,! ,POLI% ,QUE/ION & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,! BOOK TO :I* ?IS ESSAY WAS ! ,=EWORD WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,POLI% 9 ,KRAK[ 9 #a#i#e4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ,=EWORD1 IT CONTA9$ SEV]AL O!R >TICLES BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 & REPR9TS ( >TICLES BY ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 ,FRANZ ,MEHR+1 & 0,P>VUS0 7,A4 ,HELPH&74 
,S\RCE3 ,! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION - ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 $IT$ & 9TRODUC$ BY ! LATE ,HORACE ,B4 ,DAVIS1 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#f4 
,TRANSLAT$3 ,ORIG9AL 9 ,POLI%1 TRANSLAT$ TO ,G]MAN1 ?IS V]SION FROM ! ,G]MAN TO ,5GLI%4 ,WE REALIZE ?IS IS NOT AT ALL A DESIRABLE SITUATION1 & COPYRI<T FREE TRANSLATIONS DIRECT FROM ! ,POLI% W\LD BE HI<LY PREF]$4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,T$ ,CRAW=D_/,BRIAN ,BAGG9S 
,PUBLIC ,DOMA93 ,Y\ CAN FREELY COPY1 DI/RIBUTE1 DISPLAY & P]=M ?IS WORK2 AS WELL AS MAKE D]IVATIVE & COMM]CIAL WORKS4 ,PLEASE CR$IT ! S\RCE ABOVE AS WELL AS ! ,M>XI/S ,9T]NET ,>*IVE4 

,HAB5T SUE FATE LIBELLI6 AS ! SAY+ GOES1 & A FITT+ EPIGRAPH 9DE$ TO ! PRES5T VOLUME1 A COLLECTION ( >TICLES ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION ?AT HAVE APPE>$1 WRITT5 BY V>I\S AU?ORS1 9 DIFF]5T J\RNALS1 9 DIFF]5T YE>S1 & 9 DIFF]5T LANGUAGES4 ,! BOOK1 9 FACT1 CONTA9S A SAMPL+ ( ! 9TELLECTUAL HI/ORY ( ,POLI% ,SOCIALISM1 & PROVIDES US ) A CONSPECTUS ( A TRULY UNIQUE PH5OM5ON1 NAMELY1 ! L5G?Y DEBATE ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL PRESS >\ND ! POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S1 9 P>TICUL> >\ND ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#h#i#f4 

,IT WAS NO M]E CO9CID5CE ?AT ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S W]E BR\<T 9TO ! ,EUROPEAN =UM & PLAC$ BE=E ! TRIBUNAL ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM4 ,9DE$1 ! EX*ANGE ( OP9ION OV] ! TACTICS ( ! LABOR P>TIES 9 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES HAS BECOME MORE & MORE ! CU/OM ( LATE 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! HI/ORY ( ,JAURESISM.<#b.> OR ! G5]AL /RIKE ( ! ,BELGIAN ,LABOR ,P>TY 9 ,APRIL #a#i#b.<#c.> - C]TA9LY ILLU/RATE ! PO9T2 EA* PROVOK$ A LIVELY DISCUSSION 9 ! ,G]MAN1 ,DUT*1 & ,RUSSIAN PRESS - & ELSE:]E AS WELL4 

,9 P>TICUL>1 ! OPPORTUNI/ T5D5CY1 :I* RE>$ ITS HEAD ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T A FEW YE>S AGO1 TAK+ EV]Y:]E ALMO/ ID5TICAL =MS & PROVOK+ ALMO/ ID5TICAL C\NT]BLA/S FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y FLANK1 GAVE RISE TO A CURI\S CONFRAT]NITY AMONG LIKE-M9D$ GR\PS 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,?US ITS NET EFFECT WAS ACTUALLY TO TI<T5 9T]NATIONAL BONDS1 DESPITE ITS 9H]5T T5D5CY TO FO/] NATIONAL & LOCAL P>O*IALISM & FRAGM5T ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ,POLI% ,SOCIALISM OCCUPIES - OR AT ANY RATE ONCE OCCUPI$ - A UNIQUE POSITION 9 ITS RELATION TO 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM1 A POSITION :I* CAN BE TRAC$ DIRECTLY TO ! ,POLI% NATIONAL QUE/ION4 

,?AT ! ,POLI% 9SURRECTIONS %\LD HAVE >\S$ ! W>ME/ SYMPA?IES AMONG ,EUROPEAN DEMOCRATS NE$ H>DLY CAUSE SURPRISE4 ,BUT IT WAS POLITICAL 9T]E/S - NOT M]ELY ! BONDS ( SYMPA?Y - ?AT TI$ ! ,POLI% QUE/ION TO ! CAUSE ( DEMOCRACY 9 ! ,WE/4 ,FROM ! TIME ?AT ,RUSSIAN CZ>DOM 5T]$ 9T]NAL ,EUROPEAN POLITICS1 ACT+1 ?R\< ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE1 AS ! G5D>ME ( 9T]NATIONAL REACTION1 DEMOCRATS 9 ,FRANCE1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ,G]MANY1 HAVE HAD TO REG>D IT AS AN ACTIVELY HO/ILE =CE :I* HAD TO BE EFFECTIVELY NEUTRALIZ$ IF A ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION WAS TO SUCCE$4 ,YET )9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 )9 ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY1 NO REVOLUTION>Y SIGNS W]E YET VISIBLE4 ,! FIR/ MANIFE/ATIONS ALONG !SE L9ES - ! ,DECEMBRI/ MOVEM5T AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1.<#d.> & ! ATTEMPT$ ASSASS9ATION BY ,K>AKOZOV.<#e.> 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! C5TURY - AS WELL AS O!R EV5TS OCCURR+ LAT]1 SEEM$ TO HAVE ]UPT$ ONLY TO ILLUM9ATE ! BLACK NI<T ( CZ>DOM'S UNB5D+ B>B>ISM ) A MOM5T>Y RAY ( HOPE4 ,IT IS QUITE UND]/&ABLE1 !N1 ?AT 9 ! EYES ( ! ,WE/1 ! >M$ ,POLI% 9SURRECTIONS APPE>$ TO BE ! ONLY REVOLUTION>Y =CE AT H&2 BUT EV5 BEYOND ?AT1 !Y S]V$ ! FUNCTION ( KEEP+ ! =CES ( ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM OCCUPI$1 & ?US SAFEGU>D+ ! CAUSE ( DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/4 

,?US ! VIEWPO9T ( ,G]MAN DEMOCRACY T[>D ,RUSSIA & ,POL& EVOLV$ QUITE NATURALLY1 & ,K>L ,M>X1 9 ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 WAS ITS RADICAL & MO/ CONSI/5T REPRES5TATIVE4 ,! IDEA ( A DECL>ATION ( W> AGA9/ ,RUSSIA1 TOGE!R ) A CALL TO 9SURRECTION 9 ,POL&1 CON/ITUT$ ! CORE ( ,M>X'S =EIGN POLICY DUR+ ! ,M>* REVOLUTION4 ,M>X1 :O BELONG$ TO ! MO/ RADICAL LEFT W+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRACY ( ! TIME1 SWUNG BOLDLY FROM DEF5SIVE TO (F5SIVE TACTICS 9 ?IS QUE/ION AS WELL3 RA!R ?AN PO/PON+ A CLA% ) CZ>DOM UNTIL SU* TIME AS IT %\LD DECIDE TO 9T]V5E 9 ,G]MANY1 HE *OSE TO *ALL5GE ABSOLUTISM FROM ! \TSET BY C>RY+ ! TOR* ( W> & REVOLUTION 9TO ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 

,:AT PROSPECTS ?IS TACTIC ACTUALLY HAD = SUCCESS1 OR ! EXT5T TO :I* IT HAD ANY BASIS 9 REALITY1 NE$ NOT OCCUPY US H]E4 ,= ! PRES5T1 \R ONLY CONC]N IS TO E/ABLI% ?AT 9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 & 9 !M ALONE1 LIES ! BASIS = ! TRADITIONAL VIEWS ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION ?AT 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM WAS LAT] TO 9H]IT4 ,NOT SOCIALI/ !ORY OR TACTICS1 BUT ! BURN+ POLITICAL EXIG5CIES ( ,G]MAN DEMOCRACY AT ! TIME - ! PRACTICAL 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE - DET]M9$ ! VIEWPO9T ?AT ,M>X1 & LAT] ,5GELS1 ADOPT$ ) RESPECT TO ,RUSSIA & ,POL&4.<#f.> ,EV5 AT FIR/ GLANCE ?IS /&PO9T REVEALS ITS GL>+ LACK ( 9N] RELATION TO ! SOCIAL !ORY ( ,M>XISM4 ,BY FAIL+ TO ANALYZE ,POL& & ,RUSSIA AS CLASS SOCIETIES BE>+ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CONTRADICTIONS 9 !IR BOSOMS1 BY VIEW+ !M NOT FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T BUT AS IF !Y W]E 9 A FIX$1 ABSOLUTE CONDITION AS HOMOG5E\S1 UNDIFF]5TIAT$ UNITS1 ?IS VIEW RAN C\NT] TO ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ,M>XISM4 

,TO ,WE/]N DEMOCRACY AT ?AT TIME ,POL& WAS ! L& ( 9SURG5TS & ,RUSSIA ! L& ( REACTION - NO?+ MORE4 ,NEI!R ! SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ECONOMIC BASIS1 NOR ! POLITICAL CONT5T ( ! ,POLI% 9SURRECTIONS HAD ANY REAL EXI/5CE = EI!R ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S OR B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS1 OR AT LEA/ !Y W]E ACCORD$ V]Y LITTLE IMPORTANCE3 SO LITTLE1 9 FACT1 ?AT AS LATE AS #a#h#g#e1 9 HIS REPLY TO ,TKACEV1.<#g.> 9 ! J\RNAL ,VOLK/AAT1 ,5GELS BEG9S HIS 5UM]ATION ( ! FACTORS UND]M9+ ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM ?US3 0,FIR/ COME ! ,POLES4 0.<#h.> 

,BUT 9 PO9T ( FACT1 :5 ,5GELS WROTE !SE WORDS 0! ,POLES40 I4E41 ?AT UNDIFF]5TIAT$ NATION :OSE SOLE CONC]N WAS PRESUMABLY ! /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE1 HAD LONG CEAS$ TO EXI/ - IF 9DE$ !Y HAD EV] EXI/$4 ,= AT JU/ ?IS TIME ,POL& WAS EXP]I5C+ ! GREATE/ ORGIES ( 0ORGANIC LABOR10 ! FRANTIC DANCE ( CAPITALISM & CAPITALI/ 5RI*M5T OV] ! GRAVES ( ! ,POLI% NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS & ! ,POLI% NOBILITY1 BY !N A ?+ ( ! PA/4 ,%ORTLY !REAFT]1 HI/ORY WAS TO PROVIDE GRAPHIC PRO( ?AT ,POL& HAD CEAS$ TO BE ! L& ( 0! ,POLES0 & HAD BECOME A FULLY MOD]N B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 R5T BY CLASS CONTRADICTIONS & CLASS /RUGGLE3 ONLY TWO OR ?REE YE>S AFT] ,5GELS WROTE !SE WORDS1 ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS TO MAKE ITS FIR/ 5TRY ONTO ! /AGE ( ,POLI% HI/ORY4 

,= A LONG TIME1 !SE TRADITIONAL VIEWS ON ,POL& LAY DORMANT 9 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM4 ,AFT] ! LA/ 9SURRECTION1 ! TRUMPET BLA/S ( NATIONAL /RUGGLE DI$ AWAY4 ,POLI% CAPITALI/S NO LONG] DREW ! ATT5TION ( ALL ( ,EUROPE BY ! CLATT] ( !IR >MS4 ,! B\RGEOIS CRY1 05RI*ISSEZ-V\S10 REQUIRES UNIV]SAL PEACE & TRANQUILITY2 LIKE ! VIOLET1 IT PREF]S TO HIDE ITSELF AWAY AMONG ! %AD[S1 & %IES FROM NO?+ SO MU* AS FROM ! 5VI\S EYES ( ITS NEI<BORS4 ,& ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S1 = !IR P>T1 F> FROM /RIV+ TO L9K !IR POLITICS ) ! TRADITIONS ( REBELLION AT ! \TSET1 DID1 9 FACT1 JU/ ! OPPOSITE3 FROM ! />T !Y TOOK UP A FULLY CONSCI\S & DET]M9$ /& AGA9/ !SE TRADITIONS 9 ,POLI% SOCIETY1 & :AT IS MORE1 AB/A9$ FROM ANY RELIANCE ON !M EV5 )9 ! RANKS ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM ITSELF4 ,9DE$1 ! FIR/ S]I\S ,SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION 9 ,POL& - ! 0,PROLET>IAT0 ,P>TY - MADE ITS OPPOSITION TO ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS & ITS %>P CRITICISM ( !M ! KEY/ONE ( ITS CLASS POSITION4.<#i.> ,! F\ND]S & !ORETICAL LEAD]S ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY W]E BY NO MEANS UNFAMILI> ) ,M>X'S & ,5GELS' OP9IONS ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION1 YET !Y W]E NOT 9 ! LEA/ CONFUS$ BY !M2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y REG>D$ !M M]ELY AS ! \TWORN VE/IGE ( OLD VIEWS ?AT HAD BE5 BAS$ ON AN IGNORANCE ( ! SOCIAL CONT5T ( ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS )9 ,POL& & ( ! SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT HAD TAK5 PLACE )9 ! C\NTRY S9CE ! LA/ 9SURRECTION4 ,:5 ! GR\P1 ,R[NOSC1.<#a.>I4E41 ,LUDWIK ,W>YNSKI1 ,/ANISLAV ,M5DELSON1 ,SZYMON ,DICK/E91 & !IR COMRADES CALL$ AN 9T]NATIONAL MEET+ 9 ,G5EVA 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#h#h1 ON ! FIFTIE? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,NOVEMB] 9SURRECTION TO MAKE CLE> ONCE & = ALL !IR EMPHATICALLY ANTI-NATIONALI/ POSITION1 AMONG ! V>I\S LETT]S & TELEGRAMS !Y RECEIV$ WAS ALSO ONE FROM ,M>X & ,5GELS :I* T]SELY SUMM$ UP ! HI/ORICAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! SLOGAN ( ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE & ! REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/3 

