,! ,PLACE ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,SOCIALI/IC ,EVOLUTION 

#ahhd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 WEAL? ( ! RI*1 NETWORK ( RAILWAYS1 N9ETE5? C5TURY1 AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 HUMAN BE+S1 POPUL> MASSES4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY TAKOMABIBELOT1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,P>T #a 

,Y\ MU/ (T5 HAVE ASK$ Y\RSELVES :AT IS ! CAUSE ( ,AN>*ISM1 & :Y1 S9CE !RE >E ALREADY SO MANY ,SOCIALI/ S*OOLS1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO F\ND AN ADDITIONAL ONE -- ?AT ( ,AN>*ISM4 ,9 ORD] TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION ,I WILL GO BACK TO ! CLOSE ( LA/ C5TURY4  

,Y\ ALL KN[ ! *>ACT]I/ICS :I* M>K$ ?AT EPO*3 !RE WAS ALL EXPANSION ( 9TELLIG5CE A PRODIGI\S DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 A PITILESS EXAM9ATION ( ACCEPT$ PREJUDICES1 ! =MATION ( A !ORY ( ,NATURE BAS$ ON A TRULY SCI5TIFIC F\NDATION1 OBS]VATION & REASON+4 ,9 ADDITION TO !SE !RE WAS CRITICISM ( ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS BEQUEA!D TO ,HUMANITY BY PREC$+ AGES1 & A MOVEM5T T[>DS ?AT IDEAL ( ,LIB]TY1 ,EQUALITY1 & ,FRAT]NITY :I* HAS 9 ALL TIMES BE5 ! IDEAL ( ! POPUL> MASSES4 ,FETT]$ 9 ITS FREE DEVELOPM5T BY DESPOTISM & BY ! N>R[ SELFI%NESS ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 ?IS MOVEM5T BE+ AT ! SAME TIME FAVOR$ BY AN EXPLOSION ( POPUL> 9DIGNATION 5G5D]$ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION :I* HAD TO =CE ITS WAY ?R\< ! MID/ ( A ?\S& OB/ACLES BO? )\T & )94  

,! ,REVOLUTION WAS VANQUI%$1 BUT ITS IDEAS REMA9$4 ,?\< AT FIR/ P]SECUT$ & D]ID$1 !Y BECAME ! WAT*WORD = A :OLE C5TURY ( SL[ EVOLUTION4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IS SUMM$ UP 9 AN EF=T TO PUT 9 PRACTICE ! PR9CIPLES ELABORAT$ AT ! 5D ( LA/ C5TURY3 ?IS IS ! LOT ( REVOLUTIONS3 ?\< VANQUI%$ !Y E/ABLI% ! C\RSE ( ! EVOLUTION :I* FOLL[S !M4 ,9 ! DOMA9 ( POLITICS !SE IDEAS >E ABOLITION ( >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGES1 ABOLITION ( P]SONAL GOV]NM5T1 & EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW4 ,9 ! ECONOMIC ORD] ! ,REVOLUTION PROCLAIM$ FRE$OM ( BUS9ESS TRANSACTIONS2 IT SAID -- 0,SELL & BUY FREELY40 ,SELL1 ALL ( Y\1 Y\R PRODUCTS1 IF Y\ CAN PRODUCE1 & IF Y\ DO NOT POSSESS ! IMPLEM5TS NECESS>Y = ?AT PURPOSE BUT HAVE ONLY Y\R >MS TO SELL1 SELL !M1 SELL Y\R LABOR TO ! HI<E/ BIDD]1 ! ,/ATE WILL NOT 9T]F]E6 ,COMPETE AMONG Y\RSELVES1 CONTRACTORS6 ,NO FAVOR %ALL BE %[N1 ! LAW ( NATURAL SELECTION WILL TAKE UPON ITSELF ! FUNCTION ( KILL+ (F ?OSE :O DO NOT KEEP PACE ) ! PROGRESS ( 9DU/RY1 & WILL REW>D ?OSE :O TAKE ! LEAD4  

,! ABOVE IS AT LEA/ ! !ORY ( ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i1 & IF ! ,/ATE 9T]V5ES 9 ! /RUGGLE TO FAVOR SOME TO ! DETRIM5T ( O!RS1 AS WE HAVE LATELY SE5 :5 ! MONOPOLIES ( M9+ & RAILWAY COMPANIES HAVE BE5 UND] DISCUSSION1 SU* ACTION IS REG>D$ BY ! LIB]AL S*OOL AS A LAM5TABLE DEVIATION FROM ! GR& PR9CIPLES ( ! ,REVOLUTION4  

,:AT HAS BE5 ! RESULT8 ,Y\ KN[ ONLY TOO WELL1 BO? WOM5 & M51 IDLE OPUL5CE = A FEW & UNC]TA9TY = ! MORR[ & MIS]Y = ! GREAT] NUMB]2 CRISES1 & W>S = ! CONQUE/ ( M>KETS1 & A LAVI% EXP5DITURE ( PUBLIC MONEY TO F9D OP5+S = 9DU/RIAL SPECULATORS4 ,ALL ?IS IS BECAUSE 9 PROCLAIM+ LIB]TY ( CONTRACT AN ESS5TIAL PO9T WAS NEGLECT$ BY \R FA!RS4 ,:ILE SOME ( !M CAU<T SI<T ( IT1 ! BE/ ( !M E>NE/LY DESIR$ BUT DID NOT D>E TO REALIZE IT4 ,:ILE LIB]TY ( TRANSACTIONS ?AT IS TO SAY A CONFLICT BETWE5 ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY1 WAS PROCLAIM$1 ! CONT5D+ P>TIES W]E NOT EQUALLY MAT*$1 & ! P[]FUL >M$ = ! CONTE/ BY ! MEANS 9H]IT$ FROM !IR FA!RS1 HAVE GA9$ ! UPP] H& OV] ! WEAK4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS ! MILLIONS ( POOR RANG$ AGA9/ A FEW RI* C\LD NOT C\LD NOT DO O!RWISE ?AN GIVE 94  

,COMRADES6 ,Y\ HAVE (T5 ASK$ Y\RSELVES -- 0,:5CE COMES ! WEAL? ( ! RI*8  ,IS IT FROM !IR LABOR80 ,IT W\LD BE A MOCK]Y TO SAY ?AT IT WAS SO4 ,LET US SUPPOSE ?AT ,M4 ,RO?S*ILD HAS WORK$ ALL HIS LIFE3 WELL1 Y\ ALSO1 EV]Y ONE ( Y\ WORK+ M5 HAVE ALSO LABOR$3 !N :Y %\LD ! =TUNE ( ,M4 ,RO?S*ILD BE MEASUR$ BY HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS :ILE Y\R POSSESSIONS >E SO SMALL8 ,! REASON IS SIMPLE3 Y\ HAVE EX]T$ Y\RSELVES TO PRODUCE BY Y\R [N LABOR1 :ILE ,M4 ,RO?S*ILD HAS DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO ACCUMULAT+ ! PRODUCT ( ! LABOR ( O!RS -- ! :OLE MATT] LIES 9 ?AT4  

