT SUPPORTS ITS DEVELOPM5T4 

,MOREOV]1 )\T AN OBJECTIVE POT5TIALITY 7?AT IS1 ! IMPLICIT REALITY ?AT L5DS ITSELF TO RATIONAL $UCTION1 9 CONTRA/ TO M]E DAYDREAM+7 ?AT SITS 9 0JUDGM5T0 ( EXI/5TIAL REALITY AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A RATIONALLY CONCEIV$ REALITY1 WE HAVE NO WAY TO D]IVE AN E?ICS ?AT GOES BEYOND M]E P]SONAL TA/E4 ,:AT IS TO GUIDE US 9 UND]/&+ ! NATURE ( FRE$OM8 ,:Y IS FRE$OM SUP]IOR TO M]E CU/OM OR HABIT8 ,:Y IS A FREE SOCIETY DESIRABLE & AN 5SLAV$ ONE NOT1 AP>T FROM TA/E & OP9ION8 ,NO SOCIAL E?ICS IS EV5 POSSIBLE1 LET ALONE DESIRABLE1 )\T A PROCESSUAL CONCEPTION ( BEHAVIOR1 FROM ITS PRIMAL ROOTS 9 ! REALM ( POT5TIALITY AT ! 9CEPTION ( A HUMAN EVOLUTION1 ?R\< ?AT EVOLUTION ITSELF1 TO ! LEVEL ( ! RATIONAL & DISCURSIVE4 ,)\T CRIT]IA SUPPLI$ BY ! DIALECTICALLY D]IV$ 0\<T10 ! F\NDATIONS = A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T DISSOLVE 9TO AN AN>*IC VACUUM ( P]SONAL *OICE1 ! MUDDL$ NOTION ?AT 0:AT IS GOOD = ME CON/ITUTES ! GOOD & ! TRUE--& ?AT IS ?AT60 

,AS MU* AS WE >E OBLIG$ TO DEAL ) ! 0:AT IS0--) ! EXI/5TIAL FACTS ( LIFE1 9CLUD+ CAPITALISM--IT IS ! DIALECTICALLY D]IV$ 0TRUE10 AS ,HEGEL MI<T PUT IT1 ?AT MU/ ALWAYS REMA9 \R GUIDE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT DEF9ES A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,AB&ON ! RATIONAL & WE >E R$UC$ TO ! LEVEL ( M]E ANIMALITY FROM :I* ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY & ! GREAT /RUGGLES ( HUMANITY = EMANCIPATION HAVE T5D$ TO FREE US4 ,IT IS TO BREAK FAI? ) ,HI/ORY1 CONCEIV$ AS A RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T T[>D FRE$OM & 9NOVATION1 & TO DIM9I% ! DEF9+ /&>DS ( \R HUMANITY4 ,IF WE (T5 SEEM ADRIFT1 IT IS NOT = LACK ( A COMPASS & A MAP BY :I* TO GUIDE \RSELVES T[>D ! ACTUALIZATION ( \R UNIQUELY HUMAN & SOCIAL POT5TIALITIES4 

,?IS LEADS US TO ANO!R PREMISE = ACQUIR+ SOCIAL TRU?3 ! IMPORTANCE ( DIALECTICAL ?9K+ AS \R COMPASS4 ,?IS LOGIC CON/ITUTES BO? ! ME?OD & ! SUB/ANCE ( AN $UCTIVE PROCESS ( REASON+ & UNFOLD+4 ,$UCTION IS ! PROC$URE ?AT IMMAN5TLY ELICITS ! IMPLICIT TRAITS ?AT L5D !MSELVES TO RATIONAL ACTUALIZATION1 NAMELY1 FRE$OM & 9NOVATION4 ,A DEEP ECOLOGI/ ONCE *ALL5G$ ME BY ASK+ :Y FRE$OM %\LD BE MORE DESIRABLE ?AN UNFRE$OM4 ,I REPLY ?AT FRE$OM1 AS IT DEVELOPS OBJECTIVELY ?R\< V>I\S PHASES ( ! ASC5T ( LIFE1 FROM M]E *OICE AS A =M ( SELF-MA9T5ANCE TO ! RE-CREATION ( ! 5VIRONM5T BY 9TELLECTION & 9NOVATION1 CAN MAKE = A WORLD ?AT IS MORE HABITABLE1 HUMANE1 & CREATIVE ?AN ANY?+ A*IEV$ BY ! 9T]PLAY ( NATURAL =CES4 ,9DE$1 TO REPHRASE A FAM\S AXIOM ( ,HEGEL'S1 A PO9T CAN BE REA*$ 9 A FREE SOCIETY :]E :AT IS NOT FREE IS NOT REAL 7OR ACTUAL74 

,9DE$1 A TASK ( DIALECTICAL ?9K+ IS TO SEP>ATE ! RATIONAL FROM ! >BITR>Y1 EXT]NAL1 & ADV5TITI\S 9 :I* IT UNFOLDS1 AN 5DEAVOR ?AT DEM&S CONSID]ABLE 9TELLECTUAL C\RAGE AS WELL AS 9SI<T4 ,?US1 ! CONQUE/S ( ,ALEX&] ! ,GREAT DOVETAIL ) ! RATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ,HI/ORY1 9S(> AS ,ALEX&] UNIFI$ A DECOMPOS+ WORLD MADE UP ( ROTT+ CITY-/ATES & P>ASITIC MON>*IES & TRANSMITT$ ,HELL5IC ?\<T TO IT4 ,BUT ! EXPLOSION ( ,MONGOL HORSEM5 FROM ! /EPPES ( C5TRAL ,ASIA CONTRIBUT$ NO MORE TO ! RATIONAL C\RSE ( EV5TS ?AN DID1 SAY1 A DECL9E 9 RA9FALL OV] ,NOR? ,AFRICA ?AT TURN$ A VA/ =E/$ >EA 9TO A GRIM1 =MIDABLE DES]T4 ,MOREOV]1 TO SPEAK ( A ,MONGOL 9VASION AS EVID5CE ( A 0POT5TIALITY = EVIL0 IS TO DIVE/ ! RI* PHILOSOPHICAL T]M POT5TIALITY ( ITS CREATIVE CONT5T4 ,MU* BETT] TO USE H]E ! IDEOLOGICALLY NEUTRAL T]M CAPACITY1 :I* CAN BE APPLI$ ANY:]E = ANY PH5OM5ON--& TO NO 9TELLIGIBLE PURPOSE :ATEV]4 

