,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,IDEA ( ! ,/ATE 

#ahga 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TAGS 3 P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 P[] ( ! /ATE1 ACTION ( ! MASSES1 *UR* & ! /ATE1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL1 UNITY & AU?ORITY1 PEOPLE ( P>IS1 GOV]NM5T & >MY1 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY1 ASSOCIATIONS & 9DIVIDUALS4 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$ 9 #ahga 

,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,N,Y4 

,IMAGE3#a     ,?IS WORK1 LIKE ALL MY PUBLI%$ WORK1 ( :I* !RE HAS NOT BE5 A GREAT DEAL1 IS AN \TGR[? ( EV5TS4  ,IT IS ! NATURAL CONT9UATION ( MY ,LETT]S TO A ,FR5*MAN 7,SEPTEMB] #a#h#g71 :]E9 ,I HAD ! EASY BUT PA9FUL DI/9CTION ( =ESEE+ & =ETELL+ ! DIRE CALAMITIES :I* N[ BESET ,FRANCE & ! :OLE CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 ! ONLY CURE = :I* IS ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

  ,MY PURPOSE N[ IS TO PROVE ! NE$ = SU* A REVOLUTION4  ,I %ALL REVIEW ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY & :AT IS N[ TAK+ PLACE 9 ,EUROPE1 RI<T BE=E \R EYES4  ,?US ALL ?OSE :O S9C]ELY ?IR/ = TRU? CAN ACCEPT IT & PROCLAIM OP5LY & UNEQUIVOCALLY ! PHILOSOPHICAL PR9CIPLES & PRACTICAL AIMS :I* >E AT ! V]Y CORE ( :AT WE CALL ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

  ,I KN[ MY SELF-IMPOS$ TASK IS NOT A SIMPLE ONE4  ,I MI<T BE CALL$ PRESUMPTU\S HAD ,I ANY P]SONAL MOTIVES 9 UND]TAK+ IT4  ,LET ME ASSURE MY READ]1 ,I HAVE NONE4  ,I AM NOT A S*OL> OR A PHILOSOPH]1 NOT EV5 A PR(ESSIONAL WRIT]4  ,I HAVE NOT DONE MU* WRIT+ 9 MY LIFE & HAVE NEV] WRITT5 EXCEPT1 SO TO SPEAK1 9 SELF-DEF5SE1 & ONLY :5 A PASSIONATE CONVICTION =C$ ME TO OV]COME MY 9/9CTIVE DISLIKE = ANY PUBLIC EXHIBITION ( MYSELF4 

  ,WELL1 !N1 :O AM ,I1 & :AT IS IT ?AT PROMPTS ME TO PUBLI% ?IS WORK AT ?IS TIME8  ,I AM AN IMPASSION$ SEEK] ( ! TRU?1 & AS BITT] AN 5EMY ( ! VICI\S FICTIONS US$ BY ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] - AN ORD] :I* HAS PR(IT$ FROM ALL ! RELIGI\S1 METAPHYSICAL1 POLITICAL1 JURIDICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL 9FAMIES ( ALL TIMES - TO BRUTALIZE & 5?RALL$ ! WORLD4  ,I AM A FANATICAL LOV] ( LIB]TY4  ,I CONSID] IT ! ONLY 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE1 DIGNITY1 & HAPP9ESS CAN ?RIVE & DEVELOP4  ,I DO NOT MEAN ?AT =MAL LIB]TY :I* IS DISP5S$1 MEASUR$ \T1 & REGULAT$ BY ! ,/ATE2 = ?IS IS A P]5NIAL LIE & REPRES5TS NO?+ BUT ! PRIVILEGE ( A FEW1 BAS$ UPON ! S]VITUDE ( ! REMA9D]4  ,NOR DO ,I MEAN ?AT 9DIVIDUALI/1 EGOI/1 BASE1 & FRAUDUL5T LIB]TY EXTOLL$ BY ! S*OOL ( ,JEAN ,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU & EV]Y O!R S*OOL ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM1 :I* CONSID]S ! RI<TS ( ALL1 REPRES5T$ BY ! ,/ATE1 AS A LIMIT = ! RI<TS ( EA*2 IT ALWAYS1 NECESS>ILY1 5DS UP BY R$UC+ ! RI<TS ( 9DIVIDUALS TO Z]O4  ,NO1 ,I MEAN ! ONLY LIB]TY WOR?Y ( ! NAME1 ! LIB]TY :I* IMPLIES ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL ! MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL CAPACITIES LAT5T 9 EV]Y ONE ( US2 ! LIB]TY :I* KN[S NO O!R RE/RICTIONS BUT ?OSE SET BY ! LAWS ( \R [N NATURE4  ,CONSEQU5TLY !RE >E1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 NO RE/RICTIONS1 S9CE !SE LAWS >E NOT IMPOS$ UPON US BY ANY LEGISLATOR FROM \TSIDE1 ALONGSIDE1 OR ABOVE \RSELVES4  ,!SE LAWS >E SUBJECTIVE1 9H]5T 9 \RSELVES2 !Y CON/ITUTE ! V]Y BASIS ( \R BE+4  ,9/EAD ( SEEK+ TO CURTAIL !M1 WE %\LD SEE 9 !M ! REAL CONDITION & ! EFFECTIVE CAUSE ( \R LIB]TY - ?AT LIB]TY ( EA* MAN :I* DOES NOT F9D ANO!R MANPIS FRE$OM A B\ND>Y BUT A CONFIRMATION & VA/ EXT5SION ( HIS [N2 LIB]TY ?R\< SOLID>ITY1 9 EQUALITY4  ,I MEAN LIB]TY TRIUMPHANT OV] BRUTE =CE &1 :AT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! REAL EXPRESSION ( SU* =CE1 ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY4  ,I MEAN LIB]TY :I* WILL %ATT] ALL ! IDOLS 9 HEAV5 & ON E>? & WILL !N BUILD A NEW WORLD ( MANK9D 9 SOLID>ITY1 UPON ! RU9S ( ALL ! *UR*ES & ALL ! /ATES4 

