,! ,ORIG9S & ,IDEALS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 

#aiac 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,JOSEPH ,MC,CABE 

,TAGS 3 MOD]N S*OOL1 JOSEPH MCCABE1 F]R] FRANCISCO1 RATIONAL $UCATION1 SOCIAL ORD]1 RATIONAL S*OOL1 NATURAL SCI5CE1 MLLE MEUNI]1 FRANCISCO F]R]1 RUIZ ZORRILLA4 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,9TRODUCTION 

      #a1#f#a#c ,WORDS2 #i1#g#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,BIR? ( ,MY ,IDEALS 

      #a1#c#h#g ,WORDS2 #h1#f#h#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,MLLE4 ,MEUNI] 

      #a1#b#e#d ,WORDS2 #g1#c#g#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,I ,ACCEPT ! ,RESPONSIBILITY 

      #a1#e#g#f ,WORDS2 #i1#c#e#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,E>LY ,PROGRAM 

      #a1#d#g#i ,WORDS2 #h1#i#d#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,CO-$UCATION ( ! ,SEXES 

      #a1#i#h#i ,WORDS2 #a#a1#f#f#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,CO-$UCATION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,CLASSES 

      #a1#e#c#f ,WORDS2 #i1#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,S*OOL ,HYGI5E 

      #dea ,WORDS2 #b1#h#d#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,! ,TEA*]S 

      #eid ,WORDS2 #c1#g#a#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,! ,RE=M ( ! ,S*OOL 

      #b1#i#b#h ,WORDS2 #a#g1#b#b#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,NO ,REW>D OR ,PUNI%M5T 

      #a1#b#a ,WORDS2 #g1#b#b#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #aa 3 ,! ,G5]AL ,PUBLIC & ! ,LIBR>Y 

      #b1#h#g#d ,WORDS2 #a#g1#g#g#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ab 3 ,SUNDAY ,LECTURES 

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O ,*APT] #ac 3 ,! ,RESULTS 

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O ,*APT] #ad 3 ,A ,DEF5SIVE ,*APT] 

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O ,*APT] #ae 3 ,! ,+5U\SNESS ( ! ,*ILD 

      #a1#i#f#f ,WORDS2 #a#a1#h#i#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #af 3 ,! 0,BULLET90 

      #a1#d#e#c ,WORDS2 #h1#h#a#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ag 3 ,! ,CLOS+ ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 

      #a1#c#a#d ,WORDS2 #h1#a#c#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,EPILOGUE 

      #dbc ,WORDS2 #b1#d#d#g ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,9TRODUCTION 

,OCTOB] #a#b1 #a#i#i1 ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] Y ,GU>DIA WAS %OT 9 ! TR5*ES ( ! ,MONTJUI* ,=TRESS AT ,B>CELONA4 ,A ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL HAD F\ND HIM GUILTY ( BE+ 0HEAD ( ! 9SURRECTION0 :I* HAD1 A FEW MON?S BE=E1 LIT ! FLAME ( CIVIL W> 9 ! CITY & PROV9CE4 ,! CL]GY HAD OP5LY PETITION$ ! ,SPANI% ,PREMI]1 :5 ,F]R] WAS >RE/$1 TO LOOK TO ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL & ITS F\ND] = ! S\RCE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y FEEL+2 & ! ,PREMI] HAD1 9/EAD ( REBUK+ !M1 PROMIS$ TO DO SO4 ,:5 ,F]R] WAS >RE/$ ! PROSECUTION SP5T MANY WEEKS 9 COLLECT+ EVID5CE AGA9/ HIM1 & GRANT$ A FREE P>DON TO SEV]AL M5 :O W]E IMPLICAT$ 9 ! RIOT1 = TE/IFY+ AGA9/ HIM4  ,!SE ?REE OR F\R M5 W]E ! ONLY WITNESSES \T ( FIFTY :O W\LD HAVE BE5 HE>D PATI5TLY 9 A CIVIL C\RT ( JU/ICE1 & EV5 !IR TE/IMONY W\LD AT ONCE HAVE CRUMBL$ UND] CROSS-EXAM9ATION4 ,BUT !RE WAS NO CROSS-EXAM9ATION1 & NO WITNESSES W]E BR\<T BE=E ! C\RT4 ,FIVE WEEKS W]E OCCUPI$ 9 COMPIL+ AN 5ORM\SLY L5G?Y 9DICTM5T ( ,F]R]2 !N TW5TY-F\R H\RS W]E GIV5 TO AN 9EXP]I5C$ (FIC]1 *OS5 AT R&OM1 TO ANALYZE IT & PREP>E A DEF5SE4 ,EVID5CE S5T 9 ,F]R]'S FAVOR WAS CONFISCAT$ BY ! POLICE2 ! WITNESSES :O C\LD HAVE DISPROV$ ! CASE AGA9/ HIM W]E KEPT 9 CU/ODY MILES AWAY FROM ,B>CELONA2 & DOCUM5TS :I* W\LD HAVE T5D$ TO %[ HIS 9NOC5SE W]E REFUS$ TO ! DEF5D+ (FIC] AGA9/ ! BRUTAL 9JU/ICE ( ! PROCE$+S1 ! MILIT>Y JUDGES F\ND ,F]R] GUILTY1 & HE WAS %OT4 

,)9 A MON? ( ! JUDICIAL MURD] ( ,F]R] ,I PUT ! :OLE ABOM9ABLE /ORY BE=E ! ,BRITI% PUBLIC4 ,I %[$ ! DEEP CORRUPTION ( ,*UR* & POLITICS 9 ,SPA91 & PROV$ ?AT CL]GY & POLITICIANS HAD CONSPIR$ TO USE ! GROSS & PLIABLE MA*9]Y ( 0MILIT>Y JU/ICE0 TO REMOVE A MAN :OSE SOLE AIM WAS TO OP5 ! EYES ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,A PROLONG$ & PASSIONATE CONTROV]SY FOLL[$4 ,?AT CONTROV]SY HAS NOT ALT]$ A L9E ( MY BOOK4 ,MR4 ,WILLIAM ,>*]1 9 A COLD & IMP>TIAL /UDY ( ! MATT]1 HAS FULLY SUPPORT$ MY 9DICTM5T ( ! PROSECUTION ( ,F]R]2 & ,PR(ESSOR ,SIM>RO1 ( ,MADRID ,UNIV]SITY1 HAS1 9 A VOLUM9\S /UDY ( ! TRIAL 7,EL ,PROCESO ,F]R]-TWO L>GE VOLUMBES71 QUOT$ :OLE *APT]S ( MY LITTLE WORK4 ,:51 9 #a#i#a#b1 ! ,SUPREME ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ( ,SPA9 WAS =C$ TO DECL>E ?AT NO S+LE ACT ( VIOL5CE C\LD BE DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY TRAC$ TO ,F]R] 7:]EAS ! *IEF WITNESS = ! PROSECUTION HAD S[N ?AT HE SAW ,F]R] LEAD+ A TROOP ( RIOT]S71 & ORD]$ ! RE/ORATION ( HIS PROP]TY1 ! CASE = HIS 9NOC5CE WAS CLOS$4 ,IT REMA9S ONLY = ,SPA9 TO WIPE ! F\L /A9 FROM ITS ANNALS BY REMOV+ ! BONES ( ! M>TYR$ TEA*] FROM ! TR5*ES ( ,MONTJUI*1 & TO DECL>E1 ) REAL ,SPANI% PRIDE1 ?AT A GRAVE 9JU/ICE HAD BE5 DONE4 

,MEANTIME1 ! RE/ORATION ( ,F]R]'S PROP]TY HAS 5ABL$ HIS TRU/EES TO RESUME HIS WORK4 ,AMONG HIS PAP]S !Y F\ND A MANUSCRIPT ACC\NT1 FROM HIS [N P51 ( ! ORIG9 & IDEALS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 & !IR FIR/ ACT IS TO GIVE IT TO ! WORLD4  ,9 #aif ,F]R] HAD BE5 >RE/$ ON ! *>GE ( COMPLICITY 9 ! ATTEMPT ( ,MORRAL TO ASSASS9ATE ! ,K+4 ,HE WAS KEPT 9 JAIL = A YE>1 & ! MO/ SC&AL\S EF=TS W]E MADE1 9 ! C\RT & ! C\NTRY1 TO SECURE A JUDICIAL MURD]2 BUT IT WAS A CIVIL 7OR CIVILIZ$7 TRIAL1 & ! *>GE WAS CONTEMPTU\SLY REJECT$4 ,GO+ TO ! ,PYR5EES 9 ! E>LY ,SUMM] ( #aih TO RECUP]ATE1 ,F]R] DET]M9$ TO WRITE ! SIMPLE /ORY ( HIS S*OOL1 & IT IS ?IS ,I N[ (F] TO ,5GLI% READ]S4 

,9 ?IS WORK ,F]R] DEPICTS HIMSELF MORE TRULY & VIVIDLY ?AN ANY FRI5D ( HIS HAS EV] DONE4 ,= MY P>T1 ,I HAD NEV] SE5 ,F]R]1 & NEV] SE5 ,SPA92 BUT ,I WAS ACQUA9T$ ) ,SPANI% LIFE & LETT]S1 & KNEW ?AT !RE HAD BE5 COMMITT$ 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY ONE ( ?OSE OLD-WORLD CRIMES BY :I* ! *ILDR5 ( D>KNESS SEEK TO >RE/ ! ADVANCE ( MAN4 ,I 9T]PRET$ ,F]R] FROM HIS WORK1 HIS LETT]S1 A FEW J\RNALI/IC >TICLES HE HAD WRITT5--HE HAD NEV] PUBLI%$ A BOOK--& ! IMPRESSIONS ( HIS FRI5DS & PUPILS4 ,9 ?IS BOOK ! MAN PORTRAYS HIMSELF1 & DESCRIBES HIS AIMS ) A C&OR ?AT ALL WILL APPRECIATE4 ,! LESS FOOLI% ( HIS 5EMIES HAVE CEAS$ TO ASS]T ?AT HE ORGANIZ$ OR L$ ! RIOT AT ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#i4 ,IT WAS1 !Y SAY1 ! T5D5CY1 ! SUBTLE AIM1 ( HIS WORK :I* MADE HIM RESPONSIBLE4 ,IT MAY BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! ,SATURDAY ,REVIEW & O!R J\RNALS PUBLI%$ ! MO/ UNBLU%+LY M5DACI\S LETT]S1 FROM ANONYM\S CORRESPOND5TS1 SAY+ ?AT !Y HAD SE5 PO/]S ON ! WALLS ( ,F]R]'S S*OOLS 9CIT+ *ILDR5 TO VIOL5CE4 ,AS ! V]Y ZEAL\S POLICE DID NOT AT ! TRIAL EV5 M5TION ,F]R]'S S*OOLS1 OR ! TEXT-BOOKS US$ 9 !M1 !SE LIES NE$ NO FUR!R EXPOSURE4 ,BUT MANY P]SI/ 9 ?9K+1 S9CE !RE IS N[ NO?+ FUR!R TO ?9K TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ,F]R]1 ?AT HIS S*OOLS W]E REALLY HOT-B$S ( REBELLION & W]E V]Y NATURALLY SUPPRESS$4 

,H]E IS ! FULL /ORY ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 TOLD 9 TRANSP>5TLY SIMPLE LANGUAGE4 ,H]E IS ! :OLE MAN1 ) ALL HIS IDEALS1 AIMS1 & RES5TM5TS4 ,IT %[S1 AS WE WELL KNEW1 & C\LD HAVE PROV$ ) OV]:ELM+ =CE AT HIS TRIAL HAD WE BE5 P]MITT$1 ?AT HE WAS ABSOLUTELY OPPOS$ TO VIOL5CE EV] S9CE1 9 HIS Y\?1 HE HAD TAK5 P>T 9 AN ABORTIVE REVOLUTION4 ,IT TELLS H[ HE CAME TO DI/RU/ VIOL5CE & ?OSE :O US$ IT2 H[ HE CONCLUD$ ?AT ! MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL TRA9+ ( *ILDR5 WAS TO BE ! SOLE WORK ( HIS C>E]2 H[1 :5 HE OBTA9$ ! FUNDS1 HE TURN$ COMPLETELY FROM POLITICS1 & DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO $UCAT+ *ILDR5 9 KN[L$GE ( SCI5CE & 9 S5TIM5TS ( PEACE & BRO!RHOOD4 

,IT TELLS ALSO1 ) ! SAME TRANSP>5T PLA9NESS1 :Y HIS NOBLE M9D$ WORK 9CURR$ SU* VIOL5T 5MITY4 ,HE NAIVELY BOA/S ?AT ! $UCATION 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL WAS FREE FROM DOGMAS4 ,IT WAS NOT1 & CANNOT BE 9 ANY S*OOL1 FREE FROM DOGMAS1 = DOGMA MEANS 0TEA*+10 & HE GAVE TEA*+ ( A V]Y DEF9ITE *>ACT]4 ,MR4 ,BELLOC'S 9DICTM5T ( HIS S*OOLS IS1 LIKE ,MR4 ,BELLOC'S 9DICTM5T ( HIS *>ACT] & GUILT1 EVID5TLY BAS$ ON COMPLETE IGNORANCE ( ! FACTS & A V]Y EXT5SIVE KN[L$GE ( ! RECKLESSLY M5DACI\S LIT]ATURE ( HIS OPPON5TS4 ,EV5 ,MR4 ,>*]'S ACC\NT ( HIS S*OOL IS GROSSLY MISLEAD+4 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL WAS 0AV[$LY A NURS]Y ( REBELLI\S CITIZ5S0 ONLY 9 ! SAME S5SE AS IS ANY ,SOCIALI/ ,SUNDAY-S*OOL 9 ,5GL& OR ,G]MANY2 & ! ,SPANI% ,GOV]NM5T HAS NEV] CLAIM$1 & C\LD NOT CLAIM1 = A MOM5T ! RI<T TO CLOSE IT1 EXCEPT 9 SO F> AS IT FALSELY *>G$ ! F\ND] ) CRIME & CONFISCAT$ HIS PROP]TY4 

,F]R]'S S*OOL WAS ?OR\<LY RATIONALI/IC1 & ?IS EMBITT]$ ! CL]GY-= HIS SY/EM WAS SPREAD+ RAPIDLY ?R\< ,SPA9-)\T 9 ! LEA/ 9FR++ ,SPANI% LAW4 ,FUR!R1 ,F]R]'S S*OOL EXPLICITLY TAU<T *ILDR5 ?AT MILIT>ISM WAS A CRIME1 ?AT ! UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? WAS A ?+ TO BE ABHORR$1 ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM WAS BAD = ! WORK]S1 & ?AT POLITICAL GOV]NM5T IS AN EVIL4 ,HE HAD A P]FECT RI<T UND] ,SPANI% LAW TO F\ND A S*OOL TO TEA* HIS IDEAS2 AS ANY MAN HAS UND] ,5GLI% OR ,G]MAN LAW4 ,! PROHIBIT$ & DAMNABLE ?+ W\LD BE EV5 TO H9T TO *ILDR5 ?AT1 :5 !Y GREW UP1 !Y MI<T LOOK =W>D TO ALT]+ ! 9DU/RIAL & POLITICAL SY/EM BY VIOL5CE4 ,?IS ,F]R] NOT ONLY DID NOT TEA*1 BUT /R5U\SLY OPPOS$4 ,WE HAVE OV]:ELM+ PRO( ( ?IS AT EV]Y /EP ( HIS LAT] C>E]4 ,BUT HE WAS A *ILD ( ! WORK]S1 & HE HAD A PASSIONATE & NOBLE RES5TM5T ( ! IGNORANCE1 POV]TY1 & SQUALOR ( ! LIVES ( SO L>GE A PROPORTION ( ! WORK]S4 ,HE WAS ALSO AN ,AN>*I/1 9 ! S5SE ( ,TOL/OY2 HEBELIEV$ ?AT LIB]TY WAS ESS5TIAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( MAN1 & C5TRAL GOV]NM5T AN EVIL4 ,BUT1 AS RIGOR\SLY AS ,TOL/OY1 HE RELI$ ON P]SUASION & ABHORR$ VIOL5CE4 ,I W\LD CALL ATT5TION TO ,*APT] ,V,I ( ?IS BOOK1 9 :I* HE PLEADS = 0! CO-$UCATION ( ! RI* & POOR02 & !RE W]E *ILDR5 ( MIDDLE-CLASS P>5TS1 EV5 ( UNIV]SITY-PR(ESSORS1 9 HIS S*OOL4 ,MO/ DECID$LY HE PREA*$ NO CLASS-HATR$ OR VIOL5CE4 ,I DO NOT %>E HIS ACADEMIC & 9NOC5T ,AN>*I/ IDEAL--:I* IS F> NE>] TO ,CONS]VATISM ?AN TO ,SOCIALISM--BUT ,I %>E TO ! FULL ?AT 9T5SE & PASSIONATE LONG+ = ! UPLIFT+ & BRI<T5+ ( ! POOR1 & = ! DE/RUCTION ( SUP]/ITION1 :I* WAS ! SUPREME IDEAL ( HIS LIFE & ( HIS WORK4 ,= ?AT HE WAS %OT4 

,F9ALLY1 ! READ] MU/ /RICTLY BE> 9 M9D ! ,SPANI% ATMOSPH]E ( ?IS TRAG$Y4 ,:5 ,F]R] DESCRIBES 0EXI/+ S*OOLS0 HE MEANS ! S*OOLS ( ,SPA91 :I* >E1 = ! MO/ P>T1 A MOCK]Y & A %AME4 ,:5 HE TALKS ( 0RUL+ P[]S0 HE HAS 9 M9D ! POLITICIANS ( ,SPA91 MY 9DICTM5T ( :OM1 9 !IR [N LANGUAGE1 HAS NEV] BE5 QUE/ION$4 ,:5 HE TALKS ( 0SUP]/ITION0 HE MEANS PRIM>ILY ,SPANI% SUP]/ITION2 HE REF]S TO A PRIE/HOOD ?AT /ILL MAKES MILLIONS EV]Y YE> BY ! SALE ( 9DULG5CES4 ,IF Y\ REMEMB] !SE ?+S1 Y\ WILL1 H[EV] Y\ DISS5T FROM HIS TEA*+ 9 P>TS1 APPRECIATE ! BURN+ & UNSELFI% IDEALISM ( ! MAN1 & UND]/& :Y SOME ( US SEE ! BR& ( ,CA9 ON ! FAIR BR[ ( ,SPA9 = EXT+UI%+ ?AT IDEALISM 9 BLOOD4 

,J4,M4 

,FEBRU>Y1 #aiac 

7,S\RCE3 ,LONDON3 ,WATTS @& ,CO41 #ag ,JOHNSON'S ,C\RT1 ,FLEET ,/REET1 ,E4,C41 #a#i#a#c47 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,BIR? ( ,MY ,IDEALS 

,! %>E :I* ,I HAD 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( ! LA/ P>T ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY PUT MY E>LY CONVICTIONS TO A SEV]E TE/4 ,I WAS A REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! CAUSE ( JU/ICE2 ,I WAS CONV9C$ ?AT LIB]TY1 EQUALITY1 & FRAT]NITY W]E ! LEGITIMATE FRUIT TO BE EXPECT$ ( A REPUBLIC4 ,SEE+1 !RE=E1 NO O!R WAY TO ATTA9 ?IS IDEAL BUT A POLITICAL AGITATION = A *ANGE ( ! =M ( GOV]NM5T1 ,I DEVOT$ MYSELF 5TIRELY TO ! REPUBLICAN PROPAG&A4,I 

,MY RELATIONS ) ,D4 ,MANUEL ,RUIZ ,ZORRILLA1 :O WAS ONE ( ! LEAD+ FIGURES 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 BR\<T ME 9TO CONTACT ) A NUMB] ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>IES & SOME PROM95T ,FR5* AGITATORS1 & MY 9T]C\RSE ) !M L$ TO A %>P DISILLUSION4 ,I DETECT$ 9 MANY ( !M AN EGOISM :I* !Y S\<T HYPOCRITICALLY TO CONCEAL1 :ILE ! IDEALS ( O!RS1 :O W]E MORE S9C]E1 SEEM$ TO ME 9ADEQUATE4 ,9 NONE ( !M DID ,I P]CEIVE A DESIGN TO BR+ AB\T A RADICAL IMPROVEM5T - A RE=M :I* %\LD GO TO ! ROOTS ( DISORD] & AF=D SOME SECURITY ( A P]FECT SOCIAL REG5]ATION4 

,! EXP]I5CE ,I ACQUIR$ DUR+ MY FIFTE5 YE>S' RESID5CE AT ,P>IS1 9 :I* ,I WITNESS$ ! CRISES ( ,B\LANGISM1 ,DREYFUSISM1 & ,NATIONALISM1 & ! M5ACE !Y (F]$ TO ! ,REPUBLIC1 CONV9C$ ME ?AT ! PROBLEM ( POPUL> $UCATION WAS NOT SOLV$2 &1 IF IT W]E NOT SOLV$ 9 ,FRANCE1 !RE WAS LITTLE HOPE ( ,SPANI% REPUBLICANISM SETTL+ IT1 ESPECIALLY AS ! P>TY HAD ALWAYS BETRAY$ A LAM5TABLE 9APPRECIATION ( ! NE$ ( A SY/EM ( G5]AL $UCATION4 

,CONSID] :AT ! CONDITION ( ! PRES5T G5]ATION W\LD BE IF ! ,SPANI% REPUBLICAN P>TYHAD1 AFT] ! BANI%M5T ( ,RUIZ ,ZORRILLA .<#a#h#h#e.>1 DEVOT$ ITSELF TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,RATIONALI/ S*OOLS 9 CONNECTION ) EA* COMMITTEE1 EA* GR\P ( ,FREE?9K]S1 OR EA* ,MASONIC LODGE2 IF1 9/EAD ( ! PRESID5TS1 SECRET>IES1 & MEMB]S ( ! COMMITTEES ?9K+ ONLY ( ! (FICE !Y W]E TO HOLD 9 ! FUTURE REPUBLIC1 !Y HAD 5T]$ UPON A VIGOR\S CAMPAIGN = ! 9/RUCTION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ! ?IRTY YE>S ?AT HAVE ELAPS$ CONSID]ABLE PROGRESS W\LD HAVE BE5 MADE 9 F\ND+ DAY-S*OOLS = *ILDR5 & NI<T-S*OOLS = ADULTS4 

,W\LD ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 $UCAT$ 9 ?IS WAY1 BE CONT5T TO S5D MEMB]S TO ,P>LIAM5T :O W\LD ACCEPT AN ,ASSOCIATIONS ,LAW PRES5T$ BY ! MON>*I/S8 ,W\LD ! PEOPLE CONF9E ITSELF TO HOLD+ MEET+S TO DEM& A R$UCTION ( ! PRICE ( BREAD1 9/EAD ( RES5T+ ! PRIVATIONS IMPOS$ ,OIL ! WORK] BY ! SUP]FLU\S LUXURIES ( ! WEAL?Y8 ,W\LD !Y WA/E !IR TIME 9 FUTILE 9DIGNATION MEET+S1 9/EAD ( ORGANIZ+ !IR =CES = ! REMOVAL ( ALL UNJU/ PRIVILEGES8 

,MY POSITION AS PR(ESSOR ( ,SPANI% AT ! ,PHILOTE*NIC ,ASSOCIATION & 9 ! ,GR& ,ORI5T ( ,FRANCE BR\<T ME 9TO T\* ) PEOPLE ( EV]Y CLASS1 BO? 9 REG>D TO *>ACT] & SOCIAL POSITION2 &1 :5 ,I CONSID]$ !M FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( !IR POSSIBLE 9FLU5CE ON ! RACE1 ,I F\ND ?AT !Y W]E ALL B5T UPON MAK+ ! BE/ !Y C\LD ( LIFE 9 A PURELY 9DIVIDUALI/ S5SE4 ,SOME /UDI$ ,SPANI% ) A VIEW TO ADVANC+ 9 !IR PR(ESSION1 O!RS 9 ORD] TO MA/] ,SPANI% LIT]ATURE & PROMOTE !IR C>E]S1 & O!RS = ! PURPOSE ( OBTA9+ FUR!R PLEASURE BY TRAVEL+ 9 C\NTRIES :]E ,SPANI% WAS SPOK54 

,NO ONE FELT ! ABSURDITY ( ! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 BELIEF & KN[L$GE2 H>DLY ONE C>$ TO GIVE A JU/ & RATIONAL =M TO HUMAN SOCIETY1 9 ORD] ?AT ALL ! MEMB]S ( EA* G5]ATION MI<T HAVE A PROPORTIONATE %>E 9 ! ADVANTAGES CREAT$ BY E>LI] G5]ATIONS4 ,PROGRESS WAS CONCEIV$ AS A K9D ( FATALISM1 9DEP5D5T ( ! KN[L$GE & ! GOODWILL ( M51 SUBJECT TO VACILLATIONS & ACCID5TS 9 :I* ! CONSCI5CE & 5]GY ( MAN HAD NO P>T4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL1 RE>$ 9 A FAMILY CIRCLE1 ) ITS 9VET]ATE ATAVISM & ITS TRADITIONAL ILLUSIONS MA9TA9$ BY IGNORANT MO!RS1 & 9 ! S*OOL ) SOME?+ WORSE ?AN ]ROR - ! SACRAM5TAL UNTRU? IMPOS$ BY M5 :O SPOKE 9 ! NAME ( A DIV9E REVELATION - WAS DE=M$ & DEG5]ATE AT HIS 5TRANCE 9TO SOCIETY2 &1 IF !RE IS ANY LOGICAL RELATION BETWE5 CAUSE & EFFECT1 NO?+ C\LD BE EXPECT$ ( HIM BUT IRRATIONAL & P]NICI\S RESULTS4 

,I SPOKE CON/ANTLY TO ?OSE :OM ,I MET ) A VIEW TO PROSELYTISM1 SEEK+ TO ASC]TA9 ! USE ( EA* ( !M = ! PURPOSE ( MY IDEAL1 & SOON REALIZ$ ?AT NO?+ WAS TO BE EXPECT$ ( ! POLITICIANS :O SURR\ND$ ,RUIZ ,ZORRILLA2 !Y W]E1 9 MY OP9ION1 ) A FEW HONORABLE EXCEPTIONS1 IMP5IT5T ADV5TUR]S4 ,?IS GAVE RISE TO A C]TA9 EXPRESSION :I* ! JUDICIAL AU?ORITIES S\<T TO USE TO MY DISADVANTAGE 9 CIRCUM/ANCES ( GREAT GRAVITY & P]IL4 ,ZORRILLA1 A MAN ( L(TY VIEWS & NOT SUFFICI5TLY ON HIS GU>D AGA9/ HUMAN MALICE1 US$ TO CALL ME AN 0AN>*I/0 :5 LIE HE>D ME PUT =W>D A LOGICAL SOLUTION ( A PROBLEM2 AT ALL TIMES HE REG>D$ ME AS A DEEP RADICAL1 OPPOS$ TO ! OPPORTUNI/ VIEWS & TILE %[Y RADICALISM ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>IES :O SURR\ND$ & EV5 EXPLOIT$ HIM1 AS WELL AS ! ,FR5* REPUBLICANS1 :O HELD A POLICY ( MIDDLE-CLASS GOV]NM5T & AVOID$ :AT MI<T B5EFIT ! DIS9H]IT$ PROLET>IAT1 ON ! PRETEXT ( DI/RU/+ UTOPIAS4 

,9 A WORD1 DUR+ ! E>LY YE>S ( ! RE/ORATION !RE W]E M5 CONSPIR+ ) ,RUIZ ,ZORRILLA :O HAVE S9CE DECL>$ !MSELVES CONV9C$ MON>*I/S & CONS]VATIVES2 & ?AT WOR?Y MAN1 :O PROTE/$ E>NE/LY AGA9/ ! C\P D',ETAT ( ,JANU>Y #c1 #a#h#g#d1 CONFID$ 9 HIS FALSE FRI5DS1 ) ! RESULT1 NOT UNCOMMON 9 ! POLITICAL WORLD1 ?AT MO/ ( !M AB&ON$ ! REPUBLICAN P>TY = ! SAKE ( SOME (FICE4 ,9 ! 5D HE C\LD C\NT ONLY ON ! SUPPORT ( ?OSE :O W]E TOO HONORABLE TO SELL !MSELVES1 ?\< !Y LACK$ ! LOGIC1 TO DEVELOP HIS IDEAS & ! 5]GY TO C>RY \T HIS WORK4 

,9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS ,I RE/RICT$ MYSELF TO MY PUPILS1 & SELECT$ = MY PURPOSES ?OSE :OM1 ,I ?\<T MORE APPROPRIATE & BETT] DISPOS$4 ,HAV+ N[ A CLE> IDEA ( ! AIM :I* ,I PROPOS$ TO MYSELF & A C]TA9 PRE/IGE FROM MY POSITION AS TEA*] & MY EXPANSIVE *>ACT]1 ,I DISCUSS$ V>I\S SUBJECTS ) MY PUPILS :5 ! LESSONS W]E OV]2 SOMETIMES WE SPOKE ( ,SPANI% CU/OMS1 SOMETIMES ( POLITICS1 RELIGION1 >T1 OR PHILOSOPHY4 ,I S\<T ALWAYS TO CORRECT ! EXAGG]ATIONS ( !IR JUDGM5TS1 & TO %[ CLE>LY H[ MIS*IEV\S IT IS TO SUBORD9ATE ONE'S [N JUDGM5T TO ! DOGMA ( A SECT1 S*OOL1 OR P>TY1 AS IS SO FREQU5TLY DONE4 ,9 ?IS WAY ,I SUCCE$$ 9 BR++ AB\T A C]TA9 AGREEM5T AMONG M5 :O DIFF]5D 9 !IR CRE$S & VIEWS1 & 9DUC$ !M TO MA/] ! BELIEFS :I* !Y HAD HI!RTO HELD UNQUE/ION+LY BY FAI?1 OB$I5CE1 OR SLIC] 9DOL5CE4 ,MY FRI5DS & PUPILS F\ND !MSELVES HAPPY 9 ?US AB&ON+ SOME ANCI5T ]ROR & OP5+ !IR M9DS TO TRU?S :I* UPLIFT$ & 5NOBL$ !M4 

,A RIGOR\S LOGIC1 APPLI$ ) DISCRETION1 REMOV$ FANATICAL BITT]NESS1 E/ABLI%$ 9TELLECTUAL H>MONY1 & GAVE1 TO SOME EXT5T AT LEA/1 A PROGRESSIVE DISPISPOSITION TO !IR WILLS4 ,FREE?9K]S :O OPPOS$ ! ,*UR* & REJECT$ ! LEG5DS ( ,G5ESIS1 ! IMP]FECT MORALITY ( ! GOSPELS1 & ! ECCLESIA/ICAL C]EMONIES2 MORE OR LESS OPPORTUNI/ REPUBLICANS OR RADICALS :O W]E CONT5T ) ! FUTILE EQUALITY CONF]R$ BY ! TITLE ( CITIZ51 )\T 9 ! LEA/ AFFECT+ CLASS DI/9CTIONS2 PHILOSOPH]S :O FANCI$ !Y HAD DISCOV]$ ! FIR/ CAUSE ( ?+S ,9 !IR METAPHYSICAL LABYR9?S & E/ABLI%$ TRU? 9 !IR EMPTY PHRASES - ALL W]E 5ABL$ TO SEE ! ]RORS ( O!RS AS WELL AS !IR [N1 & !Y LEAN$ MORE & MORE TO ! SIDE ( COMMON S5SE4 

,:5 ! FUR!R C\RSE ( MY LIFE1 SEP>AT$ ME FROM !SE FRI5DS & BR\<T ON ME AN UNM]IT$ IMPRISONM5T1 ,I RECEIV$ MANY EXPRESSIONS ( CONFID5CE & FRI5D%IP FROM !M4 ,FROM ALL ( !M ,I ANTICIPATE USEFUL WORK 9 ! CAUSE ( PROGRESS1 & ,I CONGRATULATE MYSELF ?AT ,I HAD SOME %>E 9 ! DIRECTION4 ( !IR ?\<TS & 5DEAVORS4 

,I ,?IS WAS 9 ! E>LY EI<TIES1 :5 ,F]R]1 !N 9 HIS E>LY TW5TIES1 WAS SECRET>Y TO ! REPUBLICAN LEAD] ,RUIZ ,ZORRILLA4 ,TO ?IS PHASE ( HIS C>E]1 :I* HE RAPIDLY \T GREW1 BELONGS ! REVOLUTION>Y DOCUM5T :I* WAS MALIGNANTLY & DIS-US$ AGA9/ HIM TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AFT]W>DS4 -,J4 ,M4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,MLLE4 ,MEUNI] 

,AMONG MY PUPILS WAS A C]TA9 ,MLLE4 ,MEUNI]1 A WEAL?Y OLD LADY ) NO DEP5D5TS1 :O WAS FOND ( TRAVEL1 & /UDI$ ,SPANI% ) ! OBJECT ( VISIT+ MY C\NTRY4 ,%E WAS A CONV9C$ ,CA?OLIC & A V]Y SCRUPUL\S OBS]V] ( ! RULES ( H] ,*UR*4 ,TO H]1 RELIGION & MORALITY W]E ! SAME ?+1 & UNBELIEF - OR 0IMPIETY10 AS ! FAI?FUL SAY - WAS AN EVID5T SIGN ( VISE & CRIME4 

,%E DETE/$ REVOLUTION>IES1 & %E REG>D$ ) IMPULSIVE & UNDISCRIM9AT+ AV]SION EV]Y DISPLAY ( POPUL> IGNORANCE4 ,?IS WAS DUE1 NOT ONLY TO H] $UCATION & SOCIAL POSITION1 BUT TO ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ,COMMUNE %E HAD BE5 9SULT$ BY *ILDR5 9 ! /REETS ( ,P>IS AS %E W5T TO *UR* ) H] MO!R4 ,+5U\S & SYMPA!TIC1 )\T REG>D TO ANTEC$5TS1 ACCESSORIES1 OR CONSEQU5CES1 %E ALWAYS EXPRESS$ H] DOGMATIC CONVICTIONS )\T RES]VE1 & ,I HAD MANY OPPORTUNITIES TO OP5 H] EYES TO ! 9ACCURACY ( H] OP9IONS4 