,REMOTE AS IT MAY SEEM TO SOME1 DIALECTICAL ?9K+ IS1 9 MY VIEW1 9DISP5SABLE = CREAT+ ! MAP & =MULAT+ ! AG5DA = A NEW ,LEFT4 ,! ACTUALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY = A RATIONAL SOCIETY--! 0:AT %\LD BE0 A*IEV$ BY HUMAN DEVELOPM5T--OCCURS 9 ! FULLY DEMOCRATIC MUNICIPALITY1 ! MUNICIPALITY BAS$ ON A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLY COMPOS$ ( FREE CITIZ5S1 = :OM ! WORD POLITICS MEANS DIRECT POPUL> CONTROL OV] ! COMMUNITY'S PUBLIC AFFAIRS BY MEANS ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,SU* A SY/EM ( CONTROL %\LD OCCUR )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A DULY CON/ITUT$ SY/EM ( LAWS1 RATIONALLY D]IV$ BY DISC\RSE1 EXP]I5CE1 HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE1 & JUDGM5T4 ,! FREE MUNICIPALITY1 9 EFFECT1 IS NOT ONLY A SPH]E = DEPLOY+ POLITICAL TACTICS BUT A PRODUCT ( REASON4 ,H]E1 MEANS & 5DS >E 9 P]FECT CONGRU5CE1 )\T ! TR\BL+ 0TRANSITIONS0 ?AT ONCE GAVE US A 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 ?AT SOON TURN$ 9TO A DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALITY1 LIKE ANY SOCIAL >TIFACT1 IS CON/ITUT$4 ,IT IS TO BE CONSCI\SLY CREAT$ BY ! EX]CISE ( REASON1 NOT BY >BITR>Y 0*OICES0 ?AT LACK OBJECTIVE E?ICAL CRIT]IA & !RE=E MAY EASILY YIELD OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS & *AOTIC COMMUNITIES4 ,! MUNICIPALITY'S CON/ITUTION & LAWS %\LD DEF9E ! DUTIES AS WELL AS ! RI<TS ( ! CITIZ51 ?AT IS1 !Y %\LD EXPLICITLY CL>IFY ! REALM ( NECESSITY AS WELL AS ! REALM ( FRE$OM4 ,! LIFE ( ! MUNICIPALITY IS DET]M9$ BY LAWS1 NOT >BITR>ILY 0BY M540 ,LAW1 AS SU*1 IS NOT NECESS>ILY OPPRESSIVE3 9DE$1 = ?\S&S ( YE>S ! OPPRESS$ DEM&$ LAWS1 AS NOMOS1 TO PREV5T >BITR>Y RULE & ! 0TYRANNY ( /RUCTURELESSNESS40 ,9 ! FREE MUNICIPALITY1 LAW MU/ ALWAYS BE RATIONALLY1 DISCURSIVELY1 & OP5LY D]IV$ & SUBJECT TO C>EFUL CONSID]ATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 WE MU/ CONT9UALLY BE AW>E ( REGULATIONS & DEF9ITIONS ?AT HAVE H>NESS$ HUMANITY TO !IR OPPRESSORS4 

,AS ,R\SSEAU SAW1 ! MUNICIPALITY IS NOT M]ELY AN AGGLOM]ATION ( BUILD+S BUT ( FREE CITIZ5S4 ,COMB9$ ) REASON1 ORD] CAN YIELD COH]5T 9/ITUTIONS4 ,LACK+ ORD] & REASON1 WE >E LEFT ) A SY/EM ( >BITR>Y RULE1 ) CONTROLS ?AT >E NOT ACC\NTABLE OR ANSW]ABLE TO ! PEOPLE--9 %ORT1 ) TYRANNY4 ,:AT CON/ITUTES A /ATE IS NOT ! EXI/5CE ( 9/ITUTIONS BUT RA!R ! EXI/5CE ( PR(ESSIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 SET AP>T FROM ! PEOPLE1 ?AT >E DESIGN$ TO DOM9ATE !M = ! EXPRESS PURPOSE ( SECUR+ !IR OPPRESSION 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 

,A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS DOES NOT *ALL5GE ! EXI/5CE ( 9/ITUTIONS AS SU* BUT RA!R ASSESSES :E!R A GIV5 9/ITUTION IS EMANCIPATORY & RATIONAL OR OPPRESSIVE & IRRATIONAL4 ,! GR[+ PROCLIVITY 9 OPPOSITIONAL MOVEM5TS TO TRANSGRESS 9/ITUTIONS & LAWS M]ELY BECAUSE !Y EXI/ IS 9 FACT REACTION>Y &1 9 ANY CASE1 S]VES TO DIV]T PUBLIC ATT5TION AWAY FROM ! NE$ TO CREATE OR TRANS=M 9/ITUTIONS 9TO DEMOCRATIC1 POPUL>1 & RATIONAL 5TITIES4 ,A 0POLITICS0 ( DISORD] OR 0CREATIVE *AOS10 OR A NAIVE PRACTICE ( 0TAK+ OV] ! /REETS0 7USUALLY LITTLE MORE ?AN A /REET FE/IVAL71 REGRESSES P>TICIPANTS TO ! BEHAVIOR ( A JUV5ILE H]D2 BY REPLAC+ ! RATIONAL ) ! 0PRIMAL0 OR 0PLAYFUL10 IT AB&ONS ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S COMMITM5T TO ! CIVILIZ$1 ! CULTIVAT$1 & ! KN[L$GEABLE4 ,JOYFUL AS REVOLUTIONS MAY SOMETIMES ALSO BE1 !Y >E PRIM>ILY E>NE/LY S]I\S & EV5 BLOODY2 & IF !Y >E NOT SY/EMATIC & A/UTELY L$1 !Y WILL 9V>IABLY 5D 9 C\NT]REVOLUTION & T]ROR4 ,! ,COMMUN>DS ( #ahga MAY HAVE BE5 DELIRI\SLY DRUNK :5 !Y 0/ORM$ ! HEAV5S0 7AS ,M>X PUT IT71 BUT :5 !Y SOB]$ UP1 !Y F\ND ?AT ! WALLS SURR\ND+ ,P>IS HAD BE5 BREA*$ BY ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ,V]SAILLAIS4 ,AFT] A WEEK ( FI<T+1 !IR RESI/ANCE COLLAPS$1 & ! ,V]SAILLAIS %OT !M >BITR>ILY & 9 BAT*ES BY ! ?\S&S4 ,A POLITICS ?AT LACKS SUFFICI5T S]I\SNESS 9 ITS CORE BEHAVIOR MAY MAKE = WOND]FUL ,AN>*Y BUT IS DISA/R\S REVOLUTIONISM4 