,BUT SOME ONE MAY SAY TO ME2 -- 0,H[ COMES IT ?AT MILLIONS ( M5 ?US ALL[ ! ,RO?S*ILDS & ! ,MACKAYS TO APPROPRIATE ! FRUIT ( !IR LABOR80 ,ALAS1 !Y CANNOT HELP !MSELVES UND] ! EXI/+ SOCIAL SY/EM6 ,BUT LET US PICTURE TO \R M9DS A CITY ALL ( :OSE 9HABITANTS F9D !IR LODG+1 CLO?+1 FOOD & OCCUPATION SECUR$ TO !M1 ON CONDITION ( PRODUC+ ?+S USEFUL TO ! COMMUNITY1 & LET US SUPPOSE A ,RO?S*ILD TO 5T] ?IS CITY BR++ ) HIM A CASK FULL ( GOLD4 ,IF HE SP5DS HIS GOLD IT WILL DIM9I% RAPIDLY2 IF HE LOCKS IT UP IT WILL NOT 9CREASE1 BECAUSE GOLD DOES NOT GR[ LIKE SE$1 & AFT] ! LAPSE ( A TWELVEMON? HE WILL NOT F9D ,G,B,P#a#a 9 HIS DRAW] IF HE ONLY PUT ,G,B,P#a 9TO IT4 ,IF HE SETS UP A FACTORY & PROPOSES TO ! 9HABITANTS ( ! T[N ?AT !Y %\LD WORK 9 IT = F\R %ILL+S A DAY :ILE PRODUC+ TO ! VALUE ( EI<T %ILL+S A DAY !Y WILL REPLY -- AMONG US Y\'LL F9D NO ONE WILL+ TO WORK ON ?OSE T]MS4 ,GO ELSE:]E & SETTLE 9 SOME T[N :]E ! UN=TUNATE PEOPLE HAVE NEI!R CLO?+1 BREAD1 NOR WORK ASSUR$ TO !M1 & :]E !Y WILL CONS5T TO GIVE UP TO Y\ ! LION'S %>E ( ! RESULT ( !IR LABOR 9 RETURN = ! B>E/ NECESS>IES ( LIFE4 ,GO :]E M5 />VE6 !RE Y\ WILL MAKE Y\R =TUNE6  

,! ORIG9 ( ! WEAL? ( ! RI* IS Y\R MIS]Y4 ,LET !RE BE NO POOR1 !N WE %ALL HAVE NO MILLIONAIRES4  

,! FACTS ,I HAVE JU/ /AT$ W]E SU* AS ! ,REVOLUTION ( LA/ C5TURY DID NOT COMPREH5D OR ELSE C\LD NOT ACT UPON4 ,?AT ,REVOLUTION PLAC$ FACE TO FACE TWO OPPOS+ RANKS1 ! ONE CONSI/+ ( A HUNGRY1 ILL-CLAD >MY ( =M] S]FS1 ! O!R ( M5 WELL PROVID$ ) MEANS4 ,IT !N SAID TO !SE TWO >RAYS -- 0,FI<T \T Y\R BATTLE40 ,! UN=TUNATE W]E VANQUI%$4 ,!Y POSSESS$ NO =TUNES1 BUT !Y HAD SOME?+ MORE PRECI\S ?AN ALL ! GOLD 9 ! WORLD -- !IR >MS2 & !SE >MS1 ! S\RCE ( ALL WEAL?1 W]E MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! WEAL?Y4 ,?US WE HAVE SE5 ?OSE IMM5SE =TUNES :I* >E ! *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( \R AGE SPR+ UP ON ALL SIDES4 ,A K+ ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 0! GREAT ,L\IS ! ,F\RTE5?0 ( M]C5>Y HI/ORIANS1 W\LD NEV] HAVE DREAM$ ( POSSESS+ A =TUNE SU* AS >E HELD BY ?OSE K+S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! ,V&]BILTS & ! ,MACKAYS4  

,ON ! O!R H& WE HAVE SE5 ! POOR R$UC$ /ILL MORE & MORE TO TOIL = O!RS1 & :ILE ?OSE :O PRODUC$ ON !IR [N ACC\NT HAVE RAPIDLY DISAPPE>$1 WE F9D \RSELVES COMPELL$ UND] AN OV] 9CREAS+ PRESSURE TO LABOR MORE & MORE TO 5RI* ! RI*4 ,ATTEMPTS HAVE BE5 MADE TO REMOVE !SE EVILS4 ,SOME HAVE SAID -- 0,LET US GIVE EQUAL 9/RUCTION TO ALL10 & =? ) $UCATION HAS BE5 SPREAD ABROAD4 ,BETT] HUMAN MA*9ES HAVE BE5 TURN$ \T1 BUT !SE $UCAT$ MA*9ES /ILL LABOR TO 5RI* O!RS4 ,?IS ILLU/RI\S SCI5TI/1 ?AT R5[N$ NOVELLI/1 DESPITE !IR $UCATION >E /ILL BEA/S ( BURD5 TO ! CAPITALI/4 ,9/RUCTION IMPROVES ! CATTLE TO BE EXPLOIT$ BUT ! EXPLOITATION REMA9S4 ,NEXT1 !RE WAS GREAT TALK AB\T ASSOCIATION1 BUT ! WORK]S SOON LE>N$ ?AT !Y C\LD NOT GET ! BETT] ( CAPITAL BY ASSOCIAT+ !IR MIS]IES1 & ?OSE :O *]I%$ ?IS ILLUSION MO/ E>NE/LY W]E COMPELL$ TO TURN TO ,SOCIALISM4  

,TIMID AT ! \TSET1 ,SOCIALISM SPOKE AT FIR/ 9 ! NAME ( ,*RI/IAN S5TIM5T & MORALITY3 M5 PR(\NDLY IMBU$ ) ! MORAL PR9CIPLES ( ,*RI/IANITY -- PR9CIPLES :I* IT POSSESSES 9 COMMON ) ALL O!R RELIGIONS -- CAME =W>D & SAID -- 0,A ,*RI/IAN HAS NO RI<T TO EXPLOIT HIS BRE?R560 ,BUT ! RUL+ CLASSES LAU<$ 9 !IR FACES ) ! REPLY -- 0,TEA* ! PEOPLE ,*RI/IAN  RESIGNATION1 TELL !M 9 ! NAME ( ,*RI/ ?AT !Y %\LD (F] !IR LEFT *EEK TO :OSOEV] SMITES !M ON ! RI<T1 !N Y\ WILL BE WELCOME2 AS = ! DREAMS ( EQUALITY :I* Y\ F9D 9 ,*RI/IANITY1 GO & M$ITATE ON Y\R DISCOV]IES 9 PRISON40  

,LAT] ON ,SOCIALISM SPOKE 9 ! NAME ( ,GOV]NM5TALISM2 IT SAID -- 0,S9CE IT IS ! SPECIAL MISSION ( ! ,/ATE TO PROTECT ! WEAK AGA9/ ! /RONG1 IT IS ITS DUTY TO AID WORK+ M5'S ASSOCIATIONS2 ! ,/ATE ALONE CAN 5ABLE WORK+ M5 TO FI<T AGA9/ CAPITAL & TO OPPOSE TO CAPITALI/IC EXPLOITATION ! FREE WORK%OP ( WORK]S POCKET+ ! 5TIRE VALUE ( ! PRODUCE ( !IR LABOR40 ,TO ?IS ! ,B\RGEOISIE REPLI$ ) GRAPE%OT 9 #a#h#d#h4  

,IT WAS NOT UNTIL BETWE5 TW5TY TO ?IRTY YE>S LAT]1 AT A TIME :5 ! POPUL> MASSES W]E 9VIT$ TO EXPRESS !IR M9D 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 ?AT ,SOCIALISM SPOKE 9 ! NAME ( ! PEOPLE1 & =MULAT+ ITSELF LITTLE BY LITTLE 9 ! ,CONGRESSES ( ! GREAT ,ASSOCIATION & LAT] ON AMONG ITS SUCCESSORS1 >RIV$ AT SOME SU* CONCLUSION AS ! FOLL[+3  