,! CRY 0,LET ,POL& LIVE60 :I* !N RES\ND$ ?R\<\T ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WAS NOT ONLY AN EXPRESSION ( SYMPA?Y & SUPPORT = ! PATRIOTIC FI<T]S :O HAD BE5 CRU%$ BY BRUTE =CE - ?IS CRY GREET$ ! PEOPLE ALL ( :OSE REVOLTS1 9 !MSELVES SO DISA/R\S1 ALWAYS HELD BACK ! ADVANCE ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION3 ! PEOPLE1 :OSE BE/ SONS NEV] CEAS$ TO C>RY \T >M$ RESI/ANCE & ALWAYS F\<T UND] ! FLAG ( ! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTIONS4 ,ON ! O!R H& ! P>TITION ( ,POL& CONSOLIDAT$ ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE1 ?AT MASK = ! HEGEMONY ( ! ,CZ>S OV] ALL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 ,?US ! CRY 0,LET ,POL& LIVE60 9 & ( ITSELF MEANT3 0,DEA? TO ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE1 DEA? TO ! MILIT>Y DESPOTISMS ( ,RUSSIA1 ,PRUSSIA1 ,AU/RIA1 DEA? TO ! ,MONGOLIAN SUPREMACY OV] CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY40 

,! LETT] 5DS ) ! WORDS3 

,! ,POLES !RE=E PLAY$ \TSIDE ! BORD]S ( !IR C\NTRY A GREAT ROLE 9 ! BATTLE = ! FREE+ ( ! PROLET>IAT3 !Y W]E ITS BE/ 9T]NATIONAL FI<T]S4 ,TO-DAY1 S9CE ?IS BATTLE IS DEVELOP+ AMONG ! ,POLI% PEOPLE !MSELVES1 ! PROPAG&A & PRESS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MAY SUPPORT IT1 MAY JO9 ) ! EF=TS ( \R ,RUSSIAN BRO!RS2 ?AT WILL BE ONE MORE REASON = REVIV+ ! OLD CRY3 0,LET ,POL& LIVE60.<#a#a.> 

,9 HIS WIDE-RANG+ ADDRESS TO ! MEET+1 ,LUDWIK ,W>YNSKI SAID ! FOLL[+ 9 REPLY TO ?IS LETT]3 

,! ,TRIPLE ,ALLIANCE HAD ITS ADV]S>Y 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 :I* HAD CALL$ ALL WORK+ PEOPLE TO /RUGGLE UND] A COMMON BANN]1 ! BANN] ( 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION4 ,BUT NOT FEEL+ ITSELF 9 POSSESSION ( 5\< =CES TO MEET ! REACTION HEAD-ON1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT TR\BLE ITSELF TO SUBSUME ! ,POLI% QUE/ION UND] A G5]AL PROGRAM = ! LIB]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT ! ,POLI% REVOLUTION>Y PATRIOTS W]E ! ONLY ORGANIZ$ =CE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE ?AT C\LD *ECK ! CZ>'S EF=TS TO 9T]V5E 9 ,EUROPE 9 SUPPORT ( REACTION4 ,= A LONG TIME1 \R P>T 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T WAS R$UC$ TO ?IS4 ,EV5 ! AU?ORS ( ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O L9K$ !IR IMMORTAL RALLY+ CRY3 0,PROLET>IANS ( ALL C\NTRIES UNITE10 ) ANO!R ?AT WAS ATTRACTIVE EV5 TO ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES 9 G5]AL3 ! CRY 0,LONG LIVE ,POL&60 ,?IS REG>D & SYMPA?Y = ,POL&1 ! ,POL& ( ! EXPLOIT]S & ! EXPLOIT$1 DEMON/RATES ?AT PREVI\S POLITICAL EXP$I5CIES HAVE /ILL TODAY RETA9$ !IR =CE 9 ! EYES ( ITS DEF5D]S4 ,BUT ! RELEVANCE ( !SE E>LI] 9T]E/S IS GRADUALLY DIM9I%+1 & WE MAY HOPE ?AT !Y WILL SOON BE =GOTT54 

,W>YNSKI WAS WRONG4 ,! ,POLI% TRADITIONS W]E1 9DE$1 =GOTT5 = A TIME 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T2 BUT !Y DID NOT DISAPPE> - EV5 ?\< ! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS :I* HAD ORIG9ALLY GIV5 RISE TO !M HAD *ANG$ RADICALLY4 ,EV5 IDEOLOGY BE>S ! /AMP ( CONS]VATISM1 & ! IDEOLOGY ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T - EV5 GRANT+ ! ?OR\<LY REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( ITS WORLD VIEW - IS NO EXCEPTION TO ?IS RULE4 ,9 ITS POSITIONS & ATTITUDES ON P>TICUL> QUE/IONS IT LAGS CONSID]ABLY BEH9D ACTUAL DEVELOPM5TS1 TO :I* IT MU/ FROM TIME TO TIME READJU/ ?R\< A PROCESS ( RADICAL REVISION4 ,BUT ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY IS A P>TY ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 NOT ( PHILOSOPHICAL 9QUIRY = ! ATTA9M5T ( AB/RACT TRU?S4 ,H5CE1 IT TAKES UP ! REVISION ( ITS OLD1 \T-(-DATE VIEWS ONLY :5 ! TANGIBLE 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T MAKE SU* A REVISION NECESS>Y4 ,TRADITIONAL VIEWS ?US (T5 LIE = A LONG TIME UNCONTE/$ 9 ! TREASURE *E/ ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 ?\< ! CIRCUM/ANCES TO :I* !Y W]E ATTUN$ MAY HAVE LONG S9CE DISAPPE>$ FROM ! SC5E4 ,IT IS ONLY :5 NEW DEVELOPM5TS CAUSE ! EM]G5CE ( NEW VITAL NE$S = ! MOVEM5T :I* /& 9 FLAGRANT CONTRADICTION ) !SE MU/Y OLD TRADITIONS1 & COLLIDE ) !M1 ?AT POLITICAL OP9ION DRAGS !M 9TO ! LI<T = A ?OR\< CRITICAL REVIEW4 

,?AT IS :AT HAPP5$ ) ,SOCIALI/S' TRADITIONAL VIEWS ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION4 ,?\< !Y HAD BE5 PRES]V$ 9 SPIRIT1 PRACTICAL POLITICS PROVID$ !M NO *ANCE = PUBLIC AIR+4 ,!RE W]E NO ,POLI% NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ?AT MI<T HAVE GIV5 !M A NEW BREA? ( LIFE1 & ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S HAD1 AS WE HAVE SE51 AVOID$ ! EMB>RASSM5T ( !SE OLD IDEAS BY SIMPLY IGNOR+ !M & PURSU+ A /RONGLY ANTI-NATIONALI/ POLICY )\T ASK+ ANYBODY'S P]MISSION4 

,BUT ! 5TRY ( ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC T5D5CY1 REPRES5T$ BY ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ONTO ! SC5E 9 #ahic *ANG$ ALL ?AT4.<#a#b.> ,TRUE1 !RE HAD BE5 PREVI\S ATTEMPTS TO L9K ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ) A PROGRAMMATIC DEM& = ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& = EXAMPLE1 BY ! GR\P1 ,LUD ,POLSKI1 9 #a#h#h#a1 OR ! GR\P1 ,POBUDKA1.<#a#c.> 9 #a#h#h#i1 BO? UND] ! EGIS ( ,B4 ,LIMAN[SKI4.<#a#d.> ,BUT BO? ( !SE TWO EPHEM]AL GR\PS FELT !MSELVES SO DEEPLY ISOLAT$ FROM ! MA9/REAM ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM ?AT !Y MADE NOT ! SLI<TE/ EF=T TO L9K UP !IR VIEWS ) ! ,M>XI/ TRADITIONS - ESPECIALLY AS !IR PROGRAM WAS QUITE EXPLICITLY BAS$ NOT ON ! !ORY ( MOD]N SOCIALISM1 BUT ON A PECULI> BR& ( S5TIM5TAL & METAPHYSICAL PHRASEOLOGY4 

,! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY WAS ! FIR/ TO ATTEMPT TO REVIVE & R5OVATE ! DORMANT LEGACY ( ,M>X'S #ahdh POSITION1 & 9DE$ IT WAS QUITE AMBITI\S 9 ! UND]TAK+4 ,AN 5TIRE SY/EM WAS CREAT$ & SET 9TO MOTION TO RECLAIM1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! OLD ,POLI% TRADITIONS DRIFT+ AB\T AMONG SOCIALI/S 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,! PRES5T VOLUME CONTA9S SEV]AL EXAMPLES1 9 P>TICUL> ! >TICLE BY ,H]R ,HACK] FROM ,CRAC[4.<#a#e.> ,?IS SY/EM RELI$ - AS ONE ( \R COMRADES APTLY PUT IT - ON ! COLLECT+ ( 0V\*]S = ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL&0 FROM ALL ! LUM9>IES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM1 V\*]S ?AT W]E OBTA9$ BY CONV9C+ ! ,FR5*1 ,5GLI%1 ,ITALIAN1 ,G]MAN1 ETC4 ,SOCIALI/S - ! LETT] BY ,ANTONIO ,LABRIOLA IS A GOOD CASE 9 PO9T - ?AT 0! :OLE ( ,POLI% SOCIALISM WANTS0 ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL&1 & !N SOLICIT+ FROM !M 9 ADVANCE A %[ ( SYMPA?Y = ?IS UND]TAK+4 ,CONFRONT$ 9 ?IS MANN] BY A FAIT ACCOMPLI1 & HAV+ NO REASON TO RACK !IR BRA9S UNBIDD5 OV] ! RATIONALITY OR IRRATIONALITY ( ! PROGRAM ( SOME =EIGN P>TY1 ) :OSE LANGUAGE & T]MS ( COMBAT !Y W]E UNFAMILI>1 ! ,WE/]N SOCIALI/S ( C\RSE GRANT$ ! SOLICIT$ V\*]1 WROTE ! REQUE/$ LETT]S OR ESSAYS )\T TOO MU* REFLECTION1 & SAID A FEW WORDS H]E & !RE AT AN OCCASIONAL MEET+ - :I* ( C\RSE WAS PRECISELY :Y !Y HAD BE5 9VIT$4 

,?US1 ! DILIG5TLY ACCUMULAT$ 5DORSEM5TS BY PROM95T FIGURES ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T BECAME RITUALIZ$ 9TO AN 5DLESSLY REPEAT$ LITANY = SOCIAL PATRIOTISM 9 ! LIT]ATURE ( ?IS T5D5CY DUR+ ! YE>S #ahie TO #ahif 9 ! SPECIAL ,MAY $ITION = #a#h#i#f1 9 ESSAYS 9 ,PRZ$SWIT1.<#a#f.> 9 ,GAZETA ,ROBOTNICZA1 ETC41 ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,BEBEL1 ,KAUTSKY1 ,B]N/E91 ,GUESDE1 ,LABRIOLA1 ,HYNDMAN1 ,ELEANOR ,M>X ,AVEL+1 ,MOTEL]1 ,LESSN]1 & SO ON1 W]E 9CESSANTLY CIT$ AS 5?USIA/IC SUPPORT]S ( ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL&2 AT ! SAME TIME1 NO OPPORTUNITY WAS MISS$ TO REK9DLE ! OLD TRADITIONS III ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN PRESS4 

,?IS UNPREC$5T$ PH5OM5ON WAS NOT ! WORK ( *ANCE1 NOR WAS IT M]ELY ! PRODUCT ( BAD TA/E ON ! P>T ( ! CU/ODIANS ( SOCIAL PATRIOTISM4 ,:5 ?IS T5D5CY FIR/ SURFAC$ 9 ! ,POLI% LABOR MOVEM5T 9 #ahic & #ahid IT MET ) AN EXTREMELY HO/ILE RECEPTION4 ,GIV5 ! RADICAL ANTI-NATIONALISM ) :I* ,R[NOSC & ,PRZ$SWIT HAD %AP$ POLITICAL OP9ION 9 ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ CIRCLES = FIFTE5 YE>S1 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! OLD ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY1 ?IS ABRUPT AB\T-FACE 5TAIL$ BY ! PROGRAMMATIC DEM& = ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& WAS GREET$ ) ! GREATE/ HO/ILITY4 