,:AT SPECIFIC POLITICAL CONCLUSIONS DO !SE OBS]VATIONS YIELD8 ,:AT POLITICAL AG5DA DO !Y SUPPORT8 

,FIR/1 ! 0:AT %\LD BE0 %\LD PRESIDE OV] EV]Y T5ET ( A FUTURE POLITICAL AG5DA & MOVEM5T4 ,AS IMPORTANT AS A POLITICS ( PROTE/ MAY BE1 IT IS NO SUB/ITUTE = A POLITICS ( SOCIAL 9NOVATION4 ,TODAY1 ,M>XI/S & AN>*I/S ALIKE T5D TO BEHAVE DEF5SIVELY1 M]ELY REACT+ TO ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] & TO ! PROBLEMS IT CREATES4 ,CAPITALISM ?US OR*E/RATES ! BEHAVIOR ( ITS 9TUITIVE OPPON5TS4 ,MOREOV]1 IT HAS LE>N$ TO MUTE OPPOSITION BY %REWDLY MAK+ P>TIAL CONCESSIONS TO PROTE/]S4 

,! MUNICIPALITY1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IS ! AU!NTIC T]RA9 = ! ACTUALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S SOCIAL POT5TIALITIES TO BE FREE & 9NOVATIVE4 ,/ILL1 LEFT TO ITSELF1 EV5 ! MO/ EMANCIPAT$ MUNICIPALITY MAY BECOME P>O*IAL1 9SUL>1 & N>R[4 ,CONF$]ALISM REMA9S AT ONCE ! OP]ATIONAL MEANS ( R\ND+ \T DEFICITS ?AT ANY MUNICIPALITY IS LIKELY TO FACE :5 IT 9TRODUCES A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ ECONOMY4 ,FEW1 IF ANY1 MUNICIPALITIES >E CAPABLE ( MEET+ !IR NE$S ON !IR [N4 ,AN ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE ECONOMIC AUT>*Y--& ! CONCOMITANT CULTURAL P>O*IALISM ?AT IT SO (T5 YIELDS 9 LESS ECONOMICALLY DEVELOP$ SOCIETIES--W\LD BE SOCIALLY UNDESIRABLE4 ,NOR DOES ! M]E EX*ANGE ( SURPLUS PRODUCTS REMOVE ! COMMODITY RELATION%IP2 ! %>+ ( GOODS ACCORD+ TO A TRULY LIB]T>IAN VIEW IS F> DIFF]5T FROM AN EX*ANGE ( GOODS1 :I* CLOSELY RESEMBLES M>KET EX*ANGES4 ,BY :AT /&>D W\LD ! 0VALUE0 ( SURPLUS COMMODITIES BE DET]M9$--BY !IR CONGEAL$ LABOR8 ,! 9CIPI5T BASES = A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY REMA9$ UNRECOGNIZ$1 EV5 9 AN>*I/ ,CATALONIA1 AMONG ?OSE :O BOA/$ ( !IR COMMUNI/ CONVICTIONS4 

,/ILL ANO!R DI/9CTION ?AT MU/ BE DRAWN IS ?AT BETWE5 POLICYMAK+ DECISIONS & /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE ONES4 ,JU/ AS ! PROBLEMS ( DI/RIBUTION MU/ NOT BE P]MITT$ TO DRAG A COMMUNITY 9TO CAPITALI/ MORES & M>KET PRACTICES1 ADM9I/RATORS MU/ NOT BE ALL[$ TO MAKE POLICY DECISIONS1 :I* PROP]LY BELONG TO POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,SU* PRACTICES MU/ BE MADE1 QUITE SIMPLY1 ILLEGAL1 ?AT IS1 ! COMMUNITY MU/ E/ABLI% REGULATIONS1 ) PUNITIVE FEATURES1 =BIDD+ COMMITTEES & AG5CIES TO EX]CISE RI<TS ?AT PROP]LY BELONG TO ! ASSEMBL$ COMMUNITY4 ,AS 9S5SITIVE AS SU* MEASURES MAY SEEM TO DELICATE LIB]T>IAN S5SIBILITIES1 !Y >E JU/IFI$ BY A HI/ORY 9 :I* H>D-WON RI<TS W]E SL[LY ]OD$ BY ELITES :O S\<T PRIVILEGES = !MSELVES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MANY4 ,PO/SC>CITY 9 ! AVAILABILITY ( ! MEANS ( LIFE MAY S]VE TO R5D] ANY PURSUIT ( ECONOMIC PRIVILEGE A LAU<ABLE ANA*RONISM4 ,BUT1 AS HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY HAS %[N1 SOME?+ MORE ?AN ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES1 SU* AS ! 5HANCEM5T ( /ATUS & P[]1 MAY BE 9VOLV$4 

,HUMAN BE+S ACTUALIZE !IR POT5TIALITIES 9 FREE MUNICIPALITIES ?AT >E RATIONALLY & DISCURSIVELY CON/ITUT$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 FREE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,:ATEV] POLITICS ABETS ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE2 ANY SELF-PR(ESS$ POLITICS ?AT DIM9I%ES ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS REACTION>Y & RE9=CES ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,M]E EXPRESSIONS ( =MLESS 0COMMUNITY0 ?AT DEVOLVE 9TO 0/REET FE/IVALS10 P>TICUL>LY :5 !Y BECOME SUB/ITUTES = A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ POLITICS 7OR1 MORE DI/URB+LY1 A DI/ORTION ( !M71 FE$ ! OV]ALL JUV5ILIZATION ?AT CAPITALISM PROMOTES ?R\< ITS IMPETUS TO DUMB D[N SOCIETY ON A MASSIVE SCALE4 

,DUR+ ! 9T]W> YE>S1 :5 PROACTIVE =CES = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE SEEM$ TO ?REAT5 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! SOCIAL ORD]1 ! CLASSICAL ,LEFT WAS FOCUS$ ON A DI/9CT SET ( ISSUES3 ! NE$ = A PLANN$ ECONOMY1 ! PROBLEMS ( A *RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS1 ! IMM95CE ( A WORLDWIDE W>1 ! ADVANCE ( FASCISM1 & ! *ALL5G+ EXAMPLES PROVID$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,TODAY1 CONTEMPOR>Y LEFTI/S >E MORE FOCUS$ ON MAJOR ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS1 CORPORATE GIGANTISM1 ! 9FLU5CE ( TE*NOLOGY ON DAILY LIFE1 & ! IMPACT ( ! MASS M$IA4 ,! CLASSICAL ,LEFT LOOK$ AT DEEP-SEAT$ CRISES & ! FEASIBILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y APPROA*ES TO CREATE SOCIAL *ANGE2 ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,LEFT IS MORE ATT5TIVE TO A DIFF]5T SET ( ABUSES4 

,! CAPITALISM UND] :I* WE LIVE TODAY IS F> REMOV$ FROM ! CAPITALISM ?AT ,M>X KNEW & ?AT REVOLUTION>IES ( ALL K9DS TRI$ TO OV]?R[ 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IT HAS1 9DE$1 DEVELOP$ 9 GREAT P>T ALONG ! L9ES ,M>X SUGGE/$ 9 HIS CLOS+ *APT]S ( ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL3 AS AN ECONOMY :OSE V]Y LAW ( LIFE IS ACCUMULATION1 CONC5TRATION1 & EXPANSION4 ,:5 IT CAN NO LONG] DEVELOP ALONG !SE L9ES1 IT WILL CEASE TO BE CAPITALISM4 ,?IS FOLL[S FROM ! V]Y LOGIC ( COMMODITY EX*ANGE1 ) ITS EXPRESSION 9 COMPETITION & TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION4 

