,! ,OCCUPATION ( >T & G5TRIFICATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

,9ITIALLY WE 9T5D$ TO WRITE AN >TICLE ANALYZ+ ! ROLE ( >T 9 TRANS=M+ A RUN-D[N WORK+ CLASS >EA1 ,L[] ,MANHATTAN1 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 = ! B5EFIT ( CAPITAL4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( \R RESE>* & DISCUSSION WE REALIZ$ ?AT :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ,L[] ,MANHATTAN WASN'T AN ISOLAT$ 9CID5T1 BUT P>T ( AN 9CREAS+LY SIGNIFICANT CAPITAL ACCUMULATION PROCESS ) >T AS A MAJOR PROTAGONI/1 & 9VOLV+ A WIDESPREAD TRANS=MATION ( URBAN SPACE4 ,WE BELIEVE !RE IS A G5]AL GLOBAL T5D5CY ( CULTURE TO ACT AS AN ELEM5T 9 ! REG5]ATION ( ! 9N] CITIES1 ADAPT+ ITSELF 9 DIFF]5T WAYS TO DIFF]5T PLACES4 ,!RE SEEM TO BE TWO /RATEGIES AT WORK3 A7 ,>T AS /ATE-MANIPULAT$ G5TRIFI] AS 9 ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE1 & B7 ,>T AS A FRE% BASE = ACCUMULATION 9 >EAS RAVAG$ BY ! DECL9E ( 9DU/RY4 7,9 ! LATT] CASE ! ,U,K IS CLOSELY FOLL[+ ! ,U,S EXP]IM5T 9 ,PITTSBUR< & ,*ICAGO & APPLY+ !M OV] H]E47 ,WE HOPE TO SUMM>IZE B7 9 ! CONCLUSION :ILE ! P>T ( ! >TICLE DEVOT$ TO ,L[] ,MANHATTAN CONC5TRATES ON A74 ,BECAUSE WE BELIEVE ?AT >T IS AN 9TEGRAL ASPECT ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS WE F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO 9CLUDE SOME G5]AL OBS]VATIONS ON ! ROLE ( >T 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY BY WAY ( AN 9TRODUCTION4 

0,9 >T1 ! WORLD ( ! >TI/ IS SET BE=E ONE'S EYES AS AN ,OBJECT1 A WORLD :I* ! >TI/ HAS BR\<T =? FROM ! FULL P[] ( HIS [N 9W>DNESS1 A WORLD :I* WILL SATISFY EV]Y REAL NE$ & LONG+40 -- ,MAX ,/IRN].<#a.> 

,MALIGNANT ,CULTURES 

,CULTURE SELLS ! PROMISE ( ADVANCEM5T BY APPEAL+ TO A 'CLASSLESS CREATIVITY' :I* EV]YBODY SUPPOS$LY POSSESSES & NE$S TO EXPRESS4 ,! ,U,S ,T,V PROGRAM ',FAME' PROMOTES ?IS MY?3 ! COM+ TOGE!R ( KIDS FROM 'BO? SIDES ( ! TRACKS' -- E?NIC SLUMS & :ITE SUBURBIA ALIKE -- AN ALLEG$LY H>MONI\S UNITY :]E EV]YBODY IS 'EQUAL'1 EA* 9DIVIDUAL SUCCE$+ OR FAIL+ ACCORD+ TO !IR [N >TI/IC TAL5T4 ,BO? TEAMWORK 7BIT-P>TS1 *ORUS L9ES7 & 9DIVIDUAL ADVANCEM5T 7/>R+ ROLES7 >E PROMOT$1 ! B\RGEOIS !ATRICAL =MS REFLECT+ ! DOM9ANT ORGANIZATION & VALUES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,>T & CULTURE >E N[ MORE DEMOCRATIZ$ ?AN EV]2 ! WORSE ! PRES5T CRISIS GETS & ! FEW] JOB OPPORTUNITIES !RE >E = A GREAT] NUMB] ( PEOPLE1 ! MORE NECESS>Y IT BECOMES TO SOAK UP AT LEA/ A SMALL FRACTION ( ?IS 9TO CULTURAL C>E]S OR 9TO ! S]VICE SECTOR.<#b.> & TO CONTA9 ! RE/ ) ILLUSIONS ( ESCAPE4 ,9 FAC+ UP TO ! PROLET>IAT'S 9CREAS+ REFUSAL ( /EADY1 LEGAL FULL-TIME WORK1 CAPITAL IS EMPLOY+ A MIX$ /RATEGY 9CLUD+ ON ! ONE H& =C$ LABOR S*EMES1 & ON ! O!R ! ALLURE ( P]SONAL SUCCESS 9 ! CULTURAL FIELD :I* CAN BE PRES5T$ & 9T]NALIZ$ AS NOT BE+ ALI5AT$ LABOR1 BUT AS AN ACT ( SELF-FULFILLM5T1 :]EAS 9 REALITY CULTURE MEANS ! PRODUCTION ( CAPITAL'S MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ MEANS ( CONTROL & SUBMISSION ( BO? CONSUM] & PRODUC]4 ,JU/ AS \R CONCRETE RELATION%IPS >E M$IAT$ BY OBJECTS AS COMMODITIES1 SO \R EMOTIONS >E M$IAT$ BY CULTURE1 BY !IR HOLL[ REPRES5TATIONS4 ,IT'S WOR? M5TION+ TWO ( ! MO/ LUCRATIVE >T_/MUSIC MOVEM5TS1 PUNK & RAP_/GRAFFITI >T1 :I* 9 !IR HEYDAYS BO? /IMULAT$ FLAGG+ PR(ITS 9 ! MUSIC BIZ1 9ITIALLY EM]G$ FROM ! RANKS ( BLACK & :ITE DISPOSSESS$ Y\? 7AL?\< 9 ! CASE ( PUNK !RE WAS ALWAYS A DISPROPORTIONATE >T-S*OOL 9FLU5CE74 

,>TI/S CAN (T5 GET AWAY ) APPE>+ TO BE '\TSIDE' CLASS RELATIONS2 !Y & !IR PRODUCTS >E SE5 AS AN EXPRESSION ( 'EV]YMAN' OR ! HUMAN ESS5CE4 ,?IS GIVES !M A UNIQUE FACILITY TO WORM !IR WAY 9TO POOR NEI<BORHOODS AS ! CULTURAL VANGU>D ( A SOCIAL FRAGM5TATION CREAT$ BY G5TRIFICATION4 