,9 \R MANY CONV]SATIONS ,I REFRA9$ FROM TAK+ ANY DEF9ITE SIDE2 SO ?AT %E DID NOT RECOGNIZE ME AS A P>TISAN ( ANY P>TICUL> BELIEF1 BUT AS A C>EFUL REASON] ) :OM IT WAS A PLEASURE TO CONF]4 ,%E =M$ SO FLATT]+ AN OP9ION ( ME1 & WAS SO SOLIT>Y1 ?AT %E GAVE ME H] FULL CONFID5CE & 9VIT$ ME TO ACCOMPANY H] ON H] TRAVELS4 ,I ACCEPT$ ! (F]1 & WE TRAVEL$ 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES4 ,MY CONDUCT & \R CON/ANT ,CONV]SATION COMPELL$ H] TO RECOGNIZE ! ]ROR ( ?9K+ ?AT EV]Y UNBELIEV] WAS P]V]SE & EV]Y A!I/ A H>D5$ CRIM9AL1 S9CE1 ,I1 A CONV9C$ A!I/1 MANIFE/$ SYMPTOMS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE :I* H] RELIGI\S PREJUDICE HAD L$ H] TO EXPECT4 

  

,%E1 ?\<T1 H[EV]1 ?AT MY CONDUCT WAS EXCEPTIONAL1 & REM9D$ ME ?AT ! EXCEPTION PROVES ! RULE4 ,9 ! 5D ! P]SI/5CY & LOGIC ( MY >GUM5TS =C$ H] TO YIELD TO ! EVID5CE1 &1 :5 H] PREJUDICE WAS REMOV$1 %E WAS CONV9C$ ?AT A RATIONAL & SCI5TIFIC $UCATION W\LD PRES]VE *ILDR5 FROM ]ROR1 9SPIRE M5 ) A LOVE ( GOOD CONDUCT1 & REORGANIZE SOCIETY 9 ACCORD ) ! DEM&S ( JU/ICE4 ,%E WAS DEEPLY IMPRESS$ BY ! REFLECTION ?AT %E MI<T HAVE BE5 ON A LEVEL ) ! *ILDR5 :O HAD 9SULT$ H] IF1 AT !IR AGE1 %E HAD BE5 RE>$ ,9 ! SAME CONDITIONS AS !Y4 ,:5 %E HAD GIV5 UP H] BELIEF 9 9NATE IDEAS1 %E WAS GREATLY PREOCCUPI$ ) !1 FOLL[+ PROBLEM3 ,IF A *ILD W]E $UCAT$ )\T HE>+ ANY?+ AB\T RELIGION1 :AT IDEA ( ! ,DEITY W\LD IT HAVE ON REA*+ ! AGE ( REASON8 

,AFT] A :ILE1 IT SEEM$ TO ME ?AT WE W]E WA/+ TIME IF WE W]E4 NOT PREP>$ TO GO ON FROM WORDS TO DE$S4 ,TO BE 9 POSSESSION ( AN IMPORTANT PRIVILEGE ?R\< ! IMP]FECT ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY & BY ! ACCID5T ( BIR?1 TO CONCEIVE IDEAS ( RE=M1 & TO REMA9 9ACTIVE OR 9DIFF]5T AMID A LIFE ( PLEASURE1 SEEM$ TO ME TO 9CUR A RESPONSIBILITY SIMIL> TO ?AT ( A MAN :O REFUS$ TO L5D A H& TO A P]SON :OM HE C\LD SAVE FROM DANG]4 ,ONE DAY1 !RE=E1 ,I SAID TO ,MLLE4 ,MEUNI]3 

  

0,MLLE41 WE HAVE REA*$ A PO9T AT :I* IT IS NECESS>Y TO RECONSID] \R POSITION4 ,! WORLD APPEALS TO US = \R ASSI/ANCE1 & WE CANNOT HONE/LY REFUSE IT4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT TO EXP5D 5TIRELY ON COM=TS & PLEASURES RES\RCES :I* =M P>T ( ! G5]AL PATRIMONY1 & :I* W\LD SUFFICE TO E/ABLI% A USEFUL 9/ITUTION1 IS TO COMMIT A FRAUD2 & ?AT W\LD HE SANCTION$ NEI!R BY A BELIEV] NOR AN UNBELIEV]4 ,I MU/ W>N Y\1 !RE=E1 ?AT Y\ MU/ NOT C\NT ON MY COMPANY 9 Y\R FUR!R TRAVELS4 ,I [E MYSELF TO MY IDEAS & TO HUMANITY1 & ,I ?9K ?AT Y\ \<T TO HAVE ! SAME FEEL+ N[ ?AT Y\ HAVE EX*ANG$ Y\R =M] FAI? = RATIONAL PR9CIPLES40 

,%E WAS SURPRIS$1 BUT RECOGNIZ$ ! JU/ICE ( MY DECISION1 &1 )\T O!R /IMULUS ?AN H] [N GOOD NATURE & F9E FEEL+1 %E GAVE ME ! FUNDS = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN 9/ITUTE ( RATIONAL $UCATION4 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 :I* ALREADY EXI/$ 9 MY M9D1 WAS ?US 5SUR$ ( REALIZATION BY ?IS G5]\S ACT4 

,ALL ! MALICI\S /ATEM5T - ?AT HAVE BE5 MADE 9 REG>D TO ?IS MATT] - = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ,I HAD TO SUBMIT TO A JUDICIAL 9T]ROGATION - >E %E] CALUMNIES4 ,IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT ,I US$ A P[] ( SUGGE/ION OV] ,MLLE4 ,MEUNI] = MY [N PURPOSES4 ,?IS /ATEM5T1 :I* IS AS (F5SIVE TO ME AS IT IS 9SULT+ TO ! MEMORY ( ?AT WOR?Y & EXCELL5T LADY1 IS ABSOLUTELY FALSE4 ,I DO NOT NE$ TO JU/IFY MYSELF2 ,I LEAVE MY V9DICATION TO MY ACTS1 MY LIFE1 & ! IMP>TIAL JUDGM5T ( MY CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,BUT ,MLLE4 ,MEUNI] IS 5TITL$ TO ! RESPECT ( ALL M5 ( RI<T FEEL+1 ( ALL ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 DELIV]$ FROM ! DESPOTISM ( SECT & DOGMA1 :O HAVE BROK5 ALL CONNECTION ) ]ROR1 :O NO LONG] SUBMIT ! LI<T ( REASON TO ! D>KNESS ( FAI? NOR ! DIGNITY ( FRE$OM TO ! YOKE ( OB$I5CE4 

  

,%E BELIEV$ ) HONE/ FAI?4 ,%E HAD BE5 TAU<T ?AT BETWE5 ! ,CREATOR & ! CREATURE !RE IS A HI]>*Y ( 9T]M$I>IES :OM ONE MU/ OBEY1 & ?AT ONE MU/ B[ TO A S]IES ( MY/]IES CONTA9$ 9 ! DOGMAS IMPOS$ BY A DIV9ELY 9/ITUT$ ,*UR*4 ,9 ?AT BELIEF %E REMA9$ P]FECTLY TRANQUIL4 ,! REM>KS ,I MADE & ADVICE ,I (F]$ H] W]E NOT SPONTANE\S COMM5T>IES ON H] BELIEF1 BUT NATURAL REPLIES TO H] EF=TS TO CONV]T ME2 &1 FROM H] WANT ( LOGIC1 H] FEEBLE REASON+ BROKE D[N UND] ! /R5G? ( MY >GUM5TS1 9/EAD ( H] P]SUAD+ ME TO PUT FAI? BE=E REASON4 ,%E C\LD NOT REG>D ME AS A TEMPT+ SPIRIT1 S9CE IT WAS ALWAYS %E :O ATTACK$ MY CONVICTIONS2 & %E WAS 9 ! 5D VANQUI%$ BY ! /RUGGLE ( H] FAI? & H] [N REASON1 :I* WAS >\S$ BY H] 9DISCRETION 9 ASSAIL+ ! FAI? ( ONE :O1 OPPOS$ H] BELIEFS4 

  

,%E N[ +5U\SLY S\<T TO EXON]ATE ! ,COMMUNI/ BOYS AS POOR & UN$UCAT$ WRET*ES1 ! (FSPR+ ( CRIME1 DI/URB]S ( ! SOCIAL ORD] ON ACC\NT ( ! 9JU/ICE :I*1 9 FACE ( SU* A DISGRACE1 P]MITS O!RS1 EQUAL DI/URB]S ( ! SOCIAL ORD]1 TO LIVE UNPRODUCTIVE LIVES1 5JOY GREAT WEAL?1 EXPLOIT IGNORANCE & MIS]Y1 & TRU/ ?AT !Y WILL CONT9UE ?R\<\T ET]NITY TO 5JOY !IR PLEASURES ON ACC\NT ( !IR COMPLIANCE ) ! RITES ( ! ,*UR* & !IR WORKS ( *>ITY4 ',! IDEA ( A REW>D ( EASY VIRTUE & PUNI%M5T ( UNAVOIDABLE S9 %OCK$ H] CONSCI5CE & MOD]AT$ H] RELIGI\S FEEL+1 &1 SEEK+ TO BREAK ! ATAVI/IC *A9 :I* SO MU* HAMP]S ANY ATTEMPT AT RE=M1 %E DECID$ TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! F\ND+ ( A USEFUL WORK :I* W\LD $UCATE ! Y\NG 9 A NATURAL WAY & 9 CONDITIONS :I* W\LD HELP !M TO USE TO ! FULL ! TREASURES ( KN[L$GE :I* HUMANITY HAS ACQUIR$ BY LABOR1 /UDY1 OBS]VATION1 & ! ME?ODICAL >RANGEM5T ( ITS G5]AL CONCLUSIONS4 

,9 ?IS WAY1 %E ?\<T1 ) ! AID ( A SUPREME 9TELLIG5CE :I* VEILS ITSELF 9 MY/]Y FROM1 ! M9D ( MAN1 OR BY ! KN[L$GE :I* HUMANITY HAS GA9$ BY SUFF]+1 CONTRADICTION1 & D\BT1 ! FUTURE WILL BE REALIZ$2 & %E F\ND AN 9N] CONT5TM5T & V9DICATION ( H] CONSCI5CE 9 ! IDEA ( CONTRIBUT+1 BY ! BE/[AL ( H] PROP]TY1 TO A WORK ( TRANSC5D5T IMPORTANCE4 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,I ,ACCEPT ! ,RESPONSIBILITY 

,ONCE ,I WAS 9 POSSESSION ( ! MEANS ( ATTA9+ MY OBJECT1 ,I DET]M9$ TO PUT MY H& TO ! TASK )\T DELAY4 ,IT WAS N[ TIME TO GIVE A PRECISE %APE TO ! VAGUE ASPIRATION ?AT HAD LONG HAUNT$ MY IMAG9ATION2 & TO ?AT 5D1 CONSCI\S ( MY IMP]FECT KN[L$GE ( ! >T ( PA$AGOGY1 ,I S\<T ! C\NSEL ( O!RS4 ,I HAD NOT A GREAT CONFID5CE 9 ! (FICIAL PA$AGOGI/S1 AS !Y SEEM$ TO ME TO BE L>GELY HAMP]$ BY PREJUDICES 9 REG>D TO !IR SUBJECT OR O!R MATT]S1 & ,I LOOK$ \T = SOME COMPET5T P]SON :OSE VIEWS & CONDUCT W\LD ACCORD ) MY IDEALS4 ,) HIS ASSI/ANCE ,I W\LD =MULATE ! PROGRAM ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL :I* ,I HAD ALREADY CONCEIV$4 ,9 MY OP9ION IT WAS TO BE1 NOT ! P]FECT TYPE ( ! FUTURE S*OOL ( A RATIONAL /ATE ( SOCIETY1 BUT A PRECURSOR ( IT1 ! BE/ POSSIBLE ADAPTATION ( \R MEANS2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 AN EMPHATIC REJECTION ( ! ANCI5T TYPE ( S*OOL :I* /ILL SURVIVES1 & A C>EFUL EXP]IM5T 9 ! DIRECTION ( IMBU+ ! *ILDR5 ( ! FUTURE ) ! SUB/ANTIAL TRU?S ( SCI5CE4 ,I WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ! *ILD COMES 9TO ! WORLD )\T 9NATE IDEAS1 & ?AT DUR+ ! C\RSE ( HIS LIFE HE GA!RS ! IDEAS ( ?OSE NE>E/ TO HIM1 MODIFY+ !M ACCORD+ TO HIS [N OBS]VATION & READ+4 ,IF ?IS IS SO1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! *ILD %\LD RECEIVE POSITIVE & TRU?FUL IDEAS ( ALL ?+S1 & BE TAU<T ?AT1 TO AVOID ]ROR1 IT IS ESS5TIAL TO ADMIT NO?+ ON FAI?1 BUT ONLY AFT] EXP]I5CE OR RATIONAL DEMON/RATION ,) SU* A TRA9+ ! *ILD WILL BECOME A C>EFUL OBS]V]1 & WILL BE PREP>$ = ALL K9DS ( /UDIES4 

,:5 ,I HAD F\ND A COMPET5T P]SON1 & :ILE ! FIR/ L9ES W]E BE+ TRAC$ ( ! PLAN WE W]E TO FOLL[1 ! NECESS>Y /EPS W]E TAK5 9 ,B>CELONA = ! F\ND+ ( ! E/ABLI%M5T2 ! BUILD+ WAS *OS5 & PREP>$1 & ! FURNITURE1 /AFF1 ADV]TISEM5TS1 PROSPECTUSES1 LEAFLETS1 ETC41 W]E SECUR$4 ,9 LESS ?AN A YE> ALL WAS READY1 ?\< ,I WAS PUT TO GREAT LOSS ?R\< ! BETRAYAL ( MY CONFID5CE BY A C]TA9 P]SON4 ,IT WAS CLE> ?AT WE %\LD AT ONCE HAVE TO CONT5D ) MANY DIFFICULTIES1 NOT ONLY ON ! P>T ( ?OSE :O W]E HO/ILE TO RATIONAL $UCATION1 BUT P>TLY ON ACC\NT ( A C]TA9 CLASS ( !ORI/S1 :O URG$ ON ME1 AS ! \TCOME ( !IR KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE1 ADVICE :I* ,I C\LD ONLY REG>D AS ! FRUIT ( !IR PREJUDICES4 ,ONE MAN1 = 9/ANCE1 :O WAS AFFLICT$ ) A ZEAL = LOCAL PATRIOTISM1 9SI/$ ?AT ! LESSONS %\LD BE GIV5 9 ,CATALAN .<! DIALECT ( ! PROV9CE ( ,B>CELONA.>1 & W\LD ?US CONF9E HUMANITY & ! WORLD )9 ! N>R[ LIMITS ( ! REGION BETWE5 ! ,EBRO & ! ,PYR5EES4 ,I W\LD NOT1 ,I TOLD ! 5?USIA/1 EV5 ADOPT ,SPANI% AS ! LANGUAGE ( ! S*OOL IF A UNIV]SAL LANGUAGE HAD ALREADY ADVANC$ SUFFICI5TLY TO BE ( PRACTICAL USE4 ,I W\LD A HUNDR$ TIMES RA!R USE ,ESP]ANTO ?AN ,CATALAN4 

,! 9CID5T ,CONFIRM$ ME 9 MY RESOLUTION NOT TO SUBMIT ! SETTLEM5T ( MY PLAN TO ! AU?ORITY ( DI/+UI%$ M5 :O1 ) ALL !IR REPUTE1 DO NOT TAKE A S+LE VOLUNT>Y /EP 9 ! DIRECTION ( RE=M4 ,I FELT ! BURD5 ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ,I HAD ACCEPT$1 & ,I 5DEAVOR$ TO DIS*>GE IT AS MY CONSCI5CE DIRECT$4 ,RES5T+ ! M>K$ SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES ( ! EXI/+ ORD] AS ,I DID1 ,I C\LD NOT BE CONT5T TO DEPLORE !IR EFFECTS 2 ,I MU/ ATTACK !M 9 !IR CAUSES1 & APPEAL TO ! PR9CIPLE ( JU/ICE-TO ?AT IDEAL EQUALITY :I* 9SPIRES ALL S\ND REVOLUTION>Y FEEL+4 

,IF MATT] IS ONE1 UNCREAT$1 & ET]NAL--IF WE LIVE ON A RELATIVELY SMALL BODY 9 SPACE1 A M]E SPECK 9 COMP>ISON ) ! 9NUM]ABLE GLOBES AB\T US1 AS IS TAU<T 9 ! UNIV]SITIES1 & MAY BE LE>N$ BY ! PRIVILEG$ FEW :O %>E ! MONOPOLY ( SCI5CE--WE HAVE NO RI<T TO TEA*1 & NO EXCUSE = TEA*+1 9 ! PRIM>Y S*OOLS TO :I* ! PEOPLE GO :5 !Y HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY1 ?AT ,GOD MADE ! WORLD \T ( NO?+ 9 SIX DAYS1 & ALL ! O!R ABSURDITIES ( ! ANCI5T LEG5DS4 ,TRU? IS UNIV]SAL1 & WE [E IT TO EV]YBODY4 ,TO PUT A PRICE ON IT1 TO MAKE IT ! MONOPOLY ( A PRIVILEG$ FEW1 TO DETA9 ! L[LY 9 SY/EMATIC IGNORANCE1 &--:AT IS WORSE--IMPOSE ON !M4 A DOGMATIC & (FICIAL DOCTR9E 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! TEA*+ ( SCI5CE1 9 ORD] ?AT !Y MAY ACCEPT ) DOCILITY !IR L[ & DEPLORABLE CONDITION1 IS TO ME AN 9TOL]ABLE 9DIGNITY4 ,= MY P>T1 ,I CONSID] ?AT ! MO/ EFFECTIVE PROTE/ & ! MO/ PROMIS+ =M ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION CONSI/ 9 GIV+ ! OPPRESS$1 ! DIS9H]IT$1 & ALL :O >E CONSCI\S ( A DEM& = JU/ICE1 AS MU* TRU? AS !Y CAN RECEIVE1 TRU/+ ?AT IT WILL DIRECT !IR 5]GIES 9 ! GREAT WORK ( ! REG5]ATION ( SOCIETY4 

,H5CE ! T]MS ( ! FIR/ ANN\NCEM5T ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ?AT WAS ISSU$ TO ! PUBLIC4 ,IT RAN AS FOLL[S 3-- 

,P,R,O,G,R,A,M4 

,! MISSION ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL IS TO SECURE ?AT ! BOYS & GIRLS :O >E 5TRU/$ TO IT %ALL BECOME WELL-9/RUCT$1 TRU?FUL1 JU/1 & FREE FROM ALL PREJUDICE4 

,TO ?AT 5D ! RATIONAL ME?OD ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES WILL BE SUB/ITUT$ = ! OLD DOGMATIC TEA*+4 ,IT WILL /IMULATE1 DEVELOP1 & DIRECT ! NATURAL ABILITY ( EA* PUPIL1 SO ?AT HE OR %E WILL NOT ONLY BECOME A USEFUL MEMB] ( SOCIETY1 ) HIS 9DIVIDUAL VALUE FULLY DEVELOP$1 BUT WILL CONTRIBUTE1 AS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE1 TO ! UPLIFT+ ( ! :OLE COMMUNITY4 

,IT WILL 9/RUCT ! Y\NG 9 S\ND SOCIAL DUTIES1 9 CON=MITY ) ! JU/ PR9CIPLE ?AT 0 !RE >E NO DUTIES )\T RI<TS1 & NO RI<TS )\T DUTIES40 

,9 VIEW ( ! GOOD RESULTS ?AT HAVE BE5 OBTA9$ ABROAD BY MIX$ $UCATION1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ORD] TO REALIZE ! GREAT AIM ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL-! =MATION ( AN 5TIRELY FRAT]NAL BODY ( M5 & WOM51 )\T DI/9CTION ( SEX OR CLASS-- *ILDR5 ( BO? SEXES1 FROM ! AGE ( FIVE UPW>D1 WILL BE RECEIV$4 

,= ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ITS WORK1 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL WILL BE OP5$ ON ,SUNDAY MORN+S :5 !RE WILL BE CLASSES ON ! SUFF]+S ( MANK9D ?R\<\T ! ,C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 & ON ! M5 & WOM5 :O HAVE DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES 9 SCI5CE1 >T1 OR ! LI<T = PROGRESS4 ,! P>5TS ( ! *ILDR5 MAY ATT5D !SE CLASSES4 

,9 ! HOPE ?AT ! 9TELLECTUAL WORK ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL WILL BE FRUITFUL1 WE HAVE1 BESIDES SECUR+ HYGI5IC CONDITIONS ,9 ! 9/ITUTION & ITS DEP5D5CIES1 >RANG$ TO HAVE A M$ICAL 9SPECTION ( *ILDR5 AT !IR 5TRANCE 9TO ! S*OOL4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS WILL BE COMMUNICAT$ TO ! P>5TS IF IT IS DEEM$ NECESS>Y 2 & O!RS WILL BE HELD P]IODICALLY1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! SPREAD ( CONTAGI\S DISEASES DUR+ TILE S*OOL H\RS4 

,DUR+ ! WEEK :I* PREC$$ ! OP5+ ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ,I 9VIT$ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PRESS TO VISIT ! 9/ITUTION & MAKE IT KN[N1 & SOME ( ! J\RNALS 9S]T$ APPRECIATIVE NOTICES ( ! WORK4 ,IT MAY BE ( HI/ORICAL 9T]E/ TO QUOTE A FEW P>AGRAPHS FROM ,EL ,DILUVIO 3-- ,! FUTURE IS BUDD+ 9 ! S*OOL4 ,TO BUILD ON ANY O!R F\NDATION IS TO BUILD ON S&4 ,UNHAPPILY1 ! S*OOL MAY S]VE EI!R ! PURPOSES ( TYRANNY OR ! CAUSE ( LIB]TY1 & MAY ?US S]VE EI!R B>B>ISM OR CIVILIZATION4 

,WE >E !RE=E PLEAS$ TO SEE C]TA9 PATRIOTS & HUMANIT>IANS1 :O GRASP ! TRANSC5D5T IMPORTANCE ( ?IS SOCIAL FUNCTION1 :I* \R ,GOV]N M5T SY/EMATICALLY OV]LOOKS1 HA/5 TO MEET ?IS PRESS+ NE$ BY F\ND+ A ,MOD]N ,S*OOL2 A S*OOL :I* WILL NOT SEEK TO PROMOTE ! 9T]E/S ( SECT & TO MOVE 9 ! OLD RUTS1 AS HAS BE5 DONE HI!RTO1 BUT WILL CREATE AN 9TELLECTUAL 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ! NEW G5]ATION WILL ABSORB ! IDEAS & ! IMPULSES :I* ! /REAM ( PROGRESS UNCEAS+LY BR+S4 

,?IS 5D CAN ONLY BE ATTA9$ BY PRIVATE 5T]PRISE ,\R EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS1 TA9T$ ) ALL ! VISES ( ! PA/ & WEAK5$ BY ALL ! TRIVIALITIES ( ! PRES5T1 CANNOT DIS*>GE ?IS USEFUL FUNCTION4 ,IT IS RES]V$ = M5 ( NOBLE M9D & UNSELFI% FEEL+ TO OP5 UP ! NEW PA? BY :I* SUCCE$+ G5]ATIONS WILL RISE TO HI<] DE/9IES4 

,?IS HAS BE5 DONE1 OR WILL BE DONE1 BY ! F\ND]S ( ! MODE/ ,MOD]N ,S*OOL :I* WE HAVE VISIT$ AT ! C\RTE\S 9VITATION ( ITS DIRECTORS & ?OSE :O >E 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS S*OOL IS NOT A COMM]CIAL 5T]PRISE1 LIKE MO/ S*OLA/IC 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT A PA$AGOGICAL EX- P]IM5T ( :I* ONLY ONE O!R SPECIM5 EXI/S 9 ,SPA9 7! ,FREE ,9/ITUTION ( ,$UCATION AT ,MADRID74 

,SR4 ,SALAS ,ANTON BRILLIANTLY EXP\ND$ ! PROGRAM ( ! S*OOL TO ! SMALL AUDI5CE ( J\RNALI/S & O!RS :O ATT5D$ ! MODE/ OP5+-FE/IVAL1 & DESCANT$ ON ! DESIGN ( $UCAT+ *ILDR5 9 ! :OLE TRU? & NO?+ BUT ! TRU?1 OR :AT IS PROV$ TO BE SU*4 ,IF IS *IEF !ME WAS ?AT ! F\ND]S DO NOT PROPOSE TO ADD ONE MORE TO ! NUMB] ( :AT >E KN[N AS 0,LAY ,S*OOLS10 ) !IR IMPASSION$ DOGMATISM1 BUT A S]5E OBS]VATORY1 OP5 TO ! F\R W9DS ( HEAV51 ) NO CL\D D>K5+ ! HORIZON & 9T]POS+ BETWE5 ! LI<T & ! M9D ( MAN4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,E>LY ,PROGRAM 

,! TIME HAD COME TO ?9K ( ! 9AUGURATION ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,SOME TIME PREVI\SLY ,I HAD 9VIT$ A NUMB] ( G5TLEM5 ( GREAT DI/9CTION & ( PROGRESSIVE S5TIM5TS TO ASSI/ ME ) !IR ADVICE & =M A K9D ( ,COMMITTEE ( ,CONSULTATION4 ,MY 9T]C\RSE ) !M AT ,B>CELONA WAS ( GREAT VALUE TO ME1 & MANY ( !M REMA9$ 9 P]MAN5T RELATION ) ME1 = :I* ,I MAY EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE4 ,!Y W]E ( OP9ION ?AT ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL %\LD BE OP5$ ) SOME DISPLAY--9VITATION-C>DS1 A CIRCUL> TO ! PRESS1 A L>GE HALL1 MUSIC1 & ORATORICAL ADDRESSES BY DI/+UI%$ ,LIB]AL POLITICIANS4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 EASY TO DO ?IS1 & WE W\LD HAVE ATTRACT$ AN AUDI5CE ( HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE :O W\LD HAVE APPLAUD$ ) ?AT MOM5T>Y 5?USIASM :I* *>ACT]IZES \R PUBLIC FUNCTIONS4 ,BUT ,I WAS NOT S$UC$ BY ! IDEA4 ,AS A ,POSITIVI/ & AN ,IDEALI/ ,I WAS CONV9C$ ?AT A SIMPLE MODE/Y BE/ BEFITT$ ! 9AUGURATION ( A WORK ( RE=M4 ,ANY O!R ME?OD SEEM$ TO ME DIS+5U\S A CONCESSION TO 5]VAT+ CONV5TIONS & TO ! V]Y EVIL :I* ,I WAS SETT+ \T TO RE=M4 ,! PROPOSAL ( ! ,COMMITTEE WAS1 !RE=E1 REPUGNANT TO MY CONSCI5CE & MY S5TIM5TS1 & ,I WAS1 9 ?AT & ALL O!R ?+S RELAT+ TO ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 ! EXECUTIVE P[]4 

,9 ! FIR/ NUMB] ( ! ,BULLET9 ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 ISSU$ ON ,OCTOB] #c1 #a#i#a1 ,I GAVE A G5]AL EXPOSITION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ! ,S*OOL1 :I* ,I MAY REPEAT H]E4 

,?OSE IMAG9>Y PRODUCTS ( ! M9D1 A PRIORI IDEAS1 & ALL ! ABSURD & FANTA/ICAL FICTIONS HI!RTO REG>D$ AS TRU? & IMPOS$ ITS DIRECTIVE PR9CIPLES ( HUMAN CONDUCT HAVE = SOME TIME PA/ 9CURR$ ! CONDEMNATION ( REASON & ! RES5TM5T ( CONSCI5CE4 ,! SUN NO LONG] M]ELY T\*ES ! TIPS ( ! M\NTA9S2 IT FLOODS ! VALLEYS1 & WE 5JOY ! LI<T ( NOON4 ,SCI5CE IS NO LONG] ! PATRIMONY ( A SMALL GR\P ( PRIVILEG$ 9DIVIDUALS2 ITS B5EFIC5T RAYS MORE OR LESS CONSCI\SLY P5ETRATE EV]Y RANK ( SOCIETY4 ,ON ALL SIDES TRADITIONAL ]RORS >E BE+ DISPELL$ BY IT2 BY ! CONFID5T PROC$URE ( EXP]I5CE & OBS]VATION IT 5ABLES US TO ATTA9 ACCURATE KN[L$GE & CRIT]IA 9 REG>D TO NATURAL OBJECTS & ! LAWS :I* GOV]N !M4 ,) 9DISPUTABLE AU?ORITY IT BIDS M5 LAY ASIDE = EV] !IR EXCLUSIVISMS & PRIVILEGES1 & IT (F]S ITSELF AS ! CONTROLL+ PR9CIPLE ,( HUMAN LIFE1 SEEK+ TO IMBUE ALL ) A COMMON S5TIM5T ( HUMANITY4 ,RELY+ ON MODE/ RES\RCES1 BUT ) A ROBU/ & RATIONAL FAI? & A SPIRIT ?AT WILL NOT EASILY BE 9TIMIDAT$1 :ATEV] OB/ACLES >ISE 9 \R PA?1 WE HAVE F\ND$ ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,ITS AIM IS TO CONVEY1 ,)\T ,CONCESSION TO TRADITIONAL ME?ODS1 AN $UCATION BAS$ ON ! NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,?IS NEW ME?OD1 ?\< ! ONLY S\ND & POSITIVE ME?OD1 HAS SPREAD ?R\<\T ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 & HAS 9NUM]ABLE SUPPORT]S ( 9TELLECTUAL DI/9CTION & L(TY PR9CIPLES4 ,WE >E AW>E H[ MANY 5EMIES !RE >E AB\T US4 ,WE >E CONSCI\S ( ! 9NUM]ABLE PREJUDICES :I* OPPRESS ! SOCIAL CONSCI5CE ( \R C\NTRY4 ,?IS IS ! \TCOME ( A M$IEVAL1 SUBJECTIVE1 DOGMATIC $UCATION1 :I* MAKES RIDICUL\S PRET5SIONS TO ! POSSESSION ( AN 9FALLIBLE CRIT]ION4 ,WE >E FUR!R AW>E ?AT1 9 VIRTUE ( ! LAW ( H]$ITY1 /R5G!N$ BY ! 9FLU5CES ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 ! T5D5CIES :I* >E CONNATURAL & SPONTANE\S 9 ! Y\NG *ILD >E /ILL MORE PRON\NC$ 9 ADOLESC5CE4 ,! /RUGGLE WILL BE SEV]E1 ! WORK DIFFICULT2 BUT ) A CON/ANT & UNWAV]+ WILL1 ! SOLE PROVID5CE ( ! MORAL WORLD1 WE >E CONFID5T ?AT WE WILL W9 ! VICTORY TO :I* WE ASPIRE4 ,WE WILL DEVELOP LIV+ BRA9S1 CAPABLE ( REACT+ ON \R 9/RUCTION4 ,WE WILL TAKE C>E ?AT ! M9DS ( \R PUPILS WILL SU/A91 :5 !Y LEAVE ! CONTROL ( !IR TEA*]S1 A /]N HO/ILITY TO PREJUDICE2 ?AT !Y WILL BE SOLID M9DS1 CAPABLE ( =M+ !IR [N RATIONAL CONVICTIONS ON EV]Y SUBJECT4 

,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE WILL LEAVE ! *ILD1 AT ! V]Y \TSET ( ITS $UCATION1 TO =M ITS [N IDEAS4 ,! ,SOCRATIC PROC$URE IS WRONG1 IF IT IS TAK5 TOO LIT]ALLY4 ,! V]Y CON/ITUTION ( ! M9D1 AT ! COMM5CEM5T ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 DEM&S ?AT AT ?IS /AGE ! *ILD %ALL BE RECEPTIVE4 ,! TEA*] MU/ IMPLANT ! G]MS ( IDEAS4 ,!SE WILL1 :5 AGE & /R5G? 9VIGORATE ! BRA91 BR+ =? CORRESPOND+ FL[]S & FRUIT1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! DEGREE ( 9ITIATIVE & ! *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES ( ! PUPIL'S M9D4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 WE MAY SAY ?AT WE REG>D AS ABSURD ! WIDESPREAD NOTION ?AT AN $UCATION BAS$ ON NATURAL SCI5CE /UNTS ! ORGAN ( ! IDEALI/ FACULTY4 ,WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ! CONTR>Y IS TRUE4 ,:AT SCI5CE DOES IS TO CORRECT & DIRECT IT1 & GIVE IT A :OLESOME S5SE ( REALITY4 ,! WORK ( MAN'S C]EBRAL 5]GY ,IS TO CREATE ! IDEAL1 ) ! AID ( >T & PHILOSOPHY4 ,BUT 9 ORD] ?AT ! IDEAL %ALL NOT DEG5]ATE 9TO FABLES1 OR MY/IC & UNSUB/ANTIAL DREAMS1 & ! /RUCTURE BE NOT BUILT ON S&1 IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO GIVE IT A SECURE & UN%AKABLE F\NDATION 9 ! EXACT & POSITIVE TEA*+ ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES4 