  ,I AM A CONV9C$ ADVOCATE ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY BECAUSE ,I KN[ ?AT1 )\T IT1 LIB]TY1 JU/ICE1 HUMAN DIGNITY1 MORALITY1 & ! WELL-BE+ ( 9DIVIDUALS1 AS WELL AS ! PROSP]ITY ( NATIONS1 WILL NEV] AM\NT TO MORE ?AN A PACK ( LIES4  ,BUT S9CE ,I /& = LIB]TY AS ! PRIM>Y CONDITION ( MANK9D1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT EQUALITY MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ 9 ! WORLD BY ! SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION ( LABOR & ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( PROP]TY BY FREELY ORGANIZ$ PRODUC]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 & BY ! EQUALLY SPONTANE\S F$]ATION ( COMMUNES1 TO REPLACE ! DOM9E]+ PAT]NALI/IC ,/ATE4 

  ,IT IS AT ?IS PO9T ?AT A FUNDAM5TAL DIVISION >ISES BETWE5 ! SOCIALI/S & REVOLUTION>Y COLLECTIVI/S ON ! ONE H& & ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S :O SUPPORT ! ABSOLUTE P[] ( ! ,/ATE ON ! O!R4  ,!IR ULTIMATE AIM IS ID5TICAL4  ,BO? EQUALLY DESIRE TO CREATE A NEW SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ FIR/ ON ! ORGANIZATION ( COLLECTIVE LABOR1 9EVITABLY IMPOS$ UPON EA* & ALL BY ! NATURAL =CE ( EV5TS1 UND] CONDITIONS EQUAL = ALL1 & SECOND1 UPON ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! TOOLS ( PRODUCTION4 

  ,! DIFF]5CE IS ONLY ?AT ! COMMUNI/S IMAG9E !Y CAN ATTA9 !IR GOAL BY ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 & *IEFLY ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ! CITIES1 AID$ BY B\RGEOIS RADICALISM4  ,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 BELIEVE !Y CAN SUCCE$ ONLY ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( ! NONPOLITICAL OR ANTIPOLITICAL SOCIAL P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASSES 9 CITY & C\NTRY1 9CLUD+ ALL M5 ( GOODWILL FROM ! UPP] CLASSES :O BREAK ) !IR PA/ & WI% OP5LY TO JO9 !M & ACCEPT !IR REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM 9 FULL4 

  ,?IS DIV]G5CE LEADS TO A DIFF]5CE 9 TACTICS4  ,! COMMUNI/S BELIEVE IT NECESS>Y TO ORGANIZE ! WORK]S' =CES 9 ORD] TO SEIZE ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! ,/ATE4  ,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S ORGANIZE = ! PURPOSE ( DE/ROY+ - OR1 TO PUT IT MORE POLITELY - LIQUIDAT+ ! ,/ATE4  ,! COMMUNI/S ADVOCATE ! PR9CIPLE & ! PRACTICES ( AU?ORITY2 ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S PUT ALL !IR FAI? 9 LIB]TY4  ,BO? EQUALLY FAVOR SCI5CE1 :I* IS TO ELIM9ATE SUP]/ITION & TAKE ! PLACE ( RELIGI\S FAI?4  ,! =M] W\LD LIKE TO IMPOSE SCI5CE BY =CE2 ! LATT] W\LD TRY TO PROPAGATE IT SO ?AT HUMAN GR\PS1 ONCE CONV9C$1 W\LD ORGANIZE & F$]ALIZE SPONTANE\SLY1 FREELY1 FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ( !IR [N ACCORD & TRUE TO !IR [N 9T]E/S1 NEV] FOLL[+ A PRE>RANG$ PLAN IMPOS$ UPON 0IGNORANT0 MASSES BY A FEW 0SUP]IOR0 M9DS4 

  ,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S HOLD ?AT !RE IS A GREAT DEAL MORE PRACTICAL GOOD S5SE & WISDOM 9 ! 9/9CTIVE ASPIRATIONS & REAL NE$S ( ! MASSES ?AN 9 ! PR(\ND 9TELLIG5CE ( ALL ! DOCTORS & GUIDES ( HUMANITY :O1 AFT] SO MANY FAILURES1 /ILL KEEP ON TRY+ TO MAKE M5 HAPPY4  ,! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S1 FUR!R MORE1 BELIEVE ?AT MANK9D HAS = TOO LONG SUBMITT$ TO BE+ GOV]N$2 ?AT ! CAUSE ( ITS TR\BLES DOES NOT LIE 9 ANY P>TICUL> =M ( GOV]NM5T BUT 9 ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES & ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( GOV]NM5T1 :ATEV] =M IT MAY TAKE4 

  ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS ! WELL-KN[N CONTRADICTION BETWE5 COMMUNISM AS DEVELOP$ SCI5TIFICALLY BY ! ,G]MAN S*OOL & ACCEPT$ 9 P>T BY ! ,AM]ICANS & ! ,5GLI%1 & ,PR\DHONISM1 GREATLY DEVELOP$ & TAK5 TO ITS ULTIMATE CONCLUSION BY ! PROLET>IAT ( ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES4  ,REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM HAS JU/ ATTEMPT$ ITS FIR/ /RIK+ & PRACTICAL DEMON/RATION 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

  ,I AM A SUPPORT] ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 :I* = ALL ! BLOODLETT+ IT SUFF]$ AT ! H&S ( MON>*ICAL & CL]ICAL REACTION1 HAS NONE!LESS GR[N MORE 5DUR+ & MORE P[]FUL 9 ! HE>TS & M9DS ( ,EUROPE'S PROLET>IAT4  ,I AM ITS SUPPORT]1 ABOVE ALL1 BECAUSE IT WAS A BOLD1 CLE>LY =MULAT$ NEGATION ( ! ,/ATE4  