,FROM ! ANTI-NATIONALI/ P]SPECTIVE LONG 9CULCAT$ BY ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY1 ! ESP\SAL ( PATRIOTISM1 ) ITS 9DULG5T NO/ALGIA = ! OLD WAT*WORDS ( ! REBELLIONS ( ! ,POLI% NOBILITY1 C\LD BE VIEW$ AS NO?+ LESS ?AN A BETRAYAL ( ! SOCIALI/ BANN] & ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,TO OV]COME ?IS HO/ILE ATMOSPH]E & !SE FIRMLY ROOT$ TRADITIONS ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,P>TY1 AN >TFUL >GUM5T1 BAS$ ON ! CLASS /&PO9T ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 HAD TO BE F\ND TO JU/IFY !SE NEW NATIONALI/IC DEM&S4 ,BUT ,K+ ,SOLOMON HIMSELF C\LD NOT HAVE PROVID$ SU* AN >GUM5T2 =1 AS ! SAY+ GOES1 0\ IL N'Y A RI51 LE ROI P]D SES DROITS03 SOCIAL PATRIOTISM SIMPLY C\LD NOT BE JU/IFI$4 ,! NOTORI\S BIT ( SOPHI/RY ?AT WAS HIT UPON TO MAKE ?IS 0WORK]S' 0 PROGRAM MORE PALATABLE1 NAMELY1 ?AT ! CON/ITUTION ( AN 9DEP5D5T ,POL& W\LD SURELY BE MORE 0DEMOCRATIC0 ?AN ANY ,RUSSIAN CON/ITUTION :I* MI<T FOLL[ AFT] ! FALL ( ! CZ>DOM1 OBVI\SLY SATISFI$ ONLY ! MODE/ 9TELLECTUAL NE$S ( ?IRD- & F\R?-RATE SYMPA?IZ]S4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! SIMPLE/ WAY \T ( !SE DIFFICULTIES WAS ?R\< A DIRECT APPEAL TO ! TRADITIONS ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM1 BY CALL+ UPON ! NAMES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS & O!R PROM95T SOCIALI/S :O SUCCE$$ !M4 ,A LONG LI/ ( BIG NAMES 9 ! HI< C\RT ( SOCIALISM WAS MADE TO S]VE 9 DEFAULT ( ANY S\ND >GUM5T 9 SUPPORT ( ! SOCIAL PATRIOTIC PROGRAM4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& LO/ ITS /IGMA AS ! BETRAYAL ( SOCIALISM - AFT] ALL1 ! MO/ ACCOMPLI%$ !ORETICIANS & PRACTITION]S ( ! ,EUROPEAN MOVEM5T HAD COME \T 9 SUPPORT ( ?IS SLOGAN - & ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY'S PROGRAM HAD OBTA9$ ! DIRECT SANCTION ( ,M>XISM - HADN'T 0,M>X HIMSELF0 ATTE/$ TO ITS CORRECTNESS8 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ON1 ALL D\BTS1 MISGIV+S1 OR AV]SIONS 9 ,POLI% SOCIALI/ CIRCLES ) REG>D TO ?IS AB\T-FACE T[>D SOCIAL PATRIOTISM W]E SET TO RE/ BY RECIT+ OV] AGA9 ! LITANY3 ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,BEBEL1 ,ELEANOR ,AVEL+1 ,LABRIOLA1 ETC41 OR P]HAPS EV5 ! O!R WAY >\ND3 ,LABRIOLA1 ,BEBEL1 ,LIEBKNE*T1 ,5GELS1 ,M>X1 & SO ON4 

,A MOM5T'S REFLECTION IS 5\< TO CONV9CE ONE ?AT SU* A SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM RE/$ UPON AN UTT]LY PRIMITIVE1 D\BLE DECEPTION4 ,SOCIALI/S ABROAD W]E MISL$ 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT ! 5TIRE ,POLI% LABOR MOVEM5T REG>D$ ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& AS !IR PROGRAMMATIC DEM&1 A DEM& NO LONG] EV5 SUBJECT TO QUE/ION1 & ON ?IS BASIS EXPRESS$ !IR SUPPORT ( IT4 ,& ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S W]E1 9 !IR TURN1 BEGUIL$ BY ALL !SE PROCLAMATIONS ( SYMPA?Y FROM SOCIALI/S ABROAD 9TO ASSUM+1 ALSO FALSELY1 ?AT ! 5TIRE 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T URG5TLY REQUIR$ ?AT !Y /& ACTIVELY BEH9D ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL&4 ,?US1 9 BO? QU>T]S1 ?IS POLICY ( SOCIAL PATRIOTISM MA9TA9$ ITSELF ONLY BY /IFL+ ANY CRITICAL APPRAISAL1 & RE/$ SOLELY ON ! =CE ( AU?ORITY - 9 ,EUROPE1 ON ! AU?ORITY ( ! 5TIRE ,POLI% LABOR MOVEM5T1 & 9 ,POL& ITSELF1 ON ! PRE/IGI\S NAMES ( ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ETC4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! AU?ORITY ( ,M>X HIMSELF ON ?IS QUE/ION1 EV5 :ILE HE WAS /ILL ALIVE1 HAD NO GREAT 9FLU5CE ON SOCIALI/S ( ! CALIB] ( ,LUDWIK ,W>YNSKI3 IT CAUS$ !M TO WAV] NOT AT ALL 9 !IR VIEWS4 ,BUT = ! PETIT-B\RGEOIS1 PATRIOTICALLY M9D$ 9TELLIG5TSIA1 FROM :OM ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC T5D5CY HAD ORIG9ALLY DRAWN ITS RECRUITS - BECAUSE ( & NOT 9 SPITE ( ! NATIONALI/ ASPECTS ( ITS PROGRAM - = !M ! P]SONAL AU?ORITY ( ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,BEBEL1 ,LIEBKNE*T1 ETC41 WAS SUFFICI5T TO PURGE !IR M9DS ( ANY & ALL D\BTS4 ,AFT] ! LONG YE>S ( A V]ITABLE ANTI-NATIONALI/ CRUSADE ON ! P>T ( SOCIALI/S ( ! ,W>YNSKI /AMP1 IT WAS AN ESPECIALLY AGREEABLE DISCOV]Y TO F9D ?AT P]HAPS ONE HAD BE5 A NATIONALI/ ALL ALONG1 & EV5 SO - 9DE$1 ALMO/ ON ?AT ACC\NT ! PURE/ ( SOCIALI/S4 

,N[ ?AT ! TRADITIONAL VIEWS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION HAD F9ALLY OBTRUD$ 9TO ! REALM ( PRACTICAL CONC]NS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 IT BECAME A MATT] ( CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE = ,POLI% & 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM TO SUBJECT !M TO A CRITICAL ANALYSIS4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DO AWAY ) ! ILLUSIONS & OBSOLETE VIEWS ON ,POL& FROM :I* SOCIAL PATRIOTISM HAD CREAT$ AN IMPOS+ OB/ACLE TO A SOCIALI/ CLASS /&PO9T 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,POL& - A CRITICAL ANALYSIS HAD TO BE APPLI$ TO ! TRADITIONS :I* HAD BE5 TRANS=M$ BY ! ADH]5TS ( SOCIAL PATRIOTISM 9TO A V]ITABLE >TICLE ( FAI? = ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S4 ,AT ! HE>T ( ! MATT] WAS A REVISION ( ! OBSOLETE VIEWS ( ,M>X ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION1 9 ORD] TO OP5 ! WAY TO ! PR9CIPLES ( ,M>XI/ !ORY = ! ,POLI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE WAS A V]Y IMM$IATE AIM BEH9D ?IS REVIVAL & R5OVATION ( ! ,POLI% NATIONALI/ TRADITIONS AMONG SOCIALI/S 9 ,G]MANY & ELSE:]E4 ,9 FACT1 !SE TRADITIONS HAD BE5 SPECIFICALLY CULTIVAT$ = SEV]AL YE>S BY A NEWSLETT] 5TITL$ ,BULLET9 ,(FICIEL DU ,P>TI ,SOCIALI/E POLONAIS4 ,IT WAS HOP$ ?AT BY IMPOS+ ! PROGRAMMATIC DEM& = ,POL&'S RE/ORATION NOT ONLY ON ! SOCIALI/S 9 ! K+DOM1 BUT ON ?OSE 9 ,GALICIA & ! ,PRUSSIAN SECTOR AS WELL1 IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO BR+ ! ?REE SECTORS ( ! POLI% LABOR MOVEM5T - :I* W]E /RUGGL+ UND] TOTALLY DIFF]5T CIRCUM/ANCES - TOGE!R ON A NATIONALI/ BASIS1 & ?US 9 OPPOSITION TO ! MO/ VITAL POLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT4 ,( C\RSE1 ! O!R ?RU/ ( ?IS T5D5CY WAS OBVI\SLY TO ISOLATE ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T POLITICALLY FROM ! CLASS-WIDE ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY MOVEM5T1 & H5CE TO SPLIT ! RANKS ( ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN PROLET>IAT1 AT ?AT TIME HOMOG5E\S1 ALONG NATIONALI/ L9ES4 

,! HI< PO9T1 ! CR[N+ T\* TO ! TWO-YE> EF=TS ( ! SOCIAL PATRIOTS WAS TO HAVE BE5 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON 9 ,AUGU/ #a#h#i#f1 :]E ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S W]E TO PUT =W>D A RESOLUTION ?AT W\LD HAVE GIV5 SANCTION TO !IR CAMPAIGN TO GET ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& RECOGNIZ$ AS AN ABSOLUTE NECESSITY = ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! NATIONALI/ T5D5CY 9 ! ,POLI% LABOR MOVEM5T MEANT TO OBTA9 ! SANCTION ( ! HI<E/ ,SOCIALI/ BODY1 ) ALL ! MAT]IAL CONSEQU5CES ?AT 5TAIL$4 ,SU* A SANCTION W\LD HAVE EFFECTIVELY QUA%$ ANY SUBSEQU5T PROTE/ ?AT MI<T HAVE >IS5 FROM )9 ! RANKS ( ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S4 

,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! PROPOSAL PUT =W>D BY ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY AT ! ,LONDON CONGRESS NATURALLY GAVE RISE TO AN EXT5SIVE DEBATE ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION4 ,?IS DEBATE1 :I* WAS 9 P>T ( A !ORETICAL NATURE1 BUT ALSO EXT5D$ 9TO ! REALM ( TACTICS & PRACTICAL POLITICS1 WAS 9ITIAT$ 9 ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 & LAT] TAK5 UP BY ,VORW>TS1 ! C5TRAL ORGAN ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & O!R ,G]MAN P>TY NEWSPAP]S 7,LEIPZIG] ,VOLKSZEITUNG1 ,SA*SIS*E ,>BEIT]ZEITUNG71 & EV5 F\ND ITS WAY 9TO ! ,ITALIAN PRESS4 ,! READ] WILL F9D ! 5TIRE LIVELY DISCUSSION ( #ahif & ! YE>S FOLL[+ 9 ! PRES5T VOLUME4.<#a#g.> ,AS WE - CONTR>Y TO ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC T5D5CY - CONSID] IT A GOV]N+ MAXIM ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TO 5C\RAGE RA!R ?AN /IFLE CRITICAL ?9K+ 9 SOCIALI/ RANKS1 WE (F] ! READ] ALL ! /AT$ OP9IONS UNALT]$1 ALL ! PROS & CONS UTT]$ ON ! ISSUE AT ?AT TIME1 )\T MAK+ ! LEA/ ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE READY-MADE ANSW]S OR F9AL CONCLUSIONS4 ,WE HAVE REPRODUC$ ALL ( ?IS ABUNDANT MAT]IAL SO ?AT ! READ] HIMSELF MAY HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY TO EVALUATE ! DISCUSSION 9DEP5D5TLY & =M HIS [N OP9ION & JUDGM5T ON ?IS PROBLEM1 SO FUNDAM5TAL TO ! ,POLI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,POLITICALLY1 ! IMM$IATE OBJECTIVES ( ! DEBATE LAUN*$ 9 ,NEUE ,ZEIT W]E C]TA9LY A*IEV$4 ,IT /IRR$ UP QUITE A FEW M9DS1 & 9DUC$ ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN SOCIALI/S TO DEVOTE SOME ?\<T TO ! POLITICAL MEAN+ & CONCRETE IMPLICATIONS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,PATRIOTIC ,P>TY1 SO ?AT ! LATT]'S PROPOSAL AT ! ,LONDON CONGRESS WAS TABL$1 & 9 ITS PLACE A RESOLUTION UNANIM\SLY ADOPT$ ?AT ONCE AGA91 9 G5]AL T]MS1 AFFIRM$ ! SYMPA?Y ( SOCIALI/S = ALL OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES & GAVE RECOGNITION TO !IR RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,( C\RSE !RE HAD NEV] BE5 ANY D\BTS AB\T ! SYMPA?Y & COMPASSION ( SOCIALI/S = OPPRESS$ NATIONS6 ,9DE$1 SU* S5TIM5TS FOLL[ NATURALLY FROM ! SOCIALI/ WORLD VIEW4 ,& NO LESS CLE> & SELF-EVID5T WAS - & IS TO SOCIALI/S1 ! RI<T ( EV]Y NATION TO 9DEP5D5CE2 ?AT TOO FL[$ DIRECTLY FROM ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES ( SOCIALISM4 ,BUT ! SOCIAL PATRIOTS :O SUBMITT$ ! RESOLUTION W]E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 A M]E BLANKET DECL>ATION ( SYMPA?Y = ALL NATIONALITIES2 RA!R1 !Y WANT$ ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& ACCLAIM$ AS A SPECIFIC POLITICAL DESID]ATUM ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! RI<T ( A NATION TO 9DEP5D5CE WAS NEI!R H]E NOR !RE2 ! CRUCIAL CONC]N WAS TO HAVE ! CAMPAIGN ( ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S TO E/ABLI% ?IS RI<T 9 ,POL& RECOGNIZ$ AS CORRECT & NECESS>Y4 ,BUT 9 EFFECT ! ,LONDON CONGRESS RUL$ PRECISELY TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,NOT ONLY DID IT SET ! ,POLI% SITUATION SQU>ELY ON A LEVEL ) ! SITUATION ( ALL O!R OPPRESS$ PEOPLES2 IT AT ! SAME TIME CALL$ = ! WORK]S ( ALL SU* NATIONS TO 5T] ! RANKS ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM AS ! ONLY REM$Y = NATIONAL OPPRESSION1 RA!R ?AN DABBL+ (F & ON ) ! RE/ORATION ( 9DEP5D5T CAPITALI/ /ATES 9 !IR SEV]AL C\NTRIES2 ONLY 9 ?IS WAY C\LD !Y HA/5 ! 9TRODUCTION ( A SOCIALI/ SY/EM ?AT1 BY ABOLI%+ CLASS OPPRESSION1 W\LD DO AWAY ) ALL =MS ( OPPRESSION1 9CLUD+ NATIONAL1 ONCE & = ALL4 