,ALL ACCUMULAT$ WEAL? IS ! PRODUCT ( ! LABOR ( ALL -- ( ! PRES5T & ( ALL PREC$+ G5]ATIONS4 ,?IS HALL 9 :I* WE >E N[ ASSEMBL$ D]IVES ITS VALUE FROM ! FACT ?AT IT IS SITUAT$ 9 ,P>IS -- ?IS MAGNIFIC5T CITY BUILT BY ! LABORS ( TW5TY SUCCESSIVE G5]ATIONS4 ,IF ?IS SAME HALL W]E CONVEY$ AMID ! SN[S ( ,SIB]IA ITS VALUE W\LD BE NEXT TO NO?+4 ,! MA*9]Y :I* Y\ HAVE 9V5T$ & PAT5T$ BE>S )9 ITSELF ! 9TELLIG5CE ( FIVE OR SIX G5]ATIONS & IS ONLY POSSESS$ ( VALUE BECAUSE IT =MS P>T ( ?AT IMM5SE :OLE ?AT WE CALL ! PROGRESS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,IF Y\ S5D Y\R LACE-MAK+ MA*9E AMONG ! NATIVES ( ,NEW ,GU9EA IT WILL BECOME VALUELESS4 ,WE DEFY ANY MAN ( G5IUS ( \R TIMES TO TELL US :AT %>E HIS 9TELLECT HAS HAD 9 ! MAGNIFIC5T D$UCTIONS ( ! BOOK1 ! WORK ( TAL5T :I* HE HAS PRODUC$6 ,G5]ATIONS HAVE TOIL$ TO ACCUMULATE FACTS = HIM1 HIS IDEAS HAVE P]HAPS BE5 SUGGE/$ TO HIM BY A LOCOMOTIVE CROSS+ ! PLA9S1 AS = ELEGANCE ( DESIGN HE HAS GRASP$ IT :ILE ADMIR+ ! ,V5US ( ,MILO OR ! WORK ( .<,B>TOLOME ,E/EBAN.> ,MURILLO1 & F9ALLY1 IF HIS BOOK EX]CISES ANY 9FLU5CE OV] US1 IT DOES SO ?ANKS TO ALL ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( \R CIVILIZATION4  

,EV]Y?+ BELONGS TO ALL6 ,WE DEFY ANYONE SOEV] TO TELL US :AT %>E ( ! G5]AL WEAL? IS DUE TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 ,SEE ! 5ORM\S MASS ( APPLIANCES :I* ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAS CREAT$2 BEHOLD ?OSE MILLIONS ( IRON SLAVES :I* WE CALL MA*9ES & :I* PLANE & SAW1 WEAVE & SP9 = US1 SEP>ATE & COMB9E ! RAW MAT]IALS1 & WORK ! MIRACLES ( \R TIMES4 ,NO ONE HAS ! RI<T TO MONOPOLIZE ANY ONE ( !SE MA*9ES & TO SAY TO O!RS -- 0,?IS IS M9E4 ,IF Y\ WI% TO MAKE USE ( IT Y\ MU/ PAY ME A TAX ON EA* >TICLE Y\ PRODUCE10 ANY MORE ?AN ! FEUDAL LORD ( ! MIDDLE AGES HAD ! RI<T TO SAY TO ! CULTIVATOR -- 0,?IS HILL & ?IS MEAD[ >E M9E & Y\ MU/ PAY ME TRIBUTE = EV]Y %EAF ( B>LEY Y\ B9D1 & ON EA* HAYCOCK Y\ HEAP UP40  

,ALL BELONGS TO EV]YONE6 ,& PROVID$ EA* MAN & WOMAN CONTRIBUTES HIS & H] %>E ( LABOR = ! PRODUCTION ( NECESS>Y OBJECTS1 !Y HAVE A RI<T TO %>E 9 ALL ?AT IS PRODUC$ BY EV]YBODY4  

  

,! ,PLACE ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,SOCIALI/IC ,EVOLUTION - ,P>T #a ,P>T #b 

,ALL ?+S BELONG TO ALL1 & PROVID$ ?AT M5 & WOM5 CONTRIBUTE !IR %>E ( LABOR = ! PRODUCTION ( NECESS>Y OBJECTS1 !Y >E 5TITL$ TO !IR %>E ( ALL ?AT IS PRODUC$ BY ! COMMUNITY AT L>GE4 0,BUT ?IS IS ,COMMUNISM10 Y\ MAY SAY4 ,YES1 IT IS ,COMMUNISM1 BUT IT IS ! ,COMMUNISM :I* NO LONG] SPEAKS 9 ! NAME ( RELIGION OR ( ! /ATE1 BUT 9 ! NAME ( ! PEOPLE4 ,DUR+ ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S A GREAT AWAK5+ ( ! WORK+-CLASS HAS TAK5 PLACE3 ! PREJUDICE 9 FAVOR ( PRIVATE PROP]TY IS PASS+ AWAY4 ,! WORK] GR[S MORE & MORE ACCU/OM$ TO REG>D ! FACTORY1 ! RAILWAY1 OR ! M9E1 NOT AS A FEUDAL CA/LE BELONG+ TO A LORD1 BUT AS AN 9/ITUTION ( PUBLIC UTILITY :I* ! PUBLIC HAS ! RI<T TO CONTROL4 ,! IDEA ( POSSESSION 9 COMMON HAS NOT BE5 WORK$ \T FROM ! SL[ D$UCTIONS ( SOME ?9K] BURI$ 9 HIS PRIVATE /UDY1 IT IS A ?\<T :I* IS G]M9AT+ 9 ! BRA9S ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 & :5 ! REVOLUTION1 :I* ! CLOSE ( ?IS C5TURY HAS 9 /ORE = US1 %ALL HAVE HURL$ CONFUSION 9TO ! CAMP ( \R EXPLOIT]S1 Y\ WILL SEE ?AT ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE WILL DEM& ,EXPROPRIATION1 & WILL PROCLAIM ITS RI<T TO ! FACTORY1 ! LOCOMOTIVE1 & ! /EAM%IP4 

,JU/ AS ! S5TIM5T ( ! 9VIOLABILITY ( ! HOME HAS DEVELOP$ DUR+ ! LATT] HALF ( \R C5TURY1 SO ALSO ! S5TIM5T ( COLLECTIVE RI<T TO ALL ?AT S]VES = ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL? HAS DEVELOP$ AMONG ! MASSES4 ,IT IS A FACT1 & HE :O1 LIKE \RSELVES1 WI%ES TO %>E ! POPUL> LIFE & FOLL[ ITS DEVELOPM5T1 MU/ ACKN[L$GE ?AT ?IS AFFIRMATION IS A FAI?FUL SUMM>Y ( ! PEOPLE'S ASPIRATIONS4 ,! T5D5CY ( ?IS CLOS+ C5TURY IS T[>DS ,COMMUNISM1 NOT ! MONA/IC OR B>RACK-ROOM ,COMMUNISM =M]LY ADVOCAT$1 BUT ! FREE ,COMMUNISM :I* PLACES ! PRODUCTS REAP$ OR MANUFACTUR$ 9 COMMON AT ! DISPOSAL ( ALL1 LEAV+ TO EA* ! LIB]TY TO CONSUME !M AS HE PLEASES 9 HIS [N HOME4 