  ,IT IS IMM5SELY SIGNIFICANT ?AT ?IS REBELLION AGA9/ ! ,/ATE HAS TAK5 PLACE 9 ,FRANCE1 :I* HAD BE5 HI!RTO ! L& ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION P> EXCELL5CE1 & ?AT IT WAS PRECISELY ,P>IS1 ! LEAD] & ! F\NTA9HEAD ( ! GREAT ,FR5* CIVILIZATION1 :I* TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 ! ,COMMUNE4  ,P>IS1 CA/+ ASIDE H] CR[N & 5?USIA/ICALLY PROCLAIM+ H] [N DEFEAT 9 ORD] TO GIVE LIFE & LIB]TY TO ,FRANCE1 TO ,EUROPE1 TO ! 5TIRE WORLD2 ,P>IS REAFFIRM+ H] HI/ORIC P[] ( LEAD]%IP1 %[+ TO ALL ! 5SLAV$ PEOPLES 7& >E !RE ANY MASSES ?AT >E NOT SLAVES87 ! ONLY ROAD TO EMANCIPATION & HEAL?2 ,P>IS 9FLICT+ A MORTAL BL[ UPON ! POLITICAL TRADITIONS ( B\RGEOIS RADICALISM & GIV+ A REAL BASIS TO REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM AGA9/ ! REACTION>IES ( ,FRANCE & ,EUROPE6  ,P>IS %R\D$ 9 H] [N RU9S1 TO GIVE ! SOLEMN LIE TO TRIUMPHANT REACTION2 SAV+1 BY H] [N DISA/]1 ! HONOR & ! FUTURE ( ,FRANCE1 & PROV+ TO MANK9D ?AT IF LIFE1 9TELLIG5CE1 & MORAL /R5G? HAVE DEP>T$ FROM ! UPP] CLASSES1 !Y HAVE BE5 PRES]V$ 9 !IR P[] & PROMISES 9 ! PROLET>IAT6  ,P>IS 9AUGURAT+ ! NEW ]A ( ! DEF9ITIVE & COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! MASSES & !IR REAL SOLID>ITY ACROSS /ATE FRONTI]S2 ,P>IS DE/ROY+ NATIONALISM & ]ECT+ ! RELIGION ( HUMANITY UPON ITS RU9S2 ,P>IS PROCLAIM+ H]SELF HUMANIT>IAN & A!I/1 & REPLAC+ DIV9E FICTIONS ) ! GREAT REALITIES ( SOCIAL LIFE & FAI? 9 SCI5CE1 REPLAC+ ! LIES & 9EQUITIES ( ! OLD MORALITY ) ! PR9CIPLES ( LIB]TY1 JU/ICE1 EQUALITY1 & FRAT]NITY1 ?OSE ET]NAL BASES ( ALL HUMAN MORALITY6  ,P>IS H]OIC1 RATIONAL & CONFID5T1 CONFIRM+ H] /RONG FAI? 9 ! DE/9IES ( MANK9D BY H] [N GLORI\S D[NFALL1 H] DEA?2 PASS+ D[N H] FAI?1 9 ALL ITS P[]1 TO ! G5]ATIONS TO COME6  ,P>IS1 DR5*$ 9 ! BLOOD ( H] NOBLE/ *ILDR5 - ?IS IS HUMANITY ITSELF1 CRUCIFI$ BY ! UNIT$ 9T]NATIONAL REACTION ( ,EUROPE1 UND] ! DIRECT 9SPIRATION ( ALL ! ,*RI/IAN *UR*ES & ?AT HI< PRIE/ ( 9IQUITY1 ! ,POPE4  ,BUT ! COM+ 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION1 EXPRESS+ ! SOLID>ITY ( ! PEOPLES1 %ALL BE ! RESURRECTION ( ,P>IS4 

  ,?IS IS ! TRUE MEAN+1 & !SE >E ! IMM5SE1 B5EFIC5T RESULTS ( TWO MON?S :I* 5COMPASS$ ! LIFE & DEA? ( ! EV] MEMORABLE ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

  ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE LA/$ TOO %ORT A TIME1 & ITS 9T]NAL DEVELOPM5T WAS TOO HAMP]$ BY ! MORTAL /RUGGLE IT HAD TO 5GAGE 9 AGA9/ ! ,V]SAILLES REACTION TO ALL[ IT AT LEA/ TO =MULATE1 IF NOT APPLY1 ITS SOCIALI/ PROGRAM !ORETICALLY4  ,WE MU/ REALIZE1 TOO1 ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNE W]E NOT SOCIALI/S1 PROP]LY SPEAK+4  ,IF !Y APPE>$ TO BE1 IT WAS BECAUSE !Y W]E DRAWN 9 ?IS DIRECTION BY ! IRRESI/IBLE C\RSE ( EV5TS1 ! NATURE ( ! SITUATION1 ! NECESSITIES ( !IR POSITION1 RA!R ?AN ?R\< P]SONAL CONVICTION4  ,! SOCIALI/S W]E A T9Y M9ORITY - !RE W]E1 AT MO/1 F\RTE5 OR FIFTE5 ( !M2 ! RE/ W]E ,JACOB9S4  ,BUT1 LET US MAKE IT CLE>1 !RE >E ,JACOB9S & ,JACOB9S4  ,!RE >E ,JACOB9 LAWY]S & DOCTR9AIRES1 LIKE ,MR4 ,GAMBETTA2 !IR POSITIVI/444PRESUMPTU\S1 DESPOTIC1 & LEGALI/IC REPUBLICANISM HAD REPUDIAT$ ! OLD REVOLUTION>Y FAI?1 LEAV+ NO?+ ( ,JACOB9ISM BUT ITS CULT ( UNITY & AU?ORITY1 & DELIV]$ ! PEOPLE ( ,FRANCE OV] TO ! ,PRUSSIANS1 & LAT] /ILL TO NATIVE-BORN REACTION>IES4  ,& !RE >E ,JACOB9S :O >E FRANKLY REVOLUTION>IES1 ! H]OES1 ! LA/ S9C]E REPRES5TATIVES ( ! DEMOCRATIC FAI? ( #a#g#i#c2 ABLE TO SACRIFICE BO? !IR WELL->M$ UNITY & AU?ORITY RA!R ?AN SUBMIT !IR CONSCI5CE TO ! 9SOL5CE ( ! REACTION4  ,!SE MAGNANIM\S ,JACOB9S L$ NATURALLY BY ,DELESCLUZE1 A GREAT S\L & A GREAT *>ACT]1 DESIRE ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,REVOLUTION ABOVE EV]Y?+ ELSE2 & S9CE !RE IS NO REVOLUTION )\T ! MASSES1 & S9CE ! MASSES N[ADAYS REVEAL AN 9/9CT = SOCIALISM & CAN ONLY MAKE AN ECONOMIC & SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! ,JACOB9S ( GOOD FAI?1 LETT+ !MSELVES BE IMPELL$ 9CREAS+LY BY ! LOGIC ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 WILL 5D UP BECOM+ SOCIALI/S 9 SPITE ( !MSELVES4 