,M>XI/ PRODUCTIVISM & AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALISM HAVE BO? L$ TO BL9D ALLEYS1 ALBEIT WIDELY DIV]G5T ONES4 ,:]E ,M>XISM T5DS TO OV]ORGANIZE PEOPLE 9TO P>TIES1 UNIONS1 & PROLET>IAN 0>MIES0 GUID$ BY ELITI/ LEAD]S1 AN>*ISM ES*EWS ORGANIZATION & LEAD]S AS 0VANGU>DS0 & CELEBRATES REVOLUTIONISM AS AN 9/9CTIVE IMPULSE UNGUID$ BY REASON OR !ORY4 ,:]E ,M>XISM CELEBRATES TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES1 )\T PLAC+ !M 9 A RATIONAL1 E?ICAL1 & ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT1 AN>*ISM DEPRECATES SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NICS AS ! DEMONIC P>5T ( ! 0TE*NOCRATIC MAN10 :O IS LUR$ TO P]DITION BY REASON & CIVILIZATION4 ,TE*NOPHILIA HAS BE5 PITT$ AGA9/ TE*NOPHOBIA2 ANALYTICAL REASON AGA9/ RAW 9/9CT2 & A SYN!TIC CIVILIZATION AGA9/ A PRESUMABLY PRIMEVAL NATURE4 

,! FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 DEP5DS UPON ITS ABILITY TO ACCEPT :AT IS VALID 9 BO? ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM = ! PRES5T TIME & = ! FUTURE ?AT IS COM+ 9TO VIEW4 ,9 AN ]A ( P]MAN5T TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION1 ! VALIDITY ( A !ORY & A MOVEM5T WILL DEP5D PR(\NDLY ON H[ CLE>LY IT CAN SEE :AT LIES JU/ AHEAD4 ,RADICALLY NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 /ILL DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E1 WILL UND\BT$LY BE 9TRODUC$ ?AT WILL HAVE A TRANS=MATIVE EFFECT UPON ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,NEW P[] ALIGNM5TS MAY >ISE ?AT PRODUCE A DEGREE ( SOCIAL DISEQUILIBRIUM ?AT HAS NOT BE5 SE5 = DECADES1 ACCOMPANI$ BY NEW WEAPONS ( UNSPEAKABLE HOMICIDAL & ECOCIDAL EFFECTS1 & A CONT9U+ ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 

,BUT NO GREAT] DAMAGE C\LD AFFLICT HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS ?AN ! LOSS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T PROGRAM3 ! ADVANCE ( REASON1 KN[L$GE1 SCI5CE1 E?ICS1 & EV5 TE*NICS1 :I* MU/ BE MODULAT$ TO F9D A PROGRESSIVE PLACE 9 A FREE & HUMANE SOCIETY4 ,)\T ! ATTA9M5TS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 NO LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS IS POSSIBLE4 ,9 ASSESS+ ! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 A REASON$ ,LEFT HAS TO %AKE (F DEAD TRADITIONS ?AT1 AS ,M>X W>N$1 WEI< ON ! HEADS ( ! LIV+1 & COMMIT ITSELF TO CREATE A RATIONAL SOCIETY & A R\ND$ CIVILIZATION4 

,DECEMB] #bb 

O ,ACKN[L$GEM5TS 
,ACKN[L$GM5TS 

  

,SOME ( !SE ESSAYS APPE>$ PREVI\SLY 9 O!R V5UES & WE W\LD LIKE TO ACKN[L$GE !M AS FOLL[S3 ,! ESSAY 0,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY0 WAS ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 = A ,GREEK AUDI5CE 9 #aiib & LAT] PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI% UND] ! TITLE 0,! ,ECOLOGICAL ,CRISIS1 ,SOCIALISM1 & ! ,NE$ TO ,REMAKE ,SOCIETY0 9 ! J\RNAL ,SOCIETY & ,NATURE VOL4 #b1 NO4 #c1 #a#i#i#d4 0,A ,POLITICS = ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY0 WAS ORIG9ALLY A VIDEO-TRANSMITT$ SPEE* PRES5T$ TO ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONF]5CE ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM1 ,LISBON1 #a#i#i#h4 0,! ,MEAN+ ( ,CONF$]ALISM0 WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#e4 0,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,A ,POLITICS ( ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY0 WAS ORIG9ALLY TITL$ 0,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW0 & APPE>$ 9 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #b#d1 #a#i#i#a4 0,CITIES3 ,! ,UNFOLD+ ( ,REASON 9 ,HI/ORY0 WAS EXC]PT$ FROM ! >TICLE1 0,COMM5TS ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY ,NETWORK ,GA!R+ & ! ',DEEP ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY' ( ,JOHN ,CL>K0 PUBLI%$ 9 ,DEMOCRACY & ,NATURE1 VOL4 #c1 NO4 #c1 #a#i#i#g4 0,NATIONALISM & ! ',NATIONAL ,QUE/ION' 0 WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,SOCIETY & ,NATURE VOL4 #b1 NO4 #b1 #a#i#i#d4 0,AN>*ISM & ,P[] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION0 APPE>$ 9 ,COMMUNALISM1 NO4 #b1 #b#b4 

,WE GRATEFULLY ACKN[L$GE ,AUDREA ,LIM1 ,JACOB ,/EV5S1 ,M>K ,M>T91 & ! 5TIRE TEAM AT ,V]SO = !IR TIRELESS EF=TS 9 DISSEM9AT+ RADICAL ?\<T4 ,WE WANT TO ALSO ACKN[L$GE ! LONG/&+ D$ICATION TO !SE IDEAS BY EV]YONE AT ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY4 ,F9ALLY1 ,JIM ,S*UMA*] HAS SUPPORT$ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 & HIS WORK 9 WAYS ?AT GO F> BEYOND ! LOVE & LOYALTY ( A TYPICAL SON-9-LAW2 HIS COMMITM5T TO ,MURRAY'S VISION & LEGACY W]E 9VALUABLE 9 ! REALIZATION ( ?IS VOLUME4 

O ,FUR!R ,READ+ 
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,BOOKS BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9  
  

,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM4 ,B]KELEY3 ,RAMP>TS ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#a2 & ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#d4 

,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] & ,R[1 #a#i#g#d4 

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,! ,RISE ( ,URBANIZATION & ! ,DECL9E ( ,CITIZ5%IP4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,SI]RA ,CLUB ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#g4 ,REVIS$ $ITION AS ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES3 ,T[>DS A ,NEW ,POLITICS ( ,CITIZ5%IP4 ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#e4 

