,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,PROGRESS 

#ahea 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,%AWN ,P4 ,WILBUR 

,TAGS 3 IDEA ( MOVEM5T1 NOTION ( PROGRESS1 !ORY ( PROGRESS1 IDEA ( PROGRESS1 PR(ESSION ( FAI?1 CON/ITUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL1 M9D & MATT]1 PR9CIPLE & AIM1 !ORY ( R\SSEAU4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,GILLES ,KLE91,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,=,E,W,O,R,D  

  

 ,FRANCE HAS EXHAU/$ ! PR9CIPLES ?AT ONCE SU/A9$ IT4 ,ITS CONSCI5CE IS EMPTY1 JU/ LIKE ITS REASON4 ,ALL ! FAM\S WRIT]S ?AT IT HAS PRODUC$ 9 ! LA/ HALF-C5TURY1--! DE ,MAI/]S1 ! ,*ATEAUBRI&S1 ! ,LAM5NAIS1 ! DE ,BONALDS1 ! ,C\S9S1 ! ,GUIZOTS1 ! ,LAM>T9ES1 ! ,SA9T-,SIMONS1 ! ,MI*ELETS1 ,CA?OLICS1 ECLECTICS1 ECONOMI/S1 SOCIALI/S1 & MEMB]S ( P>LIAM5T1--HAVE NOT CEAS$ TO PR$ICT ?AT MORAL COLLAPSE :I*1 ?ANKS TO ,GOD'S M]CY1 MAN'S FOOLI%NESS1 & ! NECESSITY ( ?+S1 HAS F9ALLY >RIV$4 ,! PHILOSOPH]S ( ,G]MANY HAVE E*O$ ! PROPHETS ( ,FRANCE1 AS F9ALLY ! DE/9Y ( \R HOMEL& HAS BECOME COMMON TO ALL ! OLD WORLD2 = IT IS WRITT5 ?AT AS ,FR5* SOCIETY IS1 SO %ALL ! HUMAN RACE BECOME4  

 ,! ,*UR*1 :I* WE ONCE BOA/$ WAS ! OLDE/1 IS NO LONG] ANY?+ BUT AN 9/ITUTION ( CONV5I5CE = US1 PROTECT$ MORE BY ! POLICE ?AN BY SYMPA?Y4 ,TAKE AWAY ! SECUL> >M & ! ,/ATE SUBSIDY1 & :AT W\LD BECOME ( ?AT ,GALLIC ,*UR*1 ! GLORY ( :I* MADE ,BOSSUET TREMBLE1 ! LA/ =TRESS ( ,*RI/5DOM1 N[ FALL5 TO ! ULTRAMONTANES8444  
                                                 

 ,A MAN1 AFT] HAV+ READ ! PR(ESSION ( FAI? ( ! VIC> ( ,SAVOY1 ! S]MONS ( ,ROBESPI]RE1 ! ,CATE*ISM ( ! FREEMASONS1 ! ,P>OLES D'UN ,CROYANT1 ! ,LETTRES SUR LA ,RELIGION ( ,M4 ,5FANT91 ! ,HI/OIRE DE LA ,REVOLUTION ( ,M4 ,BU*EZ1 & ! PREAMBLE ( ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 MI<T SAY TO HIMSELF3 ,!RE IS 9 ?IS C\NTRY A NE$ ( A *UR*- W>D5%IP :I* WILL BE SATISFI$ AT ANY PRICE4 ,BR+ BACK ! ,JESUITS6-- ,?AT IS :Y WE >E /ILL1 AFT] ,FEBRU>Y1 ( ! RELIGION ( \R FA!RS444 ,?AT MAKES Y\ MURMUR3 IT IS REPUGNANT TO Y\ ?AT ! RELIGION ( ?IRTY MILLIONS ( S\LS1 A ?+ SO HOLY1 REMA9S AT ! DISCRETION ( A HEAD ( ,/ATE1 HIMSELF P]FECTLY DIS9T]E/$ 9 ! QUE/ION4 ,:AT C\LD Y\ HAVE DONE BETT]8 ,I'LL GIVE Y\ A HUNDR$ GUESSES4  

 ,! ANCI5T MON>*Y C\LD COMP>E ITSELF TO A M>RIAGE CONTRACT$ UND] ! REGIME ( JO9T PROP]TY1 :I*1 BECAUSE ( DISAGREEM5T BETWE5 ! C\PLE1 HAS BE5 CONV]T$ 9TO P>APH]NAL M>RIAGE4 ,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT IF ! HUSB& WAS MADE ! SIMPLE ADM9I/RATOR ( ! WIFE'S GOODS1 ! H>MONY W\LD BE P]FECT & IMP]TURBABLE BETWE5 !M4 ,EV]Y YE>1 ) GREAT POMP1 ! K+ CAME TO PRES5T HIS ACC\NTS TO ! NATION1 :I*1 = ITS P>T1 ?R\< ITS REPRES5TATIVES1 EXCUS$ ! K+4 ,FROM ?AT C]EMONI\S & SOLEMN MEET+ WAS BORN1 9 ! NATURAL WAY1 ! ,LAW1 ! ?IRD P]SON ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL TR9ITY4 ,BUT1 :ATEV] PRECAUTIONS W]E TAK51 ! DIALOGUE CON/ANTLY 5D$ 9 DISPUTE4--,?AT'S NOT ! CASE1 ! MAN DOGG$LY 9SI/$4 ,PEACE CAN ONLY EXI/ 9 ! H\SEHOLD IF ! WIFE OBEYS )\T SPEAK+1 & ! HUSB& SPEAKS BY SIGNS4 ,& BESIDE1 TODAY IT IS REALLY JU/ A MATT] ( NEGOTIATION6444 ,N[ WE >E M>RI$1 AS !Y SAY 9 ! SUBURBS1 9 ! ?IRTE5?1 MORGANATICALLY4#b  

 ,DEMOCRACY1 AS IT WAS =MULAT$ BY ! ACTS ( #agic & ( #a#h#d#h1 HAS SUCCUMB$ TO ! LOGIC ( ITS APPLICATION4 ,:O W\LD D>E TO AFFIRM TODAY1 9 ! S5SE ( ! ,RE=ME1 POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY1 UNIV]SAL & DIRECT SUFFRAGE8 ,SEV5 TIMES 9 EI<T YE>S ! PEOPLE HAVE BE5 CALL$ UPON TO MANIFE/ !IR WILL1 TO ACT AS SOV]EIGN2 SEV5 TIMES !Y HAVE RESPOND$1 LIKE ,?I]S3 ,! PEOPLE REIGN & DO NOT GOV]N6  

 ,! ,B\RGEOISIE6 ,:AT DID IT DEM& 9 #h#i8 ,SIEYES HAS SAID IT3 ,EV]Y?+6 ,IT DIDN'T TRY TO HIDE IT4 ,ONCE ! >I/OCRACY WAS DISPOSSESS$1 & ! NATIONAL GOODS PUT UP = SALE1 ! B\RGEOISIE CRI$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS ACCOMPLI%$1 ?AT !RE WAS ONLY AN>*Y BEYOND4 ,IT HAS FAVOR$ ALL ! TRAITOR\S GOV]NM5TS1 BETRAY+ 9 ! V]Y ACT ( PRES]V+ & E/ABLI%+ ORD]444 ,:AT HAS IT DEM&$ S9CE #a#h#c8 ,GRANTS1 AW>DS1 POSITIONS1 MONOPOLIES1 PRIVILEGES1 ACTIONS DE J\ISSANCE1 CONCESSIONS1 CANALS1 M9ES & RAILROADS1 :I* IS TO SAY1 /ILL & ALWAYS3 ,E,V,],Y,?,+4 ,:ATEV] GOV]NM5T IS GIV5 TO IT1 MON>*Y1 REPUBLIC OR EMPIRE1 IT RECEIVES ) BO? H&S4 ,! PEOPLE W\LD NOT HAVE EXCEPT = IT ! ,RI<T TO WORK1 9VOK$ = ! FIR/ TIME BY A B\RGEOIS ( #h#i1 ,MAL\ET4 ,TO BETT] TAKE HOLD ( EV]Y?+1 ! B\RGEOISIE TAKES CR$IT = A SOCIALI/ IDEA1 =MS 9 COMPANIES1 PLACES ITSELF UND] ! PATRONAGE ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* IT MAKES ITS ORGANIZ]1 CONTRACTOR & PROVID]4 ,AS = PRODUC+ ITSELF1 BY LABOR & G5IUS1 AGRICULTURAL1 M]CANTILE OR 9DU/RIAL CONQUE/1 IT NO LONG] REMEMB]S H[4 ,! LEA/ 5T]PRISE1 TO ?AT DEG5]ATE B\RGEOISIE1 SEEMS A REVOLUTION4 ,TO FLATT5 A MOLEHILL1 IT W\LD BORR[ ! HOE FROM ! ,/ATE4 ,ONLY ! SIZE ( ! ANNUITIES DOES NOT FRI<T5 IT4 ,ANNUITIES6 ,?AT IS ITS ,POSITIVISM3 IT 9V5T$ IT BE=E ,M4 ,COMTE4  

 ,! ,B\RGEOISIE IS SICK ) GRAS-FONDUE3  AS AN 9/ITUTION1 IT HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/ 9 ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL ORD]S4 ,9 ! PLACE ( ?AT WORD1 :I* NO ONE HE>S ANYMORE1 ONE HAS PUT CAPITAL1 A T]M ( AV>ICE1 & 9 OPPOSITION TO CAPITAL1 A T]M ( 5VY1 ! SAL>IAT4 ,! SAL>IAT IS ! REVOLUTION>Y LEVEL1 9V5T$ BY CAPITAL4 ,!SE TWO PASSWORDS HAVE 5T]$ 9TO ! LANGUAGE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?AT IS :Y NO?+ IS F9I%$6 ,CAPITAL1 LIKE WAGES1 IS FROM N[ ON AT ! DISCRETION ( ! PR9CE2 & N[ ?AT ! PR9CE BORR[S ALL /ABILITY FROM ! PEOPLE1 !RE IS NO?+ /ABLE1 NEI!R RELIGION1 NOR GOV]NM5T1 NOR LABOR1 NOR PROP]TY1 NOR CONFID5CE4  

 ,?ANKS TO ! MOD]N ECLECTICS1 WE HAVE NO PHILOSOPHY4 ,?ANKS TO ! NOVELI/S & TO ! ROMANTICS1 WE >E AT ! 5D ( LIT]ATURE4 ,! DANC]S HAVE PUT US (F /ATU>Y1 & ! MILL9]S (F PA9T+4 ,N[ADAYS1 9 ! HOMEL& ( TA/E1 WE MAKE BOOKS1 PA9T+S1 M>BLE /ATUES1 ! WAY WE MAKE BRASS DECORATIONS OR >M*AIRS3 >TICLES FROM ,P>IS1 = TRANS-,ATLANTIC EXPORT4  

 ,:ILE /OCKJOBB+1 ORGANIZ$ ) PRIVILEGE1 JU/IFIES ! !ORY ( ,M,M4 ,MAL?US & ,DUP91 & MAKES US D\BT MORE & MORE ! REALITY ( AN ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 ! C5TRAL PR]OGATIVE1 ALWAYS 9VASIVE1 CRU%ES ! 9/ITUTIONS1 UND]M9ES1 MODIFIES & REPEALS UNCEAS+LY A SY/EM ( LAWS ?AT HAVE LA/$ H>DLY FIFTY YE>S6 ,JU/ICE1 BL9D BY TRADE1 KN[S NO?+ ( :AT HAPP5S AT ! ,B\RSE1 &1 IF IT KNEW IT1 C\LD DO NO?+4 ,:ILE WILD BO>S & BE>S DEVA/ATE ! FIELDS ( ! NATION1 IT *ASES TOADS & LIZ>DS4 ,MORE 9EPT /ILL1 PROP]TY APPLAUDS DESPOTISM1 &1 SAV$ FROM 9SULTS FROM BEL[1 BELIEVES ?AT NO DECREE FROM ON HI< CAN AWAIT IT4 ,HA1 HA6 ,Y\ HAVE CRU%$ AN>*Y2 Y\ WILL HAVE ! ,/ATE 9 ALL ITS GLORY4  

 ,/RUCK TO ! HE>T1 ! OLD DYNA/IC P>TIES HAVE LO/1 ALONG ) ! UND]/&+ ( FACTS1 AN AW>5ESS ( !IR POSITION3 SO IRRITAT$ AGA9/ ! C\P ( ,DECEMB] #b1 ?AT !Y REGRET NOT HAV+ MADE ! C\P !MSELVES4 ,! SAME FR5ZY ( ABSOLUTISM POSSESSES !M3 DO !Y BELIEVE1 BY ?AT TRADE-JEAL\SY1 TO 9SPIRE 9 ! PEOPLE AN 5VY ( ! HAVES8  

 ,:AT6 ,B\RBON1 ELDE/ SON ( ,FRANCE1 Y\ /ILL H>BOR A GRUDGE AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION6 ,Y\ HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO RECONCILE Y\RSELF ) #h#i6 ,?AT BRAVE B\RGEOISIE MAKES Y\ AFRAID3 ,M\NI] SEEMS TO Y\ A R$1 ,MIRABEAU A T]RORI/1 ,*ATEAUBRI& AN A!I/6 ,AS HO/ILE TO ! *>T] AS Y\R GR&FA!R1 IT IS /ILL 9 ! LIT DE JU/ICE ( #bc ,JUNE #a<i ?AT DRAWS FROM Y\ ! HOPE ( A ?IRD RE/ORATION6 ,Y\ KN[ IT ?\<2 Y\R SIRE ,H5RI ,I,V BECAME K+ ( ,FRANCE = A TRAIT ( M9D3 ,P>IS IS WELL WOR? A MASS1 HE SAID4 ,HE ?\<T ?AT MU* ( ! PREA*+4 ,DO Y\ NOT BELIEVE ?AT ,P>IS IS ALSO WELL WOR? LIB]TY8444  

 ,& Y\1 G5TLEM5 ( ,ORLEANS1 :O %\LD HAVE BE5 = ,FRANCE1 ACCORD+ TO ! PHRASE ( ,LAFAYETTE1 ! BE/ ( REPUBLICS2 Y\ ALONE ?AT ! B\RGEOIS WILL NOT RE/ORE1 HAVE Y\ NOT A S+LE WORD = ! POOR LABOR]8 ,SOCIALISM WAS BORN UND] Y\R FA!R3 ! OLD K+ W\LD HAVE BE5 ONLY TOO HAPPY1 IF HE HAD ?R[N TO ! DEVIL ! #ae MILLIONS = HIS =TRESSES6 ,IS !RE !N ALSO 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 Y\R TITLE & \R ASPIRATIONS8 ,LI/5 TO ! POPUL> BID3 ,TW5TY-FIVE MILLIONS6 ,>E Y\ NOT HUMBL$ AT ALL BY ?IS8  

 ,LET US NOT SPEAK ( ! REPUBLICANS4 ,ONE KN[S1 ALAS61 ?AT ! ADV]SITY HAS NOT DISC\RAG$ !IR RESPECT = LAW1 & ?AT !RE WILL NEV] HAVE BE5 ANY?+ AMONG !M BUT LO/ *ILDR5 :O TAKE = RALLY+ CRY DICTATOR%IP1 ) ,POMPEY1 9/EAD ( ,CES>1 = DICTATOR4  

 ,FRANCE BELIEVES ONLY 9 =CE1 OBEYS ONLY 9/9CTS4  ,IT HAS NO MORE 9DIGNATION2 IT SEEMS TO F9D IT GOOD NOT TO ?9K4 ,SU* A PEOPLE1 SU* A GOV]NM5T6 ,! P[]1 :I* NO 9SPIRATION FROM ! C\NTRY ILLUM9ATES1 DOES NOT RETURN 9 ITS TURN ANY IDEA TO ! C\NTRY4 ,IT ADVANCES AS ! TABLES TURN1 )\T VISIBLE IMPULSION3 ONE CAN DEF9E IT AS A SPONTANEITY4 ,?US IT IS SE5 AFT] ! GREAT CRISES1 ! HORROR ( DISCUSSIONS & SY/EMS BECOMES SU* ?AT GOV]N$ & GOV]N+1 VANQUI%$ P>TIES & VANQUI%+1 EV]YONE1 AGA9 & AGA91 CLOSES !IR EYES1 COV]S !IR E>S1 AT ! M]E APPE>ANCE ( AN IDEA4 ,SUP]/ITION & SUICIDE3 !SE TWO WORDS SUMM>IZE ! MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL /ATE ( ! MASSES4 ,! DIRECTION ( BUS9ESS IS 9 ! H& ( ! PRACTITION]S & TO ! M5 ( ACTION2 HOLD BACK ONCE MORE ! IDEOLOGUES6 ,ONE SPEAKS ( ! ISOLATION ( PRES5T P[] 9 ! MID/ ( SIL5T POPULATIONS3 ! FACT IS ?AT ! POPULATIONS HAVE NO?+ TO SAY TO P[]4 ,!Y RETURN TO IT ITS PLACE 9 ! HEAV5S2 !Y BELIEVE 9 ITS VOCATION1 9 ITS PR$E/9ATION1 JU/ AS !Y BELIEVE 9 ITSELF4 ,LET IT SPEAK & ITS WORD WILL BE TAK5 = LAW4 ,ITA JUS E/O6 SAID ! ,LAT9 PLEBS4 ,LA REVOLUTION PROTECTS ITS BELOV$3 ?AT IS ! TRU? AB\T ! COMMUNICATIONS BETWE5 ! C\NTRY & ! GOV]NM5T4 ,WILL ! DAWN COME SOON8 ,WE KN[ NO?+ ( IT1 BUT WE DO NOT D\BT IT4  

 ,=EIGN POLICY IS LIKE DOME/IC OP9ION4 ,IT SEEKS ITSELF1 AWAIT+ ! /ROKE ( DE/9Y1 WRIT+ NOTES ?AT W\LD BE CALL$ LACK+ 9 GOOD FAI?1 IF !Y W]E NOT TOTALLY )\T S5SE4 ,! SIGNATORY P[]S ( ! TREATY ( ,WE/PHALIA & ( ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE NO LONG] BELIEVE 9 ,EUROPEAN EQUILIBRIUM4 ,AGA9/ ! WE/ 9 REVOLUTION1 !Y 9VOKE ORI5TAL B>B>ISM1 ! W> ( ! RACES1 ! ABSORPTION ( NATIONALITIES4 ,NO MORE ,POL&6 ,NO MORE ,ITALY6 ,NO MORE ,HUNG>Y6 ,NO MORE ,TURKEY SOON6 ,HAV5'T !Y SAID 9 A :ISP]3 ,NO MORE ,FRANCE6 ,OH1 TOCS9 ( #i#b6444 ,DIPLOMACY GOES LIKE SPECULATION & ! SEASON4 ,5C\RAG$ BY ! RA91 ! CZ> MAKES A GE/URE AT ! EMP]OR1 :O REFUSES IT3 FIRE M\NT$ TO ! FACE ( ! SOLDI]4 ,BUT HE1 EYE FIX$ ON ! H& ( ! ,B\RSE1 P]HAPS HE WAITS = ! H\R TO S\ND ON ! *AUV9ISM ( ! B\RGEOIS4  

 ,! PAPACY1 H[EV]1 BELIEVES ITSELF RETURN$ TO ITS GOOD DAYS1--NOT TO ! DAYS ( ,LEO ,X1 BUT TO ?OSE ( ,9NOC5T ,I,I,I4 ,IT DREAMS ( 9QUISITION & ( CRUSADE4 ,! EXP$ITION ( ,ROME AGA9/ ! DEMOCRATS IS NOT 5\< = IT1 IT REQUIRES AN EXP$ITION TO ,J]USALEM AGA9/ ! ,MUSLIMS & ! ,GREEKS4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT IT FANS1 LIKE A FLAME1 ! QUE/ION ( ! HOLY SITES3 ,=W>D1 ,GAULOIS & ,FRANCS6 ,WE W\LD NOT BE SURPRIS$ IF ?IS RACE ( FI<T]S BEGAN TO %\T1 AS 9 ! PA/3 ,GOD WILLS IT4 ,DI/RIBUTE TO !M1 ,HOLY ,FA!R1 Y\R SCAPUL>S & Y\R ROS>IES3 !Y WILL NOT BR+ BACK RELICS TO Y\4 ,!RE REIGNS OV] ALL ( ,EUROPE A SOLEMN %AD[1 SIMIL> TO ! D>KNESS ) :I* ! ORACLES W]E SURR\ND$1 9 ! DEP?S ( !IR OAK WOODS & 9 !IR CAVES4 ,WAT* \T1 ,NAPOLEON6 ,PREP>E Y\RSELVES1 ,GUILLAUME1 ,F]D9&1 ,NICOLAS1 ! :OLE COMPANY ( ! CR[N$6 ,& Y\1 POPES & PONTIFFS1 PREP>E Y\R ,KYRIE ELEISON & Y\R ,REQUIEM4 ,= ! SPIRIT ( ! NATIONS NO LONG] 9HABITS ! RO/RUMS2 IT HAS LEFT ! M\? ( ! ORATOR & ! P5 ( ! WRIT]4 ,IT M>*ES ) ! SOLDI]1 C>RI$ LIKE A GL9T AT ! PO9T ( HIS BAYONET4  

 ,H[EV]1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! ,FR5* SPEE*1 U%]$ 9 BY ! OLD MON>*Y1 CANNOT P]I%1 ANY MORE ?AN ! NATION CAN SUBSI/ )\T UNITY & )\T RI<T4  

 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! DEMOCRACY1 :I* IS NO?+ ELSE1 AFT] ALL1 ?AN ! P>TY ( MOVEM5T & LIB]TY1 CANNOT BE ]AS$ FROM HI/ORY = ! AB]RATIONS & NAIVETY ( #a#h#d#h4  

 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAD A POLITICAL & SOCIAL MISSION TO FULFILL T[>D ! PROLET>IAT4 ,W\LD Y\ LIKE IT BETT]1 LEAV+ TO ,CES> ! C>E ( N\RI%+ ! ELECTORS ( ,CES>1 TO ET]NALIZE BY HIS EGOISM ! P[] ( A RETROGRADE MULTITUDE1 & DE/ITUTE ! C\NTRIES ( !IR LIB]TIES8  

 ,IT IS C]TA91 F9ALLY1 ?AT ,EUROPE IS A F$]ATION ( /ATES R5D]$ SOLID>Y BY !IR 9T]E/S1 & ?AT 9 ?AT F$]ATION1 9EVITABLY BR\<T AB\T BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CE & 9DU/RY1 ! PRIORITY & PR$OM9ANCE ( 9ITIATIVE BELONGS TO ! WE/4 ,?AT PR$OM9ANCE1-- OBTA9$ BY ,L\IS ,X,I,V & ,NAPOLEON1 AS LONG AS !Y ACT$1 ! FIR/ 9 ! NAME ( ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITIES POSIT$ BY ,H5RI ,I,V & ,RI*ELIEU1 ! SECOND 9 ! NAME ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( \R PRES]VATION1 MU* MORE ?AN ?AT ( \R GLORY1--COMM&S US TO SEIZE IT ONCE AGA94 ,%\LD WE1 TO ?IS 5D1 PROCE$ BY ! ROAD ( CONQUE/ OR ?AT ( 9FLU5CE8 ,%\LD ! HEAD ( ! ,FR5* /ATE BE ! PRESID5T ( ! ,EUROPEAN REPUBLIC1 OR DO Y\ PREF] TO ALL[ HIM TO PURSUE ! *ANCE TO BE ITS MON>*1 AT ! RISK ( A ?IRD 9VASION & ! R5D+ ( ! HOMEL&8444  

 ,:AT AM ,I SAY+8 ,IF !RE IS ONE ?+ OBVI\S TO EV]Y OBS]V]1 IT IS ?AT ,FRANCE PR(ITS AT ?IS MOM5T ONLY BY ! V]Y IDEAS ?AT IT HAS PROSCRIB$2 IT IS ?AT MOD]N CIVILIZATION1 BOIL+ ) TRADITIONS & EXAMPLES1 IS IRREVOCABLY COMMITT$ TO ! PA? ( REVOLUTION1 :]E NEI!R ! HI/ORICAL PREC$5TS1 NOR ! WRITT5 LAW1 NOR ! E/ABLI%$ FAI? CAN GUIDE IT ANY LONG]4  

 ,?US IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT ROYALI/S & DEMOCRATS1 B\RGEOIS & PROLET>IANS1 ,FR5*1 ,G]MANS & ,SLAVS1 SET !MSELVES TO SEEK ! UNKN[N PR9CIPLES :I* GOV]N !M4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO SUB/ITUTE = ! EMPIRICAL =MULAS ( #a#f#d#h1 #a#g#h#i1 #ahad & #a#h#d#h1 AN IDEA1 PRIOR & SUP]IOR1 :I* W\LD HAVE NO?+ TO FE> FROM DIPLOMATIC & P>LIAM5T>Y SOPHISMS1 B\RGEOIS FAILURES & PLEBEIAN HALLUC9ATIONS4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y1 HUMANITY ASPIR+ TO KN[ & NOT BE+ ABLE TO BELIEVE1 TO DET]M9E A PRIORI ITS R\TE1 TO WRITE HI/ORY BE=E ! FACTS W]E ACCOMPLI%$6 ,DO WE WANT TO BE GOV]N$ BY SCI5CE1 OR AB&ON$ TO FATE8  

 ,EV]Y ]A IS RUL$ BY AN IDEA1 :I* IS EXPRESS$ 9 A LIT]ATURE1 DEVELOP$ 9 A PHILOSOPHY1 & EMBODI$1 IF NE$ BE1 9 A GOV]NM5T4 ,!RE WAS1 9 ! SECRET ?\<T ( #a#h#d#h1 AS 9 ?AT ( #a#g#i#c1 #ahad & #a#h#c1 ! /UFF ( A DEMOCRACY1 ( A DYNA/Y P]HAPS3 ?AT ?\<T HAS BE5 DESPIS$444 LIKE AN ANGUL> /ONE CUT BY BAD MASONS4 ,WE WILL NOT CEASE TO REPRODUCE IT1 & :ATEV] WILL BE ! /&>D-BE>] ( ,FR5* DE/9IES1 PR9CE OR TRIBUNE1 WE PROCLAIM IT1 ) A GR[+ FAI? & 5]GY3 ,IT IS BY ?IS SIGN ?AT Y\ WILL OV]COME6  

 ,ONE HAS SAID3 ,:AT DO Y\ PUBLI% ON ! PRES5T SITUATION8  

 ,H]E IS ! SITUATION3 \R TASK IS TO FACE UP1 BY REFLECTION1 TO ! NECESSITY ( ?+S2 IT IS TO BEG9 AGA9 \R SOCIAL & 9TELLECTUAL $UCATION2 & AS A P>TY F\ND$ ON ! V]Y NATURE ( ! HUMAN M9D CANNOT P]I%1 IT IS TO GIVE TO DEMOCRACY ! IDEA & ! FLAG ?AT IT LACKS4  

 ,UP TO N[1 DEMOCRACY HAS FOLL[$ ! =MS ( MON>*IC GOV]NM5T1 MON>*IC POLITICS1 & MON>*IC ECONOMICS4 ,?IS IS :Y DEMOCRACY HAS ALWAYS BE5 ONLY A FICTION1 9CAPABLE ( CON/ITUT+ ITSELF4 ,IT IS TIME ?AT IT LE>NS TO ?9K = ITSELF2 ?AT IT POSITS ! PR9CIPLE :I* IS PROP] TO IT1 & BY AFFIRM+ ITSELF 9 A POSITIVE MANN]1 ?AT IT C>RIES TO COMPLETION ! SY/EM ( SOCIAL IDEAS4  

 ,! TWO LETT]S ?AT Y\ >E GO+ TO READ W]E WRITT5 AT ! 5D ( #a#h#e#a4 ,!Y %\LD HAVE APPE>$ 9 ,LA ,PRESSE1 9 RESPONSE TO ! QUE/IONS ( A LE>N$ CRITIC1 ,M4 ,R,O,M,A,9-,C,O,R,N,U,T1 :5 ! C\P ( ,DECEMB] #b OCCURR$4--,!Y CAN BE REG>D$ AS ! AU?OR'S PHILOSOPHICAL & SOCIAL PR(ESSION ( FAI?4  

 ,NO?+ P]SI/S1 SAID ! ANCI5T SAGES3 EV]Y?+ *ANGES1 EV]Y?+ FL[S1 EV]Y?+ BECOMES2 CONSEQU5TLY1 EV]Y?+ REMA9S & EV]Y?+ IS CONNECT$2 BY FUR!R CONSEQU5CE ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE IS OPPOSITION1 BALANCE1 EQUILIBRIUM4 ,!RE IS NO?+1 NEI!R \TSIDE NOR 9SIDE1 AP>T FROM ?AT ET]NAL DANCE2 & ! RHY?M ?AT COMM&S IT1 PURE =M ( EXI/5CES1 SUPREME IDEA TO :I* ANY REALITY CAN RESPOND1 IS ! HI<E/ CONCEPTION ?AT REASON CAN ATTA94  

 ,H[ !N >E ?+S CONNECT$ & 5G5D]$8 ,H[ >E BE+S PRODUC$ & H[ DO !Y DISAPPE>8 ,H[ IS SOCIETY & NATURE TRANS=M$8 ,SU* IS ! SOLE OBJECT ( SCI5CE4  

 ,! NOTION ( ,PROGRESS1 C>RI$ 9TO ALL ! SPH]ES ( CONSCI\SNESS & ! UND]/&+1 BECOME ! BASE ( PRACTICAL & SPECULATIVE REASON1 MU/ R5EW ! 5TIRE SY/EM ( HUMAN KN[L$GE1 PURGE ! M9D ( ITS LA/ PREJUDICES1 REPLACE ! CON/ITUTIONS & CATE*ISMS 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 TEA* TO MAN ALL ?AT HE CAN LEGITIMATELY KN[1 DO1 HOPE & FE>3 ! VALUE ( HIS IDEAS1 ! DEF9ITION ( HIS RI<TS1 ! RULE ( HIS ACTIONS1 ! PURPOSE ( HIS EXI/5CE444  

 ,! !ORY ( ,PROGRESS IS ! RAILWAY ( LIB]TY4  

 ,BE=E PUBLI%+1 ) ! PROCESSION ( PRO(S ?AT IT REQUIRES1 ! 5SEMBLE ( \R VIEWS ON !SE HI< QUE/IONS1 WE HAVE ?\<T IT NECESS>Y TO CONSULT ! PUBLIC & \R FRI5DS ON ! SEQU5CE TO GIVE TO \R RESE>*ES4 ,WE D>E TO HOPE ?AT CRITICISM WILL NOT BE LACK+ = ?IS FIR/ SAMPLE3 WE WILL BE HAPPY IF1 9=M$ BY SALUT>Y ADVICE1 WE >E ABLE TO LIFT A CORN] ( ! VEIL ?AT /EALS ! LI<T FROM US6444  

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,USUS ET IMPIGRA SIMNL RIP]IM5TIA M5TIT  

,PAULATIM DOCUIT P$EL5TIM PROGR$I5TES4  

,L,U,C,R,E,T,I,U,S1 ,DE NATURA R]UM4  

  

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 ,( ,! ,I,D,E,A ,( ,P,R,O,G,R,E,S,S  
  

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 ,SA9TE-,PELAGIE1 ,NOVEMB] #b#f1 #a#h#e#a4   

 ,S,I,R1   

 ,BE=E REPORT+ TO ! PUBLIC ON MY V>I\S PUBLICATIONS1 Y\ WI%1 = GREAT] EXACTNESS1 TO ASK ME H[ ,I 5VISION ! :OLE1 H[ ,I UND]/& ! UNITY & ! CONNECTIONS4  

 ,?IS DESIRE ON Y\R P>T1 SIR1 C\LD NOT BE MORE LEGITIMATE1 & ! QUE/ION IS AS JU/ AS IT IS FAIR4 ,!RE IS NO DOCTR9E :]E !RE IS NO UNITY1 & ,I W\LD NOT M]IT AN H\R ( 9VE/IGATION1 AS A ?9K] OR AS A REVOLUTION>Y1 IT !RE WAS NOT SOME?+ 9 ! MULTITUDE ( PROPOSITIONS1 :I* >E SOMETIMES V]Y DISP>ATE1 :I* ,I HAVE BY TURNS SU/A9$ & D5I$1 SOME?+ :I* CONNECTS !M & =MS FROM !M A BODY ( DOCTR9E4 ,9 TIMES PA/1 ONE ASK$ A MAN1 W&]+ F> FROM HIS HOME3 ,:AT IS Y\R ,GOD8 ,:AT IS Y\R RELIGION8444 ,IT IS ! LEA/ ?AT ONE C\LD DEM& ( A NEWCOM]1 TO KN[ :AT1 9 ! LA/ 9/ANCE1 IS HIS PR9CIPLE4  

 ,I DO NOT KN[ H[ TO ?ANK Y\ 5\<1 SIR1 = ?AT HI< IMP>TIALITY1 = ?AT GOOD FAI? 9 CRITIQUE1 :I* MAKES Y\ SEEK BE=E EV]Y?+ ELSE1 NOT ! WEAKNESS ( ! WRIT]1--IT IS ONLY TOO APP>5T1--BUT HIS TRUE ?\<T1 ! EXACT VALUE ( HIS ASS]TIONS4 ,9 ALL JUDICIAL OP]ATIONS IT IS NECESS>Y1 BE=E PRON\NC+ ! S5T5CE1 TO LI/5 TO ! DEF5DANT3 ! MO/ JU/ JUDGM5T IS ?AT :I* RESULTS FROM ! TE/IMONY & CONFESSIONS ( ! ACCUS$4  

 ,I AM GO+1 SIR1 TO TRY TO SATISFY Y\R DEM&1 OR1 RA!R1 ,I AM GO+ TO GIVE MYSELF UP1 B\ND H&S & FEET1 TO Y\R JU/ICE1 BY PRES5T+ TO Y\ H]E1 NOT A DEF5SE1 BUT A G5]AL CONFESSION4 ,TAKE ME !N1 IF Y\ CAN1 BY MY TE/IMONY4 ,I WILL NOT HAVE ! RI<T TO APPEAL Y\R S5T5CE4  

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 ,?AT :I* DOM9ATES ALL MY /UDIES1 ITS PR9CIPLE & 5D1 ITS SUMMIT & BASE1 9 A WORD1 ITS REASON2 ?AT :I* GIVES ! KEY TO ALL MY CONTROV]SIES1 ALL MY DISQUISITIONS1 ALL MY LAPSES2 ?AT :I* CON/ITUTES1 F9ALLY1 MY ORIG9ALITY AS A ?9K]1 IF ,I MAY CLAIM SU*1 IS ?AT ,I AFFIRM1 RESOLUTELY & IRREVOCABLY1 9 ALL & EV]Y:]E1 ,PROGRESS1 & ?AT ,I D5Y1 NO LESS RESOLUTELY1 ! ,ABSOLUTE4  

 ,ALL ?AT ,I HAVE EV] WRITT51 ALL ?AT ,I HAVE D5I$1 AFFIRM$1 ATTACK$1 COMBAT$1 ,I HAVE WRITT51 ,I HAVE D5I$ OR AFFIRM$ 9 ! NAME ( ONE S+LE IDEA3 ,PROGRESS4 ,MY ADV]S>IES1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 & Y\ WILL SOON SEE IF !Y >E NUM]\S1 >E ALL P>TIZANS ( ! ABSOLUTE1 9 OMNI G5]E1 CASU ET NUM]O1 AS ,SGAN>ELLE SAID4  

 ,:AT !N IS ,PROGRESS8--,= NE>LY A C5TURY EV]YONE HAS TALK$ AB\T IT1 )\T ,PROGRESS1 AS A DOCTR9E1 HAV+ ADVANC$ A /EP4 ,! WORD IS M\!D3 ! !ORY IS /ILL AT ! PO9T :]E ,LESS+ LEFT IT4#c  
                                                 

 ,:AT IS ! ,ABSOLUTE1 OR1 TO BETT] DESIGNATE IT1 ,ABSOLUTISM8--,EV]YONE REPUDIATES IT1 NOBODY WANTS IT ANYMORE2 & YET ,I CAN SAY ?AT EV]YONE IS ,*RI/IAN1 PROTE/ANT1 ,JEW OR A!I/1 MON>*I/ OR DEMOCRAT1 COMMUNI/ OR ,MAL?USIAN3 EV]YONE1 BLASPHEM+ AGA9/ ,PROGRESS1 IS ALLI$ TO ! ,ABSOLUTE4  

 ,IF !N ,I C\LD ONCE PUT MY F+] ON ! OPPOSITION ?AT ,I PUT BETWE5 !SE TWO IDEAS1 & EXPLA9 :AT ,I MEAN BY ,PROGRESS & :AT ,I CONSID] ,ABSOLUTE1 ,I W\LD HAVE GIV5 Y\ ! PR9CIPLE1 SECRET & KEY TO ALL MY POLEMICS4 ,Y\ W\LD POSSESS ! LOGICAL L9K BETWE5 ALL ( MY IDEAS1 & Y\ C\LD1 ) ?AT NOTION ALONE1 S]V+ = Y\ AS AN 9FALLIBLE CRIT]ION ) REG>D TO ME1 NOT ONLY E/IMATE ! 5SEMBLE ( MY PUBLICATIONS1 BUT =ECA/ & SIGNAL 9 ADVANCE ! PROPOSITIONS ?AT SOON] OR LAT] ,I MU/ AFFIRM OR D5Y1 ! DOCTR9ES ( :I* ,I WILL HAVE TO MAKE MYSELF ! DEF5D] OR ADV]S>Y4 ,Y\ W\LD BE ABLE1 ,I SAY1 TO EVALUATE & JUDGE ALL MY !SES BY :AT ,I HAVE SAID & BY :AT ,I DO NOT KN[4 ,Y\ W\LD KN[ ME1 9TUS ET 9 CUTE1 SU* AS ,I AM1 SU* AS ,I HAVE BE5 ALL MY LIFE1 & SU* AS ,I W\LD F9D MYSELF 9 A ?\S& YE>S1 IF ,I C\LD LIVE A ?\S& YE>S3 ! MAN :OSE ?\<T ALWAYS ADVANCES1 :OSE PROGRAM WILL NEV] BE F9I%$4 ,& AT :ATEV] MOM5T 9 MY C>E] Y\ W\LD COME TO KN[ ME1 :ATEV] CONCLUSION Y\ C\LD COME TO REG>D+ ME1 Y\ W\LD ALWAYS HAVE EI!R TO ABSOLVE ME 9 ! NAME ( ,PROGRESS1 OR TO CONDEMN ME 9 ! NAME ( ! ,ABSOLUTE4  

 ,PROGRESS1 9 ! PURE/ S5SE ( ! WORD1 :I* IS ! LEA/ EMPIRICAL1 IS ! MOVEM5T ( ! IDEA1 PROCESSUS2 IT IS 9NATE1 SPONTANE\S & ESS5TIAL MOVEM5T1 UNCONTROLLABLE & 9DE/RUCTIBLE1 :I* IS TO ! M9D :AT GRAVITY IS TO MATT]4 7,I SUPPOSE ) ! VULG> ?AT M9D & MATT]1 LEAV+ ASIDE MOVEM5T1 >E SOME?+71 & :I* MANIFE/S ITSELF PR9CIPALLY 9 ! M>* ( SOCIETIES1 9 HI/ORY47  