,MOREOV]1 ! $UCATION ( A MAN DOES NOT CONSI/ M]ELY 9 ! TRA9+ ( HIS 9TELLIG5CE1 )\T HAV+ REG>D TO ! HE>T & ! WILL4 ,MAN IS A COMPLETE & UNIFI$ :OLE1 9 SPITE ( ! V>IETY ( HIS FUNCTIONS4 LIE PRES5TS V>I\S FACETS1 BUT IS AT ! BOTTOM A S+LE 5]GY1 :I* SEES1 LOVES1 & APPLIES A WILL TO ! PROSECUTION ( :AT LIE HAS CONCEIV$ OR AFFECT$4 ,IT IS A MORBID CONDITION1 AN 9FR+EM5T ( ! LAWS ( ! HUMAN ORGANISM1 TO E/ABLI% AN ABYSS :]E !RE \<T TO BE A SANE & H>MONI\S CONT9UITY4 ,! DIVORCE BETWE5 ?\<T & WILL IS AN UNHAPPY FEATURE ( \R TIME4 ,TO :AT FATAL CONSEQU5CES IT HAS L$ 6 ,WE NE$ ONLY REF] TO \R POLITICAL LEAD]S & TO ! V>I\S ORD]S ( SOCIAL LIFE2 !Y >E DEEPLY 9FECT$ ) ?IS P]NICI\S DUALISM4 ,MANY ( !M >E ASSUR$LY P[]FUL 5\< 9 RESPECT ( !IR M5TAL FACULTIES1 & HAVE AN ABUNDANCE ( IDEAS2 BUT !Y LACK A S\ND ORI5TATION & ! F9E ?\<TS :I* SCI5CE APPLIES TO ! LIFE ( 9DIVIDUALS & ( PEOPLES4 ,!IR RE/LESS EGOISM & ! WI% TO ACCOMMODATE !IR RELATIVES1 TOGE!R ) !IR LEAV5 ,( TRADITIONAL S5TIM5TS1 =M ALL IMP]MEABLE B>RI] R\ND !IR HE>TS & PREV5T ! 9FILTRATION ,( PROGRESSIVE ,IDEAS1 & ! =MATION ( ?AT SAP ( S5TIM5T :I* IS ! ,IMPELL+ & DET]M9+ P[] 9 ! CONDUCT ( MAN4 ,H5CE ! ATTEMPT TO OB/RUCT PROGRESS & PUT OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( NEW ,IDEAS2 H5CE1 AS A RESULT ,( !SE ATTEMPTS1 ! SKEPTICISM ,( MULTITUDES1 ! DEA? ( NATIONS1 & ! 9EVITABLE DESPAIR ( ! OPPRESS$4 

,WE REG>D ,IT AS ONE ( ! FIR/ PR9CIPLES ( \R PA$AGOGICAL MISSION ?AT !RE IS NO SU* DUALITY ( *>ACT] 9 ANY ,9DIVIDUAL ONE :I* SEES & APPRECIATES TRU? & GOODNESS1 & ONE :I* FOLL[S EVIL4 ,&1 S9CE WE TAKE NATURAL SCI5CE AS \R GUIDE 9 $UCATION1 A FUR!R CONSEQU5CE WILL BE RECOGNIZ$2 WE %ALL 5DEAVOR TO SECURE ?AT ! 9TELLECTUAL IMPRESSIONS :I* ,SCI5CE CONVEYS TO ! PUPIL BE CONV]T$ 9TO ! SAP ( S5TIM5T & ,%ALL BE ,9T5SELY LOV$4 ,:5 S5TIM5T IS /RONG IT P5ETRATES & DIFFUSES ITSELF ?R\< ! DEEPE/ RECESSES ( A MAN'S BE+1 P]VAD+ & GIV+ A SPECIAL COLOR TO HIS *>ACT]4 

,& AS A MAN'S CONDUCT MU/ REVOLVE )9 ! CIRCLE ,( HIS *>ACT]1 IT FOLL[S ?AT A Y\? $UCAT$ ,9 ! MANN] WE HAVE 9DICAT$ WILL1 :5 HE COMES TO RULE HIMSELF1 RECOGNIZE SCI5CE AS ! ONE HELPFUL MA/] ,( HIS LIFE4 

,! S*OOL WAS OP5$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #h1 #aia ) ?IRTY PUPILS--TWELVE GIRLS & EI<TE5 BOYS4 ,!SE SUFFIC$ = ! PURPOSE ,( \R EXP]IM5T1 & WE HAD NO 9T5TION ( 9CREAS+ ! NUMB] = A TIME1 SO ?AT WE MI<T KEEP A MORE EFFECTIVE WAT* ON ! PUPILS4 ,! 5EMIES ( ! NEW S*OOL W\LD TAKE ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY TO CRITICIZE \R WORK 9 CO-$UCAT+ BOYS & GIRLS4 

,! PEOPLE PRES5T AT ! OP5+ W]E P>TLY ATTRACT$ BY ! NOTICES ( \R WORK PUBLI%$ 9 ! PRESS1 & P>TLY CONSI/$ ( ! P>5TS ( ! PUPILS & DELEGATES ( V>I\S WORK+-CLASS SOCIETIES :O HAD BE5 9VIT$ OIL ACC\NT ( !IR ASSI/ANCE TO ME4 ,I WAS SUPPORT$ 9 ! *AIR BY ! TEA*]S & ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,CONSULTATION1 TWO ( :OM EXP\ND$ ! SY/EM & AIM ( ! S*OOL4 ,9 ?IS QUIET FA%ION WE 9AUGURAT$ A WORK ?AT WAS DE/9$ TO LA/4 ,WE CREAT$ ! ,MOD]N1 ,SCI5TIFIC1 & ,RATIONAL ,S*OOL1 ! FAME ( :I* SOON SPREAD 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 ,TIME MAY WITNESS A *ANGE ( ITS NAME -! 0 ,MOD]N 0 ,S*OOL ---BUT ! DESCRIPTION 0 SCI5TIFIC & RATIONAL 0 WILL BE MORE & MORE FULLY V9DICAT$4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,CO-$UCATION ( ! ,SEXES 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T 9 \R PROGRAM ( RATIONAL $UCATION1 9 ! VIEW ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CONDITION ( ! C\NTRY1 & ! FEATURE :I* WAS MO/ LIKELY TO %OCK CURR5T PREJUDICES & HABITS1 WAS ! CO-$UCATION ( BOYS & GIRLS4 

,! IDEA WAS NOT ABSOLUTELY NEW 9 ,SPA94 ,AS A RESULT ( NECESSITY & ( PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS1 !RE W]E VILLAGES 9 REMOTE VALLEYS & ON ! M\NTA9S :]E SOME GOOD NATUR$ NEI<BOR1 OR ! PRIE/ OR SACRI/AN1 US$ TO TEA* ! CATE*ISM1 & SOMETIMES ELEM5T>Y LETT]S1 TO BOYS & GIRLS 9 COMMON4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS SOMETIMES LEGALLY AU?ORIZ$1 OR AT LEA/ TOL]AT$1 ! MEANS TO PAY BO? A MA/] & A MI/RESS4 ,9 SU* CASES1 EI!R A MA/] OR A MI/RESS GIVES COMMON LESSONS TO BOYS & GIRLS1 AS ,I HAD MYSELF SE5 9 A VILLAGE NOT F> FROM ,B>CELONA4 ,9 T[NS & CITIES1 H[EV]1 MIX$ $UCATION WAS NOT RECOGNIZ$4 ,ONE READ SOMETIMES ( ! OCCURR5CE ( IT 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES1 BUT NO ONE PROPOS$ TO ADOPT IT 9 ,SPA91 :]E SU* A PROPOSAL W\LD HAVE BE5 DEEM$ AN 9NOVATION ( ! MO/ UTOPIAN *>ACT]4 

,KN[+ ?IS1 ,I REFRA9$ FROM MAK+ ANY PUBLIC PROPAG&A ON ! SUBJECT1 & CONFIRM$ MYSELF TO PRIVATE DISCUSSION ) 9DIVIDUALS4 ,WE ASK$ EV]Y P>5T :O WI%$ TO S5D A BOY TO ! S*OOL IF !RE W]E GIRLS 9 ! FAMILY1 & IT WAS NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 TO EA* ! REASONS = CO-$UCATION4 ,:]EV] WE DID ?IS1 ! RESULT WAS SATISFACTORY4 ,IF WE HAD ANN\NC$ \R 9T5TION PUBLICLY1 IT W\LD HAVE RAIS$ A /ORM ( PREJUDICE4 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 A DISCUSSION 9 ! PRESS1 CONV5TIONAL FEEL+ W\LD HAVE BE5 >\S$1 & ! FE> ( 0:AT PEOPLE W\LD SAY0 -- ?AT P>ALYZ+ OB/ACLE TO GOOD 9T5TIONS--W\LD HAVE BE5 /RONG] ?AN REASON4 ,\R PROJECT W\LD HAVE PROV$ EXCE$+LY DIFFICULT1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE4 :]EAS1 PROCE$+ AS WE DID1 WE W]E ABLE TO OP5 ) A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( BOYS & GIRLS1 & ! NUMB] /EADILY 9CREAS$1 AS ! ,BULLET9 ( ! S*OOL %[S4 

,9 MY [N M9D1 CO-$UCATION WAS ( VITAL IMPORTANCE4 ,IT WAS NOT M]ELY & 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION ( REALIZ+ :AT ,I REG>D AS ! IDEAL RESULT ( RATIONAL $UCATION2 IT WAS ! IDEAL ITSELF1 9ITIAT+ ITS LIFE 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 DEVELOP+ A CONFID5CE ( ATTA9+ \R 5D4 ,NATURAL SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHY1 & HI/ORY UNITE 9 TEA*+1 9 FACE ( ALL PREJUDICE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT MAN & WOMAN >E TWO COMPLEM5T>Y ASPECTS ( HUMAN NATURE1 & ! FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE ?IS ESS5TIAL & IMPORTANT TRU? HAS HAD ! MO/ DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES4 

,9 ! SECOND NUMB] ( ! ,BULLET91 !RE=E1 ,I PUBLI%$ A C>EFUL V9DICATION ( MY IDEAS 3-- 

,MIX$ $UCATION 7,I SAID7 IS SPREAD+ AMONG CIVILIZ$ NATIONS4 ,9 MANY PLACES IT HAS ALREADY HAD EXCELL5T RESULTS4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( ?IS NEW S*EME ( $UCATION IS ?AT *ILDR5 ( BO? SEXES %ALL RECEIVE ! SAME LESSONS2 ?AT !IR M9DS %ALL BE DEVELOP$1 !IR HE>TS PURIFI$ & !IR WILLS /R5G!N$ 9 PRECISELY ! SAME MANN]2 ?AT ! SEXES ,%ALL BE ,I,I,I T\* ) EA* O!R FROM 9FANCY SO ?AT4 WOMAN %ALL BE1 NOT 9 NAME ONLY1 BUT 9 REALITY MID TRU?1 ! COMPANION ( MAN4 

,A V5]ABLE 9/ITUTION :I* DOM9ATES ! ?\<TS ( \R PEOPLE DECL>ES1 AT ONE ( ! MO/ SOLEMN MOM5TS ( LIFE1 :51 ) C]EMONI\S POMP1 MAN ANTI WOMAN >E UNIT$ 9 MATRIMONY1 ?AT WOMAN IS ! COMPANION ( MAN4 ,!SE >E HOLL[ WORDS1 VOID ( ,S5SE1 )\T VITAL & RATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE 9 LIFE1 S9CE :AT WE WITNESS 9 ! ,*RI/IAN ,*UR* 9 ,CA?OLICISM P>TICUL>LY1 IS ! EXACT OPPOSITE ( ?IS IDEA4 ,NOT LONG AGO IT ,*RI/IAN WOMAN ( F9E FEEL+ & GREAT S9C]ITY COMPLA9$ BITT]LY ( ! MORAL DEBASEM5T :I* IS PUT UPON H] SEX ,9 ! BOSOM ( ! ,*UR* 0,IT W\LD BE IMPI\S AUDACITY = A WOMAN TO ASPIRE ,9 ! ,*UR* EV5 TO ! POSITION ( ! L[E/ SACRI/AN40 

,A MAN MU/ SUFF] FROM OPH?ALMIA ( ! M9D NOT TO SEE ?AT1 UND] ! 9SPIRATION ( ,*RI/IANITY1 ! POSITION ( WOMAN IS NO BETT] ?AN IT WAS UND] ! CIVILIZATIONS2 IT IS1 9DE$1 WORSE1 & HAS AGGRAVAT+ CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,IT IS A CONSPICU\S FACT 9 \R MOD]N ,*RI/IAN SOCIETY ?AT1 AS A RESULT & CULM9ATION ( \R PATRI>*AL DEVELOPM5T1 ! WOMAN DOES NOT BELONG TO H]SELF2 %E IS NEI!R MORE NOR LESS ?AN AN ADJUNCT ( MAN1 SUBJECT CON/ANTLY TO HIS ABSOLUTE DOM9ION H\ND TO HIM--IT MAY BE--BY *A9S ( GOLD4 ,MAN HAS MADE H] A P]PETUAL M9OR4 ,ONCE ?IS WAS DONE1 %E WAS B\ND TO EXP]I5CE ONE ( TWO ALT]NATIVES3 MAN EI!R OPPRESSES & SIL5CES H]1 OR TREATS H] AS A *ILD TO BE COAX$--ACCORD+ TO ! MOOD ( ! MA/]4 ,IF AT L5G? WE NOTE 9 H] SOME SIGN ( ! NEW SPIRIT1 IF %E BEG9S TO ASS]T H] WILL & CLAIM1 SOME %>E ( 9DEP5D5CE1 IF %E IS PASS+1 ) IRRITAT+ SL[NESS1 FROM ! /ATE ( SLAVE TO ! CONDITION ( A RESPECT$ W>D1 %E [ES IT TO ! R$EEM+ SPIRIT ( SCI5CE1 :I* IS DOM9AT+ ! CU/OMS ( RACES & ! DESIGNS ( \R SOCIAL RUL]S4 

,! WORK ( MAN = ! GREAT] HAPP9ESS ( ! RACE HAS HI!RTO BE5 DEFECTIVE2 9 FUTURE IT MU/ BE A JO9T ACTION ( ! SEXES2 IT IS 9CUMB5T ON BO? MAN & WOMAN1 ACCORD+ TO ! PO9T ( VIEW ( EA*4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE ?AT1 9 FACE ( ! PURPOSES ( LIFE1 MAN IS NEI!R 9F]IOR NOR 7AS WE AFFECT TO ?9K7 SUP]IOR TO WOMAN4 ,!Y HAVE DIFF]5T QUALITIES1 & NO COMP>ISON IS POSSIBLE BETWE5 DIV]SE ?+S4 

,AS MANY PSY*OLOGI/S & SOCIOLOGI/S OBS]VE1 ! HUMAN RACE DISPLAYS TWO FUNDAM5TAL ASPECTS4 ,MAN TYPIFIES ! DOM9ION ( ?\<T & ( ! PROGRESSIVE SPIRIT2 WOMAN BE>S 9 H] MORAL NATURE ! *>ACT]I/IC NOTE ( 9T5SE S5TIM5T & ( ! CONS]VATIVE SPIRIT4 ,BUT ?IS VIEW ( ! SEXES GIVES NO 5C\RAGEM5T :ATEV] TO ! IDEAS ( REACTION>IES ,IF ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! CONS]VATIVE ELEM5T & ( ! EMOTIONS IS 5SUR$ 9 WOMAN BY NATURAL LAW1 ?IS DOES NOT MAKE H] ! LESS FITT$ TO BE ! COMPANION ( MAN4 ,%E1 IS NOT PREV5T$ BY ! CON/ITUTION ( H] NATURE FROM REFLECT+ ON ?+S ( IMPORTANCE1 NOR IS IT NECESS>Y ?AT %E %\LD USE H] M9D 9 CONTRADICTION TO ! TEA*+ ( SCI5CE & ABSORB ALL K9DS ( SUP]/ITIONS & FABLES4 ,! POSSESSION ( A CONS]VATIVE DISPOSITION DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT ONE IS B\ND TO CRY/ALLIZE 9 A C]TA9 /AGE ( ?\<T1 OR ?AT ONE MU/ BE OBSESS$ ) PREJUDICE 9 ALL ?AT RELATES TO REALITY4 

0,TO CONS]VE0 M]ELY MEANS 0TO RETA910 TO KEEP :AT HAS BE5 GIV5 US1 OR :AT WE HAVE \RSELVES PRODUC$4 ,! AU?OR ( ,! ,RELIGION ( ! ,FUTURE SAYS1 REF]R+ TO WOMAN 9 ?IS ASPECT3 0,! CONS]VATIVE SPIRIT MAY BE APPLI$ TO TRU? AS WELL AS TO ]ROR2 IT ALL DEP5DS :AT IT IS Y\ CONS]VE4 ,IF WOMAN IS 9/RUCT$ 9 PHILOSOPHICAL & SCI5TIFIC MATT]S1 H] CONS]VATIVE P[] WILL BE TO ! ADVANTAGE1 NOT TO ! DISADVANTAGE1 ( PROGRESSIVE ?\<T40 

,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS PO9T$ \T ?AT WOMAN IS EMOTIONAL4 ,%E DOES NOT SELFI%LY KEEP TO H]SELF :AT %E RECEIVES2 %E SPREADS ABROAD H] BELIEFS1 H] IDEAS1 & ALL ! GOOD & EVIL ?AT =M H] MORAL TREASURES4 ,%E 9SI/S ON %>+ !M ) ALL ?OSE :O >E1 BY ! MY/]I\S P[] ( EMOTION1 ID5TIFI$ ) H]4 ,) EXQUISITE >T1 ) 9V>IABLE UNCONSCI\SNESS1 H] :OLE MORAL PHYSIOGNOMY1 H] :OLE S\L1 SO TO SAY1 IMPRESSES ITSELF ON ! S\L ( ?OSE %E LOVES4 

,IF ! FIR/ IDEAS IMPLANT$ 9 ! M9D ( ! *ILD BY ! TEA*] >E G]MS ( TRU? & ( POSITIVE KN[L$GE2 IF ! TEA*] HIMSELF IS 9 T\* ) ! SCI5TIFIC SPIRIT ( TIME1 ! RESULT WILL BE GOOD FROM EV]Y PO9T ( VIEW4 ,BUT IF A MAN BE F$ 9 ! FIR/ /AGE ( HIS M5TAL DEVELOPM5T ) FABLES1 ]RORS1 & ALL ?AT IS CONTR>Y TO ! SPIRIT ( SCI5CE1 :AT CAN BE EXPECT$ ( HIS FUTURE8 ,:5 ! BOY BECOMES A MAN HE WILL BE AN OB/ACLE TO PROGRESS4 ,! HUMAN CONSCI5CE IS 9 9FANCY ( ! SAME NATURAL TEXTURE AS ! BODILY ORGANISM2 IT IS T5D] & PLIANT4 ,IT READILY ACCEPTS :AT COMES TO IT FROM )\T4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! TIME ?IS PLA/ICITY GIVES PLACE TO RIGIDITY2 IT LOSES ITS PLIANCY & BECOMES RELATIVELY FIX$4 ,FROM ?AT TIME ! IDEAS COMMUNICAT$ TO IT BY ! MO!R WILL BE 5CRU/$ & ID5TIFI$ ) ! Y\?'S CONSCI5CE4 

,! ACID ( ! MORE RATIONAL IDEAS :I* ! Y\? ACQUIRES BY SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE OR PRIVATE /UDY MAY 9 CASES RELIVE ! M9D ( ! ]RONE\S IDEAS IMPLANT$ 9 *ILDHOOD4 ,BUT :AT IS LIKELY TO BE ! PRACTICAL \TCOME ( ?IS TRANS=MATION ( ! M9D 9 ! SPH]E ( CONDUCT8 ,WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT 9 MO/ CASES ! EMOTIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! E>LY IDEAS REMA9 9 ! DEEP] FOLDS ( ! HE>T4 ,H5CE IT IS ?AT WE F9D 9 SO MANY M5 SU* A FLAGRANT & LAM5TABLE ANTI!SIS BETWE5 ! ?\<T & ! DE$1 ! 9TELLIG5CE & ! WILL2 & ?IS (T5 LEADS TO AN ECLIPSE ( GOOD CONDUCT & A P>ALYZES ( PROGRESS4 

,?IS PRIM>Y S$IM5T :I* WE [E TO \R MO!RS IS SO T5ACI\S & 5DUR+-IT PASSES SO 9TIMATELY 9TO ! V]Y M>R[ ( \R BE+-?AT EV5 5]GETIC *>ACT]S1 :I* HAVE EFFECT$ A S9C]E RE=M ( M9D & WILL1 HAVE ! MORTIFICATION ( DISCOV]+ ?IS ,JESUITICAL ELEM5T1 D]IV$ FROM !IR MO!RS1 :5 !Y TURN TO MAKE AN 9V5TORY ( !IR IDEAS4 

,WOMAN MU/ NOT BE RE/RICT$ TO ! HOME4 ,! SPH]E ( H] ACTIVITY MU/ GO \T F> BEYOND H] HOME2 IT MU/ EXT5D TO ! V]Y CONF9ES ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO 5SURE A HELPFUL RESULT =M H] ACTIVITY WE MU/ NOT RE/RICT ! AM\NT ( KN[L$GE WE COMMUNICATE TO H]2 %E MU/ LE>N BO? 9 REG>D TO QUANTITY & QUALITY1 ! SAME ?+S AS A MAN4 ,:5 SCI5CE 5T]S ! M9D ( WOMAN IT WILL DIRECT H] RI* VE9 ( EMOTION1 ! *>ACT]I/IC ELEM5T ( H] NATURE1 ! GLAD H>B+] ( PEACE & HAPP9ESS AMONG M54 

,IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT WOMAN REPRES5TS CONT9UITY1 & MAN REPRES5TS *ANGE3 MAN IS ! 9DIVIDUAL1 WOMAN IS ! SPECIES4 ,*ANGE1 H[EV]1 W\LD BE USELESS1 FUGITIVE1 & 9CON/ANT1 ) NO SOCIAL F\NDATION ( REALITY1 IF ! WORK ( WOMAN DID NOT /R5G!N & CONSOLIDATE ! A*IEVEM5TS ( MAN4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL1 AS SU*1 IS ! FL[] ( A DAY1 A ?+ ( EPHEM]AL SIGNIFICANCE 9 LIFE4 ,WOMAN1 :O REPRES5TS ! SPECIES1 HAS ! FUNCTION ( RETA9+ )9 ! SPECIES ! ELEM5TS :I* IMPROVE ITS LIFE1 & TO DIS*>GE ?IS FUNCTION ADEQUATELY %E NE$S SCI5TIFIC 9/RUCTION4 

,HUMANITY WILL ADVANCE MORE RAPIDLY & CONFID5TLY 9 ! PA? ( PROGRESS & 9CREASE ITS RES\RCES A HUNDR$FOLD IF IT COMB9ES ! IDEAS ACQUIR$ BY SCI5CE ) ! EMOTIONAL /R5G? ( WOMAN4 ,RIBOT OBS]VES ?AT AN IDEA IS M]ELY AN IDEA1 AN ACT ( 9TELLIG5CE1 9CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ OR DO+ ANY?+1 UNLESS IT IS ACCOMPANI$ BY AN EMOTIONAL /ATE1 A MOTIVE ELEM5T4 ,H5CE IT IS CONCEIV$ AS A SCI5TIFIC TRU? ?AT1 TO ! ADVANTAGE ( PROGRESS1 AN IDEA DOES NOT LONG REMA9 9 A PURELY CONTEMPLATIVE CONDITION :5 IT APPE>S4 ,?IS IS OBVIAT$ BY ASSOCIAT+ ! IDEA ) EMOTION & LOVE1 :I* DO NOT FAIL TO CONV]T IT 9TO A VITAL ACTION4 

,:5 WILL ALL ?IS BE ACCOMPLI%$8 ,:5 %ALL WE SEE ! M>RIAGE ( IDEAS ) ! IMPASSION$ HE>T ( WOMAN8 ,FROM ?AT DATE WE %ALL HAVE A MORAL MATRI>*ATE AMONG CIVILIZ$ NATIONS4 ,!N1 ON ! ONE H&1 HUMANITY1 CONSID]$ 9 ! HOME CIRCLE1 WILL HAVE ! PROP] TEA*] TO DIRECT ! NEW G5]ATIONS 9 ! S5SE ( IDEAL2 & ON ! O!R H&1 IT WILL HAVE AN APO/LE & 5?USIA/IC PROPAG&I/ :O WILL IMPRESS ! VALUE ( LIB]TY ON ! M9DS ( M5 & ! NE$ ( COOP]ATION UPON ! PEOPLES ( ! WORLD4 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,CO-$UCATION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,CLASSES 

,!RE MU/ BE A CO-$UCATION ( ! DIFF]5T SOCIAL CLASSES AS WELL AS ( ! TWO SEXES4 ,I MI<T HAVE F\ND$ A S*OOL GIV+ LESSONS GRATUIT\SLY2 BUT A S*OOL = POOR *ILDR5 ONLY W\LD NOT BE A RATIONAL S*OOL1 S9CE1 IF !Y W]E NOT TAU<T SUBMISSION & CR$ULITY AS 9 ! OLD TYPE ( S*OOL1 !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 /RONGLY DISPOS$ TO REBEL1 & W\LD 9/9CTIVELY *]I% S5TIM5TS ( HATR$4 

,!RE IS NO ESCAPE FROM ! DILEMMA4 ,!RE IS NO MIDDLE T]M 9 ! S*OOL = ! DIS9H]IT$ CLASS ALONE2 Y\ HAVE EI!R A SY/EMATIC 9SI/5CE1 BY MEANS ( FALSE TEA*+1 ON ]ROR & IGNORANCE1 OR HATR$ ( ?OSE :O DOM9E] & EXPLOIT4 ,IT IS A DELICATE PO9T1 & NE$S /AT+ CLE>LY4 ,REBELLION AGA9/ OPPRESSION IS M]ELY A QUE/ION ( /ATICS1 ( EQUILIBRIUM4 ,BETWE5 ONE MAN & ANO!R :O >E P]FECTLY EQUAL1 AS IS SAID 9 ! IMMORTAL FIR/ CLAUSE ( ! FAM\S ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 70,M5 >E BORN & REMA9 FREE & EQUAL 9 RI<TS07 !RE CAN BE NO SOCIAL 9EQUALITY4 ,IF !RE IS SU* 9EQUALITY1 SOME WILL TYRANNIZE1 ! O!RS PROTE/ & HATE4 ,REBELLION IS A LEVEL+ T5D5CY1 & TO ?AT EXT5T NATURAL & RATIONAL1 H[EV] MU* IT MAY BE DISCR$IT$ BY JU/ICE & ITS EVIL COMPANIONS1 LAW & RELIGION4 

,I V5TURE TO SAY QUITE PLA9LY3 ! OPPRESS$ & ! EXPLOIT$ HAVE A RI<T TO REBEL1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE TO RECLAIM !IR RI<TS UNTIL !Y 5JOY !IR FULL %>E 9 ! COMMON PATRIMONY4 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 H[EV]1 HAS TO DEAL ) *ILDR51 :OM IT PREP>ES BY 9/RUCTION = ! /ATE ( MANHOOD1 & IT MU/ NOT ANTICIPATE ! CRAV+S & HATR$S1 ! ADHESIONS & REBELLIONS1 :I* MAY BE FITT+ S5TIM5TS 9 ! ADULT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT MU/ NOT SEEK TO GA!R FRUIT UNTIL IT HAS BE5 PRODUC$ BY CULTIVATION1 NOR MU/ IT ATTEMPT TO IMPLANT A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY UNTIL IT HAS EQUIPP$ ! CONSCI5CE ) ! FUNDAM5TAL CONDITIONS ( SU* RESPONSIBILITY4 ,LET IT TEA* ! *ILDR5 TO BE M52 :5 !Y >E M51 !Y MAY DECL>E !MSELVES REBELS AGA9/ 9JU/ICE4 

,IT NE$S V]Y LITTLE REFLECTION TO SEE ?AT A S*OOL = RI* *ILDR5 ONLY CANNOT BE A RATIONAL S*OOL4 ,FROM ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S IT WILL T5D TO 9SI/ ON ! MA9T5ANCE ( PRIVILEGE & ! SECUR+ ( !IR ADVANTAGES4 ,! ONLY S\ND & 5LI<T5$ =M ( S*OOL IS ?AT :I* CO-$UCATES ! POOR & ! RI*1 :I* BR+S ! ONE CLASS 9TO T\* ) ! O!R 9 ! 9NOC5T EQUALITY ( *ILDHOOD1 BY MEANS ( ! SY/EMATIC EQUALITY ( ! RATIONAL ,S*OOL4 

,) ?IS 5D 9 VIEW ,I DECID$ TO SECURE PUPILS ( EV]Y SOCIAL RANK & 9CLUDE ! M 9 A COMMON CLASS1 ADOPT+ A SY/EM ACCOMMODAT$ TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! P>5TS OR GU>DIANS ( ! *ILDR52 ,I W\LD NOT HAVE A FIX$ & 9V>IABLE FEE1 BUT A K9D ( SLID+ SCALE1 ) FREE LESSONS = SOME & DIFF]5T *>GES = O!RS4 ,I LAT] PUBLI%$ ! FOLL[+ >TICLE ON ! SUBJECT 9 ! ,BULLET9 7,MAY #a1 #a#i#e73-- 

,\R FRI5D ,D4,R4,C4 GAVE A LECTURE LA/ ,SUNDAY AT ! ,REPUBLICAN ,CLUB ON ! ,SUBJECT ( 0,MOD]N ,PA$AGOGY10 EXPLA9+ TO HIS AUDI5CE :AT WE MEAN BY MOD]N $UCATION & :AT ADVANTAGES SOCIETY MAY D]IVE FROM ,IT4 ,AS ,I ?9K ?AT ! SUBJECT IS ONE ( V]Y GREAT 9T]E/ & MO/ PROP] TO RECEIVE PUBLIC ATT5TION1 ,I (F] ! FOLL[+ REFLECTIONS & CONSID]ATIONS ON IT4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! LECTUR] WAS HAPPY 9 HIS EXPOSITION ( ! IDEAL1 BUT NOT 9 ! SUGGE/IONS HE MADE ) A VIEW TO REALIZ+ IT1 NOR 9 BR++ =W>D !E S*OOLS ( ,FRANCE & ,BELGIUM AS MODELS TO BE IMITAT$4 

,S5OR ,C41 9 FACT1 RELIES UPON ! ,/ATE1 UPON ,P>LIAM5T OR MUNICIPALITIES1 = ! BUILD+1 EQUIPM5T1 & MANAGEM5T ( S*OLA/IC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?IS SEEMS TO ME A GREAT MI/AKE4 ,IF MOD]N PA$AGOGY MEANS AN EF=T T[>DS ! REALIZATION ( A NEW & MORE JU/ =M ( ,SOCIETY2 IF IT MEANS ?AT WE PROPOSE TO 9/RUCT ! RIS+ G5]ATION 9 ! CAUSES :I* HAVE BR\<T AB\T & MA9TA9 ! LACK ( SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM2 IF IT MEANS ?AT WE >E ANXI\S TO PREP>E ! RACE = BETT] DAYS1 FREE+ IT FROM RELIGI\S FICTION & FROM ALL IDEA ( SUBMISSION TO AN 9EVITABLE SOCIOECONOMIC 9EQUALITY2 WE CANNOT 5TRU/ IT TO ! ,/ATE NOR TO O!R (FICIAL ORGANISMS :I* NECESS>ILY MA9TA9 EXI/+ PRIVILEGES & SUPPORT ! LAWS :I* AT PRES5T CONSECRATE ! EXPLOITATION ( ONE MAN BY ANO!R1 ! P]NICI\S S\RCE ( ! BY WOR/ ABUSES4 

,EVID5CE ( ! TRU? ( ?IS IS SO ABUNDANT ?AT ANY P]SON CAN OBTA9 IT BY VISIT+ ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS & O!R C5T]S ( PAID WORK]S1 BY 9QUIR+ :AT IS ! MANN] ( LIFE ( ?OSE 9 ! HI<] & ?OSE 9 ! L[] SOCIAL RANK1 BY FREQU5T+ :AT >E CALL$ C\RTS ( JU/ICE1 & BY ASK+ ! PRISON]S 9 \R P5AL 9/ITUTIONS :AT W]E ! MOTIVES = !IR MISCONDUCT1 IF ALL ?IS DOES NOT SUFFICE TO PROVE ?AT ! ,/ATE FAVORS ?OSE :O >E 9 POSSESSION ( WEAL? & FR[NS ON ?OSE :O REBEL AGA9/ 9JU/ICE1 IT MAY BE USEFUL TO NOTICE :AT HAS HAPP5$ 9 ,BELGIUM4 ,H]E1 ACCORD+ TO ,S5OR ,C41 ! GOV]NM5T IS SO ATT5TIVE TO $UCATION & CONDUCTS IT SO EXCELL5TLY ?AT PRIVATE S*OOLS >E IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 ! (FICIAL S*OOLS1 HE SAYS1 ! *ILDR5 ( ! RI* M+LE ) ! *ILDR5 ( ! POOR1 & ONE MAY AT TIMES SEE ! *ILD ( WEAL?Y P>5TS >M 9 >M ) A POOR & L[LY COMPANION4 ,IT IS TRUE1 ,I ADMIT1 ?AT *ILDR5 ( ALL CLASSES MAY ATT5D ! ,BELGIAN S*OOLS2 BUT ! 9/RUCTION ?AT IS GIV5 9 !M IS BAS$ ON ! SUPPOS$ ET]NAL NECESSITY = A DIVISION ( RI* & POOR1 & ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT SOCIAL H>MONY CONSI/S 9 ! FULFILLM5T ( ! LAWS4 