  ,?IS PRECISELY WAS ! SITUATION 9 :I* ! ,JACOB9S :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE F\ND !MSELVES4  ,DELESCLUZE1 & MANY O!RS ) HIM1 SIGN$ PROGRAMS & PROCLAMATIONS :OSE G5]AL IMPORT & PROMISE W]E ( A POSITIVELY SOCIALI/ NATURE4  ,H[EV]1 9 SPITE ( !IR GOOD FAI? & ALL !IR GOODWILL1 !Y W]E M]ELY SOCIALI/S IMPELL$ BY \TW>D CIRCUM/ANCES RA!R ?AN BY AN 9W>D CONVICTION2 !Y LACK$ ! TIME & EV5 ! CAPACITY TO OV]COME & SUBDUE MANY ( !IR [N B\RGEOIS PREJUDICES :I* W]E CONTR>Y TO !IR NEWLY ACQUIR$ SOCIALISM4  ,ONE CAN UND]/& ?AT1 TRAPP$ 9 ?IS 9T]NAL /RUGGLE1 !Y C\LD NEV] GO BEYOND G5]ALITIES OR TAKE ANY ( ?OSE DECISIVE MEASURES ?AT W\LD 5D !IR SOLID>ITY & ALL !IR CONTACTS ) ! B\RGEOIS WORLD =EV]4 

  ,?IS WAS A GREAT MIS=TUNE = ! ,COMMUNE & !SE M54  ,!Y W]E P>ALYZ$1 & !Y P>ALYZ$ ! ,COMMUNE4  ,YET WE CANNOT BLAME !M4  ,M5 >E NOT TRANS=M$ OV]NI<T2 !Y DO NOT *ANGE !IR NATURES OR !IR HABITS AT WILL4  ,!Y PROV$ !IR S9C]ITY BY LETT+ !MSELVES BE KILL$ = ! ,COMMUNE4  ,:O W\LD D>E ASK MORE ( !M8 

  ,!Y >E NO MORE TO BE BLAM$ ?AN ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS1 UND] :OSE 9FLU5CE !Y ?\<T & ACT$4  ,! PEOPLE W]E SOCIALI/S MORE BY 9/9CT ?AN BY REFLECTION4  ,ALL !IR ASPIRATIONS >E 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE SOCIALI/ BUT !IR IDEAS1 OR RA!R !IR TRADITIONAL EXPRESSIONS1 >E NOT4  ,! PROLET>IAT ( ! GREAT CITIES ( ,FRANCE1 & EV5 ( ,P>IS1 /ILL CL+ TO MANY ,JACOB9 PREJUDICES1 & TO MANY DICTATORIAL & GOV]NM5TAL CONCEPTS4  ,! CULT ( AU?ORITY - ! FATAL RESULT ( RELIGI\S $UCATION1 ?AT HI/ORIC S\RCE ( ALL EVILS1 DEPRAVATIONS1 & S]VITUDE - HAS NOT YET BE5 COMPLETELY ]ADICAT$ 9 !M4  ,?IS IS SO TRUE ?AT EV5 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T *ILDR5 ( ! PEOPLE1 ! MO/ CONV9C$ SOCIALI/S1 HAVE NOT FRE$ !MSELVES COMPLETELY ( !SE IDEAS4  ,IF Y\ RUMMAGE >\ND A BIT 9 !IR M9DS1  Y\ WILL F9D ! ,JACOB91 ! ADVOCATE ( GOV]NM5T1 C[]+ 9 A D>K CORN]1 HUMBLE BUT NOT QUITE DEAD4 

  ,&1 TOO1 ! SMALL GR\P ( CONV9C$ SOCIALI/S :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,COMMUNE W]E 9 A V]Y DIFFICULT POSITION4  ,:ILE !Y FELT ! LACK ( SUPPORT FROM ! GREAT MASSES ( ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS1 & :ILE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION1 ITSELF IMP]FECT1 COMPROMIS$ H>DLY A FEW ?\S& P]SONS1 !Y HAD TO KEEP UP A DAILY /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,JACOB9 MAJORITY4  ,9 ! MID/ ( ! CONFLICT1 !Y HAD TO FE$ & PROVIDE WORK = SEV]AL ?\S& WORK]S1 ORGANIZE & >M !M1 & KEEP A %>P LOOK\T = ! DO+S ( ! REACTION>IES4  ,ALL ?IS 9 AN IMM5SE CITY LIKE ,P>IS1 BESIEG$1 FAC+ ! ?REAT ( />VATION1 & A PREY TO ALL ! %ADY 9TRIGUES ( ! REACTION1 :I* MANAG$ TO E/ABLI% ITSELF 9 ,V]SAILLES ) ! P]MISSION & BY ! GRACE ( ! ,PRUSSIANS4  ,!Y HAD TO SET UP A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T & >MY AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T & >MY ( ,V]SAILLES2 9 ORD] TO FI<T ! MON>*I/ & CL]ICAL REACTION !Y W]E COMPELL$ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9 A ,JACOB9 MANN]1 =GETT+ OR SACRIFIC+ ! FIR/ CONDITIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 