,?IS IMM$IATE RESULT ( \R CRITICAL ATTACK %[S CLE>LY ! EXT5T TO :I* ! TRADITIONAL VIEWS ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION ON :I* ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! PATRIOTIC T5D5CY 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T DEP5D$ - HAD1 = ! MO/ P>T1 ALREADY \TLIV$ !IR TIME1 & MOREOV]1 H[ DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ !Y W]E TO ! REAL 9T]E/S ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?IS WAS BR\<T \T ESPECIALLY CLE>LY BY ! FACT ?AT ! QUE/ION ( ,POL&'S RE/ORATION WAS POS$ BY ! PROLET>IAT ON ! LEVEL ( PRACTICAL POLITICS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT IT 9EVITABLY PROVOK$ A :OLE NEW S]IES ( 9T]NATIONAL QUE/IONS :I* OP5$ UP P]SPECTIVES ?AT PREVI\SLY1 ! TIME ( ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG & ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION1 HAD NOT EV5 EXI/$4 ,?US1 ! QUE/ION WAS IMM$IATELY POS$3 ,IF ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT W]E TO RECOGNIZE ! NATIONAL RE/ORATION ( ! ,POLI% /ATE AS A GOAL ( SOCIALI/ POLITICS1 :Y !N %\LD IT NOT RECOGNIZE ! SEP>ATION ( ,ALSACE-,LORRA9E FROM ,G]MANY & ITS RE/ITUTION TO ,FRANCE ALSO AS A GOAL ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY8 ,OR SUPPORT ,ITALIAN NATIONALISM 9 ITS EF=TS TO REGA9 ,TRIE/E & ! ,TR5T9O8 ,EV5 ! QUE/ION ( ! SEP>ATI/ AMBITIONS 9 ! ,BOHEMIAN T]RITORIES WAS RAIS$4 

,FUR!RMORE1 RECOGNITION ( ! T5D5CY CALL+ = ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS TO SEP>ATE !MSELVES FROM ! EXI/+ SOCIALI/ P>TIES 9 ! C\NTRIES 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,P>TITION1 &1 CONV]SELY1 = ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! ?REE ,POLI% T]RITORIES TO M]GE 9TO ONE WORK]S' P>TY1 GAVE RISE TO A :OLE S]IES ( ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/IONS4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 NOT ONLY ,POLES1 BUT A L>GE NUMB] ( ,DANES1 ,ALSATIAN ,FR5*1 & ,LI?UANIANS 9 ,EA/ ,PRUSSIA1 LIVE SIDE BY SIDE ) ! ,G]MAN POPULATION4 ,! PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! PR9CIPLE ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC T5D5CY HAD ADOPT$ = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT W\LD HAVE BE5 ! SPLITT+ UP ( ! UNIT$ ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9TO P>TICUL> P>TIES DEF9$ ALONG NATIONALI/ L9ES4 ,! SAME CONSEQU5CES W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE FOLL[$ = MANY O!R C\NTRIES AS WELL1 S9CE ALMO/ NONE ( ! L>G] MOD]N /ATES HAS A HOMOG5E\S POPULATION4 

,= !SE REASONS1 A SANCTION+ ( ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC T5D5CY W\LD HAVE NECESSITAT$ A ?OR\<GO+ REVISION ( ! EXI/+ POSITIONS ( ! 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & A REGRESSION - 9 PROGRAM1 TACTICS1 & ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES - FROM A SOLID F\NDATION 9 CLASS POLITICS TO A POLICY BAS$ ON NATIONALISM4 

,IT SUFFIC$1 !N1 TO DRAW ATT5TION TO ! CONCRETE IMPLICATIONS & QUE/IONS 9H]5T 9 ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC T5D5CY = ! 5TIRE AFFAIR TO BE RAIS$ FROM ! LEVEL ( A SPECIFICALLY ,POLI% QUE/ION TO ONE ( TRULY 9T]NATIONAL IMPORT1 & ?US TO DRAW ,G]MAN1 ,ITALIAN1 & ,RUSSIAN COMRADES AS WELL 9TO ! DISCUSSION4 

,ESPECIALLY ! LA/ NAM$4 ,! RESOLUTION ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY AT ! ,LONDON CONGRESS1 & 9DE$ ! :OLE T5D5CY :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 SANCTION$ BY ITS ADOPTION1 WAS ( MAJOR POLITICAL IMPORTANCE = ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 

,POLI% READ]S :O >E REASONABLY WELL ACQUA9T$ ) ! PUBLICATIONS ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY KN[ ?AT EV] S9CE #a#h#i#c1 ! YE> :5 IT FIR/ APPE>$ 9 ! PUBLIC >5A1 ! POLI% SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC T5D5CY HAS ATTEMPT$ TO JU/IFY ITS EXI/5CE BE=E ! ,POLI% PUBLIC PR9CIPALLY1 & 9 FACT ALMO/ SOLELY1 ON ! BASIS ( ! SOCIAL /AGNATION 9 ,RUSSIA & ! HOPELESS PROSPECTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN LABOR MOVEM5T4.<,?IS F9DS ITS MO/ PO9T$ =MULATION 9 ! LEAD >TICLE ( ISSUE NUMB] #aa ( ,PRZ$SWIT1 #a#h#i#d2 ! FOLL[+ EXTRACT IS *>ACT]I/IC3 

,!RE >E SOME AMONG US :O SUPPORT \R PROGRAM1 OR IMAG9E ?AT !Y DO1 YET MAKE ! FOLL[+ RES]VATION3 9 ALL \R EF=TS TO A*IEVE AN 9DEP5D5T ,POLI% REPUBLIC WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT IF A P[]FUL REBELLION OCCURS 9 ,RUSSIA PROMIS+ SUCCESS ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL MOVEM5T1 WE TOO %\LD JO9 =CES ) ?IS MOVEM5T & DO \R P>T TO OBTA9 A CON/ITUTION4 ,O!RS GO EV5 FUR!R1 SAY+3 TO BE SURE1 9DEP5D5CE IS IMP]ATIVE = ! ,POLI% WORK]S1 & SOON] OR LAT] !Y MU/ OBTA9 IT1 BUT TO DO SO !Y MU/ FIR/ POSSESS CON/ITUTIONAL FRE$OMS2 ONLY :5 WE >E ABLE TO ORGANIZE ! MASSES ( WORK]S WILL WE /RUGGLE = ! ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE ( \R POLITICAL EF=TS - A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY /AT$1 SU* P]SONS >E 9 ]ROR IF !Y ?9K WE >E 9 !IR CAMP2 & IF !Y /ILL AGREE ) \R DEM& = 9DEP5D5CE !Y DO SO ONLY BECAUSE !Y HAVE NOT TAK5 ! TR\BLE TO DRAW ALL ! CONSEQU5CES FROM ?IS /EP4 ,H[ CAN ONE MAKE ROOM = ! POSSIBILITY ( A /RUGGLE = A CON/ITUTION 9 ! PROGRAM :5 ONE DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 ! EXI/5CE ( ! =CES ?AT C\LD A*IEVE SU* A CON/ITUTION8 ,& YET ?IS DISBELIEF IS /ILL RAMPANT AMONG US1 EV5 S9CE ! PRES5T POLITICAL PROGRAM WAS =MULAT$4 ,FUR!R1 H[ CAN \R SUPPORT]S ( A 0POSSIBLE0 CON/ITUTION RECONCILE !IR EF=TS ) !IR BELIEF 9 ! REACTION>Y NATURE ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY & ! IMPOT5CE ( ! SOCIALI/ ELEM5TS 9 ,RUSSIA1 :5 ! COMB9ATION ( !SE FACTORS =CES !M TO ASSUME FROM ! \TSET ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA \R CON/ITUTIONAL FRE$OMS >E EI!R QUITE NEGLIGIBLE OR TOTALLY NON-EXI/5T4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 NONE ( \R >GUM5TS 5JOYS SU* POPUL>ITY AMONG \R COMRADES AS DOES ! >GUM5T ( ! REACTION>Y NATURE ( ,RUSSIA4 

,BY REK9DL+ & CULTIVAT+ ! TRADITIONAL POLICY ON ,POL& 9 ! ,WE/1 SOCIAL PATRIOTISM TRI$ TO PRES]VE AS WELL !SE TRADITIONAL VIEWS ON ,RUSSIA )9 ! RANKS ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM4 ,BY SY/EMATICALLY PORTRAY+ ! ,POLI% LABOR MOVEM5T AS ! ONLY S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5T 9 CZ>DOM1 IT SUCCUMB$ TO ! DELUSION ?AT ! SAME VIEWS ON ! SOCIAL SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT W]E PREVAL5T AT ! TIME ( ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,RUSSIA ( ,NI*OLAS ,I1 ! ,RUSSIA ( S]FDOM1 HAD 5TR5*$ !MSELVES AMONG ,G]MAN1 ,FR5*1 & O!R SOCIALI/S4 ,?US1 :5 ! ,RUSSIAN LABOR MOVEM5T EM]G$ AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TIES1 IT F\ND ITSELF FAC$ ) A HI<LY UNRECEPTIVE ATMOSPH]E 9 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ CIRCLES4 ,& JU/ AT ! TIME :5 ! ]UPTION ( A MAMMO? /RIKE ( =TY ?\S& WORK]S 9 ! SPR+ ( #ahif 9 ,PET]SBURG H]ALD$ ! BEG9N+S ( A MASS MOVEM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 AT PRECISELY ?IS TIME1 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM WAS TO DECL>E (FICIALLY1 ON ! /R5G? ( A SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC RESOLUTION1 ?AT IT PLAC$ ITS HOPE = ! FALL ( CZ>DOM NOT 9 ! POLITICAL CLASS /RUGGLE ( ?IS PROLET>IAT BUT 9 ! NATIONAL /RUGGLE ( ! ,POLES 9 EFFECT1 A PUBLIC PROCLAMATION ?AT IT PLAC$ NO /OCK :ATSOEV] 9 ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S OR !IR REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 

,?US1 ! CRITICISM AT ! ,LONDON CONGRESS ( ! SOCIAL PATRIOTS' RESOLUTION1 & H5CE1 BY EXT5SION1 ( ! 5TIRE TRADITIONAL /&PO9T ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION1 DEVELOP$ ALMO/ IMM$IATELY 9TO A CRITICISM ( ! TRADITIONAL VIEWS ON ,RUSSIA3 9/EAD ( \TDAT$ IMAGES ( ! PATRI>*AL ,RUSSIA ( ,NI*OLAS ,I1 ,WE/]N SOCIALI/S W]E ONCE AGA9 CONFRONT$ ) ! PICTURE ( A MOD]N CAPITALI/ ,RUSSIA1 ! ,RUSSIA ( A /RUGGL+ PROLET>IAT1 DEMON/RAT+ CATEGORICALLY ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN LABOR MOVEM5T HAD COME ( AGE1 & HAD E>N$ ! RECOGNITION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T AS A REALITY1 & A CRUCIAL ONE1 ?AT HAD TO BE RECKON$ )4 

,:AT HAD ORIG9ALLY BEGUN AS AN 9T]NAL AFFAIR AMONG ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S PROVOK$ A DEBATE ?AT 5D$ 9 A ?OR\<-GO+ REVISION ( PREVAIL+ OP9IONS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM 9 ?REE >EAS3 ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION1 ! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ! SITUATION 9 ,POL&4 

,ONE HE>S A GREAT DEAL ( TALK AB\T ,M>XI/ 0DOGMATISM40 ,BUT ! REVISION ( ! VIEWS ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION PROVIDES =CEFUL DEMON/RATION ( H[ UTT]LY SUP]FICIAL SU* OBJECTIONS >E4 ,TRUE1 ,POLI% SOCIAL PATRIOTISM DID TRY H>D = SONIC TIME TO TRANS=M A P>TICUL> VIEW ( ,M>X'S ON A CURR5T ISSUE 9TO A G5U9E DOGMA1 TIMELESS1 UN*ANGEABLE1 UNAFFECT$ BY HI/ORICAL CONT+5CIES1 & SUBJECT TO NEI!R D\BT NOR CRITICISM AFT] ALL1 0,M>X HIMSELF0 ONCE SAID IT4 ,H[EV]1 SU* AN ABUSE ( ,M>X'S NAME TO SANCTION A T5D5CY ?AT 9 ITS 5TIRE SPIRIT WAS 9 J>R+ CONTRADICTION TO ! TEA*+S & !ORY ( ,M>XISM C\LD ONLY BE DEF5D$ AS A TEMPOR>Y DELUSION SUIT$ PRIM>ILY TO ! 9TELLECTUAL DEMORALIZATION ( ! NATIONALI/ ,POLI% 9TELLIG5TSIA4 

,9DE$1 ! ESS5CE ( 0,M>XISM0 LIES NOT 9 ?IS OR ?AT OP9ION ON CURR5T QUE/IONS1 BUT 9 TWO BASIC PR9CIPLES3 ! DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/ ME?OD ( HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS - ) ! !ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE AS ONE ( ITS COROLL>IES & ,M>X'S BASIC ANALYSIS ( ! PR9CIPLES ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,! LATT] !ORY1 :I* EXPLA9S ! NATURE & ORIG9 ( VALUE1 SURPLUS VALUE1 MONEY1 & CAPITAL1 ( ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & CAPITALI/ CRISES1 IS1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 SIMPLY ! APPLICATION - ALBEIT A BRILLIANT ONE - ( DIALECTICS & HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM TO ! P]IOD ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMY4 ,?US1 ! VITAL CORE1 ! QU9TESS5CE1 ( ! 5TIRE ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E IS ! DIALECTICAL MAT]IALI/ ME?OD ( SOCIAL 9QUIRY1 A ME?OD = :I* NO PH5OM5A1 OR PR9CIPLES1 >E FIX$ & UN*ANG+1 = :I* !RE IS NO DOGMA1 = :I* ,MEPHI/OPHELES' COMM5T1 0REASON TURNS TO MADNESS1 K9DNESS TO TORM5T10.<#a#h.> /&S AS A MOTTO OV] ! AFFAIRS ( HUMAN ,SOCIETY2 & = :I* EV]Y HI/ORICAL 0TRU?0 IS SUBJECT TO A P]PETUAL & REMORSELESS CRITICISM BY ACTUAL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5TS4 