,?IS IS ! SOLUTION ( :I* ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE CAN MO/ READILY TAKE HOLD1 & IT IS ! SOLUTION :I* ! PEOPLE DEM&S AT ! MO/ SOLEMN EPO*S4 ,9 #ahdh ! =MULA 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S0 WAS ! ONE :I* W5T /RAI<T TO ! HE>T ( ! MASSES1 & IF !Y ACCLAIM$ ! ,REPUBLIC & UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 IT WAS BECAUSE !Y HOP$ TO ATTA9 TO ,COMMUNISM ?R\< !M4 ,9 #a#h#g#a1 ALSO1 :5 ! PEOPLE BESIEG$ ,P>IS & DESIR$ TO MAKE A SUPREME EF=T TO RESI/ ! 9VAD]1 :AT WAS !IR DEM&8 -- ,?AT FREE RATIONS %\LD BE S]V$ \T TO EV]YONE4 ,LET ALL >TICLES BE PUT 9TO ONE COMMON /OCK & LET !M BE DI/RIBUT$ ACCORD+ TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( EA*4 ,LET EA* ONE TAKE FREELY ( ALL ?AT IS ABUNDANT & LET ?OSE OBJECTS :I* >E LESS PL5TIFUL BE DI/RIBUT$ MORE SP>+LY & 9 DUE PROPORTIONS -- ?IS IS ! SOLUTION :I* ! MASS ( ! WORK]S UND]/& BE/4 ,?IS IS ALSO ! SY/EM :I* IS COMMONLY PRACTIC$ 9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS 7( ,FRANCE74 ,SO LONG AS ! COMMON L&S AF=D ABUNDANT PA/URE1 :AT ,COMMUNE SEEKS TO RE/RICT !IR USE8 ,:5 BRU%WOOD & *E/NUTS >E PL5TIFUL1 :AT ,COMMUNE =BIDS ITS MEMB]S TO TAKE AS MU* AS !Y WANT8 ,& :5 ! L>G] WOOD BEG9S TO GR[ SC>CE1 :AT C\RSE DOES ! PEASANT ADOPT8 -- ,! ALL[ANC+ ( 9DIVIDUALS4  

,LET US TAKE FROM ! COMMON /OCK ! >TICLES :I* >E ABUNDANT1 & LET ?OSE OBJECTS :OSE PRODUCTION IS MORE RE/RICT$ BE S]V$ \T 9 ALL[ANCES ACCORD+ TO REQUIREM5TS1 GIV+ PREF]5CE TO *ILDR5 & OLD P]SONS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO ! WEAK4 ,&1 MOREOV]1 LET ALL BE CONSUM$1 NOT 9 PUBLIC1 BUT AT HOME1 ACCORD+ TO 9DIVIDUAL TA/ES & 9 COMPANY ) ONE'S FAMILY & FRI5DS4 ,?IS IS ! IDEAL ( ! MASSES4  

,BUT IT IS NOT 5\< TO >GUE AB\T1 0,COMMUNISM0 & 0,EXPROPRIATION20 IT IS FUR!RMORE NECESS>Y TO KN[ :O %\LD HAVE ! MANAGEM5T ( ! COMMON PATRIMONY1 & IT IS ESPECIALLY ON ?IS QUE/ION ?AT DIFF]5T S*OOLS ( ,SOCIALI/S >E OPPOS$ TO ONE ANO!R1 SOME DESIR+ AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNISM1 & O!RS1 LIKE \RSELVES1 DECL>+ UNRES]V$LY 9 FAVOR ( AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4 ,9 ORD] TO JUDGE BETWE5 !SE TWO1 LET US RETURN ONCE AGA9 TO \R />T+ PO9T1 ! ,REVOLUTION ( LA/ C5TURY4 

,9 OV]TURN+ ROYALTY ! ,REVOLUTION PROCLAIM$ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE2 BUT1 BY AN 9CONSI/5CY :I* WAS V]Y NATURAL AT ?AT TIME1 IT PROCLAIM$1 NOT A P]MAN5T SOV]EIGNTY1 BUT AN 9T]MITT5T ONE1 TO BE EX]CIS$ AT C]TA9 9T]VALS ONLY1 = ! NOM9ATION ( DEPUTIES SUPPOS$ TO REPRES5T ! PEOPLE4 ,9 REALITY IT COPI$ ITS 9/ITUTIONS FROM ! REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T ( ,5GL&4 ,! ,REVOLUTION WAS DR[N$ 9 BLOOD1 &1 NEV]!LESS1 REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T BECAME ! WAT*WORD ( ,EUROPE4 ,ALL ,EUROPE1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,RUSSIA1 HAS TRI$ IT1 UND] ALL POSSIBLE =MS1 FROM GOV]NM5T BAS$ ON A PROP]TY QUALIFICATION TO ! DIRECT GOV]NM5T ( ! LITTLE ,SWISS REPUBLICS4 ,BUT1 /RANGE TO SAY1 JU/ 9 PROPORTION AS WE HAVE APPROA*$ NE>] TO ! IDEAL ( A REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 ELECT$ BY A P]FECTLY FREE UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 9 ?AT SAME PROPORTION HAVE ITS ESS5TIAL VICES BECOME MANIFE/ TO US1 TILL WE HAVE CLE>LY SE5 ?AT ?IS MODE ( GOV]NM5T IS RADICALLY DEFECTIVE4 ,IS IT NOT 9DE$ ABSURD TO TAKE A C]TA9 NUMB] ( M5 FROM \T ! MASS1 & TO 5TRU/ !M ) ! MANAGEM5T ( ALL PUBLIC-AFFAIRS1 SAY+ TO !M1 0,ATT5D TO !SE MATT]S1 WE EXON]ATE \RSELVES FROM ! TASK BY LAY+ IT UPON Y\3 IT IS = Y\ TO MAKE LAWS ON ALL MANN] ( SUBJECTS -- >MAM5TS & MAD DOGS1 OBS]VATORIES & *IMNEYS1 9/RUCTION & /REET-SWEEP+3 >RANGE !SE ?+S AS Y\ PLEASE & MAKE LAWS AB\T !M1 S9CE Y\ >E ! *OS5 ONES :OM ! PEOPLE HAS VOT$ CAPABLE ( DO+ EV]Y?+60 ,IT APPE>S TO ME ?AT IF A ?\<TFUL & HONE/ MAN W]E (F]$ SU* A PO/1 HE W\LD ANSW] SOME:AT 9 ?IS FA%ION3 -- 

0,Y\ 5TRU/ ME ) A TASK :I* ,I AM UNABLE TO FULFILL4 ,I AM UNACQUA9T$ ) MO/ ( ! QUE/IONS UPON :I* ,I %ALL BE CALL$ ON TO LEGISLATE4 ,I %ALL EI!R HAVE TO WORK TO SOME EXT5T 9 ! D>K1 :I* WILL NOT BE TO Y\R ADVANTAGE1 OR ,I %ALL APPEAL TO Y\ & SUMMON MEET+S 9 :I* Y\ WILL Y\RSELVES SEEK TO COME TO AN UND]/&+ ON ! QUE/IONS AT ISSUE1 9 :I* CASE MY (FICE WILL BE UNNECESS>Y4 ,IF Y\ HAVE =M$ AN OP9ION & HAVE =MULAT$ IT1 & IF Y\ >E ANXI\S TO COME TO AN UND]/&+ ) O!RS :O HAVE ALSO =M$ AN OP9ION ON ! SAME SUBJECT1 !N ALL Y\ NE$ DO IS TO COMMUNICATE ) Y\R NEI<BORS & S5D A DELEGATE TO COME TO AN UND]/&+ ) O!R DELEGATES ON ?IS SPECIFIC QUE/ION2 BUT Y\ WILL C]TA9LY RES]VE TO Y\RSELVES ! RI<T ( TAK+ AN ULTIMATE DECISION2 Y\ WILL NOT 5TRU/ Y\R DELEGATE ) ! MAK+ ( LAWS = Y\4 ,?IS IS H[ SCI5TI/S & BUS9ESS M5 ACT EA* TIME ?AT !Y HAVE TO COME TO AN AGREEM5T40 

,BUT ! ABOVE REPLY W\LD BE A REPUDIATION ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM1 & NEV]!LESS IT IS A FAI?FUL EXPRESSION ( ! IDEA :I* IS GR[+ EV]Y:]E S9CE ! VICES ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T HAVE BE5 EXPOS$ 9 ALL !IR NAK$NESS4 ,\R AGE1 H[EV]1 HAS GONE /ILL FUR!R1 = IT HAS BEGUN TO DISCUSS ! RI<TS ( ! ,/ATE & ( ,SOCIETY 9 RELATION TO ! 9DIVIDUAL2 PEOPLE N[ ASK TO :AT PO9T ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! ,/ATE IS NECESS>Y 9 ! MULTITUD9\S FUNCTIONS ( SOCIETY4 

