,! ,P>ADOX ( ,AN>*ISM 

#aida 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,H]B]T ,READ 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,*RIS ,ALBAN ,HANS51,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE  
,IT HAS BE5 ! FA%ION1 ESPECIALLY AMONG OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S1 TO HOLD 9 CONTEMPT ANY !ORY ( POLITICS :I* DID NOT JU/IFY ITSELF 9 ACTION1 & ?IS EMPHASIS ON ACTION HAS (T5 L$ TO A CONFUSION ( MEANS & 5DS -- ! MEANS TOO (T5 OV]%AD[+ ! 5DS & BECOM+ A SUB/ITUTE = !M4 ,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 = EXAMPLE1 AT FIR/ PUT =W>D AS A MEANS T[>DS ! CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 BECOMES /ABILIZ$ 9 ,RUSSIA AS ! SOV]EIGNTY ( A NEW CLASS4 

,AN>*ISM DOES NOT CONFUSE MEANS & 5DS1 !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,AS A !ORY IT RELIES ON REASON ALONE1 & IF ! CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY :I* IT ?US >RIVES AT SEEMS UTOPIAN & EV5 *IM]ICAL1 IT DOES NOT MATT]1 = :AT IS E/ABLI%$ BY RI<T REASON+ CANNOT BE SURR5D]$ TO EXP$I5CY4 ,\R PRACTICAL ACTIVITY MAY BE A GRADUAL APPROXIMATION T[>DS ! IDEAL1 OR IT MAY BE A SUDD5 REVOLUTION>Y REALIZATION ( ?AT IDEAL1 BUT IT MU/ NEV] BE A COMPROMISE4 ,PR\DHON WAS (T5 ACCUS$ ( BE+ AN AN>*I/ 9 !ORY1 BUT ONLY A RE=MI/ 9 PRACTICE3 HE WAS1 9 FACT1 AN AN>*I/1 ALL ! TIME1 :O REFUS$ TO COMMIT HIMSELF TO ! HAZ>DS ( DICTATOR%IP4 ,HE W\LD NOT PLAY ! GAME ( POLITICS BECAUSE HE KNEW ?AT ECONOMICS W]E ! FUNDAM5TAL REALITY4 ,& SO TO-DAY IT IS CONCEIVABLE ?AT A *ANGE 9 ! CONTROL ( F9ANCIAL CR$IT1 OR A NEW SY/EM ( L& T5URE1 MI<T BR+ US NE>] TO AN>*ISM ?AN A POLITICAL REVOLUTION :I* M]ELY TRANSF]R$ ! P[] ( ! /ATE 9TO ! H&S ( A NEW SET ( AMBITI\S GANG/]S4 

,AN>*ISM MEANS LIT]ALLY A SOCIETY )\T AN >KHOS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 )\T A RUL]4 ,IT DOES NOT MEAN A SOCIETY )\T LAW & !RE=E IT DOES NOT MEAN A SOCIETY )\T ORD]4 ,! AN>*I/ ACCEPTS ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 BUT HE 9T]PRETS ?AT CONTRACT 9 A P>TICUL> WAY1 :I* HE BELIEVES TO BE ! WAY MO/ JU/IFI$ BY REASON4 

,! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 AS EXP\ND$ BY ,R\SSEAU1 IMPLIES ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL 9 SOCIETY SURR5D]S HIS 9DEP5D5CE = ! COMMON GOOD1 ) ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ONLY 9 ?IS WAY CAN ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BE GU>ANTE$4 ,LIB]TY IS GU>ANTE$ BY LAW1 & LAW1 TO USE ,R\SSEAU'S PHRASE1 IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! G5]AL WILL4 

,SO F> WE >E ON COMMON GR\ND1 NOT ONLY ) ,R\SSEAU1 BUT ) ! :OLE DEMOCRATIC TRADITION :I* HAS BE5 BUILT UP ON ! !ORETICAL F\NDATION LAID BY ,R\SSEAU4 ,:]E ! AN>*I/ DIV]GES FROM ,R\SSEAU1 & FROM ?AT ASPECT ( ! DEMOCRATIC TRADITION :I* HAS F\ND EXPRESSION 9 P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALISM1 IS 9 HIS 9T]PRETATION ( ! MANN] 9 :I* ! G5]AL WILL %\LD BE =MULAT$ & 5=C$4 