,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY3 ,PA?S TO A ,GRE5 ,FUTURE4 ,BO/ON3 ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS1 #a#i#i4 

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,:I* ,WAY = ! ,ECOLOGY ,MOVEM5T8 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d4 

,TO ,REMEMB] ,SPA93 ,! ,AN>*I/ & ,SYNDICALI/ ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f4,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d4 

,RE-,5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY3 ,A ,DEF5SE ( ! ,HUMAN ,SPIRIT ,AGA9/ ,ANTI-,HUMANISM1 ,MISAN?ROPY1 ,MY/ICISM1 & ,PRIMITIVISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#e4 

,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM3 ,AN ,UNBRIDGEABLE ,*ASM4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#e4 

,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION3 ,POPUL> ,MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,]A4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,CASSELL1 ,VOL4 #a1 #a#i#i#f2 ,VOL4 #b1 #a#i#i#h4 ,LONDON3 ,CONT9UUM1 ,VOL4 #c1 #b#d2 ,VOL4 #d1 #b#e4 

,AN>*ISM1 ,M>XISM & ! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#i4 

,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#g4 

,! ,POLITICS ( ,COSMOLOGY4 ,=?COM+4 

,! ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,READ]4 ,=?COM+4 

,H]B]1 ,LEWIS 7PSEUDONYM71 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#f#b4 

,H]B]1 ,LEWIS 7PSEUDONYM71 ,CRISIS 9 ,\R ,CITIES4 ,5GLEWOOD ,CLIFFS1 ,N,J3 ,PR5TICE ,HALL1 #a#i#f#e4 

,B,O,O,K,S ,A,B,\,T ,M,U,R,R,A,Y ,B,O,O,K,*,9  
  

,:ITE1 ,DAMIAN1 ,BOOK*93 ,A ,CRITICAL ,APPRAISAL4 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS1 #b#h4 

,PRICE1 ,&Y1 ,RECOV]+ ,BOOK*93 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ! ,CRISES ( ,\R ,TIME4 ,PORSGRUNN1 ,NORWAY3 ,NEW ,COMPASS ,PRESS1 #b#a#b4  

O ,NOTES 

.<#a.> ,MANY LESS WELL-KN[N NAMES C\LD BE ADD$ TO ?IS LI/1 BUT ONE ?AT 9 P>TICUL> ,I W\LD LIKE V]Y MU* TO S+LE \T IS ! GALLANT LEAD] ( ! ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY1 ,M>IA ,SPIRIDONOVA1 :OSE SUPPORT]S W]E VIRTUALLY ALONE 9 PROPOS+ A WORKABLE REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM = ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#h4 ,!IR FAILURE TO IMPLEM5T !IR POLITICAL 9SI<TS & REPLACE ! ,BOL%EVIKS 7) :OM !Y 9ITIALLY JO9$ 9 =M+ ! FIR/ ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T7 NOT ONLY L$ TO !IR DEFEAT BUT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DISA/R\S FAILURE ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ! C5TURY ?AT FOLL[$4 

.<#b.> ,I FRANKLY REG>D ?IS CONTRADICTION AS MORE FUNDAM5TAL ?AN ! (T5-9DISC]NIBLE T5D5CY ( ! RATE ( PR(IT TO DECL9E & !REBY TO R5D] CAPITALI/ EX*ANGE 9OP]ABLE--A CONTRADICTION TO :I* ,M>XI/S ASSIGN$ A DECISIVE ROLE 9 ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 

.<#c.> ,CONTR>Y TO ,M>X'S ASS]TION ?AT A SOCIETY DISAPPE>S ONLY :5 IT HAS EXHAU/$ ITS CAPACITY = NEW TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS1 CAPITALISM IS 9 A /ATE ( P]MAN5T TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION--AT TIMES1 FRI<T5+LY SO4 ,M>X ]R$ ON ?IS SCORE3 IT WILL TAKE MORE ?AN TE*NOLOGICAL /AGNATION TO T]M9ATE ?IS SY/EM ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,AS NEW ISSUES *ALL5GE ! VALIDITY ( ! 5TIRE SY/EM1 ! POLITICAL & ECOLOGICAL DOMA9S WILL BECOME ALL ! MORE IMPORTANT4 ,ALT]NATIVELY1 WE >E FAC$ ) ! PROSPECT ?AT CAPITALISM MAY PULL D[N ! 5TIRE WORLD & LEAVE BEH9D LITTLE MORE ?AN A%ES & RU9--A*IEV+1 9 %ORT1 ! 0CAPITALI/ B>B>ISM0 ( :I* ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG W>N$ 9 H] 0,JUNIUS0 ESSAY4 

.<#d.> ,I USE ! WORD EXTRAORD9>Y BECAUSE1 BY ,M>XI/ /&>DS1 ,EUROPE WAS /ILL OBJECTIVELY UNPREP>$ = A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#d4 ,MU* ( ! CONT95T1 9 FACT1 HAD YET TO BE COLONIZ$ BY ! CAPITALI/ M>KET OR B\RGEOIS SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! PROLET>IAT--/ILL A V]Y CONSPICU\S M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION 9 A SEA ( PEASANTS & SMALL PRODUC]S--HAD YET TO MATURE AS A CLASS 9TO A SIGNIFICANT =CE4 ,DESPITE ! OPPROBRIUM ?AT HAS BE5 HEAP$ ON ,PLEKHANOV1 ,KAUTSKY1 ,B]N/E9 ET AL41 !Y HAD A BETT] UND]/&+ ( ! FAILURE ( ,M>XI/ SOCIALISM TO EMB$ ITSELF 9 PROLET>IAN CONSCI\SNESS ?AN DID ,L594 ,LUXEMBURG1 9 ANY CASE1 /RADDL$ ! SO-CALL$ 0SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC0 & 09T]NATIONALI/0 CAMPS 9 H] IMAGE ( A ,M>XI/ P>TY'S FUNCTION1 9 CONTRA/ TO ,L591 H] PR9CIPAL OPPON5T 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/ION0 9 ! ,LEFT ( ! W>TIME SOCIALI/S1 :O WAS PREP>$ TO E/ABLI% A 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP0 UND] ALL & ANY CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> WAS BY NO MEANS 9EVITABLE1 & IT G5]AT$ DEMOCRATIC & NATIONALI/ REVOLUTIONS RA!R ?AN PROLET>IAN ONES4 7,RUSSIA1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 WAS NO MORE A 0WORK]S' /ATE0 UND] ,BOL%EVIK RULE ?AN W]E ! ,HUNG>IAN & ,BAV>IAN 0SOVIET0 REPUBLICS47 ,NOT UNTIL #aici WAS ,EUROPE PLAC$ 9 A POSITION :]E A WORLD W> WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT 7TO :I* ,I BELONG$ AT ! TIME7 FRANKLY ]R$ PR(\NDLY :5 IT TOOK A SO-CALL$ 09T]NATIONALI/0 POSITION & REFUS$ TO SUPPORT ! ,ALLIES 7!IR IMP]IALI/ PA?OLOGIES NOT)/&+7 AGA9/ ! VANGU>D ( WORLD FASCISM1 ! ,?IRD ,REI*4 