,NOR DID ! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY EV] SEE AS ITS TASK ! SEEK+ ( SANCTIONS = E>LI] NATIONALI/ SLOGANS 9 ,M>X'S OBSOLETE VIEWS ON ,POL&3 9/EAD1 ! ME?OD & UND]LY+ PR9CIPLES ( ! ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E HAD TO BE APPLI$ TO ! CONDITIONS ( ,POLI% SOCIETY4 ,BUT H]E IT F\ND A !ORETICAL TABULA RASA 9 ! >*IVES ( ,POLI% ,SOCIALISM ,! ORIG9AL F\ND]S ( ,POLI% ,SOCIALISM4 ,W>YNSKI & HIS COMRADES1 :O BR\<T SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM TO \R C\NTRY1 5C\NT]$ ! REMA9S ( ! NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY ( ! ,POLI% NOBILITY1 9CLUD+ ! !ORY ( 0ORGANIC LABOR10 AT ?AT TIME ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL IDEOLOGY4 ,AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! NEW CLASS1 ! PROLET>IAT1 !Y HAD ABOVE ALL TO SETTLE ACC\NTS ) ! IDEOLOGICAL LEGACY ( ! RUL+ CLASSES1 & !Y PROCE$$ RI<T TO ! TASK BY BR&+ ! !ORIES & E>LI] MOVEM5TS ( ,POLI% NATIONALISM AS ! EXPRESSION ( ! SELFI% CLASS & CA/E 9T]E/S ( ! NOBILITY1 & ! !ORY ( ORGANIC LABOR AS ! EXPRESSION ( ! NO LESS MAT]IAL1 N>R[1 CLASS 9T]E/S ( \R 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,?US1 ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S1 AT ! 5D ( ! SEV5TIES & BEG9N+ ( ! EI<TIES1 PREP>$ ! WAY = ! !ORY ( CLASS CONTRADICTION BY /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! NATIONALISM ( ! NOBILITY NO LESS ?AN AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS NOTION ( 0ORGANIC LABOR10 :I*1 AS !ORY1 PROCLAIM$ ! H>MONY ( 9T]E/S ( ALL SOCIAL /RATA4 ,?AT WAS ! WAY ,M>X'S G5]AL ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & ITS CONCRETE IMPLICATIONS - CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT & SOCIALI/ PROGRAM - W]E BR\<T TO ,POL&4 ,?IS1 TOO1 WAS A M]ITORI\S HI/ORICAL CONTRIBUTION ( ,LUDWIK ,W>YNSKI1 ,DICK/E91 & COMRADES4 

,H[EV]1 BY SETT+ SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION AS ! IMM$IATE TASK ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT TO C\NT] ! POLITICAL PROGRAM ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S LEFT ! LABOR MOVEM5T )\T ANY POLITICAL PROGRAM AT ALL1 & PLAC$ SOCIALISM ON A CONSPIRATORIAL & UTOPIAN F\NDATION4 ,9 SO DO+1 !Y CONDEMN$ ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T TO /AGNATE )9 ! N>R[ CONF9ES ( A SECT1 & )9 A %ORT TIME1 TO DISAPPE> FROM ! POLITICAL SC5E4 .<,\R VIEWS ON ! SUCCESSIVE TRANS=MATIONS 9 ! POLITICAL POSITION ( ! ,W>YNSKI GR\P CAN BE F\ND ESPECIALLY 9 0,DEM ,&5K5 DES ,PROLET>IAT 7,9 ,MEMORY ( ! ,PROLET>IAT ,GR\P7.> ,ONE C\LD USE ! ABOVE-CIT$ >GUM5T TO HOLD ONE'S [N AGA9/ ! NATIONALI/ SOCIAL PATRIOTS AS LONG AS !Y OPPOS$ SOCIALISM ON OP5 GR\NDS1 UND] ! OLD1 WORN-\T SLOGAN ( H>MONY ( 9T]E/S & NATIONAL UNITY 9 ! SPIRIT ( ,T4,T4 ,JEZ-,MILK[SKI1.<#a#i.> OR EV5 :5 !Y ATTEMPT$ TO ALLY !MSELVES) SOCIALISM1 IF ONLY 9 ! PRIMITIVE1 9COMPET5T1 & NAIVE MANN] ( ,MR4 ,LIMAN[SKI'S V5TURES ) 0NATIONAL SOCIALISM40 ,BUT CONFRONT$ ) ! MOD]N V]SION ( NATIONALISM ?IS >GUM5T WAS B\ND TO MISC>RY1 S9CE ! LATT] HAD DISAV[$ ! DISCR$IT$ !ORY ( NATIONAL UNITY & 9/EAD HID ITSELF BEH9D ! !ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 APPE>+ ON ! POLITICAL /AGE ) ! PROGRAM ( ! PROLET>IAT AS ITS CALL+ C>D4 

,H5CE1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY F\ND ITSELF PROPELL$ BY ! PRECIPIT\S GR[? ( ! ,POLI% LABOR MOVEM5T 9TO MASS DIM5SIONS AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETIES1 & AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ! CONSPIRATORIAL T5D5CY )9 SOCIALISM WAS OBLIG$ TO WORK \T A SOLID POLITICAL PROGRAM = ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS C\LD ONLY BE A*IEV$ -9 ACCORDANCE ) ,M>XI/ !ORY - BY 9VE/IGAT+ ! CURR5T TR5DS ( ,POLI% SOCIETY1 AN 9VE/IGATION :I* S\<T ! KEY TO ! UND]/&+ ( PH5OM5A ( A POLITICAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL NATURE 9 RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 & ! CLASS RELATIONS :I* GREW \T ( !M4 ,IT WAS NO LONG] A QUE/ION ( DESCRIB+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,POL&1 TO :AT EXT5T IT PRODUC$ CAPITAL CONC5TRATION1 PROLET>IANIZATION1 EXPLOITATION1 9 A WORD1 SOCIAL AN>*Y & CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,RA!R1 :AT WAS NECESS>Y WAS AN ANALYSIS ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 & ( ! EXT5T TO :I* IT GAVE RISE TO SPECIFIC POLITICAL T5D5CIES )9 SOCIETY4 ,?AT IS1 !RE WAS NO LONG] ANY NE$ TO %[ ?AT ! PATT]NS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T TYPICAL TO ALL C\NTRIES W]E N[ APPE>+ 9 ,POL& AS WELL2 :AT WAS NE$$ WAS TO EXPLA9 ! SPECIFIC FEATURES :I* CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T HAD BR\<T TO ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ,POL& AS A RESULT ( \R C\NTRY'S P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS4 ,9 A WORD1 ! M]E APPLICATION ( ! /OCK1 G5]AL CONCLUSIONS ( ! ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY TO ! CASE ( ,POL& WAS NOT SUFFICI5T3 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO UND]TAKE AN ORIG9AL ANALYSIS ( B\RGEOIS ,POL& & 9 SO DO+ BR+ SOCIALISM BACK D[N FROM ITS AB/RACT CL\DS & EMPTY S*EMATISM TO ! SOIL ( ,POL&4 ,?IS ANALYSIS1 ! ECONOMIC ASPECTS ( :I* WE ATTEMPT$ TO SKET* \T 9 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& .<,LEIPZIG3 ,DUNCK] & ,HUMBOLT1 #a#h#i#h.>1 WAS PRES5T$ 9 SUMM>Y =M TOGE!R ) ALL ! ESS5TIAL CONCLUSIONS 9 AN (FICIAL REPORT ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS 9 ,ZURI* 9 #a#h#i#c4.<#b.> 

,! RESULT WAS TW(OLD1 ) BO? ASPECTS - ONE POSITIVE1 ! O!R NEGATIVE - LOGICALLY RELAT$3 FIR/1 IT PROVID$ A !ORETICAL CONFIRMATION ( A CONCLUSION :I* ! LABOR MOVEM5T HAD ALREADY REA*$ EMPIRICALLY 9 ITS MASS DEVELOPM5T1 NAMELY1 ?AT ! IMM$IATE POLITICAL TASK ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT 9 ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& WAS TO JO9 9 COMMON /RUGGLE ) ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT TO BR+ AB\T ! D[NFALL ( ABSOLUTISM1 & 9/ITUTE DEMOCRACY 9TO POLITICAL LIFE4 ,SECOND1 IT MADE CLE> ?AT ! /RUGGLE = ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& WAS HOPELESSLY UTOPIAN 9 ! FACE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,POL&1 ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?IS V]Y DEVELOPM5T HAD L$ TO ! ABOVE POLITICAL PROGRAM ) ! 9EVITABILITY ( ! IRON LAWS ( HI/ORY4 

,9 ?IS WAY1 ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY WAS =C$ TO F9D AN 9DEP5D5T EXPLANATION1 AS IT W]E1 = ! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N ,POL& BY APPLY+ ! PR9CIPLES ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM TO ,POLI% CIRCUM/ANCES1 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY WAS =C$ TO E/ABLI% A POSITIVE PROGRAM = ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT BY ANALYZ+ ! SPECIFIC SOCIAL RELATIONS EXI/+ 9 ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 & SIMULTANE\SLY M>K \T ! PA? IT WAS TO TAKE BY ITS ANNIHILAT+ CRITICISM ( ,N>ODNIK !ORY4.<#b#a.> ,?US1 AFT] HAV+ TRAVEL$ ALONG COMPLETELY DIFF]5T PA?S1 9 ! POSITIVE RESULTS ( !IR !ORIES ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACIES F\ND !MSELVES ON COMMON GR\NDS - A COMMON POLITICAL PROGRAM4 ,!RE WAS JU/ ONE DIFF]5CE3 :]EAS ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS HAD1 9 #a#h#g#e1 ALREADY %[N A BRILLIANT 9SI<T 9TO ! PR9CIPAL MI/AKES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,N>ODNIKS 9 HIS ANSW] TO ,TKACEV 9 ,VOLK/AAT1 :]E HE TRAC$ \T ! MA9 L9ES ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T FROM ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNE1 9 ! CASE ( ,POL&1 NEI!R ,M>X NOR ,5GELS HAD BO!R$ TO ! V]Y 5D TO REVISE !IR OLD POSITION ( #a#h#d#h2 9 FACT1 T[>D ! LA/1 !Y EV5 ME*ANICALLY APPLI$ ?IS /&PO9T TO ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 AS WE SAW 9 !IR LETT] TO ! ,NOVEMB] ,COMMEMORATIVE MEET+ 9 ,G5EVA 9 #a#h#h1 & AS WAS MORE REC5TLY MADE EVID5T 9 ,5GELS' PREFACE TO ! ,POLI% $ITION ( ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 9 #a#h#i#b4.<#b#b.> 

,NO SOON] HAD ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY COME =W>D = ! FIR/ TIME1 9 #a#h#i#c1 ) ITS CRITICISM ( SOCIAL PATRIOTISM BAS$ ON ,M>XIAN SOCIAL !ORY1.<#b#c.> ?AN IT BECAME PLA9 ?AT SOCIAL PATRIOTISM WAS CAPABLE ( MU/]+ NO MORE ?AN SOPHOMORIC >GUM5TS = ITS [N DEF5SE & JU/IFICATION4 ,?IS 9TELLECTUAL POV]TY NATURALLY /ILL MA9TA9$ A P>TICUL> BRILLIANCE AB\T IT S9CE IT HAD TO APPE> 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL >5A AS WELL AS BE=E ! HUMBLE ,POLI% PUBLIC4 ,! P>TISANS ( NATIONALISM PROV$ !MSELVES TOTALLY 9CAPABLE ( EV5 UND]/&+ ?IS ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS1 LET ALONE PROVID+ SOME PLAUSIBLE REFUTATION ( IT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 IT WAS PO9T$ \T :AT DIRECTION CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T WAS TAK+ 9 ,POL&1 NAMELY1 ?AT ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASS W]E CREAT+ 9CREAS+LY /RONG] TIES BETWE5 \R C\NTRY & ,RUSSIA - ! SOCIAL PATRIOTS TRI$ TO 0BR&0 ?IS :OLE OBJECTIVE1 EXTRAORD9>ILY COMPLEX HI/ORICAL PROCESS - A PROCESS EXT5D+ FROM ! PURELY ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS ?R\< KEY POLITICAL 9T]E/S & ISSUES TO ! MO/ SUBTLE ASPECTS ( IDEOLOGY - AS ! SUBJECTIVE /RIV+ ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS T[>D 0ORGANIC 9TEGRATION10 OR AS A SUBJECTIVE CONC]N = :E!R ,POLI% MANUFACTUR]S W\LD /ILL HAVE ANY:]E TO SELL !IR 0P]CALE0 ONCE ,POL& WAS RE/OR$4 ,! REJO9D]S ( ! SUPPORT]S ( SOCIAL NATIONALISM W]E ON ! SAME LEVEL3 9DIGNATION ?AT SOCIALI/S %\LD EV5 ACKN[L$GE SU* A CONTEMPTIBLE SUBJECT AS CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T2 OR SU* MAGNANIM\S ASSURANCES AS WE F9D1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! ,OCTOB] #ahid ISSUE ( ,PRZ$SWIT1 ?AT ,SOCIALI/ DELEGATES TO P>LIAM5T 9 RE/OR$ ,POL& W\LD MAKE IT !IR SPECIAL CONC]N TO POND] OV] H[ ONE MI<T F9D EMPLOYM5T = ! WORK]S :O W\LD LOSE !IR JOBS AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! COLLAPSE ( ,POLI% 9DU/RY BR\<T AB\T BY ! LOSS ( ,RUSSIAN M>KETS4 .<,! FUTURE HI/ORIAN /UDY+ ! 0NATIONAL HUMOR0 9 MOD]N ,POL& WILL F9D 9VALUABLE TREASURES 9 ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC PUBLICATIONS4 ,WE (F] ! FOLL[+ PE>L 9 ITS 5TIRETY3 0,LET ,MESSRS4 ,S*EIBL] @& ,CO4 LOSE MILLIONS 9 PR(ITS !Y >E PRES5TLY GETT+ FROM ! SALE ( !IR P]CALE TO V>I\S ,KALMUKS OR TO ,*IWA2 WE %ALL H>DLY GRIEVE AB\T ?AT1 & EV5 IF A C]TA9 NUMB] ( WORK]S %\LD HAVE TO LOSE !IR JOBS ON ACC\NT ( DIM9I%$ M>KET \TLETS = ! PRODUCTS ( ,POLI% FACTORIES1 WE WILL NOT R5\NCE 9DEP5D5CE ON ?AT ACC\NT4 ,IT WILL BE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! FUTURE ,SOCIALI/ FACTION 9 P>LIAM5T TO PROVIDE = !SE UN=TUNATES ?R\< APPROPRIATE P>LIAM5T>Y PROPOSALS & TO AGITATE = A %ORT5+ ( ! WORK+ DAY1 ! RI<T TO WORK1 ETC40.>4 