,! ,?9 ,5D ( ! ,R$ ,W$GE 

,9 ANY CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 >T M]ELY EMBODIES ! IDEOLOGY APPROPRIATE TO ! GIV5 LEVEL ( PRODUCTION4 ,! ,CON/RUCTIVI/S >E A GOOD ILLU/RATION ( ?IS ,!Y EM]G$ 9 ,RUSSIA AS AN AVANTE-GU>D >T MOVEM5T AT ! 5D ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 #a#i#b#a1 IMM$IATELY ALIGN+ !MSELVES CLOSELY ) ,BOL%EVIK IDEOLOGY & PUT !IR V>I\S TAL5TS 9 ! S]VICE ( ! /ATE & ITS *ANG+ ECONOMIC NE$S4 ,!Y BEGAN BY PROMOT+ ! B5EFITS ( ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY1 ,L59'S /RATEGY TO RE9VIGORATE ! ECONOMY BY A P>TIAL RETURN TO FREE 5T]PRISE4 ,BY #a#i#b#c1 :5 ! SUCCESS ( PRIVATE 9DU/RY WAS S]I\SLY ?REAT5+ ! /ATE'S PR(ITS FROM ! SALE ( !IR [N COMMODITIES1 ,MAYAKOVSKY1 A POET1 & ,ALEX&] ,ROD*5KO1 A ,CON/RUCTIVI/ PHOTOGRAPH]1 COMB9$ TO =M AN 'ADV]TISEM5T CON/RUCTOR' TEAM TO PROMOTE /ATE GOODS4 ,SO = ! NEXT TWO YE>S ,CON/RUCTIVI/S D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO NOT ONLY PROMOT+ ,BOL%EVIK ECONOMIC POLICY AS A PROGRESSIVE =CE 9 ! =MATION ( A NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 BUT ALSO ACT$ AS AN ADV]TIS+ AG5CY ) ! /ATE AS !IR MAJOR CLI5T4 

,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD MANY ( !SE >TI/S ALSO BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 DESIGN+ COMMODITIES1 ?R\< 'PRODUCTION >T'1 9CLUD+ SU* GEMS AS PLATES PR9T$ ) ! SLOGAN 'HE :O DOES NOT WORK DOES NOT EXI/'4 

0,\R GRAVITATION T[>DS ! PR9CIPLE ( 'CON/RUCTION' IS A NATURAL MANIFE/ATION ( CONTEMPOR>Y CONSCI\SNESS :I* D]IVES FROM 9DU/RY40 -- ,ALEX&] ,ROD*5KO 

0,>T MU/ NOT BE CONC5TRAT$ 9 DEAD %R9ES CALL$ MUSEUMS4 ,IT MU/ BE SPREAD EV]Y:]E -- ON ! /REET1 9 ! TRAMS1 FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS & 9 ! WORK]S' HOMES40 -- ,VLADIMIR ,MAYAKOVSKY.<#c.> 

,:5 ! /ATE CONSOLIDAT$ SUFFICI5T DOM9ATION OV] ! M>KET1 >\ND #a#i#b#h1 & ! ,N,E,P WAS ABOLI%$ BY ,/AL9 :O W5T ON TO 5=CE ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE & ! ,FIVE ,YE> ,PLANS :I* SET EV] HI<] PRODUCTION T>GETS1 ! ,CON/RUCTIVI/S W]E REPLAC$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REALI/S4 

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,REALI/S ESS5TIALLY CONT9U$ ! ,CON/RUCTIVI/ PROJECT 9 T]MS ( /YLE & APPROA*1 BUT ) DIFF]5T TASKS & PRIORITIES1 REFLECT+ A *ANG$ ECONOMIC REALITY1 I4E4 S9CE ! /ATE NO LONG] HAD TO COMPETE 9 ! M>KET ) PRIVATE 9DU/RY1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REALI/S C\LD CONC5TRATE ON SELL+ ! B5EFITS ( ,/AL9I/ ACCUMULATION1 = EXAMPLE BY AES!TICIZ+ TRACTORS :I* SYMBOLIZ$ ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE 7& ! DISPOSSESSION ( ALL CLASSES ( PEASANTS74 ,9 ! CLIMATE ( EXTREME AU/]ITY & ) ! ABOLITION ( 'CONSUM] *OICE' 9 ! PO/-,N,E,P P]IOD1 ,SOCIALI/ ,REALISM PREOCCUPI$ ITSELF ) M>KET+ ! IDEOLOGY ( PRODUCTION :ILE ACTUAL PRODUCTION WAS 5=C$ AT GUN-PO9T4 

,WE/]N >TI/S HAVE TRADITIONALLY SNE]$ AT ,CON/RUCTIVISM & ,SOCIALI/ ,REALISM = BE+ CRUDE & UTILIT>IAN1 ,N,O,T ,>,T1 :5 9 FACT !Y DEMON/RATE ! ESS5CE ( ! FUNCTION ( >T1 BUT TOO BLATANTLY = WE/]N TA/ES2 NOT ONLY ON ! ECONOMIC LEVEL BUT ALSO ON ! SOCIAL LEVEL -- 9 'ONE-CLASS' ,RUSSIA1 ! ,CON/RUCTIVI/S W]E ! VOICE ( ! PROLET>IAT'4 ,9 ! ,WE/ >TI/S EI!R CLAIM TO BE ! VOICE ( A SPECIFIC CLASS OR ! VOICE ( ! PEOPLE 9 G5]AL4 ,9 BO? CASES !IR ROLE AS SPECIALI/S DEP5DS ON ! G5]AL SUPPRESSION ( CREATIVITY ?R\<\T SOCIETY2 H[EV] ! B\RGEOISIE CAN ONLY REPRODUCE !MSELVES BY MA9TA9+ G5]ALIZ$ ALI5ATION ?R\< SU* MEANS AS >T1 :]EAS ! PROLET>IAT CAN ONLY COMBAT ITS [N ALI5ATION4 

,9 ! ,WE/ TODAY >T CONT9UES TO P]=M ! SAME FUNCTION AT A DIFF]5T LEVEL ( PRODUCTION & )9 A DIFF]5T ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK4 ,MO/ PEOPLE OV] H]E :O RECEIVE >TI/IC TRA9+ 7AP>T FROM ! PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY :O CAN SURVIVE AS 'PURE TAL5TS UNTA9T$ BY COMM]CIALISM' -- AS !Y SEE IT7 5D UP EI!R 9 SOME =M ( COMMODITY DESIGN OR M>KET+1 ?US PROMOT+ ! IDEOLOGY ( CONSUMPTION OR DESIGN+ ,Y,T,S ADS OR SOPHI/ICAT$ POLICE RECRUITM5T ADS PROMOT+ ! IDEOLOGY ( PRODUCTION1 WORK & ! /ATE4 

,AS AN ELEM5T ( ?IS SOCIETY1 >T IS A =CE AGA9/ REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION1 9 ?AT IT P]PETUATES ! DIVISIONS 9 SOCIAL ACTIVITY & 9DIVIDUAL_/COLLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS4 ,9 BO? PRE- & PO/-CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 CULTURE WILL BE SO DIFFUS$ 9TO EV]Y ASPECT ( DAILY LIFE ?AT IT W\LD BECOME UNRECOGNIZABLE AS A SEP>ATE CATEGORY4 ,9 SOME ,AFRICAN TRIBAL LANGUAGES !RE >E NO SPECIFIC WORDS = SPECIFIC CULTURAL ACTIVITIES1 I4E4 ! SAME WORD IS US$ TO DESCRIBE BO? MUSIC & LIFE ITSELF4 