.<#e.> ,KROPOTK91 = EXAMPLE1 REJECT$ DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ PROC$URES3 0,MAJORITY RULE IS AS DEFECTIVE AS ANY O!R K9D ( RULE10 HE ASS]T$4 ,SEE ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 0,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM3 ,ITS ,BASIS & ,PR9CIPLES10 9 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS1 $IT$ BY ,ROG] ,N4 ,BALDW9 7#a#i#b#g2 REPR9T$ BY ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]1 #a#i#g71 #f#h4 

.<#f.> ,I HAVE MADE ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 POLITICS & /ATECRAFT 91 = EXAMPLE1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES3 ,T[>D A ,NEW ,POLITICS ( ,CITIZ5%IP 7#a#i#h#g2 REPR9T$ BY ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#b71 #d#a-#c1 #e#i-#f#a4 

.<#g.> ,SEV]AL YE>S AGO1 :ILE ,I /ILL ID5TIFI$ MYSELF AS AN AN>*I/1 ,I ATTEMPT$ TO =MULATE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 0SOCIAL0 & 0LIFE/YLE0 AN>*ISM1 & ,I WROTE AN >TICLE ?AT ID5TIFI$ ,COMMUNALISM AS 0! DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION ( AN>*ISM0 7SEE ,LEFT ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #c#a1 ,OCTOB] #a#i#i#d74 ,I NO LONG] BELIEVE ?AT ,COMMUNALISM IS A M]E 0DIM5SION0 ( AN>*ISM1 DEMOCRATIC OR O!RWISE2 RA!R1 IT IS A DI/9CT IDEOLOGY ) A REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ?AT HAS YET TO BE EXPLOR$4 

.<#h.> ,TO BE SURE1 !SE PO9TS UND]GO MODIFICATION 9 ,COMMUNALISM3 = EXAMPLE1 ,M>XISM'S HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 EXPLA9+ ! RISE ( CLASS SOCIETIES1 IS EXP&$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S EXPLANATION ( ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL RISE ( HI]>*Y4 ,M>XIAN DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM1 9 TURN1 IS TRANSC5D$ BY DIALECTICAL NATURALISM2 & ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/ NOTION ( A V]Y LOOSE 0F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES0 IS REPLAC$ ) A CONF$]ATION FROM :I* ITS COMPON5TS1 FUNCTION+ 9 A DEMOCRATIC MANN] ?R\< CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES1 MAY )DRAW ONLY ) ! APPROVAL ( ! CONF$]ATION AS A :OLE4 

.<#i.> ,:AT IS SO SURPRIS+ AB\T ?IS M9IMALI/ DICTION>Y DEF9ITION IS ITS OV]ALL ACCURACY3 ,I W\LD TAKE ISSUE ONLY ) ITS =MULATIONS 0VIRTUALLY AUTONOM\S0 & 0LOOSELY B\ND10 :I* SUGGE/ A P>O*IAL & P>TICUL>I/IC1 EV5 IRRESPONSIBLE RELATION%IP ( ! COMPON5TS ( A CONF$]ATION TO ! :OLE4 

.<#a.> ,MY EXT5SIVE WRIT+S ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM DATE BACK TO ! E>LY #a#i#gS1 ) 0,SPR+ ,(F5SIVES & ,SUMM] ,VACATIONS10 ,AN>*OS1 NO4 #d1 #a#i#g#b4 ,! MORE SIGNIFICANT WORKS 9CLUDE ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1 #a#i#h#g1 REPR9T$ BY ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#b2 0,!SES ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM10 ,\R ,G5]ATION .<,MONTREAL.>1 VOL4 #a#f1 NOS4 #c-#d1 ,SPR+_/,SUMM] #a#i#h#e2 0,RADICAL ,POLITICS 9 AN ,]A ( ,ADVANC$ ,CAPITALISM10 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #a#h1 ,NOV4 #a#i#h#i2 0,! ,MEAN+ ( ,CONF$]ALISM10 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #b1 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#i2 0,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM3 ,AN ,OV]VIEW10 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES1 NO4 #b#d1 ,OCTOB] #a#i#i#a2 & ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] ,COLOPHON1 #a#i#g#d4 

.<#a#a.> ,= ONE SU* DISCUSSION1 SEE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 0,! ,<O/ ( ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM10 ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES1 VOL4 #a1 NO4 #a1 ,SPR+ #a#i#i#c4 

.<#a#b.> ,ONE ( ! GREAT TRAG$IES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #aicf WAS ! FAILURE ( ! MASSES TO ACQUIRE MORE ?AN ! SCANTE/ KN[L$GE ( SOCIAL LOGI/ICS & ! COMPLEX 9T]L9KAGES 9VOLV$ 9 PROVID+ = ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE 9 A MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,9ASMU* AS ?OSE :O HAD ! EXP]TIZE 9VOLV$ 9 MANAG+ PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISES & 9 MAK+ CITIES FUNCTIONAL W]E SUPPORT]S ( ! OLD REGIME1 WORK]S W]E 9 FACT UNABLE TO ACTUALLY TAKE OV] ! FULL CONTROL ( FACTORIES4 ,!Y W]E OBLIG$ 9/EAD TO DEP5D ON 0B\RGEOIS SPECIALI/S0 TO OP]ATE !M1 9DIVIDUALS :O /EADILY MADE !M ! VICTIMS ( A TE*NOCRATIC ELITE4 

.<#a#c.> ,I HAVE PREVI\SLY DISCUSS$ ?IS TRANS=MATION ( WORK]S FROM M]E CLASS BE+S 9TO CITIZ5S1 AMONG O!R PLACES1 9 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1 #a#i#h#g1 REPR9T$ BY ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#e2 & 9 0,WORK]S & ! ,PEACE ,MOVEM5T10 #a#i#h#c1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,! ,MOD]N ,CRISIS1 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#g4 

.<#a#d.> ,>I/OTLE1 ,POLITICS 7#a#b#e#b .<B.> #a#f71 TRANS4 ,B5JAM9 ,J[ETT1 9 ,! ,COMPLETE ,WORKS ( ,>I/OTLE1 ,REVIS$ ,OX=D ,TRANSLATION1 $4 ,J4 ,B>NES1 ,PR9CETON1 ,N,J3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d1 VOL4 #b1 #a#i#h#g4 