 ,FROM ?IS IT FOLL[S ?AT1 ! ESS5CE ( M9D BE+ MOVEM5T1 TRU?1-- :I* IS TO SAY REALITY1 AS MU* 9 NATURE AS 9 CIVILIZATION1--IS ESS5TIALLY HI/ORICAL1 SUBJECT TO PROGRESSIONS1 CONV]SIONS1 EVOLUTIONS & METAMORPHOSES4 ,!RE IS NO?+ FIX$ & ET]NAL BUT ! V]Y LAWS ( MOVEM5T1 ! /UDY ( :I* =MS ! OBJECT ( LOGIC & MA!MATICS4  

 ,! VULG>1 BY :I* ,I MEAN ! MAJORITY ( ! SAVANTS AS WELL AS ! IGNORANT1 UND]/& ,PROGRESS 9 AN 5TIRELY UTILIT>IAN & MAT]IAL S5SE4 ,! ACCUMULATION ( DISCOV]IES1 MULTIPLICATION ( MA*9ES1 9CREASE 9 G5]AL WELL-BE+1 ALL BY ! GREATE/ EXT5SION ( $UCATION & IMPROVEM5T ( ME?ODS2 9 A WORD1 AUGM5TATION ( MAT]IAL & MORAL WEAL?1 ! P>TICIPATION ( AN ALWAYS GREAT] NUMB] ( M5 9 ! PLEASURES ( =TUNE & ( ! M9D3 SU* IS = !M1 MORE OR LESS1 ,PROGRESS4 ,C]TA9LY1 ,PROGRESS IS ?IS AS WELL1 & ! PROGRESSIVE PHILOSOPHY W\LD BE %ORT-SI<T$ & BE> LITTLE FRUIT1 IF 9 ITS SPECULATIONS IT BEGAN BY PUTT+ ASIDE ! PHYSICAL1 MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL IMPROVEM5T ( ! MO/ NUM]\S & POORE/ CLASS1 AS ,SA9T-,SIMON'S =MULAS SAID4 ,BUT ALL ( ?AT ONLY GIVES US A RE/RICT$ EXPRESSION ( ,PROGRESS1 AN IMAGE1 A SYMBOL1 7H[ %ALL ,I SAY IT87 A PRODUCT3 PHILOSOPHICALLY1 SU* A NOTION ( ,PROGRESS IS )\T VALUE4  

 ,PROGRESS1 ONCE MORE1 IS ! AFFIRMATION ( UNIV]SAL MOVEM5T1 CONSEQU5TLY ! NEGATION EV]Y IMMUTABLE =M & =MULA1 ( EV]Y DOCTR9E ( ET]NITY1 P]MAN5CE1 IMPECCABILITY1 ETC41 APPLI$ TO ANY BE+ :ATEV]2 IT IS ! NEGATION ( EV]Y P]MAN5T ORD]1 EV5 ?AT ( ! UNIV]SE1 & ( EV]Y SUBJECT OR OBJECT1 EMPIRICAL OR TRANSC5D5TAL1 :I* DOES NOT *ANGE4  

 ,! ,ABSOLUTE1 OR ABSOLUTISM1 IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! AFFIRMATION ( ALL ?AT ,PROGRESS D5IES1 ! NEGATION ( ALL ?AT IT AFFIRMS4 ,IT IS ! /UDY1 9 NATURE1 SOCIETY1 RELIGION1 POLITICS1 MORALS1 ETC41 ( ! ET]NAL1 ! IMMUTABLE1 ! P]FECT1 ! DEF9ITIVE1 ! UNCONV]TIBLE1 ! UNDIVID$2 IT IS1 TO USE A PHRASE MADE FAM\S 9 \R P>LIAM5T>Y DEBATES1 9 ALL & EV]Y:]E1 ! /ATUS QUO4#d  
                                                 

 ,DESC>TES1 REASON+ UNCONSCI\SLY ACCORD+ TO ! PREJUDICES ( ! OLD METAPHYSICS1 & SEEK+ AN UN%AKABLE F\NDATION = PHILOSOPHY1 AN ALIQUID 9CONCUSSUM1 AS IT WAS SAID1 IMAG9$ ?AT HE HAD F\ND IT 9 ! SELF1 & POSIT$ ?IS PR9CIPLE3 ,I ?9K1 !RE=E ,I AM2 ,COGITO1 ]GO SUM4 ,DESC>TES DID NOT REALIZE ?AT HIS BASE1 SUPPOS$LY IMMOBILE1 WAS MOBILITY ITSELF4 ,COGITO1 ,I ?9K1 !SE WORDS EXPRESS MOVEM5T2 & ! CONCLUSION1 ACCORD+ TO ! ORIG9AL S5SE ( ! V]B TO BE1 SUM1 7HAIAH71 IS /ILL MOVEM5T4 ,HE %\LD HAVE SAID3 ,MOVEOR1 ]GO FIO1 ,I MOVE1 !RE=E ,I BECOME6  

 ,FROM ?AT D\BLE & CONTRADICTORY DEF9ITION ( PROGRESS & ! ABSOLUTE IS FIR/ D$UC$1 AS A COROLL>Y1 A PROPOSITION QUITE /RANGE TO \R M9DS1 :I* HAVE BE5 %AP$ = SO LONG BY ABSOLUTISM3 IT IS ?AT ! TRU? 9 ALL ?+S1 ! REAL1 ! POSITIVE1 ! PRACTICABLE1 IS :AT *ANGES1 OR AT LEA/ IS SUSCEPTIBLE TO PROGRESSION1 CONCILIATION1 TRANS=MATION2 :ILE ! FALSE1 ! FICTIVE1 ! IMPOSSIBLE1 ! AB/RACT1 IS EV]Y?+ ?AT PRES5TS ITSELF AS FIX$1 5TIRE1 COMPLETE1 UNALT]ABLE1 UNFAIL+1 NOT SUSCEPTIBLE TO MODIFICATION1 CONV]SION1 AUGM5TATION OR DIM9UTION1 RESI/ANT AS A CONSEQU5CE TO ALL SUP]IOR COMB9ATION1 TO ALL SYN!SIS4  

 ,SO ! NOTION ( ,PROGRESS IS PROVID$ TO US IMM$IATELY & BE=E ALL EXP]I5CE1 NOT :AT ONE CALLS A CRIT]ION1 BUT1 AS ,BOSSUET SAYS1 A FAVORABLE PREJUDICE1 BY MEANS ( :I* IT IS POSSIBLE TO DI/+UI%1 9 PRACTICE1 ?AT :I* IT MAY BE USEFUL TO UND]TAKE & PURSUE1 FROM ?AT :I* MAY BECOME DANG]\S & DEADLY1--AN IMPORTANT ?+ = ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,/ATE & ( COMM]CE4  

 ,9DE$1 AMONG ! MANY PROJECTS ( AMELIORATION & RE=M ?AT >E PRODUC$ DAILY 9 SOCIETY1 IT IS UNQUE/IONABLE ?AT SOME >E F\ND USEFUL & DESIRABLE1 :ILE O!RS >E NOT4 ,N[1 BE=E EXP]I5CE HAS DECID$1 H[ CAN ONE RECOGNIZE1 A PRIORI1 ! BETT] FROM ! WORSE1 ! PRACTICAL ?+ FROM ! FALSE SPECULATION8 ,H[ DO Y\ *OOSE1 = EXAMPLE1 BETWE5 PROP]TY & COMMUNISM1 F$]ALISM & C5TRALIZATION1 DIRECT GOV]NM5T BY ! PEOPLE & DICTATOR%IP1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & DIV9E RI<T8444 ,!SE QUE/IONS >E ALL ! MORE DIFFICULT S9CE !RE IS NO LACK ( EXAMPLES ( LEGISLATORS & ( SOCIETIES ?AT HAVE TAK5 = A RULE ONE OR ! O!R ( !SE PR9CIPLES1 & S9CE ALL ! CONTR>IES F9D !IR JU/IFICATION EQUALLY 9 HI/ORY4  

 ,= ME1 ! RESPONSE IS SIMPLE4 ,ALL IDEAS >E FALSE1 ?AT IS TO SAY CONTRADICTORY & IRRATIONAL1 IF ONE TAKES !M 9 AN EXCLUSIVE & ABSOLUTE S5SE1 OR IF ONE ALL[S ONESELF TO BE C>RI$ AWAY BY ?AT S5SE2 ALL >E TRUE1 SUSCEPTIBLE TO REALIZATION & USE1 IF ONE TAKES !M TOGE!R ) O!RS1 OR 9 EVOLUTION4  

 ,?US1 :E!R Y\ TAKE = ! DOM9ANT LAW ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 EI!R PROP]TY1 LIKE ! ,ROMANS1 OR COMMUNISM1 LIKE ,LYCURGUS1 OR C5TRALIZATION1 LIKE ,RI*ELIEU1 OR UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 LIKE ,R\SSEAU1--:ATEV] PR9CIPLE Y\ *OOSE1 S9CE 9 Y\R ?\<T IT TAKES PREC$5CE OV] ALL ! O!RS1--Y\R SY/EM IS ]RONE\S4 ,!RE IS A FATAL T5D5CY TO ABSORPTION1 TO PURIFICATION1 EXCLUSION1 /ASIS1 LEAD+ TO RU94 ,!RE IS NOT A REVOLUTION 9 HUMAN HI/ORY ?AT C\LD NOT BE EASILY EXPLA9$ BY ?IS4  

 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IF Y\ ADMIT 9 PR9CIPLE ?AT EV]Y REALIZATION1 9 SOCIETY & 9 NATURE1 RESULTS FROM ! COMB9ATION ( OPPOS$ ELEM5TS & !IR MOVEM5T1 Y\R C\RSE IS PLOTT$3 EV]Y PROPOSITION :I* AIMS1 EI!R TO ADVANCE AN OV]DUE IDEA1 OR TO PROCURE A MORE 9TIMATE COMB9ATION1 A SUP]IOR AGREEM5T1 IS ADVANTAGE\S = Y\1 & IS TRUE4 ,IT IS 9-PROGRESS4  

 ,= EXAMPLE1 MORAL PHILOSOPHY & ! EXP]I5CE ( SOCIETIES HAVE NOT PRON\NC$ 9 A DEF9ITIVE MANN] ON ! QUE/ION ( :E!R OR NOT1 9 A P]FECT$ LEGISLATION1 DIVORCE IS ALL[$4 ,ONE NEV] FAILS TO CITE 9 ?IS CONNECTION ! EXAMPLES ( ! ,ROMANS1 ! ,GREEKS1 & ! ,ORI5TALS1 ! S5TIM5TS ( ! ,GREEK ,*UR* & ! ,RE=M$ ,*UR*1 ! AU?ORITY ( ,MOSES & ( ,JESUS ,*RI/ HIMSELF4 ,BE=E ?AT MASS ( TE/IMONIES1 ONE ASKS :AT ! OP9ION ( ,FRANCE1 & ( O!R C\NTRIES RUL$ BY CA?OLIC DISCIPL9E1 MATT]S4--,I ADMIT1 = MYSELF1 ?AT ,I AM NOT MU* MOV$ BY ?AT >GUM5TATION1 :I* IT W\LD BE AS EASY TO MAKE S]VE 9 ! DEF5SE ( POLYGAMY1 9DE$ EV5 ( PROMISCUITY4 ,! ANCI5T SOCIALI/S1 LIKE SEV]AL AMONG ! MOD]NS1 DID NOT AB/A9 FROM ?IS4 ,I DO NOT ASK MYSELF :AT HAS BE5 9 PA/ C5TURIES1 & :AT IS /ILL 9 MO/ NATIONS1 ! /ATE ( WOMAN1 9 ORD] TO D$UCE BY COMP>ISON :AT IT W\LD BE SUITABLE TO BR+ AB\T AMONG US2 ,I SEEK ?AT :I* IS ON ITS WAY TO BECOM+4 ,IS ! T5D5CY TO DISSOLUTION OR TO 9DISSOLUBILITY8 ,?AT IS ! QUE/ION = ME4 ,N[1 IT APPE>S OBVI\S TO ME1 9DEP5D5T ( CONSID]ATIONS ( DOME/IC 9T]E/S1 MORALS1 DIGNITY1 JU/ICE1 EV5 HAPP9ESS1 ?AT ONE CAN ASS]T H]E ?AT ,LAT9 MONOGAMY1 SU/A9$ & 5NOBL$ BY ,CA?OLICISM1 %[S A TRIUMPHANT T5D5CY TO 9DISSOLUBILITY2 IT APPE>S TO ME ?AT ! ,GREEK *UR* HAS REMA9$ /ATION>Y ON ?IS PO9T1 ?AT ! ,PROTE/ANT *UR* HAS BE5 RETROGRADE1 & ?AT ! ,FR5* CODE1 ) ITS EXCEPTIONS = NULLITY1 IS /ILL ! MO/ ADVANC$ EXPRESSION ( ,PROGRESS4 ,LET US ADD ?AT ! QUE/ION ( DIVORCE1 RESOLV$ 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE1 W\LD IMPLY A SIMIL> RETROGRADATION ( ! :OLE POLITICAL & SOCIAL ORD]1 S9CE AT ! 5D ( ! QUE/ION ( DIVORCE !RE IS ANO!R QUE/ION ( 9EQUALITY1 AS ONE HAS SE5 FROM ! ,SA9T-,SIMONIAN !ORY4 ,IT IS ?IS ?AT ,I CALL A FAVORABLE PREJUDICE2 S9CE1 = ME1 TO ASK IF WE WILL 9TRODUCE DIVORCE 9TO \R LAWS1 IS TO ASK IMPLICITLY IF WE WILL RETURN TO FEUDALISM BY CAPITALISM1 IF GOV]NM5T WILL BE DESPOTIC OR LIB]AL1 9 %ORT1 IF WE WILL BE PROGRESSIVE OR REACTION>Y4  

 ,SU* IS !N1 9 MY OP9ION1 ! RULE ( \R CONDUCT & \R JUDGM5TS3 !RE >E DEGREES TO EXI/5CE1 TO TRU? & TO ! GOOD1 & ! UTMO/ IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! M>* ( BE+1 ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! L>GE/ NUMB] ( T]MS1 :ILE PURE UNITY & /ASIS IS EQUIVAL5T TO NO?+NESS2 IT IS ?AT EV]Y IDEA1 EV]Y DOCTR9E ?AT SECRETLY ASPIRES TO PREPOT5CY & IMMUTABILITY1 :I* AIMS TO ET]NALIZE ITSELF1 :I* FLATT]S ITSELF ?AT IT GIVES ! LA/ =MULA ( LIB]TY & REASON1 :I* CONSEQU5TLY CONCEALS1 9 ! FOLDS ( ITS DIALECTIC1 EXCLUSION & 9TOL]ANCE2 :I* CLAIMS TO BE TRUE 9 ITSELF1 UNALLOY$1 ABSOLUTE1 ET]NAL1 9 ! MANN] ( A RELIGION1 & )\T CONSID]ATION = ANY O!R2 ?AT IDEA1 :I* D5IES ! MOVEM5T ( M9D & ! CLASSIFICATION ?+S1 IS FALSE & FATAL1 & MORE1 IT IS 9CAPABLE ( BE+ CON/ITUT$ 9 REALITY4 ,?IS IS :Y ! ,*RI/IAN *UR*1 F\ND$ ON AN ALLEG$LY DIV9E & IMMUTABLE ORD]1 HAS NEV] BE5 ABLE TO E/ABLI% ITSELF 9 ! /RICTNESS ( ITS PR9CIPLE2 :Y ! MON>*IC *>T]S1 ALWAYS LEAV+ TOO MU* LATITUDE TO 9NOVATION & LIB]TY1 >E ALWAYS 9SUFFICI5T2 :Y1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 9 SPITE ( ! DRAWBACKS ) :I* IT AB\NDS1 IS /ILL ! BE/ & TRUE/ ( ALL ! POLITICAL CON/ITUTIONS4 ,:ILE ! O!RS OB/9ATELY POSIT !MSELVES 9 ! ,ABSOLUTE1 ONLY ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #ahdh HAS PROCLAIM$ ITS [N REVISION1 ITS P]PETUAL RE=MABILITY4#e  

 ,) ?IS UND]/OOD1 & ! NOTION ( ,PROGRESS OR UNIV]SAL MOVEM5T 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! UND]/&+1 ADMITT$ 9TO ! REPUBLIC ( IDEAS1 FAC+ ITS ANTAGONI/ ! ,ABSOLUTE1 EV]Y?+ *ANGES 9 APPE>ANCE = ! PHILOSOPH]4 ,! WORLD ( M9D1 LIKE ?AT ( NATURE1 SEEMS TURN$ ON ITS HEAD3 LOGIC & METAPHYSICS1 RELIGION1 POLITICS1 ECONOMICS1 JURISPRUD5CE1 MORALS1 & >T ALL APPE> ) A NEW PHYSIOGNOMY1 REVOLUTIONIZ$ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM4 ,:AT ! M9D HAD BELIEV$ TRUE UNTIL ?IS TIME BECOMES FALSE2 ?AT :I* IT HAD REJECT$ AS FALSE BECOME TRUE4 ,! 9FLU5CE ( ! NEW NOTION MAK+ ITSELF FELT BY ALL1 & MORE EA* DAY1 !RE SOON RESULTS A CONFUSION ?AT SEEMS 9EXTRICABLE TO SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]S1 & LIKE ! SYMPTOM ( A G5]AL FOLLY4 ,9 ! 9T]REGNUM :I* SEP>ATES ! NEW REGIME ( ,PROGRESS FROM ! OLD REGIME ( ! ,ABSOLUTE1 & DUR+ ! P]IOD :ILE 9TELLIG5CES PASS FROM ONE TO ! O!R1 CONSCI\SNESS HESITATES & /UMBLES BETWE5 ITS TRADITIONS & ITS ASPIRATIONS2 & AS FEW PEOPLE KN[ H[ TO DI/+UI% ! D\BLE PASSION ?AT !Y OBEY1 TO SEP>ATE :AT !Y AFFIRM OR D5Y 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR BELIEF 9 ! ,ABSOLUTE FROM ?AT :I* !Y D5Y OR AFFIRM 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR SUPPORT = ,PROGRESS1 !RE RESULTS = SOCIETY1 FROM ?AT EFF]VESC5CE ( ALL ! FUNDAM5TAL NOTIONS1 A PELL-MELL ( OP9IONS & 9T]E/1 A BATTLE ( P>TIES1 :]E CIVILIZATION W\LD SOON BE RU9$1 IF LI<T DID NOT MANAGE TO MAKE ITSELF SE5 9 ! VOID4  

 ,SU* IS ! SITUATION ?AT ,FRANCE F9DS ITSELF 91 NOT ONLY S9CE ! REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y1 BUT S9CE ?AT ( #a#g#h#i1 A SITUATION = :I* ,I BLAME1 UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T1 ! PHILOSOPH]S1 ! PUBLICI/S1 ALL ?OSE :O1 HAV+ A MISSION TO 9/RUCT ! PEOPLE & =M OP9ION1 HAVE NOT SE51 OR HAVE NOT WANT$ TO SEE1 ?AT ! IDEA ( ,PROGRESS BE+ FROM N[ ON UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$1--HAV+ ACQUIR$ RI<TS FROM ! B\RGEOISIE1 NOT ONLY 9 ! S*OOLS1 BUT EV5 9 ! TEMPLES1--& RAIS$ F9ALLY TO ! CATEGORY ( REASON1 ! OLD REPRES5TATIONS ( ?+S1 NATURAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL1 >E CORRUPT$1 & ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO CON/RUCT ANEW1 BY MEANS ( ?AT NEW LAMP ( ! UND]/&+1 SCI5CE & ! LAWS4  

 ,DIMSIT LUCEM A T5EBRIS6 ,SEP>ATION ( POSITIVE IDEAS1 CON/RUCT$ ON ! NOTION ( ,PROGRESS1 FROM ! MORE OR LESS UTOPIAN !ORIES ?AT SUGGE/ ! ,ABSOLUTE3 SU* IS1 SIR1 ! G5]AL ?\<T :I* GUIDES ME4 ,SU* IS MY PR9CIPLE1 MY IDEA ITSELF1 ?AT :I* =MS ! BASE & MAKES ! CONNECTIONS 9 ALL MY JUDGM5TS4 ,IT WILL BE EASY = ME TO %[ H[1 9 ALL MY CONTROV]SIES1 ,I HAVE ?\<T TO OBEY IT3 Y\ WILL SAY IF ,I HAVE BE5 FAI?FUL4  

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 ,?US ,I MA9TA91 & IT IS ONE ( MY MO/ UN%AKABLE CONVICTIONS1 ?AT ) ! NOTION ( ,PROGRESS ALL \R OLD ,>I/OTELIAN LOGIC1 ALL ?AT S*OOL DIALECTIC IS VALUELESS1 & ?AT WE MU/ RID \RSELVES ( IT SWIFTLY1 OR ELSE TALK NONS5SE ALL \R LIVES4 ,:AT ONE TAKES = REASON+ TODAY1 A MELANGE ( ABSOLUTI/ & PROGRESSIVE IDEAS1 IS ONLY A =TUIT\S OR >BITR>Y ASSOCIATION ( IDEAS1 A BRILLIANT AMPHIGORY1 A PRECI\S OR S5TIM5TAL PHEBUS4 ,I WILL NOT CITE EXAMPLES TO Y\3 \R CONTEMPOR>Y LIT]ATURE1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( IDEAS1 & SETT+ ASIDE ! QUE/ION ( =M1 IS1 9 MY JUDGM5T1 ONLY AN IMM5SE WA/E4 ,NO ONE UND]/&S HIS NEI<BOR OR HIMSELF ANY MORE1 & IF SOMETIMES1 9 P>TY AFFAIRS P>TICUL>LY1 SOME SEEM TO 5T] 9TO AGREEM5T1 IT IS BECAUSE SOME RESIDUE ( PREJUDICE MAKES !M REPEAT ! SAME WORDS & PHRASES1 )\T ATTA*+ ! SAME MEAN+ TO !M4 ,S9CE ! NOTION ( ,PROGRESS HAS 5T]$ \R M9DS1 ! ,ABSOLUTE HAV+ PRES]V$ MO/ ( ITS POSITIONS1 *AOS IS 9 ALL HEADS2 & AS ,PROGRESS1 TO SOME DEGREE1 IMPOSES ITSELF ON ALL ) AN 9V9CIBLE =CE1 ! MO/ 9SANE IS /ILL ! ONE :O1 BELIEV+ HIMSELF RID ( IT1 PRET5DS NOT TO BE MAD4  

 ,I HAVE DONE :AT ,I C\LD1 9S(> AS MY /R5G? ALL[$1 NO D\BT ) MORE GOODWILL ?AT APTITUDE1 TO %$ A BIT ( LI<T ON ?IS D>KNESS3 IT IS NOT UP TO ME TO SAY TO :AT EXT5T ,I HAVE SUCCE$$1 BUT H]E IS1 MORE OR LESS1 H[ ,I HAVE PROCE$$4  

 ,MOVEM5T EXI/S3 ?IS IS MY FUNDAM5TAL AXIOM4 ,TO SAY H[ ,I ACQUIR$ ! NOTION ( MOVEM5T W\LD BE TO SAY H[ ,I ?9K1 H[ ,I AM4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION TO :I* ,I HAVE ! RI<T NOT TO RESPOND4 ,MOVEM5T IS ! PRIMITIVE FACT ?AT IS REVEAL$ AT ONCE BY EXP]I5CE & REASON4 ,I SEE MOVEM5T & ,I S5SE IT2 ,I SEE IT \TSIDE ( ME1 & ,I S5SE IT 9 ME4 ,IF ,I SEE IT \TSIDE ( ME1 IT IS BECAUSE ,I S5SE IT 9 ME1 & VISE V]SA4 ,! IDEA ( MOVEM5T IS ?US GIV5 AT ONCE BY ! S5SES & ! UND]/&+2 BY ! S5SES1 S9CE 9 ORD] TO HAVE ! IDEA ( MOVEM5T IT IS NECESS>Y TO HAVE SE5 IT2 BY ! UND]/&+1 S9CE MOVEM5T ITSELF1 ?\< S5SIBLE1 IS NO?+ REAL1 & S9CE ALL ?AT ! S5SES REVEAL 9 MOVEM5T IS ?AT ! SAME BODY :I* JU/ A MOM5T AGO WAS 9 A C]TA9 PLACE IS AT ! NEXT 9/ANT 9 ANO!R4  

 ,9 ORD] ?AT ,I MAY HAVE AN IDEA ( MOVEM5T1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT A SPECIAL FACULTY1 :AT ,I CALL ! S5SES1 & ANO!R FACULTY ?AT ,I CALL ! UND]/&+1 AGREE 9 MY ,C,O,N,S,C,I,\,S,N,E,S,S TO FURNI% IT TO ME3 ?IS IS ALL ?AT ,I CAN SAY AB\T ! MODE ( ?AT ACQUISITION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,I DISCOV] MOVEM5T \TSIDE BECAUSE ,I S5SE IT 9SIDE2 & ,I S5SE IT BECAUSE ,I SEE IT3 AT BASE ! TWO FACULTIES >E ONLY ONE2 ! 9SIDE & ! \TSIDE >E TWO FACES ( A S+LE ACTIVITY1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO GO FUR!R4  

 ,! IDEA ( MOVEM5T OBTA9$1 ALL ! O!RS >E D$UC$ FROM IT1 9TUITIONS AS WELL AS CONCEPTIONS4 ,IT IS A WRONG1 9 MY OP9IONS1 ?AT AMONG ! PHILOSOPH]S1 SOME1 SU* AS ,LOCKE & ,CONDILLAC1 HAVE CLAIM$ TO ACC\NT = ALL IDEAS ) ! AID ( ! S5SES2 O!RS1 SU* AS ,PLATO & ,DESC>TES1 D5Y ! 9T]V5TION ( ! S5SES1 & EXPLA9 EV]Y?+ BY 9NAT5ESS2 ! MO/ REASONABLE F9ALLY1 ) ,KANT AT !IR HEAD1 MAKE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 IDEAS1 & EXPLA9 SOME BY ! RELATION ( ! S5SES1 & ! O!RS BY ! ACTIVITY ( ! UND]/&+4 ,= ME1 ALL \R IDEAS1 :E!R 9TUITIONS OR CONCEPTIONS1 COME FROM ! SAME S\RCE1 ! SIMULTANE\S1 CONJO9T1 ADEQUATE1 & AT BASE ID5TICAL ACTION ( ! S5SES & ! UND]/&+4  

 ,?US1 EV]Y 9TUITION OR S5SIBLE IDEA IS ! APP]CEPTION ( A COMPOSITION1 & IS ITSELF A COMPOSITION3 N[1 EV]Y COMPOSITION1 :E!R IT EXI/S 9 NATURE OR IT RESULTS FROM AN OP]ATION ( ! M9D1 IS ! PRODUCT ( A MOVEM5T4 ,IF WE W]E NOT \RSELVES A MOTIVE P[] &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 A RECEPTIVITY1 WE W\LD NOT SEE OBJECTS1 BECAUSE WE W\LD BE 9CAPABLE ( EXAM9+ !M1 ( RE/OR+ DIV]SITY TO !IR UNITY1 AS ,KANT SAID4  

 ,EV]Y CONCEPTION1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9DICATES AN ANALYSIS ( MOVEM5T1 :I* IS ITSELF /ILL A MOVEM5T1 :I* ,I DEMON/RATE 9 ! FOLL[+ MANN]3  

 ,EV]Y MOVEM5T SUPPOSES A DIRECTION1 ,A ---@> ,B4 ,?AT PROPOSITION IS FURNI%$1 A PRIORI1 BY ! V]Y NOTION ( MOVEM5T4 ,! IDEA ( DIRECTION1 9H]5T 9 ! IDEA ( MOVEM5T1 BE+ ACQUIR$1 ! IMAG9ATION TAKES HOLD ( IT & DIVIDES IT 9TO TWO T]MS3 ,A1 ! SIDE FROM :I* MOVEM5T COMES1 & ,B1 ! SIDE :]E IT GOES4 ,!SE TWO T]MS GIV51 ! IMAG9ATION SUMM>IZES !M 9 !SE TWO O!RS1 PO9T ( DEP>TURE & PO9T ( >RIVAL1 O!RWISE1 PR9CIPLE & AIM4 ,N[1 ! IDEA ( A PR9CIPLE OR AIM IS ONLY A FICTION OR CONCEPTION ( ! IMAG9ATION1 AN ILLUSION ( ! S5SES4 ,A ?OR\< /UDY %[S ?AT !RE IS NOT1 NOR C\LD !RE BE1 A PR9CIPLE OR AIM1 NOR BEG9N+ OR 5D1 TO ! P]PETUAL MOVEM5T :I* CON/ITUTES ! UNIV]SE4 ,!SE TWO IDEAS1 PURELY SPECULATIVE ON \R P>T1 9DICATE 9 ?+S NO?+ MORE ?AN RELATIONS4 ,TO ACCORD ANY REALITY TO !SE NOTIONS IS TO MAKE = ONESELF A WILLFUL ILLUSION4  

 ,FROM ?AT D\BLE CONCEPT1 ( COMM5CEM5T OR PR9CIPLE1 & ( AIM OR 5D1 ALL ! O!RS >E D$UC$4 ,SPACE & TIME >E TWO WAYS ( CONCEIV+ ! 9T]VAL :I* SEP>ATES ! TWO T]MS ASSUM$ FROM MOVEM5T1 PO9T ( DEP>TURE & PO9T ( >RIVAL1 PR9CIPLE & AIM1 BEG9N+ & 5D4 ,CONSID]$ 9 !MSELVES1 TIME & SPACE1 NOTIONS EQUALLY OBJECTIVE OR SUBJECTIVE1 BUT ESS5TIALLY ANALYTIC1 >E1 BECAUSE ( ! ANALYSIS :I* GAVE RISE TO !M1 NO?+1 LESS ?AN NO?+2 !Y HAVE VALUE ONLY ACCORD+ TO ! SUM ( MOVEM5T OR ( EXI/5CE ?AT !Y >E SUPPOS$ TO CONTA91 SO ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! PROPORTION ( MOVEM5T OR EXI/5CE ?AT IT CONTA9S1 A PO9T CAN BE WOR? AN 9F9ITY1 & AN 9/ANT ET]NITY4 ,I TREAT ! IDEA ( CAUSE 9 ! SAME WAY3 IT IS /ILL A PRODUCT ( ANALYSIS1 :I*1 AFT] HAV+ MADE US SUPPOSE 9 MOVEM5T A PR9CIPLE & A GOAL1 LEADS US TO CONCLUDE BY SUPPOS+ FUR!R1 BY A NEW ILLUSION ( EMPIRICISM1 ?AT ! FIR/ IS ! G5]ATOR ( ! SECOND1 MU* AS 9 ! FA!R WE SEE ! AU?OR OR ! CAUSE ( HIS *ILDR54 ,BUT IT IS ALWAYS ONLY A RELATION ILLEGITIMATELY TRANS=M$ 9TO REALITY3 !RE IS NOT1 9 ! UNIV]SE1 A FIR/1 SECOND1 OR LA/ CAUSE2 !RE IS ONLY ONE S+LE CURR5T ( EXI/5CES4 ,MOVEM5T IS3 ?AT IS ALL4 ,:AT WE CALL CAUSE OR =CE IS ONLY1 LIKE ?AT :I* WE CALL PR9CIPLE1 AU?OR OR MOTOR1 A FACE ( MOVEM5T1 ! FACE ,A2 :ILE ! EFFECT1 ! PRODUCT1 ! MOTIVE1 ! AIM OR ! 5D1 IS FACE ,B4 ,9 ! 5SEMBLE ( EXI/5CES1 ?AT DI/9CTION HAS NO MORE PLACE3 ! SUM ( CAUSES IS ID5TICAL & ADEQUATE TO ! SUM ( EFFECTS1 :I* IS ! V]Y NEGATION ( BO?4 ,MOVEM5T OR1 AS ! !OLOGIANS SAY1 CREATION1 IS ! NATURAL /ATE ( ! UNIV]SE4  

 ,FROM ! IDEA ( MOVEM5T1 ,I FUR!R D$UCE1 & ALWAYS BY ! SAME ANALYTIC ME?OD1 ! CONCEPTS ( UNITY1 ( PLURALITY1 ( SAME & ( O!R1 :I* 9 TURN LEAD ME TO ?OSE ( SUBJECT & OBJECT1 ( M9D & MATT]1 ETC41 TO :I* ,I WILL RETURN SOON4  

 ,IT IS ?US ?AT ) ! HELP ( A S+LE NOTION1 ( :I* ,I ADMIT1 FUR!RMORE1 ! IMP5ETRABILITY1 BECAUSE IT IS EXI/5CE ITSELF & LIFE1 ) ! NOTION1 ,I SAY1 ( MOVEM5T & ( ,PROGRESS1 ,I CAN ACC\NT = ! =MATION ( IDEAS1 & EXPLA9 ALL 9TUITIONS & CONCEPTIONS1 ! =M] BY WAY ( COMPOSITION1 ! LATT] BY WAY ( ANALYSIS4 ,?IS IS NOT1 ,I IMAG9E1 ! R\TE ?AT HAS BE5 FOLL[$ UP TO N[ BY ! PHILOSOPH]S :O HAVE SPECULAT$ AB\T MOVEM5T3 BUT = ?AT1 !Y W\LD HAVE LONG AGO MADE AN APPLICATION ( !IR ME?OD TO SOCIAL PRACTICE2 A LONG TIME AGO !Y W\LD HAVE REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! WORLD4 ,= SU* IS ! !ORY ( IDEAS1 & SU* IS ! ECONOMY ( ! HUMAN RACE4  

 .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-  

 ,I,I,I4  
  

 ,! !ORY ( IDEAS LEADS ME TO ?AT ( REASON+4  

 ,FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ,I CONCEIVE ( MOVEM5T AS ! ESS5CE ( NATURE & ( M9D1 IT FOLL[S FIR/ ?AT REASON+1 OR ! >T ( CLASSIFY+ IDEAS1 IS A C]TA9 EVOLUTION1 A HI/ORY1 OR1 AS ,I HAVE SOMETIMES CALL$ IT1 A S]IES4 ,FROM ?IS IT FOLL[S ?AT ! SYLLOGISM1 = EXAMPLE1 ! K+ ( >GUM5TS ( ! ANCI5T S*OOL1 HAS ONLY A HYPO!TICAL1 CONV5TIONAL & RELATIVE VALUE3 IT IS A TRUNCAT$ S]IES1 PROP] ONLY TO PRODUCE ! MO/ 9NOC5T BABBLE AB\T ! WORLD1 BY ?OSE :O DO NOT DO NOT KN[ H[ TO RETURN IT TO ITS FULLNESS1 BY BR++ AB\T ITS FULL RECON/RUCTION4  

 ,:AT ,I SAY AB\T ! SYLLOGISM MU/ BE SAID AB\T ! ,BACONIAN 9DUCTION1 ! DILEMMA1 & ALL ! ANCI5T DIALECTIC4  

 ,! 9DUCTION1 REMA9+ /]ILE 9 ! H&S ( ! PHILOSOPH]S1 DESPITE ! DECL>ATION ( ,BACON1 W\LD RETURN AS ! 9/RUM5T ( 9V5TION & ! HAPPIE/ =MULA = TRU?1 IF IT WAS CONCEIV$1 NO LONG] AS A SORT ( SYLLOGISM TAK5 9 REV]SE1 BUT AS ! COMPLETE DESCRIPTION ( A MOVEM5T ( ! M9D1 9V]SE TO ?AT 9DICAT$ BY ! SYLLOGISM1 & TRAC$1 JU/ AS 9 ! SYLLOGISM1 BY A SMALL NUMB] ( M>KS4  

 ,! DILEMMA1 CONSID]$ ! /RONGE/ ( >GUM5TS1 W\LD NO LONG] BE CONSID]$ ANY?+ BUT A WEAPON ( BAD FAI?1 ! DAGG] ( ! BRIG& :O ATTACKS Y\ 9 ! %AD[1 FROM ! BACK & FROM ! FRONT1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT HAS NOT BE5 RECTIFI$ BY ! !ORY ( ! ANT9OMY1 ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y =M & SIMPLE/ COMPOSITION ( MOVEM5T4  

 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT ALL ?AT RE=M ( ! DIALECTICAL 9/RUM5TS BE>S UPON4 ,IT IS /ILL NECESS>Y TO KN[1 & NEV] TO LOSE FROM VIEW1 ?AT EV5 ! MO/ AU!NTIC & MO/ C]TA9 ME?OD ( REASON+1 CANNOT ALWAYS1 BY ITSELF1 LEAD TO A COMPLETE DI/9CTION ( TRU?4 ,IT IS1 ,I HAVE SAID ELSE:]E1 9 ! CLASSIFICATION ( IDEAS AS 9 ?AT ( ANIMALS & PLANTS1 AS 9 ! OP]ATIONS ( MA!MATICS !MSELVES4 ,9 ! TWO K+DOMS1 ANIMAL & VEGETABLE1 ! G5]A & SPECIES >E NOT EV]Y:]E & ALWAYS SUSCEPTIBLE TO A PRECISE DET]M9ATION2 !Y >E WELL DEF9$ ONLY 9 ! 9DIVIDUALS PLAC$ AT ! EXTREMITIES ( ! S]IES2 ! 9T]M$I>IES1 COMP>$ TO ?OSE1 >E (T5 UNCLASSIFIABLE4 ,! MORE ONE PROLONGS ! ANALYSIS1 ! MORE ONE SEES SPR+ UP1 FROM ! OBS]VATION ( *>ACT]I/ICS1 REASONS = & AGA9/ ANY GIV5 CLASSIFICATION4 ,IT IS ! SAME 9 >I?METIC1 9 ?OSE DIVISIONS :]E ! DIVID5D1 EXT5D$ TO AS MANY DECIMAL PLACES AS Y\ LIKE1 CAN NEV] BE RESOLV$ 9 AN EXACT QUOTI5T4 ,IT IS ?US ) IDEAS1 & ALL ?OSE :O HAVE SCANN$ ! TREATISES ( JURISPRUD5CE1 :O HAVE OCCUPI$ !MSELVES ) TRIALS & ) PROCE$+S1 HAVE FELT IT2 IDEAS1 ,I SAY1 >E NOT ALWAYS1 :ATEV] SUBTLETY ( DIALECTIC WE EMPLOY1 COMPLETELY DET]M9ABLE2 !RE IS A MASS ( CASES :]E ! ELUCIDATION WILL ALWAYS LEAVE SOME?+ TO BE DESIR$4 ,& AS IF ALL K9DS ( DIFFICULTIES COME TOGE!R TO TORM5T ! DIALECTICIAN & DRIVE ! PHILOSOPH] TO DESPAIR1 IT IS NEV] ON ! D\BTFUL CASES ?AT ! MASS ( HUMANS HESITATE & DIVIDE3 BY A /RANGE CAPRICE1 !Y ONLY BATTLE & DISPUTE ! BE/ DEMON/RAT$ SOLUTIONS444  