,9 ! FACE ( A REAL EMB>RAS DE RI*ESSES1 ( ?IS & SIMIL> SU* NAIVETES1 UTT]$ 9 ALL S]I\SNESS1 IT IS H>D TO DECIDE :E!R ! PRIZE %\LD NOT GO AFT] ALL TO ! >GUM5T ( A C]TA9 ,MR4 ,ZBOR[ICZ1 :O1 LIKE A TRUE ,MOSES1 GAVE SOCIAL PATRIOTISM ITS T5 COMM&M5TS3 !SE ANTICIPAT$ EV]Y CONCEIVABLE /UPIDITY ( ?IS T5D5CY AS E>LY AS #ahib 9 ! PAMPHLET1 ,BEITRAG ZUR ,PROGRAM D] ,POLNIS*5 ,SOZIAL5 ,DEMOKRAT5 7,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ,B]L93 ,MORAWSKI74 ,! AU?OR1 :O 9 HIS QUE/ = 0M>KETS0 = 0\R0 9DU/RY1 NAIVELY REVEALS ! 5?USIASM ?AT HE & HIS FOLL[]S D]IVE FROM AN OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 DEVELOPS ! QUE/ION 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY1 WOR?Y ( A ,MA*IAVELLI3 0444 IF POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE MEANS WE LOSE S\!RN ,RUSSIAN M>KETS1 ,RUSSIA WILL LOSE ! ,LI?UANIAN M>KET1 PRES5TLY DOM9AT$ BY ,MOSC[ 9DU/RIES1 = ! SAME REASON4 ,IT WILL !N BE OP5 TO \R 9DU/RY2 & ADD TO ?AT ! ,GALICIAN M>KET :I* IS PRES5TLY 9UNDAT$ ) ,VI5NESE PRODUCTS4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ! COMP5SATION IS WOR? ! LOSS40 

,?IS M9DLESS & BANAL R$UCTION ( ! :OLE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 B\RGEOIS ,POL& TO ! QUE/ION ( M>KET \TLETS1 ?IS ATTEMPT TO EXPLA9 ! DYNAMICS ( ! OBJECTIVE HI/ORICAL PROCESS 9 T]MS ( ! SUBJECTIVE WI%ES1 APPREH5SIONS1 & CONC]NS ( SOCIALI/S1 %[$ ?AT 9 ! M9DS ( SOCIAL PATRIOTS ! !ORY ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM & ! :OLE ( ,M>X'S TEA*+S HAD SUFF]$ ! SAME C>ICATUR+ AS 9 ! M9DS ( ! B\RGEOIS CRITICS :O P]IODICALLY 0DEMOLI%0 ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E BY DI/ORT+ IT & P]V]T+ IT 9TO SOME HORRIBLE MON/ROSITY4 ,?AT SU* >GUM5TS1 FROM A T5D5CY ?AT WAS TRY+ TO PASS ITSELF (F AS SOCIALI/1 C\LD EV5 F9D !IR WAY 9TO ! ,POLI% PRESS & 9TO SIMIL> >TICLES 9 ! ,G]MAN PRESS - ?IS FACT 9 ITSELF WAS APPALL+ TE/IMONY TO ! 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL ( ! ,POLI% 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,?IS WAS ! H>VE/ ( LONG YE>S DUR+ :I* ! M9DS ( \R 0RADICAL0 9TELLIG5TSIA W]E $UCAT$ 9 ! BANAL & M9DLESS ECLECTIC MI%MA% ( A ,LIMAN[SKI1 ?AT 9SIPID SOCIALI/ SLUMGULLION ?AT FLAUNTS ! NAME ( 0,! ,SOCIAL ,!ORIES ( ! #a#h? & #a#i? ,C5TURIES10.<#b#d.> OR 9 ?AT VULG>1 OB/REP]\S 0REVOLUTION>Y0 V]SION ( SOCIALISM ?AT ! =EIGN PUBLI%]S ( ! =M] ,PROLET>IAT HAD BE5 DI%+ UP 9 ,WALKA & ,PRZ$SWIT.<#b#e.> S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ! EI<TIES4 ,! SAD FACT HAD AT LA/ COME \T3 ! ,POLI% 9TELLIG5TSIA HAD1 AT BE/1 BE5 $UCAT$ TO BELIEVE 9 ! SOCIALI/ FAI? BUT NOT TO ?9K 9 ! SPIRIT ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 ,JU/ AS IT BECOMES IMM$IATELY APP>5T 9 ! DEBATES BETWE5 ,M>XI/S & !IR ,FR5* & ,G]MAN B\RGEOIS OPPON5TS ?AT EA* SIDE CONSID]$ ! O!R B>B>IANS1 ?AT IT WAS NOT DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION ON P>TICUL> ISSUES BUT !IR 5TIRE MODES ( ?\<T1 !IR ,WELTANS*AUUNG1 ?AT SEP>AT$ !M1 9 EXACTLY ! SAME MANN] ! FEUD ) SOCIAL PATRIOTISM RESEMBL$ A DIALOGUE AT ! ,T[] ( ,BABEL4 ,EV5 ! REPLIES ( ! SOCIAL PATRIOTS BORE1 FROM ! BEG9N+1 ?AT *>ACT]I/IC TREMOLO ( EXASP]ATION & :9+ LAM5T ?AT USUALLY ACCOMPANIES ! RIPO/ES ( ! B\RGEOIS ADV]S>IES ( ,M>XISM4 

,! ,POLI% SOCIAL PATRIOTS HAVE ?IS 9 COMMON ) ALL PETIT B\RGEOIS UTOPIANS3 BO? CONSID] ?AT ! DISCOV]Y ( HI/ORICAL FACTS :I* CONTROV]T !IR UTOPIAN DREAMS IS AN ACT ( P]SONAL BAS5ESS ON ! P>T ( ! DISCOV]]4 ,NOT = ALL ! WORLD CAN !Y BE BR\<T TO UND]/& ?AT IF !RE IS ANY BAS5ESS 9VOLV$1 IT IS AT MO/ ! 0BAS5ESS0 ( ! OBJECTIVE PROCESS ( HI/ORY1 BUT H>DLY ! BAS5ESS ( ?OSE ?AT DRAW \R ATT5TION TO ! P>TICUL> TR5DS ( ?IS PROCESS1 & ?AT ?IS 0BASE0 PROCESS IS BY NO MEANS BR\<T TO A HALT M]ELY BY CLOS+ ONE'S EYES TO IT4 ,IT IS LIKEWISE BEYOND !IR GRASP ?AT ANY TALK ( ! 0BAS5ESS0 ( HI/ORY NECESS>ILY MISSES ! M>K4 ,! DIALECTIC ( HI/ORY HAS ?IS ADVANTAGE1 ?AT AS IT UND]M9ES & ABOLI%ES TRADITIONAL =MS ( SATISFY+ SOCIAL NE$S1 IT AT ! SAME TIME CREATES NEW =MS4 0,9T]E/S10 ON ! O!R H&1 = :OSE PRES]VATION SOCIAL EVOLUTION PROVIDES NO MAT]IAL GU>ANTEES :ATSOEV]1 >E USUALLY1 IF ONE LOOKS CLOSELY1 = ! MO/ P>T OBSOLETE1 BANKRUPT1 OR EV5 NO MORE ?AN M]ELY IMAG9$4 

,:5 ! ,G]MAN & ,FR5* DEMOCRATS ANN\NC$ !IR POSITION ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION 9 #ahdh !Y W]E GUID$ ON ! ONE H& BY CONSID]ATION = ! EXI/+ NATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ! ,POLI% S*LA*TA2 ON ! O!R H&1 H[EV]1 !Y W]E M]ELY BE+ CONSI/5T ) ! 9T]E/S ( !IR [N DEMOCRATIC POLITICS4 ,!Y HAD NO CONNECTIONS ) ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 NOR 9DE$ C\LD !Y HAVE HAD1 S9CE AT ?AT TIME NO SU* MOVEM5T EXI/$4 ,TODAY1 H[EV]1 !RE IS ONE QUE/ION ?AT TAKES PREC$5CE OV] ALL O!RS = US ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/S 9 ADOPT+ A POSITION ON ANY SOCIAL PH5OM5ON3 :AT >E ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?AT POSITION = ! CLASS 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT8 ,ANY ANALYSIS ( OBJECTIVE SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,POL& REQUIRES ! CONCLUSION ?AT A CAMPAIGN = ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& ?IS JUNCTURE IS A PETIT B\RGEOIS UTOPIAN FANTASY1 &1 AS SU*1 IS CAPABLE ONLY ( 9T]F]+ ) ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT & DIV]T+ IT FROM ITS PA?4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ! ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY TODAY REJECTS ! NATIONALI/ /&PO9T \T ( CONSID]ATION = ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 & 9 SO DO+ ADOPTS AN ATTITUDE DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ?AT =M]LY HELD BY ,WE/]N DEMOCRATS4 ,?US1 ! SAME HI/ORICAL *ANGE :I* TURN$ ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& 9TO A UTOPIAN DREAM & PUT IT 9 OPPOSITION TO ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIALISM 9 ,POL&1 BR\<T ALONG ) IT A NEW SOLUTION = MEET+ 9T]NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC 9T]E/S ON ?IS PO9T4 ,AFT] IT HAD BECOME APP>5T ?AT ! IDEA ( MAK+ AN 9DEP5D5T ,POL& 9TO A BUFF] & PROTECTIVE B>RI] = ! ,WE/ AGA9/ ! REACTION>Y ,RUSSIAN CZ>DOM WAS UNREALIZABLE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 :I* HAD BURI$ ?IS IDEA 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 CREAT$ 9 ITS PLACE ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS MOVEM5T ( ! UNIT$ PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA & ,POL& & 9 IT A F> MORE /ALW>T ALLY = ! ,WE/1 AN ALLY ?AT W\LD NOT M]ELY ME*ANICALLY PROTECT ,EUROPE FROM ABSOLUTISM BUT W\LD ITSELF UND]M9E & CRU% IT4 

,NOR DOES ?IS SOLUTION /& C\NT] TO ! NATIONAL 9T]E/S ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT4 ,ITS REAL 9T]E/S 9 ?IS RESPECT LIB]TY1 ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATIONAL CULTURAL H]ITAGE1 B\RGEOIS EQUALITY1 & ! ABOLITION ( ALL NATIONAL OPPRESSION - F9D !IR ONLY EFFECTIVE1 NAY1 ONLY POSSIBLE EXPRESSION 9 ! UNIV]SAL CLASS /RIV+S ( ! PROLET>IAT = ! BROADE/ DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! P>TITION C\NTRIES1 TO :I* NATIONAL AUTONOMY IS A SELF-EVID5T COROLL>Y4 ,BEYOND ?IS1 H[EV]1 TO ?9K ?AT APPROPRIATION ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS 9 AN 9DEP5D5T CLASS SOCIETY UND] EXI/+ CONDITIONS IS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS NO MORE ?AN A UTOPIAN DELUSION1 ROOT$ 9 ! PREJUDICES ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 &1 AS SU*1 IS ALI5 TO ! REAL 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT AS IT IS TO ! ?\<T ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL4 

,SOCIAL PATRIOTISM'S TOTAL LACK ( ANY >GUM5T CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ CRITICISM F\ND ITS MO/ BLATANT DEMON/RATION 9 ! REM>KABLE FACT ?AT A =EIGN !ORETICIAN1 NO LESS ?AN ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 WAS NE$$ TO DEF5D ITS POSITION 9 ! DISCUSSION BE+ C>RI$ ON 9 ! =EIGN PRESS4.<#b#f.> ,9 PREP>+ ?IS DEF5SE1 ,KAUTSKY F\ND HIMSELF FAC$ ) ! NECESSITY ( HAV+ TO DEVELOP 5TIRELY FROM HIS [N RES\RCES A :OLLY ORIG9AL !ORY 9 SUPPORT ( ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL&1 9ASMU* AS AMONG ! ACTUAL ADVOCATES ( ?IS PROGRAM NOT A TRACE ( A WELL-GR\ND$ >GUM5T C\LD BE DISC]N$4 ,! READ] WILL SEE :AT DIFFICULTIES CONFRONT$ ?IS ILLU/RI\S REPRES5TATIVE ( ,M>XISM 9 GRAPPL+ ) ! PROBLEM4 ,LACK+ ANY KN[L$GE :ATSOEV] ( SOCIAL LIFE 9 ,POL&1 HE WAS =C$ TO D$UCE ! 9T]E/S ( ! DIFF]5T ,POLI% SOCIAL CLASSES FROM ! NATURE ( ?+S - BY M]E AB/RACT REASON+4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 AS (T5 HAPP5S ) AB/RACT REASON+1 HE >RIV$ AT ! QUITE REM>KABLE CONCLUSION ?AT ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& WAS1 9 FACT1 AN URG5T NECESSITY NOT ONLY = ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT1 OR EV5 = ANY ONE P>TICUL> CLASS1 BUT = ALL ! SOCIAL CLASSES )\T EXCEPTION - ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! S*LA*TA1 ! PEASANTS1 ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE1 ! 9TELLIG5TSIA1 & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?US1 AL?\< ! REPUT$LY PURE 0WORK]S' PROGRAM0 ( SOCIAL PATRIOTISM HAD A*IEV$ 9 ?IS ALTOGE!R TOO CONG5IAL CONCLUSION ( ,KAUTSKY'S A NET GA9 9 T]MS ( ITS ACTUAL BASIS & PROSPECTS = SUCCESS1 IT HAD ALSO LO/ :ATEV] CLASS *>ACT] IT MAY PREVI\SLY HAVE HAD2 :]EUPON IT REGRESS$ TO AN E>LI]1 MORE PRIMITIVE PHASE1 :5 IT REPRES5T$ ! H>MONY ( 9T]E/S ( ALL SOCIAL /RATA1 TO ! NATIONAL-UNITY !ME ( ! BLESS$ MEMORY ( ,ZYGMUNT ,=TUNAT ,MILK[SKI4.<#b#g.> 