,IT IS NATURAL 5\< ?AT ! MA/]S %\LD LIKE TO SEE ?IS K9D ( $UCATION GIV5 ON EV]Y SIDE4 ,IT IS A MEANS ( BR++ TO REASON ?OSE :O MI<T ONE DAY BE TEMPT$ TO REBEL4 ,NOT LONG AGO1 9 ,BRUSSELS & O!R ,BELGIAN T[NS1 ! SONS ( ! RI*1 >M$ & ORGANIZ$ 9 NATIONAL TROOPS1 %OT D[N ! SONS ( ! POOR :O W]E CLAIM+ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 MY ACQUA9TANCE ) ! QUALITY ( ,BELGIAN $UCATION DIFF]S CONSID]ABLY FROM ?AT ( ! LECTUR]4 ,I HAVE BE=E ME V>I\S ISSUES ( A ,BELGIAN J\RNAL 7,L',EXPRESS DE ,LIEGE7 :I* DEVOTES AN >TICLE TO ! SUBJECT1 5TITL$ 0,! ,DE/RUCTION ( \R ,NATIONAL ,SY/EM ( ,$UCATION40 ,! FACTS GIV5 >E1 UN=TUNATELY1 V]Y SIMIL> TO ! FACTS AB\T $UCATION 9 ,SPA91 ?\< 9 ?IS C\NTRY !RE HAS BE5 A GREAT DEVELOPM5T ( $UCATION BY RELIGI\S ORD]S1 :I* IS1 AS EV]YBODY KN[S1 ! SY/EMATIZATION ( IGNORANCE4 ,9 F9E1 IT IS NOT = NO?+ ?AT A VIOL5TLY CL]ICAL GOV]NM5T RULES 9 ,BELGIUM4 

,AS TO ! MOD]N $UCATION :I* IS GIV5 9 ,FR5* S*OOLS1 WE MAY SAY ?AT NOT A S+LE ONE ( ! BOOKS US$ 9 !M S]VES ! PURPOSE ( A REALLY SECUL> $UCATION4 ,ON ! V]Y DAY 9 :I* ,S5OR ,C4 WAS LECTUR+ 9 ,GRACIA ! ,P>ISIAN J\RNAL ,L',ACTION PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE1 ) ! TITLE 0,H[ ,SECUL> ,MORALITY IS ,TAU<T10 9 REG>D TO ! BOOK ,RECUEIL DE MAXIMES ET ,P5SEES MORALES1 & QUOT$ FROM IT C]TA9 RIDICUL\SLY ANA*RONI/IC IDEAS :I* (F5D ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y COMMON S5SE4 

,WE %ALL BE ASK$1 :AT >E WE TO DO IF WE CANNOT RELY ON ! AID ( ! ,/ATE1 ( ,P>LIAM5T1 OR MUNICIPALITIES8 ,WE MU/ APPEAL TO ?OSE :OSE 9T]E/ IT IS TO BR+ AB\T A RE=M2 TO ! WORK]S1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !N TO ! CULTIVAT$ & PRIVILEG$ PEOPLE :O *]I% S5TIM5TS ( JU/ICE4 ,!Y MAY NOT BE NUM]\S1 BUT !RE >E SU*4 ,I AM P]SONALLY ACQUA9T$ ) SEV]AL4 ,! LECTUR] COMPLA9$ ?AT ! CIVIC AU?ORITIES W]E SO DILATORY 9 GRANT+ ! RE=MS ?AT >E NE$$4 ,I FEEL SURE ?AT HE W\LD DO BETT] NOT TO WA/E HIS TIME ON !M1 BUT APPEAL DIRECTLY TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! FIELD HAS BE5 WELL PREP>$4 ,LET HIM VISIT ! V>I\S WORK+ M5'S SOCIETIES1 ! ,REPUBLICAN ,FRAT]NITIES1 ! ,C5T]S ( ,9/RUCTION1 ! ,WORK]S' ,A!NAEUMS1 & ALL ! BODIES :I* >E WORK+ = RE=M1#a & LET HIM GIVE E> TO ! LANGUAGE ( TRU?1 ! EXHORTATIONS TO UNION & C\RAGE4 ,LET HIM OBS]VE ! ATT5TION GIV5 TO ! PROBLEM ( RATIONAL & SCI5TIFIC 9/RUCTION1 A K9D ( 9/RUCTION :I* %[S ! 9JU/ICE ( PRIVILEGE & ! POSSIBILITY ( RE=MS4 ,IF 9DIVIDUALS & SOCIETIES CONT9UE ?US TO COMB9E !IR 5DEAVORS TO SECURE ! EMANCIPATION ( ?OSE :O SUFF] --- = IT IS NOT ! WORK]S ONLY :O SUFF] --- ,S5OR ,C4 MAY RE/ ASSUR$ ( A POSITIVE1 S\ND1 & SPE$Y RESULT1 :ILE :ATEV] MAY BE OBTA9$ ( ! GOV]NM5T WILL BE DILATORY1 & WILL T5D ONLY TO /UPEFY1 TO CONFUSE IDEAS1 & TO P]PETUATE ! DOM9ATION ( ONE CLASS OV] ANO!R4 

#a,!SE SOCIETIES >E P>TICUL>LY NUM]\S 9 ,SPA91 :]E ! GOV]NM5T SY/EM ( $UCATION IS DEPLORABLE1 & S*OOLS >E (T5 E/ABLI%$ 9 CONNECTION ) !M4-,J4,M4 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,S*OOL ,HYGI5E 

,9 REG>D TO HYGI5E WE >E1 9 ,SPA91 DOM9AT$ BY ! ABOM9ABLE IDEAS ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 ,SA9T ,ALOYSIUS & ,SA9T ,B5$ICT ,J4 ,LABRE >E NOT ! ONLY1 OR ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC1 SA9TS 9 ! LI/ ( ! SUPPOS$ CITIZ5S ( ! K+DOM ( HEAV51 BUT !Y >E ! MO/ POPUL> ) ! MA/]S ( UNCLEANL9ESS4 ,) SU* TYPES ( P]FECTION1#a 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ( IGNORANCE1 CLEV]LY & MALICI\SLY SU/A9$ BY ! CL]GY & ! MIDDLE-CLASS ,LIB]ALS1 IT WAS TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT ! *ILDR5 :O W\LD COME TO \R S*OOL W\LD BE WANT+ 9 CLEANL9ESS2 DIRT IS TRADITIONAL 9 !IR WORLD4 

,WE BEGAN A DISCREET & SY/EMATIC CAMPAIGN AGA9/ IT1 %[+ ! *ILDR5 H[ A DIRTY P]SON OR OBJECT ,9SPIRES REPUGNANCE1 & H[ CLEANL9ESS ATTRACTS E/EEM & SYMPA?Y2 H[ ONE 9/9CTIVELY MOVES T[>DS ! CLEANLY P]SON & AWAY FROM ! DIRTY & MALODOR\S2 & H[ WE %\LD BE PLEAS$ TO W9 ! REG>D ( ?OSE :O SEE ITS & A%AM$ TO EXCITE !IR DISGU/4 

,WE !N EXPLA9$ CLEANL9ESS AS AN ASPECT ( BEAUTY1 & UNCLEANL9ESS AS A P>T ( UGL9ESS2 & WE AT L5G? 5T]$ EXPRESSLY 9TO ! PROV9CE ( HYGI5E1 PO9T+ \T ?AT DIRT WAS A CAUSE ( DISEASE & A CON/ANT POSSIBLE S\RCE ( 9FECTION & EPIDEMIC1 :ILE CLEANL9ESS WAS ONE ( ! *IEF CONDITIONS ( HEAL?4 ,WE ?US SOON SUCCE$$ 9 DISPOS+ ! *ILDR5 9 FAVOR ( CLEANL9ESS1 & MAK+ !M UND]/& ! SCI5TIFIC PR9CIPLES ( HYGI5E4 

,! 9FLU5CE ( !SE LESSONS SPREAD TO !IR FAMILIES1 AS ! NEW DEM&S ( ! *ILDR5 DI/URB$ TRADITIONAL HABITS4 ,ONE *ILD W\LD ASK URG5TLY = ITS FEET TO BE WA%$1 ANO!R W\LD ASK TO BE BA!D1 ANO!R WANT$ A BRU% & P[D] = ITS TEE?1 ANO!R NEW CLO!S OR BOOTS1 & SO ON4 ,! POOR MO!RS1 BURD5$ ) !IR DAILY TASKS1 SOMETIMES CRU%$ BY ! H>DNESS ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* !IR LIFE WAS PASS$1 & PROBABLY T9D] ! 9FLU5CE ( RELIGI\S TEA*+1 5DEAVOR$ TO /OP !IR PETITIONS2 BUT 9 ! 5D ! NEW LIFE 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! HOME BY ! *ILD TRIUMPH$1 A WELCOME PRESAGE ( ! REG5]ATION :I* RATIONAL $UCATION WILL ONE DAY ACCOMPLI%4 

,I 5TRU/$ ! EXP\ND+ ( ! PR9CIPLES ( S*OLA/IC HYGI5E TO COMPET5T M51 & ,DR4 ,M>T9EZ ,V>GAS & O!RS WROTE ABLE & DETAIL$ >TICLES ON ! SUBJECT 9 ! ,BULLET94 ,O!R >TICLES W]E WRITT5 ON ! SUBJECT ( GAMES & PLAY1 ON ! L9ES ( MOD]N PA$AGOGY4#b 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,IT IS ESPECIALLY COMM5D$ 9 ! LIFE ( ,B5$ICT ,J4 ,LABRE & O!RS ?AT !Y DELIB]ATELY CULTIVAT$ FIL?9ESS ( P]SON4 --,J4 ,M4 

#b,!SE >TICLES >E REPRODUC$ 9 ! ,SPANI% $ITION4 ,AS !Y >E NOT FROM ,F]R]'S P51 ,I OMIT !M4 ,J4 ,M4  

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,! ,TEA*]S 

,! *OICE ( TEA*]S WAS ANO!R PO9T ( GREAT DIFFICULTY4 ,! TRAC+ ( A PROGRAM ( RATIONAL 9/RUCTION ONCE ACCOMPLI%$1 IT REMA9$ TO *OOSE TEA*]S :O W]E COMPET5T TO C>RY IT \T1 & ,I F\ND ?AT 9 FACT NO SU* P]SONS EXI/$4 ,WE W]E TO ILLU/RATE ONCE MORE ?AT A NE$ CREATES ITS [N ORGANS4 

,C]TA9LY !RE W]E PL5TY ( TEA*]S4 REA*+1 ?\< NOT V]Y LUCRATIVE1 IS A PR(ESSION BY :I* A MAN CAN SUPPORT HIMSELF4 ,!RE IS NOT A UNIV]SAL TRU? 9 ! POPUL> PROV]B :I* SAYS ( AN UN=TUNATE MAN3 0,HE IS HUNGRI] ?AN A S*OOLMA/]40#a ,! TRU? IS ?AT 9 MANY P>TS ( ,SPA9 ! ,S*OOLMA/] =MS P>T ( ! LOCAL GOV]N+ CLIQUE1 ) ! PRIE/1 ! DOCTOR1 ! %OPKEEP] & ! MONEYL5D] 7:O IS (T5 ONE ( ! RI*E/ M5 9 ! PLACE1 ?\< HE CONTRIBUTES LEA/ TO ITS WELF>E74 ,! MA/] RECEIVES A MUNICIPAL SAL>Y1 & HAS A C]TA9 9FLU5CE :I* MAY AT TIMES SECURE MAT]IAL ADVANTAGES4 ,9 L>G] T[NS ! MA/]1 IF HE IS NOT CONT5T ) HIS SAL>Y1 MAY GIVE LESSONS 9 PRIVATE S*OOLS1 :]E1 9 ACCORD ) ! PROV9CIAL 9/ITUTE1 HE PREP>ES Y\NG M5 = ! ,UNIV]SITY4 ,EV5 IF HE DOES NOT OBTA9 A POSITION ( DI/9CTION1 HE LIVES AS WELL AS ! G5]ALITY ( HIS FELL[ T[NSM54 

,!RE >E1 MOREOV]1 TEA*]S 9 :AT >E CALL$ SECUL> S*OOLS 0---A NAME IMPORT$ FROM ,FRANCE1 :]E IT >OSE BECAUSE ! S*OOL+ WAS =M]LY EXCLUSIVELY CL]ICAL & CONDUCT$ BY RELIGI\S BODIES4 ,?IS IS NOT ! CASE 9 ,SPA92 H[EV] ,*RI/IAN ! TEA*+ IS1 IT IS ALWAYS GIV5 BY LAY MA/]S4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,SPANI% LAY TEA*]S1 9SPIR$ BY S5TIM5TS ( FREE ?\<T & POLITICAL RADICALISM1 W]E RA!R ANTI-,CA?OLIC & ANTI-CL]ICAL ?AN ,RATIONALI/1 9 ! BE/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 

,PR(ESSIONAL TEA*]S HAVE TO UND]GO A SPECIAL PREP>ATION = ! TASK ( IMP>T+ SCI5TIFIC & RATIONAL 9/RUCTION4 ,?IS IS DIFFICULT 9 ALL CASES1 & IS SOMETIMES R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE BY ! DIFFICULTIES CAUS$ BY HABITS ( R\T9E4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?OSE :O HAD NO PA$AGOGICAL EXP]I5CE1 & (F]$ !MSELVES = ! WORK \T ( PURE 5?USIASM = ! IDEA1 /OOD 9 EV5 GREAT] NE$ ( PREP>ATORY /UDY4 ,! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM WAS V]Y DIFFICULT1 BECAUSE !RE WAS NO O!R PLACE BUT ! RATIONAL S*OOL ITSELF = MAK+ ?IS PREP>ATION4 

,! EXCELL5CE ( ! SY/EM SAV$ US4 ,ONCE ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ BY PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE1 ) A FIRM DET]M9ATION TO BE GUID$ BY ! IDEAL1 ! DIFFICULTIES BEGAN TO DISAPPE>4 ,EV]Y DOGMATIC IMPOSITION WAS DETECT$ & REJECT$1 EV]Y EXCURSION OR DEVIATION 9 ! DIRECTION ( METAPHYSICS WAS AT ONCE AB&ON$1 & EXP]I5CE GRADUALLY =M$ A NEW & SALUT>Y PA$AGOGICAL SCI5CE ,?IS WAS DUE1 NOT M]ELY TO MY ZEAL & VIGILANCE1 BUT TO MY E>NE/ TEA*]S1 & TO SOME EXT5T TO ! NAIVE EXPRESSIONS ( ! PUPILS !MSELVES4 ,WE MAY C]TA9LY SAY ?AT IF A NE$ CREATES AN ORGAN1 ! ORGAN SPE$ILY MEETS ! NE$4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ,9 ORD] TO COMPLETE MY WORK1 ,I E/ABLI%$ A ,RATIONALI/ ,NORMAL ,S*OOL = ! $UCATION ( TEA*]S1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( AN EXP]I5C$ MA/] & ) ! COOP]ATION ( ! TEA*]S 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,9 ?IS A NUMB] ( Y\NG PEOPLE ( BO? SEXES W]E TRA9$1 & !Y WORK$ EXCELL5TLY UNTIL ! DESPOTIC AU?ORITIES1 YIELD+ TO \R OBSCURE & P[]FUL 5EMIES1 PUT A /OP TO \R WORK1 & FLATT]$ !MSELVES ?AT !Y HAD DE/ROY$ IT = EV]4 

#a,G,B,P#b A YE> IS A NOT UNCOMMON SAL>Y ( MA/]S & MI/RESSES 9 ,SPA91 & MANY CANNOT OBTA9 EV5 ?AT4-,J4 ,M4 

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,! ,RE=M ( ! ,S*OOL 

,!RE >E TWO WAYS OP5 TO ?OSE :O SEEK TO RE=M ! $UCATION ( *ILDR54 ,!Y MAY SEEK TO TRANS=M ! S*OOL BY /UDY+ ! *ILD & PROV+ SCI5TIFICALLY ?AT ! ACTUAL S*EME ( 9/RUCTION IS DEFECTIVE1 & MU/ BE MODIFI$2 OR !Y MAY F\ND NEW S*OOLS 9 :I* PR9CIPLES MAY BE DIRECTLY APPLI$ 9 ! S]VICE ( ?AT IDEAL :I* IS =M$ BY ALL :O REJECT ! CONV5TIONS1 ! CRUELTY1 ! TRICK]Y1 & ! UNTRU? :I* 5T] 9TO ! BASES ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 

,! FIR/ ME?OD (F]S GREAT ADVANTAGES1 & IS 9 H>MONY ) ! EVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTION :I* M5 ( SCI5CE REG>D AS ! ONLY EFFECTIVE WAY ( ATTA9+ ! 5D4 ,!Y >E RI<T 9 !ORY1 AS WE FULLY ADMIT4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! PROGRESS ( PSY*OLOGY & PHYSIOLOGY MU/ LEAD TO IMPORTANT *ANGES 9 $UCATIONAL ME?ODS2 ?AT ! TEA*]S1 BE+ N[ 9 A BETT] POSITION TO UND]/& ! *ILD1 WILL MAKE !IR TEA*+ MORE 9 CON=MITY ) NATURAL LAWS4 ,I FUR!R GRANT ?AT ?IS EVOLUTION WILL PROCE$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( GREAT] LIB]TY1 AS ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT VIOL5CE IS ! ME?OD ( IGNORANCE1 & ?AT ! $UCATOR :O IS REALLY WOR?Y ( ! NAME WILL GA9 EV]Y?+1 SPONTANEITY2 HE WILL KN[ ! *ILD'S NE$S1 & WILL BE ABLE TO PROMOTE ITS DEVELOPM5T BY GIV+ IT ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE SATISFACTION 

,9 PO9T ( FACT1 H[EV]1 ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT ?OSE :O >E WORK+ = ! REG5]ATION ( HUMANITY HAVE MU* TO HOPE FROM ?IS SIDE4 ,RUL]S HAVE ALWAYS TAK5 C>E TO CONTROL ! $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE2 !Y KN[ BETT] ?AN ANY ?AT !IR P[] IS BAS$ 5TIRELY ON ! S*OOL1 & !Y !RE=E 9SI/ ON RETA9+ !IR MONOPOLY ( IT4 ,! TIME HAS GONE BY :5 RUL]S C\LD OPPOSE ! SPREAD ( 9/RUCTION & PUT LIMITS TO ! $UCATION ( ! MASSES4 ,SU* A POLICY WAS POSSIBLE =M]LY BECAUSE ECONOMIC LIFE WAS CONSI/5T ) G5]AL IGNORANCE1 & ?IS IGNORANCE FACILITAT$ DESPOTISM4 ,! CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE *ANG$1 H[EV]4 ,! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE & \R REPEAT$ DISCOV]IES HAVE REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! CONDITIONS ( LABOR & PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE = ! PEOPLE TO REMA9 IGNORANT2 $UCATION IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = A NATION TO MA9TA9 ITSELF & MAKE HEADWAY AGA9/ ITS ECONOMIC COMPETITORS4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ?IS1 ! RUL]S HAVE S\<T TO7 GIVE A MORE & MORE COMPLETE ORGANIZATION TO ! S*OOL1 NOT BECAUSE !Y LOOK TO $UCATION TO REG5]ATE SOCIETY1 BUT BECAUSE !Y NE$ MORE COMPET5T WORK]S TO SU/A9 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES & 5RI* !IR CITIES4 ,EV5 ! MO/ REACTION>Y RUL]S HAVE LE>N$ ?IS LESSON2 !Y CLE>LY UND]/& ?AT ! OLD POLICY WAS DANG]\S TO ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( NATIONS1 & ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO ADAPT POPUL> $UCATION TO ! NEW CONDITIONS4 

,IT W\LD BE A S]I\S MI/AKE TO ?9K ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES HAVE NOT =ESE5 ! DANG] TO !MSELVES ( ! 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! PEOPLE1 & HAVE NOT UND]/OOD ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO *ANGE !IR ME?ODS4 ,9 FACT1 !IR ME?ODS HAVE BE5 ADAPT$ TO ! NEW CONDITIONS ( LIFE2 !Y HAVE S\<T TO GA9 CONTROL ( ! IDEAS :I* >E 9 C\RSE ( EVOLUTION4 ,!Y HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO PRES]VE ! BELIEF'S ON :I* SOCIAL DISCIPL9E HAD BE5 GR\ND$1 & TO GIVE TO ! RESULTS ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* & ! IDEAS 9VOLV$ 9 !M A MEAN+ :I* WILL NOT BE TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS2 & IT IS ?IS ?AT HAS 9DUC$ !M TO ASSUME CONTROL ( ! S*OOL4 ,9 EV]Y C\NTRY ! GOV]N+ CLASSES1 :I* =M]LY LEFT ! $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE TO ! CL]GY1 AS !SE W]E QUITE WILL+ TO $UCATE 9 A S5SE ( OB$I5CE TO AU?ORITY1 HAVE N[ !MSELVES UND]TAK5 ! DIRECTION ( ! S*OOLS4 

,! DANG] TO !M CONSI/S 9 ! /IMULATION ( ! HUMAN M9D BY ! NEW SPECTACLE ( LIFE & ! POSSIBLE RISE ( ?\<TS ( EMANCIPATION 9 ! DEP?S ( !IR HE>TS4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 FOLLY TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EVOLV+ =CES2 ! EFFECT W\LD BE ONLY TO 9FLAME !M1 &1 9/EAD ( ADH]+ TO E>LI] ,ME?ODS ( GOV]NM5T1 !Y W\LD ADOPT NEW & MORE EFFECTIVE ME?ODS4 ,IT DID NOT REQUIRE ANY EXTRAORD9>Y G5IUS TO DISCOV] ! SOLUTION4 ,! C\RSE ( EV5TS ITSELF SUGGE/$ TO ?OSE :O W]E 9 P[] ! WAY 9 :I* !Y W]E TO MEET ! DIFFICULTIES :I* ?REAT5$2 !Y BUILT S*OOLS1 !Y S\<T G5]\SLY TO EXT5D ! SPH]E ( $UCATION & IF !RE W]E AT ONE PO9T A FEW :O RESI/$ TILLS IMPULSE--AS C]TA9 T5D5CIES FAVOR$ ONE OR O!R ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES--ALL SOON UND]/OOD ?AT IT WAS BETT] TO YIELD1 & ?AT ! BE/ POLICY WAS TO F9D SOME NEW WAY ( DEF5D+ !IR 9T]E/S & PR9CIPLES4 ,!RE W]E !N %>P /RUGGLES = ! CONTROL ( ! S*OOLS1 & !SE /RUGGLES CONT9UE TO-DAY 9 EV]Y CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY2 SOMETIMES ! REPUBLICAN MIDDLE CLASS TRIUMPHS SOMETIMES ! CL]GY4 ,ALL P>TIES APPRECIATE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ISSUE1 & !Y %R9K FROM NO SACRIFICE TO W9 ! VICTORY4 0,! S*OOL0 IS ! CRY ( EV]Y P>TY4 ,! PUBLIC GOOD MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ 9 ?IS ZEAL4 ,EV]YBODY SEEKS TO RAISE HIMSELF & IMPROVE HIS CONDITION BY $UCATION4 ,9 =M] TIMES IT MI<T HAVE BE5 SAID3 0,?OSE PEOPLE WANT TO KEEP !E 9 IGNORANCE 9 ORD] ! BETT] TO EXPLOIT !E3 WE WANT1 TO SEE !E $UCAT$ & FREE40 ,?AT IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE2 S*OOLS ( ALL K9DS RISE ON EV]Y SIDE4 

,9 REG>D TO ?IS G5]AL *ANGE ( IDEAS AMONG ! GOV]N+ CLASSES AS TO ! NE$ ( S*OOLS1 ,I MAY /ATE C]TA9 REASONS = DI/RU/+ !IR 9T5TIONS & D\BT+ ! EFFICACY ( ! MEANS ( RE=M :I* >E ADVOCATE BY C]TA9 WRIT]S4 ,AS A RULE1 !SE RE=M]S C>E LITTLE AB\T ! SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE ( $UCATION3 !Y >E M5 :O EAG]LY EMBRACE SCI5TIFIC TRU? BUT ELIM9ATE ALL ?AT IS =EIGN TO ! OBJECT ( !IR /UDIES4 ,!Y >E PATI5TLY 5DEAVOR+ TO UND]/& ! *ILD1 & >E EAG] TO KN[ --- ?\< !IR SCI5CE IS Y\NG1 IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ --- >E ! BE/ ME?ODS TO PROMOTE ITS 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,?IS K9D ( PR(ESSIONAL 9DIFF]5CE IS1 9 MY OP9ION V]Y PREJUDICIAL TO ! CAUSE !Y SEEK TO S]VE4 ,I DO NOT 9 ! LEA/ ?9K !M 9S5SIBLE ( ! REALITIES ( ! SOCIAL WORLD1 & ,I KN[ ?AT !Y BELIEVE ?AT ! PUBLIC WELF>E WILL BE GREATLY FUR!R$ BY !IR LABORS4 0,SEEK+ TO P5ETRATE ! SECRETS ( ! LIFE ( MAN10 !Y REFLECT1 0& UNRAVEL+ ! NORMAL PROCESS ( HIS PHYSICAL & PSY*IC DEVELOPM5T1 WE %ALL DIRECT $UCATION 9TO A *ANNEL :I* WILL BE FAVORABLE TO ! LIB]ATION ( 5]GY4 ,WE >E NOT IMM$IATELY CONC]N$ ) ! RE=M ( ! S*OOL1 & 9DE$ WE >E UNABLE TO SAY EXACTLY :AT L9ES IT %\LD FOLL[4 ,WE WILL PROCE$ SL[LY1 KN[+ ?AT1 FROM ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S1 ! RE=M ( ! S*OOL WILL RESULT FROM \R RESE>*4 ,IF Y\ ASK US :AT >E \R HOPES1 WE WILL GRANT ?AT1 LIKE Y\1 WE =ESEE A REVOLUTION 9 ! S5SE ( A PLAC+ ( ! *ILD & HUMANITY UND] ! DIRECTION ( SCI5CE3 ,YET EV5 9 ?IS CASE WE >E P]SUAD$ ?AT \R WORK MAKES = ?AT OBJECT1 & WILL BE ! SPE$IE/ & SURE/ MEANS ( PROMOT+ IT40 

,?IS REASON+ IS EVID5TLY LOGICAL4 ,NO ONE C\LD D5Y ?IS1 YET !RE IS A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE ( FALLACY 9 IT1 & WE MU/ MAKE ?IS CLE>4 ,IF ! RUL+ CLASSES HAVE ! SAME IDEAS AS ! RE=M]S1 IF !Y >E REALLY ,IMPELL$ BY A ZEAL = ! CONT9U\S RE-ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY UNTIL POV]TY IS AT LA/ ELIM9AT$1 WE MI<T RECOGNIZE ?AT ! P[] ( SCI5CE IS 5\< TO IMPROVE ! LOT ( PEOPLES4 ,9/EAD ( ?IS1 H[EV]1 WE SEE CLE>LY ?AT ! SOLE AIM ( ?OSE :O /RIVE TO ATTA9 P[] IS ! DEF5SE ( !IR [N 9T]E/S1 !IR [N ADVANTAGE1 & ! SATISFACTION ( !IR P]SONAL DESIRES4 ,= SOME TIME N[ WE HAVE CEAS$ TO ACCEPT ! PHRASES ) :I* !Y DISGUISE !IR AMBITIONS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE >E SOME 9 :OM WE MAY F9D A C]TA9 AM\NT ( S9C]ITY1 & :O IMAG9E AT TIMES ?AT !Y >E IMPELL$ BY A ZEAL = ! GOOD ( FELL[S4 ,BUT !SE BECOME R>] & R>]1 & ! POSITIVISM ( ! AGE IS V]Y SEV]E 9 RAIS+ D\BTS IS TO ! REAL 9T5TIONS ( ?OSE :O GOV]N US4 

,& JU/ AS !Y CONTRIV$ TO ADAPT !MSELVES :5 ! NECESSITY >OSE1 & PREV5T$ $UCATION FROM BECOM+ A DANG]1 !Y ALSO SUCCE$$ 9 ORGANIZ+ ! S*OOL 9 ACCORD ) ! NEW SCI5TIFIC IDEAS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT NO?+ %\LD 5DANG] !IR SUPREMACY ,!SE IDEAS >E DIFFICULT TO ACCEPT1 & ONE NE$S TO KEEP A %>P LOOK-\T = SUCCESSFUL ME?ODS & H[ ?+S >E >RANG$ SO AS TO AVOID V]BAL TRAPS4 ,H[ MU* HAS BE51 & IS1 EXPECT$ ( $UCATION6 ,MO/ PROGRESSIVE PEOPLE EXPECT EV]Y?+ ( IT1 &1 UNTIL REC5T YE>S1 MANY DID NOT UND]/& ?AT 9/RUCTION ALONE LEADS TO ILLUSIONS4 ,MU* (1 ! KN[L$GE ACTUALLY IMP>T$ 9 S*OOLS IS USELESS2 & ! HOPE ( RE=M]S HAS BE5 VOID BECAUSE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! S*OOL1 9/EAD ( S]V+ AN IDEAL PURPOSE1 HAS BECOME ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL 9/RUM5TS ( S]VITUDE 9 ! H&S ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,! TEA*]S >E M]ELY CONSCI\S OR UNCONSCI\S ORGANS ( !IR WILL1 & HAVE BE5 TRA9$ ON !IR PR9CIPLES4 ,FROM !IR T5D]E/ YE>S1 & MORE DRA/ICALLY ?AN ANYBODY1 !Y HAVE 5DUR$ ! DISCIPL9E ( AU?ORITY4 ,V]Y FEW HAVE ESCAP$ ?IS DESPOTIC DOM9ATION2 !Y >E G5]ALLY P[]LESS AGA9/ IT1 BECAUSE !Y >E OPPRESS$ BY ! S*OLA/IC ORGANIZATION TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT !Y HAVE NO?+ TO DO BUT OBEY4 ,IT IS UNNECESS>Y H]E TO DESCRIBE ?AT ORGANIZATION4 ,ONE WORD WILL SUFFICE TO *>ACT]IZE IT --- ,VIOL5CE4 ,! S*OOL DOM9ATES ! *ILDR5 PHYSICALLY1 MORALLY1 & ,9TELLECTUALLY1 9 ORD] TO CONTROL ! DEVELOPM5T ( !IR FACULTIES 9 ! WAY DESIR$1 & DEPRIVES !M ( CONTACT ) NATURE 9 ORD] TO MODIFY !M AS REQUIR$4 ,?IS IS ! EXPLANATION ( ! FAILURE2 ! EAG]NESS ( ! RUL+ CLASS TO CONTROL $UCATION & ! BANKRUPTCY ( ! HOPES ( RE=M]S4 0,$UCATION0 MEANS 9 PRACTICE DOM9ATION OR DOME/ICATION4 ,I DO NOT IMAG9E ?AT !SE SY/EMS HAVE BE5 PUT TOGE!R ) ! DELIB]ATE AIM ( SECUR+ ! DESIR$ RESULTS4 ,?AT W\LD BE A WORK ( G5IUS4 ,BUT ?+S HAVE HAPP5$ JU/ AS IF ! ACTUAL S*EME ( $UCATION CORRESPOND$ TO SOME VA/ & DELIB]ATE CONCEPTION3 IT C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 DONE BETT]4 ,TO ATTA9 IT TEA*]S HAVE 9SPIR$ !MSELVES SOLELY ) ! PR9CIPLES ( DISCIPL9E & AU?ORITY1 :I* ALWAYS APPEAL TO SOCIAL ORGANIZ]S2 SU* M5 HAVE ONLY ONE CLE> IDEA & ONE WILL -- ! *ILDR5 MU/ LE>N TO OBEY1 TO BELIEVE & TO ?9K ACCORD+ TO ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL DOGMAS4 ,IF ?IS W]E ! AIM1 $UCATION C\LD NOT BE O!R ?AN WE F9D IT TO-DAY4 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ( PROMOT+ ! SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! *ILD'S FACULTIES1 OR 5C\RAG+ IT TO SEEK FREELY ! SATISFACTION ( ITS PHYSICAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL NE$S4 ,!RE IS QUE/ION ONLY ( IMPOS+ READY-MADE IDEAS ON IT1 ( PREV5T+ IT FROM EV] ?9K+ O!RWISE ?AN IS REQUIR$ = ! MA9T5ANCE ( EXI/+ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS -- ( MAK+ IT1 9 A WORD1 AN 9DIVIDUAL RIGOR\SLY ADAPT$ TO ! SOCIAL ME*ANISM4 

,IT CANNOT BE EXPECT$ ?AT ?IS K9D ( $UCATION WILL HAVE ANY 9FLU5CE ON ! PROGRESS ( HUMANITY4 ,I REPEAT ?AT IT IS M]ELY AN 9/RUM5T ( DOM9ATION 9 ! H&S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 :O HAVE NEV] S\<T TO UPLIFT ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & IT IS QUITE USELESS TO EXPECT ANY GOOD FROM ! S*OOLS ( ! PRES5T DAY4 ,:AT !Y HAVE DONE UP TO ! PRES5T !Y WILL CONT9UE TO DO 9 ! FUTURE4 ,!RE IS NO REASON :ATEV] :Y !Y %\LD ADOPT A DIFF]5T SY/EM2 !Y HAVE RESOLV$ TO USE $UCATION = !IR PURPOSES1 & !Y WILL TAKE ADVANTAGE ( EV]Y IMPROVEM5T ( IT4 ,IF ONLY !Y PRES]VE ! SPIRIT ( ! S*OOL >ID ! AU?ORITATIVE DISCIPL9E :I* RULES IT1 EV]Y 9NOVATION WILL T5D TO !IR ADVANTAGE4 ,= ?IS !Y WILL KEEP A CON/ANT WAT*1 & TAKE C>E ?AT !IR 9T]E/S >E SECUR$4 

,I W\LD FIX ! ATT5TION ( MY READ]S ON ?IS PO9T3 ! :OLE VALUE ( $UCATION CONSI/S 9 RESPECT = ! PHYSICAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL FACULTIES ( ! *ILD4 ,AS 9 SCI5CE1 ! ONLY POSSIBLE DEMON/RATION IS DEMON/RATION BY FACTS2 $UCATION IS NOT WOR?Y ( ! NAME UNLESS IT BE /RIPP$ ( ALL DOGMATISM1 & UNLESS IT LEAVES TO ! *ILD ! DIRECTION ( ITS P[]S & IS CONT5T TO SUPPORT !M 9 !IR MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,BUT NO?+ IS EASI] ?AN TO ALT] ? IS MEAN+ ( $UCATION1 & NO?+ MORE DIFFICULT ?AN TO RESPECT IT4 ,! TEA*] IS ALWAYS IMPOS+1 COMPELL+1 & US+ VIOL5CE2 ! TRUE $UCATOR IS ! MAN :O DOES NOT IMPOSE HIS [N IDEAS & WILL ON ! *ILD1 BUT APPEALS TO ITS [N 5]GIES4 