 ,9 %ORT1 & TO CONCLUDE ?IS >TICLE1 ,I AFFIRM ?AT ANCI5T ME?OD ( RATIOC9ATION ON :I* PHILOSOPHY HAS SUBSI/$ UP TO ! PRES5T1 & 9 :I* \R G5]ATION HAS BE5 RAIS$1 IS FROM N[ ON PROV5 FALSE1 ?AT IT IS ALL ! MORE FALSE & P]NICI\S AS IT ADMITS TODAY1 9TO ITS OLD >S5AL1 A NEW 9/RUM5T ( W>1 ,PROGRESS3 FROM :I* ,I CONCLUDE ?AT \R LOGIC MU/ AS SOON AS POSSIBLE BE RE=M$ BY ! CON/RUCTION ( ?AT NEW IDEA1 UND] P5ALTY ( 9FAMY & SUICIDE4  

 .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-  

 ,I,V4  
  

 ,IF FROM LOGIC & ! DIALECTIC WE PASS TO ONTOLOGY1 WE MEET1 AFT] ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! IDEA ( ,PROGRESS1 IMPOSSIBILITIES NO LESS NUM]\S & NO LESS GRAVE1 :I* >ISE FROM ANALOG\S OBS]VATIONS1 & CALL = ! SAME RE=M4  

 ,ALL ?AT \R TREATISES ( PHYSICS1 *EMI/RY1 & NATURAL HI/ORY CONTA9 ( G5]AL IDEAS AB\T ! BODY1 JU/ AS ON ! 9TELLIG5CE1 IS PULL$ FROM ! SPECULATIONS ( ,>I/OTLE1 ,ABEL>D1 ,DESC>TES1 ,LEIBNIZ1 ,KANT1 ETC41 :AT ONE CALL$ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 UNIV]SALS & CATEGORIES3 ,SUB/ANCE1 CAUSE1 M9D1 MATT]1 BODY1 S\L1 ETC4 ,ONE S+LE NOTION1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 HAS NOT FURNI%$ ITS CONT+5T1 ,PROGRESS4  

 ,D\BTLESS1 ONE NO LONG] SPEAKS TO US ( OCCULT QUALITIES1 ( 5TITIES1 QUIDDITIES1 ( ! HORROR ( ! VOID1 ETC4 ,ALL ( ?AT HAS DISAPPE>$ FROM ONTOLOGY1 BUT >E WE MORE ADVANC$8 ,IS IT NOT TRUE ?AT ALL \R SCI5TI/S1 )\T EXCEPTION1 ! SAME AS \R PSY*OLOGI/S1 >E /ILL1 WILLY-NILLY1 DUALI/S1 PAN!I/S1 ATOMI/S1 VITALI/S1 MAT]IALI/S1 MY/ICS EV51 P>TIZANS F9ALLY ( ALL ! SY/EMS1 ( ALL ! DREAMS TO :I* ! OLD ONTOLOGY GAVE BIR?8444  

 ,I CANNOT PREV5T MYSELF FROM NOT+ 9 PASS+ ! ILLUSION ?AT1 = SO MANY C5TURIES1 HAS MADE ! PHILOSOPH]S REEL (F SO MANY ONTOLOGICAL ABSURDITIES4  

 ,! CONDITION ( ALL EXI/5CE1 AFT] MOVEM5T1 IS UNQUE/IONABLY UNITY2 BUT :AT IS ! NATURE ( ?AT UNITY8 ,IF WE %\LD CONSULT ! !ORY ( ,PROGRESS1 IT RESPONDS ?AT ! UNITY ( ALL BE+ IS ESS5TIALLY SYN!TIC1 ?AT IT IS A UNITY ( COMPOSITION4#f ,?US ! IDEA ( MOVEM5T1 PRIMORDIAL IDEA ( ALL 9TELLIG5CE1 IS SYN!TIC1 S9CE1 AS WE HAVE JU/ SE51 IT RESOLVES ITSELF ANALYTICALLY 9TO TWO T]MS1 :I* WE HAVE REPRES5T$ BY ?IS FIGURE1 ,A ---@&ALT2 ,B4 ,SIMIL>LY1 & = GREAT] REASON1 ALL ! IDEAS1 9TUITIONS OR IMAGES ?AT WE RECEIVE FROM OBJECTS >E SYN!TIC 9 !IR UNITY3 !Y >E COMB9ATIONS ( MOVEM5TS1 V>I$ & COMPLICAT$ TO 9F9ITY1 BUT CONV]G5T & S+LE 9 !IR COLLECTIVITY4  

 ,?AT NOTION ( ! ,O,N,E1 AT ONCE EMPIRICAL & 9TELLECTUAL1 CONDITION ( ALL REALITY & EXI/5CE1 HAS BE5 CONFUS$ ) ?AT ( ! SIMPLE1 :I* RESULTS FROM ! S]IES OR ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION ( MOVEM5T1 &1 LIKE CAUSE & EFFECT1 PR9CIPLE & AIM1 BEG9N+ & 5D1 IS ONLY A CONCEPTION ( ! M9D1 & REPRES5TS NO?+ REAL & TRUE4  

 ,IT IS FROM ?IS SIMPLISM ?AT ALL ( ! ALLEG$ SCI5CE ( BE+1 ONTOLOGY1 HAS BE5 D$UC$4  

 ,IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT ! CAUSE IS SIMPLE2--CONSEQU5TLY ! SUBJECT IS SIMPLE1 & M9D1 ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( ! CAUSE ( ! SELF1 IS EQUALLY SIMPLE4  

 ,BUT AS ,LEIBNIZ OBS]V$1 IF ! CAUSE IS SIMPLE1 ! PRODUCT ( ?AT CAUSE MU/ /ILL BE SIMPLE3 ?IS IS ! MONAD4 ,IF ! SUBJECT IS SIMPLE1 ! OBJECT ?AT IT CREATES TO OPPOSE TO ITSELF1 IT CANNOT NOT BE SIMPLE1 ?US MATT] IS SIMPLE AS WELL3 ?IS IS ! ATOM4  

 ,LET US DRAW ! CONSEQU5CE3 CAUSE & ! EFFECT1 ! SELF & ! NON-SELF1 M9D & MATT]1 ALL !SE SPECULATIVE SIMPLICITIES ?AT ANALYSIS D]IVES FROM ! S+LE & SYN!TIC NOTION ( MOVEM5T1 >E PURE CONCEPTIONS ( ! UND]/&+2 NEI!R BODIES NOR S\LS EXI/1 NEI!R CREATOR NOR CREAT$1 & ! UNIV]SE IS A *IM]A4 ,IF ! AU?OR ( ! MONADOLOGY HAD BE5 9 GOOD FAI?1 HE W\LD HAVE CONCLUD$ ?US1 ) ,PYRRHO1 ,B>CLAY1 ,HUME & ! O!RS4  

 ,?US ! SY/EM ( ! MONADS1 DESPITE ALL ! G5IUS ( ITS AU?OR1 HAS REMA9$ )\T P>TIZANS3 IT WAS TOO CLE>4 ,WITNESS ! POV]TY1 OR C[>DICE1 ( HUMAN REASON6 ,WE HAVE PRES]V$1 AS >TICLES ( FAI?1 ! SIMPLICITY ( CAUSE1 ! SIMPLICITY ( ! SELF1 ! SIMPLICITY ( M9D1 BUT WE HAVE AFFIRM$ ! COMPOSITION ( CREATURES & ! DIVISIBILITY ( MATT]3 IT IS ON ?IS /RANGE COMPROMISE ?AT RE/S ! ONTOLOGY ( ! MOD]NS1 !IR PSY*OLOGY1 & !IR !ODICY6444  

 ,) ! IDEA ( MOVEM5T OR PROGRESS1 ALL !SE SY/EMS1 F\ND$ ON ! CATEGORIES ( SUB/ANCE1 CAUSALITY1 SUBJECT1 OBJECT1 SPIRIT1 MATT]1 ETC41 FALL1 OR RA!R EXPLA9 !MSELVES AWAY1 NEV] TO REAPPE> AGA94 ,! NOTION ( BE+ CAN NO LONG] BE S\<T 9 AN 9VISIBLE SOME?+1 :E!R SPIRIT1 BODY1 ATOM1 MONAD1 OR :AT-HAVE-Y\4 ,IT CEASES TO BE SIMPLI/IC & BECOME SYN!TIC3 IT IS NO LONG] ! CONCEPTION1 ! FICTION ( AN 9DIVISIBLE1 UNMODIFIABLE1 9TRANSMUTABLE 7ETC47 JE NE SAIS QUOI3 9TELLIG5CE1 :I* FIR/ POSITS A SYN!SIS1 BE=E ATTACK+ IT BY ANALYSIS1 ADMITS NO?+ ( ?AT SORT A PRIORI4 ,IT KN[S :AT SUB/ANCE & =CE >E1 9 !MSELVES2 IT DOES NOT TAKE ITS ELEM5TS = REALITIES1 S9CE1 BY ! LAW ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! M9D1 ! REALITY DISAPPE>S1 :ILE IT SEEKS TO RESOLVE IT 9TO ITS ELEM5TS4 ,ALL ?AT REASON KN[S & AFFIRMS IS ?AT ! BE+1 AS WELL AS ! IDEA1 IS A ,G,R,\,P4  

 ,JU/ AS 9 LOGIC ! IDEA ( MOVEM5T OR PROGRESS TRANSLATES 9TO ?AT O!R1 ! S]IES1 SO1 9 ONTOLOGY1 IT HAS AS A SYNONYM ! GR\P4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT EXI/S IS GR\P$2 EV]Y?+ ?AT =MS A GR\P IS ONE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT IS P]CEPTIBLE1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IT IS4 ,! MORE NUM]\S & V>I$ ! ELEM5TS & RELATIONS :I* COMB9E 9 ! =MATION ( ! GR\P1 ! MORE C5TRALIZ+ P[] WILL BE F\ND !RE1 & ! MORE REALITY ! BE+ WILL OBTA94 ,AP>T FROM ! GR\P !RE >E ONLY AB/RACTIONS & PHANTOMS4 ,! LIV+ MAN IS A GR\P1 LIKE ! PLANT OR ! CRY/AL1 BUT ( A HI<] DEGREE ?AN ?OSE O!RS2 HE IS MORE LIV+1 MORE FEEL+1 & MORE ?9K+ TO ! DEGREE ?AT HIS ORGANS1 SECOND>Y GR\PS1 >E 9 A MORE P]FECT AGREEM5T ) ONE ANO!R1 & =M A MORE EXT5SIVE COMB9ATION4 ,I NO LONG] CONSID] ?AT SELF1 :AT ,I CALL MY S\L1#g AS A MONAD1 GOV]N+1 FROM ! SUBLIMITY ( ITS SO-CALL$ SPIRITUAL NATURE1 O!R MONADS1 9JURI\SLY CONSID]$ MAT]IAL3 !SE S*OOL DI/9CTIONS SEEM S5SELESS TO ME4 ,I DO NOT OCCUPY MYSELF ) ?AT CAPUT MORTUUM ( BE+S1 SOLID1 LIQUID1 GAS OR FLUID1 ?AT ! DOCTORS POMP\SLY CALL ,S,U,B,/,A,N,C,E2 ,I DO NOT EV5 KN[1 AS MU* AS ,I AM 9CL9$ TO SUPPOSE IT1 IF !RE IS SOME ?+ :I* RESPONDS TO ! WORD SUB/ANCE4 ,PURE SUB/ANCE1 R$UC$ TO ITS SIMPLE/ EXPRESSION1 ABSOLUTELY AMORPH\S1 & :I* ONE C\LD QUITE HAPPILY CALL ! PANTOG5E1 S9CE ALL ?+S COME FROM IT1 IF ,I CANNOT EXACTLY SAY ?AT IT IS NO?+1 APPE>S TO MY REASON AS IF IT WAS NOT2 IT IS EQUAL TO ,N,O,?,+4 ,IT IS ! MA!MATICAL PO9T1 :I* HAS NO L5G?1 NO SIZE1 NO DEP?1 & :I* NONE!LESS GIVES BIR? TO ALL GEOMETRIC FIGURES4 ,I CONSID] 9 EA* BE+ ONLY ITS COMPOSITION1 ITS UNITY1 ITS PROP]TIES1 ITS FACULTIES1 SO ?AT ,I RE/ORE ALL TO A S+LE REASON1--V>IABLE1 SUSCEPTIBLE TO 9F9ITE ELEVATION1--! GR\P4#h  

 .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-  

 ,V4  
  

 ,IT IS FOLL[+ ?AT CONCEPTION ( BE+ 9 G5]AL1 & 9 P>TICUL> ( ! HUMAN SELF1 ?AT ,I BELIEVE IT POSSIBLE TO PROVE ! POSITIVE REALITY1 & UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T TO DEMON/RATE ! IDEAS 7! LAWS7 ( ! SOCIAL SELF OR HUMANIT>Y GR\P1 & TO ASC]TA9 & %[1 ABOVE & BEYOND \R 9DIVIDUAL EXI/5CE1 ! EXI/5CE ( A SUP]IOR 9DIVIDUALITY ( ! COLLECTIVE MAN1 AN EXI/5CE ?AT PHILOSOPHY C\LD NOT EV5 SUSPECT BE=E1 BECAUSE1 FOLL[+ ITS ONTOLOGICAL CONCEPTS1 IT WAS ABSOLUTELY 9CAPABLE ( CONCEIV+ IT4  

 ,ACCORD+ TO SOME1 SOCIETY IS ! JUXTAPOSITION ( SIMIL> 9DIVIDUALS1 EA* SACRIFIC+ A P>T ( !IR LIB]TY1 SO AS TO BE ABLE1 )\T H>M+ ONE ANO!R1 TO REMA9 JUXTAPOS$1 & LIVE SIDE BY SIDE 9 PEACE4 ,SU* IS ! !ORY ( ,R\SSEAU3 IT IS ! SY/EM ( GOV]NM5TAL >BITR>9ESS1 NOT1 IT IS TRUE1 AS IF ?AT >BITR>9ESS IS ! DE$ ( A PR9CE OR TYRANT1 BUT1 :AT IS MU* MORE S]I\S1 9 ?AT IT IS ! DE$ ( ! MULTITUDE1 ! PRODUCT ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,DEP5D+ ON :E!R IT SUITS ! MULTITUDE1 OR ?OSE :O PROMPT IT1 TO TI<T5 MORE OR LESS ! SOCIAL TIES1 TO GIVE MORE OR LESS DEVELOPM5T TO LOCAL & 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TIES1 ! ALLEG$ ,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT CAN GO FROM ! DIRECT & FRAGM5T$ GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLE ALL ! WAY TO CAES>ISM1 FROM RELATIONS ( SIMPLE PROXIMITY TO ! COMMUNITY ( GOODS & GA9S1 WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,ALL ?AT HI/ORY & ! IMAG9ATION CAN SUGGE/ ( EXTREME LIC5SE & EXTREME S]VITUDE IS D$UC$ ) AN EQUAL EASE & LOGICAL RIGOR FROM ! SOCIAL !ORY ( ,R\SSEAU4  

 ,ACCORD+ TO O!RS1 & !SE DESPITE !IR SCI5TIFIC APPE>ANCE SEEM TO ME H>DLY MORE ADVANC$1 SOCIETY1 ! MORAL P]SON1 REASON+ BE+1 PURE FICTION1 IS ONLY ! DEVELOPM5T AMONG ! MASSES ( ! PH5OM5A ( 9DIVIDUAL ORGANIZATION1 SO ?AT KN[L$GE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL GIVES IMM$IATELY KN[L$GE ( SOCIETY1 & POLITICS RESOLVES ITSELF 9TO PHYSIOLOGY & HYGI5E4 ,BUT :AT IS SOCIAL HYGI5E8 ,IT IS APP>5TLY1 = EA* MEMB] ( SOCIETY1 A LIB]AL $UCATION1 A V>I$ 9/RUCTION1 A LUCRATIVE FUNCTION1 A MOD]ATE LABOR1 A COM=TABLE REGIME3 N[1 ! QUE/ION IS PRECISELY H[ TO PROCURE = \RSELVES ALL ( ?AT6  

 ,= ME1 FOLL[+ ! NOTIONS ( MOVEM5T1 PROGRESS1 S]IES & GR\P1 ( :I* ONTOLOGY IS COMPELL$ FROM N[ ON TO TAKE ACC\NT1 & ! V>I\S F9D+S ?AT ECONOMICS & HI/ORY FURNI% ON ! QUE/ION1 ,I REG>D SOCIETY1 ! HUMAN GR\P1 AS A BE+ SUI G5]IS1 CON/ITUT$ BY ! FLUID RELATIONS & ECONOMIC SOLID>ITY ( ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS1 ( ! NATION1 ( ! LOCALITY OR CORPORATION1 OR ( ! 5TIRE SPECIES2 :I* 9DIVIDUALS CIRCULATE FREELY AMONG ONE ANO!R1 APPROA*+ ONE ANO!R1 JO9+ TOGE!R1 DISP]S+ 9 TURN 9 ALL DIRECTIONS2--A BE+ :I* HAS ITS [N FUNCTIONS1 ALI5 TO \R 9DIVIDUALITY1 ITS [N IDEAS :I* IT COMMUNICATES TO US1 ITS JUDGM5TS :I* DO NOT AT ALL RESEMBLE \RS1 ITS WILL 9 DIAMETRICAL OPPOSITION ) \R 9/9CTS1 ITS LIFE1 :I* IS NOT ?AT ( ! ANIMAL OR ! PLANT1 AL?\< IT F9DS ANALOGIES !RE2--A BE+1 F9ALLY1 :O1 />T+ FROM NATURE1 SEEMS ! ,GOD ( NATURE1 ! P[]S & LAWS ( :I* IT EXPRESSES TO A SUP]IOR 7SUP]NATURAL7 DEGREE4#i  

 ,SIMIL> DOCTR9ES1 ,I KN[1 :5 !Y DO NOT CLAIM A REVELATION FROM ON HI<1 CAN E/ABLI% !MSELVES ON ! FACTS ALONE4 ,ALSO1 IT IS ) ! AID ( ! FACTS1 NO?+ BUT ! FACTS1 NOT >GUM5TS1 ?AT ,I ?9K ,I CAN DEMON/RATE ?AT SUP]IOR EXI/5CE1 TRUE 9C>NATION ( ! UNIV]SAL S\L444 ,BUT1 :ILE WAIT+ = ! FACTS TO BE PRODUC$1 IT CAN BE USEFUL TO RECALL C]TA9 CONSEQU5CES :I* HAVE ALREADY BE5 PRODUC$1 CONC]N+ ! QUE/IONS1 9SOLUBLE 9 ! PREVI\S /ATE ( PHILOSOPHY1 :I* AGITATE AT ?IS MOM5T ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEOPLES4  

,LET US SPEAK !N ( RELIGION1 ( ?AT RESPECTABLE FAI?1 T[>DS :I* ! UNBELIEV+ /ILL KN[ ONLY H[ TO EXPRESS CONTEMPT1 ! BELIEV] TO =M ONLY WI%ES1 & 9 ORD] TO SUMM>IZE 9 A WORD ALL ?AT MATT]1 TACKLE ! PROBLEM ( ,DIV9ITY4 ,H]E AGA9 ,I F9D MYSELF PLAC$ ON NEW T]RA91 :]E ! IDEA ( ,PROGRESS COMES TO RE=M ALL ?AT :I* HAS BE5 WRITT5 & TAU<T BY ! LE>N$1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,ABSOLUTE4  

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 ,V,I4  

 ,I OBS]VE FIR/1 SOME?+ :I* EV]YONE KN[S TODAY1 ?AT IS IT ) ! !OLOGICAL QUE/ION AS ) ! QUE/ION ( POLITICS2 ?AT IT IS ESS5TIALLY MOBILE & OSCILLAT+ BY NATURE1 SOMETIMES L>G]1 SOMETIMES SMALL] 9 ITS V>IATIONS1 )\T1 9 ANY ( ITS POSITIONS1 EV] BE+ ABLE TO SETTLE OR SATISFY ! M9D4 ,! PHILOSOPH] LAUN*$ 9 ! PURSUIT ( ! DIV9E BE+ IS CONT9UALLY L$ FROM ONE HYPO!SIS TO ANO!R1 FROM FETI%ISM TO POLY!ISM1 FROM ?AT TO MONO!ISM1 FROM MONO!ISM TO DEISM1 !N TO PAN!ISM1 !N TO IDEALISM1 TO NIHILISM1 9 ORD] TO BEG9 AGA9 ) MAT]IALISM1 FETI%ISM1 ETC4 ,IT IS ?US ?AT = ! MAN :O SEEKS SOCIAL ORD] BY WAY ( AU?ORITY1 REASON IS DRAWN 9V9CIBLY FROM ABSOLUTE MON>*Y TO CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y1 FROM ?AT TO AN OLIG>*IC OR QUALIFI$ REPUBLIC1 FROM OLIG>*Y TO DEMOCRACY1 FROM DEMOCRACY TO AN>*Y1 FROM AN>*Y TO DICTATOR%IP1 TO BEG9 AGA9 ) ABSOLUTE MON>*Y1 & ?US 9 SUCCESSION1 P]PETUALLY4 ,?AT NECESSITY ( TRANSITIONS )\T 5D1 :I* HAD BE5 SO CLE>LY P]CEIV$1 ) REG>D TO ! POLITICAL QUE/ION1 BY ,>I/OTLE1 & :I* HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 \R [N DAY1 ) REG>D TO ! RELIGI\S QUE/ION1 BY ! ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY1 IS P]HAPS ! ONLY POSITIVE CONQUE/ ( PHILOSOPHY1 =C$ TO RECOGNIZE1 BY ! TE/IMONY ( ITS GREATE/ WRIT]S1 ?AT EV5 9 ! CIRCLE ( ITS ABSOLUTI/ CATEGORIES1 ! M9D IS ALWAYS 9 MOVEM5T4  

 ,?AT CIRCUL> C\RSE ( ! M9D ON ! TWO QUE/IONS :I* 9T]E/ SOCIETY TO ! HI<E/ DEGREE1 RELIGION & GOV]NM5T1 E/ABLI%$ BEYOND D\BT1 ,I ASK MYSELF IF ?IS DOES NOT COME FROM SOME METAPHYSICAL ILLUSION1 & 9 ?AT CASE1 :AT CORRECTION IS IT NECESS>Y TO MAKE8  

 ,N[1 9 LOOK+ MORE CLOSELY1 ,I F9D ?AT ALL ?AT HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! ,SUPREME ,BE+1 FROM ,ORPHEUS ?R\< TO ,DR4 ,CL>KE1 IS ONLY A LABOR ( ! IMAG9ATION ON ! CATEGORIES1 ?AT IS TO SAY ON ! ANALYTIC 7SIMPLI/IC & NEGATIVE7 CONCEPTIONS1 ?AT ! UND]/&+ HAS ! ABILITY TO PULL FROM ! PRIMORDIAL 7SYN!TIC & POSITIVE7 IDEA ( MOVEM5T2 A WORK :I* CONSI/S1 AS ,I OBS]V$ E>LI]1 9 GIV+ A REALITY TO ALGEBRAIC SIGNS1 9 AFFIRM+ AS A LIV+ BE+1--ACTIVE1 9TELLIG5T & FREE1--?AT :I* IS NONE!LESS NEI!R MAN1 NOR ANIMAL1 NOR PLANT1 NOR />1 NOR ANY?+ KN[N OR S5SIBLE1 DEF9$ OR DEF9ABLE1 LET ALONE ANY?+ GR\P$ OR S]IAT$4 ,?IS BE+ W\LD BE PURE SUB/ANCE1 PURE CAUSE1 PURE WILL1 PURE M9D1 ! PURE ESS5CE1 9 %ORT1 ( ! 5TIRE S]IES ( AB/RACTIONS :I* >E D$UC$ FROM FACE ,A ( ! IDEA ( MOVEM5T1 BY ! EXCLUSION ( FACE ,B4 ,& ALL ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! LE>N$1 W\LD BECOME BE+ CONCEIV$ 9 A SUP]IOR DEGREE1 AN 9F9ITE P[]1 AN ET]NAL DURATION1 9 ! ABSOLUTE ( ABSOLUTES4  

 ,I REJECT ?AT L9E ( D$UCTION1 FIR/ AS M>R$ BY IGNORANCE1 S9CE ,GOD1 ! BE+ ( BE+S1 5S REALISSIMUM1 ACCORD+ TO ! IDEA ?AT WE HAVE MADE ( IT1 MU/ EMBRACE ALL ! ATTRIBUTES1 ALL ! CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE1 & S9CE HE LACKS H]E ! MO/ ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ( ! DEF9ITION1 ,PROGRESS4 ,& !N ,I D5Y ?AT SAME D$UCTION AS DE/RUCTIVE ( ! BE+ ?AT ITS OBJECT IS TO PROVE1 & CONSEQU5TLY AS CONTRADICTORY1 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT RE/S ON A S]IES ( ANALYZES :I*1 PROLONG$ AS LONG AS Y\ LIKE1 CAN ONLY LEAD TO A SPLIT1 TO A NEGATION ( ?AT BE+4 ,& ,I CONCLUDE 9 MY TURN1 BY TAK+ ! AFFIRMATIVE1 ASSUM5S P>ABOLAM1 AS ,JOB SAID1 ?AT IF ! IDEA ( MOVEM5T & ( PROGRESS1 SO LONG KEPT 9 ! %AD[S BY ! METAPHYSICIANS1 IS RE9TEGRAT$ 9 ITS RI<T1 ! ,GOD ?AT WE SEEK CAN NO LONG] BE SU* AS ! OLD !OLOGY TAU<T2 IT MU/ BE 5TIRELY DIFF]5T ?AN ! !OLOGIANS HAVE MADE IT4 ,9 FACT1 IF WE APPLY TO ! ,SUPREME ,BE+ ! CONDITION ( MOVEM5T1 ( PROGRESS1 & WE CANNOT NOT APPLY !M TO IT1 S9CE )\T !M IT W\LD NOT BE SUPREME1 IT WILL COME TO PASS ?AT ?AT BE+ WILL NO LONG] BE1 AS BE=E1 SIMPLE1 ABSOLUTE1 IMMUTABLE1 ET]NAL1 9F9ITE1 9 EV]Y S5SE & EV]Y FACULTY1 BUT ORGANIZ$1 PROGRESSIVE1 EVOLV+1 CONSEQU5TLY P]FECTIBLE1 SUSCEPTIBLE TO LE>N+ 9 SCI5CE1 VIRTUE1 ETC41 TO 9F9ITY4 ,! 9F9ITY OR ABSOLUTE ( ?AT BE+ IS NO LONG] 9 ! ACTUAL1 IT IS 9 ! POT5TIAL444 ,! GOD ( ,KANT1 ( ,>I/OTLE1 ( ,MOSES & ( ,JESUS1 IS ?US NOT TRUE1 AT LEA/ ACCORD+ TO ! DOCUM5TS PRODUC$1 S9CE IT EXCLUDES ! MO/ ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( EXI/5CE 9 NATURE & HUMANITY1 & ?AT EXCLUSION IMPLIES A CONTRADICTION ) ! LIFE ?AT ONE NEV]!LESS ACCORDS TO IT4 ,I SWE> BY ! LIV+ ,GOD1 SAYS ! ,*UR* 9 ITS EXORCISMS4 ,GOD1 9 A WORD1 IS NOT1 & CANNOT BE 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! METAPHYSICIANS GIVE TO ?AT WORD1 S9CE ! DEPRIVATION ( ALL CONDITIONALITY1 OR SIMPLICITY1 F> FROM 9DICAT+ ! HI<E/ P[] ( BE+1 M>KS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! L[E/ DEGREE2 ,GOD CAN ONLY BECOME1 & IT IS ON ?IS CONDITION ALONE ?AT IT IS4#a  
                                                 

 ,:AT IF N[1 AFT] HAV+ DISPELL$ ! CLEV] *IM]AS ( !OLOGY1 ,I %\LD CONSULT ! SPONTANE\S TE/IMONIES ( ! HUMAN RACES ON ! ESS5CE & FUNCTION ( ! DIV9E BE+8 ,I F9D FIR/ ?AT ! IDEA ( ,PROGRESS1 9ADV]T5TLY LEFT (F ! LI/ ( ! CATEGORIES ( ! S*OOL1 HAS NOT BE5 =GOTT5 BY ! MASSES2 ?AT BY VIRTUE ( ?AT IDEA1 ! PEOPLE1 REASON+ 9 ! FRE$OM ( !IR 9/9CTS1 SPEAK+ 9 !IR [N NAME1 )\T ! M$IUM ( ! ,ACADEMY1 ( ! ,PORTICO1 NOR ( ! ,*UR*1 HAVE CON/ANTLY TAK5 ,GOD = A BE+ ?AT IS ACTIVE1 MOBILE1 PROGRESSIVE1 S5SIBLE F9ALLY2 ?AT ONLY1 TO ! DEGREE ?AT !IR 9TELLIG5CE HAS DEVELOP$1 !Y HAVE 5NOBL$ !IR IDOL1 & ?AT ! HI<E/ P]FECTION ?AT !Y HAVE ?\<T TO GIVE TO IT1 HAS BE5 TO MAKE IT A MAN4 ,I SEE ?AT AT ALL TIMES ,HUMANITY HAS T5D$1 ACROSS ITS RELIGI\S EVOLUTIONS1 TO AN?ROPOMORPHIZE OR RA!R TO SOCIALIZE ! 9EFFABLE BE+2 ?AT EV]Y:]E & ALWAYS1 9 POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS1 ! PROBLEM ( ! RELIGIONS HAS RESOLV$ ITSELF 9 ! ID5TITY ( SOCIAL NATURE & DIV9E NATURE2 ?AT IF1 FROM ONE SIDE1 ! PEOPLE HAVE LOAN$ TO ,GOD ! FACULTIES1 PASSIONS1 VIRTUES & MIS]IES ( HUMANITY1--S9CE IT IS NECESS>Y = HIM TO BE BORN1 TO SPEAK1 ACT1 SUFF] & DIE LIKE A MAN1--FROM ! O!R1 IT HAS CONF]R$ TO HIM ATTRIBUTES ( SOCIETY1 RUL]%IP1 LEGISLATION & JU/ICE2 IT HAS PROCLAIM$ HIM HOLY LIKE SOCIETY1 & FREE FROM DEA? LIKE SOCIETY1 :I* IS IMMORTAL4  

 ,?US1 :AT WE AFFIRM1 SEEK & WOR%IP AS ,GOD1 IS NO?+ BUT ! PURE ESS5CE PURE ( ,HUMANITY1 SOCIAL NATURE & 9DIVIDUAL NATURE 9DIVISIBLY UNIT$1 BUT DI/9CT1 LIKE ! TWO NATURES 9 ,JESUS ,*RI/4 ,?IS IS :AT IS ATTE/$ TO BY POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS & ! S]IES ( RELIGIONS1 9 ACCORD ) A RECTIFI$ & COMPLETE METAPHYSICS4  

 ,?AT IS NOT ALL3 :ILE ?AT MOVEM5T ( ! HUMANIZATION ( ! DIV9E BE+ WAS PURSU$ 9 ! MASSES1 ANO!R OP]AT$1 ALWAYS UNBEKN[N/ TO ! !OLOGIANS & ! PHILOSOPH]S1 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL DISCIPL9E3 IT WAS ! PROGRESSIVE R5UNCIATION ( ! ONTOLOGICAL MY/ICISMS1 ! REL9QUI%M5T ( ! CATEGORIES1 RECOGNIZ$ AS USELESS = ! EXPLICATION ( NATURE & SOCIETY AS REVELATIONS & MIRACLES4 ,9 ONE S5SE1 ! HUMAN RACE1 BY ITS AN?ROPOMORPHIC T5D5CIES1 CAME 9TO CONTACT & ID5TIFI$ ITSELF ) ,DIV9ITY2 9 ANO!R S5SE1 BY ITS GR[+ POSITIVISM1 IT MOV$ AWAY FROM ,GOD1 &1 SO TO SPEAK1 MADE IT RETREAT4 ,IT IS ?US ?AT :]E ,NEWTON1 /OPP$ BY A DIFFICULTY ?AT SEEM$ 9SOLUBLE TO HIM1 MADE ,DIV9ITY 9T]V5E = ! EQUILIBRIUM ( ! WORLD1 ,LAPLACE1 ) A HI<] SCI5CE1 R5D]$ ?AT 9T]V5TION USELESS1 & DISMISS$ ! GOD & HIS MA*9E TO ! ATTIC4  

 ,SUMM>IZ+ ALL !SE FACTS & ALL !SE CONCEPTS1 IT REMA9S ?US = ME ON ! RELIGI\S QUE/ION3 :AT ,HUMANITY SEEKS 9 RELIGION1 UND] ! NAME ( ,GOD1 IS ITS [N CON/ITUTION1 ITSELF2 NONE!LESS1 ,GOD BE+1 ACCORD+ TO ! !OLOGICAL DOGMA1 9F9ITE 9 ITS ATTRIBUTES1 P]FECT1 IMMUTABLE & ABSOLUTE1 & ,HUMANITY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BE+ P]FECTIBLE1 PROGRESSIVE1 MOBILE & *ANG+1 ! SECOND T]M W\LD NEV] BE UND]/OOD AS ADEQUATE TO ! FIR/2 !RE REMA9S !N AN ANTI!SIS1 ONE T]M ALWAYS BE+ ! REV]S$ EXPRESSION ( ! O!R1 & ! CONSEQU5CE ( ?AT ANTI!SIS OR ANTI!ISM1 AS ,I HAVE CALL$ IT1 IS TO ABOLI% ALL RELIGION OR ADORATION1 IDOLATRY1 PNEUMATOLATRY1 *RI/OLATRY OR AN?ROPOLATRY1 S9CE ON ONE SIDE ! IDEA ( ,GOD1 OPPOS$ TO ?AT ( MOVEM5T1 GR\P1 S]IES OR PROGRESS1 DOES NOT REPRES5T ANY POSSIBLE REALITY1 & ON ! O!R  ,HUMANITY1 ESS5TIALLY P]FECTIBLE1 BUT NEV] P]FECT1 REMA9S CON/ANTLY BEL[ ITS [N PROP] IDEA1 & CONSEQU5TLY ALWAYS B5EA? WOR%IP4 ,?IS ,I SUMM>IZE 9 A =MULA AT ONCE POSITIVE & NEGATIVE1 & P]FECTLY CLE> 9 \R LANGUAGE3 ,REPLACEM5T ( ! CULT ( ! ALLEG$ ,SUPREME ,BE+ BY ! CULTURE ( ,HUMANITY4#a#a  

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 ,V,I,I4  
  

 ,IS IT WOR?:ILE N[1 SIR1 = ME TO RECALL ?OSE ( MY PROPOSITIONS1 :I*1 9 POLITICS1 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 MORALS1 ETC41 HAVE MADE ! MO/ NOISE1 & CAUS$ ! MO/ SC&AL8 ,MU/ ,I %[ H[ !Y ALL RESULT$ FROM ! NOTION ( ,PROGRESS1 :I* IS ID5TICAL 9 MY M9D TO ?AT ( ORD]8  

 ,I WROTE 9 #ahd ?AT PR(ESSION ( POLITICAL FAI?1 AS REM>KABLE = BREVITY AS = 5]GY3 ,I AM AN AN>*I/4 ,I POSIT$ ) ?AT WORD ! NEGATION1 OR RA!R ! 9SUFFICI5CY ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY444 ,?AT WAS TO SAY1 AS ,I LAT] %[$1 ?AT ! NOTION ( AU?ORITY IS ONLY1 LIKE ! NOTION ( AN ABSOLUTE BE+1 AN ANALYTIC IDEA1 P[]LESS1 FROM :ATEV] DIRECTION ONE MI<T COME AT AU?ORITY1 & 9 :ATEV] MANN] IT IS EX]CIS$1 TO GIVE A SOCIAL CON/ITUTION4 ,= AU?ORITY1 = POLITICS1 ,I !N SUB/ITUT$ ,E,C,O,N,O,M,Y1 A SYN!TIC & POSITIVE IDEA1 ALONE CAPABLE1 9 MY OP9ION1 ( LEAD+ TO A RATIONAL & PRACTICAL CONCEPTION ( ! SOCIAL ORD]4 ,H[EV]1 ,I DID NO?+ 9 ?IS BUT TO REPEAT ! !SIS ( ,SA9T-,SIMON1 SO /RANGELY DISFIGUR$ BY HIS DISCIPLES1 & COMBAT$ TODAY1 = TACTICAL REASONS ?AT ,I CANNOT WORK \T1 BY ,M4 ,5FANT94 ,IT CONSI/S 9 SAY+1 BAS$ ON HI/ORY & ! 9COMPATIBILITY ( ! IDEAS ( AU?ORITY & PROGRESS1 ?AT SOCIETY IS ON ! WAY TO ACCOMPLI%+ = ! LA/ TIME ! GOV]NM5TAL CYCLE2 ?AT ! PUBLIC REASON HAS GA9$ C]TA9TY ( ! P[]LESSNESS ( POLITICS1 ) REG>D TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! CONDITION ( ! MASSES2 ?AT ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! IDEAS ( P[] & AU?ORITY HAS BEGUN TO BE SUCCE$$1 9 OP9ION AS 9 HI/ORY1 BY ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! IDEAS ( LABOR & EX*ANGE2 ?AT ! CONSEQU5CE ( ?AT SUB/ITUTION IS TO REPLACE ! ME*ANISM ( ! POLITICAL P[]S BY ! ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC =CES1 ETC41 ETC4  

 ,I TRU/ Y\1 SIR1 TO TELL ME IF ,I HAVE BE5 LOGICAL 9 MY D$UCTIONS1 IF TRULY1 AS ,I ?9K1 ! IDEA ( PROGRESS1 ! SYNONYM ( :I* IS LIB]TY1 LEADS !RE4  

 ,IT IS 9 ! ECONOMIC QUE/IONS ?AT ,I HAVE PU%$ ! DEVELOPM5T & APPLICATION ( MY PR9CIPLE ! F>!/4 ,I HAVE DEMON/RAT$1 & ) SOME SUCCESS1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 ?AT MO/ ( ! NOTIONS ON :I* 9DU/RIAL PRACTICE RE/S AT ?IS MOM5T1 & ?US ALL ! ECONOMIES ( MOD]N SOCIETIES1 >E /ILL1 LIKE ! NOTIONS ( P[]1 AU?ORITY1 ,GOD1 DEVIL1 ETC41 ANALYTIC CONCEPTIONS1 P>TS MUTUALLY D$UC$ FROM ONE ANO!R BY MEANS ( OPPOSITION1 FROM ! SOCIET>Y GR\P1 FROM ITS IDEA1 FROM ITS LAW1 & EA* DEVELOP$ SEP>ATELY )\T RE/RA9T & )\T LIMITS4 ,AS A RESULT1 SOCIETY1 9/EAD ( RE/+ ON H>MONY1 IS SEAT$ ON A ?RONE ( CONTRADICTIONS1 & 9/EAD ( PROGRESS+ T[>DS WEAL? & VIRTUE1 AS IS ITS DE/9Y1 IT PRES5TS A P>ALLEL & SY/EMATIC DEVELOPM5T 9 MIS]Y & CRIME4  