,R\SSEAU HIMSELF WAS NOT CONSI/5T ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,HE WAS QUITE CONV9C$ ?AT SOME =M ( /ATE MU/ EXI/ AS AN EXPRESSION ( ! G5]AL WILL1 & ?AT ! P[] 9VE/$ 9 ! /ATE BY G5]AL CONS5T MU/ BE ABSOLUTE4 ,HE WAS EQUALLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ RETA9 HIS LIB]TY1 & ?AT UPON ! 9DIVIDUAL'S 5JOYM5T ( LIB]TY DEP5D$ ALL PROGRESS & CIVILIZATION4 ,HE REALIZ$ ?AT AS AN HI/ORICAL FACT ! /ATE & ! 9DIVIDUAL HAD ALWAYS COME 9TO CONFLICT1 & = A SOLUTION ( ?IS DILEMMA HE FELL BACK UPON HIS !ORY ( $UCATION4 ,IF EV]Y CITIZ5 C\LD BE BR\<T UP TO APPRECIATE ! BEAUTY & H>MONY ( ! LAWS 9H]5T 9 NATURE1 HE W\LD BE AS 9CAPABLE ( E/ABLI%+ A TYRANNY AS ( 5DUR+ ONE4 ,! SOCIETY 9 :I* HE LIV$ W\LD AUTOMATICALLY BE A NATURAL SOCIETY1 A SOCIETY ( FREE CONS5T 9 :I* LAW & LIB]TY >E BUT TWO ASPECTS ( ! SAME REALITY4 ,BUT SU* A SY/EM ( $UCATION IMPLIES A PREEXI/+ AU?ORITY TO E/ABLI% IT & ?AT AU?ORITY MU/ BE ABSOLUTE4 

,! SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T RECOMM5D$ BY ,R\SSEAU 9 ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT IS AN ELECTIVE >I/OCRACY RA!R ?AN A TRUE DEMOCRACY1 & TO CONTROL ?IS >I/OCRACY HE IMAG9ES A /ATE SO SMALL ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL )9 IT W\LD BE ABLE TO WAT* & CRITICIZE ! GOV]NM5T4 ,HE PROBABLY HAD SOME?+ LIKE ! ,GREEK CITY-/ATE 9 M9D AS ! REAL UNIT4 ,HE C]TA9LY HAD NO PREVISION ( ! VA/ COMPLEXES ( MILLIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS :I* CON/ITUTE MO/ MOD]N /ATES1 & WE CAN BE QUITE SURE ?AT HE W\LD HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ TO ADMIT ?AT HIS SY/EM ( *ECKS ON AU?ORITY W\LD NOT WORK UND] SU* CONDITIONS4 

,BUT HIS !ORY ( ! /ATE1 :I* HAS HAD SU* A PR(\ND 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N SOCIALISM1 HAS BE5 TAK5 OV] AS APPLICABLE TO !SE VA/ CONGLOM]ATES1 & IT !N BECOMES A JU/IFICATION = ! MO/ ABSOLUTE K9D ( AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,?IS DANG] WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS LONG AGO AS #ahae BY ,B5JAM9 ,CON/ANT1 :O DESCRIB$ ,! ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT AS 0LE PLUS T]RIBLE AUXILIAIRE DE T\S LES G5RES DE DESPOTISME04 

,IF :AT ,R\SSEAU CALLS AN >I/OCRATIC =M ( GOV]NM5T IS MORE OR LESS ID5TICAL ) MOD]N DEMOCRACY1 :AT HE CALLS DEMOCRACY IS MORE OR LESS ID5TICAL ) ! MOD]N !ORY ( AN>*ISM1 & IT IS 9T]E/+ TO SEE :Y HE REJECTS DEMOCRACY4 ,HE DOES SO = TWO REASONS -- FIR/ BECAUSE HE REG>DS IT AS AN EXECUTIVE IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,A PEOPLE CANNOT BE CONT9U\SLY ASSEMBL$ TO GOV]N2 IT MU/ DELEGATE AU?ORITY AS A M]E MATT] ( CONV5I5CE1 & ONCE Y\ HAVE DELEGAT$ AU?ORITY1 Y\ NO LONG] HAVE A DEMOCRACY4 

,HIS SECOND REASON IS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ( HIS 9CONSI/5CY4 ,IF !RE W]E A PEOPLE ( GODS1 HE SAYS1 !Y C\LD GOV]N !MSELVES DEMOCRATICALLY1 BUT A GOV]NM5T SO P]FECT IS UNSUITABLE = M54 