0,APPRECIAT+ IS ! SOLE DIV]SION ( ! 'CULTIVAT$'2 PASSIVE & 9COMPET5T1 LACK+ IMAG9ATION & WIT1 !Y MU/ TRY TO MAKE DO ) ?AT2 UNABLE TO CREATE !IR [N DIV]SIONS1 TO CREATE A LITTLE WORLD ( !IR [N1 TO AFFECT 9 ! SMALLE/ WAY !IR 5VIRONM5TS1 !Y MU/ ACCEPT :AT'S GIV52 UNABLE TO CREATE OR RELATE1 !Y SPECTATE4 ,ABSORB+ 'CULTURE' IS A DESP]ATE1 FRANTIC ATTEMPT TO GROOVE 9 AN UNGROOVY WORLD1 TO ESCAPE ! HORROR ( A /]ILE1 M9DLESS EXI/5CE4 ',CULTURE' PROVIDES A SOP TO ! EGOS ( ! 9COMPET5T1 A MEANS ( RATIONALIZ+ PASSIVE SPECTAT+2 ,!Y CAN PRIDE !MSELVES ON ! ABILITY TO APPRECIATE ! 'F9]' ?+S1 TO SEE A JEWEL :]E !RE IS ONLY A TURD 7!Y WANT TO BE ADMIR$ = ADMIR+74 ,LACK+ FAI? 9 !IR ABILITY TO *ANGE ANY?+1 RESIGN$ TO ! /ATUS QUO1 !Y HAVE TO SEE BEAUTY 9 TURDS BECAUSE1 SO F> AS !Y CAN SEE1 TURDS >E ALL !Y'LL EV] HAVE40 -- ,VAL]IE ,SOLONAS' 0,S,C,U,M ,MANIFE/O0 WAS WRITT5 9 #aifg & PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#f#h1 ! YE> %E %OT & W\ND$ ,&Y ,W>HOL4.<#d.> 

,!RE >E N[ AB\T #a1 PEOPLE HOMELESS 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY :ILE AT ! SAME TIME OV] #h1 CITY [N$ AP>TM5TS HAVE REMA9$ EMPTY 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,OV] #i1 PEOPLE HAVE BE5 EVICT$ & ,S,W,A,T.<#e.> TEAMS HAVE BE5 US$ TO REMOVE PEOPLE4 ,TWO WOM51 ,ELISABE? ,MAGNUM & ,ELEANOR ,BUMPURS1 HAVE BE5 KILL$ BY COPS DUR+ EVICTIONS4 ,:ILE !RE IS A #ae YE>-LONG WAIT+ LI/ ( NE>LY #a#g#e1 PEOPLE = PUBLIC H\S+ ! CITY IS PROGRESSIVELY SELL+ (F !IR H\S+ /OCK4 ,ALSO1 OV] HALF A MILLION AP>TM5TS 9 ,N,Y,C HAVE BE5 AB&ON$ S9CE #a#i#g1 ! RESULT ( AN AGGRESSIVE DIS9VE/M5TS1 CRIM9AL CUT(F ( S]VICES & >SON4 ,PIG ,MAYOR ,KO* ( ,NEW ,YORK HAS SAID 9 ! PRESS ?AT HOMELESS PEOPLE LIV+ ON ! /REET %\LD NOT BE GIV5 SP>E *ANGE BECAUSE !Y WILL ONLY 0SP5D IT ON DR9K & DRUGS04 ,?OSE LIV+ 9 ! /REETS1 P>KS & *ANTY T[NS >E SUBJECT$ TO REGUL> BRUTALITY & H>ASSM5T BY ! CITY POLICE =CE4 ,! ,KO* ADM9I/RATION HAS ALSO ATTEMPT$ TO CLE> ! /REETS ( VAGRANTS BY HAV+ !M COMMITT$ TO M5TAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 #aihf ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T DECL>$ HUNDR$S ( MILIT>Y BASES READY TO BE FILL$ ) ! HOMELESS4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY MO/ ( ! HOMELESS HAVE REJECT$ ?IS '(F]'4 ,AS ! 0,\R ,L&0 MAGAZ9E PUT IT -- 0,CAN WE REMA9 SIL5T :ILE ! HOMELESS >E DRIV5 \T ( PUBLIC PLACES & P>KS1 & ,AM]IKA'S NEW CONC5TRATION CAMPS >E READI$8 ,H[ SOON WILL !SE CAMPS CONTA9 ,AIDS-VICTIMS1 POT SMOK]S1 DRAFT RESI/]S & 'COMMUNI/S'80 

,AN ACADEMIC SURVEY C>RI$ \T 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS CONCLUD$ ?AT 0,!RE IS V]Y SUB/ANTIAL AB&ONM5T 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 DISPLAC+ 7DIRECTLY1 9DIRECTLY OR ?R\< *A9 EFFECTS7 BETWE5 #g#g1#e & #a#e1 P]SONS A YE>40 ,! FIGURES = DISPLACEM5T ?R\< G5TRIFICATION >E GIV5 AS 0BETWE5 #b#e1 & #a1 P]SONS A YE> 9 ! CURR5T P]IOD40.<#f.> 

0,HOLBE9 & ! ,BUM0 

,! G5TRIFICATION ( ,L[] ,MANHATTAN 9 ,NEW ,YORK IS AN EXAMPLE ( ! EFFECTS ( ! DE-9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! 9N]-CITIES :I* IS TAK+ PLACE WORLD WIDE1 ) ! DECL9E ( BLUE-COLL> WORK & ! RISE ( :ITE-COLL> WORK 7( C\RSE DO+ :ITE-COLL> WORK DOESN'T NECESS>ILY MEAN Y\ >E NOT A PROLET>IAN73 0,?IS %IFT FROM BLUE-COLL> TO :ITE-COLL> 9DU/RIES MAKES ! ECONOMY ( ! CITY1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 EV5 MORE 9COMPATIBLE ) ITS LABOR =CE4 ,9 #aibi #e#i.0 ( ! LABOR =CE WAS BLUE-COLL>2 9 #aieg ! P]C5TAGE SLIPP$ TO #d#g.04 ,BY#a#i#h LESS ?AN ONE ?IRD ( ! TOTAL WORK=CE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CONSI/$ ( BLUE-COLL> WORK]S40.<#g.> ,! CLASS OCCUPATION & USE ( PREVI\SLY 9DU/RIAL SPACE HAS BE5 PROGRESSIVELY TRANS=M$4 ,ONE ( ! SPE>HEADS ( ?IS PROCESS HAS BE5 ! >T MOVEM5T -- BO? 9DIVIDUAL >TI/S & GALL]Y [N]S4 ,>TI/S 9ITIALLY MOV$ 9TO ! >EA ATTRACT$ BY *EAP R5TS = L>GE SPACES IDEAL = >T PRODUCTION2 I4E4 W>EH\SES1 L(TS & LI<T MANUFACTUR+ SPACE4 