  ,9 ?IS CONFUS+ SITUATION1 IT WAS NATURAL ?AT ! ,JACOB9S1 ! /RONGE/ SECTION1 CON/ITUT+ ! MAJORITY ( ! ,COMMUNE1 :O ALSO POSSESS$ A HI<LY DEVELOP$ POLITICAL 9/9CT1 ! TRADITION & PRACTICE ( GOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATION1 %\LD HAVE HAD ! UPP] H& OV] ! SOCIALI/S4  ,IT IS A MATT] ( SURPRISE ?AT !Y DID NOT PRESS !IR ADVANTAGE MORE ?AN !Y DID2 ?AT !Y DID NOT GIVE A FULLY ,JACOB9 *>ACT] TO ! ,P>IS 9SURRECTION2 ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y LET !MSELVES BE C>RI$ ALONG 9TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

  ,I KN[ ?AT MANY SOCIALI/S1 V]Y LOGICAL 9 !IR !ORY1 BLAME \R ,P>IS FRI5DS = NOT HAV+ ACT$ SUFFICI5TLY AS SOCIALI/S 9 !IR REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4  ,! YELP+ PACK ( ! B\RGEOIS PRESS1 ON ! O!R H&1 ACCUSE !M ( HAV+ FOLL[$ !IR PROGRAM TOO FAI?FULLY4  ,LET US =GET1 = A MOM5T1 ! IGNOBLE D5UNCIATIONS ( ?AT PRESS4  ,I WANT TO CALL ! ATT5TION ( ! /RICTE/ !ORETICIANS ( PROLET>IAN EMANCIPATION TO ! FACT ?AT !Y >E UNJU/ TO \R ,P>IS BRO!RS1 = BETWE5 ! MO/ CORRECT !ORIES & !IR PRACTICAL APPLICATION LIES AN 5ORM\S DI/ANCE :I* CANNOT BE BRIDG$ 9 A FEW DAYS4  ,:OEV] HAD ! PLEASURE ( KN[+ ,V>L91 = 9/ANCE 7TO NAME JU/ ONE MAN :OSE DEA? IS C]TA971 KN[S ?AT HE & HIS FRI5DS W]E GUID$ BY PR(\ND1 PASSIONATE1 & WELL-CONSID]$ SOCIALI/ CONVICTIONS4  ,!SE W]E M5 :OSE >D5T ZEAL1 DEVOTION1 & GOOD FAI? HAD NEV] BE5 QUE/ION$ BY ?OSE :O HAD KN[N !M4  ,YET1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y W]E M5 ( GOOD FAI?1 !Y W]E FILL$ ) SELF-DI/RU/ 9 ! FACE ( ! IMM5SE TASK TO :I* !Y HAD DEVOT$ !IR M9DS & !IR LIVES2 !Y ?\<T TOO LITTLE ( !MSELVES6  ,& !Y W]E CONV9C$ ?AT 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE TO A POLITICAL REVOLUTION 9 ?IS AS 9 O!R WAYS1 9DIVIDUAL ACTION WAS TO BE ALMO/ NIL1 :ILE ! SPONTANE\S ACTION ( ! MASSES HAD TO BE EV]Y?+4  ,ALL ?AT 9DIVIDUALS CAN DO IS =MULATE1 CL>IFY1 & PROPAGATE IDEAS EXPRESS+ ! 9/9CTIVE DESIRES ( ! PEOPLE1 & CONTRIBUTE !IR CON/ANT EF=TS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ( ! NATURAL P[]S ( ! MASSES4  ,?IS & NO?+ MORE2 ALL ! RE/ CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ ONLY BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4  ,O!RWISE WE W\LD 5D UP ) A POLITICAL DICTATOR%IP - ! RECON/ITUTION ( ! ,/ATE1 ) ALL ITS PRIVILEGES1 9EQUALITIES1 & OPPRESSIONS2 BY TAK+ A DEVI\S BUT 9EVITABLE PA? WE W\LD COME TO REE/ABLI% ! POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC SLAV]Y ( ! MASSES4  

  ,V>L9 & ALL HIS FRI5DS1 LIKE ALL S9C]E SOCIALI/S1 & G5]ALLY LIKE ALL WORK]S BORN & BR$ AMONG ! PEOPLE1 %>$ ?IS P]FECTLY LEGITIMATE FEEL+ ( CAUTION T[>D ! CONT9U\S ACTIVITY ( ONE & ! SAME GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS & AGA9/ ! DOM9ATION EX]T$ BY SUP]IOR P]SONALITIES4  ,& S9CE !Y W]E JU/ & FAIR-M9D$ M5 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 !Y TURN$ ?IS =ESI<T1 ?IS MI/RU/1 AGA9/ !MSELVES AS MU* AS AGA9/ O!R P]SONS4  

  ,CONTR>Y TO ! BELIEF ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S - :I* ,I DEEM COMPLETELY WRONG - ?AT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ BE DECRE$ & ORGANIZ$ EI!R BY A DICTATOR%IP OR BY A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY EM]G+ FROM A POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 \R FRI5DS1 ! ,P>IS SOCIALI/S1 BELIEV$ ?AT REVOLUTION C\LD NEI!R BE MADE NOR BR\<T TO ITS FULL DEVELOPM5T EXCEPT BY ! SPONTANE\S & CONT9U$ ACTION ( ! MASSES1 ! GR\PS & ! ASSOCIATIONS ( ! PEOPLE4  