 ,?US ,I HAVE %[N1 OR ,I BELIEVE ,I HAVE %[N1 ?AT ! ,MAL?USIAN !ORY ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL1 JU/IFIABLE AS A MEANS ( M]CANTILE ORD]1 & TO A C]TA9 DEGREE FAVORABLE TO ECONOMIC MOVEM5T1 BECOMES1 IF ONE APPLIES IT ON A GR& SCALE1 IF ONE CLAIMS TO G5]ALIZE IT & MAKE ( IT A LAW ( SOCIETY1 9COMPATIBLE ) EX*ANGE1 ) CIRCULATION1 & CONSEQU5TLY ) SOCIAL LIFE ITSELF2 ?AT 9 ORD] TO 5D ?AT 9COMPATIBILITY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO RECON/RUCT ! 9TEGRAL IDEA1 TO MAKE IT SO ?AT EA* BORR[] IS A L5D]1 EA* L5D] A BORR[]1 & SO ?AT ALL ACC\NTS1 TO ! DEBIT & TO ! CR$IT1 BALANCE2 ?AT IF ! CIRCULATION IS NOT TODAY REGUL>1 IF ! RETURN ( VALUES BY SALE IS NOT MADE BY EA* PRODUC] ) ! SAME EASE AS !IR \TFL[ BY PUR*ASE2 IF ! /AGNATIONS1 CRISES & UNEMPLOYM5TS1 >E = ! BANKRUPT A P]MAN5T MEANS ( EQUILIBRIUM1 IT IS FIR/ BECAUSE ! VALORIZATION ( PRODUCTS CEASES ) GOLD & SILV]1 BECAUSE ALL M]*&ISE IS NOT1 LIKE GOLD OR SILV]1 TAK5 = CURR5CY1 :I* CON/ITUTES )9 ! G5]AL WEAL? A DE/RUCTIVE 9EQUALITY2--9 ! SECOND PLACE1 BECAUSE ( ! CAPITALI/ PRELIBATION1#a#b A CONSEQU5CE ( MONEY'S PR]OGATIVES2--?IRDLY1 BECAUSE ( L& R5T1 :I* IS ! KEY/ONE1 SANCTION & GLORIFICATION ( ! :OLE SY/EM4  

 ,I HAVE SAID ?AT ! RI<T ( ! CAPITALI/1 PROPRIETOR OR MA/]1--:O /OPS ! ECONOMIC MOVEM5T & H9D]S ! CIRCULATION ( PRODUCTS1 :O MAKES A CIVIL W> ( COMPETITION1 ! MA*9E AN 9/RUM5T ( DEA?1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR A SY/EM ( EXHAU/ION = ! WORK]1 TAXATION A MEANS ( POPUL> EXT5UATION & POSSESSION ( ! SOIL A F]OCI\S & UNSOCIABLE DOMA91--WAS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! RI<T ( =CE1 ROYAL OR DIV9E RI<T1 SU* AS ! B>B>IANS CONCEIV$ & AS IT RESULTS FROM ! DEF9ITIONS ( POLITICS & ( ! CASUI/S1 ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( ! ABSOLUTE1 ! MO/ COMPLETE NEGATION ( ! IDEAS ( EQUALITY1 ORD] & PROGRESS4  

 ,IF SOME?+ HAS SURPRIS$ ME1 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS SOCIALI/ POLEMIC1 IT IS MU* LESS ! IRRITATION PRODUC$ BY MY IDEAS ?AN ! CONTRADICTIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 RAIS$ AGA9/ !M4 ,I C\LD UND]/& EGOISM2 ,I DO NOT UND]/& >GUM5T 9 ! PRES5CE ( TRU? & ! FACTS4 ,9 ORD] TO PULL SOCIETY FROM ! VICI\S CIRCLE :]E IT HAS SUFF]$ DEA? & PASSION = SO MANY C5TURIES1 IT IS NECESS>Y1 ,I 9SI/1 TO 5T] RESOLUTELY ON ! PA? ( PROGRESSION & ( ASSOCIATION2 TO PURSUE ! R$UCTION ( R5T & 9T]E/ TO Z]O2 TO RE=M CR$IT1 BY RAIS+ IT FROM ! 5TIRELY 9DIVIDUALI/ NOTION ( LOAN TO ! ?OR\<LY SOCIAL ONE ( RECIPROCITY OR EX*ANGE2 TO LIQUIDATE1 ACCORD+ TO ?AT PR9CIPLE1 ALL PUBLIC & PRIVATE DEBTS2 TO PURGE ALL MORTGAGES1 TO UNIFY TAXATION1 TO ABOLI% OCTROIS & DUTIES1 TO CREATE ! PATRIMONY ( ! PEOPLE1 TO 9SURE 9EXP5SIVE PRODUCTS & R5TS1 TO DET]M9E ! RI<TS ( ! LABOR]1 TO REMAKE CORPORATE & COMMUNAL ADM9I/RATION1 TO R$UCE & SIMPLIFY ! ALLOCATIONS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,!N1 ECONOMIC PH5OM5A W\LD OCCUR 9 AN OPPOSITE MODE2 :ILE TODAY ! M>KET LACKS PRODUCTION1 IT WILL BE PRODUCTION :I* WILL LACK = A M>KET2 :ILE WEAL? GR[S 9 >I?METIC FA%ION & ! POPULATION GEOMETRICALLY1 WE WILL SEE ?AT RELATION 9V]T$1 & PRODUCTION BECOME MORE RAPID ?AN POPULATION1 BECAUSE IT IS A LAW ( \R MORAL & AES!TIC NATURE MORALE ?AT ! MORE 9T5SITY ACQUIR$ BY LABOR & ! MORE P]FECTION BY MAN1 ! LESS FECUNDITY IS POSSESS$ BY ! G5ETIC FACULTY1 ETC4  

 ,I HAVE REM>K$1 S9CE FIR/ ADDRESS+ !SE ISSUES1 ?AT SOCIETY IS ALREADY 5GAG$1 ON ALL PO9TS1 ) ! CONCEPT ( 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS2 ?AT ?US ! DEF9ITION ( PROP]TY1 FOLL[+ ! CON/ITUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 IS 9 COMPLETE CONTRADICTION ) ! ,CODE1 & AT BASE JU/IFIES MY [N DEF9ITION2 ?AT UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SAME CAUSES ALL JURISPRUD5CE T5DS TO APPROA* MORE & MORE ! IDEA ( COMMUTATIVE JU/ICE & TO DES]T ! CIVIL TRIBUNAL = ! TRIBUNAL ( COMM]CE1 ETC41 ETC4  

 ,!RE IS NOT A CRITIQUE ON MY P>T1 NOT AN AFFIRMATION OR A NEGATION :I*1 9 ?AT ORD] ( IDEAS AS 9 ALL ! O!RS1 IS NOT EXPLA9$1 JU/IFI$ OR EXCUS$1 H[EV] Y\ WANT TO PUT IT1 BY ! SAME LAW4 ,ALL ?AT ,I HAVE SAID ( C5TRALIZATION1 ( ! POLICE1 ( JU/ICE1 ( ASSOCIATION1 ( WOR%IP1 ETC41 FOLL[S FROM ?AT4  

 ,I HAVE DONE MORE3 AFT] DISPELL+ ANY PRETEXT ( IRRITATION & HATR$1 ,I HAVE TAK5 C>E TO DI/+UI% 9 ,PROGRESS ACCEL]ATION FROM MOVEM5T4 ,I HAVE REPEAT$ AD NAUSEAM ?AT ! QUE/ION ( SPE$ C\LD BE LEFT TO ! E/IMATION ( ! MAJORITIES1 & ?AT ,I DID NOT REG>D AS ADV]S>IES1 OR AS 5EMIES ( ,PROGRESS1 ?OSE :O1 ACCEPT+ ) ME ! IDEA ( MOVEM5T & ! S5SE ( ITS G5]AL DIRECTION1 DIFF]$ P]HAPS ON ! DETAILS & ON ! TIME 9VOLV$4 ,MU/ WE RACE OR CRAWL8 ,?IS IS A PRACTICAL AFFAIR1 NOT = ! CONSID]ATION ( ! PHILOSOPH]1 BUT ( ! /ATESMAN4 ,:AT ,I MA9TA9 IS ?AT WE CANNOT PRES]VE ! /ATUS QUO4  

 ,MANY TIMES IT HAS BE5 SAID TO ME3 ,TELL IT LIKE IT IS4 ,Y\ >E A MAN ( ORD]3 DO Y\1 OR DO Y\ NOT WANT GOV]NM5T8 ,Y\ SEEK JU/ICE & LIB]TY1 & Y\ REJECT ! COMMUNIT>IAN !ORIES3 >E Y\ = OR AGA9/ PROP]TY8 ,Y\ HAVE DEF5D$1 9 EV]Y CIRCUM/ANCE1 MORALS & ! FAMILY3 DO Y\ HAVE NO RELIGION8  

 ,WELL1 ,I MA9TA9 COMPLETELY ALL MY NEGATIONS ( RELIGION1 GOV]NM5T & PROP]TY2 ,I SAY ?AT NOT ONLY >E !SE NEGATIONS 9 !MSELVES IRREFUTABLE1 BUT ?AT ALREADY ! FACTS JU/IFY !M2 :AT WE HAVE SE5 BURGEON & DEVELOP1 = SEV]AL YE>S1 UND] ! ANCI5T NAME ( RELIGION1 IS NO LONG] ! SAME ?+ ?AT WE HAVE BE5 ACCU/OM$ TO UND]/& UND] ?AT NAME2 ?AT :I* AGITATES 9 ! =M ( EMPIRE OR CAES>ISM1 WILL SOON] OR LAT] NO LONG] BE EMPIRE NOR CAES>ISM1 NOR GOV]NM5T2 & F9ALLY1 ?AT :I* MODIFIES & REORGANIZES ITSELF UND] ! RUBRIC ( PROP]TY1 IS ! OPPOSITE ( PROP]TY4  

 ,I ADD1 NONE!LESS1 ?AT ,I WILL RETA91 ) ! COMMON FOLK1 !SE ?REE WORDS3 RELIGION1 GOV]NM5T1 PROP]TY1 = REASONS ( :I* ,I AM NOT ! MA/]1 :I* P>TAKE ( ! G5]AL !ORY ( ,PROGRESS1 & = ?AT REASON SEEM TO ME DECISIVE3 FIR/1 IT IS NOT MY PLACE TO CREATE NEW WORDS = NEW ?+S & ,I AM =C$ TO SPEAK ! COMMON LANGUAGE2 SECOND1 !RE IS NO PROGRESS )\T TRADITION1 & ! NEW ORD] HAV+ = ITS IMM$IATE ANTEC$5TS RELIGION1 GOV]NM5T & PROP]TY1 IT IS CONV5I5T1 = ! V]Y GU>ANTEE ( ?AT EVOLUTION1 TO PRES]VE = ! NEW 9/ITUTIONS !IR PATRONYMIC NAMES1 9 ! PHASES ( CIVILIZATION1 BECAUSE !RE >E NEV] WELL-DEF9$ L9ES1 & TO ATTEMPT TO ACCOMPLI% ! REVOLUTION AT A LEAP W\LD BE BEYOND \R MEANS4  

 ,I BELIEVE IT USELESS1 ) A JUDGE AS WELL-9=M$ AS Y\1 SIR1 TO PROLONG ?IS EXPOSITION4 ,I AFFIRM ,PROGRESS1 &1 AS ! 9C>NATION ( ,PROGRESS1 ! REALITY ( ! ,COLLECTIVE ,MAN1 &1 F9ALLY1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ?AT REALITY1 AN ECONOMIC SCI5CE3 ?AT IS MY SOCIALISM4 ,NO?+ MORE1 & NO?+ LESS4  

 .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-  

 ,V,I,I,I4  
  

 ,ALL[ ME1 SIR1 BE=E PASS+ ON1 TO SUMM>IZE ! DIFF]5T MEAN+S ( ?AT G5]IC T]M ,PROGRESS4 ,9 LOGIC1 IT IS TRANSLAT$ BY S]IES1 ! G5]AL =M ( REASON+1 :I* IS NO?+ O!R1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 ?AN ! >T ( CLASSIFY+ IDEAS & BE+S4--,IF ! S]IES IS R$UC$ TO TWO T]MS 9 ESS5TIAL OPPOSITION1 9 NECESS>Y & RECIPROCAL CONTRADICTION1 AS TAKES PLACE1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! =MATION ( CONCEPTS1 IT 9DICATES AN ANALYSIS & TAKES ! NAME ( ANT9OMY4 ,! ANT9OMIC DUALISM1 R$UC$ BY ! EQUATION OR FUSION ( ! TWO T]MS 9TO ONE1 PRODUCES ! SYN!TIC & TRUE IDEA1 ! SYN!SIS1 CELEBRAT$ AMONG ! MY/ICS UND] ! NAME ( TR9ITY OR TRIAD4  

 ,9 ONTOLOGY1 ,PROGRESS IS GR\P1 ?AT IS BE+1 AS OPPOS$ TO ALL ! *IM]AS1 :E!R SUB/ANTIAL1 CAUSATIVE1 ANIMI/IC1 ATOMI/IC1 ETC4  

 ,FROM ! IDEA ( BE+1 CONCEIV$ AS GR\P1 ,I D$UCE1 BY ONE SOLE & S+LE >GUM5T1 ?IS D\BLE PROPOSITION3 ?AT ! SIMPLI/IC1 IMMUTABLE1 9F9ITE1 ET]NAL & ABSOLUTE GOD ( ! METAPHYSICIANS1 NOT BECOM+1 IS NOT & CANNOT BE2 :ILE ! SOCIAL BE+1 :I* IS GR\P$1 ORGANIZ$1 P]FECTIBLE1 PROGRESSIVE1 & :I* BY ITS ESS5CE ALWAYS BECOMES1 IS4 ,COMP>+ !N ! FACTS ( RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS ) ?OSE ( METAPHYSICS & ECONOMICS1 ,I >RIVE AT ?IS DECISIVE CONCLUSION1 ?AT ! IDEA ( ,GOD1 ) REG>D TO ITS CONT5T1 IS ID5TICAL & ADEQUATE TO ?AT ( ,HUMANITY1 :ILE1 ) REG>D TO ITS =M1 IT IS ANTAGONI/IC4  

 ,9 ! POLITICAL ORD]1 ! SYNONYM ( ,PROGRESS IS LIB]TY1 ?AT IS TO SAY COLLECTIVE & 9DIVIDUAL SPONTANEITY1 EVOLV+ )\T OB/ACLES1 BY ! GRADUAL P>TICIPATION ( CITIZ5S 9 SOV]EIGNTY & GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT ?AT P>TICIPATION REMA9S =EV] ILLUSORY1 & ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T W\LD REALIZE ITSELF 9 AN 9V>IABLE CYCLE ( REVOLUTIONS )\T 5D1 & ( UNI=M TYRANNIES1 IF POLITICAL REASON1 RECOGNIZ+ F9ALLY ?AT ! TRUE OBJECT ( GOV]NM5T IS TO GU>ANTEE ! LIB]TY ( ! PRODUC] & TRAD]1 BY 9SUR+ ! JU/ DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 DID NOT 5D1 AFT] HAV+ SEP>AT$ ! CONT5TS FROM ! POLITICAL IDEA1 BY *ANG+ ITS ORGANIZATION4 ,AU?ORITY HAS !N = ITS ORGANIC =MULA ,E,C,O,N,O,M,Y1 & ! CORRELATIVE ( LIB]TY IS EQUALITY1 NOT A REAL & IMM$IATE EQUALITY1 AS COMMUNISM 9T5DS1 NOR A P]SONAL EQUALITY1 AS ! !ORY ( ,R\SSEAU SUPPOSES1 BUT A COMMUTATIVE & PROGRESSIVE EQUALITY1 :I* GIVES A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T DIRECTION TO ,JU/ICE4  

 ,LET US ADMIT1 9DE$1 = A MOM5T1 ! PR9CIPLE ( ! A PRIORI EQUALITY ( GOODS & ( P]SONS4 ,:AT A S+UL> ?+6 ,! CONSEQU5CE ( ?AT ALLEG$ EQUALITY W\LD BE /ASIS1 ! ABSOLUTE1 CONSEQU5TLY MIS]Y4 ,SOCIETY W\LD D\BTLESS CONT9UE TO /AGNATE OR TO AGITATE2 IT W\LD NO LONG] PROGRESS4 ,! HUMAN SPECIES1 CON/ITUT$ ON AN ANTICIPATION1 TAK+ ITS 5D = ITS MEANS1 9/EAD ( BE+ ITSELF1 W\LD NO LONG] BE ANY?+ BUT AN ANALOG ( C]TA9 ANIMALS1 SU* AS ANTS1 BEAV]S1 ETC41 SOCIETIES ( :I* HAVE EXI/$ S9CE CREATION1 BUT :I* DO NOT ADVANCE AT ALL4 ,= A SOCIETY ?US MADE1 ! PR9CIPLE ( ORD]1 OR1 TO PUT IT BETT]1 ( /ATION1 W\LD F9D ITSELF1 AS 9 SOCIETIES F\ND$ ON 9EQUALITY OR CA/E1 AN IMP]ATIVE P[]1 DOM9AT+ ALL WILLS1 SUBORD9AT+ ALL 5]GIES1 ABSORB+ 9 ITS COLLECTIVE VIRTUALITY ALL SPONTANE\S 9DIVIDUALITIES4 ,IT IS ACCORD+ TO ?IS SY/EM ( ABSOLUTISM ?AT ! FIR/ ,/ATES W]E ORGANIZ$2 IT IS ?US ?AT BY YIELD+ ALWAYS A LITTLE UND] ! 9VISIBLE PRESSURE ( LIB]TY1 ACROSS A ?\S& CONTRADICTIONS & A ?\S& 9CONSEQU5CES1 !Y HAVE MA9TA9$ !MSELVES 9 ! OLD SPIRIT ( !IR 9/ITUTION4  

 ,BUT LET A REVOLUTION1 LIKE ?AT ( #h#i1 PROCLAIM ALL AT ONCE 9DU/RIAL LIB]TY & BY ?AT S+LE WORD ! NOTION ( EQUALITY *ANGES3 !N CIVILIZATION CAN NO LONG] 5C\NT] OB/ACLES 9 ITS ADVANCE1 AT ! SAME BL[ ! OLD POLITICAL =M IS LEFT 9APPLICABLE4 ,) ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY 9 WORK & ( EQUALITY 9 EX*ANGE1 :I* IMPLIES ! ACCEPTANCE ( TAXATION & MONITOR+1 ! EQUILIBRIUM ( SOCIETY CAN NO LONG] DEP5D1 9 PR9CIPLE1 ON SOV]EIGN COMM&M5T1 K+ OR PEOPLE2 IT RESULTS VIRTUALLY FROM ! SYNALLAGMATIC1 QUOTIDIAN DET]M9ATION ( ! RI<TS & ( ! HOLD+S ( ! MEMB]S4 ,GOV]NM5TAL C5TRALIZATION IS ?US SUCCE$$ BY CONTRACTUAL SOLID>ITY2 ! CON/ITUTION ( POLITICAL P[]S IS REPLAC$ BY ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ECONOMIC =CES4 ,IT IS BECAUSE ( ?IS ?AT SOCIALISM WAS RI<T TO SAY1 9 #a#h#d#h1 ?AT ALL ! DECL>ATIONS ( RI<TS & DUTIES1 ALL ! *>T]S & ALL ! CODES PROMULGAT$ PREVI\SLY OR TO BE PROMULGAT$ 9 ! FUTURE1 R$UCE !MSELVES TO TWO >TICLES1 ! RI<T TO WORK & ! RI<T TO EX*ANGE3 LABOR & EX*ANGE >E ! ALPHA & ! OMEGA ( ! REVOLUTION4  

 ,?US1 FROM ONE SIDE1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ! POLITICAL =MS IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! SUPPRESSION ( ! H9DRANCES IMPOS$ ON ,PROGRESS BY POLITICAL TYRANNY2 FROM ! O!R1 IT IS ! EMANCIPATION ( ! LABOR] OR ! EXACT COMP5SATION ( PRODUCTS1 :I* IS ! DECISIVE & SOLEMN ACT BY :I* ,HUMANITY1 BREAK+ ! *A9 ( PRIVILEGE1 5T]S 9TO ! 5DLESS C>E] ( ,JU/ICE4  

 ,DO UNTO O!RS AS Y\ W\LD HAVE !M DO UNTO Y\1 SAID ! AU?OR ( ! ,GOSPEL1 ,JESUS ,*RI/1 FOLL[+ ALL ! ANCI5T SAGES4 ,A GOOD MAXIM1 BUT VAGUE1 & ITS UNC]TA9 GL[ HAS NOT H9D]$ = ?IRTY C5TURIES ! S]VITUDE ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,= :AT IS IT ?AT ,I %\LD WANT O!RS TO DO TO ME8444 ,AS LONG AS A PRECISE ANSW] IS NOT MADE TO ?AT QUE/ION1 JU/ICE COLLAPSES4 ,ECONOMIC SCI5CE PUTS AN 5D TO ?AT 9DECISION BY DECL>+ ?AT = EA* ABLE-BODI$ CITIZ51 ! REV5UE MU/ BE EQUAL TO ! PRODUCT4 ,! =MULA1 ?IS TIME1 IS CATEGORICAL & CONCRETE2 IT AIMS NEI!R AT ! SUBLIME NOR AT ! S5TIM5TAL2 IT HAS NO MORE PRET5SION TO A/ONI% ! LE>N$ ?AN TO MAKE ! FRIVOL\S CAILLETTES SWOON4 ,BUT F9D ME A =MULA :I* IS MORE CRU%+ ( PRIDE1 MORE HOPELESS = BAD FAI?1 :I* BETT] REMOVES ! EXCUSE = C[>DICE & 5VY1 :I* 9SURES 9 ADDITION ! RI<T ( ALL BY LEAV+ MORE LIB]TY TO EA*8  

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 ,I,X4  
  

 ,BY GIV+ TO ,JU/ICE A MORE PRACTICAL & PRECISE =MULA1 ! !ORY ( ECONOMIC PROGRESS HAS POSIT$ ! F\NDATION ( MORALS4  

 ,MORAL SCI5CE IS ! 5SEMBLE ( ! PRECEPTS ?AT HAVE = !IR OBJECT P]SEV]ANCE 9 JU/ICE4 ,IT IS1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! SY/EM ( JU/IFICATION1 ! >T ( R5D]+ ONESELF HOLY & PURE BY WORKS1 :I* IS TO SAY1 /ILL & ALWAYS1 ,PROGRESS4 ,HAPPY >E ! PURE ( HE>T1 IT WAS SAID AT ! ,S]MON ON ! ,M\NT1 BECAUSE !Y ,%,A,L,L ,S,E,E ,G,O,D6 ,!SE WORDS1 SO MU* BETT] ?AN ! !ORY ( *>ITY1 SUMM>IZE ! :OLE LAW4 ,!Y SIGNIFY ?AT HOL9ESS1 ! APOGEE ( JU/ICE1 IS ! V]Y BASIS ( RELIGION1 & ?AT ! BEAUTIFIC VISION1 ! SOV]EIGN GOOD ( ! ANCI5T PHILOSOPH]S1 HAPP9ESS1 AS ! MOD]N SOCIALI/S SAY1 IS ITS FRUIT4 ,TO SEE ,GOD1 9 ! LANGUAGE ( ! MY?S1 IS TO HAVE CONSCI\SNESS ( ONE'S [N VIRTUE2 IT IS TO 5JOY IT & !REBY COLLECT ! PRIZE4 ,?US1 MORALS HAS NO SANCTION BUT ITSELF3 IT W\LD 9FR+E ON ITS DIGNITY1 IT W\LD BE IMMORAL1 IF IT DREW ITS CAUSE & ITS 5D FROM SOME O!R S\RCE4 ,?AT IS :Y MORALS HAS T5D$ AT ALL TIMES TO SEP>ATE ITSELF FROM !OLOGICAL DOGMATISM1 & ! ESS5CE ( RELIGION HAS T5D$ TO SEP>ATE ITSELF FROM ! RELIGI\S 5VELOPE1 ! VA9 FIGURES ( :I* C\LD ONLY COMPROMISE IT4 ,9 ,ROME1 ! =MULAS ( RELIGION W]E ALL1 LIKE ! >TICLES ( ! ,DECALOGUE1 JURIDICAL =MULAS4 ,9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN1 :]E ALL !OLOGY HAD BE5 REJECT$ E>LY1 IT WAS PRECISELY ! PRACTICE ( SANCTIFICATION1 OR CULT ( PURITY1 :I* WAS PRES]V$4 ,PURITY OR CL>ITY ( REASON1 PURITY OR 9NOC5CE ( HE>T1 PURITY OR HEAL? ( ! BODY1 PURITY OR JU/ICE 9 ACTION & S9C]ITY 9 SPEE*1 PURITY EV5 9 JU/ICE1 :I* IS TO SAY1 MODE/Y 9 VIRTUE3 !SE >E ! MORALS ( ,PROGRESS1 ?IS IS MY RELIGION4 ,IT SUPPOSES A CONT9UAL EF=T ON ITSELF1 & IT ALL[S ALL ! TRANSITIONS1 IT SUITS ALL PLACES & TIMES4 ,! MORAL LAW1 SIR1 REM>K IT WELL1 IS ! ONE ?+ ?AT ,I REG>D AS ABSOLUTE1 NOT ) REG>D TO ! =M ( ! PRECEPT1 :I* IS ALWAYS V>IABLE1 BUT ) REG>D TO ! OBLIGATION ?AT IT IMPOSES3 & YET1 ?AT ,ABSOLUTE IS /ILL ONLY A TRANSC5D5T IDEA1 HAV+ = AIM ! IDEAL P]FECTION ( ! HUMAN BE+1 BY FIDELITY TO ! LAW & TO PROGRESS4  

 ,BUT1 Y\ WILL ASK ME1 :O IS HOLY8 ,& IF NO MAN CAN BOA/ ( BE+ HOLY1 H[1 ) ! !ORY ( ,PROGRESS1 WILL Y\ RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( MAN'S DE/9Y8 ,S9 EXI/S1 & IT IS A GREAT QUE/ION AMONG ! WISE1 TO KN[ IF IT DIM9I%ES1 OR IF ON ! CONTR>Y IT DOES NOT1 ) CIVILIZATION ITSELF1 EXT5D ITS EMPIRE4 ,ALL ! C5TURIES HAVE RES\ND$ ) LAM5TS ( ! GR[+ MALICE ( ! G5]ATIONS4 ,! ORATOR D5\NCES TO ! TRIBUNAL ! DECAD5CE ( ! C5TURY3 ,O TEMPORA1 O MORES6 HE CRIES4 ,& ! POET1 9 HIS MISAN?ROPY1 S+S !  PROGRESS ( VISE & CRIME3  
  

 ,A,ETAS MAJORUM1 PEJOR AVIS1 TULIT  
 ,NOS NEQUIORES1 MOX DATUROS  
 ,PROG5IEM VITIOSIOREM4  

 ,IF !N SANCTITY EXI/S NO:]E ON ! E>?1 IF SANCTIFICATION DOES NOT SUCCE$ AMONG MORTALS1 ,PROGRESS REMA9S )\T A CONCLUSION4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO CONSID] ! LONG] T]M1 & AFT] HAV+ FRE$ MILITANT HUMANITY FROM ! ,ABSOLUTE1 TO MAKE IT RETURN !RE = ITS CORONATION4 ,:AT USE1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IS ! IDEA ( ,PROGRESS1 IF ,PROGRESS1 LIKE ! FALL1 CALLS = A TRANSMUNDANE SOLUTION1 SOME?+ LIKE IMMORTALITY8 ,:AT CAN ! !ORY BE :I*1 AFT] HAV+ POSIT$ ,PROGRESS AS ! CONDITION S9E QUA NON ( NATURE & M9D1 IS =C$ TO ADMIT ?AT IT F9DS = ?AT ,PROGRESS NEI!R T]M NOR OBJECT1 & :I* W\LD CONTRADICT ITSELF IF IT ADMITT$ EI!R8444  

 ,H]E IS MY RESPONSE TO ?AT OBJECTION4  

 ,FIR/1 9 ?AT :I* NO LONG] CONC]NS ! MORAL LAW1 H5CE=? UNASSAILABLE1 BUT HUMAN MORALITY1 ,I DEF9E ,PROGRESS AS A KN[L$GE ( GOOD & EVIL1 CONSEQU5TLY AN ALWAYS GR[+ IMPUTABILITY4#a#c ,SO ?AT1 :ATEV] IS 9 EA* G5]ATION ! PROPORTION ( (F5SE1 ! M]IT & DEM]IT1 SUBJECT TO A P]PETUAL OSCILLATION1 BECOMES ALSO ALWAYS GREAT]4  

 ,?IS IS DEMON/RAT$ BY HI/ORY4  

 ,IT IS PROV51 #a7 ?AT ! SCI5CES1 ! >TS1 COMM]CE1 POLITICS1 ETC41 >E 9 CONT9UAL PROGRESS2 #b7 ?AT BY VIRTUE ( ?AT PROGRESS ! JURIDICAL RELATIONS >E MULTIPLI$ MORE & MORE AMONG M54 ,FROM ?IS D\BLE PROGRESS1 :I* IS ACCOMPLI%$ AP>T FROM ! WILL1 IT NONE!LESS RESULTS = ! WILL1 ON ! ONE H&1 ?AT ITS PASSIONAL ATTRACTIONS >E MORE & MORE EXALT$1 &1 ON ! O!R1 ?AT ! S5TIM5T ( ! JU/ IS 9CREAS$ 9 IT PROPORTIONALLY4 ,FROM !SE TWO PO9TS ( VIEW1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT AN IMM5SE DIFF]5CE EXI/S BETWE5 MOD]N CIVILIZATION & PRIMITIVE SOCIETY3 JU/ AS AMONG US S5SIBILITY1 BY %$D+ ITS BRUTAL =MS1 HAS BECOME LIVELI]1 SO ! RESPECT = RI<T HAS BECOME MORE PR(\ND4 ,HONE/ PEOPLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY >E BETT] & MORE HONE/ ?AN ?OSE ( ! TIMES ( ,SCIPIO OR ,P]ICLES2 = ! SAME REASON1 ! VICI\S HAVE BECOME MORE VILLA9\S4 ,! CON=MITY ( ! WILL TO MORAL LAW IS ?US TODAY MORE M]ITORI\S1 & ITS RESI/ANCE MORE CRIM9AL4 ,! PROGRESS ( \R MORALITY1  

 ,I SAY1 CONSI/S 9 ?IS4  

 ,TO KN[ N[ IF ! SUM ( CULPABLE DE$S DIM9I%ES1 IF ?AT ( VIRTU\S ACTS 9CREASES1 IS A QUE/ION AB\T :I* WE CAN DISPUTE AT LEISURE1 BUT ( :I* ! SOLUTION APPE>S TO ME 9 FACT IMPOSSIBLE1 & 9 ANY CASE USELESS4 ,:AT IS TRUE IS ?AT !RE IS AN (F-SETT+ 9 ALL ]AS BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL1 AS BETWE5 M]IT & DEM]IT1 & ?AT ! MO/ FAVORABLE CONDITION = SOCIETY IS ?AT 9 :I* ! MOVEM5T 9 JU/ICE IS ACCOMPLI%$ ) ! LEA/ OSCILLATION1 9 AN EQUILIBRIUM :I* EXCLUDES EQUALLY GREAT SACRIFICES & GREAT CRIMES4 ,ET NE NOS 9DUCAS 9 T5TATIONEM6 ,JESUS ,*RI/ HAS SAID3 0,DO NOT EXPOSE US1 OH ,GOD1 TO PRO(S TOO DIFFICULT60 ,ONE C\LD NOT *>ACT]IZE MORE SADLY HUMAN MORALITY & ITS TIMID ADVANCE4  

 ,LET \R CONSCI5CE1 MORE & MORE 5LI<T5$1 ACQUIRE ?US MORE & MORE 5]GY3 !RE IS \R GLORY1 & !RE ALSO IS \R CONDEMNATION4 ,LET ! IDEA ( GOOD BE REALIZ$ 9 ALL \R ACTIONS1 IF IT IS POSSIBLE1 & LET ! IDEA ( EVIL REMA9 DEEP 9 \R HE>TS1 LIKE AN 5*A9$ P[]3 ?AT IS ALL ?AT WE CAN PROMISE \RSELVES4 ,TO PRET5D ?AT AS ! WORKS ( VIRTUE BECOME EA* DAY MORE ABUNDANT1 ! PR9CIPLE ( S91 :I* IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! SPONTANEITY ( \R ANIMAL NATURE1 WEAK5S1 W\LD BE A CONTRADICTION4  

 ,VIRTU\S OR CULPABLE1 MAN1 9 %ORT1 BECOMES ALWAYS MORE HUMAN3 ?AT IS ! LAW ( HIS G5IUS & ( HIS MORALS4  

 ,BUT1 Y\ 9SI/1 & H]E IS ! /UMBL+ BLOCK ( \R POOR REASON1 :AT IS ! T]M ( ?AT ASC5SION 9 ,JU/ICE8 0,I HAVE RUN ! RACE01 CRI$ ! ,APO/LE4 0,I HAVE REA*$ ! 5D4 ,:]E IS MY RECOMP5SE80 ,!RE :]E RELIGION MAKES US GLIMPSE IMMORTALITY1 :AT SAYS ,PROGRESS8  

 ,TO ?IS F9AL QUE/ION1 :]E EV]Y ?\<T IS TR\BL$1 :]E PHILOSOPHY IS CONF\ND$1 ,I AM =C$ TO CUT %ORT MY WORDS1 & TO LEAVE DESPITE MYSELF SOME OBSCURITY4 ,! SOCIAL FACTS1 :I* MU/ S]VE ! CON/ITUTION ( MORALS1 BE+ /ILL UNKN[N1 ,I CANNOT >GUE FROM !SE FACTS AS IF !Y W]E KN[N3 ,I MU/ LIMIT MYSELF TO !SE S5T5TI\S ASS]TIONS4  

 ,! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! ELEVATION ( MAN BY ?\<T TO ! IDEALITY ( HIS NATURE1 & ! POSSESSION ?AT HE TAKES ( HIS [N DIV9ITY4  

 ,! RADIANT FACE ( ,MOSES1 ! ASSUMPTION ( ,ELIJAH1 ! TRANSFIGURATION ( ,*RI/1 & EV5 ! APO!OSIS ( ! ,CAES>S1 >E SO MANY MY?S :I* ONCE S]V$ TO EXPRESS ?AT IDEALIZATION4  

 ,>T & RELIGION AIM TO MAKE US LABOR )\T CEAS+1 BY ! EXCITATIONS ?AT BELONG TO !M1 T[>D ! APO!OSIS ( \R S\LS4  

 ,?US ! !ORY ( ,PROGRESS DOES NOT PROMISE US IMMORTALITY1 LIKE RELIGION2 IT GIVES IT TO US4 ,IT MAKES US 5JOY IT 9 ?IS LIFE4 ,IT TEA*ES US TO CONQU] IT & TO KN[ IT4  

 ,TO BE IMMORTAL IS TO POSSESS ,GOD 9 ONESELF1 SAYS ! PROPHET ,ISAIAH1 :I* HE EXPRESS$ 9 A S+LE WORD1 ( :I* HE MADE A PROP] NAME3 ,IMMANUEL4 ,N[1 WE POSSESS ,GOD BY JU/ICE4  

 ,?AT POSSESSION IS = ALL TIMES1 = ALL PLACES1 = ALL CONDITIONS3 TO OBTA9 IT1 IT IS 5\< TO KN[1 WANT & EX]CISE JU/ICE4  

 ,JU/ICE IS ?US AT ! SAME TIME BEATITUDE1 AS ! ,PORTICO TAU<T IT3 ITS PRES5CE MAKES \R HAPP9ESS1 ITS PRIVATION \R TORM5T4 ,! IDEA ( A SUBSEQU5T HAPP9ESS M]IT$ BY JU/ICE IS AN ILLUSION ( \R UND]/&+ :I*1 9/EAD ( MAK+ US CONCEIVE MOVEM5T AS A S]IES 9 5SEMBLE1 HAV+ ITS REASON 9 ITSELF & ITS ESS5TIAL OBJECT1 P]SI/S 9 SEE+ !RE A PO9T ( DEP>TURE & ANO!R ( >RIVAL1 AS IF JU/ICE1 AS WELL AS LIFE1 WAS = US ONLY A TRANS=MATION ( \R BE+ FROM ONE /ATE TO ANO!R /ATE4 ,BUT ?AT IS A PALPABLE ]ROR1 REFUT$ 9 ADVANCE BY ! !ORY ( MOVEM5T & ( ! =MATION ( CONCEPTS1 & MOREOV] IT CON/ITUTES1 AS WE HAVE JU/ PROV51 AN (F5SE TO MORALS3 JU/ AS MOVEM5T IS ! /ATE ( MATT]1 JU/ICE IS ! /ATE ( HUMANITY4  

 ,! POSSESSION ( JU/ICE IS ?US EQUIVAL5T TO ! POSSESSION ( ,GOD1 AP>T FROM :I* !RE IS1 & IT IS RELIGION ?AT DECL>ES IT1 NO LONG] ANY?+ = MAN4 ,IT REMA9S TO KN[ ! *>ACT] ( ?AT POSSESSION1 RELATIVE TO ! CONDITIONS ( SPACE & TIME4  

 ,SPACE & TIME >E NO?+ BY !MSELVES3 !Y >E VALU$ ONLY BY !IR CONT5T4 ,IF AN EXI/5CE1 ( :ATEV] DURATION1 IS RAIS$ UP TO ! SUBLIME1 IF1 BY ! CONCEPTION ( ITS [N IDEAL & ! WILL TO EXPRESS IT1 IT COMES SO TO SPEAK TO T\* ! ABSOLUTE1 !N ?AT EXI/5CE CAN BE CALL$ CONSUMMAT$4 ,IT FALLS 9TO 9F9ITY3 REA*+ ITS APOGEE1 IT NO LONG] HAS ANY?+ TO DO AMONG ! LIV+4 ,!RE IS NO?+ = A BE+ AP>T FROM ITS PL5ITUDE1 :I* IS ITS GLORIFICATION1 ANY MORE ?AN !RE IS A COMPLEM5T TO ! UNIV]SE4 ,JU/ AS ! 9SECT1 AT ! HI<E/ PO9T 9 ITS EPHEM]AL LIFE1 IS WOR? AS MU* & MORE ?AN ! SUN 9 ! SPL5DOR ( ITS RAYS1 SO = MAN JU/ AN 9/ANT ( EC/ASY IS WOR? AN ET]NITY ( P>ADISE4 ,AN ET]NITY & AN 9/ANT1 IT IS ! SAME ?+1 SAID ,/4 ,AUGU/9E4 ,N[1 ET]NITY DOES NOT REPEAT ITSELF3 & :5 ONE HAS SE5 ,GOD ONCE1 IT IS =EV]4 ,DURATION 9 ! ABSOLUTE IS A CONTRADICTION4#a#d  