,! PROCESS BEGAN ) ,FLUXUS & MORE REC5TLY HAS BE5 EXT5D$ 9TO ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE BY A RAGBAG ( O!R RADICAL >T T5D5CIES4 ,! ,FLUXUS >T MOVEM5T DEVELOP$ FROM ! LATE #a#i#eS ONW>DS1 GRADUALLY C5T]+ ITSELF 9 ,SO,HO 7S\? ( ,H\/ON ,/REET7 ,VILLAGE1 AN >EA IMM$IATELY WE/ ( ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE1 DUR+ ! NEXT #a YE>S4 ,A C5TRAL FEATURE ( !IR ACTIVITY1 9ITIALLY F9ANC$ BY A RI* ,N,Y BUS9ESS FAMILY :O W]E ALSO >T PATRONS1 WAS US+ L(T SPACE TO REALIZE !IR SELF-9DULG5T FANTASIES AB\T >T 5VIRONM5TS4 ,! FOLL[+ EXC]PTS ILLU/RATE H[ 'RADICAL >T' EXPECTS ITSELF TO BE REG>D$ PURELY ON ! LEVEL ( ITS IDEOLOGY & AB/RACT 9T5TIONS :I* MASK ITS REAL SOCIAL & MAT]IAL FUNCTION3 0 ',A NEW LIFE4 ,RUHM'S ,WI5 BUILT ( ! LETT]S 9 ! ,G]MAN NAME = ,VI5NA -- ,HOLLE9'S AIRCRAFT C>RI] AS A CITY = #c1 9HABITANTS -- ,OLD5BURG'S ALT]ATION ( ! ,?AMES -- ,MY SUP] HI<WAY AS A CA!DRAL 5VIRONM5T -- >E ALL UTOPIAS CONTA9+ MORE BREAD? & VISUALIZATION ( PRES5T DAY ?\<T ?AN ! REPRESSIVE >*ITECTURE ( BUREAUCRACY & LUXURY ?AT IMPOSES RE/RICTIONS ON PEOPLE4 ,EV]Y?+ IS =BIDD54 ,DON'T ,T\*6 ,NO ,SPITT+6 ,NO ,SMOK+6 ,NO ,?9K+6 ,NO ,LIV+6 ,\R PROJECTS -- \R 5VIRONM5TS >E MEANT TO FREE M5 -- ONLY ! REALIZATION ( UTOPIAS WILL MAKE MAN HAPPY & RELEASE HIM FROM HIS FRU/RATIONS6 ,USE Y\R IMAG9ATION6 ,JO9 9444,%>E ! P[]6 ,%>E PROP]TY6' ',P,U,R,G,E ! WORLD ( B\RGEOIS SICKNESS1 '9TELLECTUAL'1 PR(ESSIONAL & COMM]CIALIZ$ CULTURE444 74447 ,P,R,O,M,O,T,E ,A ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N,>,Y ,F,L,O,O,D ,& ,T,I,D,E ,9 ,>,T1 74447 ,F,U,Z,E ! CADRES ( CULTURAL1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL REVOLUTION>IES 9TO ! UNIT$ FRONT & ACTION4'0.<#h.> 

,DESPITE !SE FANTASIES ( A LIB]AT+ RECON/RUCTION ( SPACE 9 ! S]VICE ( ! MASSES1 WE %\LD PO9T \T ?AT ,MACIUNAS1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ ,FLUXI/S1 WAS A REAL E/ATE SPECULATOR1 :OSE 9ITIAL ACTIVITIES 9 ?IS FIELD W]E F9ANC$ BY RI* >T PATRONS4.<#i.> 

,MORE REC5TLY1 9 ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE ITSELF1 SPECIFICALLY RESID5TIAL SPACE WAS MADE AVAILABLE BY WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE MOV+ \T ( ! >EA BECAUSE ( L&LORDS' NEGLECT ( PROP]TY1 EVICTIONS C>RI$ \T (T5 BY MEANS ( 9TIMIDATION 7I4E4 FIREBOMB+ PEOPLE \T ( !IR HOMES7 & ! POLICE TURN+ A BL9D EYE TO SU* ACTIVITIES AS WELL AS DRUG ,MAFIA OP]ATIONS & HI< LEVELS ( /REET CRIME4 ,! >TI/S W]E PIONE]S ( G5TRIFICATION 9 ?IS NEW FRONTI] = ! MIDDLE CLASS1 BY CREAT+ AN >T SC5E & COMMUNITY1 COMB9+ ! USE ( !IR SPACE = LIV+1 PRODUC+1 P]=M+ & EXHIBIT+4 ,!SE >TI/IC EV5TS & ! CULTURAL AMBIANCE ATTRACT$ MIDDLE CLASS >T CONSUM]S :I* 9 TURN CREAT$ A M>KET = O!R CULTURAL NE$S -- YUPPIE B>S1 RE/AURANTS ETC4 ,IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! GALL]IES W\LD TAKE !IR PLACE 9 ?IS NEW SC5E1 PACKAG+ 9 !IR CATALOGS ! BOHEMIAN ?RILLS ( ! >EA3 0,! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE 5T]S ! SPACE ( ! ,I,C,A CATALOG 9 ?REE =MS3 MY?OLOGIZ$ 9 ! TEXTS AS AN EXCIT+ BOHEMIAN 5VIRONM5T1 OBJECTIFI$ 9 A MAP DELIMIT+ ITS B\ND>IES1 & AES!TICIZ$ 9 A FULL-PAGE PHOTOGRAPH ( A ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE '/REET SC5E'4 ,ALL ?REE >E FAMILI> /RATEGIES = ! DOM9ATION & POSSESSION ( O!RS4 ,! PHOTOGRAPH1 ALONE1 IS A BLATANT EXAMPLE ( ! ES!TICIZATION ( POV]TY & SUFF]+ ?AT HAS BECOME A /APLE ( VISUAL IMAG]Y4 ,AT ! L[] $GE ( ! PHOTOGRAPH A BUM SITS 9 A DOORWAY SURR\ND$ BY HIS %OPP+ BAGS1 A LIQUOR BOTTLE & REMNANTS ( A MEAL4 ,HE IS APP>5TLY OBLIVI\S ( ! PHOTOGRAPH]1 UNAW>E ( ! COMPOSITION 9 :I* HE IS =C$ TO PLAY A MAJOR ROLE4 ,ABUNDANT GRAFFITI COV]S ! WALL BEH9D HIM1 :ILE AT ! LEFT ! WALL IS PA/$ OV] ) LAY]S ( PO/]S1 ! TOPMO/ ( :I* IS AN ADV]TISEM5T = ! ,PI]PO9T ,MORGAN ,LIBR>Y'S ,HOLBE9 EXHIBITION4 ,! PO/] FEATURES A L>GE REPRODUCTION ( A ,HOLBE9 PORTRAIT ( A FIGURE FAC+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! BUM 9 ! DOORWAY4 ,HI< >T M+LES ) ! 'SUBCULTURE' ( GRAFFITI & ! 'L[LIFE' REPRES5T$ BY ! BUM 9 A PHOTOGRAPH :I* IS GIV5 A TITLE1 LIKE AN >T WORK3 ,FIR/ ,/REET & ,SECOND ,AV5UE 7,HOLBE9 & ! ,BUM74 ,:ILE ITS /REET SUBJECT HAS LONG BE5 POPUL> AMONG >T PHOTOGRAPH]S1 ?IS PHOTOGRAPH IS 9S]T$ 9TO ! PAGES ( A MUSEUM CATALOG = ! PURPOSE ( ADV]TIS+ ! PLEASURES & UNIQUE AMBIANCE ( ?IS P>TICUL> >T SC5E4 ,ONLY AN >T WORLD /EEP$ 9 ! PROTECTIVE & TRANS=MATIVE VALUES ( ES!TICISM & ! BL9DNESS TO SUFF]+ ?AT SU* AN IDEOLOGY SANCTIONS C\LD TOL]ATE1 LET ALONE APPLAUD SU* AN EV5T4 ,= ?IS PICTURE FUNCTIONS AS A T\RI/ %OT1 9TRODUC+ ! VIEW] TO ! LOCAL COLOR ( AN EXOTIC & DANG]\S LOCALE4 ,HOLBE9 & ! ,BUM IS 9T5D$ NOT TO CALL ATT5TION TO ! PLI<T ( ! HOMELESS BUT TO FIT COM=TABLY 9TO ! PAGES ( AN >T CATALOG UNVEIL+ TO >T LOV]S ! SPECIAL PLEASURES ( ! ,EA/ ,VILLAGE AS A SPECTACLE = ! SLUMM+ DELECTATION ( ?OSE COLLECTORS :O CRUISE ! >EA 9 LIM\S9ES40.<#a.> 