  ,\R ,P>IS FRI5DS W]E RI<T A ?\S& TIMES OV]4  ,9 FACT1 :]E IS ! M9D1 BRILLIANT AS IT MAY BE1 OR - IF WE SPEAK ( A COLLECTIVE DICTATOR%IP1 EV5 IF IT W]E =M$ ( SEV]AL HUNDR$ 9DIVIDUALS 5D[$ ) SUP]IOR M5TALITIES - :]E >E ! 9TELLECTS P[]FUL 5\< TO EMBRACE ! 9F9ITE MULTIPLICITY & DIV]SITY ( REAL 9T]E/S1 ASPIRATIONS1 WI%ES & NE$S :I* SUM UP ! COLLECTIVE WILL ( ! PEOPLE8  ,& TO 9V5T A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT WILL NOT BE A ,PROCRU/EAN B$ UPON :I* ! VIOL5CE ( ! ,/ATE WILL MORE OR LESS OV]TLY =CE UNHAPPY SOCIETY TO /RET* \T8  ,IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ?US1 & IT IS EXACTLY ?IS OLD SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION BY =CE ?AT ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION %\LD 5D BY GRANT+ FULL LIB]TY TO ! MASSES1 ! GR\PS1 ! COMMUNES1 ! ASSOCIATIONS & TO ! 9DIVIDUALS AS WELL2 BY DE/ROY+ ONCE & = ALL ! HI/ORIC CAUSE ( ALL VIOL5CE1 :I* IS ! P[] & 9DE$ ! M]E EXI/5CE ( ! ,/ATE4  ,ITS FALL WILL BR+ D[N ) IT ALL ! 9EQUITIES ( ! LAW & ALL ! LIES ( ! V>I\S RELIGIONS1 S9CE BO? LAW & RELIGION HAVE NEV] BE5 ANY?+ BUT ! COMPULSORY CONSECRATION1 IDEAL & REAL1 ( ALL VIOL5CE REPRES5T$1 GU>ANTE$1 & PROTECT$ BY ! ,/ATE4  

  ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT LIB]TY WILL NEV] BE GIV5 TO HUMANITY1 & ?AT ! REAL 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY1 ( ALL GR\PS1 LOCAL ASSOCIATIONS1 & 9DIVIDUALS :O MAKE UP SOCIETY WILL NEV] BE SATISFI$ UNTIL !RE >E NO LONG] ANY /ATES4  ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ALL ! SO-CALL$ G5]AL 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY1 :I* ! ,/ATE IS SUPPOS$ TO REPRES5T & :I* >E 9 REALITY JU/ A G5]AL & CON/ANT NEGATION ( ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( REGIONS1 COMMUNES1 ASSOCIATIONS1 & 9DIVIDUALS SUBJECT TO ! ,/ATE1 >E A M]E AB/RACTION1 A FICTION1 A LIE4  ,! ,/ATE IS LIKE A VA/ SLAU<T]H\SE OR AN 5ORM\S CEMET]Y1 :]E ALL ! REAL ASPIRATIONS1 ALL ! LIV+ =CES ( A C\NTRY 5T] G5]\SLY & HAPPILY1 9 ! %AD[ ( ?AT AB/RACTION1 TO LET !MSELVES BE SLA9 & BURI$4  ,& JU/ AS NO AB/RACTION EXI/S = & BY ITSELF1 HAV+ NO LEGS TO S& ON1 NO >MS TO CREATE )1 NO /OMA* TO DIGE/ ! MASS ( VICTIMS DELIV]$ TO IT1 IT IS LIKEWISE CLE> ?AT ! CELE/IAL OR RELIGI\S AB/RACTION1 ,GOD1 ACTUALLY REPRES5TS ! V]Y REAL 9T]E/S ( A CLASS1 ! CL]GY1 :ILE ITS T]RE/RIAL COMPLEM5T1 ?AT POLITICAL AB/RACTION1 ! ,/ATE1 REPRES5TS ! NO LESS REAL 9T]E/S ( ! EXPLOIT+ CLASS :I* T5DS TO ABSORB ALL ! O!RS - ! B\RGEOISIE4   ,AS ! CL]GY HAS ALWAYS BE5 DIVISIVE1 & N[ADAYS T5DS TO SEP>ATE M5 EV5 FUR!R 9TO A V]Y P[]FUL & WEAL?Y M9ORITY & A SAD & RA!R WRET*$ MAJORITY1 SO LIKEWISE ! B\RGEOISIE1 ) ITS V>I\S SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS 9 9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURE1 BANK+1 & COMM]CE1 AS WELL AS 9 ALL ADM9I/RATIVE1 F9ANCIAL1 JUDICI>Y1 $UCATION1 POLICE1 & MILIT>Y FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE T5D 9CREAS+LY TO WELD ALL ( !SE 9TO A REALLY DOM9ANT OLIG>*Y ON ! ONE H&1 & ON ! O!R H& 9TO AN 5ORM\S MASS ( MORE OR LESS HOPELESS CREATURES1 DEFRAUD$ CREATURES :O LIVE 9 A P]PETUAL ILLUSION1 /EADILY & 9EVITABLY PU%$ D[N 9TO ! PROLET>IAT BY ! IRRESI/IBLE =CE ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 & R$UC$ TO S]V+ AS BL9D TOOLS ( ?IS ALL-P[]FUL OLIG>*Y4  

  ,! ABOLITION ( ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE %\LD BE ! FIR/ & 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ! REAL 5FRAN*ISEM5T ( SOCIETY :I* CAN & %\LD REORGANIZE ITSELF NOT FROM ! TOP D[N ACCORD+ TO AN IDEAL PLAN DRESS$ UP BY WISE M5 OR S*OL>S NOR BY DECREES PROMULGAT$ BY SOME DICTATORIAL P[] OR EV5 BY A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ELECT$ ?R\< UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4  ,SU* A SY/EM1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID1 W\LD 9EVITABLY LEAD TO ! CREATION ( A NEW /ATE &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 TO ! =MATION ( A RUL+ >I/OCRACY1 ?AT IS1 AN 5TIRE CLASS ( P]SONS :O HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! MASSES4  ,&1 ( C\RSE1 ?IS CLASS W\LD EXPLOIT & SUBJECT ! MASSES1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( S]V+ ! COMMON WELF>E OR SAV+ ! ,/ATE4  

  ,! FUTURE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION %\LD BE C>RI$ \T FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 BY ! FREE ASSOCIATION OR F$]ATION ( WORK]S1 />T+ ) ! ASSOCIATIONS1 !N GO+ ON TO ! COMMUNES1 ! REGIONS1 ! NATIONS1 &1 F9ALLY1 CULM9AT+ 9 A GREAT 9T]NATIONAL & UNIV]SAL F$]ATION4  ,IT IS ONLY !N ?AT ! TRUE1 LIFE-GIV+ SOCIAL ORD] ( LIB]TY & G5]AL WELF>E WILL COME 9TO BE+1 A SOCIAL ORD] :I*1 F> FROM RE/RICT+1 WILL AFFIRM & RECONCILE ! 9T]E/S ( 9DIVIDUALS & ( SOCIETY4  