 ,?US1 ! ONE :O HAS BE5 ILLUM9AT$ BY ! IDEAS ( ! BEAUTIFUL1 ! JU/ & ! HOLY2 :O HAS ADMIR$1 :O HAS LOV$1 :O1 AT ONE MOM5T 9 HIS LIFE1 CONC5TRAT+ ! EF=T ( ALL HIS P[]S1 HAS S5S$ 9 IT ! 9EFFABLE EXALTATION3 ?AT ONE IS REASSUR$1 IMMORTALITY WILL NOT ESCAPE HIM4 ,H,E ,H,A,S ,L,I,V,$3 ?AT IS MORE COM=T+ = HIM ?AN TO HE> IT SAID ?AT HE WILL LIVE4  

 ,! ONE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 :OSE HE>T IS EAT5 UP BY VISE1 ROTS 9 IGNORANCE & LAZ9ESS4 ,HE :O HAS MADE A LAW = HIMSELF FROM 9IQUITY1 :O HAS PUT HIS HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE 9 ! S]VICE ( HIS BRUTE PASSIONS3 ?AT ONE HAS BETRAY$ HIS DE/9Y4 ,HE WILL COME TO ! 5D1 )\T HAV+ UND]/OOD EXI/5CE4 ,IF HE CALLS ! PRIE/ ON HIS DEA? B$3 HE HAS NE$ ( HIM4 ,! PRIE/1 BY HIS ALLEGORIES1 WILL P]HAPS SUCCE$ 9 T\*+ ?AT SAVAGE S\L4 ,AT ! LA/ MOM5T1 HE WILL 9SPIRE 9 HIM A SUBLIME IDEA1 & IT WILL COMMUNICATE TO HIM1 TO HIS AGONY1 A SP>K ( MORAL S5SE4 ,!N ALONE ! S9N] WILL HAVE GLIMPS$ LIFE1 & = ! LITTLE ?AT HE HAD 9 HIM ( REP5TANCE1 HE WILL DIE 9 PEACE444#a#e   

 .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-  

 ,X4  

 ,I SAID BE=E ?AT ! OBJECT ( >T1 LIKE ?AT ( WOR%IP1 IS TO ELEVATE US TO IMMORTAL BEATITUDE BY ! /IMULATION ( ITS PLEASURES4 ,P]MIT ME TO 5T] 9TO ?AT SUBJECT ) SOME EXPLANATIONS4 ,IT IS ABOVE ALL FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( >T ?AT SOCIALISM IS ACCUS$ ( B>B>ITY1 & PROGRESS ( FALSITY3 IT IS NECESS>Y TO KN[ TO :AT EXT5T ?AT D\BLE REPROA* IS M]IT$4  

 ,SOMEONE SAYS TO US3 ,:AT SUP]IORITY HAVE ! MOD]NS A*IEV$ OV] ! ANCI5TS1 9 ?AT :I* CONC]NS WORKS ( >T8 ,NONE4 ,FROM ! FIR/ LEAP1 HUMAN G5IUS1 APPLY+ ITSELF TO ! REPRES5TATION ( ! SUBLIME & ! BEAUTIFUL1 WAS RAIS$ TO SU* A HEI<T1 ?AT IS HAS BE5 IMPOSSIBLE TO SURPASS IT S9CE4 ,LET US ADMIT ?AT ! IDEA ( PROGRESS1 BECOM+ FUNDAM5TAL TO PHILOSOPHY & ! POLITICAL SCI5CES1 REG5]ATES !M3 ( :AT USE CAN IT BE = PA9T+ & /ATU>Y8 ,WILL IT BE 5\< TO SAY TO ! >TI/S ?AT BY VIRTUE ( PROGRESS !Y MU/1 LIKE ! MA!MATICIANS1 BE ALWAYS MORE PR(\ND & MORE SKILLFUL1 9 ORD] = !M TO 9DE$ BECOME SO8444 ,:AT IF ! EXPRESSION1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! CONCEPTION ( ! SUBLIME WEAK5$ OR REMA9$ /ATION>Y 9 HUMANITY8 ,:O W\LD D>E TO SAY ?AT ! IDEA ( ! GOOD OR ! TRUE GREW & /R5G!N$8 ,! !ORY ( PROGRESS1 AFT] HAV+ OBTA9$ A MORE OR LESS G5U9E TRIUMPH 9 ! PREVI\S QUE/IONS1 RUNS AGR\ND ON ! LA/1 ! MO/ S$UCTIVE & PITILESS3 MORE UN=TUNATE ?AN ,ULYSSES1 IT IS DEV\R$ BY ! ,SIR5S2 IT CAN DO NO?+ = ,BEAUTY6444  

 ,SU* IS ! OBJECTION1 :I* DIFF]S V]Y LITTLE FROM MY [N JUDGM5T1 ?AT >T1 SETT+ ASIDE ! P]IOD ( APPR5TICE%IP1 IS BY NATURE ALWAYS EQUAL TO ITSELF1 ON A LEVEL 9F]IOR TO ITS GREATE/ SUBLIMITIES4 ,9 :AT !N & H[ DOES IT FIT 9TO ! !ORY ( PROGRESS8 ,H[ DOES IT S]VE IT8 ,H[ DOES IT FURNI% ITS LA/ PRO(8 ,I AM GO+ TO TRY TO SAY4  

 ,:AT MORALS HAVE REVEAL$ TO CONSCI\SNESS1 9 ! =M ( PRECEPTS1 AES!TICS AIMS TO %[ ! S5SES 9 ! =M ( IMAGES4 ,! LESSON EXPRESS$ BY ! ,LOGOS IS IMP]ATIVE 9 ITS T5OR1 & REF]S TO AN ABSOLUTE LAW2 ! FIGURE PRES5T$ TO ! S5SES1 EXPLICIT 9 ITS MEAN+1 POSITIVE & REALI/IC 9 ITS TYPE1 REF]S EQUALLY TO AN ABSOLUTE4 ,!SE >E TWO MODES ( \R $UCATION1 AT ONCE S5SIBLE & 9TELLECTUAL1 :I* T\* 9 CONSCI\SNESS1 DIFF]+ BETWE5 !M ONLY 9 ! ORGAN OR FACULTY ?AT S]VES AS !IR VEHICLE4  

 ,TO P]FECT ONESELF BY JU/ICE OR TO MAKE ONESELF HOLY1 BY OBS]V+ ! TEMPORAL LAW1 & BY DEVELOP+ IT 9 ITS 5TIRE TRU?1 SU* IS ! 5D 9DICAT$ TO MAN BY MORALS2--TO P]FECT HIMSELF BY >T1 OR1 IF ,I D>E TO MAKE USE ( ?AT FAMILI> EXPRESSION1 TO MAKE HIMSELF BEAUTIFUL1 BY PURIFY+ UNCEAS+LY1 FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( \R S\L1 ! =MS :I* SURR\ND US1 SU* IS ! OBJECT ( ! AES!TIC4 ,ONE TEA*ES US TEMP]ANCE1 C\RAGE1 MODE/Y1 BRO!RHOOD1 DEVOTION1 LABOR & JU/ICE2 ! O!R PURIFIES US1 PROTECTS US1 SURR\ND US ) SPL5DOR & ELEGANCE3 IS IT NOT ALWAYS ! SAME FUNCTION1 PROCE$+ FROM ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 & T5D+ TO ! SAME 5D8--,IT IS TO />T L[1 Y\ SAY1 TO MAKE >T BEG9 9 ! BA?1 ) ! CUTT+ ( ! NAILS & HAIR6 ,!RE IS NO?+ SMALL & DESPICABLE IS ALL ?AT :I* RELATES TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( HUMANITY4 ,DIDN'T MORALS COMM5CE ) ! DEF5SE ( HUMAN FLE% & BE/IAL LOVE8444  

 ,IT IS A QUE/ION AT PRES5T ( KN[+ H[ ?AT !ORY ( >T HAS BE5 UND]/OOD & PRACTIC$1 & H[ IT W\LD BE SUITABLE = IT TO BE PRACTIC$ FROM N[ ON4  

 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 MAN POSIT$ HIS IDEAL F> FROM HIMSELF2 HE MADE IT CONCRETE1 P]SONIFI$ IT1 & CALL$ HIMSELF ! IMAGE ( A SUBLIME & BEAUTIFUL BE+ ?AT HE NAM$ ,GOD4 ,AT ?AT MOM5T RELIGION1 MORALS1 WOR%IP1 >T & ! M>VEL\S W]E ALL CONF\ND$3 & ONE C\LD PR$ICT1 ! GODS HAV+ BE5 SO CONCEIV$1 H[ ! >TI/S & POETS W\LD BE LAT]4 ,AMONG ! ,GREEKS1 ! FIR/ IMAGES C>V$ W]E ?OSE ( DIV9E P]SONS2 ! FIR/ POETRY SUNG WAS 9SPIR$ BY RELIGION4 ,! GODS W]E BEAUTIFUL1 ( A F9I%$ BEAUTY2 !IR IMAGES HAD TO BE BEAUTIFUL1 & ALL ! EF=TS ( ! SCULPTORS W\LD T5D TO GIVE !M A TYPICAL P]FECTION1 :I*1 9 APPROA*+ ,DIV9ITY1 5D$ BY HAV+ NO?+ ( MAN 9 IT4 ,WOR%IP & >T ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES TO ! PO9T ?AT = A TIME /ATUES W]E ONLY MADE = ! GODS2 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 ALMO/ A SACRILEGE TO MAKE UGLY MORTALS P>TAKE ( ! HONORS RES]V$ = ET]NAL BEAUTIES4 ,ALL ! RE/ WAS DEALT ) AS A CONSEQU5CE4 ,POETRY WAS CALL$ ! LANGUAGE ( ! GODS2 UNTIL !IR LA/ DAYS ! ORACLES W]E R5D]$ 9 V]SE3 TO SPEAK 9 PROSE1 ?AT IS 9 A PR(ANE LANGUAGE1 9 ! TEMPLES1 W\LD HAVE BE5 A GREAT IMPROPRIETY4  

 ,! !ORY ( >T AMONG ! ,GREEKS RESULT$ 5TIRELY !N FROM RELIGION4 ,IT IMPOS$ ITSELF ON !IR SUCCESSORS2 IT HAS REIGN$ UNTIL \R DAY4 ,! >TI/1 ACCORD+ TO ?AT RELIGI\S !ORY1 S\<T 9 EV]Y?+ ,! ,M,O,/ ,B,E,A,U,T,I,F,U,L1 AT ! RISK ( LEAV+ NATURE & MISS+ REALITY4 ,ITS AIM1 AS ,RAPHAEL EXPRESS$ IT1 WAS TO MAKE ?+S1 NOT SU* AS NATURE PRODUCES1 BUT AS IT %\LD PRODUCE !M1 BUT DOES NOT KN[ H[ & CANNOT4 ,IT WAS NOT 5\< = HIM TO REVEAL1 BY HIS WORK1 ! ?\<T ( ! ,ABSOLUTE1 HE T5D$ TO REPRODUCE IT1 TO REALIZE IT4 ,IT IS ?US ?AT1 ! IMAG9ATION ALWAYS T5D+ T[>DS !IR IDEAL1 ! ,GREEKS >RIV$1 9 ! EXPRESSION ( ! BEAUTIFUL1 AT A PO9T ?AT HAS NEV] BE5 EQUAL$1 ?AT P]HAPS WILL NEV] BE EQUAL$4 ,IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y1 TO EQUAL & SURPASS ! ,GREEKS1 ?AT AFT] !IR EXAMPLE WE %\LD BELIEVE 9 ! GODS1 ?AT WE %\LD BELIEVE 9 !M MORE ?AN ! ,GREEKS3 & IT IS ?AT :I* IS IMPOSSIBLE4  

 ,! PEOPLE %>$ ! IDEAS & ! S5TIM5T ( ! >TI/S3 ?IS EXPLA9S H[ 9 ?AT PR(\NDLY IDOLATR\S SOCIETY1 AMOR\S ( ! =M ON RELIGI\S PR9CIPLE1 EV]YONE WAS COMPET5T 9 MATT]S ( LIT]ATURE & >T4 ,RELIGION IMPR9T$ ! SAME DIRECTION ON ! M9DS1 & ! SAME PHYSIOGNOMY ON ! *>ACT]S2 ! AES!TIC S5TIM5T DEVELOP$ 9 UNISON1 & :ILE AMONG US LIT]ATURE1 MUSIC1 & ALL ! >TS >E ! P]PETUAL OBJECT ( CONTRADICTION1 AMONG ! ,GREEKS IT WAS ! ?+S ( TA/E ?AT W]E ! LEA/ DISPUT$4 ,NEV] HAS DEMOCRACY %[N ITSELF MORE SOV]EIGN1 & POPUL> JUDGM5T MORE 9CORRUPTIBLE4 ,! ,A!NIANS HAD ONLY TO CONSULT ! PHILOSOPH]S ( ! ,ACADEMY1 ! >I/>QUES ( ! FEUILLETON1 ON ! BEAUTY ( ! /ATUES & TEMPLES2 !Y KNEW ALL AB\T IT1 SO TO SPEAK1 FROM BIR?1 AS !Y KNEW BATTLES & FEA/S4 ,! MA/]WORKS ( ,PHIDIAS1 ?OSE ( ,SOPHOCLES & ,>I/OPHANES W]E RECEIV$ )\T COMMISSION & )\T JURY1 9 ! FULL ASSEMBLY ( ! PEOPLE1 :O HAV+ LE>N$ TO READ 9 ,HOM]1 SPEAK+ ! LANGUAGE BETT] ?AN ,EURIPIDES1 W\LD NOT HAVE ALL[$ A DIRECTORATE ( F9E >TS1 APPO9T$ BY ,ASPASIA1 TO *OOSE = !M !IR GODDESSES & C\RTESANS4  

 ,DOES IT FOLL[ ?AT ! ,GREEKS & !IR IMITATORS HAD FULFILL$ ! AIM ( >T1 TO ! PO9T ?AT1 DESPAIR+ ( EQUAL+ !M1 IT REMA9S = US ONLY TO COPY & TRANSLATE !M1 AT ! RISK ( A CONT9U$ & 9EVITABLE DECAD5CE8  

 ,I AM SO F> FROM ?9K+ SO1 ?AT ,I ACCUSE PRECISELY ! ,GREEKS1 9 ! C\RSE ( SEEK+ ! IDEAL1 ( HAV+ WEAK5$ ! USE ( IT & MISUND]/OOD ITS ROLE1 & ?AT ,I TRACE BACK TO !M ! CAUSE ( ?AT AN>*Y1 ?AT ANTI-AES!TIC :I* DESOLATES \R CIVILIZATION1 SUP]IOR ?\< IT IS 9 SO MANY WAYS4  

 ,EV5 9 ! PRODUCTION ( ! BEAUTIFUL1 ! T5D5CY ( ! ,ABSOLUTE LEADS TO EXCLUSION1 UNI=MITY & /ASIS4 ,FROM !RE TO 5NUI1 TO DISGU/1 & F9ALLY TO DISSOLUTION3 ! SLOPE IS IRRESI/IBLE4  

 ,ONCE ! GOD & H]OES1 GODDESSES & NYMPHS1 ! SACR$ POMP & SC5ES ( BATTLES1 HAD BE5 FIGUR$1 R5D]$ ) !IR CELE/IAL TYPES & !IR ,HOM]IC PHYSIOGNOMIES1 EV]Y?+ WAS F9I%$ = ! ,GREEK >TI/3 HE C\LD ONLY REPEAT HIMSELF4 ,HE HAD IDEALIZ$ 9 HIS GOD ! AGES1 ! SEXES1 ALL ! CONDITIONS ( HUMANITY3 ! Y\NG MAN1 ! VIRG91 ! MO!R1 ! PRIE/1 ! S+]1 ! A?LETE1 ! K+2 EV]YONE HAD !IR IDOL1 OR AS !Y SAID 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 HIS SA9T4 ,:AT MORE C\LD ONE ASK =6 ,!RE WAS ONLY ONE /EP LEFT TO OV]COME3 BY A LA/ EF=T ( IDEALIZATION1 ! >TI/ W\LD RETURN ?OSE DIV9E EFFIGIES TO A SUPREME =M1 A BIT LIKE ! PHILOSOPH] ACCOMPLI%$ ! R$UCTION ( ! DIV9E ATTRIBUTES1 & MADE ( ALL ! IMMORTAL P]SONALITIES AN 9VISIBLE1 UNFA?OMABLE1 ET]NAL1 9F9ITE & ABSOLUTE SUBJECT4 ,BUT A SIMIL> MA/]WORK WAS QUITE SIMPLY A *IM]A3 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 TO FALL 9TO ALLEGORY1 9TO NO?+NESS4 ,AN 9F9ITE & UNIQUE ,GOD1 ! ,ABSOLUTE1 9 %ORT1 IS NOT REPRES5T$3 NO?+ ?AT IS 9 ! HEAV5S1 ON ! E>?1 OR 9 ! SEA KN[S H[ TO REPRES5T IT1 AS ! ,HEBREW ,MOSES SAID4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( >T1 ! UNITY ( ,GOD IS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! BEAUTIFUL & ! IDEAL3 IT IS A!ISM4  

 ,?US1 ! !ORY ( >T1 AS ! ,GREEKS CONCEIV$ IT1 L$ FROM IDEALITY TO IDEALITY1 ?AT IS FROM AB/RACTION TO AB/RACTION1 /RAI<T TO ! ABSURD3 IT C\LD AVOID IT ONLY BY 9CONSEQU5CE4 ,H[ ?IS W\LD HAVE SURPRIS$ ! PHILOSOPH] ( ! IDEAL1 ,PLATO1 IF IT HAD BE5 DEMON/RAT$ TO HIM1 BY ,SOCRATIC REASON+1 ?AT ALL ( HIS PHILOSOPHY RE/$ ON ONE OR ! O!R ( !SE TWO NEGATIONS1 ! NEGATION ( ,GOD OR ! NEGATION ( ,BEAUTY6  

 ,DIV9E ,PLATO1 !SE GODS ?AT Y\ DREAM$ DO NOT EXI/4 ,!RE IS NO?+ 9 ! WORLD GREAT] & MORE BEAUTIFUL ?AN MAN4  

 ,BUT MAN1 RIS+ FROM ! H&S ( NATURE1 IS MIS]ABLE & UGLY2 HE CAN ONLY BECOME SUBLIME & BEAUTIFUL ?R\< GYMNA/ICS1 POLITICS1 PHILOSOPHY1 MUSIC1 & ESPECIALLY1 SOME?+ :I* Y\ H>DLY APPE> TO D\BT1 ! ASCETIC4#a#f  

 ,:AT IS ! BEAUTIFUL8 ,Y\ HAVE SAID IT Y\RSELF3 IT IS ! PURE =M1 ! TYPICAL IDEA ( ! TRUE4 ,! IDEA1 AS IDEA1 EXI/S ONLY 9 ! UND]/&+2 IT IS REPRES5T$ OR REALIZ$ ) MORE OR LESS FIDELITY & P]FECTION BY NATURE & >T4  

 ,>T IS HUMANITY4  

 ,9S(> AS WE LIVE WE >E >TI/S1 & \R CRAFT IS TO RAISE 9 \R P]SONS1 9 \R BODIES & 9 \R S\LS1 A /ATUE TO ,B,E,A,U,T,Y4 ,\R MODEL IS 9 \RSELVES2 ?OSE GODS ( M>BLE & BRONZE ?AT ! VULG> ADORE >E ONLY /&>DS ( IT4  

 ,GYMNA/ICS 9CLUDES DANCE1 F5C+1 WRE/L+1 RUNN+1 EQUITATION1 & ALL ! EX]CISES ( ! BODY4 ,IT DEVELOPS ! MUSCLES1 9CREASES FLEXIBILITY1 AGILITY & /R5G?1 GIVES GRACE & PREV5TS EXCESS WEI<T & ILLNESS4  

 ,POLITICS EMBRACES CIVIL RI<T1 PUBLIC RI<T & ! RI<T ( PEOPLES2 ADM9I/RATION1 LEGISLATION1 DIPLOMACY & W>4 ,IT IS ?AT :I*1 PULL+ MAN FROM B>B>ITY1 GIVES HIM TRUE LIB]TY C\RAGE & DIGNITY4  

 ,PHILOSOPHY TEA*ES LOGIC1 MORALS & HI/ORY3 IT IS ! PA? ( SCI5CE1 ! MIRROR ( VIRTUE1 & ! ANTIDOTE ( SUP]/ITION4  

 ,MUSIC1 OR ! CULT ( ! MUSES1 HAS = ITS OBJECT POETRY1 ORATORY1 SONG1 ! PLAY+ ( 9/RUM5TS1 ! PLA/IC >TS1 PA9T+ & >*ITECTURE4  

 ,ITS 5D IS NOT1 AS Y\ SUPPOSE1 OH WISE ,PLATO1 TO S+ HYMNS TO ! GODS1 TO RAISE TEMPLES TO !M1 TO ]ECT !IR /ATUES1 TO MAKE SACRIFICES & PROCESSIONS4 ,IT IS TO WORK AT ! DEIFICATION ( M51 SOMETIMES BY ! CELEBRATION ( !IR VIRTUES & BEAUTIES1 SOMETIMES BY ! EXECRATION ( !IR UGL9ESS & !IR CRIMES4  

 ,IT IS NECESS>Y !N ?AT ! SCULPTOR & ! PA9T]1 LIKE ! S+]1 COV] A WIDE DIAPASON1 ?AT !Y %[ BEAUTY BY TURNS RADIANT & %AD[$1 ACROSS ! :OLE EXT5T ( ! SOCIAL SCALE1 FROM ! SLAVE TO ! PR9CE1 & FROM ! PLEBS TO ! S5ATE4 ,Y\ HAVE ONLY KN[N H[ TO PA9T ! GODS3 IT IS NECESS>Y TO REPRES5T ! DEMONS AS WELL4 ,! IMAGE ( VISE1 LIKE ?AT ( VIRTUE1 IS AS MU* )9 ! DOMA9 ( PA9T+ AS ( POETRY3 ACCORD+ TO ! LESSON ?AT ! >TI/ WANTS TO GIVE1 EV]Y FIGURE1 BEAUTIFUL OR UGLY1 CAN C>RY \T ! AIM ( >T4  

 ,LET ! PEOPLE1 RECOGNIZ+ ITSELF 9 ITS MIS]Y1 LE>N TO BLU% = ITS C[>DICE & TO DETE/ ITS TYRANTS2 LET ! >I/OCRACY1 EXPOS$ 9 ITS OILY1 OBSC5E NAK$NESS1 BE LA%$ ON EA* ( ITS MUSCLES = ITS P>ASITISM1 ITS 9SOL5CE & ITS CORRUPTIONS4#a#g ,LET ! MAGI/RATE1 ! MILIT>Y MAN1 ! M]*ANT1 ! PEASANT1 LET M5 ( ALL ! CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY1 SEE+ !MSELVES BY TURNS 9 ! HEI<TS ( !IR DIGNITY & !IR BAS5ESS1 LE>N1 BY ! GLORY & %AME1 TO RECTIFY !IR IDEAS1 TO CORRECT !IR MORES1 & TO P]FECT !IR 9/ITUTIONS4 ,& LET EA* G5]ATION1 REGI/]+ ?US ON CANVAS & 9 M>BLE ! SECRET ( ITS G5IUS1 >RIVE AT PO/]ITY ) NO O!R BLAME OR APOLOGY ?AN ! WORKS ( ITS >TI/S4  

 ,?IS IS H[ >T MU/ P>TICIPATE 9 ! MOVEM5T ( SOCIETY1 H[ IT MU/ PROVOKE IT & FOLL[ IT4  

 ,& IT IS = HAV+ MISUND]/OOD ?AT GOAL ( >T1 = HAV+ R$UC$ IT TO NO?+ BUT AN EXPRESSION ( A *IM]ICAL IDEAL1 ?AT ,GREECE1 ELEVAT$ BY FICTION1 W\LD LOSE ! 9TELLIG5CE ( ?+S & ! SCEPT] ( IDEAS4  

 ,A TIME W\LD COME1 OH ,PLATO1 :5 ! ,GREEKS1 HAV+ PUT ALL BEAUTY 9 ! GODS1 W\LD F9D !MSELVES TOTALLY )\T IT1 & =GET EV5 ! S5TIM5T ( IT4 ,A SAD1 CO>SE SUP]/ITION TAK+ HOLD !N ( !IR M9DS1 ONE W\LD SEE ! DESC5DANTS ( ?OSE :O HAD ONCE WOR%IP$ SU* BEAUTIFUL DEITIES1 PRO/RATE !MSELVES BE=E A HO>Y & DE=M$ GOD1 COV]$ 9 RAGS1 ! TYPE ( MIS]Y & IGNOM9Y2#a#h ONE W\LD SEE !M1 = LOVE ( ?AT IDOL1 HATE BEAUTY1 & MAKE !MSELVES IGNOBLE & UGLY ACCORD+ TO !IR RELIGI\S PR9CIPLES4 ,! PI\S & HOLY W\LD BE RECOGNIZ$ BY !IR FIL? & V]M94 ,9/EAD ( POETRY & ! >TS1 9V5TIONS ( S91 !Y W\LD PRACTICE POV]TY1 MAK+ A GLORY ( BEGG+4 ,GYMNASIUMS1 S*OOLS1 LIBR>IES1 !AT]S1 ACADEMIES1 WORKS & POMPS ( ,SATAN1 W\LD BE DEVA/AT$ & DELIV]$ TO ! FLAMES3 ! IMAGE ( A TORTUR$ M>TYR HANG+ ON A GIBBET W\LD BECOME = WOM5 ! MO/ PRECI\S ( JEWELS4 ,TO BE COV]$ 9 A%ES1 TO MORTIFY ONESELF ) AB/95CES1 TO EXHAU/ ONESELF 9 PRAY]S1 TO FLEE FROM /UDY AS PR(ANE & LOVE AS IMPURE1 ?AT IS :AT !Y W\LD CALL ! EX]CISE 7ASCETICISM7 ( PIETY & P5IT5CE4  

 ,& ?AT RELIGION1 ?AT LITURGY1 ?OSE MY/]IES1 OH ,PLATO1 ?AT W\LD BE ! RELIGION ( ! ,LOGOS2 & 9 ! NAME ( ! ,LOGOS1 REASON W\LD BE DETE/$1 BEAUTY CURS$1 >T ANA!MATIZ$1 PHILOSOPHY & PHILOSOPH]S ?R[N 9 ! FLAMES & D$ICAT$ TO ! 9F]NAL GODS4  

 ,HUMANITY !N1 B5T UND] AN 9FAM\S SUP]/ITION1 & BELIEV+ ITSELF ODI\S & FALL51 W\LD BE AFFLICT$ ) A SY/EMATIC & FATAL DEGRADATION4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO MORE IDEAL1 NEI!R )9 MAN NOR \TSIDE HIM3 !RE=E1 NO MORE POETRY1 NO MORE ORATORY1 NO MORE >T1 & ESPECIALLY NO MORE SCI5CE4 ,AS MU* AS ,GREECE HAD ELEVAT$ ITSELF ) ! WOR%IP ( ITS FIR/ GODS1 SO MU*1 UND] ! YOKE ( ITS NEW ,LORD1 IT W\LD BE ABAS$4 ,= MAN DOES NOT RAISE HIMSELF UP 9 REASON & VIRTUE1 EXCEPT AS ATTRACT$ BY BEAUTY3 & HIS FAI? W\LD CONSI/ ( D5Y+ ?AT BEAUTY1 :I* %\LD MAKE HIS JOY & HIS TRIUMPH4 ,AN ABSOLUTE & 9EXPRESSIBLE GOD1 MANIFE/$ 9 A SICKLY & DI%ONOR$ 9C>NATION2 MAN DECL>$ IMPURE1 DE=M$ & VILE FROM BIR?3 ONCE AGA91 :AT AES!TIC1 :AT CIVILIZATION C\LD >ISE FROM ?AT HORRIBLE DOGMA8  

 ,H[EV]1 ! DECAD5CE W\LD NOT BE ET]NAL4 ,!SE DEG5]ATE M5 W\LD HAVE LE>N$ TWO ?+S1 :I* W\LD ONE DAY MAKE !M GREAT] & BETT] ?AN !IR FA!RS3 ! FIR/ IS ?AT BE=E ,GOD ALL M5 >E EQUAL2 CONSEQU5TLY ?AT BY NATURE & ,PROVID5CE !RE >E NOT SLAVES2 ! SECOND IS ?AT !IR DUTY & !IR HONOR IS TO LABOR4  

 ,:AT NEI!R GYMNA/ICS1 NOR POLITICS1 NOR MUSIC1 NOR PHILOSOPHY1 BR++ TOGE!R !IR EF=TS1 KNEW H[ TO DO1 ,LABOR WILL ACCOMPLI%4 ,AS 9 ! ANCI5T AGES ! 9ITIATION TO BEAUTY CAME BY WAY ( ! GODS1 SO1 9 A REMOTE PO/]ITY1 BEAUTY WILL BE REVEAL$ ANEW BY ! LABOR]1 ! TRUE ASCETIC1 & IT IS FROM ! 9NUM]ABLE =MS ( 9DU/RY ?AT IT WILL DEM& ITS *ANG+ EXPRESSION1 ALWAYS NEW & ALWAYS TRUE4 ,!N1 F9ALLY1 ! ,LOGOS WILL BE MANIFE/$1 & ! HUMAN LABOR]S1 MORE BEAUTIFUL & MORE FREE ?AN EV] W]E ! ,GREEKS1 )\T NOBLES & )\T SLAVES1 )\T MAGI/RATES & )\T PRIE/S1 WILL =M ALL TOGE!R1 ON ! CULTIVAT$ E>?1 ONE FAMILY ( H]OES1 ?9K]S & >TI/S4#a#i  

 ,X,I4  
  

 ,?US1 SIR1 A S+LE NOTION1 ! NOTION ( ,PROGRESS1 RE/OR$ TO ITS RANK ON ! 9TELLECTUAL CLAVI]1 IS SUFFICI5T = ME TO DEMON/RATE ! REASON ( MY DOCTR9ES & TO RE=M FROM TOP TO BOTTOM ALL ?AT \R CLASSICAL1 DOME/IC & RELIGI\S $UCATION MAKES US CONSID] AS 9DUBITABLE1 DEF9ITIVE & SACR$4 ,( ALL ?AT WE HAVE LE>N$1 Y\ & ,I1 AT ! ,COLLEGE1 ! ,*UR*1 ! ,ACADEMY1 ! ,PALACE1 ! ,B\RSE1 & ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 NO?+ P]SI/S1 AS SOON AS WE EXAM9E IT 9 ! LI<T ( ?AT 9EVITABLE NOTION1 PRIOR TO EV]Y O!R1 & = ?AT REASON LEA/ S5S$ & LEA/ P]CEIV$1 MOVEM5T OR ,PROGRESS4  

 ,:AT IF N[1 AFT] HAV+1 ) ! AID ( ?AT NOTION ( ,PROGRESS1 PURG$ MY BRA91 REMADE MY JUDGM5T & R5EW$ MY S\L1 LOOK+ >\ND ME & CONSID]+ ! FIGURES ?AT SURR\ND ME1 ,I NO LONG] F9D 9 O!R M51 YE/]DAY MY C\NT]P>TS1 ANY?+ BUT CONTRADICTORS1 7,I W\LD ALMO/ SAY 5EMIES78 ,H]E1 SIR1 Y\ HAVE TO TAKE ACC\NT ( ?AT BELLICOSE1 AGGRESSIVE /YLE1 = :I* MANY HAVE REPROA*$ ME1 BUT ( :I* ,I HAVE NOT ALWAYS BE5 CONSCI\S1 & AB\T :I* ,I 9SI/ ONLY ?AT MY ADV]S>IES & MYSELF1 P5ETRAT$ AS WE HAVE BE5 BY DIFF]5T IDEAS1 HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO UND]/& EA* O!R4 ,SOMEONE SAID LONG AGO ?AT ,I HAVE WRITT5 ONLY ONE L9E3 ,!RE >E 9 SOCIETY ONLY TWO P>TIES1 ! P>TY ( MOVEM5T & ! P>TY ( RESI/ANCE1 ! PROGRESSIVES & ! ABSOLUTI/S4 ,& YET1 H[ FEW ( ! =M] DO Y\ KN[6 ,H[ MANY1 ON ! CONTR>Y DO Y\ NOT KN[ ( ! SECOND6  

 ,ASOLUTI/S ( ! FIR/ RANK1 ! FALSE SKEPTICS :O1 MISUND]/&+ ! LAW ( 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T & ! ESS5TIALLY HI/ORICAL NATURE ( TRU?1 CAN SEE 9 HUMAN OP9IONS ONLY A HEAP ( UNC]TA9TIES1 :O UNCEAS+LY ACCUSE PHILOSOPHY ( CONTRADICTION & SOCIETY ( 9CONSEQU5CE1 & FROM ! ALLEG$ IMPOSSIBILITY ( DISCOV]+ TRU? & MAK+ IT M5 ACCEPT IT1 CONCLUDE 9DIFF]5TLY1 SOME = LAISSEZ-FAIRE1 & O!RS = :IM1 RECOGNIZ+ AS S$ITI\S & CULPABLE ONLY DISCUSSION & LIB]TY6 ,AS IF TRU? 9 PHILOSOPHY & POLITICS C\LD BE ANY?+ BUT ! *A9 ( GLIMPSES ( ! REASON1 & AS IF ?AT *A91 EV5 IF WE MANAGE TO EMBRACE IT ) ! M9D1 CAN REALIZE ITSELF ANY WAY BUT 9 TIME & ! S]IES ( 9/ITUTIONS6 ,AS IF ! WORK ( ! PHILOSOPH] & RE=M]1 AFT] HAV+ RECOGNIZ$ ! PROGRESSION ( IDEAS1 DID NOT CONSI/ SOLELY 9 9DICAT+ BY TURNS ! V>I\S MOM5TS ( ! LAW1 POSIT+ EA* DAY A NEW MILEPO/ ON ! GREAT ROAD ( ,HUMANITY6444 ,PASCAL1 :O WAS SO GREATLY SC&ALIZ$ IF ! =MULA ( RI<T WAS MADE TO V>Y EV5 A DEGREE FROM ! M]IDIAN1 & :O WANT$ TO R5D] JURIDICAL REASON UNI=M ON ! TWO SIDES ( ! ,PYR5EES1--,PASCAL1 MU* MORE ?AN ,PYRRHO1 :O IS TOO MALIGN$1--WAS ! TYPE ( !SE ABSOLUTI/S4  

 ,EV5 MORE ABSOLUTI/ >E ?OSE :O1 IMPATI5T ) ?AT P]PETUAL MOBILITY1 WANT TO SETTLE CIVILIZATION 9 A SY/EM1 LOGIC 9 A =MULA1 & RI<T 9 A PLEBISCITE2 :O1 TAK+ CONCEPTIONS = PR9CIPLES1 CLAIM TO L9K ALL HUMAN ACTIVITY EXCLUSIVELY TO !SE PR9CIPLES1 &1 \TSIDE ( !IR PASSIONNAL1 HI]>*IC1 DUALI/1 TR9IT>IAN & COMMUNIT>IAN FANTASIES1 NO LONG] P]CEIVE SOCIETY1 OR MORALS1 OR COMMON S5SE AT ALL4 ,AS IF EA* AFFIRMATION ( ! PHILOSOPH] DID NOT RAISE AN EQUIVAL5T NEGATION2 AS IF EA* DECREE ( ! SOV]EIGN1 REPEAL+ ! PRIOR DECREE1 DID NOT POSIT 9 ADVANCE ! DECREE ?AT W\LD REPEAL IT6444  

 ,ABSOLUTI/S1 ?OSE W\LD-BE POLITICIANS :O IMPOSE ON SOCIETY1 LIKE A YOKE1 !IR 9FLEXIBLE AXIOMS1 & ORD] IT TO OBEY1 :ATEV] ! CO/1 )\T TAK+ ANY MORE ACC\NT ( ! ADVANCE ( IDEAS ?AN ( ! BACKW>DNESS ( POPULATIONS4 ,NO?+ IS MORE ORD9>Y1 9DE$1 ?AN A SOCIETY ?AT1 AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 IT SEEKS C]TA9 RE=MS1 LAGS BEH9D ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT IT IS A QUE/ION ( ABOLI%+4 ,IT IS ?US ?AT ! RIGORI/S BECOME AS DREADFUL = IT AS ! RETROGRADES4  

 ,! UNITY & P]PETUITY ( P[]1 SAYS ONE1 IS ! FIR/ ( SOCIAL LAWS4 ,NO SALVATION AP>T FROM A LEGITIMATE MON>*Y6  

 ,! K+S >E MADE = ! PEOPLE1 RESPONDS ANO!R1 NOT ! PEOPLE = ! K+S4 ,NO SALVATION AP>T FROM CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y6  

 ,ALL REASON 9 ! SAME WAY3 ,NO SALVATION AP>T FROM ! PROROGATION ( ! PRESID5T1 ADDS ?IS ONE4 ,NO SALVATION AP>T FROM ! CON/ITUTION1 ADDS ?AT ONE4 ,IF BUT AN ACC5T IS REMOV$ OR ADD$ TO IT1 ALL IS LO/6  

 ,O!RS1 FULL ( !IR !ORIES ON SOV]EIGNTY1 EXCLAIM3 ,! 9T]E/S ALONE REIGN & GOV]N4 ,NO SALVATION AP>T FROM ! LAW ( ,MAY #c#a6 ,IF !RE >E MORE ?AN SEV5 MILLION ELECTORS1 %\LD !Y VOTE = S]FDOM & BIR?RI<T1 ALL IS LO/6--,TO :I* ! REPLY IS NOT LONG 9 COM+3 ,! RI<T TO SUFFRAGE IS A NATURAL & 9ALI5ABLE RI<T4 ,NO SALVATION AP>T FROM ! LAW ( ,M>* #a#h#d#i6 ,IF !RE >E LESS ?AN T5 MILLION REGI/]$ VOT]S1 %\LD !Y VOTE = COMMUNITY OR EMPIRE1 ALL IS LO/6444  

 ,!SE >E ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ABSOLUTISM6 ,!SE >E ! DEBATES ) :I* ! SEV5 HUNDR$ FIFTY REPRES5TATIVES OCCUPY !IR DAYS1 ?OSE :OM ! PEOPLE HAVE *OS5 TO OV]SEE ! MA9T5ANCE ( PEACE1 TO RULE & COMPROMISE AMICABLY TO ! SATISFACTION ( MANY1 IF NOT ALL1 ( ! G5]AL 9T]E/S1 TO ORGANIZE A SY/EM ( CONCESSIONS & RE=MS1 ! PRACTICE ( FRE$OM6 ,! IGNORANT PEOPLE >E DRIV5 TO CIVIL W> BY !IR [N REPRES5TATIVES6 ,WOE TO US IF !Y >E SAV$ BY SOMEONE6 ,WOE IF !Y COME TO SAVE !MSELVES6444  