,BUT IF DEMOCRACY IS ! P]FECT =M ( GOV]NM5T1 IT IS NOT = ONE :O HAS PROCLAIM$ HIS FAI? 9 ! P]FECTIBILITY ( MAN TO RE/RICT IT TO ! GODS4 ,:AT IS GOOD 5\< = ! GODS IS ALL ! BETT] = MAN -- AS AN IDEAL4 ,IF ! IDEAL EXI/S WE MU/ RECOGNIZE IT & /RIVE1 H[EV] APPROXIMATELY1 TO ATTA9 IT4 

,BUT ! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION 9 ALL ?IS SOPHI/RY IS IGNOR$ BY ,R\SSEAU4 ,IT IS ! UNREALITY ( ! NOTION ( ! G5]AL WILL4 ,!RE IS PROBABLY ONLY ONE ISSUE ON :I* A PEOPLE EV] EXPRESSES UNANIM\S OR G5]AL WILL3 ! DEF5SE ( !IR PHYSICAL LIB]TY4 ,O!RWISE !Y DIVIDE ACCORD+ TO !IR TEMP]AM5TS1 & ?\< !SE >E LIMIT$ 9 NUMB]1 !Y >E SUFFICI5TLY DIV]SE & SO MUTUALLY OPPOS$ ?AT 9 ANY GIV5 GEOGRAPHICAL >EA !Y WILL GIVE RISE TO 9COMPATIBLE GR\PS4 

,ON ?AT V]Y ACC\NT1 SAY ,R\SSEAU & MANY O!R PHILOSOPH]S1 A DEMOCRACY IS IMPOSSIBLE4 

,!Y >E =C$ TO ?IS CONCLUSION BECAUSE !Y ADH]E OB/9ATELY TO ! >BITR>Y B\ND>IES ( ! MOD]N /ATE -- B\ND>IES E/ABLI%$ BY RIV]S1 SEAS1 M\NTA9S & MILIT>Y TREATIES1 & NOT BY REASON4 

,SUPPOSE WE W]E TO IGNORE !SE B\ND>IES1 OR ABOLI% !M4 ,! REALITIES >E1 AFT] ALL1 HUMAN BE+S ) C]TA9 DESIRES3 ) C]TA9 PRIMITIVE NE$S4 ,!SE HUMAN BE+S1 ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S & SYMPA?IES1 WILL SPONTANE\SLY ASSOCIATE !MSELVES 9TO GR\PS = MUTUAL AID1 WILL VOLUNT>ILY ORGANIZE AN ECONOMY :I* 5SURES ! SATISFACTION ( !IR NE$S4 ,?IS IS ! PR9CIPLE ( MUTUAL AID1 & IT HAS BE5 EXPLA9$ & JU/IFI$ ) MU* HI/ORICAL & SCI5TIFIC EVID5CE BY ,KROPOTK94 ,IT IS ?IS PR9CIPLE :I* ! AN>*I/ MAKES ! F\NDATION ( ! SOCIAL ORD]1 & UPON :I* HE BELIEVES HE CAN BUILD ?AT DEMOCRATIC =M ( SOCIETY :I* ,R\SSEAU FELT WAS RES]V$ = ! GODS4 

,IT IS NOT NECESS>Y H]E TO REPEAT ! EMPIRICAL EVID5CE = ?IS BELIEF3 ,KROPOTK9'S GREAT BOOK CAN N[ BE OBTA9$ = SIXP5CE 9 ! ,P5GU9 ,S]IES1 & IT IS A WORK :OSE S*OL>%IP IS ACKN[L$G$ BY SOCIOLOGI/S ( ALL S*OOLS4 ,! DIFFICULTY IS NOT TO JU/IFY A PR9CIPLE :I* HAS S\ND PSY*OLOGICAL & EMPIRICAL EVID5CE TO SUPPORT IT1 BUT TO APPLY ?IS PR9CIPLE TO ! EXI/+ /ATE ( SOCIETY4 