.<#a#e.> ,AS A LIB]T>IAN IDEAL = ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY & A G5U9E DOMA9 ( FRE$OM1 ! ,A!NIAN POLIS FALLS F> %ORT ( ! CITY'S ULTIMATE PROMISE4 ,ITS POPULATION 9CLUD$ SLAVES1 SUBORD9AT$ WOM51 & FRAN*ISELESS RESID5T ALI5S4 ,ONLY A M9ORITY ( MALE CITIZ5S POSSESS$ CIVIC RI<TS1 & !Y RAN ! CITY )\T CONSULT+ A L>G] POPULATION4 ,MAT]IALLY1 ! /ABILITY ( ! POLIS DEP5D$ UPON ! LABOR ( ITS NONCITIZ5S4 ,!SE >E AMONG ! SEV]AL MONUM5TAL FAIL+S ?AT LAT] MUNICIPALITIES W\LD HAVE TO CORRECT4 ,! POLIS IS SIGNIFICANT1 H[EV]1 NOT AS AN EXAMPLE ( AN EMANCIPAT$ COMMUNITY BUT = ! SUCCESSFUL FUNCTION+ ( ITS FREE 9/ITUTIONS4 

.<#a#f.> ,>I/OTLE1 ,POLITICS 7#a#b#e#b .<B.> #b#i-#c71 TRANS4 ,J[ETT2 EMPHASIS ADD$4 ,! WORDS FROM ! ORIG9AL ,GREEK TEXT MAY BE F\ND 9 ! ,LOEB ,CLASSICAL ,LIBR>Y $ITION3 ,>I/OTLE1 ,POLITICS1 TRANS4 ,H4 ,RACKHAM 7,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#a#g.> ,LEFRANCAIS IS QUOT$ 9 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,HORIZON ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#h1 #c#i#c4 ,I TOO W\LD BE OBLIG$ TODAY TO MAKE ! SAME /ATEM5T4 ,9 ! LATE #a#i#eS1 :5 AN>*ISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS A B>ELY DISC]NIBLE PRES5CE1 IT SEEM$ LIKE A SUFFICI5TLY CLE> FIELD 9 :I* ,I C\LD DEVELOP SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 AS WELL AS ! PHILOSOPHICAL & POLITICAL IDEAS ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME DIALECTICAL NATURALISM & LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,I WELL KNEW ?AT !SE VIEWS W]E NOT CONSI/5T ) TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ IDEAS1 LEA/ ( ALL PO/SC>CITY1 :I* IMPLI$ ?AT A MOD]N LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY RE/$ ON ADVANC$ MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS4 ,TODAY1 ,I F9D ?AT AN>*ISM REMA9S ! V]Y SIMPLI/IC 9DIVIDUALI/IC & ANTIRATIONALI/ PSY*OLOGY IT HAS ALWAYS BE54 ,MY ATTEMPT TO RETA9 AN>*ISM UND] ! NAME ( 0SOCIAL AN>*ISM0 HAS L>GELY BE5 A FAILURE1 & ,I N[ F9D ?AT ! T]M ,I HAVE US$ TO D5OTE MY VIEWS MU/ BE REPLAC$ ) ,COMMUNALISM1 :I* COH]5TLY 9TEGRATES & GOES BEYOND ! MO/ VIABLE FEATURES ( ! AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ TRADITIONS4 ,REC5T ATTEMPTS TO USE ! WORD AN>*ISM AS A LEVEL] TO M9IMIZE ! ABUNDANT & CONTRADICTORY DIFF]5CES ?AT >E GR\P$ UND] ?AT T]M & EV5 CELEBRATE ITS OP5NESS TO 0DIFF]5CES0 MAKE IT A DIFFUSE CAT*-ALL = T5D5CIES ?AT PROP]LY %\LD BE 9 %>P CONFLICT ) ONE ANO!R4 

.<#a#h.> ,= A DISCUSSION ( ! V]Y REAL PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY AN>*I/S' DISDA9 = P[] DUR+ ! #aicf ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 SEE ! >TICLE1 0,AN>*ISM & ,P[] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION40 

.<#a#i.> ,I %\LD NOTE ?AT BY OBJECTIVE1 ,I DO NOT REF] M]ELY TO EXI/5TIAL 5TITIES & EV5TS BUT ALSO TO POT5TIALITIES ?AT CAN BE RATIONALLY CONCEIV$1 NURTUR$1 & 9 TIME ACTUALIZ$ 9TO :AT WE W\LD N>R[LY CALL REALITIES4 ,IF M]E SUB/ANTIALITY W]E ALL ?AT ! T]M OBJECTIVE MEANT1 NO IDEAL OR PROMISE ( FRE$OM W\LD BE AN OBJECTIVELY VALID GOAL UNLESS IT EXI/$ UND] \R V]Y NOSES4 

.<#b.> ,C4 ,CA/ORIADIS1 ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,POLITICS1 ,AUTONOMY3 ,ESSAYS 9 ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#a1 #f#c4 

.<#b#a.> ,GOE!1 QUOT$ 9 ,B]TRAM ,D4 ,WOLFE1 ,?REE ,:O ,MADE A ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,BIOGRAPHICAL ,HI/ORY1 #cRD REV4 $41 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,DIAL ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#a1 #e#g#h4 

.<#b#b.> ,?UCYDIDES1 ,! ,PELOPONNESIAN ,W>1 BOOK #b1 *APT] #d4 

.<#b#c.> ,P4-,J4 ,PR\DHON1 LETT] TO ,DULIEU1 ,DECEMB] #c1 #a#h#f1 ,CORRESPOND5CE1 VOL4 #a1 #b#g#e1 REPUBLI%$ 9 ,S4 ,$W>DS1 $41 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ( ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 TRANS4 ,ELIZABE? ,FRAZ]1 ,G>D5 ,CITY1 ,N4,Y43 ,AN*OR ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#i1 #a#h#e4 

.<#b#d.> ,P4-,J4 ,PR\DHON1 ,LA ,F$]ATION ET L'UNITE 5 ,ITALIE1 #a#h#f#b1 #a#b#b-#b#e1 9 ,$W>DS1 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 #a#h#h-#h#i4 

.<#b#e.> ,P4-,J4 ,PR\DHON1 LETT] TO ,DULIEU1 ,DECEMB] #c1 #a#h#f1 ,CORRESPOND5CE1 VOL4 #a1 #b#g#e-#g#f1 REPUBLI%$ 9 ,$W>DS1 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 #a#h#e4 

.<#b#f.> ,P4-,J4 ,PR\DHON1 LETT] TO ,ALEX&] ,H]Z51 ,APRIL #b#a1 #a#h#f#a1 ,CORRESPOND5CE1 VOL4 #a#a1 #b#b-#b#d1 REPUBLI%$ 9 ,$W>DS1 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S1 #a#i#a1 EMPHASIS 9 ! ORIG9AL4 