 ,ABSOLUTI/S1 F9ALLY1 ?OSE :O1 :ILE PROCLAIM+ A G5]AL LAW ( PROGRESS & ! NE$ = TRANSITIONS1 W]E 5TIRELY UNABLE TO DISC]N ITS DIRECTION1 ABUS+ WORDS & IDEAS 9 ORD] TO *ANGE M9DS1 & ALT]NATELY LULL+ PUBLIC OP9ION TO SLEEP ) !IR SELF-9T]E/$ COMPROMISES OR :IPP+ UP POPUL> >DOR1 SOMETIMES COMPLA9+ ?AT ! C5TURY WAS BEL[ !IR G5IUS1 SOMETIMES PU%+ IT ACCORD+ TO !IR IMPATI5CE1 & BY !IR 9ABILITY TO LEAD IT1 DRIV+ IT OV] PRECIPICES4  

 ,?US1 ROMANTIC LIT]ATURE1 REVOLUTION>Y 9 =M1 ULTIMATELY RESULT$ 9 A RETROGRADE ISSUE4 ,IT C\LD BE USEFUL TO RESCUE FROM OBLIVION ! POETRY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 TO R5D] SOME MEASURE ( E/EEM TO ! >*ITECTURE ( DUNGEONS & CA!DRALS1 BUT BY REVIV+ FEUDALISM AS A LIT]>Y ELEM5T1 ! ROMANTICS NULLIFI$1 AS F> AS !Y W]E ABLE1 ! PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEM5T ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 & R5D]$ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY UN9TELLIGIBLE4 ,WE [E !M ! BETT] P>T ( ! REACTION ?AT GREET$ ! ,REPUBLIC4  

 ,?US ECLECTICISM1 ) SU* HONE/ 9T5TIONS1 ) SU* AN IMP>TIAL CRITIQUE1 BUT ) SU* TIMID VIEWS1 SO 9T5T 9 ITS M$IOCRITY1 AFT] HAV+ GIV5 A /RONG IMPETUS TO /UDY1 5D$ UP 9 9TOL]ANCE4 ,) ITS PSY*OLOGY BORR[$ FROM ! ,SCOTS1 & ITS !ISM A BIT ( R5OVAT$ ,PLATO1 IT HAD E/ABLI%$ A CORDON SANITAIRE >\ND ! /ATUS QUO4 ,CA?OLICISM [ES TO IT ! EXT5SION ( ITS LEASE ON LIFE1 & PAYS BACK ! DEBT BY ELIM9AT+ IT3 IS ?IS NOT JU/ICE8  

,?US1 S9CE #a#h#c1 :ILE ! PUBLICATION ( ! !ORIES ( ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,F\RI]1 ,[51 & ! RESURRECTION ( ! IDEAS ( ,BABOEUF HAVE POS$ SO P[]FULLY ! SOCIAL QUE/ION1 ! REAL QUE/ION ( ! C5TURY1 WE HAVE BE5 DI/RACT$1 L$ A/RAY1 DECEIV$ BY A FALSE DEMOCRATIC & DOCTR9AIRE LIB]ALISM4 ,UND] ! PRETEXT ( LOYALTY TO ! TRADITIONS ( #hi & #i#c1 WE CA/ AS MU* DISCR$IT AS WE C\LD ON ! SOCIALI/ !ORIES2 9/EAD ( AID+ ! 9VE/IGATION1 WE HAVE SUPPRESS$ IT4 ,D\BTLESS IT WAS NECESS>Y TO R$EEM & AV5GE ! M5 ( ! GR& EPO*2 ! PROGRESS ( \R G5]ATION ACCEL]AT$ FROM ALL ! ,JU/ICE :I* WAS R5D]$ TO !M4 ,BUT WAS IT NECESS>Y TO TAKE !M = MODELS1 TO IMPOSE ON US !IR PRACTICES & PREJUDICES8 ,9 ?IS MOM5T1 IT IS SOCIALISM ?AT ! SO-CALL$ REVOLUTION>Y COT]IES1 :O >E ALL MO/ 9SURRECTION>Y1 BLAME ALL ! EVIL S9CE #ahdh ON ! REVOLUTION4 ,IF SOCIALISM1 !Y SAY1 ?AT IS IF ! REVOLUTION HAD NOT EXI/$1 ! REVOLUTION W\LD NOT HAVE BR\<T AB\T ! C\NT]- REVOLUTION6444 ,ALSO1 & DO NOT MI/AKE IT1 DOESN'T ?AT OLD DEMOCRACY ASPIRE ONLY TO SAVE SOCIETY FROM SOCIALISM ONE LA/ TIME1 & REGRETS NOT HAV+ SAV$ IT BETT] 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,?ANKS TO ?AT ABSURD DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! SOCIALI/ P>TY & ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY A H&FUL ( DICTATORS HAVE SWORN1 AS ONE SAYS 9 HIS PATRIOTIC ZEAL1 ! EXT]M9ATION ( SOCIALISM1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ,PROGRESS6 ,DO Y\ KN[ :]E ! BL9DNESS ( ! NEO- ,JACOB9S W\LD PU% US8 ,TO A REACTION )\T LIMITS1 ( :I* !Y W\LD NOT BE ! H]OES1 BUT ! VICTIMS1 BUT ( :I*1 ALSO1 TO TOP (F !IR MIS]Y1 !Y W\LD NOT HAVE ! RI<T TO COMPLA91 S9CE !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 ITS ACCOMPLICES444#b  
                                                 

 ,PROGRESS IS TO KN[1 TO =ESEE4 ,?OSE :O W]E *>G$ ) REALIZ+ PROGRESS 9 #ahdh W]E ALL1 = V>I\S REASONS1 M5 ( ! PA/3 IT IS SURPRIS+ ?AT !Y HAVE NOT KN[N H[ TO MAKE TOMORR[8 ,CONV9C$ TODAY BY !IR [N CONFESSIONS ( HAV+ SE5 9 ! REVOLUTION ONLY A *ANGE ( FUNCTION>IES1 !Y HAVE BR\<T ON !MSELVES A FATAL DECL9E4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO RETURN1 ?AT W\LD NOT JU/IFY AN EXPLICIT CONV]SION1 W\LD BE A CRIME ON !IR P>T4  

 ,LIB]TY IS WEAL?2 IT IS NOBILITY4 ,WE HAVE CA/ ! ELECTORAL RI<T TO ! MEURT-DE-FAIM1 AS ,BRIDA9E SAID2 !Y HAVE RESPOND$ AS SLAVES4 ,:AT IS A/ONI%+8 ,LET ! PROLET>IAT VOTE 9 #eb AS IT DID 9 #d#h1 ON AN EMPTY /OMA*1 & SOON WE WILL ALL BE 9 S]VITUDE1 & ! ,FR5* DEMOCRACY1 REFUT$ BY ITS [N PR9CIPLE1 )\T FLAG1 )\T PROGRAM1 WILL HAVE CEAS$ = A TIME TO BE A REALITY4  

 ,=C$ 9 #ahdh TO FI<T = MY DEF5SE & = ! REVOLUTION>Y AFFIRMATION1 ,I SOON RECOGNIZ$1 BY ! ANNOYANCE ?AT NEW IDEAS RAIS$ 9 ! DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 ?AT ! MOM5T HAD NOT COME2 & ,I HAVE MADE ALL MY EF=TS TO CONCEAL AN ANTAGONISM :I* FROM N[ ON S]VES NO PURPOSE1 & WORK A NECESS>Y RECONCILIATION BETWE5 ! LABOR+ CLASS & ! B\RGEOIS4 ,I BELIEVE BY ?AT TO HAVE MADE AN ACT ( GOOD POLITICS1 ABOVE ALL ( PROGRESS4 ,:5 ! P>TIES %[ !MSELVES UNANIM\SLY REFRACTORY1 !Y CAN ONLY BE REVOLUTIONIZ$ BY A MEAN1 FUSION444  

 ,Y\ HAVE1 SIR1 MY PR(ESSION ( FAI?4 ,I HAVE NEV] WRITT5 IT BE=E2 ,I CONFESS ?AT ,I HAVE R>ELY EV5 REFLECT$ ON IT4 ,I HAVE BE5 C>RI$ BY ! CURR5T ( MY C5TURY4 ,I HAVE GONE =W>D )\T EV] TURN+ >\ND1 AFFIRM+ MOVEM5T1 SEEK+ ! TOTALITY ( MY IDEAS1 D5Y+ ! ANALYTIC CONCEPTIONS1 SU/A9+ ! ID5TITY ( ONTOLOGY & LOGIC1 %[+ LIB]TY TO BE ABOVE EV5 RELIGION1#b#a PLEAD+ 9 ! NAME ( JU/ICE ! CAUSE ( ! WAG$ & ! POOR1 DEF5D+ EQUALITY1 OR RA!R ! PROGRESSIVE EQUATION ( FUNCTIONS & DE/9IES2 9 ADDITION1 BELIEV+ LITTLE 9 DIS9T]E/$NESS1 HOLD+ M>TYRDOM 9 L[ E/EEM DESPITE MY IMPRISONM5T1 ?9K+ ?AT AMITY IS FRAGILE1 REASON VACILLAT+1 CONSCI5CE D\BTFUL1 & REG>D+ *>ITY1 BRO!RHOOD1 ATTRACTIVE LABOR1 WOM5'S LIB]ATION1 LEGITIMATE GOV]NM5T1 DIV9E RI<T1 P]FECT LOVE & HAPP9ESS1 AS TRAVE/IES ( ! ,ABSOLUTE4  

 ,IF ,I HAVE1 UNBEKN[N/ TO ME1 9 ! HEAT ( POLEMIC1 9 BAD FAI? FROM P>TY SPIRIT1 OR 9 ANY O!R WAY1 BE5 9 ANY WAY UNFAI?FUL TO ?IS DOCTR9E1 IT IS A LAPSUS CALAMI ON MY P>T1 AN >GUM5T AD HOM9EM1 A FAILURE ( M9D OR ( HE>T1 ?AT ,I DISAV[ & RETRACT4  

 ,BESIDES1 ?AT PHILOSOPHICAL HUMILITY CO/S ME LITTLE4 ,! IDEA ( PROGRESS IS SO UNIV]SAL1 SO FLEXIBLE1 SO FECUND1 ?AT HE :O HAS TAK5 IT = A COMPASS ALMO/ NO LONG] NE$S TO KN[ IF HIS PROPOSITIONS =M A BODY ( DOCTR9E OR NOT3 ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 !M1 ! SY/EM1 EXI/S BY ! M]E FACT ?AT !Y >E 9 PROGRESS4 ,%[ ME A PHILOSOPHY :]E A SIMIL> SECURITY IS TO BE F\ND6444 ,I NEV] R]EAD MY WORKS1 & ?OSE ?AT ,I WROTE FIR/ ,I HAVE =GOTT54 ,:AT DOES IT MATT]1 IF ,I MOV$ = TWELVE YE>S1 & IF TODAY ,I /ILL ADVANCE8 ,:AT C\LD SOME LAPSES1 SOME FALSE /EPS1 DETRACT FROM ! RECTITUDE ( MY FAI?1 ! K9DNESS ( MY CAUSE8444 ,Y\ WILL PLEASE ME1 SIR1 TO LE>N = Y\RSELF :AT ROAD ,I HAVE TRAVEL$1 & H[ MANY TIMES ,I HAVE FALL5 ALONG ! WAY4 ,F> FROM BLU%+ AT SO MANY SPILLS1 ,I W\LD BE TEMPT$ TO BOA/ ( !M1 & TO MEASURE MY VALOR BY ! NUMB] ( MY CONTUSIONS4  

 ,I AM1 SIR1 ETC4  
  
,S,E,C,O,N,D ,L,E,T,T,]  
  
,( ,C,],T,A,9,T,Y ,& ,I,T,S ,C,R,I,T,],I,O,N  
   

 ,SA9TE-,PELAGIE1 ,DECEMB] #a1 #a#h#e#a4  

 ,S,I,R1  
  

 ,! QUE/ION ?AT Y\ POSE TO ME 9 Y\R SECOND LETT] C\LD NOT BE MORE JUDICI\S1 & IF ,I HAVE NOT ADDRESS$ IT FIR/1 IT IS BECAUSE IT SEEM$ TO ME TO P]TA9 TO ! CIRCLE ( PRO(S & JU/IFICATIONS ?AT ,I W\LD HAVE TO FURNI% LAT]1 NOT ! G5]AL \TL9E ?AT ,I NE$$ TO MAKE = Y\4 ,S9CE Y\ ASK1 ,I CAN NO LONG] REFUSE Y\R WI%1 & ,I AM GO+ TO TRY1 IF ,I CAN1 TO EXPLA9 MYSELF CLE>LY ON ?IS DIFFICULT MATT]4  

 ,! PROBLEM ( C]TA9TY IS MO/ C]TA9LY )9 ! DOMA9 ( PHILOSOPHY3 ! !ORY ( ,PROGRESS ADMITS IT AS WELL1 & ?AT !ORY ALONE1 9 MY OP9ION1 CAN RESOLVE IT 9 A SATISFACTORY MANN]4 ,BUT C]TA9TY IS ONE ?+2 :AT ! ,GREEKS CALL$ ! CRIT]ION ( C]TA9TY1 IS ANO!R4 ,C]TA9TY IS1 AS ,I JU/ SAID1 RATIONAL & PHILOSOPHICAL BY RI<T2 ! ALLEG$ CRIT]ION IS ONLY AN IMPORTATION FROM !OLOGY1 A PREJUDICE ( RELIGI\S FAI? )\T S5SE )9 ! LIMITS ( REASON1 & IS EV51 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T :I* CON/ITUTES REASON1 A CONTRADICTORY HYPO!SIS4  

 ,BUT1 Y\ ASK1 H[ DO Y\ CONCEIVE ( C]TA9TY )\T A CRIT]ION8 ,& IF C]TA9TY CANNOT BE CONCEIV$ )\T A CRIT]ION1 H[1 )\T ?AT MEANS ( DISC]NM5T & ( GU>ANTEE1 IS SCI5CE POSSIBLE8 ,H[1 ) REG>D TO C]TA9TY1 CAN FAI? BE MORE FAVOR$ ?AN REASON8 ,IT IS PRECISELY CONTR>Y TO :AT IS ALWAYS ASSUM$2 IT IS BY VIRTUE ( ?AT V]Y ASSUMPTION ?AT PHILOSOPHY EXI/S1 & OPPOSES ITSELF TO FAI?4 ,! NEGATION ( ! CRIT]ION1 9 PHILOSOPHY1 IS ! /RANGE/ ?+ IMAG9ABLE444  

 ,I HOPE1 SIR1 ?AT ?AT NEGATION WILL SOON SEEM TO Y\ MO/ NATURAL1 & ?AT Y\ WILL SEE 9 IT1 ) ME1 NO LONG] ! CONDEMNATION1 BUT ! GLORY ( SCI5CE4  

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 ,I4  
  

 ,SA9T ,PAUL SAID3 ,FAI? IS ! >GUM5T = ?+S UNSE51 ?AT IS1 ?+S :I* >E )\T EVID5CE OR 9TUITIVE C]TA9TY1 >GUM5TUM NON APP>5TIUM4 ,N[1 UNSE5 ?+S =M ! MAJORITY ( ! OBJECTS ?AT OCCUPY ! M9D & CONSCI\SNESS ( M54 ,?IS MEANS1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,APO/LE1 ?AT WE KN[ NO?+1 OR ALMO/ NO?+1 ( ! ?+S ( ! UNIV]SE & ( HUMANITY1 EXCEPT BY FAI?4 ,IT IS ?US ?AT FAI? HAS BECOME A CRIT]ION = ! HUMAN M9D4  

 ,ALL SOCIETIES BEG9 FROM H]E1 &1 SURPRIS+LY P]HAPS 9 \R EPO* ( DISCUSSION & D\BT1 ! MASS1 9 :I* ,I 9CLUDE ! ,UNIV]SITY & ! ,/ATE1 HAS NO O!R RULE4 ,9 D\BTFUL QUE/IONS1 & ALL PRACTICAL QUE/IONS >E ( ?AT SORT1 MO/ M5 KN[ ONLY FAI?4 ,IF !Y FOLL[ REASON1 IT IS )\T KN[+ IT2 =1 ,I REPEAT1 !Y DO NOT CONCEIVE ( REASON )\T A DECREE1 OR PHILOSOPHY )\T A CRIT]ION4  

 ,LET US EXPLA9 ?IS4  

 ,! ,*RI/IAN BELIEVES ?AT ,JESUS ,*RI/ IS ! ,SON ( ,GOD1 S5T TO E>? & BORN ( A VIRG9 TO TEA* M5 ! TRU?S NECESS>Y = POLITICAL ORD]1 DOME/IC SOCIETY & P]SONAL SALVATION4  

 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT ?IS ,*RI/ HAS TRANSMITT$ HIS P[]S TO HIS ,*UR*1 ?AT HE IS ) IT P]MAN5TLY BY ! ,SPIRIT :I* HE HAS COMMUNICAT$ TO IT1 & ?AT BY VIRTUE ( ?AT CONT9U$ REVELATION1 ! ,*UR* RULES WOR%IP & MORALS ) AN 9FALLIBLE AU?ORITY4  

 ,PROVID$ ) ?AT FAI?1 ! ,*RI/IAN POSSESSES1 OR BELIEVES HE POSSESSES1 = ALL QUE/IONS1 NOT ONLY ( !OLOGY1 BUT ( POLITICS & MORALS1 :I* DO NOT COME DIRECTLY UND] COMMON S5SE1 AN 9/RUM5T ( CONTROL :I* EXCUSES HIM FROM REFLECT+ & EV5 FROM ?9K+1 & ! USE ( :I* C\LD NOT BE MORE SIMPLE4 ,IT IS ONLY A MATT] ( COMP>+ ! CONTROV]SIAL QUE/IONS1 EI!R ) ! WORDS ( ,*RI/ REPORT$ 9 ! ,GOSPELS1 OR ) ! ECCLESIA/ICAL 9T]PRETATION1 ! VALUE ( :I* IS EQUAL = ! ,*RI/IAN4  

 ,EV]Y PROPOSITION ?AT CONFIRMS ! ,GOSPEL OR ?AT SUPPORTS ! ,*UR* IS TRUE2  

 ,EV]Y PROPOSITION ?AT REFUTES ! ,GOSPEL OR ?AT CONDEMNS ! ,*UR* IS FALSE2  

 ,EV]Y PROPOSITION ON :I* NEI!R ! ,GOSPEL NOR ! ,*UR* HAS PRON\NC$ IS IRRELEVANT4  

 ,! WORDS ( ! MESSIAH & ! CANONICAL DEF9ITION >E1 = ! ,*RI/IAN1 ! ABSOLUTE TRU?1 FROM :I* ALL O!R TRU? EMANATES4 ,H]E IS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! CRIT]ION4  

 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT A SIMIL> JUDICI>Y PROCESS IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! TYRANNY ( 9TELLIG5CE4 ,LIKEWISE1 ALL GOV]NM5TS1 CON/ITUT$ ON ! DIV9E TYPE ( ! ,*UR*1 >E EAG] TO IMITATE IT4 ,BUT REASON PROTE/S3 0,?AT SAY+ IS H>D60 ,EV5 9 ! PRES5CE ( ,JESUS ,*RI/ ! APO/LES SAID1 ,DURUS E/ HIC S]MO6 ,= 9 ! 5D1 ! ,GOSPEL HAS NOT SAID EV]Y?+1 OR =ESE5 EV]Y?+2 AS = ! ,*UR*1 IT HAS SO (T5 & SO SC&AL\SLY FAIL$6 ,& :AT IF ,I %[$ 9 A MOM5T ?AT ! SO-CALL$ CRIT]ION HAS NEV] S]V$ TO DISC]N A S+LE TRU?1 TO R5D] A S+LE JUDGM5T6444  

 ,YET1 9/EAD ( DISMISS+ AS D\BTFUL ! ,*RI/IAN CRIT]ION1 WE HAVE TRI$ FIR/ TO R5D] IT MORE UNIV]SAL & MORE EXACT4 ,TO CORRECT ! CRIT]ION ( TRU? C\LD PASS = REAL FOLLY3 ,SO :AT6 ,!RE HAS BE5 NO MEANS TO DO O!RWISE4 ,& ! ?+ WAS SE5 AS NO GREAT] DIFFICULTY ?AN A RECTIFICATION ( WEI<TS & MEASURES4  

 ,?US1 FOLL[+ ! ,RE=MATION1 ,*RI/ IS ,GOD1 OR NE>LY SO2 HIS TEA*+ IS SOV]EIGN1 & AS CRIT]ION1 9 ! QUE/IONS TO :I* IT CAN BE APPLI$ IMM$IATELY1 IT IS 9FALLIBLE4 ,AS = ! EPISCOPAL EXEGESIS & ! AU?ORITY ( ! C\NCILS & ! POPE1 ! ,RE=MATION REJECTS !M ALL AS N>R[1 P>TIAL1 SUBJECT TO HA/E & TO CONTRADICTION4 ,9 PLACE ( ! ,*UR*1 EA* ( ! FAI?FUL IS 9VE/$ ) ! RI<T TO READ BY HIMSELF ! SACR$ TEXT & TO SEEK ITS S5SE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! EVANGELICAL CRIT]ION1 :I* =M]LY ONLY ! ,ROMAN ,*UR* HAD HAD ! RI<T TO USE1 HAS BE5 PUT BACK 9 ! H&S ( ! BAPTIZ$3 SU* HAS BE5 ! RESULT ( ! ,RE=MATION4  

 ,LAM5NAIS1 9 HIS ,ESSAI SUR L'9DIFF]5CE 5 MATI]E DE RELIGION1 PUTS IT 9 A DIFF]5T WAY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?AT ,CROYANT1 ,GOD IS REVEAL$ AT ALL TIMES TO HUMANITY1 NOT ONLY BY ! PATRI>*S1 PRIE/S & PROPHETS ( ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T1 NOT ONLY BY ,JESUS & HIS ,*UR*1 BUT BY ALL ! F\ND]S ( RELIGION3 ,ZOROA/]1 ,H]MES1 ,ORPHEUS1 ,BUDDHA1 ,CONFUCIUS1 ETC4 ,ALL ! MORAL & RELIGI\S IDEAS ?AT ,HUMANITY HAS POSSESS$ COME FROM ?AT S+LE1 P]MAN5T REVELATION4 ,AS ! ,/ATES ( MOD]N ,EUROPE >E ! PRODUCT ( ,*RI/IANITY1 MORE OR LESS ADAPT$ TO CIRCUM/ANCES & RACES1 SO ! ,/ATES ( ANTIQUITY W]E ! PRODUCT ( ! PRIMITIVE RELIGION1 PR(ESS$ BY ,ADAM1 ,NOAH1 ,MEL*IZ$EK1 ETC4 ,AT BASE1 ! LEGISLATIONS1 LIKE ! CULTS1 >E ID5TICAL3 ALL RE/ ON AN ORIG9AL COMMUNICATION FROM ! ,DIV9ITY4 ,IF ONE MADE AN 9V5TORY ( ! POLITICAL & RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS ( ALL PEOPLES1 & SEP>AT$ ! CONT5T FROM ! =M1 ONE W\LD OBTA9 A CODE ( P]FECTLY HOMOG5E\S =MULAS1 :I* ONE C\LD REG>D AS WISDOM REVEAL$ FROM ON HI<1 ! CRIT]ION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES4  

 ,CLE>LY ?IS WAY ( 5VISION+ ,*RI/IANITY WEAK5S IT1 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT FOLDS IT BACK 9TO ! G5]AL SY/EM ( RELIGI\S MANIFE/ATIONS1 & OBLIGES IT TO FRAT]NIZE ) ALL ! CULTS ON :I* IT HAS CA/ ! ANA!MA = SO LONG4 ,BUT1 = ALL ?AT IT LOSES1 ONE CAN SAY ?AT IT 9CREASES AS WELL1 CREAT+ A L>G] ,CA?OLICISM ?AN ?AT :I* ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS CONCEIV$4 ,! CULTS >E G5]ALLY REG>D$ AS 9 SOLID>ITY AS WELL2 !IR CAUSE IS N[ COMMON1 & ,$G>D ,QU9ET1 9 WRIT+ ! ,G5IE DES RELIGIONS1 HAS CLE>LY POSIT$ ! PR9CIPLE ( MOD]N RELIGIOSITY4 ,! UNIV]SITY IS AGRE$ 9 PR9CIPLE ) ! ,JESUITS1 & ! ,POPE CAN (F] HIS H& TO ! SULTAN & ! ,GR& ,LAMA4 ,! GREAT RECONCILIATION IS ACCOMPLI%$1 FAI? IS ONE LIKE ! ,LOGOS1 & ! UNIV]SAL REPUBLIC HAS F\ND ITS CRIT]ION4  

 ,I FE>1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS ,*RI/IANITY ( POETS & >*AEOLOGI/S HAS ONLY L$ TO A MY/IFICATION1 & ?AT BY G5]ALIZ+ ! CRIT]ION1 !Y HAVE LO/ IT4  

 ,! ,RE=MATION SAID3 ,ALL ! FAI?FUL RECEIVE1 BY ! BAPTISM & COMMUNION1 ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT4 ,ALL >E1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 9T]PRET]S ( ! WORDS ( ,*RI/3 ! CANONICAL DEF9ITION IS USELESS4  

 ,LAM5NAIS1 ,QU9ET1 ,MAZZ9I & O!RS ADD3 ,ALL ! PEOPLES HAVE RECEIV$1 BY !IR 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIONS1 ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT2 ALL CULTS >E CONSEQU5TLY V]SIONS ( ! ,GOSPEL1 & ! AU?ORITY ( !SE V]SIONS TOGE!R TAKES PREC$5T OV] ?AT ( ! ,*UR* ( ,ROME4  

 ,H[EV] Y\ LOOK AT IT1 AS SOON AS Y\ REJECT SPECIAL AU?ORITY1 9 ORD] TO PUT 9 ITS PLACE EI!R 9DIVIDUAL S5TIM5T1 OR1 :AT AM\NTS TO ! SAME ?+1 UNIV]SAL TE/IMONY1 DOESN'T ?IS BREAK ! L9K ) FAI?1 & MAKE AN APPEAL TO REASON8 ,WE ?\<T WE HAD SECUR$ \R CRIT]ION3 IT HAS VANI%$4  

 ,S9CE WE >E =C$ TO RETURN TO REASON1 LET US SEE :AT IT (F]S4 ,DOES IT ALSO HAVE A CRIT]ION8  

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 ,I,I4  

 ,NO?+ NEW UND] ! SUN6 ,E>LY ON REASON1 UND] ! NAME ( SCI5CE1 KN[L$GE1 OR UND] ! MORE MODE/ ONE ( PHILOSOPHY1 ASPIRATION TO SCI5CE1 OPPOS$ ITSELF TO FAI? & CLAIM$ ! POSSESSION ( TRU?1 NO LONG] ?R\< ! WORDS ( A SPIRIT-M$IUM1 FIDES EX AUDITU1 BUT BY A CONTEMPLATION ?AT IS DIRECT &1 SO TO SPEAK1 FACE-TO- FACE1 SICUTI E/ FACIE AD FACIEM4 ,TO SEE TRU? 9 ITSELF1 ON ! SOLE GU>ANTEE ( ONE'S EYES & ONE'S REASON1 IS CLE>LY TO REJECT ! HYPO!SIS ( A CRIT]ION3 ,I AM A/ONI%$ ?AT PHILOSOPHY HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO UND]/& ?AT APOLOGUE4 ,SU* WAS1 H[EV]1 ! ?\<T ( ?AT MULTITUDE ( RELIGIONI/S1 CONTEMPOR>IES ( ,JESUS & ! APO/LES1 :O1 UND] ! G5]AL NAME ( GNO/ICS1 KN[]S1 /OOD UP TO ! ,*UR* = MORE ?AN SIX C5TURIES1 & DISAPPE>$ COMPLETELY ONLY ) ! >RIVAL ( ! ,RE=MATION4  

 ,GNO/ICISM1 ,I HAVE NO D\BT1 W\LD HAVE SOON SUPPRESS$ ,*RI/IANITY1 & BECOME ! UNIV]SAL RELIGION1 IF IT HAD %[N ITSELF MORE TRUE TO ITS NAME1 IF IT HAD BE5 MORE PRACTICAL1 MORE EMPIRICAL1 & LESS ILLUM9AT$4 ,BUT ?AT SUPPOS$ GNOSIS WAS FIVE TIMES MORE COMPLICAT$1 MORE MY/]I\S1 MORE HYP]-PHYSICAL ?AT ! EM]G+ FAI? ?AT IT DESPIS$3 SO MU* SO ?AT1 9 HIS LETT]S1 ,PAUL1 ! DOCTOR P> EXCELL5CE ( FAI?1 ! MAN ( ! TRANSC5D5TAL CRIT]ION1 TREAT$ ! SUBLIMITIES ( ! GNOSIS AS OLD WIVES' TALES1 & HEAP$ HIS S>CASM ON !M4 ,ALAS6 ,! COMMON S5SE IS ! LA/ TO >RIVE 9 ! HUMAN M9D1 & HE :O IS BELIEV$ WISE BECAUSE HE PROTE/S AGA9/ A C]TA9 DEGREE ( SUP]/ITION1 IS HIMSELF ONLY SUP]/ITI\S 9 A MORE MALIGN & 9CURABLE MANN]4 ,GNO/ICISM1 :I* MADE 9 ITS [N TIMES ONLY AN ATTEMPT AT RELIGI\S FUSION1 ANALOG\S TO ?AT :I* IS ATTEMPT$ 9 \R [N TIMES1 WAS DEFEAT$ !N1 AS MU* BY ITS [N CONTRADICTIONS AS BY ! REAL SUP]IORITY ( ITS ADV]S>Y4 ,?OSE :O CLAIM$ TO HAVE A DIRECT KN[L$GE W]E P]SUAD$ TO EXP]I5CE ONLY ! *IM]AS ( !IR [N BRA9S2 & N[ MORE ?AN EV] ONE WILL CALL = A PRES]VATIVE AGA9/ ! ILLUSIONS ( ! 5CEPHALON4 ,?ANKS TO !M1 SCI5CE HAS BE5 PO/PON$ = FIFTE5 C5TURIES4 ,IT W\LD NEV] HAVE DEVELOP$1 IF IT HAD DEP5D$ ON ! MOD]N !OSOPHI/S4  

 ,IT WAS ) ,BACON & ! ,R5AISSANCE ?AT SCI5CE WAS =M$1 AP>T FROM ! SUP]NATURAL & ! ABSOLUTE1 EXP]IM5TAL1 POSITIVE1 C]TA9 &1 ,I D>E SAY1 )\T CRIT]ION4 ,I WILL FIR/ EXPLA9 ?IS APP>5T P>ADOX3 Y\ WILL SEE SOON H[1 AFT] ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,GREEKS1 ! MOD]NS C\LD PUT BACK 9TO QUE/ION ! C]TA9TY ( KN[L$GE1 & H[ !IR M9DS1 9COMPLETELY PURG$ ( !OLOGICAL NOTIONS1 FELL AGA9 9TO ! CRIT]IOMANIA ( ! ANCI5TS4  

 ,ALL ?AT EXI/S1 ,I SAID 9 MY FIR/ LETT]1 IS NECESS>ILY 9 EVOLUTION2 EV]Y?+ FL[S1 EV]Y?+ *ANGES1 MODIFIES1 & TRANS=MS ITSELF UNCEAS+LY4 ,MOVEM5T IS ! ESS5TIAL CONDITION1 ALMO/ ! MAT]IAL1 ( BE+ & ?\<T4 ,!RE IS NO?+ FIX$1 /ABLE1 ABSOLUTE1 OR 9V9CIBLE1 EXCEPT ! V]Y ,L,A,W ( MOVEM5T1 ?AT IS ! RELATIONS ( WEI<T1 NUMB]1 & MEASURE1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ALL EXI/5CE APPE>S & CONDUCTS ITSELF4 ,H]E1 ! PHILOSOPHY ( PROGRESS ABSORBS ?AT ( ,PY?AGORAS1 & GIVES IT ITS RANK & *>ACT]4  

 ,?US1 ! 5TIRETY ( ! UNIV]SE IS ID5TICAL & ADEQUATE TO ! 5TIRETY ( ! S]IES OR EVOLUTION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! 5TIRETY ( ANIMAL EXI/5CE IS CONTA9$ 9 ! P]IOD 9CLUD$ BETWE5 CONCEPTION & DEA?3 ! LIV+ BE+1 9 :ATEV] MOM5T ( ?AT P]IOD1 IS ONLY A FRACTION ( ITSELF4 ,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS ?AT ALL ACTUALITY IS IMP]FECT & UNREAL1 ALWAYS REPRES5T+ ONLY A MOVEM5T ( ! EVOLUTION1 A T]M 9 ! S]IES1 9 %ORT A FRACTION OR APPROXIMATION ( EXI/5CE1 CONVEY+ ONLY 9COMPLETELY ! LAW4  

 ,! LAW 9 ITSELF IS ?US DEF9ITE1 & WE CAN HAVE AN EXACT IDEA ( IT BY SUCCESSIVE OBS]VATIONS ( ! P>TIAL MANIFE/ATIONS ?AT REVEAL IT4 ,BUT NO?+ S5SIBLE1 NO?+ PRES5T1 NO?+ REAL CAN EV] REPRES5T IT3 SU* A REALIZATION1 AT A GIV5 H\R1 IS CONTRADICTORY4 ,!RE IS !N NO SPECIM5 ( MOVEM5T POSSIBLE1 NO EXACT & AU!NTIC COPY4 ,! >*ETYPE1 ,PLATO SAID1 IS & ALWAYS WILL BE ONLY AN IDEA2 NO P[] KN[S H[ TO OBTA9 A /&>D4  

 ,IF IT IS ?US = EXI/5CE CONSID]$ 9 ITS PL5ITUDE1 IF REALITY EXI/S ONLY FRACTIONALLY 9 RELATIONS & 9 ?+S1 IT FOLL[S3  

 ,?AT WE CAN KN[ WELL ! LAW ( \R ?\<TS1 ! RULE ( \R ACTIONS1 ! SY/EM ( \R EVOLUTIONS1 ! C\RSE ( \R 9/ITUTIONS & ( \R MORES2 ?AT WE CON=M AS BE/ WE CAN1 9 ! EX]CISE ( \R LIB]TY1 TO ?AT LAW1 TO ?AT RULE1 TO ?AT SY/EM1 TO ?AT PROVID5TIAL C\RSE2 ?AT WE CAN F9ALLY1 9 ! PRACTICE ( LIFE1 R5D] EQUITABLE JUDGM5TS1 BUT ?AT WE CAN NEV] R5D] !SE JUDGM5TS ,J,U,/4 ,GOD HIMSELF C\LD NOT DO IT4 ,HIS REASON1 JU/ LIKE \RS1 ONLY PRON\NCES CORRECTLY ON ! 5SEMBLE1 NEV] ON ! DETAILS3 ON ?AT CONDITION ONLY CAN ONE SAY1 ) ! PSALMI/1 ?AT DIV9E JUDGM5TS >E ABSOLUTE1 JU/IFICATA 9 SEMETIPSA4  

 ,LET US R5D] ?IS MORE S5SIBLE BY SOME EXAMPLES4  

 ,! IDEA ( VALUE IS ELEM5T>Y 9 ECONOMICS3 EV]YONE KN[S :AT IS MEANT BY IT4 ,NO?+ IS LESS >BITR>Y ?AN ?IS IDEA2 IT IS ! COMP>ATIVE RELATION ( PRODUCTS ?AT1 AT EA* MOM5T ( SOCIAL LIFE1 MAKE UP WEAL?4 ,VALUE1 9 A WORD1 9DICATES A PROPORTION4  

 ,N[1 A PROPORTION IS SOME?+ MA!MATICAL1 EXACT1 IDEAL1 SOME?+ :I*1 BY ITS HI< 9TELLIGIBILITY1 EXCLUDES CAPRICE & =TUNE4 ,!RE IS !N1 ON TOP ( SUPPLY & DEM&1 A LAW = COMP>ISON ( VALUES1 !RE=E A RULE ( ! EVALUATION ( PRODUCTS4  

 ,BUT ?AT LAW OR RULE IS A PURE IDEA1 ( :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 AT ANY MOM5T1 & = ANY OBJECT1 TO MAKE ! PRECISE APPLICATION1 TO HAVE ! EXACT & TRUE /&>D4 ,PRODUCTS V>Y CON/ANTLY 9 QUANTITY & 9 QUALITY2 ! CAPITAL 9 ! PRODUCTION & ITS CO/ V>Y EQUALLY4 ,! PROPORTION DOES NOT REMA9 ! SAME = TWO 9/ANTS 9 A R[3 A CRIT]ION OR /&>D ( VALUES IS ?US IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! PIECE ( MONEY1 FIVE GRAMS 9 WEI<T1 ?AT WE CALL ! FRANC1 IS NOT A FIX$ UNITY ( VALUES3 IT IS ONLY A PRODUCT LIKE O!RS1 :I* ) ITS WEI<T ( FIVE GRAMS AT N9E-T5?S SILV] & ONE-T5? ALLOY1 IS WOR? SOMETIMES MORE1 SOMETIMES LESS ?AN ! FRANC1 )\T US EV] BE+ ABLE TO KN[ EXACTLY :AT IS ITS DIFF]5CE FROM ! /&>D FRANC4  

 ,ON :AT !N DOES COMM]CE RE/1 S9CE IT IS PROV5 ?AT1 LACK+ A /&>D ( VALUE1 EX*ANGE IS NEV] EQUAL1 AL?\< ! LAW ( PROPORTIONALITY IS RIGOR\S8 ,IT IS H]E ?AT LIB]TY COMES TO ! RESCUE ( REASON1 & COMP5SATES = ! FAILURES ( C]TA9TY4 ,COMM]CE RE/S ON A CONV5TION1 ! PR9CIPLE ( :I* IS ?AT ! P>TIES1 AFT] HAV+ S\<T FRUITLESSLY ! EXACT RELATIONS ( ! OBJECTS EX*ANG$1 COME TO AN AGREEM5T TO GIVE AN EXPRESSION REPUT$ TO BE EXACT1 PROVID$ ?AT IT DOES NOT EXCE$ ! LIMITS ( A C]TA9  TOL]ANCE4 ,?AT CONV5TIONAL EXPRESSION IS :AT WE CALL ! PRICE4  

 ,?US1 9 ! ORD] ( ECONOMIC IDEAS1 ! TRU? IS 9 ! LAW1 & NOT 9 ! TRANSACTIONS4 ,!RE IS A C]TA9TY = ! !ORY1 BUT !RE IS NO CRIT]ION = PRACTICE4 ,!RE W\LD NOT EV5 HAVE BE5 PRACTICE1 & SOCIETY W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE1 IF1 9 ! ABS5CE ( A CRIT]ION PRIOR & SUP]IOR TO IT1 HUMAN LIB]TY HAD NOT F\ND A MEANS TO SUPPLY IT BY CONTRACT4  

 ,FROM ECONOMICS1 LET US PASS ON TO MORALS4 ,JU/ICE1 ACCORD+ TO ,ROMAN LAW1 CONSI/S 9 R5D]+ TO EA* :AT IS DUE TO !M1 SUUM CUIQUE4 ,I WILL HOLD MYSELF TO ?AT DEF9ITION1 9 ORD] TO AVOID ALL DISPUTE4  