,?IS WE DO T5TATIVELY BY TAK+ ! VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATIONS :I* ALREADY EXI/ & SEE+ TO :AT EXT5T !Y >E CAPABLE ( BECOM+ ! UNITS 9 A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,SU* ORGANIZATIONS >E TRADE UNIONS1 SYNDICATES1 PR(ESSIONAL UNIONS & ASSOCIATIONS -- ALL ?OSE GR\PS :I* CRY/ALLIZE >\ND A HUMAN FUNCTION4 ,WE !N CONSID] ! FUNCTIONS :I* >E N[ P]=M$ BY ! /ATE1 & :I* >E NECESS>Y = \R WELL-BE+1 & WE ASK \RSELVES TO :AT EXT5T !SE FUNCTIONS C\LD BE 5TRU/$ TO SU* VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 ,WE COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT !RE >E NO ESS5TIAL FUNCTIONS :I* C\LD NOT ?US BE TRANSF]R$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE >E FUNCTIONS LIKE MAK+ W> & *>G+ R5T :I* >E NOT ! EXPRESSION ( AN IMPULSE T[>DS MUTUAL AID1 BUT IT DOES NOT NE$ MU* CONSID]ATION ( SU* FUNCTIONS TO SEE ?AT !Y W\LD NATURALLY DISAPPE> IF ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE WAS ABOLI%$4 

,! MI/AKES ( EV]Y POLITICAL ?9K] FROM ,>I/OTLE TO ,R\SSEAU HAVE BE5 DUE TO !IR USE ( ! AB/RACT CONCEPTION MAN4 ,!IR SY/EMS ASSUME ! SUB/ANTIAL UNI=MITY ( ?IS CREATURE ( !IR IMAG9ATIONS1 & :AT !Y ACTUALLY PROPOSE >E V>I\S =MS ( AU?ORITY TO 5=CE UNI=MITY ON MAN4 

,BUT ! AN>*I/ RECOGNIZES ! UNIQU5ESS ( ! P]SON1 & ONLY ALL[S = ORGANIZATION TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! P]SON SEEKS SYMPA?Y & MUTUAL AID AMONG HIS FELL[S4 ,9 REALITY1 !RE=E1 ! AN>*I/ REPLACES ! SOCIAL CONTRACT BY ! FUNCTIONAL CONTRACT1 & ! AU?ORITY ( ! CONTRACT ONLY EXT5DS TO ! FULFILL+ ( A SPECIFIC FUNCTION4 

,! POLITICAL UNIT>IAN OR AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEIVES SOCIETY AS ONE BODY COMPELL$ TO UNI=MITY4 ,! AN>*I/ CONCEIVES SOCIETY AS A BALANCE OR H>MONY ( GR\PS1 & MO/ ( US BELONG TO ONE OR MORE SU* GR\PS4 ,! ONLY DIFFICULTY IS !IR H>MONI\S 9T]RELATION4 

,BUT IS IT SO DIFFICULT8 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT TRADE UNIONS SOMETIMES QU>REL ) ONE ANO!R1 BUT ANALYZE !SE QU>RELS & Y\ WILL F9D1 EI!R ?AT !Y PROCE$ FROM CAUSES \TSIDE !IR FUNCTION 7SU* AS !IR DIFF]5T CONCEPTION ( !IR PLACE 9 A NONFUNCTIONAL1 E4G4 CAPITALI/1 SOCIETY7 OR FROM P]SONAL RIVALRIES1 :I* >E A REFLECTION ( ! /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL 9 A CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,SU* DIFF]5CES ( AIM BE> NO RELATION TO ! PR9CIPLE ( VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATION & >E 9DE$ EXCLUD$ BY ?AT V]Y CONCEPT4 ,9 G5]AL1 TRADE UNIONS CAN AGREE ) ONE ANO!R WELL 5\< EV5 9 A CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 9 SPITE ( ALL ITS 9CITEM5T TO RIVALRY & AGGRESSIV5ESS4 

,IF WE GO \TSIDE \R [N TIME TO ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 F> EXAMPLE1 WE F9D ?AT ! FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 ?\< IMP]FECTLY REALIZ$1 WAS PROV$ TO BE QUITE POSSIBLE1 & ITS GRADUAL P]FECTION WAS ONLY ?W>T$ BY ! RISE ( CAPITALISM4 ,O!R P]IODS & O!R =MS ( SOCIETY1 AS ,KROPOTK9 HAS %[N1 FULLY CONFIRM ! POSSIBILITY ( ! H>MONI\S 9T]RELATION%IPS ( FUNCTIONAL GR\PS4 

,ADMITT$1 IT MAY BE SAID1 ?AT WE CAN TRANSF] ALL ! ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE 9 ?IS WAY1 :AT AB\T O!R FUNCTIONS -- ! ADM9I/RATION ( CRIM9AL LAW1 RELATION%IPS ) =EIGN C\NTRIES NOT AT ! SAME /AGE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 $UCATION1 ETC48 