,FROM ?IS WE CAN UND]/& H[ EASILY $UCATION IS CONDUCT$1 >ID H[ LI<T IS ! TASK ( ?OSE :O SEEK TO DOM9ATE ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! BE/ CONCEIVABLE ME?ODS BECOME 9 !IR H&S SO MANY NEW & MORE EFFECTIVE MEANS ( DESPOTISM4 ,\R IDEAL IS ?AT ( SCI5CE2 WE APPEAL TO IT 9 DEM&+ ! P[] TO $UCATE ! *ILD BY FO/]+ ITS DEVELOPM5T & PROCUR+ A SATISFACTION ( ITS NE$S AS !Y MANIFE/ !MSELVES4 

,WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ! $UCATION ( ! FUTURE WILL BE 5TIRELY SPONTANE\S4 ,IT IS PLA9 ?AT WE CANNOT :OLLY REALIZE ?IS1 BUT ! EVOLUTION ( ME?ODS 9 ! DIRECTION ( A BROAD] COMPREH5SION ( LIFE & ! FACT ?AT ALL IMPROVEM5T 9VOLVES ! SUPPRESSION ( VIOL5CE 9DICATE ?AT WE >E ON SOLID GR\ND :5 WE LOOK TO SCI5CE = ! LIB]ATION ( ! *ILD4 

,IS ?IS ! IDEAL ( ?OSE :O ACTUALLY CONTROL ! S*OLA/IC SY/EM8 ,IS ?IS :AT !Y PROPOSE TO BR+ AB\T8 ,>E !Y EAG] TO AB&ON VIOL5CE8 ,ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y EMPLOY NEW & MORE EFFECTIVE ME?ODS TO ATTA9 ! SAME 5D--?AT IS TO SAY1 ! =MATION ( 9DIVIDUALS :O WILL ACCEPT ALL ! CONV5TIONS1 ALL ! PREJUDICES1 & ALL ! UNTRU?S ON :I* SOCIETY IS BAS$4 

,WE DO NOT HESITATE TO SAY ?AT WE WANT M5 :O WILL CONT9UE UNCEAS+LY TO DEVELOP2 M5 :O >E CAPABLE ( CON/ANTLY DE/ROY+ & R5EW+ !IR SURR\ND+S & R5EW+ !MSELVES2 M5 :OSE 9TELLECTUAL 9DEP5D5CE IS !IR SUPREME P[]1 :I* !Y WILL YIELD TO NONE2 M5 ALWAYS DISPOS$ = ?+S ?AT >E BETT]1 EAG] = ! TRIUMPH ( NEW IDEAS1 ANXI\S TO CR[D MANY LIVES 9TO ! ONE LIFE !Y HAVE4 ,SOCIETY FE>S SU* M52 Y\ CANNOT EXPECT IT TO SET UP A SY/EM ( $UCATION :I* WILL PRODUCE !M4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS \R MISSION8 ,:AT IS ! POLICY WE CONTRIBUTE TO ! RE=M ( ! S*OOL8 

,LET US FOLL[ CLOSELY ! WORK ( ! EXP]TS :O >E 5GAG$ 9 ! /UDY ( ! *ILD1 & LET US 5DEAVOR TO F9D A WAY ( APPLY+ !IR PR9CIPLES TO ! $UCATION WE SEEK TO E/ABLI%1 AIM+ AT AN 9CREAS+LY COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BUT H[ >E WE TO DO ?IS8 ,BY PUTT+ \R H& 5]GETICALLY TO ! WORK1 BY PROMOT+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( NEW S*OOLS 9 :I*1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 !RE %ALL RULE ?IS SPIRIT ( FRE$OM :I*1 WE FEEL1 WILL COLOR ! :OLE $UCATION ( ! FUTURE4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY HAD PRO( ?AT IT LEADS TO EXCELL5T RESULTS4 ,WE CAN DE/ROY :ATEV] !RE IS 9 ! ACTUAL S*OOL ?AT SAVORS ( VIOL5CE1 ALL ! >TIFICIAL DEVICES BY :I* ! *ILDR5 >E E/RANG$ FROM NATURE & LIFE1 ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL DISCIPL9E :I* HAS BE5 US$ TO IMPOSE READY-MADE ?\<TS1 ALL BELIEFS :I* DEPRAVE & 5]VATE ! WILL4 ,)\T FE> ( 9JURY WE MAY PLACE ! *ILD 9 A PROP] & NATURAL 5VIRONM5T1 9 :I* IT WILL F9D ITSELF 9 CONTACT ) ALL ?AT IT LOVES1 & :]E VITAL IMPRESSIONS WILL BE SUB/ITUT$ = ! WE>ISOME READ+ ( BOOKS4 ,IF WE DO NO MORE ?AN ?IS1 WE %ALL HAVE DONE MU* T[>DS ! EMANCIPATION ( ! *ILD4 

,9 SU* AN 5VIRONM5T WE MAY FREELY MAKE USE ( ! DATA ( SCI5CE & WORK ) PR(IT4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE C\LD NOT REALIZE ALL \R HOPES2 ?AT (T5 WE %ALL F9D \RSELVES COMPELL$1 FROM LACK ( KN[L$GE1 TO USE ! WRONG MEANS4 ,BUT WE %ALL BE SU/A9$ BY ! CONFID5T FEEL+ ?AT1 )\T HAV+ A*IEV$ \R 5TIRE AIM1 WE %ALL HAVE DONE A GREAT DEAL MORE ?AN IS BE+ DONE BY ! ACTUAL S*OOL4 ,I W\LD RA!R HAVE ! FREE SPONTANEITY ( A *ILD :O KN[S NO?+ ?AN ! V]BAL KN[L$GE & 9TELLECTUAL DE=MATION ( ONE ?AT HAS EXP]I5C$ ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( $UCATION4 

,:AT WE HAVE S\<T TO DO 9 ,B>CELONA IS BE+ DONE BY O!RS 9 V>I\S PLACES4 ,ALL ( US SAW ?AT ! WORK WAS POSSIBLE4 ,D$ICATE Y\RSELF TO IT AT ONCE4 ,WE DO NOT HOPE ?AT ! /UDIES ( *ILDR5 WILL HE SUSP5D$ ?AT WE MAY REG5]ATE ! S*OOL4 ,LET US APPLY :AT WE KN[1 & GO ON LE>N+ & APPLY+4 ,A S*EME ( RATIONAL $UCATION IS ALREADY POSSIBLE1 & 9 SU* S*OOLS AS WE ADVOCATE ! *ILDR5 MAY DEVELOP FREELY ACCORD+ TO !IR ASPIRATIONS4 ,LET US 5DEAVOR TO IMPROVE & EXT5D ! WORK4 

,?OSE >E \R AIMS4 ,WE KN[ WELL ! DIFFICULTIES WE HAVE TO FACE2 BUT WE HAVE MADE A BEG9N+ 9 ! CONVICTION ?AT WE %ALL BE ASSI/$ 9 \R TASK BY ?OSE :O WORK 9 !IR V>I\S SPH]ES TO DELIV] M5 FROM ! DOGMAS & CONV5TIONS :I* SECURE ! PROLONGATION ( ! PRES5T UNJU/ >RANGEM5T ( SOCIETY4 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,NO ,REW>D OR ,PUNI%M5T 

,RATIONAL $UCATION IS1 ABOVE ALL ?+S1 A MEANS ( DEF5SE AGA9/ ]ROR & IGNORANCE4 ,TO IGNORE TRU? & ACCEPT ABSURDITIES IS1 UNHAPPILY1 A COMMON FEATURE 9 \R SOCIAL ORD]2 TO ?AT WE [E ! DI/9CTION ( CLASSES & ! P]SI/5T ANTAGONISM ( 9T]E/S4 ,HAV+ ADMITT$ & PRACTIC$ ! CO-$UCATION ( BOYS & GIRLS1 ( RI* & POOR-- HAV+ ?AT IS TO SAY />T$ FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( SOLID>ITY & 9EQUALITY--WE >E NOT PREP>$ TO CREATE A NEW 9EQUALITY4 ,H5CE 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL !RE WILL BE NO REW>DS & NO PUNI%M5TS2 !RE WILL BE NO EXAM9ATIONS TO PUFF UP SOME *ILDR5 WI! ! FLATT]+ TITLE ( EXCELL5T1 TO GIVE O!RS ! VULG> TITLE ( 0GOOD01 & MAKE O!RS UNHAPPY ) A CONSCI\SNESS ( 9CAPACITY & FAILURE4 ,!SE FEATURES ( ! EXI/+ (FICIAL & RELIGI\S S*OOLS1 :I* >E QUITE 9 ACCORD ) !IR REACTION>Y 5VIRONM5T & AIM1 CANNOT1 = ! REASONS ,I HAVE GIV51 BE ADMITT$ 9 TO ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,S9CE WE >E NOT $UCAT+ = A SPECIFIC PURPOSE1 WE CANNOT DET]M9E ! CAPACITY OR 9CAPACITY ( ! *ILD4 ,:5 WE TEA* A SCI5D1 OR >T1 OR TRADE1 OR SOME SUBJECT REQUIR+ SPECIAL CONDITIONS1 AN EXAM9ATION MAY BE USEFUL1 ALL7.> !RE MAY BE REASON TO GIVE A DIPLOMA OR REFUSE ONE 2 ,I NEI!R AFFIRM NOR D5Y IT4 ,BUT !RE IS NO SU* SPECIALISM 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 *>ACT]I/IC NOTE ( ! S*OOL1 DI/+UI%+ ,IT EV5 FROM SOME :I* PASS AS PROGRESSIVE MODELS1 IS ?AT 9 IT ! FACULTIES ( ! *ILDR5 %ALL DEVELOP FREELY )\T SUBJECTION TO ANY DOGMATIC PATRON1 NOT EV5 TO :AT IT MAY CONSID] ! BODY ( CONVICTIONS ( ! F\ND] & TEA*]S 2 EV]Y PUPIL %ALL GO =? FROM IT ,9TO SOCIAL LIFE ) ! ABILITY TO BE HIS [N MA/] & GUIDE HIS [N LIFE 9 ALL ?+S4 

,H5CE1 IF WE W]E RATIONALLY PREV5T$ FROM GIV+ PRIZES1 WE C\LD NOT IMPOSE P5ALTIES1 & NO ONE ,W\LD HAVE DREAM$ ( DO+ SO ,9 \R S*OOL IF ! IDEA HAD NOT BE5 SUGGE/$ FROM )\T4 ,SOMETIMES P>5TS CAME TO ME ) ! RANK PROV]B1 0,LETT]S GO 9 ) BLOOD10 ON !IR LIPS1 & BEGG$ ME TO PUNI% !IR *ILDR54 ,O!RS :O W]E *>M$ ) ! PRECOCI\S TAL5T4 ( !IR *ILDR5 WANT$ TO SEE !M %9E 9 EXAM9ATIONS & EXHIBIT M$ALS4 ,WE REFUS$ TO ADMIT EI!R PRIZES OR PUNI%M5TS 1 & ,S5T ! P>5TS AWAY4 #a#a' ANY *ILD W]E CONSPICU\S = M]IT1 APPLICATION1 LAZ9ESS1 OR BAD CONDUCT1 WE PO9T$ \T TO IT ! NE$ ( ACCORD1 OR ! UNHAPP9ESS ( LACK ( ACCORD1 ) ITS [N WELF>E & ?AT ( O!RS1 & ! TEA*] MI<T GIVE A LECTURE OIL ! SUBJECT4 ,NO?+ MORE WAS 7.>OIL711 & ! P>5TS W]E GRADUALLY RECONCIL$ TO ! SY/EM1 ?\< !Y (T5 HAD TO BE CORRECT$ 9 !IR ]RORS & PREJUDICES BY !IR [N *ILDR54 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! OLD PREJUDICE WAS CON/ANTLY RECURR+1 & ,I SAW ?AT ,I HAD TO REPEAT MY >GUM5TS ) ! P>5TS ( NEW PUPILS4 ,I !RE=E WROTE ! FOLL[+ >TICLE 9 ! ,BULLET93 -- 

,! CONV5TIONAL EXAM9ATIONS :I* WE USUALLY F9D HELD AT FILE 5D ( A S*OLA/IC YE>1 TO :I* \R FA!RS ATTA*$ SO MU* ,IMPORTANCE1 HAVE HAD NO RESULT AT ALL2 OR1 IF ANY RESULT1 A BAD ONE4 ,!SE FUNCTIONS & !IR ACCOMPANY+ SOLEMNITIES SEEM TO HAVE BE5 9/ITUT$ = ! SOLE PURPOSE ( SATISFY+ ! VANITY ( P>5TS & ! SELFI% 9T]E/S ( MANY TEA*]S1 & 9 ORD] TO PUT ! *ILDR5 TO TORTURE BE=E ! EXAM9ATION & MAKE !M ILL AFT]W>DS4 ,EA* FA!R WANTS HIS *ILD TO BE PRES5T$ 9 PUBLIC AS ONE ( ! PRODIGIES ( ! COLLEGE1 & REG>DS HIM ) PRIDE AS A LE>N$ MAN 9 M9IATURE ,HE DOES NOT NOTICE ?AT = A =TNI<T OR SO ! *ILD SUFF]S EXQUISITE TORTURE4 ,AS ?+S >E JUDG$ BY EXT]NAL APPE>ANCES1 ,IT IS NOT ?\<T ?AT !RE IS ALLY REAL TORTURE1 AS !RE IS NOT ! LEA/ SCRAT* VISIBLE ON ! SK9 444444 

,! P>5T'S LACK ( ACQUA9TANCE ) ! NATURAL DISPOSITION ( ! *ILD1 & ! 9IQUITY ( PUTT+ IT 9 FALSE CONDITIONS SO ?AT ITS 9TELLECTUAL P[]S1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! SPH]E ( MEMORY1 >E >TIFICIALLY /IMULAT$1 PREV5T ! P>5T FROM SEE+ ?AT ?IS MEASURE ( P]SONAL GRATIFICATION MAY1 AS HAS HAPP5$ 9 MANY CASES1 LEAD TO ,ILLNESS & TO ! MORAL1 IF NOT ! PHYSICAL1 DEA? ( !1 *ILD4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! MAJORITY ( TEA*]S1 BE+ M]E /]EOTYP]S ( READY - MADE PHRASES & ME*ANICAL 9NOCULATORS1 RA!R ?AN MORAL FA!RS ( !IR PUPILS1 >E CONC]N$ 9 !SE EXAM9ATIONS ) !IR [N P]SONALITY & !IR ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,!IR OBJECT IS TO LET ! P>5TS & ! O!RS :O >E PRES5T AT ! PUBLIC DISPLAY SEE ?AT1 UND] !IR GUIDANCE1 ! *ILD HAS LE>N$ A GOOD DEAL1 ?AT ITS KN[L$GE IS GREAT] 9 QUANTITY & QUALITY ?AN C\LD HAVE BE5 EXPECT$ ( ITS T5D] YE>S & 9 VIEW ( ! %ORT TIME ?AT IT HAS BE5 UND] ! *>GE ( ?IS V]Y SKILLFUL TEA*]4 

,9 ADDITION TO ?IS WRET*$ VANITY1 :I* IS SATISFI$ AT ! CO/ ( ! MORAL & PHYSICAL LIFE ( ! *ILD1 ! TEA*]S >E ANXI\S TO ELICIT COMPLIM5TS FROM ! P>5TS & ! RE/ ( ! AUDI5CE1 :O KN[ NO?+ ( ! REAL /ATE ( ?+S1 AS A K9D ( ADV]TISEM5T ( ! PRE/IGE ( !IR P>TICUL> S*OOL4 

,BRIEFLY1 WE >E 9EXORABLY OPPOS$ TO HOLD+ PUBLIC EXAM9ATIONS4 ,9 ,\R S*OOL EV]Y?+ MU/ BE DONE = ! ADVANTAGE ( ! PUPIL4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT DOES .>LOT CONDUCE TO ?IS 5D MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ AS OPPOS$ TO ! NATURAL SPIRIT ( POSITIVE $UCATION4 ,EXAM9ATIONS DO NO GOOD1 & !Y DO MU* H>M TO ! *ILD4 ,BESIDES ! ,ILLNESS ( :I* WE HAVE ALREADY SPOK51 ! N]V\S SY/EM ( ! *ILD SUFF]S1 & A K9D ( TEMPOR>Y P>ALYZES IS 9FLICT$ ON ITS CONSCI5CE BY ! IMMORAL FEATURES ( ! EXAM9ATION 2 ! VANITY PROVOK$ ,9 ?OSE :O >E PLAC$ HI<E/1 5VY & HUMILIATION GRAVE OB/ACLES TO S\ND GR[?1 9 ?OSE :O HAVE FAIL$1 & 9 ALL ( !M ! GEL-ILLS (' MO/ ( ! S5TIM5TS :I* GO TO ! MAK+ ( EGOISM4 

,9 A LAT] NUMB] ( ! ,BULLET9 ,I F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO RETURN TO ! SUBJECT3 

,WE FREQU5TLY RECEIVE LETT]S FROM ,WORK]S' ,$UCATIONAL ,SOCIETIES & ,REPUBLICAN ,FRAT]NITIES ASK+ ?AT ! TEA*]S %ALL *A/ISE ! *ILDR5 9 \R S*OOLS4 ,WE \RSELVES HAVE BE5 DISGU/$1 DUR+ \R BRIEF EXCURSIONS1 TO F9D MAT]IAL PRO(S ( ! FACT :I* IS AT ! BASE ( ?IS REQUE/2 WE HAVE SE5 *ILDR5 ON !IR KNEES1 OR 9 O!R ATTITUDES ( PUNI%M5T4 

,!SE IRRATIONAL & ATAVI/IC PRACTICES MU/ DISAPPE>4 ,MOD]N PA$AGOGY 5TIRELY DISCR$ITS !M4 ,! TEA*]S :O (F] !IR S]VICES TO ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 OR ASK \R RECOMM5DATION TO TEA* 9 SIMIL> S*OOLS1 MU/ REFRA9 FROM ANY MORAL OR MAT]IAL PUNI%M5T1 UND] P5ALTY ( BE+ DISQUALIFI$ P]MAN5TLY4 ,SCOLD+1 IMPATI5CE1 & ANG] \<T TO DISAPPE> ) ! ANCI5T TITLE ( 0MA/]40 ,9 FREE S*OOLS ALL %\LD BE PEACE1 GLADNESS1 & FRAT]NITY4 ,WE TRU/ ?AT ?IS WILL SUFFICE TO PUT AN 5D TO !SE PRACTICES1 :I* >E MO/ IMPROP] 9 PEOPLE :OSE SOLE IDEAL IS ! TRA9+ ( A G5]ATION FITT$ TO E/ABLI% A REALLY FRAT]NAL1 H>MONI\S1 & JU/ /ATE ( SOCIETY4 

O ,*APT] #aa 3 ,! ,G5]AL ,PUBLIC & ! ,LIBR>Y 

,9 SETT+ \T TO E/ABLI% A RATIONAL S*OOL ,I = ! PURPOSE ( PREP>+ *ILDR5 = !IR 5TRY 9TO ! FREE SOLID>ITY ( HUMANITY1 ! FIR/ PROBLEM ?AT CONFRONT$ US WAS ! SELECTION ( BOOKS4 ,! :OLE $UCATIONAL LUGGAGE ( ! ANCI5T SY/EM WAS ALL 9COH]5T MIXTURE ( SCI5CE & FAI?1 REASON & UNREASON1 GOOD & EVIL1 HUMAN EXP]I5CE & REVELATION1 TRU? & ]ROR 9 A WORD1 TOTALLY UNSUIT$ TO MEET ! NEW NE$S ?AT >OSE ) ! =MATION ( A NEW ,S*OOL4 

,IF ! S*OOL HAS BE5 FROM REMOTE ANTIQUITY EQUIPP$ NOT = TEA*+ 9 !1 BROAD S5SE ( COMMUNICAT+ TO ! RIS+ G5]ATION ! GI/ ( ! KN[L$GE (' PREVI\S G5]ATIONS1 BUT = TEA*+ ON ! BASIS ( AU?ORITY & ! CONV5I5CE ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 = ! PURPOSE ( MAK+ *ILDR5 HUMBLE & SUBMISSIVE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT NONE ( ! BOOKS HI!RTO US$ W\LD /ILT ITS4 ,BUT ! SEV]E ( ?IS POSITION DID NOT AT ONCE CONV9CE ME4 ,I REFUS$ TO BELIEVE ?AT4 ! ,FR5* DEMOCRACY1 :I* WORK$ SO ZEAL\SLY = ! SEP>ATION ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 9CURR$ ! ANG] ( ! CL]ICALS1 & ADOPT$ OBLIGATORY SECUL> 9/RUCTION1 ,W\LD RESIGN ITSELF TO A SEMI-$UCATION OR A SOPHI/ICAT$ $UCATION4 ,I HAD1 H[EV]1 TO YIELD TO ! EVID5CE1 AGA9/ MY PREJUDICE ,I FIR/ READ A L>GE NUMB] ( WORKS 9 ! ,FR5* CODE ( SECUL> 9/RUCTION & F\ND ?AT ,GOD WAS REPLAC$ BY ! ,/ATE1 ,*RI/IAN VIRTUE BY CIVIC DUTY1 RELIGION BY PATRIOTISM1 SUBMISSION TO ! K+1 ! >I/OCRACY1 & ! CL]GY BY SUBS]VI5CE TO ! (FICIAL1 ! PROPRIETOR1 & ! EMPLOY]4 ,!N ,I CONSULT$4 AN EM95T ,FREE?9K] :O HELD HI< (FICE 9 ! ,M9I/RY ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION &1 :5 ,I HAD TOLD HIM MY DESIRE TO SEE ! BOOKS !Y US$1 :I* ,I UND]/OOD TO BE PURG$ ( TRADITIONAL ]RORS1 & EXPLA9$ MY DESIGN & IDEAL TO HIM1 HE TOLD ME FRANKLY ?AT !Y HAD NO?+ ( ! SORT 2 ALL !IR BOOKS W]E1 MORE OR LESS CLEV]LY & 9SIDI\SLY1 TA9T$ ) UNTRU?1 :I* IS ! 9DISP5SABLE CEM5T ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY4 ,:5 ,I FUR!R ASK$ IF1 SEE+ ?AT !Y HAD REPLAC$ ! DECAY+ IDOL ( DEITY BY ! IDOL ( OLIG>*IC DESPOTISM1 !Y HAD NOT AT LEA/ SOME BOOK DEAL+ ) ! ORIG9 ( RELIGION1 LIE SAID ?AT !RE WAS NONE2 BUT HE KNEW ONE :I* W\LD ,SUIT ME ---,MALV]T'S ,SCI5CE & ,RELIGION ,9 PO9T ( FACT1 ?IS WAS ALREADY TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,SPANI%1 & WAS US$ AS A READ+- BOOK 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 ) ! TITLE ,ORIG9 ( ,*RI/IANITY4 

,9 ,SPANI% LIT]ATURE ,I F\ND SEV]AL WORKS WRITT5 BY A DI/+UI%$ AU?OR1 ( SOME EM95CE 9 SCI5CE :O HAD PRODUC$ !M RA!R 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PUBLI%]S ?AN ) A VIEW TO ! $UCATION ( ,*ILDR54 ,SOME ( !SE W]E AT FIR/ US$ 9 TILE ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 BUT1 ?\< ONE C\LD NOT ACCUSE !M ( ]ROR1 !Y LACK$ ! 9SPIRATION ( AN IDEAL & W]E POOR 9 ME?OD4 ,I COMMUNICAT$ ) ?IS AU?OR ) A VIEW TO 9T]E/+ HIM 9 MY PLANS & 9DUC+ HIM TO WRITE BOOKS = ME1 BUT HIS PUBLI%]S HELD HIM TO A C]TA9 CONTRACT & HE C\LD NOT OBLIGE TILE4 

,9 BRIEF1 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL WAS OP5$ BE=E A S+LE WORK HAD BE5 *OS5 = ITS LIBR>Y1 BUT IT WAS NOT LONG BE=E ! FIR/ APPE>$---A BRILLIANT BOOK BY ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 :I* HAS HAD A CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE ON \R S*OOLS4 ,HIS WORK1 ,! ,ADV5TURES ( ,NONO1 IS A K9D ( POEM 9 :I* A C]TA9 PHASE ( ! HAPPI] FUTURE IS +5I\SLY & DRAMATICALLY CONTRA/$ ) ! SORDID REALITIES ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]2 ! DELI<TS ( TILE L& ( ,AUTONOMY >E CONTRA/$ ) ! HORRORS ( ! K+DOM ( ,>GIROCRACY4 ,! G5IUS ( ,GRAVE HAS RAIS$ ! WORK TO A HEI<T AT :I* IT ESCAPES ! /RICTURES ( ! SKEPTICAL & CONS]VATIVE 2 HE HAS DEPICT$ ! SOCIAL EVILS ( ! PRES5T TRU?FULLY & )\T EXAGG]ATION4 ,! READ+ (' ! BOOK 5*ANT$ ! *ILDR51 & ! PR(\NDLY ( HIS ?\<T SUGGE/$ MANY OPPORTUNE COMM5TS TO ! TEA*]S4 ,9 !IR PLAY ! *ILDR5 US$ TO ACT SC5ES FROM ,AUTONOMY1 & !IR P>5TS DETECT$ ! CAUSES ( !IR H>D%IPS 9 TILE CON/ITUTION (1 ! K+DOM ( ,>GIROCRACY4 

,IT WAS ANN\NC$ 9 ! ,BULLET9 & O!R J\RNALS ?AT PRIZES W]E (F]$ = ! BE/ MANUALS ( RATIONAL 9/RUCTION1 BUT NO WRIT]S CAME =W>D4 ,I CONF9E MYSELF TO RECORD+ ! FACT )\T GO+ 9TO ! CAUSES ( IT4 ,TWO BOOKS W]E AFT]W>DS ADOPT$ = READ+ 9 S*OOL4 ,!Y W]E NOT WRITT5 = S*OOL1 BUT !Y W]E TRANSLAT$ = ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL & W]E V]Y USEFUL4 ,ONE WAS CALL$ ,! ,NOTE ,BOOK1 ! O!R ,COLONIZATION & ,PATRIOTISM ,BO? W]E COLLECTIONS ( PASSAGES FROM WRIT]S ( EV]Y C\NTRY ON ! ,9JU/ICES CONNECT$ ) PATRIOTISM1 ! HORRORS ( W>1 & ! ,9IQUITY ( CONQUE/4 ,! *OICE ( !SE WORKS WAS V9DICAT$ BY ! EXCELL5T 9FLU5CE !Y HAD ON ! M9DS ( ! *ILDR51 AS WE %ALL SEE FROM ! LITTLE ESSAYS ( ! *ILDR5 :I* APPE>$ 9 ! ,BULLET91 & ! FURY ) :I* !Y W]E D5\NC$ BY ! REACTION>Y PRESS & POLITICIANS4 

,MANY ?9K ?AT !RE IS NOT MU* DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SECUL> & RATIONALI/ $UCATION1 & 9 V>I\S >TICLES & PROPAG&I/ SPEE*ES ! TWO W]E TAK5 TO BE SYNONYM\S4 ,9 ORD] TO CORRECT ?IS ]ROR ,I PUBLI%$ ! FOLL[+ >TICLE 9 ! ,BULLET9 3- 

,! WORD $UCATION %\LD NOT BE ACCOMPANI$ BY ANY QUALIFICATION4 ,IT MEANS SIMPLY ! NE$ & DUTY ( ! G5]ATION :I* IS 9 ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ITS P[]S TO PREP>E TILE RIS+ G5]ATION & ADMIT IT TO ! PATRIMONY ( HUMAN KN[L$GE4 ,?IS IS ALL 5TIRELY RATIONAL IDEAL1 & IT WILL BE FULLY REALIZ$ 9 SOME FUTURE AGE1 :5 M5 >E :OLLY FRE$ FROM !IR PREJUDICES & SUP]/ITIONS4 

,9 \R EF=TS TO REALIZE ?IS IDEAL WE F9D \RSELVES CONFRONT$ ) RELIGI\S $UCATION & POLITICAL $UCATION 3 TO !SE WE MU/ OPPOSE RATIONAL & SCI5TIFIC 9/RUCTION4 ,! TYPE ( RELIGI\S $UCATION IS ?AT GIV5 9 ! CL]ICAL & CONV5T S*OOLS ( ALL C\NTRIES 2 IT CONSI/S ( ! SMALLE/ POSSIBLE QUANTITY ( USEFUL KN[L$GE & A GOOD DEAL ( ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E & SACR$ HI/ORY4 ,POLITICAL $UCATION IS ! K9D E/ABLI%$ SOME TIME AGO 9 ,FRANCE1 AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,EMPIRE1 ! OBJECT ( :I* IS TO EXALT PATRIOTISM & REPRES5T ! ACTUAL PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION AS ! 9/RUM5T ( ! COMMON WELF>E4 

,SOMETIMES ! QUALIFICATION FREE OR SECUL> IS APPLI$ ABUSIVELY & MALIC\SLY TO $UCATION1 9 ORD] TO DI/RACT OR ALI5ATE PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,OR?ODOX PEOPLE1 = 9/ANCE1 CALL FREE S*OOLS C]TA9 S*OOLS :I* !Y E/ABLI% 9 OPPOSITION TO ! REALLY FREE T5D5CY ( MOD]N PA$AGOGY 2 & MANY >E CALL$ SECUL> S*OOLS :I* >E REALLY POLITICAL1 PATRIOTIC1 & ANTI-HUMANIT>IAN4 

,RATIONAL $UCATION IS LIFT$ ABOVE !SE ILLIB]AL =MS4 ,IT HAS1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 NO REG>D TO RELIGI\S $UCATION1 BECAUSE SCI5CE HAS %[N ?AT ! /ORY ( CREATION IS A MY? & ! GODS LEG5D>Y2 & !RE=E RELIGI\S $UCATION TAKES ADVANTAGE ( ! CR$ULITY ( ! P>5TS & ! IGNORANCE ( ! *ILDR51 MA9TA9+ ! BELIEF 9 A SUP]NATURAL BE+ TO :OM PEOPLE MAY ADDRESS ALL K9DS ( PRAY]S4 ,?IS ANCI5T BELIEF1 /ILL UN=TUNATELY WIDESPREAD1 HAS DONE A GREAT DEAL ( H>M1 & WILL CONT9UE TO DO SO AS ,ION11 AS IT P]SI/S4 ,! MISSION ( $UCATION IS TO %[ ! *ILD1 BY PURELY SCI5TIFIC ME?ODS1 ?AT ! MORE KN[L$GE WE HAVE ( NATURAL PRODUCTS1 !IR4 QUALITIES1 & ! WAY TO USE !M1 ! MORE ,9DU/RIAL1 SCI5TIFIC1 & >TI/IC COMMODITIES WE %ALL HAVE = ! SUPPORT & COM=T ( LIFE1 & M5 & WOM5 WILL ISSUE 9 L>G] NUMB]S FROM \R S*OOLS ) A DET]M9ATION TO CULTIVATE EV]Y BRAN* ( KN[L$GE & ACTION1 UND] ! GUIDANCE ( REASON & ! 9SPIRATION ( SCI5CE & >T1 :I* WILL ADORN LIFE & RE=M SOCIETY4 

,WE WILL NOT1 !RE=E1 LOSE \R TIME PRAY+ TO AN IMAG9>Y ,GOD = ?+S :I* \R AWN EX]TIONS ALONE CAN PROCURE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ,\R TEA*+ HAS NO?+ TO DO ) POLITICS4 ,IT IS \R WORK TO =M 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! FULL POSSESSION ( ALL !IR FACULTIES :ILE POLITICS W\LD SUBJECT !IR FACULTIES TO O!R M54 ,:ILE RELIGION HAS1 ) ITS DIV9E P[]1 CREAT$ A POSITIVELY ABUSIVE P[] & RET>D$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY1 POLITICAL SY/EMS ALSO RET>D IT BY 5C\RAG+ M5 TO DEP5D = EV]Y?+ ON ! WILL ( O!RS1 ON :AT >E SUPPOS$ TO BE M5 ( A SUP]IOR *>ACT]---ON ?OSE1 9 A WORD1 :O1 FROM TRADITION OR *OICE1 EX]CISE ! PR(ESS ,I ON ( POLITICS4 ,IT MU/ BE ! A ,I 9 ( ! RATIONAL S*OOLS TO %[ ! *ILDR5 ?AT !RE WILL BE TYRANNY & SLAV]Y AS LONG AS ONE MAN DEP5DS UPON ANO!R1 TO /UDY ! CAUSES ( ! PREVAIL+ IGNORANCE1 TO LE>N ! ORIG9 ( ALL ! TRADITIONAL PRACTICES :I* GIVE LIFE TO ! EXI/+ SOCIAL SY/EM1 & TO DIRECT ! ATT5TION ( ! PUPILS TO !SE MATT]S4 

,WE WILL NOT1 !RE=E1 LOSE \R TIME SEEK+ FROM O!RS :AT WE CAN GET = \RSELVES4 

,9 A WORD1 \R BUS9ESS IS TO IMPR9T ON ! M9DS ( ! *ILDR5 ! IDEA ?AT !IR CONDITION 9 ! SOCIAL ORD] WILL IMPROVE 9 PROPORTION TO !IR KN[L$GE & TO ! /R5G? !Y >E ABLE TO DEVELOP 2 & ?AT ! ]A ( G5]AL HAPP9ESS WILL BE ! MORE SURE TO DAWN :5 !Y HAVE DISC>D$ ALL RELIGI\S & O!R SUP]/ITIONS1 :I* HAVE UP TO ! PRES5T DONE SO MU* H>M4 ,ON ?AT ACC\NT !RE >E NO REW>DS OR PUNI%M5TS 9 \R S*OOLS 2 NO ALMS1 NO M$ALS OR BADGES 9 IMITATION ( ! RELIGI\S & PATRIOTIC S*OOLS1 :I* MI<T 5C\RAGE ! *ILDR5 TO BELIEVE 9 TALISMANS 9/EAD ( 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE P[] ( BE+S :O >E CONSCI\S ( !IR ABILITY & KN[L$GE4 