 ,! LAW ( JU/ICE IS ABSOLUTE3 ! CIVIL LAW1 WRITT5 OR USAG]1 RE/S ON IT4 ,NO ONE EV] DISPUTES ! VALIDITY ( ?AT LAW3 ON ! O!R H&1 ! WORLD RES\NDS ) COMPLA9TS AGA9/ ITS APPLICATIONS4 ,:]E !N IS ! CRIT]ION8 ,I OBS]V$ 9 MY FIR/ LETT] ?AT ! MAXIM1 ,DO UNTO O!RS AS Y\ W\LD HAVE !M DO UNTO Y\1 IS NOT AN 9/RUM5T = EXACT ASSESSM5T1 S9CE IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO KN[ :AT WE %\LD LEGITIMATELY DESIRE TO BE DONE TO US4 ,! ECONOMIC =MULA ?AT SOCIALISM SUB/ITUTES = ?AT ANCI5T ADAGE1 ,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS CAPACITY1 TO EA* CAPACITY ACCORD+ TO ITS PRODUCT1 IS MORE C]TA91 S9CE IT POSES AT ONCE ! RI<T & ! DUTY1 ! B5EFIT & ITS CONDITION4 ,BUT IT IS NO MORE A CRIT]ION ?AN ! O!R1 S9CE1 ACCORD+ TO :AT HAS JU/ BE5 SAID AB\T VALUE1 WE NEV] KN[ EXACTLY :AT A ?+ IS WOR?1 OR :AT A MAN DES]VES4  

 ,I PR(\NDLY RESPECT PROP]TY1 AS ,I RESPECT EV]Y 9/ITUTION1 EV]Y RELIGION4 ,BUT ?OSE :O ACCUSE SOCIALISM ( WANT+ TO ABOLI% PROP]TY1 & :O HAVE TAK5 SU* USELESS C>E TO DEF5D IT1 W\LD BE DEEPLY EMB>RASS$ TO SAY H[ !Y RECOGNIZE1 ) C]TA9TY1 ?AT SU* A ?+ IS ! PROP]TY ( SU* A ONE1 & ?AT !RE IS NOT 9 ?AT ?+ ANO!R RI<T4 ,:AT1 9 A WORD1 IS ! CRIT]ION ( PROP]TY8 ,IF SOME P>T ( REVELATION MU/ HAVE HAD TO 9T]V5E 9 HUMAN JUDGM5TS1 IT IS DEF9ITELY 9 ?OSE :I* CONC]N PROP]TY4 ,H[ MU* L& & H[ MU* P]SONAL PROP]TY MU/ RETURN TO EA*8 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT AT ?AT QUE/ION ! BIG EYES ( \R CONS]VATIVES >E TR\BL$1 & ?AT !IR EGOI/ SIDE IS DISCONC]T$4  

 ,IS IT CONQUE/1 FIR/ OCCUPATION1 :I* CREATES PROP]TY8--,I OBS]VE ?AT =CE DOES NOT MAKE LAW1 & ?AT AT ! FIR/ OCCASION ,I W\LD KN[1 )\T FUR!R ADO1 TO TAKE MY REV5GE4  

 ,IS IT ! 9/ITUTION ( ! ,/ATE8--,I RESPOND ?AT :AT ! /ATE HAS MADE1 ! ,/ATE CAN UNMAKE2 & AS ,I HAVE ! GREATE/ 9T]E/ 9 ! ?+1 ,I AM GO+ TO TRY TO MAKE MYSELF MA/] ( ! ,/ATE4  

 ,IS IT LABOR8--,I ASK :AT MU/ BE ! WAGES ( LABOR8 IF EA* HAS LABOR$8 IF ?OSE :O HAVE LABOR$ HAVE RECEIV$ :AT \<T TO COME BACK TO !M1 CUIQUE SUUM1 NEI!R MORE NOR LESS8444  

 ,SOME PHILOSOPH]S :O ?9K !MSELVES PR(\ND1 & :O >E ONLY IMP]T95T1 IMAG9E ?AT !Y HAVE F\ND A FLAT REFUSAL ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY1 :I* =MS ! BASIS ( ! ANTI-PROPRIET>Y CRITIQUE4 ,!Y SAY ?AT !RE >E NOT TWO EQUAL ?+S 9 ! :OLE UNIV]SE4--,V]Y WELL4 ,LET US ADMIT ?AT !RE HAVE NOT BE5 TWO EQUAL ?+S 9 ! WORLD3 AT LEA/ ONE WILL NOT D5Y ?AT ALL HAVE BE5 9 ,E,Q,U,I,L,I,B,R,I,U,M1 S9CE1 )\T EQUILIBRIUM1 AS )\T MOVEM5T1 !RE IS NO EXI/5CE4 ,:AT !N IS ! EQUILIBRIUM ( =TUNES8 ,:AT >E ITS M9IMA & ITS MAXIMA8 ,:AT IS ! RELATION BETWE5 ! M9IMA & MAXIMA ( =TUNES1 & ! M9IMA & MAXIMA ( CAPACITIES8 ,ALL[ ME TO ASK3 BECAUSE )\T AN ANSW] EV]Y?+ AGA9 BECOMES USURPATION1 & ! MO/ IGNORANT1 ! MO/ 9COMPET5T ( HUMANS HAS ! RI<T TO BE TREAT$ AS WELL AS ! MO/ LE>N$ & ! MO/ VALIANT1 IF ONLY AS A COMP5SATION = HIS WEAKNESS & HIS IGNORANCE4  

 ,CLE>LY1 ?IS IS NO CRIT]ION = PROP]TY1 NEI!R = ITS MEASURE1 NOR ITS ACQUISITION1 NOR ITS TRANSMISSION1 NOR ITS 5JOYM5T4 ,NOTE ALSO ?AT FROM ?AT LACK ( CRIT]ION = JU/ APPROPRIATION ( GOODS1 ! AU?OR ( ! ,GOSPEL HAS CONCLUD$1 FOLL[+ ,LYCURGUS1 ,PY?AGORAS1 ,PLATO1 = COMMUNISM1 ALL ( ANTIQUITY = SLAV]Y1 & ,MAL?USIAN ECONOMICS = ! SAL>IAT4  

 ,N[ :AT DOES ! NEW SCI5CE1 ! !ORY ( ,PROGRESS1 SAY AB\T PROP]TY8  

 ,IT SAYS ?AT PROP]TY1 LIKE ! PRICE ( ?+S1 IS ORIG9ALLY ! PRODUCT ( A CONTRACT1 ?AT ?AT CONTRACT IS DET]M9$ BY ! NECESSITY ( LABOR1 JU/ AS ! CONV5TION :I* FIXES ! PRICE ( ?+S IS DET]M9$ BY ! NECESSITY ( EX*ANGE2 BUT ?AT1 JU/ AS ) TIME & COMPETITION ! PRICE ( EA* ?+ APPROA*ES MORE & MORE ITS TRUE VALUE1 SO ) TIME & CR$IT PROP]TY T5DS MORE & MORE TO APPROA* EQUALITY4 ,ONLY1 :ILE ! PRICE ( M]*&ISE1 OR ! JU/ REMUN]ATION ( ! LABOR]1 G5]ALLY REA*ES ITS NORMAL RATE 9 A RA!R %ORT P]IOD1 PROP]TY ONLY >RIVES AT ITS EQUILIBRIUM AFT] A MU* LONG] TIME3 SOME:AT AS IF ONE COMP>$ ! ANNUAL MOVEM5T ( ! E>? TO ! REVOLUTION ( ! EQU9OXES4  

 ,H]E !N1 ,I'LL REPEAT IT1 !RE EXI/S A RULE = LAW-MAK]2 BUT !RE IS NOT A CRIT]ION = ! JUDGE4 ,:ILE ET]NAL JU/ICE SL[LY ACCOMPLI%ES ITS WORK1 JURISPRUD5CE IS =C$ TO OBEY CU/OM1 TO OBEY ! RELIGION ( ! CONTRACT4  

 ,! NATURAL SCI5CES (F] EXAMPLES ( ?AT DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! LAW ( ?+S & !IR REALIZATION3 ! FIR/ IS ABSOLUTE & UN*ANG+2 ! SECOND ESS5TIALLY MOBILE1 APPROXIMATE & UNTRUE4 ,?US IT IS A LAW ?AT ! />S WEI< ON ONE ANO!R 9 DIRECT RELATION TO !IR MASSES & 9V]SE TO ! SQU>E ( !IR DI/ANCES2 ?AT !Y SWEEP >EAS PROPORTIONAL TO TIME1 ETC4 ,BUT !SE LAWS1 :I* WE CAN GRASP ONLY BY EMBRAC+ 9 ?\<T IMM5SE & NUM]\S REVOLUTIONS1 >E PRACTICALLY ALL ?AT IS TRUE 9 ! EXI/5CE ( ! WORLDS2 AS = PH5OM5A1 !Y >E AS IRREGUL> AS ONE CAN IMAG9E4 ,IT IS A FACT1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! SID]EAL CIRCLES >E NOT R\ND1 NOR >E !Y OVAL4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 !IR %AKY CURVES DO NOT RETURN ON !MSELVES1 ETC4 ,:]E DO !Y T5D1 F9ALLY8 ,NO ONE KN[S4 ,! CELE/IAL >MY ROLLS 9 A SPACE )\T B\NDS1 )\T EV] PRES5T+ TWICE 9 A R[ ! SAME POSITIONS4 ,IS IT NECESS>Y TO CONCLUDE ?AT GEOMETRY & >I?METIC1 BY :I* WE CALCULATE !SE MOVEM5TS1 >E FALSE1 & ! SCI5CE ILLU/RAT$ BY ,NEWTON1 ,LAPLACE1 & ,H]S*EL1 IS A *IM]A8 ,NO4 ,ALL !SE V>IATIONS ( ! ET]NAL MODE PROVE ONE ?+1 NAMELY1 ?AT C]TA9TY IS NOT 9 ! PH5OM5ON1 :I* CONSID]$ SEP>ATELY IS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN ACCID5T1 BUT 9 ! S]IES ( EVOLUTIONS1 :I* ALONE IS LAW4  

 ,BUT LET US REMA9 ) ! ?+S ( HUMANITY1 = IT IS !RE ABOVE ALL ?AT ! QUE/ION ( C]TA9TY TAKES ON ITS GRAVITY1 & 9T]E/S US4  

 ,I HAVE SAID ?AT ! IDEA ( A CRIT]ION ( C]TA9TY WAS AN IMPORTATION FROM !OLOGY 9TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL DOMA92 ,I HAVE PROV51 ) REG>D TO ECONOMICS & MORALS1 :I* ! SUPPOS$ CRIT]ION WAS )\T POSSIBLE APPLICATION4 ,MORE CURI\S /ILL1 IT IS P[]LESS 9 RELIGION1 ! V]Y ORD] ( IDEAS ?AT PRODUC$ IT & = :I* IT HAD BE5 9V5T$4 ,RELIGION1 LIKE JU/ICE & ECONOMICS1 IS SUBJECT TO ! LAW ( ,PROGRESS2 = ?AT REASON1 IT NO LONG] HAS A CRIT]ION1 SO ?AT FAI?1 ?AT REASON ( ?+S UNSE51 RESOLVES ITSELF 9 M5TAL ALI5ATION1 OR RETURNS TO ! DIALECTIC4  

 ,DID ,*RI/IANITY EXI/ 9 ,JESUS8 ,I DO NOT ADDRESS ?IS QUE/ION TO ! ,*RI/IAN1 BUT TO ! PHILOSOPH]4 ,DID IT EXI/ 9 ,/4 ,PAUL1 9 ,AUGU/9E1 9 ,PHOTIOS1 9 ,?OMAS1 9 ,BOSSUET8 ,DOES IT EXI/ 9 ,PI\S ,I,X1 9 ,NI*OLAS OR 9 ,VICTORIA8  

 ,*RI/IANITY W\LD BE DIM9I%$1 IF ONE R$UC$ IT TO ANY P>TICUL> PR(ESSION ( FAI?4 ,! ANCI5TS DID NOT KN[ ALL ?AT ! MOD]NS ACCEPT2 ! MOD]NS1 = !IR P>T1 DO NOT RETA9 ALL ?AT ! ANCI5TS ACCEPT$4 ,AT NO EPO* HAS ! =M BE5 ! SAME = ALL CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,*RI/ & ! APO/LES1 ! K+DOM ( ! ,GOSPEL IS NOT ( ?IS WORLD2 ACCORD+ TO ,HILDEBR& & ! ULTRAMONTANES1 ! POPE1 ELEVAT$ ABOVE ALL P[]1 IS ! MA/] ( ! WORLD2 ACCORD+ TO ! ,GREEKS & ! ,ANGLICANS1 ! NATURAL HEAD ( ! ,*UR* IS ! HEAD ( ,/ATE4 ,ALL !SE OPPOSITIONS CAN BE EQUALLY JU/IFI$ BY TRADITION1 BY ,SCRIPTURE1 & BY ! G5]AL SY/EM ( RELIGIONS2 & IT W\LD NOT BE DIFFICULT TO %[ ?AT ! DIFF]5CE ( OP9IONS ON ! 9DEP5D5CE OR ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! TEMPORAL P[] LEADS TO A SIMIL> CASE 9 DOGMA4 ,:O IS ONE TO BELIEVE1 ,*RI/ SPEAK+ = HIMSELF1 OR ! ,*UR* AFFIRM+ ITS SUPREMACY8 ,GALLICANS :O SEP>ATE ! TWO P[]S1 OR ,RUSSIANS & ,ANGLICANS :O REUNITE !M8 ,ALL ?AT IS EQUALLY A P>T ( ,*RI/IANITY1 & IT IS 9 P]FECT CONTRADICTION4 ,:AT BECOMES ! CRIT]ION8  

 ,! !ORY ( ,PROGRESS ALONE CAN GIVE A REASONABLE EXPLANATION ( ! V>IATIONS ( ! ,*RI/IAN FAI?1 BUT ON ! CONDITION ?AT ,*RI/IANITY LOSES ITS ,ABSOLUTE *>ACT]4 ,?AT !ORY CONSID]S ,*RI/IANITY AS A CURR5T ( OP9IONS1 :I* =M$ 9 ! TIME ( ,ALEX&] ALL ACROSS ,GREECE & ! ,ORI5T2 :I* GREW & BECAME COMPLICAT$ BY A MULTITUDE ( TRIBUT>IES1 FROM ,AUGU/US TO ,!ODOSIUS2 :I* DIVID$ NEXT AT ,PHOTIUS2 :I*1 UND] ! NAME ( ,CA?OLICISM1 SEEM$ TO REA* ITS APOGEE1 FROM ,GREGOIRE ,V,I,I TO ,BONIFACE ,V,I,I,I2 :I* SUBDIVID$ AGA9 ) ,LU!R2 :I* F9ALLY1 :ILE FRI<T5$ ( ITS [N MOVEM5T1 ATTEMPT$ TO FIX ITSELF AT ,TR5T1 &1 KILL$ AS ,CA?OLICISM BY ! NEGATION ( IT 9EVITABLE MOBILITY1 W5T ON TO SCATT] & LOSE ITSELF1 AS ,PROTE/ANTISM1 9 ! SABLES ( ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY4  

 ,TO KN[ ,*RI/IANITY IS NOT TO AFFIRM SU* & SU* A SY/EM ( DOGMA1 MORE OR LESS H>MONICALLY COMB9$ & AIM+ = /ASIS2 IT IS TO HAVE TRAVEL$ & VISIT$ ! ,*RI/IAN RIV]1 FIR/ 9 ITS ORI5TAL1 ,JEWI%1 ,EGYPTIAN1 ,GREEK1 ,LAT91 ,G]MANIC1 & ,SLAVIC S\RCES1 !N 9 ITS TUMULTU\S & SO (T5 DIVID$ C\RSE1 & F9ALLY 9 ! 9NUM]ABLE RAMIFICATIONS :]E IT LITTLE BY LITTLE LO/ ITS *>ACT] & DISAPPE>$4  

 ,RELIGION1 LIKE ! ,/ATE1 LIKE ALL HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS1 MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 A S]IES ( ESS5TIALLY OPPOS$ & CONTRADICTORY T]MS3 IT IS = ?IS REASON ALONE ?AT IT IS 9TELLIGIBLE4 ,ITS TRUE CRIT]ION IS ITS V>IATIONS4 ,:5 ,BOSSUET PO9T$ TO ! 9/ABILITY ( ! DOGMA 9 RE=M$ *UR*ES1 & DEM&$ ( HIS [N A CON/ANCY ( FAI? ?AT DOES NOT EXI/1 HE MADE1 )\T KN[+ IT1 AN APOLOGY = HIS ADV]S>IES1 & PRON\NC$ ! CONDEMNATION ( ,CA?OLICISM4  

 ,RELIGION IS LIKE SPEE*4 ,NO?+ IS MORE MOBILE1 MORE V>I$1 MORE ELUSIVE ?AN HUMAN LANGUAGE1 & YET LANGUAGE IS ONE 9 ITS ESS5CE1 & ! LAWS ( LANGUAGE1 MU* MORE ?AN =MULAS ( ! LAW & ! DEF9ITIONS ( !OLOGY1 >E ! V]Y EXPRESSION ( REASON4 ,H]E1 AS EV]Y:]E1 ! ABSOLUTE IS A PURE IDEA1 :ILE ! ACCID5T IS REALITY ITSELF4 ,DO Y\ SAY ?AT SPEE* IS ONLY A VA9 S\ND1 GRAMM> A FOLLY1 POETRY A DREAM1 BECAUSE ! UNIV]SAL LANGUAGE IS & CAN ONLY BE AN AB/RACTION8444  

 ,ALL TRU? IS 9 HI/ORY1 AS ALL EXI/5CE IS 9 MOVEM5T & ! S]IES2 CONSEQU5TLY EV]Y =MULA1 PHILOSOPHICAL OR LEGISLATIVE1 HAS & CAN HAVE ONLY A TRANSITIONAL VALUE4 ,NEGLECT ( ?AT MAXIM IS ! FECUND S\RCE ( ALL \R AB]RATIONS & MIS=TUNES4  

 ,CIC]O REG>D$ UNIV]SAL CONS5T AS ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( MORAL C]TA9TY1 & ALL \R TREATISES ( PHILOSOPHY /ILL CITE IT AS ! MO/ EXPLICIT PRO( ( ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD4 ,BUT IS IT CLE>1 BY ALL ?AT HAS JU/ BE5 SAID1 ?AT UNIV]SAL CONS5T ONLY HAS VALUE IF ONE TAKES IT 9 ! SUCCESSION ( ITS TE/IMONIES4 ,\TSIDE ( ?AT1 IT IS ONLY CONTRADICTION & FALSEHOOD4 ,CONSID]$ AT ANY ONE MOM5T ( ITS MANIFE/ATIONS1 UNIV]SAL CONS5T LOSES ITS NAME2 IT BECOMES UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ! FANTASY ( ! MOM5T SET UP AS AN ABSOLUTE4  

 ,DO Y\ !N WANT UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 :I* =MS AT ?IS MOM5T ! BASIS ( \R PUBLIC RI<TS1 TO ACQUIRE ALL ! AU?ORITY ( :I* IT HAS NE$8 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION ( ABOLI%+ IT3 ! PEOPLE HAVE TA/$ ! =BIDD5 FRUIT2 IT IS NECESS>Y1 = ITS ABSOLUTION OR CONDEMNATION1 ?AT IT BE RECTIFI$ UNTIL TO ! 5D4 ,AB&ON Y\R SY/EMS ( ELECTORAL VOT+1 EA* MORE ABSURD ?AN ! LA/1 & :I* ONLY GIVE BIR? TO ! TYRANNY ( ! MAJORITY OR ITS ABDICATION4 ,MAKE UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 ! IMAGE ( UNIV]SAL CONS5T4 ,CONSID] ?AT MASS ?AT Y\ >E GO+ TO QUE/ION AS A REPRES5TATION ( ALL ! AGES ( ,HUMANITY4 ,!RE >E DAY LABOR]S1 DOME/ICS1 WAGE-E>N]S1 ! POOR & IGNORANT MULTITUDE1 CALL$ CON/ANTLY BY ITS POV]TY TO CRIME1 & :I* REPRES5T = Y\ ! PRIMITIVE G5]ATIONS2 ABOVE ?AT MULTITUDE1 A MIDDLE CLASS1 COMPOS$ ( LABOR]S1 >TISANS1 & M]*ANTS1 ! MORES1 OP9IONS & =TUNES ( :I* EXPRESS RA!R WELL ! SECOND DEGREE ( CIVILIZATION2 F9ALLY1 AN ELITE1 =M$ ( MAGI/RATES1 CIVIL S]VANTS1 PR(ESSORS1 WRIT]S1 & >TI/S1 :O M>K ! MO/ ADVANC$ DEGREE ( ! SPECIES4 ,ASK ( !SE DIV]SE 9T]E/S1 !SE SEMI-B>B>IC 9/9CTS1 !SE /UBBORN HABITS1 !SE SO-HI< ASPIRATIONS1 !IR 9TIMATE ?\<T2 CLASSIFY ALL !SES WI%ES ACCORD+ TO ! NATURAL PROGRESSION ( GR\PS2 !N Y\ WILL F9D 9 IT A COORD9AT$ =MULA :I*1 EMBRAC+ ! CONTR>Y T]MS1 EXPRESS+ ! G5]AL T5D5CY & EXPRESS+ ! WILL ( NO ONE P]SON1 WILL BE ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 WILL BE ! LAW4 ,?IS IS H[ ! G5]AL CIVILIZATION HAS ADVANC$1 BEH9D ! BACKS ( ! LEGISLATORS & ! M5 ( /ATE1 UND] ! COV] ( OPPOSITIONS1 REVOLUTIONS & W>S444  

 ,I BELIEVE1 SIR1 ?AT ,I HAVE SUFFICI5TLY DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! CRIT]ION ( C]TA9TY IS AN ANTI-PHILOSOPHICAL IDEA BORR[$ FROM !OLOGY1 & ! ASSUMPTION ( :I* IS DE/RUCTIVE ( C]TA9TY ITSELF4 ,NOT ONLY DO METAPHYSICS1 POLITICS1 LEGISLATION1 ECONOMICS1 HI/ORY1 & ALL ! SCI5CES REJECT ?IS IDEA3 ! V]Y RELIGION :I* GAVE BIR? TO IT IS R5D]$ 9EXPLICABLE BY IT4 ,?AT PROPOSITION SEEMS TO ME NOVEL 5\< TO M]IT SOME ELABORATION3 ,I COME N[ TO ! HE>T ( ! DIFFICULTY4  

 .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-  

 ,I,I,I4  

 ,FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,GREEKS1 MOD]N PHILOSOPHY FIR/ ASKS US H[ WE RECOGNIZE :AT ! UND]/&+ CALLS LAW1 BUT :I* IS 9ACCESSIBLE TO ! S5SES2--9 ! SECOND PLACE1 IT ASKS IF !SE ALLEG$ LAWS1 :I* WE SUPPOSE RULE BE+S1 >E NOT SIMPLY ! EFFECTS ( \R 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 AN 9VOLUNT>Y APPLICATION ( ! =MS ( \R REASON TO PH5OM5A2--F9ALLY1 IT ASKS IF WE >E C]TA9 ( ! REALITY ( OBJECTS1 & IF ! OP9ION ?AT WE HAVE ( !IR EXI/5CE IS ANY?+ BUT A SUBJECTIVE FAI?4 ,?AT IS ! TRANSC5D5T D\BT1 9 PRO( ( :I* >E CIT$ ! CONTRADICTORY PROPOSITIONS ( METAPHYSICS1 ?AT ,J\FFROY AMONG O!RS HAS DECL>$ 9V9CIBLE4  

 ,MY RESPONSE WILL BE BRIEF1 S9CE IT IS MADE 9 ADVANCE1 & SO IT WILL HAVE ! HOPE ( BE+ AS CLE> AS IT IS DECISIVE4  

 ,ON ! FIR/ PO9T1 NAMELY BY :AT SIGN WE RECOGNIZE ! G5]AL IDEA OR LAW1 ,I RESPOND ?AT IT IS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! UNITY ( DIV]SITY :I* CON/ITUTES ! S]IES1 G5US1 OR SPECIES1 9 %ORT1 BY ! GR\P4 ,IT IS LIKE ! KN[L$GE ( ?+S !MSELVES1 A SIMPLE 9TUITION4 ,WILL Y\ ASK NEXT H[ ! M9D P]CEIVES UNITY8 ,?AT AM\NTS TO ASK+ H[ !RE IS SOME?+ OR SOMEONE :O SEES & :O ?9KS4 ,I WILL NOT RESPOND TO ?AT QUE/ION ANY MORE ?AN TO ?IS O!R3 ,H[ DOES SOME?+ EXI/8 ,?\<T1 ! FACULTY ( DISCOV]+ & EXPRESS+ ! DIV]SIFI$ UNITY1 IS ! ORIG9AL1 PRIOR1 IMM$IATELY GIV51 & ?US 9EXPLICABLE FACT ( SCI5CE & ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,)\T ! FACULTY ( P]CEIV+ UNITY1 !RE IS NO MORE ?\<T1 NO MORE CONSCI\SNESS1 NO MORE EXI/5CE1 NO?+ MORE AT ALL4 ,I AM1 ,I ?9K1 ,I POSSESS UNITY4 ,OR1 LEAV+ ASIDE ?AT GRAMMATICAL P]SONALITY1 :I* IS ITSELF ONLY AN ACCID5T1 SOME?+ IS1 SOME?+ ?9KS1 SOME?+ IS ONE3 ALL !SE PROPOSITIONS >E ID5TICAL = ME4 ,!Y SIGNIFY ?AT ! ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( MY ?\<T IS TO SEE ! LAW1 & TO SEE ONLY ! LAW4 ,I DO NOT PROVE ?AT P]CEPTION2 ,I AFFIRM IT ) ,DESC>TES1 & ) ,MALEBRAN*E3 AS ,I ?9K ONLY BY VIRTUE ( MY FACULTY TO P]CEIVE UNITY1 ON ! ONE H& ,I DISCOV] UNITY EV]Y:]E1 & ON ! O!R ,I SEE EV]Y?+ 9 UNITY4  

 ,ON ! SECOND PO9T1--?AT IS1 IF ! UNITY OR LAW ?AT MY ?\<T DISCOV]S1 :I* CONSEQU5TLY BECOMES IMM$IATELY ! LAW OR =M ( MY ?\<T1 IS A PRODUCT ( MY ?\<T1 OR IF IT IS AT ! SAME TIME ! LAW ( ?+S1 & IF CONSEQU5TLY1 ?IRD PO9T1 IT IMPLIES ! EXI/5CE1 EXT]NAL TO MY ?\<T1 ( :AT ,I CALL ?+S--,I RESPOND ?AT ?IS D\BLE QUE/ION IS NOT ONE = ME1 & ?AT IT CAN ONLY BE ADDRESS$ TO ?OSE :O1 NOT ACKN[L$G+ ! SYN!TIC IDEA ( MOVEM5T AS ! BASIS ( ONTOLOGY & LOGIC1 DEP>T FROM ! DI/9CTION ( SUB/ANCES1 & FROM ! DIV]SE DEGREES ( BE+ MAKE SO MANY DIFF]5T BE+S4  

 ,9DE$1 IF IT IS TRUE1 AS ,I BELIEVE ,I HAVE PROV51 ?AT ONTOLOGICAL DUALISM IS ! RESULT ( ! ANALYSIS ( ! IDEA ( MOVEM5T & ( ! SUBSEQU5T REALIZATION ( ! CONCEPTS GIV5 BY ?AT ANALYSIS1 ALL ! OBJECTIONS DRAWN FROM ! DI/9CTION ( ME & ! NOT-ME FALL ) ?AT DI/9CTION ITSELF4#b#b ,! BE+1 AT ITS HI<E/ DEGREE ( EXI/5CE1 IS AT ONCE ME & NOT-ME3 HE CAN SAY EQUALLY1 SPEAK+ ( HIMSELF AS ( O!RS1 ,I1 Y\1 HE1 WE1 Y\ ALL1 !Y4 ,:AT E/ABLI%ES 9 HIM ! ID5TITY & ! ADEQUACY ( P]SONS1 9 ! S+UL>1 ! DUAL & ! PLURAL1 IS PRECISELY !IR CONJUGATION4  

 ,JU/ AS ,DESC>TES C\LD NOT D\BT ?AT HE ?\<T1 & AS D\BT RAIS$ ON HIS ?\<T W\LD BE ILLEGITIMATE1 JU/ SO & = MU* /RONG] REASONS1 ,I CANNOT D\BT ?AT ,I MOVE1 S9CE ?\<T IS ONLY A =M ( MOVEM5T3 9 ?IS CASE1 AS 9 ! =M]1 & MU* MORE ?AN 9 ?AT CASE1 D\BT IS CONTRADICTORY & ILLEGITIMATE4#b#c  

 ,N[1 :OEV] SAYS MOVEM5T SAYS S]IES1 DIV]SIFI$ UNITY1 OR GR\P1 CONSEQU5TLY ME & NOT-ME1 ,I & ?\1 US & !M1 ETC41 TO 9F9ITY4 ,! REVELATION ?AT ,I HAVE ( MYSELF NECESS>ILY IMPLIES ! ONE ?AT ,I HAVE ( O!RS1 & VISE-V]SA1 OR RA!R !SE TWO REVELATIONS AM\NT TO ONLY ONE3 FROM :I* IT FOLL[S ?AT ! LAWS ( ?AT ?\<T >E AT ! SAME TIME & NECESS>ILY ! LAWS ( ?+S4 ,! CONTR>Y W\LD BE A CONTRADICTION4 

 ,BESIDES1 ?AT DECISIVE ID5TITY ( ME & NOT-ME1 SO DIFFICULT TO E/ABLI% 9 ! REALM ( PURE IDEAS1 WILL BE PROV5 DIRECTLY & EMPIRICALLY BY ! PHYSIOLOGY ( ! COLLECTIVE MAN1 BY ! DEMON/RATION ( HIS FACULTIES1 ( HIS IDEAS & HIS OP]ATIONS4  

 ,:5 ONE HAS SE5 H[1 9 ! HUMAN SPECIES1 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY1 9DIVISIBLY UNIT$1 =M H[EV] TWO DI/9CT BE+S1 BO? ?9K+ ACTIVE & PROGRESSIVE2 H[ ! FIR/ RECEIVES A P>T ( ITS IDEAS FROM ! SECOND1 & EX]CISES 9 ITS TURN AN 9FLU5CE ON IT2 H[ !N ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 PRODUCTS ( 9DIVIDUAL ANALYSIS1 & CONTRADICTORY AMONG !M 9S(> AS ONE CONSID]S !M 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 RESOLVE 9TO SYN!TIC IDEAS 9 SOCIETY1 SO ?AT EA* MAN REASONS & ACTS BY VIRTUE ( A D\BLE SELF1 5JOYS A D\BLE 9TELLIG5CE1 SPEAKS A D\BLE LANGUAGE1 PURSUES A D\BLE 9T]E/2 :51 ,I SAY1 ONE WILL TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?AT ORGANIC DUALISM S5S$ BY ALL RELIGIONS1 & :I* COMPOSES AT ONCE COLLECTIVE EXI/5CE & 9DIVIDUAL EXI/5CES1 ONE WILL CONCEIVE MORE EASILY ! RESOLUTION ( ! CONTR>IES 9 ONTOLOGY & METAPHYSICS1 & ! SC&AL ( ! DIV]G5CE & CONTRADICTION ( ! PHILOSOPHIES WILL REA* ITS 5D4  

 ,!SE PHILOSOPHIES WILL ALL APPE> TRUE1 AS SPECIAL ANALYTIC D$UCTIONS ( ! UNIV]SAL !ORY ( MOVEM5T2 BUT EA* ( !M WILL ALSO APPE> FALSE1 9S(> AS !Y ASPIRE TO MAKE A S*ISM1 & EXCLUDE !IR RIVALS4#b#d ,?US1 ! PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEM BE+ RESOLV$1 IT WILL BE TRUE TO SAY ?AT ! PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEM5T IS ACCOMPLI%$3 9 ! PLACE ( SY/EMS1 />T+ FROM AN >BITR>Y CONCEPTION & LEAD+ TO A FATAL CONTRADICTION1 WE W\LD HAVE PROGRESSIVE SCI5CE1 ! EV]-GREAT] APPREH5SION ( BE+1 ( LAW & ( UNITY4  

 ,?US RELIGI\S DOGMATISM W\LD ALSO RECEIVE ITS RATIONAL 9T]PRETATION1 & ! POLITICAL ORD] ITS FREE CON/ITUTION3 EV]Y !OSOPHY DY+ AWAY 9 ! REALM ( MORALS1 EV]Y CULT 9 $UCATION1 ALL GOV]NM5T 9 ECONOMICS1 ALL AU?ORITY 9 CONTRACTS4  

 ,?US1 F9ALLY1 WE W\LD KN[ :Y1 ! ECONOMIC SCI5CE HAV+ UNTIL REC5TLY BE5 LACK+1 G5]AL EQUITY MU/ >RIVE SO LATE2 :Y ! HUMANIT>Y EVOLUTION :I* 5D$ A FIR/ TIME1 = ! CULTS AT ! FALL ( POLY!ISM1 = POLITICS AT ! RU9 ( EMPIRE ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 HAD TO BEG9 AGA9 ) ,*RI/IANITY1 FEUDALISM & MOD]N PHILOSOPHY2 :Y1 9 A WORD1 LEAV+ ASIDE ! PROGRESS ( 9DU/RY & ! SCI5CES1 CIVILIZATION HAS BE5 = FIFTE5 C5TURIES ONLY A REPETITION4  

 ,S9CE ! !ORY ( 9T]E/S HAD BE5 NEGLECT$1 IT WAS NECESS>Y = US TO COPY ALL1 TO REPEAT ALL FROM ! ,ROMANS & ! ,GREEKS1 FROM ! ANTIQUE TYRANNY UP TO ECLECTICISM1 FROM SLAV]Y TO COMMUNISM1 FROM ! MO/ F]OCI\S SUP]/ITION TO MY/ICISM1 ! KABBALAH & GNOSIS4 ,N[ NO?+ REMA9S = US TO TAKE2 ! TRADITION IS EXHAU/$3 WE >E =C$ TO BECOME ORIG9AL 9 \R TURN1 & TO CONT9UE ! MOVEM5T4  
                                                                                                                                                        

 ,BUT NO?+ 9 NATURE IS PRODUC$ )\T PA93 ! LA/ REVOLUTION ( ,HUMANITY DID NOT ESCAPE ?AT LAW4 ,! 9T]E/S1 SURPRIS$ 9 !IR FOOLI%NESS1 >E FRI<T5$2 SUP]/ITION RO>S1 P$ANTRY BELL[S1 ! /ATUS QUO PROTE/S4 ,!SE >E TRIUMPHANT SYMPTOMS1 :I* 9DICATE TO US ?AT ! REVOLUTION P5ETRATES1 ?AT IT ACTS ON & POSSESSES SOCIETY4  

 ,SLEEP 9 PEACE1 RE=M]S3 ! WORLD HAS NO NE$ ( Y\4  

 ,ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 AL?\< ITS CON/ITUTION IS NOT A*IEV$1 IS ALREADY TOO P[]FUL = IT TO ALL[ ! OLD PREJUDICES TO UND]TAKE ANY?+ AGA9/ ITS DECREES1 :I* >E ! DECREES ( ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4  

 ,NO MORE B>B>IANS1 CAPABLE ( IMPOS+ ON CIVILIZATION ! TORTURE ( A NEW FEUDALISM4 ,W]E !Y \R MA/]S1 ! ,COSSACKS W\LD BE NO?+3 !Y W\LD NO SOON] SET FOOT ON ! SACR$ GR\ND ( ,PROGRESS ?AN !Y W\LD BECOME ITS APO/LES4  

 ,NO MORE RELIGI\S CURR5T :I* C\LD1 AS 9 ! FIR/ C5TURY ( \R ]A1 ABSORB & RECA/ 9 A SUP]IOR CULT ! MULTIPLICITY ( ,*UR*ES2 NO MORE ,*RI/ NOR ,MOHAM$1 :O D>ES TO REPEAT1 AFT] ,VOLTAIRE3  

 ,WE NE$ A NEW CULT1 WE NE$ NEW IRONS1  
 ,WE NE$ A NEW GOD = ! BL9D UNIV]SE6  

  

 ,ALL IS F9I%$6 ,WE HAVE SALVATION ONLY 9 9NOVATION & MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS NOT TO Y\1 SIR1 ?AT ONE MU/ CRY3 ,?OSE :O HAVE E>S1 LET !M HE>6 ,Y\ HE> &1 BETT] ?AN ANY O!R1 Y\ KN[ H[ TO EXPRESS TO ! PUBLIC !SE TWO V]Y SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS3  

 ,AFFIRMATION ( ,P,R,O,G,R,E,S,S3  

 ,NEGATION ( ! ,A,B,S,O,L,U,T,E4  

 ,I AM1 ETC4  
  
,N,O,T,E,S   

 #a ,TRANSLATION BY ,%AWN ,P4 ,WILBUR1 ) ASSI/ANCE FROM ,JESSE ,COHN1 #b#i4 ,LEFT,LIB]TY PRES5TS3 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,PROGRESS  

 #b ,9 ! ?IRTE5?3 I4E41 09 ! ?IRTE5? >RONDISSEM5T ( ,P>IS10 :I*1 BE=E #a#h#f1 HAD ONLY #ab >RONDISSEM5TS - I4E41 NOT REALLY M>RI$1 OR 0LIV+ 9 S940  