,9CID5TALLY1 A LOT ( ! ORIG9AL PIONE] >TI/S :O DIDN'T MAKE IT HAVE BE5 PRIC$ \T BY ! SUCCESS ( A PROJECT ?AT !Y HELP$ 9ITIATE & MAY MOVE ON TO BEG9 ! PROCESS ELSE:]E TO ! CO/ ( !IR UN=TUNATE NEW NEI<BORS4 

,! /ATE SUBSIDIZ$ H\S+ = >TI/S 9 ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE AS IT BECAME AW>E ( ! ATTRACTION ( AN >T 5VIRONM5T 9 CREAT+ ! CONDITIONS = 9T]NATIONAL 9VE/M5T4 ,ONE EXAMPLE ( ?IS IS ,A,H,O,P2 0,! ALIGNM5T ( >T WORLD 9T]E/S ) ?OSE ( ! CITY GOV]NM5T & ! REAL E/ATE 9DU/RY BECAME EXPLICIT TO MANY RESID5TS ON ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE DUR+ ! ULTIMATELY SUCCESSFUL BATTLE :I* COMMUNITY GR\PS WAG$ TO DEFEAT ,MAYOR ,KO*'S ,>TI/ ,HOME ,[N]%IP ,PROGRAM 7,A,H,O,P74 ,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#h#a1 ! CITY ISSU$ A ,REQUE/ = ,PROPOSALS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,A,H,O,P4 ,! REQUE/S SOLICIT$ 'CREATIVE PROPOSALS TO DEVELOP COOP]ATIVE OR CONDOM9IUM L(T-TYPE UNITS = >TI/S ?R\< REHABILITATION ( PROP]TIES [N$ BY ! CITY4' ,! CO/ ( ,A,H,O,P1 >\ND #g MILLION DOLL>S1 WAS TO BE P>TLY F9ANC$ BY ! ,P>TICIPATION ,LOAN ,S*EME ,PROGRAM1 :I* CONSI/S ( #be MILLION DOLL>S ( F$]AL FUNDS DESIGNAT$ = L[_/MOD]ATE 9COME PEOPLE TO HELP !M SECURE MORTGAGES AT ! L[ M>KET RATES4 ,! CITY'S EAG]NESS TO ALLOCATE #c MILLION DOLL>S ( PUBLIC MONEY = ! H\S+ NE$S ( :ITE MIDDLE-CLASS >TI/S WAS SE5 AS A CLE> 9DICATION ( ! CITY'S ATTITUDE TO ! H\S+ NE$S ( ! POOR4 ,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! >T COMMUNITY LOBBI$ H>D TO HAVE ,A,H,O,P IMPLEM5T$1 IT WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#h#c4 ,CONSID]ABLE PRESSURE BR\<T TO BE> BY V>I\S COMMUNITY GR\PS =C$ MANY SUPPORT]S 9 ! >T WORLD & MEMB]S ( ! ,BO>D ( ,E/IMATE TO *ANGE !IR M9D40.<#a#a.>4 

,AL?\< 9 ?IS CASE SU* A BLATANTLY MANIPULAT$ /RATEGY FAIL$1 G5TRIFICATION CONT9UES BY O!R MEANS4 ,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE IS JU/ D[N ! ROAD FROM ONE ( ! WORLD'S BIGGE/ F9ANCE C5T]S4 ,IT IS OBVI\SLY PREF]ABLE = CAPITAL TO HAVE A 'SAFE' G5TRIFI$ >EA NEXT TO ITS F9ANCIAL HE>TL& ?AN A POT5TIALLY EXPLOSIVE POPULATION = :OM ! BANKS >E OBVI\S T>GETS = REV5GE4 

0,G5TRIFICATION IS ,CLASS ,W>3 ,FI<T ,BACK60 

,TOMPK9S ,SQU>E ,P>K 9 ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE 7OR ,EA/ ,VILLAGE1 AS ! SETTL]S N[ CALL IT7 IS SURR\ND$ BY BURNT \T D]ELICT H\SES1 A FEW REMA9+ T5ANTS & YUPPIES 9 CONDOM9IUMS4 ,IT HAD BE5 HOME TO HUNDR$S ( HOMELESS PEOPLE 7& WAS US$ = OP5-AIR GIGS7 UP UNTIL A POLICE DECISION TO IMPOSE A #aAM CURFEW1 SOME TIME 9 ,JULY #h#h4 

,?IS WAS APP>5TLY BECAUSE ( NEI<BORHOOD ASSOCIATION COMPLA9TS AB\T NOISE -- :I* MEANS IT WAS MO/ LIKELY AN ATTEMPT TO APPEASE YUPPIES & REAL E/ATE SPECULATORS1 CONC]N$ AT ! PRES5CE ( 'UNDESIRABLES' ON !IR DOOR/EP4 ,9 ! WEEKS LEAD+ UP TO ! RIOT ON ! #f?_/#g? ! POLICE BEGAN P]IODICALLY CLE>+ ! P>K AT #aAM4 ,A SMALL RALLY HELD ON ! #c? ,JULY TO PROTE/ ! CURFEW WAS BROK5 UP BY ! POLICE :O >RE/$ #d PEOPLE & 9JUR$ SEV]AL O!RS4 ,?IS L$ TO ! CALL+ ( A RALLY ON ! #f? ,AUGU/4 ,BY #a#aPM ON ! #f? A HUNDR$ COPS1 SOME ( !M ON HORSEBACK1 W]E WAIT+ 9SIDE ! P>K = ! DEMON/RATORS4 ,SOON AFT]1 SEV]AL HUNDR$ PEOPLE TURN$ UP BEH9D A BANN] ?AT READ 0,G5TRIFICATION IS ,CLASS ,W>3 ,FI<T ,BACK604 ,!Y CAME 9TO ! P>K1 M>*$ >\ND = A :ILE & !N MO/ ( !M W5T BACK \T ON TO ! /REET4 ,BY #a#b4#c ! P>K WAS CLOS$4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS ! POLICE W]E PELT$ ) BOTTLES & !Y BR\<T 9 RE9=CEM5TS1 9CLUD+ A HELICOPT]4 ,! COPS !N *>G$ ! CR[D1 SP>K+ (F A RIOT ?AT LA/$ SEV]AL H\RS4 #ca PEOPLE & #ac COPS W]E 9JUR$4 #i PEOPLE W]E >RE/$ ON *>GES ( RIOT1 DISORD]LY CONDUCT ETC4 ,BECAUSE ( WIDESPREAD ANG] AT ! SAVAG]Y ( ! POLICE ATTACKS ON ! CR[D ,MAYOR ,KO* WAS =C$ TO LIFT ! CURFEW ON ,AUGU/ #g?4 ,! NEXT DAY #h PEOPLE MET 9 A *UR* NE> ! P>K TO DISCUSS :AT HAD HAPP5$4 ,PEOPLE 9 ! MEET+ EXPRESS$ HO/ILITY NOT ONLY T[>DS ! POLICE BUT ALSO TO O!RS :O CO-OP]AT$ ) !M -- = EXAMPLE1 ! ,GU>DIAN ,ANGELS4 