,RATIONAL & SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE MU/ P]SUADE ! M5 & WOM5 ( ! FUTURE ?AT !Y HAVE TO EXPECT NO?+ FROM ANY PRIVILEG$ BE+ 7,FICTITI\S OR REAL7 2 & ?AT !Y MAY EXPECT ALL ?AT IS REASONABLE FROM !MSELVES & FROM A FREELY ORGANIZ$ & ACCEPT$ SOCIAL ORD]4 

,I !N APPEAL$ 9 ! ,BULLET9 & ! LOCAL PRESS TO SCI5TIFIC WRIT]S :O W]E EAG] = ! PROGRESS ( ! RACE TO SUPPLY US ) TEXT-BOOKS ON !SE L9ES4 ,!Y W]E1 ,I SAID1 0TO DELIV] ! M9DS ( ! PUPILS FROM ALL ! ]RORS ( \R ANCE/ORS1 5C\RAGE !M 9 ! LOVE ( TRU? & BEAUTY1 & KEEP FROM !M ! AU?ORIT>IAN DOGMAS1 V5]ABLE SOPHISMS1 & RIDICUL\S CONV5T TIES :I* AT PRES5T DISGRACE \R SOCIAL LIFE40 ,A SPECIAL NOTE WAS ADD$ 9 REG>D TO ! TEA*+ ( >I?METIC3--- 

,! WAY 9 :I* >I?METIC HAS HI!RTO BE5 G5]ALLY TAU<T HAS MADE IT A P[]FUL 9/RUM5T = IMPRESS+ ! PUPILS ) ! FALSE IDEALS ( ! CAPITALI/ REGIME :I* AT PRES5T PRESSES SO HEAVILY ON SOCIETY4 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 !RE=E1 9VITES ESSAYS ON ! SUBJECT ( ! RE=M ( ! TEA*+ ( >I?METIC1 & REQUE/S ?OSE FRI5DS ( RATIONAL & SCI5TIFIC 9/RUCTION :O >E ESPECIALLY OCCUPI$ ) MA!MATICS TO DRAW UP A S]IES ( EASY & PRACTICAL PROBLEMS1 9 :I* !RE %ALL BE NO REF]5CE TO WAGES1 ECONOMY1 & PR(IT4 ,!SE EX]CISES MU/ DEAL ) AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION1 ! JU/ DI/RIBUTION ( ! RAW MAT]IAL & ! MANUFACTUR$ >TICLES1 ! MEANS ( COMMUNICATION1 ! TRANSPORT ( M]*&ISE1 ! COMP>ISON ( HUMAN LABOR ) ME*ANICAL1 ! B5EFITS ( MA*9]Y1 PUBLIC WORKS1 ETC4 ,9 A WORD1 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL WANTS A NUMB] ( PROBLEMS %[+ :AT >I?METIC REALLY \<T TO BE---! SCI5CE ( ! SOCIAL ECONOMY 7TAK+ ! WORD ECONOMY 0 9 ITS ETYMOLOGICAL S5SE (0 GOOD DI/RIBUTION074 

,! EX]CISES WILL DEAL ) ! F\R FUNDAM5TAL OP]ATIONS 79TEGRALS1 DECIMALS1 & FRACTIONS71 TILE METRICAL SY/EM1 PROPORTION1 ,COMP\NDS & ALLOYS1 ! SQU>ES & CUBES ( NUMB]S1 & ! EXTRACTION ( SQU>E & CUBE ROOTS4 ,AS ?OSE :O RESPOND TO ?IS APPEAL >E1 IT IS HOP$1 9SPIR$ RA!R ) ! IDEAL ( A RI<T $UCATION ( *ILDR5 ?AN ) ! DESIRE ( PR(IT1 & AS WE WI% TO AVOID ! COMMON PRACTICE 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 WE %ALL NOT APPO9T JUDGES OR (F] ANY PRIZES4 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL WILL PUBLI% ! ,>I?METIC :I* BE/ S]VES ITS PURPOSE1 & WILL COME TO AN AMICABLE AGREEM5T ) ! AU?OR AS TO HIS FEE4 

,A LAT] NOTE 9 ! ,BULLET9 WAS ADDRESS$ TO TEA*]S 3--- 

      ,WE W\LD CALL ! ATT5TION ( ALL :O D$ICATE !MSELVES TO ! NOBLE IDEAL ( ! RATIONAL TEA*+ ( *ILDR5 & ! PREP>ATION ( ! Y\NG TO TAKE A FITT+ %>E 9 LIFE TO ! ANN\NCEM5TS ( A ,COMP5DIUM ( ,UNIV]SAL ,HI/ORY BY ,CLEM5CE ,JACQU9ET & ,! ,ADV5TURES ( ,NONO BY ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 :I* WILL BE F\ND ON ! COV]4#a ,!WORKS :I* ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL HAS PUBLI%$ OR PROPOSES TO PUBLI% >E 9T5D$ = ALL FREE & RATIONAL TEA*+ 9/ITUTIONS1 C5T]S ( SOCIAL /UDY1 & P>5TS1 :O RES5T ! 9TELLECTUAL RE/RICTIONS :I* DOGMA ( ALL K9DS RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL1 & SOCIAL--IMPOSES 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 PRIVILEGE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! IGNORANT4 ,ALL :O >E OPPOS$ TO ,JESUITISM & TO CONV5TIONAL LIES1 & TO ! ]RORS TRANSMITT$ BY TRADITION & R\T9E1 WILL F9D ,9 \R PUBLICATIONS TRU? BAS$ UPON EVID5CE4 ,AS WE HAVE NO DESIRE ( PR(IT1 ! PRICE ( ! WORKS REPRES5TS ALMO/ !IR 9TR9SIC VALUE OR MAT]IAL CO/2 IF !RE IS ANY PR(IT FROM ! SALE ( !M1 IT WILL BE SP5T UPON SUBSEQU5T PUBLICATIONS4 

,9 A LAT] NUMB] ( ! ,BULLET9 7,NO4 #f1 SECOND YE>7 ! DI/+UI%$ GEOGRAPH] ,ELISEE ,RECLUS WROTE1 AT MY REQUE/1 A L5G?Y >TICLE ON ! TEA*+ ( GEOGRAPHY4 ,9 A LETT] :I* ,RECLUS AFT]W>DS WROTE ME FROM ! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,9/ITUTE AT ,BRUSSELS1 REPLY+ TO MY REQUE/ ?AT HE %\LD RECOMM5D A TEXT-BOOK1 HE SAID ?AT !RE WAS 0 NO TEXT-BOOK = ! TEA*+ ( GEOGRAPHY ,9 ELEM5T>Y S*OOLS 0 2 HE 0 DID NOT KN[ ONE ?AT WAS NOT TA9T$ ) RELIGI\S OR PATRIOTIC POISON1 OR1 :AT IS WORSE1 ADM9I/RATIVE R\T9E40 ,HE RECOMM5D$ ?AT ! TEA*]S %\LD USE NO MANUAL 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 :I* HE CORDIALLY COMM5D$ 7,FEBRU>Y #b#f1 #a#i#c74 

  

,9 ! FOLL[+ NUMB] 7#g7 ( ! ,BULLET9 ,I PUBLI%$ ! FOLL[+ NOTE ON ! ORIG9 ( ,*RI/IANITY3-- 

  

,! OLD] PA$AGOGY1 ! REAL1 IF UNAV[$1 AIM ( :I* WAS TO IMPRESS *ILDR5 ) ! USELESSNESS ( KN[L$GE1 9 ORD] ?AT !Y MI<T BE RECONCIL$ TO !IR H>D CONDITIONS & SEEK CONSOLATION 9 A SUPPOS$ FUTURE LIFE1 US$ READ+-BOOKS 9 ! ELEM5T>Y S*OOL :I* SW>M$ ) /ORIES1 ANECDOTES ACC\NTS ( TRAVELS1 GEMS ( CLASSICAL LIT]ATURE ETC4 ,!RE WAS A GOOD DEAL ( ]ROR MIX$ ) :AT WAS S\ND & USEFUL 9 ?IS1 & ! AIM WAS NOT JU/4 ,! MY/ICAL IDEA PR$OM9AT$1 REPRES5T+ ?AT A RELATION C\LD BE E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 A ,SUPREME ,BE+ & M5 BY MEANS ( PRIE/S1 & ?IS PRIE/HOOD WAS ! *IEF F\NDATION ( ! EXI/5CE ( BO? ! PRIVILEG$ & ! DIS9H]IT$ & ! CAUSE ( MU* ( ! EVIL ?AT !Y 5DUR$4 

,AMONG O!R BOOKS ( ?IS CLASS1 ALL TA9T$ ) ! SAME EVIL1 WE REMEMB] ONE :I* 9S]T$ AN ACADEMIC DISC\RSE1 A M>VEL ( ,SPANI% ELOQU5CE1 9 PRAISE ( ! ,BIBLE4 ,! GI/ ( IT IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! B>B>\S DECL>ATION ( ,OM> :5 HE CONDEMN$ ! ,LIBR>Y ( ,ALEX&RIA TO ! FLAMES 3 0 ,! :OLE TRU? IS CONTA9$ 9 ! SACR$ BOOK4 ,IF ?OSE O!R BOOKS >E TRUE1 !Y >E SUP]FLU\S IF !Y >E NOT TRUE1 !Y %\LD BE BURN$40 

,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 :I* SEEKS TO =M FREE M9DS1 ) A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 FITT$ TO EXP]I5CE A COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( !IR P[]S1 :I* IS ! ONE AIM ( LIFE MU/ NECESS>ILY ADOPT A V]Y DIFF]5T K9D ( READ+-BOOK 9 H>MONY ) ITS ME?OD ( TEA*+4 ,= ?IS REASON1 AS IT TEA*ES E/ABLI%$ TRU? & IS 9T]E/$ 9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 LI<T & D>KNESS1 IT HAS DEEM$ IT NECESS>Y TO PRODUCE A CRITICAL WORK :I* WILL 5LI<T5 ! M9D ( ! *ILD ) POSITIVE FACTS4 ,!SE MAY NOT BE APPRECIAT$ 9 *ILDHOOD1 BUT WILL LAT]1 9 MANHOOD1 :5 ! *ILD TAKES ITS PLACE 9 SOCIAL LIFE & 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ]RORS1 CONV5TIONS1 HYPOCRISIES1 & 9FAMIES :I* CONCEAL !MSELVES UND] ! CLOAK ( MY/ICISM4 ,?IS WORK REM9DS US ?AT \R BOOKS >E NOT M]ELY 9T5D$ = *ILDR5 2 !Y >E DE/9$ ALSO = ! USE ( ! ,ADULT ,S*OOLS :I* >E BE+ F\ND$ ON EV]Y SIDE BY ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S1 ,FREE?9K]S1 ,COOP]ATORS1 SOCIAL /UD5TS1 & O!R PROGRESSIVE BODIES :O >E EAG] TO CORRECT ! ,ILLIT]ACY ( \R NATION1 & REMOVE ?AT GREAT OB/ACLE TO PROGRESS4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT ! SECTION ( ,MALV]T'S WORK 7,SCI5CE & ,RELIGION7 :I* WE HAVE 5TITL$ 0,! ,ORIG9 ( ,*RI/IANITY 0 WILL BE USEFUL = ?IS PURPOSE4 ,IT %[S ! MY?S1 DOGMAS1 & C]EMONIES ( ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION ,9 !IR ORIG9AL =M 2 SOMETIMES AS EXOT]IC SYMBOLS CONCEAL+ A TRU? KN[N TO ! 9ITIAT$1 SOMETIMES AS ADAPTATIONS ,( E>LI] BELIEFS1 IMPOS$ BY %E] R\T9E & PRES]V$ BY MALICE4 ,AS WE >E CONV9C$ & HAVE AMPLE EVID5CE ( ! USEFULNESS ,( 7,AIR WOK1 WE (F] IT TO ! PUBLIC ) ! HOPE ?AT ,IT WILL BE> ! FRUIT :I* WE ANTICIPATE4 ,WE HAVE ONLY TO ADD ?AT C]TA9 PASSAGES :I* >E UNSUITABLE = *ILDR5 HAVE BE5 ,OMITT$ 2 ! OMISSIONS >E 9DICAT$1 & ADULTS MAY CONSULT ! PASSAGES 9 ! COMPLETE $ITION4  

O ,*APT] #ab 3 ,SUNDAY ,LECTURES 

,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL DID NOT CONF9E ITSELF TO ! 9/RUCTION ( *ILDR54 ,)\T = A MOM5T SACRIFIC+ ITS PR$OM9ANT *>ACT] & ITS *IEF OBJECT1 IT ALSO UND]TOOK ! 9/RUCTION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,WE >RANG$ A S]IES ( PUBLIC LECTURES ON ,SUNDAYS1 & !Y W]E ATT5D$ BY ! PUPILS & O!R MEMB]S ( !IR FAMILIES1 & A L>GE NUMB] ( WORK]S :O W]E ANXI\S TO LE>N4 

,! E>LI] LECTURES W]E WANT+ 9 ME?OD & CONT9UITY1 AS WE HAD TO EMPLOY LECTUR]S :O W]E QUITE COMPET5T 9 REG>D TO !IR [N SUBJECTS1 BUT GAVE EA* LECTURE )\T REG>D TO :AT PREC$$ OR FOLL[$4 ,ON O!R OCCASIONS1 :5 WE HAD NO LECTUR]1 WE SUB/ITUT$ USEFUL READ+S4 ,! G5]AL PUBLIC ATT5D$ ASSIDU\SLY1 & \R ADV]TISEM5TS 9 ! ,LIB]AL PRESS ( ! DI/RICT W]E EAG]LY SCANN$4 

,9 VIEW ( !SE RESULTS1 & 9 ORD] TO 5C\RAGE ! DISPOSITION ( ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 ,I HELD A CONSULTATION ) ,DR4 ,&RES ,M>T9EZ ,V>GAS & ,DR4 ,ODON DE ,BU51 ,PR(ESSORS AT ! ,B>CELONA ,UNIV]SITY ON ! SUBJECT ( CREAT+ A POPUL> UNIV]SITY 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,9 ?IS ! SCI5CE :I* IS GIV5--OR1 RA!R1 SOLD--BY ! ,/ATE TO A PRIVILEG$ FEW 9 ! UNIV]SITIES %\LD BE GIV5 GRATUIT\SLY TO ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 BY WAY ( RE/ITUTION1 AS EV]Y HUMAN BE+ HAS A RI<T TO KN[1 & SCI5CE1 :I* IS PRODUC$ BY OBS]V]S & WORK]S ( ALL AGES & C\NTRIES1 \<T NOT TO BE RE/RICT$ TO A CLASS4 

,FROM ?AT TIME ! LECTURES BECAME CONT9U\S & REGUL>1 HAV+ REG>D TO ! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE ( ! TWO LECTUR]S4 ,DR4 ,M>T9EZ ,V>GAS EXP\ND$ PHYSIOLOGY & HYGI5E1 & ,DR4 ,ODON DE ,BU5 GEOGRAPHY & NATURAL SCI5CE1 ON ALT]NATE ,SUNDAYS1 UNTIL WE BEGAN TO BE P]SECUT$4 ,!IR TEA*+ WAS EAG]LY WELCOM$ BY ! PUPILS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 & ! L>GE AUDI5CES ( MIX$ *ILDR5 & ADULTS4 ,ONE ( ! ,LIB]AL J\RNALS ( ,B>CELONA1 9 GIV+ AN ACC\NT ( ! WORK1 SPOKE ( ! FUNCTION AS 0! SCI5TIFIC ,MASS40 

0,! ET]NAL LI<T-HAT]S1 :O MA9TA9 !IR PRIVILEGES ON ! ( ! PEOPLE1 W]E GREATLY EXASP]AT$ TO SEE ?IS C5T] ( 5LI<T5M5T %9+ SO VIGOR\SLY1 & DID NOT DELAY LONG TO URGE ! AU?ORITIES1 :O W]E AT !IR DISPOSAL1 TO EXT+UI% IT BRUTALLY4 ,= MY P>T1 ,I RESOLV$ TO PUT ! WORK OIL ! FIRME/ F\NDATION ,I C\LD CONCEIVE4 

,I RECALL ) ! GREATE/ PLEASURE ?AT H\R WE DEVOT$ ONCE A WEEK TO ! CONFRAT]NITY ( CULTURE4 ,I 9AUGURAT$ ! LECTURES ON ,DECEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#a1 :5 ,DON4 ,]NE/O ,V5DRELL SPOKE ( ,HYPATIA AS A M>TYR TO ! IDEALS ( SCI5CE & BEAUTY1 ! VICTIM ( ! FANATICAL ,BI%OP ,CYRIL ( ,ALEX&RIA4 ,O!R LECTURES W]E GIV5 ON SUBSEQU5T ,SUNDAYS1 AS ,I SAID1 UNTIL1 ON ,OCTOB] #e1 #a#i#b1 ! LECTURES W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 REGUL> C\RSES ( SCI5CE4 ,ON ?AT DAY ,DR4 ,&RES ,M>T9EZ ,V>GAS1 ,PR(ESSOR ( ! ,FACULTY ( ,M$IC9E 7*ILD DISEASES7 AT ,B>CELONA ,UNIV]SITY1 GAVE HIS FIR/ LECTURE4 HE DEALT ) ! HYGI5E ( ! S*OOL1 & EXP\ND$ ITS PR9CIPLES 9 PLA9 T]MS ADAPT$ TO ! M9DS ( HIS HE>]S4 ,DR4 ,ODON DE ,BU51 ,PR(ESSOR ( ! ,FACULTY ( ,SCI5CE1 DEALT ) ! USEFULNESS ( ! /UDY ( NATURAL HI/ORY4 

,! PRESS WAS G5]ALLY 9 SYMPA?Y ) ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 BUT :5 ! PROGRAM ( ! ?IRD S*OLA/IC YE> APPE>$ SOME ( ! LOCAL J\RNALS1 ! ,NOTICI]O ,UNIV]SAL & ! ,DI>IO DE ,B>CELONA1 BROKE \T4 ,H]E IS A PASSAGE ?AT DES]VES RECORD+ AS AN ILLU/RATION ( ! WAY 9 :I* CONS]VATIVE J\RNALS DEALT ) PROGRESSIVE SUBJECTS 3--- 

,WE HAVE SE5 ! PROSPECTUS ( ALL $UCATIONAL C5T] E/ABLI%$ 9 ?IS CITY1 :I* PR(ESSES TO HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) 0DOGMAS & SY/EMS40 ,IT PROPOSES TO LIB]ATE EV]YBODY FROM 0AU?ORIT>IAN DOGMAS1 V5]ABLE SOPHISMS1 & RIDICUL\S CONV5TIONS40 ,IT SEEMS1 TO US ?AT ?IS MEANS ?AT ! FIR/ ?+1 TO DO IS TO TELL ! BOYS & GIRLS---IT IS A MIX$ S*OOL---?AT !RE IS NO ,GOD1 AN ADMIRABLE WAY ( =M+ GOOD *ILDR51 ESPECIALLY Y\NG WOM5 :O >E DE/9$ TO BE WIVES & MO!RS4 

,! WRIT] CONT9UES 9 ?IS IRONIC MANN] = SOME TIME1 & 5DS AS FOLL[S 3--- 

,?IS S*OOL HAS ! SUPPORT ( A PR(ESSOR ( ,NATURAL ,SCI5CE 7,DR4 ,ODON DE ,BU57 & ANO!R ( ! ,FACULTY ( ,M$IC9E4 ,WE DO NOT NAME ! LATT]1 AS !RE MAY BE SOME MI/AKE 9 9CLUD+ HIM AMONG ! M5 :O L5D !IR ,SUPPORT TO SU* A WORK4 

,!SE 9SIDI\S CL]ICAL ATTACKS W]E ANSW]$ BY ! ANTI-CL]ICAL J\RNALS ( ,B>CELONA AT ! TIME4 

O ,*APT] #ac 3 ,! ,RESULTS 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! SECOND S*OLA/IC YE> ,I ONCE MORE DREW UP A PROGRAM4 ,LET US1 ,I SAID1 CONFIRM \R E>LI] PROGRAM2 V9DICAT$ BY RESULTS1 APPROV$ 9 !ORY & PRACTICE1 ! PR9CIPLE :I* FROM4 ! FIR/ 9=M$ \R WORK & GOV]NS ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL IS N[ UN%AKABLE4 

,SCI5CE IS ! SOLE MI/RESS ( \R LIFE4 ,9SPIR$ ) ?IS ?\<T1 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL PROPOSES TO GIVE ! *ILDR5 5TRU/$ TO IT A M5TAL VITALITY ( !IR [N1 SO ?AT :5 !Y LEAVE \R CONTROL !Y WILL CONT9UE TO BE ! MORTAL 5EMIES ( ALL K9DS ( PREJUDICES & WILL =M !IR [N IDEAS1 9DIVIDUALLY & S]I\SLY1 ON ALL SUBJECTS4 

,FUR!R1 AS $UCATION DOES NOT CONSI/ M]ELY 9 ! TRA9+ ( ! M9D1 BUT MU/ 9CLUDE ! EMOTIONS & ! WILL1 WE %ALL TAKE ! UTMO/ C>E 9 ! TRA9+ ( ! *ILD ?AT ITS 9TELLECTUAL IMPRESSIONS >E CONV]T$ 9TO ! SAP ( S5TIM5T4 ,:5 ?IS ATTA9S A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 9T5SITY1 IT SPREADS ?R\< ! :OLE BE+1 COLOR+ & REF9+ ! 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT]4 ,& AS ! CONDUCT ( ! Y\? REVOLVES 5TIRELY 9 ! SPH]E ( *>ACT]1 HE MU/ LE>N TO ADOPT SCI5CE AS ! SOLE MI/RESS ( HIS LIFE4 

,TO COMPLETE \R PR9CIPLE WE MU/ /ATE ?AT WE >E 5?USIA/ICALLY 9 FAVOR ( MIX$ $UCATION1 SO ?AT1 HAV+ ! SAME $UCATION1 ! WOMAN MAY BECOME ! REAL COMPANION ( MAN1 & WORK ) HIM = ! REG5]ATION ( SOCIETY4 ,?IS TASK HAS HI!RTO BE5 CONF9$ TO MAN 2 IT IS TIME ?AT ! MORAL 9FLU5CE ( WOMAN WAS 5LI/$ 9 IT4 ,SCI5CE WILL ILLUM9E & GUIDE H] RI* VE9 ( S5TIM5T1 & UTILIZE H] *>ACT] = ! WELF>E ( ! RACE4 ,KN[+ ?AT ! *IEF NE$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY IS A KN[L$GE ( NATURAL SCI5CE & HYGI5E1 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 9T5DS TO HELP TO SUPPLY ,IT4 ,9 ?IS IT HAS ! SUPPORT ( ,DR4 DE ,BU5 & ,DR4 ,V>GAS1 :O LECTURE1 ALT]NATELY1 ON !IR RESPECTIVE SUBJECTS4 

,ON ,JUNE #c1 #a#i#c1 ,I PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,BULLET9 ! FOLL[+ DECL>ATION3 --- 

,WE HAVE N[ PASS$ TWO YE>S 9 EXP\ND+ \R PR9CIPLES JU/IFY+ !M BY \R PRACTICE1 & 5JOY+ ! E/EEM ( ALL :O HAVE COOP]AT$ 9 \R WORK WE DO NOT SEE 9 ?IS ANY O!R TRIUMPH ?AN ?AT WE >E ABLE TO CONFIRM CONFID5TLY ALL ?AT WE HAVE PROCLAIM$4 ,WE HAVE OV]COME ! OB/ACLES :I* W]E PUT 9 \R WAY BY 9T]E/ & PREJUDICE1 & WE 9T5D TO P]SEV]E 9 IT1 C\NT+ ALWAYS ON ?AT PROGRESSIVE COMRADE%IP :I* DISPELS ! D>KNESS ( IGNORANCE ) ITS /RONG LI<T4 ,WE RESUME WORK NEXT ,SEPTEMB]1 AFT] ! AUTUMN VACATION4 ,WE >E DELI<T$ TO BE ABLE TO REPEAT :AT WE SAID LA/ YE>4 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL & ITS ,BULLET9 R5EW !IR LIFE1 = !Y HAVE FILL$1 ) SOME MEASURE ( SATISFACTION1 A DEEPLY-FELT NE$4 ,)\T MAK+ PROMISES OR PROGRAMS1 WE WILL P]SEV]E TO ! LIMIT ( \R P[]S4 

,9 ! SAME NUMB] ( ! ,BULLET9 WAS PUBLI%$ ! FOLL[+ LI/ ( ! PUPILS :O HAD ATT5D$ ! S*OOL DUR+ ! FIR/ TWO YE>S3--- 

,M,O,N,?,S4 ,G,I,R,L,S4 

#a#i#a-#b4 #a#i#b-#c4 ,B,O,Y,S4 

#a#i#a-#b4 #a#i#b-#c4 ,T,O,T,A,L4 

#a/ ,YR4 #bND ,YR4 ,OP5+ ,DAY #ab      -- #ah      -- #c      -- ,SEPTEMB] #af      #bc #bc      #d #ci      #fc ,OCTOB] #ah      #bh #be      #d #dc      #fh ,NOVEMB] #ba      #ca #bi      #d #e      #ga ,DECEMB] #bb      #ca #c      #d #eb      #ga ,JANU>Y #bb      #ca #cb      #dd #$      #ge ,FEBRU>Y #bc      #ca #cb      #dh #ee      #gi ,M>* #be      #cc #cd      #dg #ei      #h ,APRIL #bf      #cb #cg      #dh #fc      #h ,MAY #c      #cc #*      #dh #fh      #ha ,JUNE #cb      #cd #*      #dh #g      #hb  

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ?IRD YE> ,I PUBLI%$ ) SPECIAL PLEASURE ! FOLL[+ >TICLE 9 ! ,BULLET9 ON ! PROGRESS ( ! ,S*OOL3--- 

,ON ! EI<? ( ! PRES5T MON? WE OP5$ ! NEW S*OLA/IC YE>4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( PUPILS1 !IR RELATIVES1 & MEMB]S ( ! G5]AL PUBLIC :O W]E 9 SYMPA?Y ) \R WORK & LECTURES1 FILL$ ! REC5TLY 5L>G$ ROOMS1 &1 BE=E ! COMM5CEM5T ( ! FUNCTION1 9SPECT$ ! COLLECTIONS :I* GIVE ! S*OOL ! APPE>ANCE ( A MUSEUM ( SCI5CE4 ,! FUNCTION BEGAN ) A %ORT ADDRESS FROM ! DIRECTOR1 :O =MALLY DECL>$ ! OP5+ ( ! ?IRD YE> ( S*OOL LIFE1 & SAID ?AT1 AS !Y N[ HAD MORE EXP]I5CE & W]E 5C\RAG$ BY SUCCESS1 !Y W\LD C>RY \T 5]GETICALLY ! IDEAL ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 

,DR4 DE ,BU5 CONGRATULAT$ US ON ! 5L>GEM5T ( ! ,S*OOL1 & SUPPORT$ ITS AIMS4 ,$UCATION %\LD1 HE SAID1 REFLECT NATURE1 AS KN[L$GE CAN ONLY CONSI/ 9 \R P]CEPTION ( :AT ACTUALLY EXI/S4 ,ON ! P>T ( HIS *ILDR51 :O /UDY AT ! ,S*OOL & LIVE 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 HE PAID A TRIBUTE TO ! GOOD-COMRADE%IP AMONG ! PUPILS1 ) :OM !Y PLAY$ & /UDI$ 9 A P]FECTLY NATURAL WAY4 ,HE SAID ?AT EV5 9 OR?ODOX $UCATION1 OR RA!R ON ! P>T ( ! PR(ESSORS 5GAG$ 9 IT1 !RE W]E1 = ALL ITS >*AIC FEATURES1 C]TA9 T5D5CIES SIMIL> TO ?OSE EMBODI$ 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,?IS MI<T BE GA!R$ FROM HIS [N PRES5CE1 & ?AT ( ,DR4 ,V>GAS & O!R PR(ESSORS4 ,HE ANN\NC$ ?AT !RE WAS ALREADY A SIMIL> S*OOL AT ,GUADALAJ>A1 OR ?AT ONE W\LD %ORTLY BE OP5$ !RE1 BUILT BY MEANS ( A LEGACY LEFT = ! PURPOSE BY A HUMANIT>IAN4 ,HE WI%$ TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! R$EMPTION ( *ILDR5 & !IR LIB]ATION FROM IGNORANCE & SUP]/ITION 2 & HE EXPRESS$ A HOPE & V]Y /RONG WI% ?AT WEAL?Y PEOPLE W\LD1 AT !IR DEA?1 RE/ORE !IR GOODS 9 ?IS WAY TO ! SOCIAL BODY1 9/EAD ( LEAV+ !M TO SECURE 9 IMAG9>Y HAPP9ESS BEYOND ! GRAVE4 

,DR4 ,M>T9EZ ,V>GAS MA9TA9$1 AGA9/ ALL :O ?\<T O!RWISE1 ?AT ! PURELY SCI5TIFIC & RATIONAL $UCATION GIV5 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL IS ! PROP] BASIS ( 9/RUCTION 2 NO BETT] CAN BE CONCEIV$ = MA9TA9+ ! RELATIONS ( ! *ILDR5 ) !IR FAMILIES & SOCIETY1 & IT IS ! ONLY WAY TO =M1 MORALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY1 ! M5 ( ! FUTURE4 ,HE WAS GLAD TO HE> ?AT ! S*OLA/IC HYGI5E :I* HAD BE5 PRACTIC$ 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL DUR+ ! PREVI\S TWO YE>S1 9VOLV+ A P]IODICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! *ILDR51 & EXP\ND$ 9 ! PUBLIC LECTURES1 HAD RECEIV$ ! SOLEMN SANCTION ( ! ,HYGI5IC ,CONGRESS LATELY HELD AT ,BRUSSELS4 

,GO+ ON TO RESUME HIS LECTURES1 & AS A MEANS ( 5=C+ ORAL 9/RUCTION BY VISUAL P]CEPTION1 HE EXHIBIT$ A S]IES ( LANT]N-SLIDES ILLU/RAT+ V>I\S HYGI5IC EX]CISES1 C]TA9 TYPES ( DISEASE1 UNHEAL?Y ORGANS1 ETC41 :I* ! SPEAK] EXPLA9$ 9 DETAIL4 ,AN ACCID5T TO ! LANT]N 9T]RUPT$ ! PICTURES 2 BUT ! PR(ESSOR CONT9U$ HIS EXPLANATIONS1 SPEAK+ ( ! MIS*IEV\S EFFECTS ( CORSETS1 ! DANG] ( MICROBIC 9FECTION BY TRAIL+ DRESSES OR BY *ILDR5 PLAY+ ) SOIL1 9SANIT>Y H\SES & WORK%OPS1 ETC41 & PROMIS$ TO CONT9UE HIS M$ICAL EXPLANATION DUR+ ! COM+ YE>4 

,! AUDI5CE EXPRESS$ ITS PLEASURE AT ! CLOSE ( ! MEET+1 & ! SI<T ( ! GREAT JOY ( ! PUPILS WAS SOME CONSOLATION AMID ! H>D%IPS ( ! PRES5T1 & A GOOD AUGURY = ! FUTURE4 

O ,*APT] #ad 3 ,A ,DEF5SIVE ,*APT] 

,TO PROMOTE ! PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION ( *ILDHOOD BY AVOID+ ALL ANA*RONI/IC PRACTICES1 :I* >E M]ELY OB/ACLES PLAC$ BY ! PA/ TO ANY REAL ADVANCE T[>DS ! FUTURE1 IS1 9 SUM1 ! PR$OM9ANT AIM ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,NEI!R DOGMAS NOR SY/EMS1 MOLDS :I* CONF9E VITALITY TO ! N>R[ EXIG5CIES ( A TRANSITORY =M ( SOCIETY1 WILL BE TAU<T4 ,ONLY SOLUTIONS APPROV$ BY ! FACTS1 !ORIES ACCEPT$ BY REASON1 & TRU?S CONFIRM$ BY EVID5CE1 %ALL BE 9CLUD$ 9 \R LESSONS1 SO ?AT EA* M9D %ALL BE TRA9$ TO CONTROL A WILL1 & TRU?S %ALL IRRADIATE ! 9TELLIG5CE1 &1 :5 APPLI$ 9 PRACTICE1 B5EFIT ! :OLE ( HUMANITY )\T ANY UNWOR?Y & DISGRACEFUL EXCLUSIV5ESS4 

,TWO YE>S ( SUCCESS >E A SUFFICI5T GU>ANTEE TO US4 ,!Y PROVE1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! EXCELL5CE ( MIX$ $UCATION1 ! BRILLIANT RESULT---! TRIUMPH1 WE W\LD ALMO/ SAY---( AN ELEM5T>Y COMMON S5SE OV] PREJUDICE & TRADITION4 ,AS WE ?9K IT ADVISABLE1 ESPECIALLY ?AT ! *ILD MAY KN[ :AT IS HAPP5+ AB\T IT1 ?AT PHYSICAL & NATURAL SCI5CE & HYGI5E %\LD BE TAU<T1 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL WILL CONT9UE TO HAVE ! S]VICES ( ,DR4 DE ,BU5 & ,DR4 ,V>GAS4 ,!Y WILL LECTURE ON ALT]NATE ,SUNDAYS1 FROM ELEV5 TO TWELVE1 ON !IR RESPECTIVE SUBJECTS 9 ! S*OOL-ROOM4 ,!SE LECTURES WILL COMPLETE & FUR!R EXPLA9 ! CLASSES 9 SCI5CE HELD DUR+ ! WEEK4 