 #c ,! IDEA (  ,PROGRESS IS NOT NEW4 ,IT HAD NOT ESCAP$ ! ANCI5TS4 7,SEE DE L',IDEE DU ,PROGRES1 BY ,J,A,V,],Y1 #a VOL4 9-#h01 ,ORLEANS1 #a#h#e47 ,PLATO & ! /OICS1 ,>I/OTLE1 ,CIC]O & A CR[D ( O!RS1 )\T C\NT+ ! POETS & MY?OLOGI/S1 CLE>LY UND]/OOD IT4 ,AMONG ! MOD]NS1 IT WAS EXPRESS$ BY ,PASCAL1 & SUNG1 AS IT W]E1 BY ,BOSSUET1 9 HIS ,DISC\RS SUR L'HI/OIRE UNIV]SELLE1 COMPOS$ 9 ! IMITATION ( ,DANIEL ET DE ,FLORUS4 ,IT WAS REPRODUC$1 ) NEW =CE1 BY ,LESS+1 S]V$ AS MOTTO = ! SECT ( ! ,ILLUM9ATI ( ,WEIS%AUPT1 & MADE1 9 ! EPO* ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! ORIG9ALITY ( ,CONDORCET4 ,BUT IT IS ABOVE ALL 9 \R C5TURY ?AT IT HAS BE5 POSIT$ ) BRILLIANCE4 ,ALL ! SOCIALI/IC S*OOLS HAVE 9VOK$ IT AS ! PR9CIPLE ( !IR CRITIQUE1 & UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T HAVE MADE IT A P>T ( !IR SY/EMS4 ,ONE KN[S ! HI/ORICAL DIVISION ( ,SA9T-,SIMON3 ,!OCRACY1 ,FEUDALISM OR GOV]NM5TALISM1 ,9DU/RY2--?AT ( ,AUGU/ ,COMTE3 ,RELIGION1 ,METAPHYSICS OR PHILOSOPHY1 & ,POSITIVISM2--?AT ( ,F\RI]3 ,$5ISM1 ,SAVAG]Y1 ,PATRI>*Y1 ,B>B>Y1 ,CIVILIZATION1 ,G>ANTEEISM1 ,H>MONY4 ,PROGRESS HAS S]V$ ,PI]RE ,L]\X TO REJUV5ATE ! DOGMA ( METEMPSY*OSIS1 &1 AN EV5 /RANG] ?+1 ,BU*EZ BELIEVES HE HAS F\ND !RE ! LA/ WORD ( ,CA?OLICISM4 ,IT W\LD BE USELESS TO 5UM]ATE1 NOT JU/ ALL ! WRIT]S1 BUT ALL ! !ORIES1 ALL ! SECTS & S*OOLS :I* >E PREVAIL$ OV] BY ! IDEA ( ,PROGRESS4 ,DEMOCRACY 9 ITS TURN HAS TAK5 HOLD ( IT1 )\T SUSPECT+ ?AT SU* AN ACQUISITION WAS AS 9COMPATIBLE ) ITS (FICIAL DOCTR9ES AS ) !OLOGY ITSELF4 ,WE HAVE NOT =GOTT5 ! ,REVUE DU ,PROGRES1 ?AT ,L\IS ,BLANC COMPOS$ UNTIL >\ND #a#h#d4 ,V]Y REC5TLY1 ANO!R DEMOCRATIC WRIT]1 ,EUG5E ,PELLETAN1 HAS TAK5 IT = ! SUBJECT ( A PUBLICATION ?AT LACKS1 IT IS SAID1 NEI!R PHILOSOPHY NOR 9T]E/4 ,UND] ! NAME ( ,LIB]TE ABSOLUE1 IT IS /ILL ,PROGRESS ?AT IS AFFIRM$ BY ! $ITOR 9 *IEF ( LA ,PRESSE1 ,M4 DE ,GIR>D94 ,F9ALLY1 !RE >E NONE EV5 AMONG \R MO/ BITT] CONS]VATIVES :O DO NOT CLAIM ,PROGRESS3 9 !IR LANGUAGE1 ,PROGRESS1 OPPOS$ TO ! ,REVOLUTION1 9DICATES A MOVEM5T SO SL[ ?AT IT IS ! EQUIVAL5T ( /ASIS4  

 ,DESPITE ALL !SE /UDIES1 IT CAN BE SAID ?AT ,PROGRESS REMA9S )9 PHILOSOPHY 9 ! /ATE ( A SIMPLE PH5OM5ON3 AS A PR9CIPLE1 IT HAS NOT 5T]$ 9TO ! SPECULATION4 ,IT IS YET NEI!R A TRU? NOR A M]E ]ROR4 ,AS LONG AS IT HAD BE5 CONCEIV$ AS ! V]Y BE+ ( BE+S1 ONE HAD H>DLY SE5 !RE ANY?+ BUT AN ACCID5T ( CREATION1 OR A M>* ( SOCIETY T[>DS A CULM9AT+ & DEF9ITIVE /ATE1 ?AT EA* HAD TRI$ TO PR$ICT OR DESCRIBE1 ACCORD+ TO HIS 9DIVIDUAL ASPIRATIONS1 9 ! FA%ION ( ! LEGISLATORS & UTOPI/S 9 ALL ]AS4  

 #d  ,:Y IS DESPOTIC GOV]NM5T ALSO CALL$ ABSOLUTE8 ,IT IS NOT ONLY BECAUSE ! PR9CE OR DESPOT PUTS HIS WILL ABOVE ! WILL ( ! NATION1 HIS GOOD PLEASURE 9 ! PLACE ( ! LAW4  

,P]SONALITY & >BITR>9ESS 9 P[] >E ONLY A CONSEQU5CE ( ABSOLUTISM4 ,GOV]NM5T IS CALL$ ABSOLUTE1 FIR/ BECAUSE IT IS 9 ITS NATURE TO CONC5TRATE1 EI!R 9 A S+LE MAN1 9 A COMMITTEE OR AN ASSEMBLY1 A MULTIPLICITY ( ATTRIBUTIONS1 ! ESS5CE ( :I* IS TO BE SEP>AT$ OR S]IAT$1 ACCORD+ TO A LOGICAL D$UCTION2 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 BECAUSE ONCE ?AT CONC5TRATION IS C>RI$ \T1 ALL MOVEM5T OR ,PROGRESS BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE 9 ! ,/ATE1 & ?US 9 ! NATION4 ,>E ! K+S NOT CALL$ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ,GOD8444 ,IT IS BECAUSE !Y AFFECT1 LIKE ?AT ALLEG$ ABSOLUTE BE+1 UNIV]SALITY1 ET]NITY & IMMUTABILITY4--,! PEOPLE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALL DIVISION & MOVEM5T1 >E ! 9C>NATION ( ,PROGRESS4 ,?IS IS :Y DEMOCRACY IS AV]SE TO AU?ORITY3 IT RETURNS TO IT ONLY BY DELEGATION1 MIDDLE T]M BETWE5 LIB]TY & ABSOLUTISM  
  

 #e  ,ABSOLUTE GOV]NM5T IS ?US1 A PRIORI1 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ALSO1 ! CRIME ( ! DESPOTS IS MU* LESS 9 ! P]PETRATION ( !IR IDEA ?AN 9 !IR WILL TO COMMIT IT3 IT IS ?AT P[]LESS WILL :I* MAKES ! LIB]TICIDE4  

 #f ,PROTAGORAS SAYS3 ,!RE IS NO?+ EXCEPT 9 RELATION TO SOME?+ ELSE4 ,! ONE IS ?US ONLY A HYPO!SIS2 ! SELF IS NOT A BE+3 IT IS A ,F,A,C,T1 A PH5OM5ON1 & ?AT IS ALL4  

 #g ,WE KN[ ?AT ! ORIG9AL MEAN+ ( ! WORDS S\L & SPIRIT IS BREA?1 RESPIRATION4 ,IT IS ACCORD+ TO ?IS MAT]IAL IMAGE ?AT ! ANCI5TS CONCEIV$ !IR PNEUMATOLOGY1 :I* PLAC$ ! S\L 9 ! LUNGS1 & QUITE LOGICALLY D5I$ IT TO /ONES & PLANTS1 S9CE !Y C\LD NOT BE SE5 TO BREA!4 ,LAT]1 9 ITS TURN1 FLAME BECAME ! T]M ( COMP>ISON1 & ! S\L WAS LODG$ 9 ! BLOOD4 ,! BLOOD ( AN ANIMAL IS ITS S\L1 SAYS ! ,BIBLE4 ,DESC>TES PUT IT 9 ! P9EAL GL&4 ,IT IS A/ONI%+ ?AT ! DISCOV]IES ( MOD]N PHYSICS HAVE NOT L$ TO A MORE RADICAL REVOLUTION 9 PNEUMATOLOGY4 ,ALL BODIES RADIAT+ CALORIC1 LI<T & ELECTRICITY1 ALL >E 9 A /ATE ( P]PETUAL ABSORPTION & EXUDATION1 ALL >E P5ETRAT$ & 5VELOP$ BY A FLUID ) IT NORMALLY 9VISIBLE1 BUT :I* SOMETIMES BECOMES APP>5T1 AS 9 COMBU/ION1 ELECTRICAL DIS*>GE1 ! AURORA BOREALIS1 ETC4 ,IT IS BY ?IS FLUID1 ?AT WE LIKE TO CONSID] ! S\L ( ! WORLD1 ?AT BODIES ACT ON ONE ANO!R1 ATTRACT1 REPULSE & COMB9E ) ONE ANO!R1 PASS 9TO ! SOLID1 LIQUID OR GASE\S /ATE4 ,:AT PREV5TS US FROM SAY+ ?AT ! HUMAN S\L IS ALSO A FLUID1 =M$ FROM ! COMB9ATION ( SEV]AL O!RS1 AS ! FLE% & BONE >E COMPOS$ ( V>I\S ELEM5TS1 :I* 5VELOPS & P5ETRATES ! BODY1 C\RSES ?R\< ! N]VES1 MAKES ! BLOOD CIRCULATE1 :I* PUTS US1 AT A DI/ANCE1 9 MORE OR LESS 9TIMATE RELATIONS ) \R FELL[S1 & BY ?AT COMMUNICATION CREATES SUP]IOR GR\PS1 OR NEW NATURES8444  

 ,IF WE PU% ?AT /UDY AS F> AS ONE W\LD LIKE1 WE WILL NEV] SEE1 \RSELVES1 9 ALL !SE FLUID MANIFE/ATIONS1--EV5 SUPPOS+ !M AS FREE ( ]ROR1 ( *>LATANISM & ( SUP]/ITION AS ! MO/ RIGOR\S SCI5CE CAN DEM&1--ANY?+ BUT ANALYTIC OR SYMMETRIC SPECULATIONS ON BE+1 ITS ATTRIBUTES & ITS FACULTIES4 ,! TRANSC5D5T EXI/5CE1 TO \R EYES1 IS NOT ?AT ( SUPPOS$ SPIRITS OR >OMAS :I*1 SEP>AT$ FROM !IR BODIES1 >E AS *IM]ICAL AS TIME OR SPACE W\LD BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! IDEA ( MOVEM5T2 IT IS ! S5SIBLE1 9TELLIG5T & MORAL MAN2 IT IS ABOVE ALL ! HUMAN GR\P1 ,SOCIETY4  

 #h ,MOD]N SCI5CE CONFIRMS ?AT DEF9ITION ( BE+4 ,! MORE ?AT PHYSICS & *EMI/RY ADVANCE1 ! MORE !Y DEMAT]IALIZE1 & T5D TO CON/ITUTE !MSELVES ON PURELY MA!MATICAL NOTIONS4  

 #i 0,MAN IS ONLY A FRAGM5T ( BE+3 ! TRUE BE+ IS ! COLLECTIVE BE+1 ,HUMANITY1 :I* DOES NOT DIE1 :I*1 9 ITS UNITY1 DEVELOPS UNCEAS+LY1 RECEIV+ FROM EA* ( ITS MEMB]S ! PRODUCT ( ITS [N ACTIVITY1 & COMMUNICAT+ TO IT1 ACCORD+ TO ! MEASURE 9 :I* IT CAN P>TICIPATE1 ! PRODUCT ( ! ACTIVITY ( ALL3 A BODY ( :I* ! GR[? HAS NO ASSIGNABLE 5D1 :I*1 FOLL[+ ! IMMUTABLE LAWS ( IT CONS]VATION & EVOLUTION1 DI/RIBUTES LIFE TO ! V>I\S ORGANS :I* P]PETUALLY R5EW IT1 BY P]PETUALLY R5EW+ !MSELVES40  7,DE LA ,SOCIETE PREMI]E ET DE SES LOIS1 BY ,L,A,M,5,N,A,I,S1 #a#h#d#h47  

 ,:O W\LD NOT BELIEVE1 AFT] HAV+ READ ?IS PASSAGE :]E ! OBJECTIVE1 ORGANIC1 P]SONAL REALITY ( ! COLLECTIVE BE+ IS AFFIRM$ ) ALL ! 5]GY & PROPRIETY ( EXPRESSION ( :I* ! LANGUAGE IS CAPABLE1 ?AT ! AU?OR WAS GO+ TO GIVE ! ANATOMY1 PHYSIOLOGY1 PSY*OLOGY1 ETC41 ( SOCIETY8 ,BUT ,LAM5NAIS IS A GREAT POET & NOT MU* ( A NATURALI/4 ,! METAPHOR RETURNS TO ! DIV9E2 & :ILE HE BELIEVES HE ONLY MAKES AN ALLEGORY1 HE POSITS1 UNKN[N+LY1 A REAL BE+ ( :I* HE IS UNAW>E4 ,AFT] HAV+ SPOK5 AS A HUMANIT>Y PHILOSOPH] ( ! COLLECTIVE BE+1 ,M4 DE ,LAM5NAIS RETURNS TO SEEK+ ! LAWS ( SOCIETY 9 !OLOGY2 HE ANALYZES ! DOGMAS ( ! ,TR9ITY & ( ,GRACE1 & FALLS AGA9 9TO ! 9TELLECTUAL VOID1 PROP] TO ! MY/ICS & ! PHRASEOLOGI/S4  

 ,I C\LD CITE /ILL O!R WRIT]S :O1 LIKE ,LAM5NAIS1 SEEM TO HAVE T\*$ ! REALITY ( ! SOCIAL BE+1 & SPEAK 9 ! F9E/ T]MS ( ITS S\L1 ( ITS G5IUS1 ( ITS PASSIONS1 ( ITS IDEAS1 ( ITS ACTS1 ETC4 ,BUT ONE QUICKLY P]CEIVES ?AT ALL ( ?AT IS ONLY FIGURE & V]BIAGE ON !IR P>T2 !RE IS NOT A FACT1 NOT AN OBS]VATION1 :I* TE/IFIES ?AT !Y HAVE UND]/OOD !IR [N WORDS4 ,IT IS LIKE ! /YLE ( ?OSE ECONOMI/S1 :OM ONE W\LD JUDGE1 TO READ !M1 DISCIPLES ( ,BABOEUF OR ( ,CABET1 BUT ?AT ONE SOON RECOGNIZES1 BY !IR ANTI-SOCIALI/ PROTE/ATIONS1 = ! MO/ HYPOCRITICAL & MO/ 9SIPID ( *ATT]BOXES4  

 #a  0,IS ,GOD1 ! SUB/ANCE-CAUSE1 SIMPLE OR MULTIPLE8 ,IF HE IS SIMPLE AS ,SP9OZA ?\<T1 BY :AT MEANS1 BY :AT ACTION1 BY :AT LAW1 CAN HE PASS FROM HIS MODE ( METAPHYSICAL ACTION TO ! MODE ( F9ITE EXI/5CE1 & MANIFE/ HIMSELF PHYSICALLY BY =M1 V>IETY & SUCCESSION1 9 SPACE & TIME1 )\T DIVID+ HIMSELF8 ,!RE IS ! CRUX ( ! DIFFICULTY4 ,SP9OZA DID NOT1 & C\LD NOT1 RESOLVE IT4  

 0,) ! SIMPLE & 9DIVIDUAL CON/ITUTION GIV5 TO ! SUB/ANCE-CAUSE1 ,GOD1 5D[$ MOREOV] ) ALL ! O!R !OLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES1 IS1 9 ,SP9OZISM1 NO?+ O!R ?AN A SOLIT>Y ATOM ( :I* ! EXT5T IS 9F9ITE4 ,?AT ATOM1 9F9ITELY EXT5D$1 OCCUPIES BY ITSELF ALL SPACE1 OR RA!R !RE IS NO SPACE1 & ! 9DIVISIBLE EXPANSE ( ,GOD1 9 ITS 9F9ITY1 IS NO?+ O!R ?AN :AT WE MEAN BY SPACE4  

 0,N[1 9 ?AT SIMPLE & 9DIVISIBLE BE+1 9 ?AT ,GOD-ATOM1 9F9ITE 9 EXT5SION1 ! PROP]TY ( EXT5T BE+ 9DIVISIBLE1 S9CE ! SUBJECT :I* POSSESSES IT IS SIMPLE1 IT IS NOT POSSIBLE1 NUMB] NOT EXI/+ 9 IT1 TO F9D ! REASON NOR ! MEANS ( ANY ACTION :ATSOEV] BY :I* ,GOD PRODUCES ! MULTITUDE ( EXT5D$ & F9I%$ BE+S :I* CON/ITUTE ! PH5OM5A ( ! UNIV]SE3 HIS CON/ITUTION IS OPPOS$ TO IT4 ,AS HE IS 9F9ITE 9 HIS SIMPLE & 9DIVISIBLE EXT5T1 & !RE IS NO?+ \TSIDE ( HIM1 HE CANNOT HAVE 9 HIMSELF ANY?+ BUT HIMSELF1 ?AT IS TO SAY A SIMPLE ATOM1 9F9ITE 9 EXT5T40 7,*4 ,L,E,M,A,I,R,E1 ,9ITIATION A LA PHILOSOPHIE DE LA ,LIB]TE1 T4 ,I,I47  

 ,M4 DE ,LAM5NAIS1 ,ESQUISE D'UNE PHILOSOPHIE1 HAS S5S$ ! DIFFICULTY1 & HE HAS ATTEMPT$ TO RESOLVE IT1 AFT] ! EXAMPLE ( ! GNO/ICS & KABBALI/S1 BY MAK+ USE (  DIV9E HYPO/ASES1 ,LOVE1 ,WILL1 ,9TELLIG5CE1 9 ORD] TO MAKE !M PRODUCE 9 ,GOD1 ACCORD+ TO !IR CATEGORIES1 ALL BE+S4 ,M4 ,*4 ,LEMAIRE REFUTES ?AT SY/EM 9 ?IS WAY3 0,) ! CON/ITUTIONAL SIMPLICITY ( ,GOD1 ! CONDITION :I* NECESS>ILY DOM9ATES ?AT ONE ( HIS ATTRIBUTES ?AT WE CALL ! UND]/&+1 :ATEV]1 MOREOV]1 ! NUMB] & V>IETY ( O!R ATTRIBUTES ?AT WE HAVE GIV5 TO ,GOD 9 ORD] TO MAKE IT COME \T FROM ITS 9ACTION & ITS P[]LESS TO =M FROM ITS [N SUB/ANCE UNIT$ BE+S1 ALL !SE ATTRIBUTES1 SU* AS ,P[]1 ,SCI5CE1 ,LOVE EV51 CAN ONLY S]VE TO =M MY?OLOGICAL OR AB/RACT P]SONIFICATIONS2 BUT !Y >E )\T EFFICACY TO G5]ATE ! SMALLE/ F9I%$ BE+1 ! SMALLE/ =M1 ! SMALLE/ DI/9CT P]SONALITY 9 ,GOD OR AP>T FROM ,GOD1 & !Y COME LOGICALLY TO FAIL BE=E ! SIMPLICITY & 9DIVISIBILITY ( ?AT ,GOD1 BE+ 9F9ITE & 9COMM5SURABLE ) RESPECT TO EXT5T4  

 0,) REG>D TO EFFECTS1 ,GOD1 SIMPLE & 9DIVISIBLE SUB/ANCE1 CANNOT !N BE ! CAUSE ( F9I%$ BE+S4 ,IF ONE SUPPOSES1 9 ORD] TO GET \T ( ?AT DIFFICULTY1 ?AT ! O!R ATTRIBUTES ( ,GOD1 SU* AS P[] & SCI5CE1 C\LD *ANGE HIS ORIG9AL CON/ITUTION1 & DIVIDE ?AT :I* IS DECL>$ TO BE SIMPLE & 9DIVISIBLE1 ONE FALLS 9TO CONTRADICTION1 & SAYS ?AT ! ,GOD :I* ONE HAS DECL>$ TO BE SIMPLE W\LD HIMSELF DE/ROY ! CONDITION ( HIS [N EXI/5CE40  

 #aa ,EV]Y SOCIAL !ORY NECESS>ILY BEG9S ) A !ORY ( REASON & A SOLUTION ( ! COSMO- !OLOGICAL PROBLEM4 ,NO PHILOSOPHY HAS LACK$ ?AT REQUIREM5T4 ,?IS IS :AT EXPLA9S :Y ! P>TIZANS ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL HI]>*Y ALL BEG9 FROM A !OSOPHIC IDEA1 :ILE ! DEMOCRATS G5]ALLY 9CL9E T[>DS AN ABSOLUTE EMANCIPATION ( REASON & CONSCI5CE4 ,9 ORD] TO DEMOCRATIZE ! HUMAN RACE1 9SI/S ,*>LES ,LEMAIRE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO DEMON>*IZE ! ,UNIV]SE4  

 #ab ,PRELIBATION3 (F]+ ( ! FIR/ FRUITS4--,$,I,T,O,R4  

 #ac ,IT IS NOT KN[L$GE ALONE ?AT IS AUGM5T$1 ANY MORE ?AN MORALITY2 ! WORK ( ! REASON REACTS ON ! REASON1 & IS ALSO REASON4 ,\R FACULTIES1 TAK5 9 ! AV]AGE ( !IR 5SEMBLE1 >E NO LONG] ( ! SAME DEGREE NOR ( ! SAME QUALITY AS !Y W]E AMONG \R FA!RS3 !RE ALSO !RE IS MOVEM5T4  

 #ad ,! DEA? ( ! JU/1 CELEBRAT$ 9 ! ,SCRIPTURES1 & ! ANNIHILATION 9 ,GOD1 :I* =MS ! BASIS ( BUDDHISM1 >E NO?+ O!R ?AN ?AT4 ,! MY/ICISM ( ,G]SON1 ,/4 ,!RESA1 ,FRANCIS DE ,SALES & ,F5ELON1 /ILL LEADS !RE4 ,! ,*UR* ( ,ROME1 9 CONDEMN+ ! LATT]1 HAS RA!R BLAM$ ! REVELATION ( ! SECRET ?AN ! CORRUPTION ( ! DOCTR9E4  

 #ae ,! ACADEMICS1 BY !IR LACK ( FRANKNESS1 HAVE PRODUC$ A G5]ATION ( LIB]T9ES2 ! ,JESUITS1 ) !IR BIGOTRY1 HAVE CREAT$ A G5]ATION ( A!I/S4 ,:ILE MAK+ S\LS DESPAIR DUR+ LIFE1 !Y H&LE G5TLY ! B5EFIT ( TE/IMONIES 9 EXTREMIS4 ,ASK1 AFT] ?AT1 :Y ! PEOPLE NE$ RELIGION6  

 #af ,BY ASCETIC1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO UND]/& H]E 9DU/RIAL EX]CISE1 OR ,L,A,B,O,R1 CONSID]$ S]VILE & IGNOBLE AMONG ! ANCI5TS4  

 #ag  ,\R CONS]VATIVE PUBLIC IS NOT ( ?AT OP9ION4 ,IT IS 5\< = IT TO BE CALL$ HONE/ & MOD]ATE2 IT WANTS TO BE MADE BEAUTIFUL & TO BE BELIEV$ SU*4 ,AN >TI/1 :O 9 !IR /UDIO PRACTICE FOLL[$ ! PR9CIPLES ( AES!TICS =MULAT$ H]E1 W\LD BE TREAT$ AS S$ITI\S1 DRIV5 FROM ! RANKS1 DEPRIV$ ( ,/ATE COMMISSIONS1 & CONDEMN$ TO DIE ( HUNG]4  

 #ah ,! ,GREEKS1 CONV]T$ TO ,*RI/IANITY1 REPRES5T ! ,MAN-,GOD AS OLD1 ?91 SUFF]+ & UGLY1 9 CON=MANCE ) ! TEXT ( ,ISAIAH1 *4 #e#c4  

 #ai ,= >T1 !RE >E1 & REALLY ONLY CAN HAVE BE5 ONLY TWO ]AS3 ! RELIGI\S OR IDOLATR\S EPO*1 ( :I* ! ,GREEKS FURNI%$ ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION1 & ! 9DU/RIAL OR HUMANIT>Y EPO*1 :I* H>DLY SEEMS TO HAVE BEGUN4  

 ,! C5TURY ( ,AUGU/US WAS ONLY A CONT9UATION ( ?AT ( ,P]ICLES3 >T1 PASS+ FROM ! S]VICE ( ! GODS TO ?AT ( ! CONQU]ORS1 BEGAN TO DECL9E1 NOT ) REG>D TO F9I% OR EXECUTION1 BUT ) REG>D TO ! CONCEPTION ( BEAUTY4 ,SU* MODELS AS ! EMP]ORS1 ! PATRICIANS & !IR WIVES6 ,SU* TYPES AS ! LAZY & F]OCI\S PLEBS1 ! GLADIATORS & PRETORIANS6  

 ,! ,R5AISSANCE WAS 9 ITS TURN1 AS ! NAME 9DICATES1 ONLY A PA/I*E4 ,!RE IS NOT1 & !RE C\LD NEV] BE A ,*RI/IAN >T4 ,ANTIQUITY HAV+ BE5 SUDD5LY EXHUM$1 ONE GAVE UP ! EMACIAT$ ,*RI/S1 ! ANGUL> & PALE ,MADONNAS = ! ,JUPIT]S1 ,APOLLOS & ,V5USES3 ! >TI/S ( ,JULES ,I,I & ,LEON ,X HAD NO O!R 9SPIRATIONS4 ,ALSO1 ?AT MOVEM5T ( AN IMITATIVE >T1 A REV]SAL = ! TRADITION1 )\T POSSIBLE 9TELLIG5CE = ! FUTURE1 C\LD NOT SU/A9 ITSELF3 IT WAS A SC&AL ( LUXURY & CURIOSITY4 ,AS ONE H>DLY BELIEV$ ANYMORE 9 ,JESUS & ! ,VIRG91 & TODAY WE NO LONG] BELIEVE AT ALL1 ONE SOON CAME TO LOSE 9T]E/ 9 !IR IMAGES2 & ?AT CA?OLIC C>NIVAL HAV+ PASS$1 >T F\ND ITSELF AGA9 COMPLETELY EMPTY1 )\T PR9CIPLE1 )\T OBJECT & )\T AIM4  

,! C5TURY ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V HAS BE5 = US LIKE ?AT ( ,LEO ,X HAD BE5 = ,ITALY1 A CLASSICAL EX]CISE4 ,IT HAS PASS$ QUICKLY2 & ! MORE WE SEE IT MOVE AWAY1 ! MORE IT SEEMS TO US BEL[ ITS REPUTATION4  

 ,AT PRES5T1 ! WORLD ( >TS & LETT]S IS1 LIKE ! POLITICAL WORLD1 GIV5 OV] TO DISSOLUTION4 ,WE HAVE HAD SUCCESSIVELY3 UND] ,L\IS ,X,I,V1 ! DISPUTE ( ! ANCI5TS & ! MOD]NS2 UND] ,L\IS ,X,V1 ?AT ( ! ,PICC9I/ES1 & ! ,GLUCKI/ES2 UND] ! RE/ORATION1 ?AT ( ! CLASSICALS & ! ROMANTICS2 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! BATTLES ( FAI? & REASON1 ( AU?ORITY & LIB]TY1 ! ECONOMIC & CON/ITUTIONAL CONTROV]SIES4 ,9 SIXTY-F\R YE>S1 !RE HAVE BE5 9 ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T A DOZ5 REVOLUTIONS & SIXTE5 C\PS D',ETAT EXECUT$ SOMETIMES BY P[]1 & SOMETIMES BY ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS C]TA9LY DOES NOT TE/IFY TO A GREAT POLITICAL G5IUS4 ,:AT C\LD LIT]ATURE & ! >TS BE1 ALONGSIDE ?AT AN>*Y8  

 ,9 #i#c1 WE W]E /ILL S5SIBLE2 TODAY WE >E ONLY S5SUAL4 ,I HAD 9T5D$ TO MAKE ?AT DEF9ITION ( WOMAN4 ,A JAD$ Y\?1 )\T APPETITE & )\T HE>T1 SAYS TO Y\3 ,WOMAN IS AN OBJECT ( >T4 ,SO PA9T+ & SCULPTURE >E NO LONG] ANY?+ BUT SPECIALTIES 9 ! PORNOCRACY ( ! DAY4 ,! >TI/ CAN DO :AT HE LIKES1 BUT HE CANNOT FI<T AGA9/ ! MODEL1 ! TABLEAU VIVANT6 

 ,WOMAN AN OBJECT ( >T6 ,IT IS NOT SOCIALISM :I* DISCOV]$ ?AT444 ,I W\LD LIKE1 = \R MORE RAPID REG5]ATION1 ?AT ! MUSEUMS1 CA!DRALS1 PALACES1 SALONS & B\DOIRS1 ) ALL !IR ANCI5T & MOD]N FURNI%+S1 W]E ?R[N 9 ! FLAMES1 ) A PROHIBITION ( TW5TY YE>S AGA9/ ! >TI/S OCCUPY+ !MSELVES ) !IR >T4 ,! PA/ =GOTT51 WE C\LD MAKE SOME?+4  

 #b ,I HAVE ALL[$ ?IS PASSAGE TO REMA91 NOT 9 ORD] TO 9SULT ! MIS=TUNES ?AT ,I %>$ :5 IT WAS WRITT51 BUT 9 ORD] TO RESPOND TO TIRELESS CALUMNIES4  

,! ?+ ?AT IS ESPECIALLY PA!TIC AB\T ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,DECEMB] #b IS ?AT ! M5 IT HAS MO/ CRUELLY /RUCK >E EXACTLY ?OSE :O APPE> TO UND]/& IT ! LEA/4 ,WE WANT TO SEE ONLY ! 9/RUM5T1 OCCASION1 ! PRETEXT1 IF ,I D>E PUT IT ?IS WAY1 ! /R+S3 WE OB/9ATELY REFUSE TO RECOGNIZE ! CAUSE4 ,! CAUSE IS ! T]ROR CAUS$ BY A REVOLUTION ( :I* ! *>ACT]1 ! MEASURE & ! 5D WAS DI/ORT$2 IT IS ! RETROGRADE DIRECTION ( OP9ION1 ! OB/9ATE RESI/ANCE ( ! P>TIES1 ! MA*IAVELLIANISM ( ! ,LEGISLATIVE1 ! DIVISION ( ! REPUBLICANS1 ( :I* SOME1 9 ! MAJORITY1 WANT$ ! REPUBLIC )\T ! REVOLUTION1 OR ! REVOLUTION )\T SOCIALISM1 ! WORD )\T ! ?+1 & ! O!RS W]E =C$ TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ?AT ABSURD POLITICS1 OR ELSE SUICIDE2 IT IS ABOVE ALL ! APPEAL TO POPUL> 9/9CTS1 UND] ! MO/ UN=TUNATE CIRCUM/ANCES1 UND] ! NAME ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,= MY P>T1 ,I CONFESS1 IF ,I AM WORRI$ = ! SAKE ( FRE$OM1 IF SOMETIMES ,I HAVE D\BTS AB\T ! FUTURE ( DEMOCRACY1 IS BECAUSE ,I SEE ITS DEF5D]S1 M>TYRS ( A VA9 =MULA1 TURN FURI\SLY UPON ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 HAV+ BECOME 9DIFF]5T TO IDEAS1 NOT UND]/&+ ?AT ! PROLIF]ATION ( SOCIALI/ !ORIES IS PRECISELY :AT MAKES IT /RONG1 SO ?AT SOME JO9 ! ,ORLEANI/S1 = %AME6 444 OR 9DULGE 9 *IM]ICAL PROJECTS1 D5\NC$ AS QUICKLY AS !Y >E CONCEIV$6 ,MAY !Y F9ALLY WAKE UP 444 ,ON ! DAY !Y AB&ON !IR DEADLY PA?1 FRE$OM WILL NOT BE F> AWAY2 9 ,FRANCE1 !RE WILL ONLY BE A PREJUDICE TO BR+ D[N4  

 #ba ,A ,VOLTAIREAN :O HAD GREAT FE> ( ! DEVIL1 ! PR9CE ( ,LIGNE1 SAID FIFTY YE>S AGO3 0,A!ISM LIVES 9 ! %AD[ ( RELIGION40--,S9CE !N1 ?+S HAVE ADVANC$1 & ! ROLES >E REV]S$3 RELIGION LIVES 9 ! %AD[ ( ! ,/ATE4 ,N[1 ASK ,ODILON ,B>ROT :AT IS ! DOCTR9E ( ! ,/ATE 9 MATT]S ( FAI?8 ,HIS RESPONSE1 BETT] ?AN ANY ,I C\LD GIVE1 WILL DEMON/RATE TO ! URG5CY ( A PR9CIPLE :I* C\LD S]VE AT ONCE AS ! F\NDATION ( RELIGION1 ?AT IS ( MORALS1 & ( ! ,/ATE4  

 #bb ,IF TO ?9K .<P5S].> & TO WEI< .<PES].> >E IMP]SONAL .<ANONYMES.>1 AS ETYMOLOGY PROVES1 ! GULF ?AT ! ANCI5T ONTOLOGY HAD DUG BETWE5 M9D & MATT] IS FILL$ 92 ! VIBRATIONS ( ! E!R CAN TRANSMIT ! IMPRESSIONS ( ! BRA92 CONSCI\SNESS IS NO LONG] ANY?+ BUT A S\RCE ( MOVEM5TS1 :I* ! CRUDE/ ( BODIES CAN E*O4 ,BY ! SOLE FACT ?AT ,I ?9K1 ,I MOVE2 BY ! CONCEPTION 9 MY BRA9 ( ! IDEA ( MOVEM5T1 ?AT IDEA IS EXECUT$2 & ! MUSCLES :I* RECEIVE ! EFFECT VIA ! N]VES1 T5D TO EXECUTE IT 9 !IR TURN4 ,!Y W\LD UND\BT$LY EXECUTE IT1 IF A ?\<T CONTR>Y 9 S5SE DID NOT SUSP5D !IR ACTION1 & MAKE ! FIR/ IMPULSE DIE AT ! EXTREMITY ( ! N]VES4 ,IF TWO1 ?REE1 OR A GREAT] NUMB] ( ?9K+ SUBJECTS PUT !MSELVES 9 RELATION BY ANY CONDUCTOR1 IF A WORD IS CA/ 9 !IR MID/1 IT WILL PRODUCE1 UNBEKN[N/ TO !M1 A G5]AL COMMOTION1 TRANSLATABLE 9TO IDEAS1 & ! SPONTANEITY ( :I* W\LD 9DICATE TO SUP]/ITI\S P]SONS ! PRES5CE ( A DEMON FAMILI>1 ( A DEP>T$ S\L4 ,W\LD A C>E] OP5 UP1 FROM ?AT1 = ! SOO?SAY]S & ! NECROMANC]S8 ,P]I% ! ?\<T4 ,NATURE1 BY ITS H>MONIES1 BY ! CON/ANCY ( ITS LAWS1 BY ! FIXITY ( ITS TYPES1 TEA*ES US 5\< TO SC(F AT PRODIGIES & MON/]S2 & IT IS ! SIGN ( A GREAT ABASEM5T ( 9TELLIG5CE1 A PRELUDE TO GREAT CATA/ROPHES1 :5 ! PEOPLE1 9CAPABLE ( SCI5TIFIC TOIL1 AB&ON REASON & NATURE TO *ASE AFT] EVOCATIONS & MIRACLES4  

 #bc ,Z5O ( ,ELEA D5I$ MOVEM5T1 & PRET5D$ TO JU/IFY HIS NEGATION BY A MA!MATICAL REASON+1 BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( ! 9F9ITE DIVISIBILITY ( SPACE4 ,BUT IT IS CLE>3 #a7 ?AT ! DEMON/RATION ( ,Z5O IS ITSELF ONLY A MOVEM5T ( HIS M9D1 :I* 9VOLVES HIM 9 A CONTRADICTION2 #b7 ?AT IS RE/S1 LIKE ! IDEA ( SPACE TRAVEL$ ACROSS1 ON AN ANALYSIS ( MOVEM5T1 :I* IS ANO!R CONTRADICTION2 #c7 ?AT 9 POS+ ! 9F9ITE DIVISION1 HE REQUIRES AN 9F9ITE RETROGRADATION1 :I* IS A ?IRD CONTRADICTION4  

 #bd ,! PHILOSOPHY ( ,PROGRESS RECONCILES SY/EMS BY %[+ ?AT !IR APO!GMS ALL RE/ ON ANALYTIC NOTIONS :I* >E ONLY TRUE TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y >E C\PL$ TO O!R NOTIONS ?AT >E EQUALLY ANALYTIC1 BUT DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$1 9 A COMMON SYN!SIS2 SO ?AT EA* IS TRUE1 BUT ON ! CONDITION ?AT ! CONTR>Y IS AS WELL3  

 ,EXAMPLES3  
,ALL IDEAS COME FROM ! S5SES4 ,LOCKE4  
 ,ALL IDEAS >E CONCEIV$ 9 ! UND]/&+4 ,DESC>TES4  
 ,! FIR/ PROPOSITION IS TRUE ONLY IF ONE ADMITS AT ! SAME ! SECOND1 & VISE-V]SA4 ,IT IS ! SAME = ! FOLL[+3  
 ,BODIES DO NOT EXI/4 ,B]KELEY4 
 ,M9DS DO NOT EXI/4 ,HUME4  
 ,PHILOSOPHY IS ! /UDY ( FIR/ PR9CIPLES4 ,ALL ! DOGMATI/S4  
 ,!RE >E NO FIR/ PR9CIPLES4 ,! SKEPTICS4  
 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO DRAW UP A TABLE ( ! CATEGORIES4 ,>I/OTLE & ,KANT4  
 ,!RE IS NO TABLE ( ! CATEGORIES4 ,C\S94  
 ,EV]Y PHILOSOPHY COMES FROM EMPIRICISM4 ,! ,SCOTTI%4  
 ,EV]Y PHILOSOPHY T5DS TO FREE ITSELF FROM EMPIRICISM4 ,! ,G]MANS4 
 ,! IDEAS ( CAUSE & SUB/ANCE1 GO+ BEYOND S5SATION1 >E *IM]AS4 ,HUME4 
 ,! IDEAS ( CAUSE & SUB/ANCE1 GO+ BEYOND S5SATION1 >E NECESS>ILY CONCEIV$ BY ! M9D1 & PROVE IT4 ,KANT4  
 ,EV]Y POSITIVE SCI5CE DEF9ES ITS OBJECT & ITS ME?OD4 ,J\FFROY4  
 ,EV]Y POSITIVE SCI5CE T5DS1 BY ITS PROGRESS1 TO OV]COME ITS LIMITS4 ,*4 ,R5\VI]4  
 ,G5]A & SPECIES >E ?+S4 ,REALISM4  
 ,G5]A & SPECIES >E CONCEPTIONS4 ,CONCEPTUALISM4  
 ,G5]A & SPECIES >E NAMES4 ,NOM9ALISM4  
 ,9 ?AT EXAMPLE1 ! ?REE T]MS CLE>LY BOIL D[N TO TWO1 S9CE1 9 ORD] TO CREATE A NAME1 ONE NE$S A ?+ OR A CONCEPTION1 ?AT IS TO SAY AN IDEA4  
 ,!RE IS ONE ,GOD4 ,MONO!ISM4  
 ,!RE >E MANY GODS4 ,POLY!ISM4  
 ,ALL IS ,GOD4 ,PAN!ISM4  
 ,!RE IS NO ,GOD4 ,A!ISM4  
 ,!RE >E TWO P]SONS OR HYPO/ASES 9 ,GOD4 ,MAGISM4  
 ,!RE >E ?REE P]SONS 9 ,GOD4 ,*RI/IANITY4  
 ,!RE >E F\R1 SEV51 T51 ETC41 P]SONS 9 ,GOD4 ,GNO/ICISM4 
 ,!RE IS NO COMPANY 9 ,GOD4 ,MOHAMM$ANISM4  
 ,ALL !SE =MULAS1 :I* SEEM TO COMBAT ONE ANO!R1 DRAW 9 ONE ANO!R & RESOLVE !MSELVES 9 ! IDEA ( ! BE+ 7GR\P1 S]IES1 EVOLUTION OR MOVEM5T71 RAIS$ TO ITS HI<E/ P[] & ANALYZ$ BY !SE CONCEPTS4  

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