,ON #i? ,AUGU/ #f PEOPLE M>*$ TO ! #i? PREC9CT POLICE /ATION :]E ! COPS REFUS$ TO TALK ) !M4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #a#c? A DAY ( PROTE/ TOOK PLACE DUR+ :I* #ac PEOPLE W]E >RE/$4 ,WILLIAM ,BREV>D1 A LOCAL BLACK LABOR]1 COMM5TS ON ! EV5TS3 0,!RE >E DEEP] PROBLEMS TO ?IS SITUATION4 ,SOME PEOPLE COMPLA9 AB\T ! HOMELESS BUT :AT DOES IT %[ ?AT !RE >E HOMELESS PEOPLE :O HAVE TO COME H]E AT ALL8 ,:AT HAPP5$ H]E IS A SIDE ( ,AM]ICA ?AT'S NOT BE+ %[N4 ,?IS ISN'T A RACE ?+ -- =GET AB\T RACE4 ,Y\ SEE BLACK & :ITE AMONG ! HOMELESS H]E4 ,?IS IS AB\T ! PEOPLE :O DON'T HAVE ANY?+ -- AGA9/ ?OSE ) MONEY40.<#a#b.> 

,! ,REVOLUTION WILL BE ,TELEVIS$ 

,!RE W]E NO ,T,V NEWS CAM]AS PRES5T :ILE ! RIOT WAS GO+ ON4 ,WE'RE NOT SURE :E!R ?IS WAS BECAUSE ! COPS /OPP$ !M GETT+ 9TO ! >EA OR :E!R !Y JU/ VOLUNT>ILY COMPLI$ ) A POLICE REQUE/ TO /AY AWAY4 ,BUT AT LEA/ ONE P]SON DID MANAGE TO RECORD ! EV5T ON FILM4 

,PAUL ,G>R9 IS A Y\NG FA%ION PHOTOGRAPH] & VIDEO >TI/ :O LIVES ON ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE1 V]Y NE> TO :]E ! RIOT OCCURR$4 ,ON SEE+ ! RIOT BEG91 HE W5T & GOT HIS VIDEO CAM]A & F\ND A L$GE ABOVE ! /REET FROM :I* TO FILM ! RIOT4 ,HE MANAG$ TO FILM ! RIOT = A FEW M9UTES BE=E A GR\P ( COPS 7SOME ) !IR ID5TIFY+ NUMB]S COV]$7 :O W]E BEAT+ SOMEBODY UP1 SPOTT$ HIM FILM+ !M AT WORK4 ,!Y !N TURN$ ON HIM1 BEAT+ HIM & SMA%+ ! CAM]A1 AL?\< ! FILM WAS NOT DAMAG$4 

,! NEXT DAY 7& = DAYS AFT]W>DS7 HIS VIDEO-FILM ( ! RIOT WAS BE+ %[N ON ALL ! MA9 ,T,V NEWS PROGRAMS & ,G>R9 WAS 9T]VIEW$ ON ,T,V NEWS & *AT %[S4 ,AFT] ?IS HE RECEIV$ SEV]AL PHONE ?REATS FROM ANONYM\S COPS ON ! ,N,Y POLICE =CE1 :I* HE RECORD$ & ALSO PUBLICIZ$ 9 ! M$IA4 ,G>R9 SAID ?AT HE CLIMB$ ONTO ! L$GE :]E HE FILM$ FROM 0TO AVOID CONFRONTATION04 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( HIS 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! RIOT HE WANT$ HIS ROLE TO BE ?AT ( AN OBS]V] & RECORD]1 ?R\< HIS CAM]A L5S1 BUT NOT ?AT ( A P>TICIPATOR 9 ! 'DRAMA'4 ,HE WAS PROBABLY IMM$IATELY ?9K+ ( ! POSSIBILITIES ( CAPITALIZ+ ON ! IMAGES HE WAS RECORD+1 :E!R AS SALABLE NEWS FOOTAGE OR AS MAT]IAL TO BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO SOME ( HIS >TY VIDEOS4 ,HE HAS S9CE PR(IT$ F9ANCIALLY BY FULFILL+ BO? !SE POSSIBILITIES4 ,HIS C>E] 9 PHOTOGRAPHY & VIDEO >T HAS SURELY TAU<T HIM ?AT EV]Y TIME HE PICKS UP A CAM]A :AT HE RECORDS HAS ! POSSIBILITY ( BECOM+ A SALABLE COMMODITY4 

,:ILE HIS FILM IS A USEFUL PIECE ( EVID5CE = ?OSE FI<T+ LEGAL CASES AGA9/ ! COPS1 & = EXPOS+ POLICE LIES1 ITS USE TO HIM IS AS A MEANS TO SELF PROMOTION1 PR(IT FROM VIEW+ ROYALTIES1 & C>E] ADVANCEM5T ?R\< GREAT] M$IA EXPOSURE4 ,IF HE HAD BE5 CLEV]] HE C\LD HAVE AVOID$ BECOM+ A T>GET = POLICE ?REATS BY EI!R S5D+ HIS FILM TO ! M$IA ANONYM\SLY OR 9SI/+ HIS NAME WAS NOT REVEAL$4 ,BUT OBVI\SLY HE C\LD NOT AF=D TO MISS ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO SELF-PUBLICIZE & FUR!R HIS M$IA REPUTATION4 

,9 ONE 9T]VIEW ,G>R9 CLAIM$ HE WAS AGA9/ ! P]SONALITY CULT BE+ BUILT >\ND HIM BY ! M$IA1 BECAUSE IT DI/RACT$ FROM ! REAL ISSUES ( POLICE VIOL5CE & HOMELESSNESS1 YET HIS [N ACTIONS 9 REG>D TO ! M$IA EFFECTIVELY 5C\RAG$ ?IS4 

,P>T ( ,G>R9'S >T ACTIVITIES IS WORK+ AS 'TE*NICAL :IZKID' = VIDEO >TI/ ,NAM ,JUNE ,PAIK1 AN EX-MEMB] ( ! ,FLUXUS >T MOVEM5T :I* HELP$ BEG9 ! G5TRIFICATION ( ,L[] ,MANHATTAN4 ,DUR+ ,OCTOB]-,DECEMB] '#h#h !RE WAS AN EXHIBITION ( ,PAIK'S VIDEO >TS AT ! ,HAYW>D ,GALL]Y 9 ,LONDON4 ,ALSO ON DISPLAY W]E SOME ( ,G>R9'S [N VIDEOS4 ,ONE ( !SE CONTA9$ FOOTAGE ( RIOTS >\ND ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ,TOMPK9S ,SQU>E ,P>K4 ,ANO!R ONE WAS A COLLECTION ( ,T,V COV]AGE ( ! RIOT1 9CLUD+ ,G>R9'S FILM & HIM BE+ 9T]VIEW$ ON SEV]AL ,T,V PROGRAMS4 ,)9 A FEW MON?S ( IT HAPP5+ ! RIOT HAS BE5 PACKAG$ & AES!TICIZ$ AS AN >T COMMODITY BY ! SAME >TI/S :OSE ACTIVITIES & PRES5CE HELP$ CREATE ! G5TRIFICATION PROCESS ?AT ! RIOT]S W]E FI<T+ AGA9/4 