,TO ?IS QUE/ION ! AN>*I/ HAS TWO REPLIES4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE HE >GUES ?AT MO/ ( !SE NONFUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES >E 9CID5TAL TO A NONFUNCTIONAL /ATE -- ?AT CRIME1 = EXAMPLE1 IS L>GELY A REACTION TO ! 9/ITUTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ?AT =EIGN AFFAIRS >E L>GELY ECONOMIC 9 ORIG9 & MOTIVATION4 ,BUT IT IS AGRE$ ?AT !RE QUE/IONS1 SU* AS C]TA9 ASPECTS ( COMMON LAW1 9FANT $UCATION1 PUBLIC MORALITY1 :I* MAY BE \TSIDE ! PROV9CE ( ! FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!SE1 HE >GUES1 >E MATT]S ( COMMON S5SE1 SOLV$ BY REF]5CE TO ! 9NATE GOOD WILL ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,BUT ! COMMUNITY1 = ?IS PURPOSE NE$ NOT NECESS>ILY BE ANY?+ SO IMP]SONAL & SO GR&IOSE AS A /ATE -- 9 FACT1 IT WILL BE EFFECTIVE 9 9V]SE RATIO TO ITS SIZE4 ,! MO/ EFFECTIVE COMMUNITY IS ! SMALLE/ -- ! FAMILY4 ,BEYOND ! FAMILY IS ! P>I%1 ! LOCAL ASSOCIATION ( M5 9 CONTIGU\S DWELL+S4 ,SU* LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS MAY =M !IR C\RTS & !SE C\RTS >E SUFFICI5T TO ADM9I/] A COMMON LAW BAS$ ON COMMON S5SE4 ,! MANOR C\RTS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 = EXAMPLE1 DEALT ) ALL CRIMES & MISDEMEANORS SAVE ?OSE COMMITT$ AGA9/ ! >TIFICIAL 5TITIES ( ! /ATE & ! ,*UR*4 

,9 ?IS S5SE AN>*ISM IMPLIES A UNIV]SAL DEC5TRALIZATION ( AU?ORITY1 & A UNIV]SAL SIMPLIFICATION ( LIFE4 ,9HUMAN 5TITIES LIKE ! MOD]N CITY WILL DISAPPE>4 ,BUT AN>*ISM DOES NOT NECESS>ILY IMPLY A REV]SION TO H&ICRAFT & \TDOOR SANITATION4 ,!RE IS NO CONTRADICTION BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ELECTRIC P[]1 AN>*ISM & AIR TRANSPORT1 AN>*ISM & ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 AN>*ISM & 9DU/RIAL EFFICI5CY4 ,S9CE ! FUNCTIONAL GR\PS WILL ALL BE WORK+ = !IR MUTUAL B5EFIT1 & NOT = O!R PEOPLE'S PR(IT OR = MUTUAL DE/RUCTION1 ! MEASURE ( EFFICI5CY WILL BE ! APPETITE1 = FULLNESS ( LIV+4 

,!RE IS A FUR!R CONSID]ATION ( A MORE TOPICAL & PRESS+ NATURE4 ,9 A REM>KABLE BOOK PUBLI%$ REC5TLY1 ,! ,CRISIS ( ,CIVILIZATION1 ,ALFR$ ,COBBAN HAS %[N ?AT ! DISA/]S :I* HAVE FALL5 ON ! ,WE/]N WORLD >E A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ! ADOPTION BY ,G]MANY ( ! !ORY ( POPUL> OR NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY1 9 PLACE ( ! !ORY ( NATURAL LAW :I* HAD BE5 EVOLV$ BY ! RATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ?\<T 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY KN[N AS ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,G]MAN ?\<T1 WRITES ,MR4 ,COBBAN1 

SUB/ITUT$ HI/ORICAL RI<TS = NATURAL RI<TS1 & WILL ( ! NATION1 OR ! ,VOLK1 = REASON AS ! BASIS ( LAW & GOV]NM5T4 444 ,! ULTIMATE RESULT ( ! !ORY ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY WAS ?US ! SUB/ITUTION ( HI/ORY = E?ICS4 ,?IS T5D5CY WAS PRES5T 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y ?\<T ( ALL C\NTRIES4 ,IT HAS ONLY A*IEV$ A COMPLETE TRIUMPH 9 ,G]MANY4 ,! DI/+UI%+ M>K ( MOD]N ,G]MAN ?\<T IS DISSOLUTION ( E?ICS 9 ! ,VOLKGEI/2 ITS PRACTICAL CONCLUSION IS ?AT ! /ATE IS ! S\RCE ( ALL MORALITY & ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ ACCEPT ! LAWS & ACTIONS ( HIS [N /ATE AS HAV+ ULTIMATE E?ICAL VALIDITY4 