,! FACT ?AT ,KAUTSKY'S >TICLE RECEIV$ NO DIRECT REBUTTAL WAS MA9LY DUE TO ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ITS APPE>ANCE CO9CID$ ALMO/ EXACTLY ) ! OP5+ ( ! ,LONDON CONGRESS4 & IT WAS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE = A REPLY TO BE PUBLI%$ 9 SU* A %ORT SPACE4 ,AFT] ! ,CONGRESS1 ! DISCUSSION ( ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& NO LONG] POSSESS$ ! SAME TIMEL9ESS & PRACTICAL IMPORT1 S9CE1 AS WE HAVE M5TION$1 ! ,CONGRESS DID NOT ADOPT ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC RESOLUTION :I* ,KAUTSKY'S ESSAY WAS MEANT TO SUPPORT4 

,KAUTSKY ADMITT$ ?AT ! ONLY FACTUAL BASIS = HIS G5]AL >GUM5T - ! !ORY ( ! ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE & L&$ >I/OCRACY - HAD BE5 TAK5 ON FAI? FROM AN >TICLE BY A ,MR4 ,S4,G4 9 ,NEUE ,ZEIT4.<#b#h.> ,BEH9D !SE MODE/ 9ITIALS A ,PRZ$SWIT J\RNALI/ HAD ATTEMPT$ TO PLACE ! PROGRAM = ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& ON 0MAT]IALI/0 F\NDATIONS1 US+ AS A BASIS A /R+ ( /ATI/ICAL FABRICATIONS1 CONCOCT$ HI/ORICAL FACTS1 & QUOTATIONS FROM V>I\S AU?ORS HE HAPP5$ TO HAVE AT HIS F+] TIPS4 ,FROM !SE QUE/IONABLE S\RCES1 HE %[S ?AT ,POLI% CAPITALISM1 OPPRESS$ BY CZ>DOM1 MU/ GIVE RISE TO A NATIONAL-SEP>ATI/ T5D5CY AMONG ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE4 ,AS A WRIT] ( ,EUROPEAN /ATURE1 ,KAUTSKY1 ( C\RSE1 C\LD NOT SUSPECT ?AT SU* A WE$1 ( ! SAME SPECIES AS ! ONE ?AT ,LASSALLE HAD ONCE ALREADY PULL$ UP BY ! ROOTS FROM ,G]MAN SOIL 9 HIS IMMORTAL EXCORIATION ( ,JULIAN ,S*MIDT1.<#b#i.> /ILL FL\RI%$ 9 ! WRET*$ FIELDS ( ,POLI% J\RNALISM3 AS ! SAY+ GOES1 0LA V]M9E PULLULE *EZ LES M5DICANTS40 ,SO HE FELL PREY TO ! FRAUD P]PETRAT$ BY ?IS 0NATIONAL0 PURVEYOR ( FACTS4 ,= ?IS REASON1 IT WAS JU/ & PROP] ?AT ?IS ,POLI% FAK] BORE ! BRUNT ( \R CRITICISM1 & NOT ! MISL$ ,G]MAN !ORETICIAN4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL& CONTA9S A QUITE SUB/ANTIAL1 IF NOT COMPLETE1 SURVEY ( ! PR9CIPAL /ATI/ICAL FALSIFICATIONS ( \R ,MR4 ,S4,G41 :O1 AT ,PRZ$SWIT1 IS PRES5TLY 5GAG$ 9 DRAW+ UP PLANS ( W> & GUNRUNN+ = ! NATIONAL CAUSE1 & HAS NOT YET (F]$ ONE WORD 9 REBUTTAL4 ,F9ALLY1 AS REG>DS ?OSE >GUM5TS 9 ,KAUTSKY'S >TICLE ?AT >E ( A PURELY POLITICAL & TACTICAL NATURE1 ! READ] %\LD HAVE NO TR\BLE 9 DET]M9+ = HIMSELF FROM ,KAUTSKY'S >TICLES 9 ! PRES5T VOLUME ?AT HE HAS BR\<T HIS VIEWS ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION MORE CLOSELY 9 L9E ) ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC POSITION UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( FACTS :I* REAFFIRM ?IS POSITION ANEW EV]Y DAY4 

,?IS K9D ( REVISION ( ! TRADITIONAL VIEWS ON ! NATIONAL QUE/ION WAS BEGUN 9 ,POL& 9 #a#h#i#f1 & HAS CONT9U$ D[N TO ! PRES5T TIME4 ,9 ?AT SAME YE>1 ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY BEGAN TO DISSOCIATE ITSELF FROM ! ,G]MAN MOVEM5T1 A PROCESS :I* HAS 5D$ - AFT] A LONG S]IES ( UNSPEAKABLY PA9FUL 9CID5TS - 9 #aia ) ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 ! ,PRUSSIAN SECTOR F9D+ ITSELF COMPLETELY CUT (F FROM ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4.<#c.> ,MU* ( :AT WE HAD >GU$ - AT ?AT TIME ON AN A PRIORI BASIS - 9 ! FIR/ >TICLE 9 ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 9 SPR+ #a#h#i#f1 TO BE ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! NATIONALI/ T5D5CY1 WAS LAT] TO BE V]IFI$ ) ! UTMO/ PRECISION4 ,! POLITICAL CONTRADICTION :I* ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC T5D5CY HAD 9EVITABLY TO PRODUCE BETWE5 ,POLI% & 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM - AS WE PO9T$ \T FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ - BECAME A TANGIBLE FACT 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY4 ,!SE EXP]I5CES C\LD NOT HELP BUT HAVE AN IMPACT ON ! VIEWS ( ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 & !Y 9DE$ F\ND (FICIAL EXPRESSION 9 ! FAM\S DECL>ATION ( ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL & ! P>TY'S EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE3 HE F\ND IT IMPOSSIBLE1 HE SAID1 TO RECONCILE1 OR EV5 TO L9K UP1 ! PROGRAM = ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL& ) ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT4 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 EV5TS TOOK A SIMIL> C\RSE4 ,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC T5D5CY & ! ,RUSSIAN LABOR MOVEM5T WAS B\ND EV5TUALLY TO F9D EXPRESSION 9 PRACTICAL T]MS1 AS ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY BEGAN TO GR[ 9TO A COHESIVE P>TY4 ,! RESULTANT REVISION ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAD TO UND]TAKE ) RESPECT TO ! T5D5CY REPRES5T$ BY ! ,P,P,S WAS SET =? 9 SEV]AL >TICLES 9 ,ISKRA1 ALSO TO BE F\ND 9 ?IS VOLUME4.<#c#a.> ,F9ALLY1 ,FRANZ ,MEHR+1 :O AT ?AT TIME WAS 5GAG$ 9 $IT+ ! LIT]>Y REMA9S ( ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ,LASSALLE1 & EXAM9+ !IR PREVI\SLY EXPRESS$ VIEWS 9 ! LI<T ( LAT] DEVELOPM5TS1 UND]TOOK A CRITICISM ( ,M>X'S /ATEM5TS ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION FROM A PURELY !ORETICAL P]SPECTIVE4.<#c#b.> ,! REVIEW ( ! POSITION TAK5 9 ! ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 ?R\< APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLES & ME?ODS ( ,M>XISM1 L$ TO A FULL ACCEPTANCE ( ! VIEWS ( ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 SO ?AT WE CAN N[ SPEAK ( A DECISIVE & CONSCI\S %IFT ON ! ,POLI% QUE/ION ALL D[N ! L9E1 ?R\<\T ! RANKS ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM4 .<,ONE CAN EV5 SAY ?AT ?IS TURN AFFECTS NOT ONLY ! ,POLI% QUE/ION1 BUT NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES ( ANY SORT )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* TODAY PROVOKE PRON\NC$ HO/ILITY1 &1 :]E CALL$ =1 %>P REJECTION4 

.<,! POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,BOHEMIAN T]RITORIES WAS DISCUSS$ AS E>LY AS ! 5D ( #ahih 9 ,NEUE ,ZEIT :]E ,K>L ,KAUTSKY >GU$ ) EXCEPTIONAL TR5*ANCY AGA9/ ?IS PROPOSITION 7AT ?AT TIME DEF5D$ BY A C]TA9 ,F4 ,/AMPF]71 ON ! BASIS ( ! PR9CIPLES & TACTICS ( ! ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,SEE ?IS >TICLE ( ,KAUTSKY'S 9 ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#h-#a#h#i#i1 ,VOL4,I1 NOS4#a & #a#f4 

.<,! EF=TS ( ,ITALIAN SEP>ATI/S 9 ,TRIE/E & ! ,TR5T9O1 & P>ALLEL NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES 9 ,ITALY1 L$ TO A SPECIAL P>TY CONF]5CE ( ! ,ITALIAN & ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,MAY #aie 9 ,TRIE/E1 :]E ANY SOLID>ITY OR SUPPORT ( ?IS NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T WAS EXPRESSLY REJECT$ BY BO? P>TIES1 ?ANKS L>GELY TO ! PRES5CE ( ! ,AU/RIAN1 ,VICTOR ,ADL]1 & ! ,ITALIAN1 ,BISSOLATI4.> ,KAUTSKY CAME \T AGA9/ ! SEP>ATI/ T5D5CIES ( C]TA9 SECTIONS ( ! ,>M5IAN ,SOCIALI/S 9 A COMPREH5SIVE >TICLE 9 ! ,LEIPZIG] ,VOLKSZEITUNG ( ,MAY #a1 #a#i#e4 

,F9ALLY1 ! PA/ WEEK HAS PROVID$ US ) A ?OR\<LY *>ACT]I/IC PH5OM5ON ?AT WAS NOT )\T A T\* ( COM$Y3 A VIOL5T CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! ,GALICIAN P>TY & ! SEP>ATI/ T5D5CY ( ! ,JEWI% ,SOCIALI/S )9 ! ,POLI% ORGANIZATION4 ,FOLL[+ FAI?FULLY 9 ! ,PRUSSIAN & ,RUSSIAN T]RITORIES1 ! POSITION ( ! ,P,P,S1 :OSE SEP>ATISM IS PUBLICLY SUPPORT$ BY ! LEAD]S ( ! ,GALICIAN P>TY1 & EV5 US+ SOME ( ! >GUM5TS ( ! ,P,P,S1 ! ,JEWI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS ISOLATE !MSELVES FROM ! P>TY ( ! ,GALICIAN PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE1 & !REBY GIVE ! SUPPORT]S ( SOCIAL PATRIOTISM ! OPPORTUNITY TO SEE ! O!R SIDE ( ! CO93 ! FRAGM5TATION ( ! PROLET>IAT AS ! LOGICAL RESULT ( !IR T5D5CY4 ,TO OV]COME ?IS T5D5CY1 :I* WAS ?REAT5+ ITS EXI/5CE1 ! ,GALICIAN P>TY TOOK REFUGE 9 ! AU?ORITY ( ! PAN-,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY FROM :I* !Y RECEIV$ A FLAT CONDEMNATION ( ! SEP>ATI/S1 I4E41 ! ,JEWI% ONES4 