  ,IT IS SAID ?AT ! H>MONY & UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY ( 9DIVIDUALS ) SOCIETY CAN NEV] BE ATTA9$ 9 PRACTICE BECAUSE !IR 9T]E/S1 BE+ ANTAGONI/IC1 CAN NEV] BE RECONCIL$4  ,TO ?IS OBJECTION ,I REPLY ?AT IF !SE 9T]E/ HAVE NEV] AS YET COME TO MUTUAL ACCORD1 IT WAS BECAUSE ! ,/ATE HAS SACRIFIC$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! MAJORITY = ! B5EFIT ( A PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY4  ,?AT IS :Y ?IS FAM\S 9COMPATIBILITY1 ?IS CONFLICT ( P]SONAL 9T]E/S ) ?OSE ( SOCIETY1 IS NO?+ BUT A FRAUD1 A POLITICAL LIE1 BORN ( ! !OLOGICAL LIE :I* 9V5T$ ! DOCTR9E ( ORIG9AL S9 9 ORD] TO DI%ONOR MAN & DE/ROY HIS SELF-RESPECT4  ,! SAME FALSE IDEA CONC]N+ IRRECONCILABLE 9T]E/S WAS ALSO FO/]$ BY ! DREAMS ( METAPHYSICS :I*1 AS WE KN[1 IS CLOSE K9 TO !OLOGY4  ,METAPHYSICS1 FAIL+ TO RECOGNIZE ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( HUMAN NATURE1 LOOK$ UPON SOCIETY AS A ME*ANICAL & PURELY >TIFICIAL AGGREGATE ( 9DIVIDUALS1 SUDD5LY BR\<T TOGE!R 9 ! NAME ( SOME =MAL OR SECRET COMPACT CONCLUD$ FREELY OR UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( A SUP]IOR P[]4  ,BE=E UNIT+ 9 SOCIETY1 !SE 9DIVIDUALS1 5D[$ ) SOME SORT ( IMMORTAL S\L1 5JOY$ COMPLETE LIB]TY1 ACCORD+ TO ! METAPHYSICIANS4  ,WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ALL ! WEAL? ( MAN'S 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL1 & MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T1 AS WELL AS HIS APP>5T 9DEP5D5CE1 IS ! PRODUCT ( HIS LIFE 9 SOCIETY4  ,\TSIDE SOCIETY1 NOT ONLY W\LD HE NOT BE A FREE MAN1 HE W\LD NOT EV5 BECOME G5U9ELY HUMAN1 A BE+ CONSCI\S ( HIMSELF1 ! ONLY BE+ :O ?9KS & SPEAKS4  ,ONLY ! COMB9ATION ( 9TELLIG5CE & COLLECTIVE LABOR WAS ABLE TO =CE MAN \T ( ?AT SAVAGE & BRUTI% /ATE :I* CON/ITUT$ HIS ORIG9AL NATURE1 OR RA!R ! />T+ PO9T = HIS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4  ,WE >E PR(\NDLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! 5TIRE LIFE ( M5 - !IR 9T]E/S1 T5D5CIES1 NE$S1 ILLUSIONS1 EV5 /UPIDITIES1 AS WELL AS V]Y BIT ( VIOL5CE1 9JU/ICE1 & SEEM+LY VOLUNT>Y ACTIVITY - M]ELY REPRES5T ! RESULT ( 9EVITABLE SOCIETAL =CES4  ,PEOPLE CANNOT REJECT ! IDEA ( MUTUAL 9DEP5D5CE1 NOR CAN !Y D5Y ! RECIPROCAL 9FLU5CE & UNI=MITY EXHIBIT+ ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( EXT]NAL NATURE4  

  ,9 NATURE H]SELF1 ?IS M>VEL\S CORRELATION & 9T]DEP5D5CE ( PH5OM5A C]TA9LY IS NOT PRODUC$ )\T /RUGGLE4  ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! H>MONY ( ! =CES ( NATURE APPE>S ONLY AS ! RESULT ( A CONT9UAL /RUGGLE1 :I* IS ! REAL CONDITION ( LIFE & ( MOVEM5T4  ,9 NATURE1 AS 9 SOCIETY1 ORD] )\T /RUGGLE IS DEA?4  

  ,IF ORD] IS NATURAL & POSSIBLE 9 ! UNIV]SE1 IT IS ONLY BECAUSE ! UNIV]SE IS NOT GOV]N$ ACCORD+ TO SOME PRE IMAG9$ SY/EM IMPOS$ BY A SUPREME WILL4  ,! !OLOGICAL HYPO!SIS ( DIV9E LEGISLATION LEADS TO AN OBVI\S ABSURDITY1 TO ! NEGATION NOT ONLY ( ALL ORD] BUT ( NATURE H]SELF4  ,NATURAL LAWS >E REAL ONLY 9 ?AT !Y >E 9H]5T 9 NATURE2 ?AT IS1 !Y >E NOT E/ABLI%$ BY ANY AU?ORITY4  ,!SE LAWS >E BUT SIMPLE MANIFE/ATIONS1 OR RA!R CONT9U\S V>IATIONS1 ( ! UNI=MITIES CON/ITUT+ :AT WE CALL 'NATURE4'  ,HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE & ITS SCI5CE HAVE OBS]V$ !M1 HAVE *ECK$ !M EXP]IM5TALLY1 ASSEMBL$ !M 9TO A SY/EM & CALL$ !M LAWS4  ,BUT NATURE AS SU* KN[S NO LAWS4  ,%E ACTS UNCONSCI\SLY2 %E REPRES5TS 9 H]SELF ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( PH5OM5A :I* APPE> & REPEAT !MSELVES 9EVITABLY4  ,?IS 9EVITABILITY ( ACTION IS ! REASON ! UNIV]SAL ORD] CAN & DOES EXI/4  