,IT REMA9S ONLY TO SAY ?AT1 ALWAYS SOLICIT\S = ! SUCCESS ( \R WORK ( RE=M1 WE HAVE 5RI*$ \R S*OLA/IC MAT]IAL BY ! ACQUISITION ( NEW COLLECTIONS :I* WILL AT ONCE ASSI/ ! UND]/&+ & GIVE AN ATTRACTIV5ESS TO SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE2 & ?AT1 AS \R ROOMS >E N[ NOT L>GE 5\< = ! PUPILS1 WE HAVE ACQUIR$ O!R PREMISES 9 ORD] TO HAVE MORE ROOM & GIVE A FAVORABLE REPLY TO ! PETITIONS = ADMISSION :I* WE HAVE RECEIV$4 

,! PUBLICATION ( ?IS PROGRAM ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( ! REACTION>Y PRESS1 AS ,I SAID4 ,9 ORD] TO GIVE !M A PRO( ( ! LOGICAL /R5G? ( ! POSITION ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 ,I 9S]T$ ! FOLL[+ >TICLE 9 ! ,BULLET93--- 

  

,MOD]N P$AGOGY1 RELIEV$ ( TRADITIONS & CONV5TIONS1 MU/ RAISE ITSELF TO ! HEI<T ( ! RATIONAL CONCEPTION ( MAN1 ! ACTUAL /ATE ( KN[L$GE1 & ! CONSEQU5T IDEAL ( MANK9D4 ,IF FROM ANY CAUSE :ATEV] A DIFF]5T T5D5CY IS GIV5 TO $UCATION1 & ! MA/] DOES NOT DO HIS DUTY1 IT W\LD BE JU/ TO DESCRIBE HIM AS AN IMPO/OR2 $UCATION MU/ NOT BE A MEANS ( DOM9AT+ M5 = ! ADVANTAGE ( !IR RUL]S4 ,UNHAPPILY1 ?IS IS EXACTLY :AT HAPP5S4 ,SOCIETY IS ORGANIZ$1 NOT 9 RESPONSE TO A G5]AL NE$ & = ! REALIZATION ( AN IDEAL1 BUT AS AN 9/ITUTION ) A /RONG DET]M9ATION TO MA9TA9 ITS PRIMITIVE =MS1 DEF5D+ !M VIGOR\SLY AGA9/ EV]Y RE=M1 H[EV] REASONABLE IT MAY BE4 

 ,?IS ELEM5T ( IMMOBILITY GIVES ! ANCI5T ]RORS ! *>ACT] ( SACR$ BELIEFS1 9VE/S !M ) GREAT PRE/IGE & A DOGMATIC AU?ORITY1 & >\SES CONFLICTS & DI/URBANCES :I* DEPRIVE SCI5TIFIC TRU?S ( !IR DUE EFFICACY OR KEEP !M 9 SUSP5SE4 ,9/EAD ( BE+ 5ABL$ TO ILLUM9E ! M9DS ( ALL & REALIZE !MSELVES 9 9/ITUTIONS & CU/OMS ( G5]AL UTILITY1 !Y >E UNHAPPILY RE/RICT$ TO ! SPH]E ( A PRIVILEG$ FEW4 ,! EFFECT IS ?AT1 AS 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,EGYPTIAN !OCRACY1 !RE IS AN E/O]IC DOCTR9E = ! CULTIVAT$ & AN EXOT]IC DOCTR9E = ! L[] CLASSES---! CLASSES DE/9$ TO LABOR1 DEF5SE1 & MIS]Y4 

,ON ?IS ACC\NT WE SET ASIDE ! MY/IC & MY?ICAL DOCTR9E1 ! DOM9ATION & SPREAD ( :I* ONLY BEFITS ! E>LI] AGES ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 & EMBRACE SCI5TIFIC TEA*+1 ACCORD+ TO ITS EVID5CE4 ,?IS IS AT PRES5T RE/RICT$ TO ! N>R[ SPH]E ( ! 9TELLECTUALS1 OR IS AT ! MO/ ACCEPT$ 9 SECRET BY C]TA9 HYPOCRITES :O1 SO ?AT !IR POSITION MAY NOT BE 5DANG]$1 MAKE A PUBLIC PR(ESSION ( ! CONTR>Y4 ,NO?+ C\LD MAKE ?IS ABSURD ATAGONISM CLE>] ?AN ! FOLL[+ P>ALLEL1 9 :I* WE SEE ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! IMAG9ATIVE DREAMS ( ! IGNORANT BELIEV] & ! RATIONAL SIMPLICITY ( ! SCI5TI/3-,! ,BIBLE4 

,! ,BIBLE CONTA9S ! ANNALS ,( ! HEAV5S1 ! E>?1 & ! HUMAN RACE2 LIKE ! ,DEITY HIMSELF1 ,IT CONTA9S ALL ?AT WAS1 IS1 & WILL BE4 ,ON ITS FIR/ PAGE WE READ ( ! BEG9N+ ( TIME & ( ?+S1 & ON ITS LA/ PAGE ! 5D ( TIME & ( ?+S4 ,IT BEG9S ) ,G5ESIS1 :I* IS AN IDYLL1 & 5DS ) ,REVELATION1 :I* IS A FUN]AL *ANT4 ,G5ESIS IS AS BEAUTIFUL AS ! FRE% BREEZE :I* SWEEPS OV] ! WORLD2 AS ! FIR/ DAWN ( LI<T 9 ! HEAV5S2 AS ! FIR/ FL[] ?AT OP5S 9 ! MEAD[S2 AS ! FIR/ WORD ( LOVE SPOK5 BY M52 AS ! FIR/ APPE>ANCE ( ! SUN 9 ! EA/4 ,REVELATION IS AS SAD AS ! LA/ PALPITATION ( NATURE2 AS ! LA/ RAY ( ! SUN2 AS ! LA/ BREA? ( A DY+ MAN4 ,& BETWE5 ! FUN]AL *ANT & ! IDYLL !RE PASS 9 SUCCESSION BE=E ! EYES ( ,GOD ALL G5]ATIONS & ALL PEOPLES4 ,! TRIBES & ! PATRI>*S GO BY2 ! REPUBLICS & ! MAGI/RATES2 ! MON>*IES & !IR K+S2 ! EMPIRES & !IR EMP]ORS4 ,BABYLON & ALL ITS ABOM9ATIONS GO BY2 ,N9EVEH & ALL ITS POMPS2 ,MEMPHIS & ITS PRIE/S2 ,J]USALEM & ITS PROPHETS & TEMPLE2 ,A!NS & ITS >TS & H]OES 2 ,ROME & ITS DIADEM ( CONQU]OR ( ! WORLD4 ,NO?+ LA/S BUT ,GOD2 ALL ELSE PASSES & DIES1 LIKE ! FRO? ?AT TIPS ! WAVE4 

,A PRODIGI\S BOOK1 :I* MANK9D BEGAN TO READ ?REE & ?IRTY C5TURIES AGO1 & ( :I*1 IF IT READ ALL DAY & NI<T1 IT W\LD NOT EXHAU/ ! WEAL?4 ,A PRODIGI\S BOOK 9 :I* ALL WAS CALCULAT$ BE=E ! SCI5CE ( >I?METIC WAS 9V5T$2 9 :I* ! ORIG9 ( LANGUAGE IS TOLD )\T ANY KN[L$GE ( PHILOLOGY2 9 :I* ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! />S >E DESCRIB$ )\T ANY KN[L$GE ( A/RONOMY2 9 :I* HI/ORY IS RECORD$ )\T ANY DOCUM5TS ( HI/ORY2 9 :I* ! LAWS ( NATURE >E UNVEIL$ )\T ANY KN[L$GE ( PHYSICS4 ,A PRODIGI\S BOOK1 ?AT SEES EV]Y?+ & KN[S EV]Y?+2 ?AT KN[S ! ?\<TS HIDD5 9 ! HE>TS ( M5 & ?OSE 9 ! M9D ( ,GOD2 ?AT SEES :AT IS HAPP5+ 9 ! ABYSSES ( ! SEA & 9 ! B[ELS ( ! E>?2 ?AT RECORDS OR =ETELLS ALL ! CATA/ROPHES ( NATIONS1 & 9 :I* >E ACCUMULAT$ ALL ! TREASURES ( M]CY1 ( JU/ICE1 & ( V5GEANCE4 ,A HOOK1 9 F9E1 :I*1 :5 ! HEAV5S >E FOLD$ LIKE A GIGANTIC FAN1 & ! E>? S9KS1 & ! SUN )DRAWS ITS LI<T1 & ! />S >E EXT+UI%$1 WILL REMA9 ) ,GOD1 BECAUSE IT IS HIS ET]NAL WORD1 E*O+ = EV] 9 ! HEI<TS4#a 

,AN?ROPISM4 

,ONE ( ! MA9 SUPPORTS ( ! REACTION>Y SY/EM IS :AT WE MAY CALL 0AN?ROPISM40 ,I DESIGNATE BY ?IS T]M ?AT P[]FUL & WORLD-WIDE GR\P ( ]RONE\S OP9IONS :I* OPPOSES ! HUMAN ORGANISM TO ! :OLE ( ! RE/ ( NATURE1 & REPRES5TS IT AS ! PREORDA9$ 5D ( ORGANIC CREATION1 AN 5TITY ESS5TIALLY DI/9CT FROM IT1 A GOD-LIKE BE+4 ,CLOS] EXAM9ATION ( ?IS GR\P ( IDEAS %[S IT TO BE MADE UP ( ?REE DIFF]5T DOGMAS1 :I* WE MAY DI/+UI% AS ! AN?ROPOC5TRIC1 ! AN?ROPOMORPHIC & ! AN?ROPOLATR\S4 

#a4 ,! AN?ROPOC5TRIC DOGMA CULM9ATES 9 ! IDEA ?AT MAN IS ! PREORDA9$ C5T] & AIM ( ALL T]RE/RIAL LIFE-OR1 9 A WID] S5SE1 ( ! :OLE UNIV]SE4 ,AS ?IS ]ROR IS EXTREMELY CONDUCIVE TO MAN'S 9T]E/1 & AS IT IS 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) ! CREATION-MY? ( ! ?REE GREAT ,M$IT]RANEAN RELIGIONS1 & ) ! DOGMAS ( ! ,MOSAIC1 ,*RI/IAN1 & ,MOHAMM$AN !OLOGIES1 IT /ILL DOM9ATES ! GREAT] P>T ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD4 

#b4 ,! AN?ROPOMORPHIC DOGMA1 ALSO1 IS CONNECT$ ) ! CREATION-MY? ( ! ?REE A=ESAID RELIGIONS & ( MANY O!RS4 ,IT LIK5S ! CREATION & CONTROL ( ! WORLD BY ,GOD TO ! >TIFICIAL CREATION ( AN ABLE 5G9E] OR ME*ANIC1 & TO ! ADM9I/RATION ( A WISE RUL]4 ,GOD1 AS CREATOR1 SU/A9]1 & RUL] ( ! WORLD1 IS ?US REPRES5T$ AFT] A PURELY HUMAN FA%ION 9 HIS ?\<T & WORK4 ,H5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT MAN 9 TURN IS GOD-LIKE4 0,GOD MADE MAN TO HIS [N IMAGE & LIK5ESS40 ,! OLD]1 NAIVE !OLOGY IS PURE 0HOMO!ISM10 ATTRIBUT+ HUMAN %APE1 FLE%1 & BLOOD TO ! GODS4 ,IT IS MORE 9TELLIGIBLE ?AN ! MOD]N MY/IC !OSOPHY :I* ADORES A P]SONAL ,GOD AS AN 9VISIBLE --- PROP]LY SPEAK+1 GASE\S --- BE+1 YET MAKES HIM ?9K1 SPEAK1 & ACT 9 HUMAN FA%ION2 IT (F]S US ! P>ADOXICAL PICTURE ( A GASE\S V]TEBRATE4 

#c4 ,! AN?ROPOLATRIC DOGMA NATURALLY RESULTS FROM ?IS COMP>ISON ( ! ACTIVITY ( ,GOD & MAN2 IT 5DS 9 ! APO!OSIS ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,A FUR!R RESULT IS ! BELIEF 9 ! P]SONAL IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L1 & ! DUALI/IC DOGMA ( ! TW(OLD NATURE ( MAN1 :OSE 0IMMORTAL0 S\L IS CONCEIV$ AS ! TEMPOR>Y 9HABITANT ( A MORTAL FRAME4 ,?US !SE ?REE AN?ROPI/IC DOGMAS1 V>I\SLY ADAPT$ TO ! RESPECTIVE PR(ESSIONS ( ! DIFF]5T RELIGIONS1 CAME AT L5G? TO BE VE/$ ) EXTRAORD9>Y IMPORTANCE1 & PROV$ TO BE ! S\RCE ( ! MO/ DANG]\S ]RORS4#b 

,9 FACE ( ?IS ANTAGONISM1 MA9TA9$ BY IGNORANCE & SELF-9T]E/1 POSITIVE $UCATION1 :I* PROPOSES TO TEA* TRU?S ?AT ISSUE 9 PRACTICAL JU/ICE1 MU/ >RANGE & SY/EMIZE ! E/ABLI%$ RESULTS ( NATURAL RESE>*1 COMMUNICATE !M TO *ILDR51 & ?US PREP>E ! WAY = A MORE EQUITABLE /ATE ( SOCIETY1 9 :I*1 AS AN EXACT EXPRESSION ( SOCIOLOGY1 IT MU/ WORK = ! B5EFIT ( ALL AS WELL AS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,MOSES1 OR :OEV] WAS ! AU?OR ( ,G5ESIS1 & ALL ! DOGMATIZ]S1 ) !IR SIX DAYS ( CREATION \T ( NO?+ AFT] ! ,CREATOR HAS PASS$ AN ET]NITY 9 DO+ NO?+1 MU/ GIVE PLACE TO ,COP]NICUS1 :O %[$ ! REVOLUTION ( ! PLANETS R\ND ! SUN2 TO ,GALILEO1 :O PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! SUN1 NOT ! E>?1 IS ! C5T] ( ! PLANET>Y UNIV]SE2 TO ,COLUMBUS & O!RS :O1 BELIEV+ ! E>? TO BE A SPH]E1 SET \T 9 SE>* ( O!R PEOPLES1 & GAVE A PRACTICAL BASIS TO ! DOCTR9E ( HUMAN BRO!RHOOD2 TO ,L9NAEUS & ,CUVI]1 ! F\ND]S ( NATURAL HI/ORY2 TO ,LAPLACE1 ! 9V5TOR ( ! E/ABLI%$ COSMOGONY2 TO ,D>W91 ! AU?OR ( ! EVOLUTION>Y DOCTR9E1 :I* EXPLA9S ! =MATION ( SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION2 & TO ALL :O1 BY MEANS ( OBS]VATION & EXP]IM5T1 HAVE DISCR$IT$ ! SUPPOS$ REVELATION1 & TELL US ! REAL NATURE ( ! UNIV]SE1 ! E>?1 & LIFE4 

,AGA9/ ! EVILS 5G5D]$ BY G5]ATIONS SUNK 9 IGNORANCE & SUP]/ITION1 FROM :I* SO MANY >E N[ DELIV]$1 ONLY TO FALL 9TO AN ANTI-SOCIAL SKEPTICISM1 ! BE/ REM$Y1 )\T EXCLUD+ O!RS1 IS TO 9/RUCT ! RIS+ G5]ATION 9 PURELY HUMANI/ PR9CIPLES & 9 ! POSITIVE & RATIONAL KN[L$GE PROVID$ BY SCI5CE4 ,WOM5 $UCAT$ ?US WILL BE MO!RS 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD1 NOT TRANSMITT]S ( TRADITIONAL SUP]/ITIONS2 !Y WILL TEA* !IR *ILDR5 9TEGRITY ( LIFE1 ! DIGNITY ( LIFE1 SOCIAL SOLID>ITY1 9/EAD ( A M$LEY ( \TWORN & /]ILE DOGMAS & SUBMISSION TO ILLEGITIMATE HI]>*IES4 ,M5 ?US EMANCIPAT$ FROM MY/]Y1 MIRACLE1 & DI/RU/ ( !MSELVES & !IR FELL[S1 & CONV9C$ ?AT !Y W]E BORN1 NOT TO DIE1 AS ! WRET*$ TEA*+ ( ! MY/ICS SAYS1 BUT TO LIVE1 WILL HA/5 TO BR+ AB\T SU* SOCIAL CONDITIONS AS WILL GIVE TO LIFE ITS GREATE/ POSSIBLE DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 PRES]V+ ! MEMORY ( =M] G5]ATIONS & O!R FRAMES ( M9D AS A LESSON & A W>N+1 WE WILL ONCE = ALL CLOSE ! RELIGI\S P]IOD1 & 5T] DEF9ITELY 9TO ?AT ( REASON & NATURE4,9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#d1 ! ,BULLET9 PUBLI%$ ! FOLL[+ FIGURES 9 REG>D TO ! ATT5DANCE AT S*OOL4 ,AT ?AT TIME ! PUBLICATIONS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL W]E 9 USE 9 ?IRTY-TWO O!R S*OOLS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 & ITS 9FLU5CE WAS ?US FELT 9 ,SEVILLE & ,MALAGA1 ,T>RAGONA & ,CORDOVA1 & O!R T[NS1 AS WELL AS ,B>CELONA & ! VIC9ITY4 ,! NUMB] ( S*OL>S 9 \R S*OOLS WAS ALSO /EADILY RIS+1 AS ! FOLL[+ TABLE %[S3 -,L,I,/ ,( ,! ,P,U,P,I,L,S ,9 ,! ,M,O,D,],N ,S,*,O,O,L ,D,U,R,+ ,! ,F,I,R,/ ,?,R,E,E ,Y,E,>,S4 

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,NOVEMB] 

,DECEMB] 

,JANU>Y 

,FEBRU>Y 

,M>* 

,APRIL 

,MAY 

,JUNE 

  

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#a,EXTRACT FROM A SPEE* DELIV]$ BY ,DONOSO ,CORTES AT HIS ADMISSION  
9TO ! ,ACADEMY4 

#b,HAECKEL'S ,RIDDLE ( ! ,UNIV]SE1 ,*AP4 #a4 

O ,*APT] #ae 3 ,! ,+5U\SNESS ( ! ,*ILD 

,9 ! ,BULLET9 ( ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #a#i#c1 WE PUBLI%$ ! WORK ( ! PUPILS 9 ! V>I\S CLASSES ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 :I* HAD BE5 READ ON ! CLOS+ DAY ( ! SECOND S*OLA/IC YE>4 ,9 !SE WRIT+S1 9 :I* ! *ILDR5 >E REQUE/$ TO APPLY !IR DAWN+ JUDGM5T TO SOME P>TICUL> SUBJECT1 ! 9FLU5CE ( M9D OV] ! 9EXP]T1 +5U\S REASON+ P[]1 9SPIR$ BY ! S5TIM5T ( JU/ICE1 IS MORE APP>5T ?AN ! OBS]VANCE ( RULES4 ,! JUDGM5TS >E NOT P]FECT FROM ! LOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ONLY BECAUSE ! *ILD HAS NOT ! KN[L$GE NECESS>Y = ! =MATION ( A P]FECTLY S\ND OP9ION4 ,?IS IS ! OPPOSITE ( :AT WE USUALLY F9D1 AS OP9IONS >E G5]ALLY F\ND$ ONLY ON PREJUDICE >IS+ FROM TRADITIONS1 9T]E/S1 & DOGMAS4  

 ,A BOY ( TWELVE1 = 9/ANCE1 GAVE ! FOLL[+ PR9CIPLE = JUDG+ ! VALUE ( NATIONS3  

 ,TO BE CALL$ CIVILIZ$1 A NATION OR ,/ATE MU/ BE FREE FROM ! FOLL[+  

 ,LET ME 9T]RUPT = A MOM5T TO PO9T \T ?AT ! Y\NG AU?OR ID5TIFIES 0CIVILIZ$0 ) 0JU/10 & ESPECIALLY ?AT1 PUTT+ ASIDE PREJUDICE1 HE DESCRIBES C]TA9 EVILS AS CURABLE1 & REG>DS ! HEAL+ ( !M AS AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( JU/ICE4 ,!SE EVILS >E  

 #aO4 ,! CO-EXI/5CE ( POOR & RI*1 & ! RESULTANT EXPLOITATION4  

 #bO4 ,MILIT>ISM1 A MEANS ( DE/RUCTION EMPLOY$ BY ONE NATION AGA9/ ANO!R1 DUE TO ! BAD ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4  

 #cO4 ,9EQUALITY1 :I* ALL[S SOME TO RULE & COMM&1 & OBLIGES O!RS TO HUMBLE !MSELVES & OBEY4  

 ,?IS PR9CIPLE IS FUNDAM5TAL & SIMPLE1 AS WE %\LD EXPECT TO F9D 9 AN IMP]FECTLY 9=M$ M9D1 & IT W\LD NOT 5ABLE ONE TO SOLVE A COMPLETE SOCIOLOGICAL PROBLEM2 BUT IT HAS ! ADVANTAGE ( KEEP+ ! M9D OP5 TO FRE% KN[L$GE4 ,IT IS AS IF ONE ASK$3 ,:AT DOES A SICK MAN NE$ TO RECOV] HEAL?8 ,& ! REPLY IS3 ,HIS SUFF]+ MU/ DISAPPE>4 ,?IS IS A NAIVE & NATURAL REPLY1 & W\LD C]TA9LY NOT BE GIV5 BY A *ILD BR\<T UP 9 ! ORD9>Y WAY2 SU* A *ILD W\LD BE TAU<T FIR/ TO CONSID] ! WILL ( SUPPOS$ SUP]NATURAL BE+S4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ?IS SIMPLE WAY ( PUTT+ ! PROBLEM ( LIFE DOES NOT %UT \T ! HOPE ( A REASONABLE SOLUTION2 9DE$1 ONE LOGICALLY DEM&S ! O!R1 AS ! *ILD'S ESSAY %[S3-  

 ,I DO NOT MEAN ?AT IF !RE W]E NO RI*1 OR SOLDI]S1 OR RUL]S1 OR WAGES1 PEOPLE W\LD ABUSE !IR LIB]TY1 & WELF>E1 BUT ?AT1 ) EV]YBODY 5JOY+ A HI< DEGREE ( CIVILIZATION1 !RE W\LD BE UNIV]SAL CORDIALITY & FRI5D%IP1 & SCI5CE W\LD MAKE MU* GREAT] PROGRESS1 NOT BE+ 9T]RUPT$ BY W>S & POLITICAL /AGNATION4  

 ,A GIRL ( N9E MADE ! FOLL[+ S5SIBLE OBS]VATION1 :I* WE LEAVE 9 H] [N 9CORRECT LANGUAGE3  

 ,A CRIM9AL IS CONDEMN$ TO DEA?2 IF ! MURD]] DES]VES ?IS PUNI%M5T1 ! MAN :O CONDEMNS HIM & ! MAN :O KILLS HIM >E ALSO MURD]]S2 LOGICALLY1 !Y \<T TO DIE AS WELL1 & SO HUMANITY W\LD COME TO AN 5D4 ,IT W\LD BE BETT]1 9/EAD ( PUNI%+ A CRIM9AL BY COMMITT+ ANO!R CRIME1 TO GIVE HIM GOOD ADVICE1 SO ?AT BE WILL NOT DO IT AGA94 ,BESIDES1 IF WE >E ALL EQUAL1 !RE W\LD BE NO ?IEVES1 OR ASSASS9S1 OR RI* PEOPLE1 OR POOR1 BUT ALL W\LD BE EQUAL & LOVE WORK & LIB]TY4  

 ,! SIMPLICITY1 CLE>NESS1 & S\NDNESS ( ?IS OBS]VATION NE$ NO COMM5T>Y4 ,ONE CAN UND]/& \R A/ONI%M5T TO HE> IT FROM ! LIPS ( A T5D] & V]Y PRETTY LITTLE GIRL1 :O LOOK$ MORE LIKE A SYMBOLIC REPRES5TATION ( TRU? & JU/ICE ?AN A LIV+ REALITY4  

 ,A BOY ( TWELVE DEALS ) S9C]ITY1 & SAYS3  

 ,! MAN :O IS NOT S9C]E DOES NOT LIVE PEACEFULLY2 HE IS ALWAYS AFRAID ( BE+ DISCOV]$3 :5 ONE IS S9C]E1 IF ONE HAS DONE WRONG1 ! S9C]E DECL>ATION RELIEVES ! CONSCI5CE4 ,IF A MAN BEG9S TO TELL LIES 9 *ILDHOOD1 HE WILL TELL BIGG] LIES :5 HE GR[S UP1 & MAY DO MU* H>M4 ,!RE >E CASES 9 :I* ONE NE$ NOT BE S9C]E4 ,= 9/ANCE1 IF A MAN COMES TO \R H\SE1 FLY+ FROM ! POLICE1 & WE >E ASK$ AFT]W>DS IF WE HAVE SE5 HIM1 WE MU/ D5Y IT2 ! CONTR>Y W\LD BE TREA*]Y & C[>DICE4  

 ,IT IS SAD ?AT ! M9D ( A *ILD :O REG>DS TRU? AS AN 9COMP>ABLE GOOD1 0)\T :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO LIVE10 IS 9DUC$ BY C]TA9 GRAVE ABUSES TO CONSID] LY+ A VIRTUE 9 SOME CASES4  

 ,A GIRL ( ?IRTE5 WRITES ( FANATICISM1 &1 REG>D+ IT AS A *>ACT]I/IC ( BACKW>D C\NTRIES1 %E GOES ON TO SEEK ! CAUSE3  

  ,FANATICISM IS ! \TCOME ( ! /ATE ( IGNORANCE & BACKW>DNESS ( WOM52 ON ?AT ACC\NT ,CA?OLICS DO NOT WANT TO SEE WOM5 $UCAT$1 AS !Y >E ! *IEF SUPPORT ( !IR SY/EM4  

 ,A PR(\ND OBS]VATION ON ! CAUSES ( FANATICISM1 & ! CAUSE ( ! CAUSES4 ,ANO!R GIRL ( ?IRTE5 9DICATES ! BE/ REM$Y ( ! EVIL 9 ! FOLL[+ L9ES3  

  ,! MIX$ S*OOL1 = BO? SEXES1 IS SUPREMELY NECESS>Y4 ,! BOY :O /UDIES1 WORKS1 & PLAYS 9 ! SOCIETY ( GIRLS LE>NS GRADUALLY TO RESPECT & HELP H]1 & ! GIRL RECIPROCALLY2 :]EAS1 IF !Y >E $UCAT$ SEP>ATELY1 & ! BOY IS TOLD ?AT ! GIRL IS NOT A GOOD COMPANION & %E IS WORSE ?AN HE1 ! BOY WILL NOT RESPECT WOM5 :5 HE IS A MAN1 & WILL REG>D H] AS A SUBJECT OR A SLAVE1 & ?AT IS ! POSITION 9 :I* WE F9D WOM54 ,SO WE MU/ ALL WORK = ! F\NDATION ( MIX$ S*OOLS1 :]EV] IT IS POSSIBLE1 & :]E IT IS NOT POSSIBLE WE MU/ TRY TO REMOVE ! DIFFICULTIES4  

 ,A BOY ( TWELVE REG>DS ! S*OOL AS WOR?Y ( ALL RESPECT1 BECAUSE WE LE>N 9 IT TO READ1 WRITE1 & ?9K1 & IT IS ! BASIS ( MORALITY & SCI5CE2 HE ADDS3-  

,IF IT W]E NOT = ! S*OOL WE %\LD LIVE LIKE SAVAGES1 WALK NAK$1 EAT H]BS & RAW FLE%1 & DWELL 9 CAVES & TREES2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 WE %\LD LIVE A BRUTAL LIFE4 ,9 TIME1 AS A RESULT ( ! S*OOL1  EV]YBODY WILL BE MORE 9TELLIG5T1 & !RE WILL BE NO W>S OR 9FLAM$ POPULATIONS1 & PEOPLE WILL LOOK BACK ON W> ) HORROR AS A WORK ( DEA? & DE/RUCTION4 ,IT IS A GREAT DISGRACE ?AT !RE >E *ILDR5 :O W&] 9 ! /REETS & DO NOT GO TO S*OOL1 & :5 !Y BECOME M5 IT IS MORE DISGRACEFUL4 ,SO LET US BE GRATEFUL TO \R TEA*]S = ! PATI5CE !Y %[ 9 9/RUCT+ US1 & LET US REG>D ! S*OOL ) RESPECT4  

 ,IF ?AT *ILD PRES]VES & DEVELOPS ! FACULTIES IT EXHIBITS1 IT WILL KN[ H[ TO H>MONIZE EGOISM & ALTRUISM = ITS [N GOOD & ?AT ( SOCIETY4 ,A GIRL ( ELEV5 DEPLORES ?AT NATIONS DE/ROY EA* O!R 9 W>1 & LAM5TS ! DIFF]5CE ( SOCIAL CLASSES & ?AT ! RI* LIVE ON ! WORK & PRIVATION ( ! POOR4 ,%E 5DS3  

,:Y DO NOT M51 9/EAD ( KILL+ EA* O!R 9 W>S & HITT+ EA* O!R = CLASS -DIFF]5CES1 DEVOTE !MSELVES *E]FULLY TO WORK & ! DISCOV]Y ( ?+S = ! GOOD ( MANK9D8 ,M5 \<T TO UNITE TO LOVE EA* O!R & LIVE FRAT]NALLY4#a  

 ,A *ILD ( T51 9 AN ESSAY :I* IS SO GOOD ?AT ,I W\LD 9S]T IT :OLE IF SPACE P]MITT$1 & IF IT W]E NOT = ! ID5TITY 9 S5TIM5T ) ! PREVI\S PASSAGES1 SAYS ( ! S*OOL & ! PUPIL3  

 ,REUNIT$ UND] ONE RO(1 EAG] TO LE>N :AT WE DO NOT KN[1 )\T DI/9CTION ( CLASSES .<!RE W]E *ILDR5 ( UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS AMONG !M1 IT WILL BE REMEMB]$.>1 WE >E *ILDR5 ( ONE FAMILY GUID$ TO ! SAME 5D44444 ,! IGNORANT MAN IS A NULLITY2 LITTLE OR NO?+ CAN BE EXPECT$ ( HIM4 ,HE IS A W>N+ TO US NOT TO WA/E TIME2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 LET US PR(IT BY IT1 & 9 DUE C\RSE WE WILL BE REW>D$4 ,LET US NOT MISS ! FRUITS ( A GOOD S*OOL1 &1 HONOR+ \R TEA*]S1 \R FAMILY1 & SOCIETY1 WE %ALL LIVE HAPPILY4 

 ,A *ILD ( T5 PHILOSOPHIZES ON ! FAULTS ( MANK9D1 :I*1 9 H] OP9ION1 CAN BE AVOID$ BY 9/RUCTION & GOODWILL3  

 ,AMONG ! FAULTS ( MANK9D >E LY+1 HYPOCRISY1 & EGOISM4 ,IF M51 & ESPECIALLY WOM51 W]E BETT] 9/RUCT$1 & WOM5 W]E 5TIRELY EQUAL TO M51 !SE FAULTS W\LD DISAPPE>4 ,P>5TS W\LD NOT S5D !IR *ILDR5 TO RELIGI\S S*OOLS1 :I* 9CULCATE FALSE IDEAS1 BUT TO RATIONAL S*OOLS1 :]E !RE IS NO TEA*+ ( ! SUP]NATURAL1 :I* DOES NOT EXI/2 NOR TO MAKE W>2 BUT TO LIVE 9 SOLID>ITY & WORK 9 COMMON4  

 ,WE WILL CLOSE ) ! FOLL[+ ESSAY1 WRITT5 BY Y\NG LADY ( SIXTE51 :I* IS CORRECT 5\< 9 =M SUB/ANCE TO QUOTE 9 5TIRETY3  

 ,:AT 9EQUALITY !RE IS 9 ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]6 ,SOME WORK+ FROM MORN+ TO NI<T )\T MORE PR(IT ?AN 5\< TO BUY !IR 9SUFFICI5T FOOD2 O!RS RECEIV+ ! PRODUCTS ( ! WORK]S 9 ORD] TO 5JOY !MSELVES ) ! SUP]FLU\S4 ,:Y IS ?IS SO8 ,>E WE NOT ALL EQUAL8 ,UND\BT$LY WE >E2 BUT SOCIETY DOES NOT RECOGNIZE IT :ILE SOME >E DE/9$ TO WORK & SUFF]+1 & O!RS TO IDL5ESS & 5JOYM5T4 ,IF A WORK] %[S ?AT HE REALIZES ! EXPLOITATION TO :I* HE IS SUBJECT1 HE IS BLAM$ & CRUELLY PUNI%$1 :ILE O!RS SUFF] ! 9EQUALITY ) PATI5CE4 ,! WORK] MU/ $UCATE HIMSELF & 9 ORD] TO DO ?IS IT IS NECESS>Y TO F\ND FREE S*OOLS1 MA9TA9$ BY ! WAGES :I* ! RI* GIVE4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! WORK] WILL ADVANCE MORE & MORE1 UNTIL BE IS REG>D$ AS HE DES]VES1 S9CE ! MO/ USEFUL MISSION ( SOCIETY DEP5DS ON HIM4  

 ,:ATEV] BE ! LOGICAL VALUE ( !SE IDEAS1 ?IS COLLECTION %[S ! *IEF AIM ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL -- NAMELY1 ?AT ! M9D ( ! *ILD1 9FLU5C$ BY :AT IT SEES & 9=M$ BY ! POSITIVE KN[L$GE IT ACQUIRES1 %ALL WORK FREELY1 )\T PREJUDICE OR SUBMISSION TO ANY K9D ( SECT1 ) P]FECT AUTONOMY & NO O!R GUIDE BUT REASON1 EQUAL 9 ALL1 & SANCTION$ BY ! COG5CY ( EVID5CE1 BE=E :I* ! D>KNESS ( SOPHI/RY & DOGMATIC IMPOSITION IS DISPELL$4  