,DO WE REQUIRE A GOV]NM5T TO $UCATE \R *ILDR58 ,ONLY LET ! WORK] HAVE LEISURE TO 9/RUCT HIMSELF1 & Y\ WILL SEE ?AT1 ?R\< ! FREE 9ITIATIVE ( P>5TS & ( P]SONS FOND ( TUITION1 ?\S&S ( $UCATIONAL SOCIETIES & S*OOLS ( ALL K9DS WILL SPR+ UP1 RIVAL+ ONE ANO!R 9 ! EXCELL5CE ( !IR TEA*+4 ,IF WE W]E NOT CRU%$ BY TAXATION & EXPLOIT$ BY EMPLOY]S1 AS WE N[ >E1 C\LD WE NOT \RSELVES DO MU* BETT] ?AN IS N[ DONE = US8 ,! GREAT C5T]S W\LD 9ITIATE PROGRESS & SEE ! EXAMPLE1 & Y\ MAY BE SURE ?AT ! PROGRESS REALIZ$ W\LD BE 9COMP>ABLY SUP]IOR TO :AT WE N[ ATTA9 ?R\< \R M9I/RIES4 -- ,IS ! ,/ATE EV5 NECESS>Y = ! DEF5SE ( A T]RITORY8 ,IF >M$ BRIG&S ATTACK A PEOPLE1 IS NOT ?AT SAME PEOPLE1 >M$ ) GOOD WEAPONS1 ! SURE/ RAMP>T TO OPPOSE TO ! =EIGN AGGRESSOR8 ,/&+ >MIES >E ALWAYS BEAT5 BY 9VAD]S1 & HI/ORY TEA*ES ?AT ! LATT] >E TO BE REPULS$ BY A POPUL> RIS+ ALONE4 -- ,:ILE ,GOV]NM5T IS AN EXCELL5T MA*9E TO PROTECT MONOPOLY1 HAS IT EV] BE5 ABLE TO PROTECT US AGA9/ ILL-DISPOS$ P]SONS8 ,DOES IT NOT1 BY CREAT+ MIS]Y1 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( CRIMES 9/EAD ( DIM9I%+ !M8 ,9 E/ABLI%+ PRISONS 9TO :I* MULTITUDES ( M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 >E ?R[N = A TIME 9 ORD] TO COME =? 9F9ITELY WORSE ?AN :5 !Y W5T 91 DOES NOT ! ,/ATE MA9TA9 NURS]IES ( VICE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! TAX-PAY]S8 ,9 OBLIG+ US TO COMMIT TO O!RS ! C>E ( \R AFFAIRS1 DOES IT NOT CREATE ! MO/ T]RIBLE VICE ( SOCIETIES -- 9DIFF]5CE TO PUBLIC MATT]S8 

,ON ! O!R H&1 IF WE ANALYZE ALL ! GREAT ADVANCES MADE 9 ?IS C5TURY -- \R 9T]NATIONAL TRAFFIC1 \R 9DU/RIAL DISCOV]IES1 \R MEANS ( COMMUNICATION -- DO WE F9D ?AT WE [E !M TO ! ,/ATE OR TO PRIVATE 5T]PRISE8 ,LOOK AT ! NETWORK ( RAILWAYS :I* COV] ,EUROPE4 ,AT ,MADRID1 = EXAMPLE1 Y\ TAKE A TICKET = ,/4 ,PET]SBURG DIRECT4 ,Y\ TRAVEL ALONG RAILROADS :I* HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$ BY MILLIONS ( WORK]S1 SET 9 MOTION BY DOZ5S ( COMPANIES2 Y\R C>RIAGE IS ATTA*$ 9 TURN TO ,SPANI%1 ,FR5*1 ,BAV>IAN1 & ,RUSSIAN LOCOMOTIVES3 Y\ TRAVEL )\T LOS+ TW5TY M9UTES ANY:]E1 & ! TWO HUNDR$ FRANCS :I* Y\ PAID 9 ,MADRID WILL BE DIVID$ TO A NICETY AMONG ! COMPANIES :I* HAVE COMB9$ TO =W>D Y\ TO Y\R DE/9ATION4 ,?IS L9E FROM ,MADRID TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG HAS BE5 CON/RUCT$ 9 SMALL ISOLAT$ BRAN*ES :I* HAVE BE5 GRADUALLY CONNECT$1 & DIRECT TRA9S >E ! RESULT ( AN UND]/&+ :I* HAS BE5 >RIV$ AT BETWE5 TW5TY DIFF]5T COMPANIES4 ,( C\RSE !RE HAS BE5 CONSID]ABLE FRICTION AT ! \TSET1 & AT TIMES SOME COMPANIES1 9FLU5C$ BY AN UN5LI<T5$ EGOTISM HAVE BE5 UNWILL+ TO COME TO T]MS ) ! O!RS2 BUT1 ,I ASK1 WAS IT BETT] TO PUT UP ) ?IS OCCASIONAL FRICTION1 OR TO WAIT UNTIL SOME ,BISM>CK1 ,NAPOLEON1 OR ,G5<IS ,KHAN %\LD HAVE CONQU]$ ,EUROPE1 TRAC$ ! L9ES ) A PAIR ( COMPASSES1 & REGULAT$ ! DISPAT* ( ! TRA9S8 ,IF ! LATT] C\RSE HAD BE5 ADOPT$1 WE %\LD /ILL BE 9 ! DAYS ( /AGE-COA*ES4 

,! NETWORK ( RAILWAYS IS ! WORK ( ! HUMAN M9D PROCE$+ FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX BY ! SPONTANE\S EF=TS ( ! P>TIES 9T]E/$1 & IT IS ?US ?AT ALL ! GREAT 5T]PRISES ( \R AGE HAVE BE5 UND]TAK54 ,IT IS QUITE TRUE1 9DE$1 ?AT WE PAY TOO MU* TO ! MANAG]S ( !SE 5T]PRISES2 ?IS IS AN ADDITIONAL REASON = SUPPRESS+ !IR 9COMES1 BUT NOT = CONFID+ ! MANAGEM5T ( ,EUROPEAN RAILWAYS TO A C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN GOV]NM5T4 