  ,SU* AN ORD] IS ALSO APP>5T 9 HUMAN SOCIETY1 :I* SEEMS TO HAVE EVOLV$ 9 AN ALLEG$LY ANTI NATURAL WAY BUT ACTUALLY IS DET]M9$ BY ! NATURAL ANIMAL'S NE$S & HIS CAPACITY = ?9K+ ?AT HAVE CONTRIBUT$ A SPECIAL ELEM5T TO HIS DEVELOPM5T - A COMPLETELY NATURAL ELEM5T1 BY ! WAY1 9 ! S5SE ?AT M51 LIKE EV]Y?+ ?AT EXI/S1 REPRES5T ! MAT]IAL PRODUCT ( ! UNION & ACTION ( NATURAL =CES4  ,?IS SPECIAL ELEM5T IS REASON1 ! CAPTIVITY = G5]ALIZATION & AB/RACTION1 ?ANKS TO :I* MAN IS ABLE TO PROJECT HIMSELF 9 HIS ?\<T1 EXAM9+ & OBS]V+ HIMSELF LIKE A /RANGE1 ET]NAL OBJECT4  ,BY LIFT+ HIMSELF 9 ?\<T ABOVE HIMSELF1 & ABOVE ! WORLD >\ND HIM1 HE REA*ES ! REPRES5TATION ( P]FECT AB/RACTION ! ABSOLUTE VOID4  ,& ?IS ABSOLUTE IS NO?+ LESS ?AN HIS CAPACITY = AB/RACTION1 :I* DISDA9S ALL ?AT EXI/S & F9DS ITS REPOSE 9 ATTA9+ COMPLETE NEGATION4  ,?IS IS ! ULTIMATE LIMIT ( ! HI<E/ AB/RACTION ( ! M9D2 ?IS ABSOLUTE NO?+NESS IS ,GOD4  

  ,?IS IS ! MEAN+ & ! HI/ORICAL F\NDATION ( EV]Y !OLOGICAL DOCTR9E4  ,AS !Y DID NOT UND]/& ! NATURE & ! MAT]IAL CAUSES ( !IR [N ?9K+1 & DID NOT EV5 GRASP ! CONDITIONS OR NATURAL LAWS UND]LY+ SU* ?9K+1 !SE E>LY M5 & E>LY SOCIETIES HAD NOT ! SLI<TE/ SUSPICION ?AT !IR ABSOLUTE NOTIONS W]E SIMPLY ! RESULT ( !IR [N CAPACITY = =MULAT+ AB/RACT IDEAS4  ,H5CE !Y VIEW$ !SE IDEAS1 DRAWN FROM NATURE1 AS REAL OBJECTS1 NEXT TO :I* NATURE H]SELF CEAS$ TO AM\NT TO ANY?+4  ,!Y BEGAN TO WOR%IP !IR FICTIONS1 !IR IMPROBABLY NOTIONS ( ! ABSOLUTE1 & TO HONOR !M4  ,BUT S9CE !Y FELT ! NE$ ( GIV+ SOME CONCRETE =M TO ! AB/RACT IDEA ( NO?+NESS OR ( ,GOD1 !Y CREAT$ ! CONCEPT ( DIV9ITY &1 FUR!RMORE1 5D[$ IT ) ALL ! QUALITIES & P[]S1 GOOD & EVIL1 :I* !Y F\ND ONLY 9 NATURE & 9 SOCIETY4  ,SU* WAS ! ORIG9 & HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL RELIGIONS1 FROM FETI%ISM ON D[N TO ,*RI/IANITY4  

  ,WE DO NOT 9T5D TO UND]TAKE A /UDY ( ! HI/ORY ( RELIGI\S1 !OLOGICAL1 & METAPHYSICAL ABSURDITIES OR TO DISCUSS ! PROCESSION ( ALL ! DIV9E 9C>NATIONS & VISIONS CREAT$ BY C5TURIES ( B>B>ISM4  ,WE ALL KN[ ?AT SUP]/ITION BR\<T DISA/] & CAUS$ RIV]S ( BLOOD & TE>S TO FL[4  ,ALL !SE REVOLT+ AB]RATIONS ( POOR MANK9D W]E HI/ORICAL1 9EVITABLE /AGES 9 ! NORMAL GR[? & EVOLUTION ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS4  ,SU* AB]RATIONS 5G5D]$ ! FATAL IDEA1 :I* DOM9AT$ M5'S IMAG9ATION1 ?AT ! UNIV]SE WAS GOV]N$ BY A SUP]NATURAL P[] & WILL4  ,C5TURIES CAME & W5T1 & SOCIETIES GREW ACCU/OM$ TO ?IS IDEA TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT !Y F9ALLY DE/ROY$ ANY URGE T[>D OR CAPACITY TO A*IEVE FUR!R PROGRESS :I* >OSE 9 !IR MID/4  

  ,! LU/ = P[] ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS ORIG9ALLY1 & ( SEV]AL SOCIAL CLASSES LAT]1 E/ABLI%$ SLAV]Y & CONQUE/ AS ! DOM9ANT PR9CIPLE1 & IMPLANT$ ?IS T]RIBLE IDEA ( DIV9ITY 9 ! HE>T ( SOCIETY4  ,!REAFT] NO SOCIETY WAS VIEW$ AS FEASIBLE )\T !SE TWO 9/ITUTIONS1 ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE1 AT ITS BASE4  ,!SE TWO SOCIAL SC\RGES >E DEF5D$ BY ALL !IR DOCTR9AIRE APOLOGI/S4  

  ,NO SOON] DID !SE 9/ITUTIONS APPE> 9 ! WORLD ?AN TWO RUL+ CLASSES - ! PRIE/S & ! >I/OCRATS - PROMPTLY ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES & LO/ NO TIME 9 9DOCTR9AT+ ! 5SLAV$ PEOPLE ) ! IDEA ( ! UTILITY1 9DISP5SABILITY1 & SACR$NESS ( ! ,*UR* & ( ! ,/ATE4  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahg 3 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,IDEA ( ! ,/ATE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#e1 #bag 3 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,IDEA ( ! ,/ATE -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,IDEA ( ! ,/ATE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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