,CONCLUSION 

,! TRADITIONAL MANUFACTUR+ BASE ( ! 9N] CITIES IS 9 PROGRESSIVE DECL9E = SEV]AL REASONS3 ! MOVEM5T ( HEAVY 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION TO ',?IRD ,WORLD' C\NTRIES ) *EAP] LABOR CO/S1 ! 9CREAS+ AUTOMATION ( C]TA9 SECTORS ( ! LABOR PROCESS & ! NE$ TO C5TRALIZE F9ANCIAL ADM9I/RATION & DEAL+ 9 P>TS ( ! 9N] CITY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME AS ?IS1 !RE IS A P>ALLEL PROCESS ( ADM9I/RATIVE SECTORS 7AT LEA/ ?OSE ?AT >5'T DEP5D5T ON SPLIT-SECOND BUS9ESS DECISIONS7 BE+ F>M$ TO T[NS & SUBURBIA :I* 9 TURN CREATES NEW POT5TIAL = VALORIZ+ ! SPACE !Y HAVE VACAT$ 9 ! 9N] CITIES4 

,?IS %IFT 9 ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS HAS MEANT AN 9CREAS+LY 9CORPORATION ( CULTURAL CONSUMPTION AS ONE ( ITS MAJOR FEATURES4 ,9 ,PITTSBUR<1 ! PREVI\S ,U,S /EEL CAPITAL1 /ATE & PRIVATE 9VE/ORS HAVE 9ITIAT$ A L>GE-SCALE CULTURAL R$EVELOPM5T PROJECT3 ! /ATE REALIZES ITS PR(ITS FROM AN AMUSEM5T TAX LEVI$ ON !AT] TICKETS & P>K+ TICKET REV5UES1 :ILE 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR = EV]Y DOLL> SP5T DIRECTLY ON CULTURAL CONSUMPTION1 #c4#d DOLL>S IS SP5T AT O!R RETAIL \TLETS -- %OPS1 HOTELS1 RE/AURANTS ETC4 ,BRITI% CAPITAL HAS BE5 CLOSELY FOLL[+ EXP]IM5TS SU* AS ?IS & 9ITIAT$ SOME?+ SIMIL> 9 ,BRAD=D -- ) A PROPOS$ ,G,B,P#a MILLION DEVELOPM5T ( ! CITY C5T]1 A POSSIBLE ,NOR!RN BASE = ! ,NATIONAL ,!AT] & ! ,V@&,A 'S ,9DIAN >T COLLECTION4 ,A PRES]VATION ORD] HAS BE5 SLAPP$ ON REMA9+ ,VICTORIAN WOOL W>EH\SES1 ONE ( :I* IS BE+ TURN$ 9TO A ,G,B,P#c#e1 >T GALL]Y & WORK%OP COMPLEX4 ,P>ALLEL DEVELOPM5TS >E TAK+ PLACE 9 ,LIV]POOL & ,GLASG[1 AMONG O!RS4 

,IT'S NOT ONLY 9 ! 9N] CITIES ?AT ?IS PROCESS IS AT WORK1 BUT 9 ANY EX-9DU/RIAL >EAS :I* NOT ONLY HAVE BUILD+S & SPACE ?AT CAN BE RE-VALORIZ$1 BUT ALSO A HI< PROPORTION ( UNEMPLOY$ PROLET>IANS :O CAN BE DRAFT$ 9TO ! S]VICE SECTOR = L[ WAGES4 ,9 ,HEMSWOR?1 A M9+ VILLAGE :OSE PIT WAS CLOS$ AFT] ! M9]S' /RIKE1 AN 9L& BEA* WAS CREAT$ ) ?\S&S ( TONS ( S& BE+ DUMP$ R\ND ! %ORES ( A LOCAL LAKE4 ,?IS 'SEASIDE RESORT' #d MILES FROM ! COA/ HAS G5]AT$ A T\RI/ 9DU/RY 9 PLACE ( ! COLLI]Y4 

,9 ?IS >TICLE WE'VE CONC5TRAT$ ON ,L[] ,MANHATTAN AS AN EXAMPLE ( H[ ! ,/ATE & BIG BUS9ESS HAS US$ AVANT-G>DE >T TO RECLAIM T]RITORY ?AT HAD BECOME UNPR(ITABLE4 

,AS WE CAN SEE 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,A,H,O,P PROGRAM ! ROLE ( >TI/S HASN'T BE5 ORGANIC_/SPONTANE\S BUT !Y HAVE BE5 UTILIZ$ BY AN ALLIANCE ( ,/ATE1 REAL E/ATE & BIG BUS9ESS ELITES TO ACT AS ! ?9 5D ( A W$GE ?AT WILL DE/ABILIZE & ULTIMATELY DISPLACE WORK+-CLASS COMMUNITIES4 ,= 9/ANCE1 9 ,MANHATTAN1 ! CULTURAL ELEM5T HAS ! EFFECT ( 5HANC+ ! VALUE ( SURR\ND+ F9ANCIAL >EAS1 NOT ONLY BY REMOV+ ! ?REAT ( A L>GE1 DISPOSSESS$1 ANGRY 'UNDESIRABLE' POPULATION ) NO?+ TO LOSE1 BUT ALSO PROVIDES ! AM5ITIES = ! REF9$ CULTURAL TA/ES ( ! F9ANCIAL ELITE4 

,9 ,LONDON NEI!R ( ! /RATEGIES \TL9$ 9 ?IS >TICLE SEEM TO HAVE BE5 DEPLOY$1 ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ,NOTT+ ,HILL.<#a#c.>4 ,H]E IT SEEMS TO BE MORE A CASE ( PIONE] YUPPIES BR++ 9 !IR CULTURAL BAGGAGE ) !M1 9CLUD+ RETAIL \TLETS = MIDDLE-CLASS TA/ES :I* 9 TURN CREATES AN ATTRACTIVE 5VIRONM5T = O!R YUPPIES TO MOVE 9TO4 ,?IS PROCESS IS 5C\RAG$ BY E/ATE AG5TS MANIPULAT+ ! M>KET4 