,:AT ?\S&S ( EXAMPLES ONE C\LD CITE 9 SUPPORT ( ?IS SAME IDEA6 ,TAKE ALL GREAT 5T]PRISES SU* AS ! ,SUEZ ,CANAL1 ! L9ES ( ,ATLANTIC /EAM]S1 ! TELEGRAPH :I* CONNECTS US ) ,NOR? & ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,CONSID] ALSO ?AT COMM]CIAL ORGANIZATION :I* 5ABLES Y\ ON RIS+ 9 ! MORN+ TO F9D BREAD AT ! BAK]'S -- ?AT IS1 IF Y\ HAVE ! MONEY TO PAY = IT1 :I* IS NOT ALWAYS ! CASE N[-A-DAYS -- MEAT AT ! BUT*]'S1 & ALL O!R ?+S ?AT Y\ WANT AT O!R %OPS ,IS ?IS ! WORK ( ! ,/ATE8 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE PAY ABOM9ABLY DE>LY = MIDDLEM52 ?IS IS1 H[EV]1 AN ADDITIONAL REASON = SUPPRESS+1 !M1 BUT NOT = BELIEV+ ?AT WE MU/ 5TRU/ GOV]NM5T ) ! C>E ( PROVID+ = \R FE$+ & CLO?+4 ,IF WE CLOSELY SCAN ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! HUMAN M9D 9 \R TIMES WE >E /RUCK BY ! NUMB] ( ASSOCIATIONS :I* SPR+ UP TO MEET ! V>I$ REQUIREM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ( \R AGE -- SOCIETIES = /UDY1 = COMM]CE1 = PLEASURE & RECREATION2 SOME ( !M1 V]Y SMALL1 = ! PROPAGATION ( A UNIV]SAL LANGUAGE OR A C]TA9 ME?OD ( %ORT-H& WRIT+2 O!RS ) L>GE AIMS1 SU* AS ?AT :I* HAS REC5TLY BE5 E/ABLI%$ = ! DEF5SE ( ! ,5GLI% COA/1 OR = ! AVOIDANCE ( LAWSUITS1 & SO ON4 ,TO MAKE A LI/ ( ! ASSOCIATIONS :I* EXI/ 9 ,EUROPE1 VOLUMES W\LD BE NECESS>Y1 & IT W\LD BE SE5 ?AT !RE IS NOT A S+LE BRAN* ( HUMAN ACTIVITY ) :I* ONE OR O!R DOES NOT CONC]N ITSELF4 ,! ,/ATE ITSELF APPEALS TO !M 9 ! DIS*>GE ( ITS MO/ IMPORTANT FUNCTION -- W>2 IT SAYS1 0,WE UND]TAKE TO SLAU<T]1 BUT WE CANNOT TAKE C>E ( \R VICTIMS2 =M A ,R$ ,CROSS ,SOCIETY TO GA!R UP ! W\ND$ ON ! BATTLE FIELD & TO TAKE C>E ( !M40 

,LET O!RS1 IF !Y WILL1 ADVOCATE 9DU/RIAL B>RACK3 OR ! MONA/]Y ( ,AU?ORIT>IAN ,COMMUNISM1 WE DECL>E ?AT ! T5D5CY ( SOCIETY IS 9 AN OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,WE =ESEE MILLIONS & MILLIONS ( GR\PS FREELY CON/ITUT+ !MSELVES = ! SATISFACTION ( ALL ! V>I$ NE$S ( HUMAN BE+S -- SOME ( !SE GR\PS ORGANIZ$ BY QU>T]1 /REET1 & H\SE2 O!RS EXT5D+ H&S ACROSS ! WALLS ( CITIES1 OV] FRONTI]S & OCEANS4 ,ALL ( !SE WILL BE COMPOS$ ( HUMAN BE+S :O WILL COMB9E FREELY1 & AFT] HAV+ P]=M$ !IR %>E ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR WILL MEET TOGE!R1 EI!R = ! PURPOSE ( CONSUMPTION1 OR TO PRODUCE OBJECTS ( >T OR LUXURY1 OR TO ADVANCE SCI5CE 9 A NEW DIRECTION4 ,?IS IS ! T5D5CY ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & WE FOLL[ IT2 WE ONLY ASK TO DEVELOP IT FREELY1 )\T ANY GOV]NM5TAL 9T]F]5CE4 ,9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY6 0,TAKE PEBBLES10 SAID ,F\RRI]1 0PUT !M 9TO A BOX & %AKE !M1 & !Y WILL >RANGE !MSELVES 9 A MOSAIC ?AT Y\ C\LD NEV] GET BY 5TRU/+ TO ANYONE ! WORK ( >RANG+ !M H>MONI\SLY40   

  

,! ,PLACE ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,SOCIALI/IC ,EVOLUTION - ,COV] ,P>T #c 

,N[ LET ME PASS TO ! ?IRD P>T ( MY SUBJECT -- ! MO/ IMPORTANT ) RESPECT TO ! FUTURE4 

,!RE IS NO MORE ROOM = D\BT+ ?AT RELIGIONS >E GO+1 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAS GIV5 !M !IR DEA? BL[4 ,BUT RELIGIONS -- ALL RELIGIONS -- HAVE A D\BLE COMPOSITION4 ,!Y CONTA9 9 ! FIR/ PLACE A PRIMITIVE COSMOGONY1 A RUDE ATTEMPT AT EXPLA9+ NATURE1 & !Y FUR!RMORE CONTA9 A /ATEM5T ( ! PUBLIC MORALITY BORN & DEVELOP$ )9 ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT :5 WE ?R[ RELIGIONS OV]BO>D OR /ORE !M AMONG \R PUBLIC RECORDS AS HI/ORICAL CURIOSITIES1 %ALL WE ALSO RELEGATE TO MUSEUMS ! MORAL PR9CIPLES :I* !Y CONTA94 ,?IS HAS SOMETIMES BE5 DONE1 & WE HAVE SE5 PEOPLE DECL>E ?AT AS !Y NO LONG] BELIEV$ 9 ! V>I\S RELIGIONS SO !Y DESPIS$ MORALITY & BOLDLY PROCLAIM$ ! MAXIM ( B\RGEOIS SELFI%NESS1 0,EV]YONE = HIMSELF40 ,BUT A ,SOCIETY1 HUMAN OR ANIMAL1 CANNOT EXI/ )\T C]TA9 RULES & MORAL HABITS SPR++ UP )9 IT2 RELIGION MAY GO1 MORALITY REMA9S4 ,IF WE W]E TO COME TO CONSID] ?AT A MAN DID WELL 9 LY+1 DECEIV+ HIS NEI<BORS1 OR PLUND]+ !M :5 POSSIBLE 7?IS IS ! MIDDLE-CLASS BUS9ESS MORALITY71 WE %\LD COME TO SU* A PASS ?AT WE C\LD NO LONG] LIVE TOGE!R4 ,Y\ MI<T ASSURE ME ( Y\R FRI5D%IP1 BUT P]HAPS Y\ MI<T ONLY DO SO 9 ORD] TO ROB ME MORE EASILY2 Y\ MI<T PROMISE TO DO A C]TA9 ?+ = ME1 ONLY TO DECEIVE ME2 Y\ MI<T PROMISE TO =W>D A LETT] = ME1 & Y\ MI<T /EAL IT JU/ LIKE AN ORD9>Y GOV]NOR ( A JAIL4 ,UND] SU* CONDITIONS SOCIETY W\LD BECOME IMPOSSIBLE1 & ?IS IS SO G5]ALLY UND]/OOD ?AT ! REPUDIATION ( RELIGIONS 9 NO WAY PREV5TS PUBLIC MORALITY FROM BE+ MA9TA9$1 DEVELOP$1 & RAIS$ TO A HI<] & EV] HI<] /&>D4 ,?IS FACT IS SO /RIK+ ?AT PHILOSOPH]S SEEK TO EXPLA9 IT BY ! PR9CIPLES ( UTILIT>IANISM1 & REC5TLY ,SP5C] S\<T TO BASE ! MORALITY :I* EXI/S AMONG US UPON PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES & ! NE$S CONNECT$ ) ! PRES]VATION ( ! RACE4 

,LET ME GIVE Y\ AN EXAMPLE 9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 TO Y\ :AT WE ?9K ON ! MATT]4 