.<#b#g.> ,P4 ,MAXIM(F1 $41 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN93 ,SCI5TIFIC ,AN>*ISM1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,FREE ,PRESS ( ,GL5COE1 ,LONDON3 ,COLLI]-,MACMILLAN ,LTD41 #a#i#e#c1 #c#b#d-#c#e1 EMPHASIS ADD$4 

.<#b#h.> ,K4 ,M>X1 ,F4 ,5GELS1 0,MANIFE/O ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY10 ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 #a1 ,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#i1 #a#b4 

.<#b#i.> ,IBID41 #a#b#d4 

.<#c.> ,DESPITE ! G5D]$NESS ( !SE WORDS--! PRODUCT ( ! ]A 9 :I* ,BAKUN9 LIV$--!Y OBVI\SLY MAY BE 9T]PRET$ AS SIGNIFY+ HUMANITY G5]ALLY4 

.<#c#a.> ,P4 ,MAXIM(F1 $41 ,! ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,BAKUN93 ,SCI5TIFIC ,AN>*ISM1 #c#b#e4 

.<#c#b.> ,!SE REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S CONCEIV$ ! MEANS BY :I* !Y HAD C>RI$ \T ?IS TRANS=MATION AS A =M ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! RIOTS1 /ONE ?R[+1 & VIOL5CE ?AT MANY AN>*I/S TODAY EXTOLL AS 0DIRECT ACTION10 BY ?IS T]M !Y MEANT WELL-ORGANIZ$ & CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITIES DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 MANAG+ PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,DIRECT ACTION1 9 !IR VIEW1 MEANT ! CREATION ( A POLITY1 ! =MATION ( POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS1 & ! =MULATION & 5ACTM5T ( LAWS1 REGULATIONS1 & ! LIKE1 :I* AU!NTIC AN>*I/S REG>D$ AS AN ABRIDGM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL 0WILL0 OR 0AUTONOMY40 

.<#c#c.> ,9 ! 9T]V5+ YE>1 ! ,C,N,T LEAD]S HAD DISCOV]$ ?AT !IR REJECTION ( P[] = ! ,CATALAN PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY DID NOT 9CLUDE A REJECTION ( P[] = !MSELVES AS 9DIVIDUALS4 ,SEV]AL ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LEAD]S ACTUALLY AGRE$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! B\RGEOIS /ATE AS M9I/]S & W]E HOLD+ (FICE :5 !IR MEMB]S W]E BE+ SUPPRESS$ 9 ! BATTLE ( ,B>CELONA 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g4 

.<#c#d.> ,:E!R 9 ,RUSSIA OR 9 ,G]MANY1 ! CONVICTION ?AT 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY0 7?AT IS1 CAPITALISM7 WAS A PRECONDITIONAL /AGE = LEAD+ SOCIETY TO SOCIALISM HELP$ JU/IFY ! RELUCTANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TO LEAD ! WORK]S TO MAKE A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#a#i4 ,M>X'S 0/AGES !ORY10 9 EFFECT1 WAS NOT ONLY AN ATTEMPT TO GIVE AN 9T]PRETATION TO HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T2 IT PLAY$ A VITAL ROLE 9 ,M>XI/ POLITICS FROM ! ,G]MAN & ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONS ( #a#i#a#g-#b#a TO ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#c#g4 

.<#c#e.> ,I REF] H]E NOT TO ! CONV5TIONAL CRITICISMS ?AT W]E M\NT$ AGA9/ ,M>XISM BY POLITICAL OPPON5TS--CRITICISMS ?AT EM]G$ FROM ! V]Y 9CEPTION ( ,M>X'S !ORETICAL ACTIVITIES & ! EM]G5CE ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS BAS$ 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ON HIS IDEAS4 ,NOR AM ,I CONC]N$ ) ,M>XI/ CRITICS SU* AS ,$U>D ,B]N/E91 :O M\NT$ !IR CRITIQUES )9 ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T ITSELF 9 ! #a#h#iS4 ,RA!R1 ,I REF] TO ! CRITIQUES ?AT EM]G$ ) ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL & ASSORT$ WRIT]S LIKE ,K>L ,KORS*1 :O S]I\SLY *ALL5G$ ! MANY PREMISES ( ,M>X'S PHILOSOPHICAL & HI/ORICAL CONCEPTS4 

.<#c#f.> ,M>X1 0,PREFACE TO A ,CONTRIBUTION ( ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY10 9 ,SELECT$ ,WORKS1 ,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#i1 VOL4 #a1 #e#d4 

.<#c#g.> ,ALL ( :I* 9DUC$ ,GEORG ,LUKACS TO IMP>T ?IS HEGEMONIC ROLE TO ! 0PROLET>IAN P>TY10 :I* MY/ICALLY EMBODIES ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS1 EV5 :5 ITS LEAD]%IP IS USUALLY PR$OM9ANTLY PETTY B\RGEOIS4 

.<#c#h.> ,I AM NOT TRY+ TO D[NPLAY ! IMPORTANCE ( ECONOMIC ISSUES4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y3 ONLY 9 REC5T TIMES1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! MID-TW5TIE? C5TURY1 HAS CAPITALISM'S COMMODITY ECONOMY BECOME A COMMODITY SOCIETY4 ,COMMODIFICATION HAS N[ P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! MO/ 9TIMATE LEVELS ( P]SONAL & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 ! BUS9ESS-ESE ?AT PREVAILS TODAY1 ALMO/ EV]Y?+ IS SE5 AS A TRADE(F4 ,LOVE ITSELF BECOMES A 0?+10 ) ITS [N EX*ANGE VALUE & USE VALUE1 EV5 ITS [N PRICE--AFT] ALL1 DO WE NOT 0E>N0 ! LOVE ( O!RS BY \R BEHAVIOR8 ,/ILL1 ?IS K9D ( COMMODIFICATION IS NOT COMPLETE2 ! VALUE ( LOVE IS NOT 5TIRELY MEASURABLE 9 T]MS ( LABOR OR SUPPLY & DEM&4 

.<#c#i.> ,EALHAM1 ,C41 0,FROM ! ,SUMMITS TO ! ,ABYSS3 ,! ,CONTRADICTIONS ( ,9DIVIDUALISM & ,COLLECTIVISM 9 ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM10 9 ,! ,REPUBLIC ,BESIEG$3 ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,SPA91$S4 ,PRE/ON1 ,P4 & ,MACK5ZIE1 ,A4 ,L41 ,$9BUR<3 ,$9BUR< ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#f1 #a#d4 ,?IS ESSAY IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS ,I HAVE READ TO ! LIT]ATURE ON ! CONTRADICTIONS 9 AN>*ISM4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,! ,NEXT ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,NEXT ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/