,9 A P]IOD ( L[ ECONOMIC GR[? >T IS ONE ( ! FEW EXP&+ 9DU/RIES4 ,>T & PROP]TY %>E AS COMMODITIES %>E A *>ACT]I/IC :I* IS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE 9 ! PRES5T CLIMATE ( RECESSION3 !Y CAN BO? BE CON/ANTLY REVALORIZ$4 ,:]E PROP]TY HAS A SPECIFIC USE VALUE 7I4E4 AS DWELL+ SPACE7 >T DOES NOT2 >T HAS BECOME A PURE EMBODIM5T ( CAPITAL1 ALONG ) ITS SOCIAL & IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTION3 0,N[ :]E ! M]G] ( >T & BUS9ESS IS MO/ COMPLETE A NAUSEAT+ CONTRADICTION >ISES BETWE5 A BUS9ESSLIKE NE$ TO PROCLAIM CREATIVITY 79 REALITY ITS OPPOSITE7 AS DI/9CT FROM ! CYNICAL AMASS+ ( MONEY4 ,CAPITALI/S EXPLOIT O!RS BUT R>ELY CONCEIVE ( !MSELVES AS JU/ PLA9 ROBB]S444,9 ! MID-#h'S ! FIGURE ( ! AUCTIONE] IS ! ONE ?AT COMPELS ATT5TION 9 ! TWO =EMO/ CAPITALS ( >T3 ,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK4 ,! P>ADOXICAL COMB9ATION ( SNIFFY P$ANTRY & A KE5 EYE = PRICE SLOTS 9 ) ! TR5D = GLOBAL EQUITIZATION & SO>+ REAL E/ATE VALUES 9 ! MAJOR F9ANCIAL C5T]S4 ,) BANKS BEG9N+ TO SET UP >T ADVISORY S]VICES1 >T HAS BECOME AN 9VE/M5T AS NEV] BE=E1 ATTRACT+ MONEY 9 SE>* ( QUICK GA9S & APPRECIAT+ ASSETS40.<#a#d.> ,! IDEOLOGY ( >T DEF9ES ITSELF AS A PURELY CREATIVE ACTIVITY FUR!/ REMOV$ FROM ! DIRTY DEAL+S ( ! M>KET PLACE BUT 9 REALITY >T EMBODIES ! CRAZY LOGIC ( CAPITALISM 9 ITS CLE>E/ =M -- ! TOTAL DOM9ATION ( EX*ANGE VALUE OV] USE VALUE4 

,! ONLY RADICAL FUNCTION = >T WE KN[ ( IS ! ONE PROPOS$ BY ,BAKUN9 9 ! ,DRESD5 9SURRECTION ( #ahdi :5 HE ADVOCAT$1 )\T SUCCESS1 TAK+ ! PA9T+S \T ( ! MUSEUMS & PUTT+ !M ON ! B>RICADES AT ! 5TRANCE ( ! CITY TO SEE IF ?IS W\LD HAVE /OPP$ ! FIR+ ( ! ONCOM+ SOLDI]S4 

  

.<#a.> 0,>T & ,RELIGION0 BY ,MAX ,/IRN] -- ,! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS -- ,AN ,AN?OLOGY2 $IT$ BY ,LAWR5CE ,S4 ,/EPELVI*1 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#c4 

.<#b.> I4E4 ! PEOPLE :O >E EMPLOY$ 9 S]VIC+ CULTURAL CONSUM]S2 ALSO A LOT ( PEOPLE ) >TI/IC ASPIRATIONS CAN BE F\ND 9 OCCUPATIONS SU* AS B> /AFF1 WAIT]S_/WAITRESSES ETC4 

.<#c.> ,BO? QUOTES FROM 0,SOVIET ,COMM]CIAL ,DESIGN ( ! ,TW5TIES0 -- $IT$ BY ,M4 ,ANIK/ 

.<#d.> ,B,A,C,K,G,R,\,N,D ,T,O ,! ,P,R,E,S,5,T ,H,\,S,+ ,S,I,T,U,A,T,I,O,N ,9 ,N,E,W ,Y,O,R,K ,C,I,T,Y 

.<#e.> ,! FIR/ ,S,W,A,T TEAM 7,SPECIAL ,WEAPONS ,& ,TACTICS7 WAS =M$ 9 #a#i#f#f_/#g 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES & TOOK P>T 9 SU* =AYS AS ! FULL-SCALE ASSAULT ON ! ,BLACK ,PAN!R HEADQU>T]S 9 #a#i#f#i1 & 9 #a#i#g#d1 ! FI]CE ATTACK ON ! ,SYMBIONESE ,LIB]ATION ,>MY4 ,S,W,A,T ALSO COLLABORAT$ 9 ! BOMB+ ( ! ,M,O,V,E H\SE 9 ,PHILADELPHIA 9 '#h#e -- KILL+ #f ADULTS1 #e KIDS & DE/ROY+ AN 5TIRE BLOCK ( H\SES4 

.<#f.> 0,AB&ONM5T1 G5TRIFICATION & DISPLACEM5T3 ! L9KAGES 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY0 BY ,PET] ,M>CUSE -- 9 ,G5TRIFICATION ( ! ,CITY1 $IT$ BY ,N4 ,SMI? & ,P4 ,WILLIAMS4 

.<#g.> 0,! ,F9E ,>T ( ,G5TRIFICATION0 BY ,R1 ,DEUTS*E & ,C4 ,G4 ,RYAN 9 0,! ,PORTABLE ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE04 

.<#h.> ,9 ! BOOK :I* !SE QUOTATIONS >E TAK5 FROM1 0,! ,ASSAULT ON ,CULTURE0 BY ,S4 ,HOME1 ! AU?OR CONTRADICTS HIS [N TITLE BY P]PETUAT+ ! ILLUSION ?AT ! 9T5TIONS ?AT ! >TI/ DECL>ES ?R\< HIS_/H] SELF-EXPRESSION >E MORE RELEVANT ?AN ! OBJECTIVE SOCIAL EFFECTS ( !IR ACTIVITY4 

.<#i.> ,= REASONS ( SPACE ?IS >TICLE DOES NOT DEAL ) O!R E>LY RELAT$ ATTEMPTS TO 5C\RAGE AN >TS PRES5CE1 SU* AS ! /ATE'S SUBSIDIZ$ >TI/S' H\S+ S*EMES ( ! #a#i#g'S & *ANGES 9 LOCAL /ATE ZON+ REGULATIONS SO AS TO PROMOTE RESID5TIAL_/>TI/IC RA!R ?AN 9DU/RIAL USE ( PROP]TY4 ,!RE W]E ALSO ! EF=TS ( ! ,WE/ ,VILLAGE MIDDLE-CLASS HOME[N]S & ! ,SO,HO ,>TI/S' ,T5ANTS ,ASSOCIATION :O US$ !IR POLITICAL_/CULTURAL CONNECTIONS TO FUR!R !IR [N 9T]E/S4 7,= DETAILS SEE 0,L(T ,LIV+0 BY ,%>ON ,ZUK91 P>TICUL>LY *APT] #e47 

.<#a.> 0,! ,F9E ,>T ( ,G5TRIFICATION01 OP4CIT4 

.<#a#a.> 0,! ,F9E ,>T ( ,G5TRIFICATION01 OP4CIT4 

.<#a#b.> 0,! ,MILITANT0 #b#f_/#h_/#h#h 7AN ,AM]ICAN ,TROT PAP]74 

.<#a#c.> ,! PAMPHLET 0,ONCE ,UPON ,A ,TIME ,!RE ,WAS ,A ,PLACE ,CALL$ ,NO?+ ,HILL ,GATE444 ,BY ,PADD+TON ,BE>0 7,B,M ,BLOB1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#h#h2 N[ AVAILABLE ON ! REVOLT AGA9/ AN AGE ( PL5TY SITE7 DEALS 9 SOME DETAIL ) 7AMONG O!R ?+S7 ! ROLE ( >T 9 ! G5TRIFICATION ( ,NOTT+ ,HILL4 

.<#a#d.> ,9TRODUCTION TO 0,PRAVDA #c0 -- ,B,M ,BLOB1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#hS 7ALSO AVAILABLE ON ! REVOLT AGA9/ AN AGE ( PL5TY SITE7 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,OCCUPATION ( >T & G5TRIFICATION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,OCCUPATION ( >T & G5TRIFICATION -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/