,A *ILD IS DR[N+1 & F\R M5 :O /& UPON ! BANK SEE IT /RUGGL+ 9 ! WAT]1 ,ONE ( !M DOES NOT /IR1 HE IS A P>TISAN ( 0,EA* ONE = HIMSELF10 ! MAXIM ( ! COMM]CIAL MIDDLE-CLASS2 ?IS ONE IS A BRUTE & WE NE$ NOT SPEAK ( HIM FUR!R4 ,! NEXT ONE REASONS ?US3 0,IF ,I SAVE ! *ILD1 A GOOD REPORT ( MY ACTION WILL BE MADE TO ! RUL] ( HEAV51 & ! ,CREATOR WILL REW>D ME BY 9CREAS+ MY FLOCKS & MY S]FS10 & !REUPON HE PLUNGES 9TO ! WAT]4 ,IS HE !RE=E A MORAL MAN8 ,CLE>LY NOT6 ,HE IS A %REWD CALCULATOR1 ?AT IS ALL4 ,! ?IRD1 :O IS AN UTILIT>IAN1 REFLECTS ?US 7OR AT LEA/ UTILIT>IAN PHILOSOPH]S REPRES5T HIM AS SO REASON+73 0,PLEASURES CAN BE CLASS$ 9 TWO CATEGORIES1 9F]IOR PLEASURES & HI<] ONES1 ,TO SAVE ! LIFE ( ANYONE IS A SUP]IOR PLEASURE 9F9ITELY MORE 9T5SE & MORE DURABLE ?AN O!RS2 !RE=E ,I WILL SAVE ! *ILD40 ,ADMITT+ ?AT ANY MAN EV] REASON$ ?US1 W\LD HE NOT BE A T]RIBLE EGOTI/8 ,&1 MOREOV]1 C\LD WE EV] BE SURE ?AT HIS SOPHI/ICAL BRA9 W\LD NOT AT SOME GIV5 MOM5T CAUSE HIS WILL TO 9CL9E T[>DS AN 9F]IOR PLEASURE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 T[>DS REFRA9+ FROM TR\BL+ HIMSELF8 ,!RE REMA9S ! F\R? 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?IS MAN HAS BE5 BR\<T UP FROM HIS *ILDHOOD TO FEEL HIMSELF ONE ) ! RE/ ( HUMANITY3 FROM HIS *ILDHOOD HE HAS ALWAYS REG>D$ M5 AS POSSESS+ 9T]E/S 9 COMMON3 HE HAS ACCU/OM$ HIMSELF TO SUFF] :5 HIS NEI<BORS SUFF]1 & TO FEEL HAPPY :5 EV]YONE >\ND HIM IS HAPPY4 ,DIRECTLY HE HE>S ! HE>T R5D+ CRY ( ! MO!R1 HE LEAPS 9TO ! WAT]1 NOT ?R\< REFLECTION BUT BY 9/9CT1 & :5 %E ?ANKS HIM = SAV+ H] *ILD1 HE SAYS1 0,:AT HAVE ,I DONE TO DES]VE ?ANKS1 MY GOOD WOMAN8 ,I AM HAPPY TO SEE Y\ HAPPY2 ,I HAVE ACT$ FROM NATURAL IMPULSE & C\LD NOT DO O!RWISE60 

,Y\ RECOGNIZE 9 ?IS CASE ! TRULY MORAL MAN1 & FEEL ?AT ! O!RS >E ONLY EGOTI/S 9 COMP>ISON ) HIM4 ,! :OLE AN>*I/ MORALITY IS REPRES5T$ 9 ?IS EXAMPLE4 ,IT IS ! MORALITY ( A PEOPLE :I* DOES NOT LOOK = ! SUN AT MIDNI<T -- A MORALITY )\T COMPULSION OR AU?ORITY1 A MORALITY ( HABIT4 ,LET US CREATE CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* MAN %ALL NOT BE L$ TO DECEIVE NOR EXPLOIT O!RS1 & !N BY ! V]Y =CE ( ?+S ! MORAL LEVEL ( HUMANITY WILL RISE TO A HEI<T HI!RTO UNKN[N4 ,M5 >E C]TA9LY NOT TO BE MORALIZ$ BY TEA*+ !M A MORAL CATE*ISM3 TRIBUNALS & PRISONS DO NOT DIM9I% VICE2 !Y P\R IT OV] SOCIETY 9 HOODS4 ,M5 >E TO BE MORALIZ$ ONLY BY PLAC+ !M 9 A POSITION :I* %ALL CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOP 9 !M ?OSE HABITS :I* >E SOCIAL1 & TO WEAK5 ?OSE :I* >E NOT SO4 ,A MORALITY :I* HAS BECOME 9/9CTIVE IS ! TRUE MORALITY1 ! ONLY MORALITY :I* 5DURES :ILE RELIGIONS & SY/EMS ( PHILOSOPHY PASS AWAY4 

,LET US N[ COMB9E ! ?REE PREC$+ ELEM5TS1 & WE %ALL HAVE ,AN>*Y & ITS PLACE 9 ,SOCIALI/IC ,EVOLUTION4 

,EMANCIPATION ( ! PRODUC] FROM ! YOKE ( CAPITAL2 PRODUCTION 9 COMMON & FREE CONSUMPTION ( ALL ! PRODUCTS ( ! COMMON LABOR4 

,EMANCIPATION FROM ! GOV]NM5TAL YOKE2 FREE DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 GR\PS & F$]ATIONS1 FREE ORGANIZATION ASC5D+ FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX1 ACCORD+ TO MUTUAL NE$S & T5D5CIES4 

,EMANCIPATION FROM RELIGI\S MORALITY2 FREE MORALITY1 )\T COMPULSION OR AU?ORITY1 DEVELOP+ ITSELF FROM SOCIAL LIFE & BECOM+ HABITUAL4 

,! ABOVE IS NO DREAM ( /UD5TS1 IT IS A CONCLUSION :I* RESULTS FROM AN ANALYSIS ( ! T5D5CIES ( MOD]N SOCIETY3 ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM IS ! UNION ( ! TWO FUNDAM5TAL T5D5CIES ( \R SOCIETY -- A T5D5CY T[>DS ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 & A T5D5CY T[>DS POLITICAL LIB]TY4 ,SO LONG AS ,COMMUNISM PRES5T$ ITSELF UND] AN AU?ORIT>IAN =M1 :I* NECESS>ILY IMPLIES GOV]NM5T1 >M$ ) MU* GREAT] P[] ?AN ?AT :I* IT POSSESSES TODAY1 9ASMU* AS IT IMPLIES ECONOMIC 9 ADDITION TO POLITICAL P[] -- SO LONG AS ?IS WAS ! CASE1 ,COMMUNISM MET ) NO SUFFICI5T RESPONSE4 ,BE=E #ahdh IT C\LD1 9DE$1 SOMETIMES EXCITE = A MOM5T ! 5?USIASM ( ! WORK] :O WAS PREP>$ TO SUBMIT TO ANY ALL-P[]FUL GOV]NM5T1 PROVID$ IT W\LD RELEASE HIM FROM ! T]RIBLE SITUATION 9 :I* HE WAS PLAC$1 BUT IT LEFT ! TRUE FRI5DS ( LIB]TY 9DIFF]5T4 