 ,9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#c1 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,RAILWAY ,WORK]S1 :I* WAS !N HELD AT ,B>CELONA1 9=M$ US ?AT1 AS A P>T ( ITS PROGRAM1 ! DELEGATES W\LD VISIT ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,! PUPILS W]E DELI<T$1 & WE 9VIT$ !M TO WRITE ESSAYS TO BE READ ON ! OCCASION ( ! VISIT4 ,! VISIT WAS PREV5T$ BY UN=ESE5 CIRCUM/ANCES2 BUT WE PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,BULLET9 ! *ILDR5'S ESSAYS1 :I* EXHAL$ A DELICATE P]FUME ( S9C]ITY & UNBIASS$ JUDGM5T1 GRAC$ BY ! NAIVE +5U\SNESS ( ! WRIT]S4 ,NO SUGGE/ION WAS MADE TO !M1 & !Y DID NOT COMP>E NOTES1 YET !RE WAS A REM>KABLE AGREEM5T 9 !IR S5TIM5TS4 ,AT ANO!R TIME ! PUPILS ( ! ,WORK]S' ,S*OOL AT ,BADALONA S5T A GREET+ TO \R PUPILS1 & !Y AGA9 WROTE ESSAYS1 FROM :I* WE COMPIL$ A RETURN LETT] ( GREET+4#b  

,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,I OMIT SOME ( ,F]R]'S %ORT COMM5TS ON !SE SPECIM5S ( REASON+ & S5TIM5T1 AS HE REG>DS !M4 ,ONE CAN RECOGNIZE ! LIE E*O ( ! TEA*]'S WORDS4 ,! *ILDR5 W]E REPEAT+ !IR CATE*ISM4 ,BUT 7I7 ?IS IS NO CATE*ISM ( VIOL5CE & CLASS-HATR$1 & 7#b7 !RE IS A DI/9CT A  APPRECIATION ( ! IDEAS & S5TIM5TS ON ! P>T ( ! * ,I *ILDR5 ,I TRANSLATE ! PASSAGES AS LIT]ALLY AS POSSIBLE4-,J4 ,M4  

#b ,?IS LETT] & ! PREC$+ ESSAYS >E GIV5 9 ! ,SPANI% $ITION4 ,AS !Y >E A REPETITION ( ! S5TIM5TS EXPRESS$ 9 ! EXTRACTS ALREADY GIV51 IT IS UNNECESS>Y TO REPRODUCE !M H]E4 ,EXCEPT ?AT ,I HAVE OMITT$ PAP]S 9CORPORAT$ BY ,F]R]1 BUT NOT WRITT5 BY HIM1 ?IS IS ! ONLY MODIFICATION ,I HAVE ALL[$ MYSELF4-,J4 ,M4  

O ,*APT] #af 3 ,! 0,BULLET90 

,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL NE$$ & F\ND ITS ORGAN 9 ! ,PRESS4 ,! POLITICAL & ORD9>Y PRESS1 :I* AT ONE TIME FAVOR$ US & AT ANO!R TIME D5\NC$ US AS DANG]\S1 CANNOT MA9TA9 AN IMP>TIAL ATTITUDE4 ,IT EI!R GIVES EXAGG]AT$ OR UNM]IT$ PRAISE1 OR CALUMNI\S C5SURES4 ,! ONLY REM$Y = ?IS WAS ! S9C]ITY & CLE>NESS ( \R [N 9DICATIONS4 ,TO ALL[ !SE LIBELS TO PASS )\T CORRECTION W\LD HAVE DONE US CONSID]ABLE H>M1 & ! ,BULLET9 5ABL$ US TO MEET !M4 

,! DIRECTORS PUBLI%$ 9 IT ! PROGRAM ( ! S*OOL1 9T]E/+ NOTES AB\T IT1 /ATI/ICAL DETAILS1 ORIG9AL PA$AGOGICAL >TICLES BY ! TEA*]S1 ACC\NTS ( ! PROGRESS ( RATIONAL $UCATION 9 \R [N & O!R C\NTRIES1 TRANSLATIONS ( IMPORTANT >TICLES FROM =EIGN REVIEWS & P]IODICALS :I* W]E 9 H>MONY ) ! MA9 *>ACT] ( \R WORK1 REPORTS ( ! ,SUNDAY LECTURES1 & ANN\NCEM5TS ( ! PUBLIC COMPETITIONS = ! 5GAGEM5T ( TEA*]S & ( \R LIBR>Y4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL SECTIONS ( ! ,BULLET9 WAS ?AT DEVOT$ TO ! PUBLICATION ( ! IDEAS ( ! PUPILS4 ,BESIDES %[+ !IR 9DIVIDUAL IDEAS IT  REVEAL$ ! SPONTANE\S MANIFE/ATION ( COMMON S5SE4 ,GIRLS & BOYS1 ) NO APPRECIABLE DIFF]5CE 9 9TELLECT ACCORD+ TO SEX1 9 CONTACT ) ! REALITIES ( LIFE AS 9DICAT$ BY ! TEA*]S1 EXPRESS$ !MSELVES 9 SIMPLE ESSAYS :I*1 ?\< SOMETIMES IMMATURE 9 JUDGM5T1 MORE (T5 %[$ ! CLE> LOGIC ) :I* !Y CONCEIV$ PHILOSOPHICAL1 POLITICAL1 OR SOCIAL QUE/IONS ( SOME IMPORTANCE4 ,! J\RNAL WAS AT FIR/ DI/RIBUT$ )\T *>GE AMONG ! PUPILS1 & WAS EX*ANG$ ) O!R P]IODICALS2 BUT !RE WAS SOON A DEM& = IT1 & A PUBLIC SUBSCRIPTION HAD TO BE OP5$4 ,:5 ?IS WAS DONE1 ! ,BULLET9 BECAME A PHILOSOPHICAL REVIEW1 AS WELL AS ORGAN ( ! ,MODEM ,S*OOL2 & IT RETA9$ ?IS *>ACT] UNTIL ! P]SECUTION BEGAN & ! S*OOL WAS CLOS$4 ,AN 9/ANCE ( ! IMPORTANT MISSION ( ! ,BULLET9 WILL BE F\ND 9 ! FOLL[+ >TICLE1 :I* ,I WROTE 9 ,NO4 #e ( ! F\R? YE>1 9 ORD] TO CORRECT C]TA9 SECUL> TEA*]S :O HAD GONE A/RAY3--- 

,A C]TA9 ,WORK]S' ,S*OOL HAS 9TRODUC$ ! NOVELTY ( E/ABLI%+ A SAV+S-BANK1 ADM9I/]$ BY ! PUPILS4 ,?IS PIECE ( 9=MATION1 REPRODUC$ 9 T]MS ( GREAT PRAISE BY ! PRESS AS A ?+ TO BE IMITAT$1 9DUCES US TO EXPRESS \R OP9ION ON ! SUBJECT4 ,:ILE O!RS HAVE !IR [N RI<T TO DECIDE & ACT1 WE HAVE ! SAME RI<T TO CRITICIZE1 & ?US TO CREATE A RATIONAL PUBLIC OP9ION4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE WE W\LD OBS]VE ?AT ! WORD ECONOMY IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM1 IF NOT ! OPPOSITE (1 ! IDEA ( SAV+4 ,ONE MAY TEA* *ILDR5 ! KN[L$GE & PRACTICE ( ECONOMY )\T NECESS>ILY  TEA*+ !M TO SAVE4 ,ECONOMY MEANS A PRUD5T & ME?ODICAL USE ( ONE'S GOODS2 SAV+ MEANS A RE/RICTION ( ONE'S USE ( ONE'S GOODS4 ,BY ECONOMIZ+ WE AVOID WA/E2 BY SAV+1 ! MAN :O HAS NO?+ SUP]FLU\S DEPRIVES HIMSELF ( :AT IS NECESS>Y4 

,HAVE ! *ILDR5 :O >E TAU<T TO SAVE ANY SUP]FLU\S PROP]TY8 ,! V]Y NAME ( ! SOCIETY 9 QUE/ION ASSURES US ?AT !Y HAVE NOT4 ,! WORK]S :O S5D !IR *ILDR5 TO ?IS S*OOL LIVE ON !IR WAGES1 ! M9IMUM SUM1 DET]M9$ BY ! LAWS ( SUPPLY & DEM&1 :I* IS PAID = !IR WORK BY ! EMPLOY]S2 & AS ?IS WAGE GIVES !M NO?+ SUP]FLU\S1 & ! SOCIAL WEAL? IS MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 ! WORK]S >E F> FROM OBTA9+ 5\< TO LIVE A LIFE 9 H>MONY ) ! PROGRESS ( CIVILIZATION ,H5CE1 :5 !SE *ILDR5 ( WORK]S1 & FUTURE WORK]S !MSELVES1 >E TAU<T TO SAVE--:I* IS A VOLUNT>Y PRIVATION UND] ! APPE>ANCE ( 9T]E/--!Y >E TAU<T TO PREP>E !MSELVES TO SUBMIT TO PRIVILEGE4 ,:ILE ! 9T5TION IS TO 9ITIATE !M TO ! PRACTICE ( ECONOMY1 :AT IS REALLY DONE IS TO CONV]T !M 9TO VICTIMS & ACCOMPLICES ( ! PRES5T UNJU/ ORD]4 

,! WORK+-CLASS *ILD IS A HUMAN *ILD1 &1 AS SU*1 IT HAS A RI<T TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ALL ITS FACULTIES1 ! SATISFACTION ( ALL ITS NE$S1 MORAL & PHYSICAL4 ,= ?AT PURPOSE SOCIETY WAS 9/ITUT$4 ,IT IS NOT ITS FUNCTION TO REPRESS OR SUBJECT ! 9DIVIDUAL1 AS IS SELFI%LY PRET5D$ BY ! PRIVILEG$ & REACTION>Y CLASS1 & ALL :O 5JOY :AT O!RS PRODUCE2 IT HAS TO HOLD ! BALANCE JU/LY BETWE5 ! RI<TS & DUTIES ( ALL MEMB]S ( ! COMMONWEAL?4 

,AS IT IS1 ! 9DIVIDUAL IS ASK$ TO SACRIFICE HIS  RI<TS1 NE$S1 & PLEASURES TO SOCIETY2 &1 AS ?IS DISORD] DEM&S PATI5CE1 SUFF]+1 & SOPHI/ICAL REASON+1 LET US COMM5D ECONOMY & BLAME SAV+4 ,WE DO NOT ?9K IT RI<T TO TEA* *ILDR5 TO LOOK =W>D TO BE+ WORK]S 9 A SOCIAL ORD] 9 :I* ! AV]AGE MORTALITY ( ! POOR1 :O LIVE )\T FRE$OM1 9/RUCTION1 OR JOY1 REA*ES AN APPALL+ FIGURE 9 COMP>ISON ) ?AT ( ! CLASS :I* LIVES 9 TRIUMPH ON !IR LABOR4 ,?OSE :O1 FROM SOCIOLATRY1 W\LD D]OGATE 9 ! LEA/ FROM ! RI<TS ( MAN1 %\LD READ ! F9E & VIGOR\S WORDS ( ,PI Y ,M>GALL3 0,:O >T ?\ TO PREV5T MY USE ( MY HUMAN RI<TS8 ,P]FIDI\S & TYRANNICAL SOCIETY1 ?\ W]T CREAT$ TO DEF5D1 NOT TO CO]CE US4 ,GO BACK TO ! ABYSS :5CE ?\ CAME40 

,/>T+ FROM !SE PR9CIPLES1 & APPLY+ !M TO PA$AGOGY WE ?9K IT NECESS>Y TO TEA* *ILDR5 ?AT TO WA/E ANY CLASS ( OBJECTS IS CONTR>Y TO ! G5]AL WELF>E2 ?AT IF A *ILD SPOILS PAP]1 LOSES P5S1 OR DE/ROYS BOOKS1 IT DOES AN 9JU/ICE TO ITS P>5TS & ! S*OOL4 ,ASSUR$LY ONE MAY IMPRESS ON ! *ILD ! NE$ ( PRUD5CE 9 ORD] TO AVOID GETT+ IMP]FECT ?+S1 & REM9D IT ( LACK ( EMPLOYM5T1 ILLNESS1 OR AGE2 BUT IT IS NOT RI<T TO 9SI/ ?AT A PROVISION BE MADE \T ( A SAL>Y :I* DOES NOT SUFFICE TO MEET ! NE$S ( LIFE4 ,?AT IS BAD >I?METIC4 

,! WORK]S HAVE NO UNIV]SITY TRA9+2 !Y DO NOT GO TO ! !AT] OR TO CONC]TS2 !Y NEV] GO 9TO EC/ASIES BE=E ! M>VELS ( >T1 9DU/RY1 OR NATURE2 !Y HAVE NO HOLIDAY 9 :I* TO FILL !IR LUNGS ) LIFE-GIV+ OXYG52 !Y >E NEV] UPLIFT$ BY READ+ BOOKS OR REVIEWS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y SUFF] ALL K9DS ( PRIVATIONS1 & MAY HAVE TO 5DURE CRISES DUE TO EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS NOT ! PLACE ( TEA*]S TO HIDE !SE SAD TRU?S FROM ! *ILDR51 & TO TELL !M ?AT A SMALL] QUANTITY IS EQUAL TO1 IF NOT BETT] ?AN1 A L>G]4 ,9 ORD] ?AT ! P[] ( SCI5CE & 9DU/RY BE %>$ BY ALL1 & ALL BE 9VIT$ TO P>TAKE ( ! BANQUET ( LIFE1 WE MU/ NOT TEA* 9 ! S*OOL1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( PRIVILEGE1 ?AT ! POOR %\LD ORGANIZE ! ADVANTAGES ( CRUMBS & LEAV+S4 ,WE MU/ NOT PRO/ITUTE $UCATION4 

,ON ANO!R OCCASION ,I HAD TO C5SURE A DIFF]5T DEP>TURE FROM \R PR9CIPLES3-- 

,WE W]E DI/RESS$ & 9DIGNANT ON READ+ ! LI/ ( CONTRIBUTIONS VOT$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,B>CE,IONA = C]TA9 POPUL> SOCIETIES :I* >E 9T]E/$ 9 $UCATION4 ,WE READ ( SUMS (F]$ TO ,REPUBLICAN ,FRAT]NITIES & SIMIL> SOCIETIES2 & WE F9D ?AT1 9/EAD ( REJECT+ !M1 !Y =W>D$ VOTES ( ?ANKS TO ! ,C\NCIL4 

,! MEAN+ ( !SE ?+S 9 A ,CA?OLIC & ULTRA-CONS]VATIVE NATION IS CLE>4 ,! ,*UR* & ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ONLY MA9TA9 !IR ASC5DANCY BY A JUDICI\S SY/EM ( *>ITY & PROTECTION4 ,) ?IS !Y GRATIFY ! DIS9H]IT$ CLASS1 & CONT9UE TO 5JOY ITS RESPECT4 ,BUT WE CANNOT SEE REPUBLICANS ACT+ AS IF !Y W]E HUMBLE ,*RI/IANS )\T RAIS+ A CRY ( AL>M4 

,BEW>E1 WE REPEAT1 BEW>E6 ,Y\ >E $UCAT+ Y\R *ILDR5 BADLY1 & TAK+ ! WRONG PA? T[>DS RE=M1 9 ACCEPT+ ALMS4 ,Y\ WILL NEI!R EMANCIPATE Y\RSELVES NOR Y\R *ILDR5 IF Y\ TRU/ 9 ! /R5G? ( O!RS1 & RELY ON (FICIAL OR PRIVATE SUPPORT4 ,LET ! ,CA?OLICS1 IGNORANT ( ! REALITIES ( LIFE1 EXPECT EV]Y?+ ( ,GOD1 OR ,/4 ,JOSEPH1 OR SOME SIMIL> BE+1 &1 AS !Y HAVE NO SECURITY ?AT !IR PRAY]S WILL BE HE>D 9 ?IS LIFE1 TRU/ TO RECEIVE A REW>D AFT] DEA?4 ,LET GAMBL]S 9 ! LOTT]Y FAIL TO SEE ?AT !Y >E MORALLY & MAT]IALLY VICTIMIZ$ BY !IR RUL]S1 & TRU/ TO RECEIVE BY *ANCE :AT !Y DO NOT E>N BY 5]GY4 ,BUT IT IS SAD TO SEE M5 HOLD \T ! H& ( A BEGG> :O >E UNIT$ 9 A REVOLUTION>Y PROTE/ AGA9/ ! PRES5T SY/EM2 TO SEE !M ADMITT+ & GIV+ ?ANKS = HUMILIAT+ GIFTS1 9/EAD ( TRU/+ !IR [N 5]GY1 9TELLECT1 & ABILITY4 

,BEW>E1 !N1 ALL M5 ( GOOD FAI?6 ,?AT IS NOT ! WAY TO SET UP A TRUE $UCATION ( *ILDR51 BUT ! WAY TO 5?RALL$ !M4 

O ,*APT] #ag 3 ,! ,CLOS+ ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL 

,I HAVE REA*$ ! CULM9ATION ( MY LIFE & MY WORK4 ,MY 5EMIES1 :O >E ALL ! REACTION>IES 9 ! WORLD1 REPRES5T$ BY ! REACTION>IES ( ,B>CELONA & ( ,SPA91 BELIEV$ ?AT !Y HAD TRIUMPH$ BY 9VOLV+ ME 9 A *>GE ( ATTEMPT$ ASSASS9ATION4 ,BUT !IR TRIUMPH PROV$ TO BE ONLY AN EPISODE 9 ! /RUGGLE ( PRACTICAL ,RATIONALISM AGA9/ REACTION4 ,! %AMEFUL AUDACITY ) :I* !Y CLAIM$ S5T5CE ( DEA? AGA9/ ME 7A CLAIM ?AT WAS REFUS$ ON ACC\NT ( MY TRANSP>5T 9NOC5CE RA!R ?AN ON ACC\NT ( ! JU/ICE ( ! C\RT7 DREW ON ME ! SYMPA?Y ( ALL LIB]AL M5---ALL TRUE PROGRESSIVES---9 ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD1 & FIX$ ATT5TION OIL ! MEAN+ & IDEAL ( ! ,RATIONAL ,S*OOL4 ,!RE WAS A UNIV]SAL & UN9T]RUPT$ MOVEM5T ( PROTE/ & ADMIRATION = A :OLE YE> -FROM ,MAY1 #a#i#f1 TO ,MAY & ,JUNE1 #a#i#g---E*O$ 9 ! ,PRESS ( EV]Y CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY1 & 9 MEET+S & O!R POPUL> MANIFE/ATIONS4 

,IT PROV$ 9 ! 5D ?AT ! MORTAL 5EMIES ( \R WORK W]E ITS MO/ EFFECTIVE SUPPORT]S1 AS !Y L$ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( 9T]NATIONAL ,RATIONALISM4 

,I FELT MY [N LITTL5ESS 9 FACE ( ?IS MI<TY MANIFE/ATION4 ,L$ ALWAYS BY ! LI<T ( ! IDEAL1 ,I CONCEIV$ & C>RI$ \T ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LEAGUE = ! ,RATIONAL ,$UCATION ( ,*ILDR51 9 ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( :I*1 SCATT]$ OV] ! WORLD1 >E F\ND M5 9 ! FRONT RANKS ( CULTURE .<,ANATOLE ,FRANCE1 ,]N/ ,HAECKEL1 ETC4.>4 ,IT HAS ?REE ORGANS1 ,L',ECOLE ,R5OVEE 9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,BULLET9 9 ,B>CELONA1 & ,LA ,SCUOLA ,LAICA AT ,ROME1 :I* EXP\ND1 DISCUSS1 & SPREAD ALL ! LATE/ EF=TS ( PA$AGOGY TO PURIFY SCI5CE FROM ALL DEFILEM5T ( ]ROR1 TO DISPEL ALL CR$ULITY1 TO BR+ AB\T A P]FECT H>MONY BETWE5 BELIEF & KN[L$GE1 & TO DE/ROY ?AT PRIVILEG$ ESOT]IC SY/EM :I* HAS ALWAYS LEFT AN EXOT]IC DOCTR9E TO ! MASSES4 

,?IS GREAT CONC5TRATION ( KN[L$GE & RESE>* MU/ LEAD TO A VIGOR\S ACTION :I* WILL GIVE TO ! FUTURE REVOLUTION ! *>ACT] ( PRACTICAL MANIFE/ATION ( APPLI$ SOCIOLOGY1 )\T PASSION OR DEM& ( REV5GE1 ) NO T]RIBLE TRAG$IES OR H]OIC SACRIFICES1 NO /]ILE MOVEM5TS1 NO DISILLUSION ( ZEALOTS1 NO TREA*]\S RETURNS TO REACTION4 ,= SCI5TIFIC & RATIONAL $UCATION WILL HAVE P]VAD$ ! MASSES1 MAK+ EA* MAN & WOMAN A SELF-CONSCI\S1 ACTIVE1 & RESPONSIBLE BE+1 GUID+ HIS WILL ACCORD+ TO1 HIS JUDGM5T1 FREE = EV] FROM ! PASSIONS 9SPIR$ BY ?OSE :O EXPLOIT RESPECT = TRADITION & = ! *>LATANRY ( ! MOD]N FRAM]S ( POLITICAL PROGRAMS4 

,IF PROGRESS ?US LOSES ?IS DRAMATIC *>ACT] ( REVOLUTION1 IT WILL GA9 9 FIRMNESS1 /ABILITY1 & CONT9UITY1 AS EVOLUTION4 ,! VISION ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 :I* REVOLUTION>IES =ESAW 9 ALL AGES1 & :I* SOCIOLOGI/S CONFID5TLY PROMISE1 WILL RISE BE=E ! EYES ( \R SUCCESSORS1 NOT AS ! MIRAGE ( DREAMY UTOPIANS1 BUT AS ! POSITIVE & M]IT$ TRIUMPH WON BY ! REVOLUTION>Y P[] ( REASON & SCI5CE4 

,! NEW REPUTE ( ! $UCATIONAL WORK ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( ALL :O APPRECIAT$ ! VALUE ( S\ND 9/RUCTION4 ,!RE WAS A G5]AL DEM& = KN[L$GE ( ! SY/EM4 ,!RE W]E NUMB]S ( PRIVATE SECUL> S*OOLS1 OR SIMIL> 9/ITUTIONS SUPPORT$ BY SOCIETIES1 & !IR DIRECTORS MADE 9QUIRY CONC]N+ ! DIFF]5CE ( \R ME?ODS FROM !IRS4 ,!RE W]E CON/ANT REQUE/S TO VISIT ! S*OOL & CONSULT ME4 ,I GLADLY SATISFI$ !M1 REMOV$ !IR D\BTS1 & PRESS$ !M TO 5T] ON ! NEW WAY2 & AT ONCE EF=TS W]E MADE TO RE=M ! EXI/+ S*OOLS1 & TO CREATE O!RS ON ! MODEL ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 

,!RE WAS GREAT 5?USIASM & ! PROMISE ( MI<TY ?+S 2 BUT ONE S]I\S DIFFICULTY /OOD 9 ! WAY3 WE W]E %ORT ( TEA*]S1 & HAD NO MEANS ( CREAT+ !M4 ,PR(ESSIONAL TEA*]S HAD TWO DISADVANTAGES---TRADITIONAL HABITS & DREAD ( ! CONT+5CIES ( ! FUTURE4 ,!RE W]E V]Y FEW :O1 9 AN UNSELFI% LOVE ( ! IDEAL1 W\LD DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! PROGRESSIVE CAUSE4 ,9/RUCT$ Y\NG M5 & WOM5 MI<T BE F\ND TO FILL ! GAP2 BUT H[ W]E WE TO TRA9 !M 8 ,:]E C\LD !Y PASS !IR APPR5TICE%IP 8 ,N[ & AGA9 ,I HE>D FROM WORK]S' OR POLITICAL SOCIETIES ?AT !Y HAD DECID$1 TO OP5 A S*OOL2 !Y W\LD F9D ROOMS & APPLIANCES1 & WE C\LD C\NT UPON !IR US+ \R S*OOL MANUALS4 ,BUT :5EV] ,I ASK$ IF !Y HAD TEA*]S1 !Y REPLI$ 9 ! NEGATIVE1 & ?\<T IT W\LD BE EASY TO SUPPLY ! WANT4 ,I HAD TO GIVE 94 

,CIRCUM/ANCES HAD MADE ME ! DIRECTOR ( RATIONALI/ $UCATION1 & ,I HAD CON/ANT CONSULTATIONS & DEM&S ON ! P>T ( ASPIRANTS = ! POSITION ( TEA*]4 ,?IS MADE ME REALIZE ! DEFECT1 & ,I 5DEAVOR$ TO MEET IT BY PRIVATE ADVICE & BY ADMITT+ Y\NG ASSI/ANTS 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 ,! RESULT WAS NATURALLY MIX$4 ,!RE >E N[ WOR?Y TEA*]S :O WILL C>RY ON ! WORK ( RATIONAL $UCATION ELSE:]E 2 O!RS FAIL$ FROM MORAL OR 9TELLECTUAL 9CAPACITY4 

,NOT FEEL+ ?AT ! PUPILS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL :O DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO TEA*+ W\LD F9D TIME = !IR WORK1 ,I E/ABLI%$ A ,NORMAL ,S*OOL1 ( :I* ,I HAVE ALREADY SPOK54 ,I WAS CONV9C$ ?AT1 IF ! KEY ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEM IS 9 ! SCI5TIFIC & RATIONAL S*OOL1 IT IS ESS5TIAL1 TO MAKE A PROP]1 USE ( ! KEY1 ?AT FITT+ TEA*]S BE TRA9$ = SO GREAT A DE/9Y4 

,AS ! PRACTICAL & POSITIVE RESULT ( MY WORK1 ,I MAY SAY ?AT ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ( ,B>CELONA WAS A MO/ SUCCESSFUL EXP]IM5T1 & ?AT IT WAS DI/+UI%$ = TWO *>ACT]S3--- 

#a4 ,:ILE OP5 TO SUCCESSIVE IMPROVEM5TS1 IT SET UP A /&>D ( :AT $UCATION %\LD BE 9 A RE=M$ /ATE ( SOCIETY4 

#b4 ,IT GAVE AN IMPULSE TO ! SPREAD ( ?IS K9D ( $UCATION4 

,!RE WAS UP TO ?AT TIME NO $UCATION 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,!RE W]E1 = ! PRIVILEG$ FEW 9 ! UNIV]SITIES1 TRADITIONAL ]RORS & PREJUDICES1 AU?ORIT>IAN DOGMAS1 MIX$ UP ) ! TRU?S :I* MOD]N RESE>* HAS BR\<T TO LI<T4 ,= ! PEOPLE !RE WAS PRIM>Y 9/RUCTION1 :I* WAS1 & IS1 A ME?OD ( TAM+ *ILDR54 ,! S*OOL WAS A SORT ( RID+-S*OOL1 :]E NATURAL 5]GIES W]E SUBDU$ 9 ORD] ?AT ! POOR MI<T SUFF] !IR H>D LOT 9 SIL5CE4 ,REAL $UCATION1 SEP>AT$ FROM FAI?---$UCATION ?AT ILLUM9ES ! M9D ) ! LI<T ( EVID5CE---IS ! CREATION ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 

,DUR+ ITS EPHEM]AL EXI/5CE1 IT DID A M>VEL\S AM\NT ( GOOD4 ,! *ILD ADMITT$ TO ! S*OOL & KEPT 9 CONTACT ) ITS COMPANIONS RAPIDLY *ANG$ ITS HABITS1 AS ,I HAVE OBS]V$4 ,IT CULTIVAT$ CLEANL9ESS1 AVOID$ QU>RELS1 CEAS$ TO BE CRUEL TO ANIMALS1 TOOK NO NOTICE 9 ITS GAMES ( ! B>B>\S SPECTACLE :I* WE CALL ! NATIONAL 5T]TA9M5T .<BULL-FI<T.>1 &1 AS ITS M9D WAS UPLIFT$ & ITS S5TIM5TS PURIFI$1 IT DEPLOR$ ! SOCIAL 9JU/ICES :I* AB\ND ON ! V]Y FACE ( LIFE4 ,IT DETE/$ W>1 & W\LD NOT ADMIT ?AT NATIONAL GLORY1 9/EAD ( CONSI/+ 9 ! HI<E/ POSSIBLE MORAL DEVELOPM5T & HAPP9ESS ( A PEOPLE1 %\LD BE PLAC$ 9 CONQUE/ & VIOL5CE4 

,! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL1 EXT5D$ TO O!R S*OOLS :I* HAD BE5 F\ND$ ON ITS MODEL & W]E MA9TA9$ BY V>I\S WORK+-M5 SOCIETIES1 P5ETRAT$ ! FAMILIES BY MEANS ( ! *ILDR54 ,ONCE !Y W]E T\*$ BY ! 9FLU5CE ( REASON & SCI5CE !Y W]E UNCONSCI\SLY CONV]T$ 9TO TEA*]S ( !IR [N P>5TS1 & !SE 9 TURN DIFFUS$ ! BETT] /&>DS AMONG !IR FRI5DS & RELATIVES4 

,?IS SPREAD ( \R 9FLU5CE DREW ON US ! HATR$ ( JESUITISM ( ALL K9DS & 9 ALL PLACES1 & ?IS HATR$ 9SPIR$ ! DESIGN :I* 5D$ 9 ! CLOS+ ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL4 ,IT IS CLOS$ 2 BUT 9 REALITY IT IS CONC5TRAT+ ITS =CES1 DEF9+ & IMPROV+ ITS PLAN1 & GA!R+ ! /R5G? = A FRE% ATTEMPT TO PROMOTE ! TRUE CAUSE ( PROGRESS4 

,?AT IS ! /ORY ( :AT ! ,MODEM ,S*OOL WAS1 IS1 & \<T TO BE4 

O ,EPILOGUE 

0,?AT IS ! /ORY ( :AT ! ,MODEM ,S*OOL WAS1 IS1 & \<T TO BE40 ,:5 ,F]R] WROTE ?IS1 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#h1 HE WAS FULL ( PLANS = ! CONT9UATION ( HIS WORK 9 V>I\S WAYS4 ,HE WAS FO/]+ SU* FREE S*OOLS AS ! ,GOV]NM5T /ILL P]MITT$4 ,HE WAS PROMOT+ HIS 0POPUL> UNIV]SITY & MULTIPLY+ WORKS ( SCI5CE & SOCIOLOGY = ! MILLION4 ,HIS 9FLU5CE WAS GR[+1 & HE SAW ) GLAD EYES ! LI<T BREAK+ ON ! IGNORANT MASSES ( HIS FELL[S4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #aii HE CAME TO ,5GL& TO /UDY ! SY/EM ( MORAL 9/RUCTION :I*1 UND] ! 9SPIRATION ( ! ,MORAL ,9/RUCTION ,LEAGUE1 IS US$ 9 ?\S&S ( ,5GLI% S*OOLS4 ,A FRI5D 9 ,LONDON BEGG$ HIM NEV] TO RETURN TO ,SPA91 AS HIS LIFE WAS S\<T4 ,HE1 KNEW IT1 BUT NO?+ W\LD DIV]T HIM FROM HIS IDEAL4 ,& ?REE MON?S LAT] HE WAS %OT1 AMONG ! GRAVES ( CRIM9ALS1 9 ! TR5*ES ( ,MONTJUI*4 

,=M Y\R [N OP9ION ( HIM FROM HIS WORDS4 ,HE CONCEALS NO?+4 ,HE WAS A REBEL AGA9/ RELIGI\S TRADITIONS & SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES2 HE WI%$ *ILDR5 TO BECOME AS RES5TFUL ( POV]TY & SUP]/ITION AS HE4 ,!RE IS NO LAW ( ,SPA91 OR ( ANY O!R C\NTRY1 ?AT =BIDS SU* 5T]PRISE AS HIS4 ,HE MI<T BE %OT 9 ,RUSSIA1 ( C\RSE 2 = ! LAW HAS BE5 SUSP5D$ !RE = MORE ?AN A DECADE4 ,9 ,SPA9 M5 HAD TO LIE 9 ORD] TO TAKE HIS LIFE4 

,) ! P>TICUL> VALUE ( HIS S*EME ( $UCATION ,I AM NOT CONC]N$4 ,HE WAS WELL ACQUA9T$ ) PA$AGOGICAL LIT]ATURE1 & !RE W]E FEW ELEM5T>Y S*OOLS 9 ,SPA9 TO EQUAL HIS4 ,WRIT]S :O HAVE SPOK5 SLI<T+LY ( HIS S*OOL1 AP>T FROM ITS SOCIAL DOGMAS1 KN[ LITTLE OR NO?+ AB\T IT4 ,F]R] WAS 9 CLOSE & CON/ANT ASSOCIATION ) TWO ( ! ABLE/ PR(ESSORS 9 ! UNIV]SITY ( ,B>CELONA1 ONE ( :OM S5T HIS *ILDR5 TO ! S*OOL1 & ) DI/+UI%$ S*OL>S 9 O!R L&S4 ,!RE WAS MORE /IMULAT+ WORK DONE 9 ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ?AN1 PROBABLY1 9 ANY O!R ELEM5T>Y S*OOL 9 ,SPA91 IF NOT ELSE:]E4 ,ALL ?AT CAN BE QUE/ION$ IS ! TEA*+ ( AN EXPLICIT SOCIAL CRE$ TO ! *ILDR51 ,F]R] W\LD HAVE REJO9$ ?AT !RE WAS NOT A S*OOL 9 ,EUROPE ?AT DOES NOT TEA* AN EXPLICIT SOCIAL CRE$4 ,BUT1 H[EV] WE MAY DIFF] FROM HIS CRE$1 WE CANNOT FAIL TO RECOGNIZE ! ELEVAT$ & UNSELFI% IDEALISM ( ! MAN1 & DEPLORE ! BRUTALITY & ILLEGALITY ) :I* HIS G5IAL LIFE WAS PREMATURELY BR\<T TO A CLOSE4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiab 3 ,! ,ORIG9S & ,IDEALS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #e1 #bag 3 ,! ,ORIG9S & ,IDEALS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,ORIG9S & ,IDEALS ( ! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL -- ,UPDAT$4 

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