,I WILL NOT REPEAT ! DETAIL$ EVID5CE :I* ,MR4 ,COBBAN1 :O IS A PR(ESSIONAL HI/ORIAN1 (F]S 9 SUPPORT ( ?IS /ATEM5T1 BUT ITS TRU? IS OBVI\S 5\<4 0,SOV]EIGNTY1 :E!R IT ADOPTS ! DEMOCRATIC1 NATIONALI/1 OR SOCIALI/ DISGUISE1 OR SOME AMALGAM ( ALL ?REE1 IS ! POLITICAL RELIGION ( TO-DAY40 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT IF WE >E TO RID ,EUROPE P]MAN5TLY ( ! M5ACE TO PEACE :I* ,G]MANY REPRES5TS1 WE MU/ FIR/ ( ALL REFUTE ! ,G]MAN CONCEPTION SOV]EIGNTY4 ,SO LONG AS ?IS CONCEPTION REMA9S1 AS A NATIONAL RELIGION1 !RE WILL BE A CONT9UAL RESURG5CE ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( SU* A POLICY -- >M$ MI<T & >BITR>Y AGGRESSION4 

,IT WAS A GREAT ,G]MAN1 ALREADY AL>M$ BY ! T5D5CIES !N TAK+ %APE1 AS AN IMM$IATE REACTION FROM ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :O W>N$ HIS C\NTRYM5 AGA9/ ! MON/] !Y W]E CREAT+4 

,IT IS ?US .<WROTE ,S*ILL].> ?AT CONCRETE 9DIVIDUAL LIFE IS EXT+UI%$1 9 ORD] ?AT ! AB/RACT :OLE MAY CONT9UE ITS MIS]ABLE LIFE1 & ! /ATE REMA9S = EV] A /RANG] TO ITS CITIZ5S1 BECAUSE NO:]E DOES IT T\* !IR FEEL+S4 ,! GOV]N+ AU?ORITIES F9D !MSELVES COMPELL$ TO CLASSIFY1 & !REBY SIMPLIFY1 ! MULTIPLICITY ( CITIZ5S1 & ONLY TO KN[ HUMANITY 9 A REPRES5TATIVE =M & AT SECOND H&4 ,ACCORD+LY !Y 5D BY 5TIRELY LOS+ SI<T ( HUMANITY1 & BY CONF\ND+ IT ) A SIMPLE >TIFICIAL CREATION ( ! UND]/&+1 :IL/ ON !IR P>T ! SUBJECT CLASSES CANNOT HELP RECEIV+ COLDLY LAWS ?AT ADDRESS !MSELVES SO LITTLE TO !IR P]SONALITY4 ,AT L5G? SOCIETY1 WE>Y ( HAV+ A BURD5 ?AT ! /ATE TAKES SO LITTLE TR\BLE TO LI<T51 FALLS TO PIECES & IS BROK5 UP -- A DE/9Y ?AT HAS LONG S9CE ATT5D$ MO/ ,EUROPEAN /ATES4 ,!Y >E DISSOLV$ 9 :AT MAY BE CALL$ A /ATE ( MORAL NATURE1 9 :I* PUBLIC AU?ORITY IS ONLY ONE FUNCTION MORE1 HAT$ & DECEIV$ BY ?OSE :O ?9K IT NECESS>Y1 RESPECT$ ONLY BY ?OSE :O CAN DO )\T IT4 7,LETT]S UPON ! ,ES!TIC ,$UCATION ( ,MAN1 ,V,I1 #a#g#i#e7 

,9 !SE PRESCI5T WORDS ,S*ILL] /AT$ ?AT ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ORGANIC FRE$OM & ME*ANICAL ORGANIZATIONS :I* HAS BE5 IGNOR$ 9 ! POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N ,EUROPE1 ) RESULTS :I* WE SEE ALL R\ND US N[4 

,AN>*ISM IS ! F9AL & MO/ URG5T PROTE/ AGA9/ ?IS FATE3 A RECALL TO ?OSE PR9CIPLES :I* ALONE CAN GU>ANTEE ! H>MONY ( MAN'S BE+ & ! CREATIVE EVOLUTION ( HIS G5IUS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aid 3 ,! ,P>ADOX ( ,AN>*ISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #b1 #bai 3 ,! ,P>ADOX ( ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,! ,P>ADOX ( ,AN>*ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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