,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM MA9TA9S ?AT MO/ VALUABLE ( ALL CONQUE/S -- 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY -- & MOREOV] EXT5DS IT & GIVES IT A SOLID BASIS -- ECONOMIC LIB]TY1 )\T :I* POLITICAL LIB]TY IS DELUSIVE2 IT DOES NOT ASK ! 9DIVIDUAL :O HAS REJECT$ GOD1 ! UNIV]SAL TYRANT1 GOD ! K+1 & GOD ! P>LIAM5T1 TO GIVE UNTO HIMSELF A GOD MORE T]RIBLE ?AN ANY ( ! PREC$+ -- GOD ! ,COMMUNITY1 OR TO ABDICATE UPON ITS ALT> HIS 9DEP5D5CE1 HIS WILL1 HIS TA/ES1 & TO R5EW ! V[ ( ASCETICISM :I* HE =M]LY MADE BE=E ! CRUCIFI$ GOD4 ,IT SAYS TO HIM1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 0,NO SOCIETY IS FREE SO LONG AS ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT SO4 ,DO NOT SEEK TO MODIFY SOCIETY BY IMPOS+ UPON IT AN AU?ORITY :I* %ALL MAKE EV]Y?+ RI<T2 IF Y\ DO1 Y\ WILL FAIL AS POPES & EMP]ORS HAVE FAIL$4 ,MODIFY SOCIETY SO ?AT Y\R FELL[S MAY NOT BE ANY LONG] Y\R 5EMIES BY ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES3 ABOLI% ! CONDITIONS :I* ALL[ SOME TO MONOPOLIZE ! FRUIT ( ! LABOR ( O!RS2 & 9/EAD ( ATTEMPT+ TO CON/RUCT SOCIETY FROM TOP TO BOTTOM1 OR FROM ! C5T] TO ! CIRCUMF]5CE1 LET IT DEVELOP ITSELF FREELY FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPOSITE BY ! FREE UNION ( FREE GR\PS4 ,?IS C\RSE1 :I* IS SO MU* OB/RUCT$ AT PRES5T1 IS ! TRUE =W>D M>* ( SOCIETY3 DO NOT SEEK TO H9D] IT1 DO NOT TURN Y\R BACK ON PROGRESS1 BUT M>* ALONG ) IT4 ,!N ! S5TIM5T ( SOCIABILITY :I* IS COMMON TO HUMAN BE+S1 AS IT IS TO ALL ANIMALS LIV+ 9 SOCIETY1 WILL BE ABLE TO DEVELOP ITSELF FREELY1 BECAUSE \R FELL[S WILL NO LONG] BE \R 5EMIES1 & WE %ALL ?US >RIVE AT A /ATE ( ?+S 9 :I* EA* 9DIVIDUAL WILL BE ABLE TO GIVE FREE RE9 TO HIS 9CL9ATIONS1 & EV5 TO HIS PASSIONS1 )\T ANY O!R RE/RA9T ?AN ! LOVE & RESPECT ( ?OSE :O SURR\ND HIM40 

,?IS IS \R IDEAL1 & IT IS ! IDEAL :I* LIES DEEP 9 ! HE>TS ( PEOPLES -- ( ALL PEOPLES4 ,WE KN[ FULL WELL ?AT ?IS IDEAL WILL NOT BE ATTA9$ )\T VIOL5T %OCKS2 ! CLOSE ( ?IS C5TURY HAS A =MIDABLE REVOLUTION 9 /ORE = US3 :E!R IT BEG9S 9 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,SPA91 OR ,RUSSIA1 IT WILL BE A ,EUROPEAN ONE1 & SPREAD+ ) ! SAME RAPIDITY AS ?AT ( \R FA!RS1 ! H]OES ( #a#h#d#h1 IT WILL SET ALL ,EUROPE 9 A BLAZE4 ,?IS COM+ ,REVOLUTION WILL NOT AIM AT A M]E *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T1 BUT WILL HAVE A SOCIAL *>ACT]2 ! WORK ( EXPROPRIATION WILL COMM5CE1 & EXPLOIT]S WILL BE DRIV5 \T4 ,:E!R WE LIKE IT OR NOT1 ?IS WILL BE DONE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! WILL ( 9DIVIDUALS1 & :5 H&S >E LAID ON PRIVATE PROP]TY WE %ALL >RIVE AT ,COMMUNISM1 BECAUSE WE %ALL BE =C$ TO DO SO4 ,COMMUNISM1 H[EV]1 CANNOT BE EI!R AU?ORIT>IAN OR P>LIAM5T>Y1 IT MU/ EI!R BE AN>*I/ OR NONEXI/5T2 ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE DOES NOT DESIRE TO TRU/ ITSELF AGA9 TO ANY SAVIOR1 BUT WILL SEEK TO ORGANIZE ITSELF BY ITSELF4 

,WE DO NOT ADVOCATE ,COMMUNISM & ,AN>*Y BECAUSE WE IMAG9E M5 TO BE BETT] ?AN !Y REALLY >E2 IF WE HAD ANGELS AMONG US WE MI<T BE TEMPT$ TO 5TRU/ TO !M ! TASK ( ORGANIZ+ US1 ?\< D\BTLESS EV5 !Y W\LD %[ ! CLOV5 FOOT V]Y SOON4 ,BUT IT IS JU/ BECAUSE WE TAKE M5 AS !Y >E ?AT WE SAY3 0,DO NOT 5TRU/ !M ) ! GOV]N+ ( Y\4 ,?IS OR ?AT DESPICABLE M9I/] MI<T HAVE BE5 AN EXCELL5T MAN IF P[] HAD NOT BE5 GIV5 TO HIM4 ,! ONLY WAY ( >RIV+ AT H>MONY ( 9T]E/S IS BY A SOCIETY )\T EXPLOIT]S & )\T RUL]S40 ,IT IS PRECISELY BECAUSE M5 >E NOT ANGELS ?AT WE SAY1 0,LET US >RANGE MATT]S SO ?AT EA* MAN MAY SEE HIS 9T]E/ B\ND UP ) ! 9T]E/S ( O!RS1 !N Y\ WILL NO LONG] HAVE TO FE> HIS EVIL PASSIONS40 

,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM BE+ ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( EXI/+ T5D5CIES1 IT IS T[>DS ?IS IDEAL ?AT WE MU/ DIRECT \R /EPS1 9/EAD ( SAY+1 0,YES2 ,AN>*Y IS AN EXCELL5T IDEAL10 & !N TURN+ \R BACKS UPON IT4 ,%\LD ! APPROA*+ REVOLUTION NOT SUCCE$ 9 REALIZ+ ! :OLE ( ?IS IDEAL1 /ILL ALL ?AT %ALL HAVE BE5 EFFECT$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( IT WILL REMA92 BUT ALL ?AT %ALL HAVE BE5 DONE 9 A CONTR>Y DIRECTION WILL BE DOOM$ TO DISAPPE>4 ,IT IS A G5]AL RULE ?AT A POPUL> REVOLUTION MAY BE VANQUI%$1 BUT ?AT1 NEV]!LESS1 IT FURNI%ES A MOTTO = ! EVOLUTION ( ! SUCCE$+ C5TURY4 ,FRANCE EXPIR$ UND] ! HEEL ( ! ALLIES 9 #a#h#a#e1 & YET ! ACTION ( ,FRANCE HAD R5D]$ S]FDOM IMPOSSIBLE ( CONT9UANCE1 ALL OV] ,EUROPE & REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T 9EVITABLE2 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE WAS DR[N$ 9 BLOOD1 & YET UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE IS ! WAT*WORD ( ! C5TURY4 ,9 #ahga ! ,COMMUNE EXPIR$ UND] VOLLEYS ( GRAPE%OT1 & YET ! WAT*WORD 9 ,FRANCE TODAY IS 0! ,FREE ,COMMUNE40 ,& IF ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM IS VANQUI%$ 9 ! COM+ REVOLUTION1 AFT] HAV+ ASS]T$ ITSELF 9 ! LI<T ( DAY1 NOT ONLY WILL IT LEAVE BEH9D IT ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 NOT ONLY WILL ! WORK+ MAN HAVE LE>N$ HIS TRUE PLACE 9 SOCIETY1 NOT ONLY WILL ! L&$ & M]CANTILE >I/OCRACY HAVE RECEIV$ A MORTAL BL[1 BUT ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM WILL BE ! GOAL ( ! EVOLUTION ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM SUMS UP ALL ?AT IS MO/ BEAUTIFUL & MO/ DURABLE 9 ! PROGRESS ( HUMANITY2 ! S5TIM5T ( JU/ICE1 ! S5TIM5T ( LIB]TY1 & SOLID>ITY OR COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/4 ,IT GU>ANTEES ! FREE EVOLUTION1 BO? ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ( SOCIETY4 ,!RE=E1 IT WILL TRIUMPH4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,! ,PLACE ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,SOCIALI/IC ,EVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
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