,BUT ! MO/ EMPHATIC PRO( ( ! !ORY (F]$ BY ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 #a#h#i#c1 & :I* IT BEGAN TO DEF5D 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T 9 #a#h#i#f1 IS FURNI%$ BY ! EV5TS ( ! PA/ FEW MON?S & YE>S4 ,9DE$1 AS ?IS BOOK IS GO+ TO PRESS .<#a#i#e.>1 \R C\NTRY & ,RUSSIA F9D !MSELVES 9 ! ?ROES ( A DEEP SOCIAL CRISIS4 ,! P]IOD FROM #a#h#i#f1 :5 ! FIR/ ( !SE >TICLES APPE>$1 UP TO ! PRES5T1 COMPRIS$ AN 5TIRE EPO* 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( BO? C\NTRIES1 & TODAY ! ,HEGELIAN REVOLUTION>Y 0TRANS=MATION ( QUANTITY TO QUALITY0.<#c#c.> IS TAK+ PLACE = ALL TO SEE2 ! QUANTITATIVE *ANGES ?AT HAVE ACCUMULAT$ UNNOTIC$ >E N[ BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO A NEW QUALITY4 ,WE >E WITNESS+ ! CULM9ATION ( CAPITALISM'S SL[ ]OSION ( ABSOLUTISM FROM )91 A PROCESS ON :I* ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAD BAS$ ITS PROGRAMMATIC P]SPECTIVE4 ,& 9 ?IS PROCESS1 ! TWO ASPECTS ( CAPITALI/ GR[? - TO :I* WE HAVE CALL$ ATT5TION FROM ! FIR/ - >E F9D+ !IR RAW POLITICAL EXPRESSION4 ,! ECONOMIC M]G+ ( ,POL& ) ,RUSSIA 9TO AN ECONOMIC UNIT ?AT ABOLI%ES ! MAT]IAL BASIS = NATIONAL SEP>ATI/ T5D5CIES 9 \R SOCIETY HAS F\ND REFLECTION 9 ! REM>KABLE CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ! ,POLI% NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T1 AS AN EFFECTIVE POLITICAL =CE CALL+ = ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL&1 HAS DISAPPE>$ )\T A TRACE4 ,! W> SUMMONS ALL TO LIFE & ACTION1 & HAS BR\<T TO ! SURFACE ALL REVOLUTION>Y & OPPOSITIONAL ELEM5TS 9 ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY2 EV5 SU* AN ESS5TIALLY TRIVIAL PH5OM5ON AS ,RUSSIAN LIB]ALISM HAS F\ND ITSELF C>RI$ AWAY 9 QUITE OP5 REVOLUTION>Y RAPTURES4 ,! W>1 ! LA/ APPEAL1 :I* ONCE & = ALL PUT TO ! TE/ ( HI/ORY ALL ASPIRATIONS T[>D 9DEP5D5CE1 :]EV] EV5 A SP>K /ILL EXI/$1 UNVEIL$ BE=E AN A/ONI%$ WORLD A PICTURE ( <O/LY SIL5CE 9 B\RGEOIS ,POL&4 ,9DE$1 ! ONLY SIGNIFICANT WAYS 9 :I* ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T REGI/]$ ! IMPACT ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5TS W]E ! R5UNCIATION ( ! PROGRAM ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE BY ONE W+ ( ! NATIONALI/S1 ! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRATS' =MAL R5UNCIATION 9 AN (FICIAL DECL>ATION ( POLICY 9 #a#i#c1.<#c#d.> & 9 ! ACTUAL SUPPRESSION ( ?IS PROGRAM BY ! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 :I* COMPLETELY AB&ON$ ITS SLOGAN ( >M$ 9SURRECTION = ! LIB]ATION ( ,POL& FROM ,RUSSIA AT ! FIR/ \TBREAK ( REVOLUTION 9 CZ>DOM4 ,?IS P>TY'S ,POLITICAL ,DECL>ATION AT ! 5D ( ,JANU>Y ( ?IS YE>1 :I* MAKES ! DEM& = A 0LEGISLATIVE SEJM 9 ,W>SAW10 %[S ! UTT] BANKRUPTCY ( SOCIAL PATRIOTISM 9 ! FACE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CRISIS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9 SPITE ( ALL1 IT RETA9S ITS REACTION>Y1 NATIONALI/IC CORE 9TACT1 AS REVEAL$ 9 ! FACT ?AT ! SLOGAN1 A 0LEGISLATIVE SEJM 9 ,W>SAW10 IS L9K$ ) NO PROGRAM = DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS = ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE AS A :OLE4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM1 BY CONTRA/1 DEM&S A REPUBLIC = ALL ( ,RUSSIA ) NATIONAL AUTONOMY = ,POL& AS AN ORGANIC P>T ( ANY G5]AL DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS4 ,BY ITS SIL5CE1 & BY ITS ALO( DISREG>D ( FRE$OM = ALL ( ! CZ>I/ EMPIRE1 SOCIAL PATRIOTISM REVEALS ITS NATIONALI/ *>ACT] & %[S AFT] ALL ?AT IT HAS RETA9$ ITS UTOPIANISM FULLY 9TACT4 ,9DE$1 ?IS UTOPIANISM BECOMES ALL ! MORE ABSURD1 9 ?AT ! IDEA ( A LEGISLATIVE SEJM 9 ,W>SAW1 SUSP5D$ 9 MID-AIR1 SO TO SPEAK1 & NOT TI$ D[N TO E>? BY EV5 A G5]AL NOTION ( DEMOCRACY = ,RUSSIA1 IS EV5 MORE UTOPIAN ?AN ! RE/ORATION ( ,POL&3 ! LATT]1 AT LEA/1 WAS ONLY A REACTION>Y REGRESSION TO ! BLUNT$1 HI/ORICALLY OBSOLETE IDEA ( AN AUTONOM\S CON/ITUTION = ! ,K+DOM ( ,POL& )9 ! ABSOLUTI/ ,RUSSIAN /ATE1 AS GRANT$ BY ! GRACE ( ! ,CONGRESS ( ,VI5NA4 

,H[EV]1 BY DISAV[+ ! SLOGAN ( >M$ RESI/ANCE TO WR5* ,POL& LOOSE FROM ,RUSSIA1 & BY REV]T+ TO ! SLOGAN ( AN AUTONOM\S ,POL&1 :I* TAKES NO ACC\NT ( ! QUE/ION ( FRE$OM 9 ,RUSSIA1 SOCIAL PATRIOTISM OP5LY ADMITS ?AT ! C\RSE ( EV5TS HAS QUITE SIMPLY R$UC$ ITS POLITICAL PROGRAM TO IMPOT5CE4 ,! ONLY ASPECT REMA9+ ( NATIONALISM TODAY IS ITS NEGATIVE SIDE - AN ALO(NESS FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE = FRE$OM 9 ,RUSSIA - :ILE ITS POSITIVE SIDE1 ! DEM& = ,POLI% AUTONOMY1 HAS TURN$ \T TO BE NO MORE ?AN AN EMPTY PHRASE4 ,?IS MU* IS CLE>3 ?OSE :O DO NOT RAISE ! CALL = ,POL&'S SEP>ATION FROM ,RUSSIA N[1 :5 CZ>DOM IS SEE?+ ) VIOL5T REVOLUTION1 WILL NEV] DO SO4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :5 REVOLUTION BROKE \T1 ! ONLY ?+ ?AT REMA9$ ( NATIONALISM WAS REACTION1 :ILE ITS \TW>DLY & =MALLY REVOLUTION>Y SIDE1 ?AT :I* FLAUNT$ ! SLOGAN ( >M$ 9SURRECTION = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 VANI%$ AT ! FIR/ WAVE ( ! PRES5T REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGE1 NEV] TO BE SE5 AGA94 

,! O!R ASPECT ( ?IS CAPITALI/ PROCESS MANIFE/$ ITSELF AT ! SAME TIME 9 ! =M ( ! UNIFI$ REVOLUTION>Y CLASS ACTION ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ABSOLUTISM & V9DICAT$ TO ! WORLD ! CONCLUSIONS ) :I* ! AU?OR ( ! PRES5T >TICLE 5D$ H] BOOK1 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,POL&1 9 #a#h#i#g3 0,AS ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T 9CORPORATES ,POL& ECONOMICALLY 9TO ! EMPIRE & CULTIVATES CAPITALISM AS AN 'ANTIDOTE' TO ITS NATIONALI/ OPPOSITION1 IT BRE$S1 BY ?IS V]Y PROCESS1 A NEW SOCIAL CLASS 9 ,POL& ! MI<TY 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT - A CLASS1 :I* BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 MU/ 9EVITABLY BECOME ! RESOLUTE OPPON5T ( ! ABSOLUTI/ REGIME4 ,AL?\< ! OPPOSITION ( ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT HAVE A NATIONAL *>ACT]1 ?IS 9ABILITY CAN ONLY R5D] ITS OPPOSITION ALL ! MORE EFFECTIVE1 S9CE IT MU/ !N C\NT] ! SOLID>ITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE1 SO COVET$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ) ! ONLY LOGICAL RESPONSE3 ! POLITICAL SOLID>ITY ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT4 ,! RESULT ( ! M]G+ ( ,POL& & ,RUSSIA WAS A CIRCUM/ANCE OV]LOOK$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 ! ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE1 & ! ,POLI% NATIONALI/S ALIKE3 ! UNIFICATION ( ! ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT 9TO AT S+LE BODY TO PRESIDE OV] ! COM+ BANKRUPTCY (1 FIR/1 ,RUSSIAN CZ>DOM1 & !N ! COMB9$ RULE ( ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN CAPITAL0 ,! FIR/ LIQUIDATION HAS ALREADY BEGUN4 ,! SPIRIT ( ,M>XISM HAS TRIUMPH$ 9 ! REVOLUTION ( ! PROLET>IAT ON ! /REETS ( ,W>SAW & ,PET]SBURG4 

,! :OLE C\RSE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 N[ REA*+ ITS CULM9ATION 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS 9 ! CZ>I/ EMPIRE1 HAS /RUCK A FATAL BL[ TO \R NATIONALISM BUT NOT TO ! CAUSE ( ,POLI% NATIONAL ID5TITY4 ,:]E REACTION>Y UTOPIANISM1 MIR$ 9 ! PA/1 SEES ONLY RU91 DEFEAT1 & DE/RUCTION1 ! SCRUT9IZ+ EYE1 TRA9$ TO DECIPH] ! HI/ORICAL DIALECTIC ( REVOLUTION1 CANNOT BUT P]CEIVE ! OP5+ ( NEW VI/AS = ! DELIV]ANCE ( ,POLI% NATIONAL CULTURE4 

,! ACCUSATIONS ( 0DOGMATISM0 AGA9/ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY >E NO LESS FREQU5T ?AN COMPLA9TS AB\T ITS 0DOCTR9AIRISM03 ITS ALLEG$ 9TELLECTUAL N>R[NESS ?AT IS SAID TO BE B5T ON =C+ ! VA/ & 9F9ITELY V>I$ WORLD ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A 9TO A RIGID S*EMA ?AT RECOGNIZES NO?+ BUT 0MAT]IAL 9T]E/S10 & IS DEAF & BL9D TO ! HI<] =MS ( PSY*IC PH5OM5A NATIONAL S5TIM5TS1 = EXAMPLE4 ,M>XISM CAN REALLY HAVE ONLY ONE RESPONSE TO SU* CRITICS3 9 ,GOE!'S WORDS1 0,IHR GLEI*T DEM ,GEI/1 D5 ,IHR BEGREIFT1 NI*T MIR60.<#c#e.> 

,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC WORLD VIEW IS R$UC$ TO A N>R[1 9TELLECTUALLY /IFL+ DOCTR9E BY JU/ ?OSE CRITICS :O COMPLA9 ( ITS DOCTR9AIRISM4 ,! CONTR>Y IS TRUE3 ,M>XISM IS1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 ! MO/ FECUND1 ! MO/ UNIV]SAL PRODUCT ( ?\<T1 A !ORY ?AT MAKES ! M9D SO>1 VA/ AS ! WORLD IS WIDE1 & AS RI* 9 COLOR & TONES AS NATURE1 URG+ TO ACTION1 & PULSAT+ ) ! VITALITY ( Y\?4 ,?IS !ORY1 & NO O!R1 PROVIDES ! KEY TO ! RIDDLES ( PA/ HI/ORY1 & OP5S ! WAY TO \R UND]/&+ ( SOCIETY AS IT CONT9UES TO UNFOLD2 LIFT+ US1 0) ONE W+ SU/A9$ 9 ! PA/1 ! O!R GRAZ+ ! FUTURE10 IT IMPELS US =W>D 9 ! PRES5T TO CREATIVE1 TRULY REVOLUTION>Y DE$S4 

,BUT \R BE+ AW>E ( ! ACTUAL TR5DS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T BY NO MEANS ABSOLVES US FROM 9VOLVEM5T 9 \R [N SOCIAL HI/ORY1 OR ALL[S US TO FOLD \R >MS FATALI/ICALLY ACROSS \R BREA/S & LIKE AN ,9DIAN FAKIR WAIT TO SEE :AT ! FUTURE WILL BR+4 0,M5 MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY1 BUT !Y DO SO NOT AS FREE 9DIVIDUALS10 SAYS ,M>X4.<#c#f.> ,ONE C\LD1 ) FULL JU/IFICATION1 /ATE ! CONV]SE3 M5 DO NOT MAKE HI/ORY AS FREE 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT !Y MAKE !IR [N HI/ORY4 ,F> FROM BLUNT+ OR SAPP+ \R REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR1 A S5SITIVITY TO ! OBJECTIVE MOVEM5T ( HI/ORY TEMP]S ! WILL & PU%ES US TO ACTION BY %[+ US WAYS TO DRIVE ! :EEL ( SOCIAL PROGRESS EFFECTIVELY =W>D & BY SP>+ US FROM IMPOT5TLY & FRUITLESSLY KNOCK+ \R HEADS AGA9/ ! WALL1 :I* SOON] OR LAT] 9EVITABLY BR+S DISAPPO9TM5T1 DESPAIR1 & QUIETISM2 ?R\< ?IS KN[L$GE WE >E PROTECT$ AS WELL FROM MI/AK+1 AS REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 ASPIRATIONS ?AT HAVE LONG S9CE BE5 TRANS=M$ BY ! =CES ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION 9TO !IR REACTION>Y OPPOSITES4 

,AS ! READ] WILL P]CEIVE FROM ! MODE/ SELECTION CONTA9$ 9 ?IS BOOK1 ,M>XISM ALONE IS 9 A POSITION TO PROVIDE AN EXHAU/IVE EXPLANATION = ! REM>KABLE1 PUZZLE-RIDD5 HI/ORY ( \R SOCIETY OV] ! LA/ HALF-C5TURY1 EV5 TO ! MO/ SUBTLE NUANCES ( ITS 9TELLECTUAL PHYSIOGNOMY1 ITS IDEOLOGY4 ,ONLY A BLU/]+ SIMPLETON W\LD NOT F9D IT PUZZL+ ?AT A SOCIETY SUFF]+ SU* \TRAGE\S SUBJUGATION1 :OSE MO/ ELEM5T>Y NATIONAL RI<TS HAVE BE5 SO SY/EMATICALLY TRAMPL$ UND] FOOT1 :OSE 9TELLECTUAL & CULTURAL LIFE HAS BE5 SO BRUTALLY /UNT$ - ?AT SU* A SOCIETY W\LD NOT ONLY GIVE UP ITS >M$ /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE = FIFTY YE>S1 BUT W\LD ALSO AB&ON ALL EF=TS1 H[EV] SLI<T1 TO OBTA9 A ,EUROPEAN1 DEMOCRATIC WAY ( LIFE1 & R5\NCE ALL ACTIVE OPPOSITION TO ITS SAVAGE TYRANTS4 ,ONLY PEOPLE :O 0MAKE0 REVOLUTION & 0REBELLIONS0 9 SMALL S*OOLBOY CLIQUES CAN TOSS (F SU* HI/ORICAL PROBLEMS & BE DONE ) !M M]ELY BY BR&+ C]TA9 CLASSES AS 0CONCILIATORS0 & BLAM+ CONCILIATION ON A 0H&FUL0 ( !IR REPRES5TATIVES2 !Y1 ( C\RSE1 DO NOT UND]/& ?AT GIV5 ! FACTUAL MAT]IAL CIRCUM/ANCES ( \R SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ?IS 0H&FUL0 ( CONCILIATORS TURNS \T TO BE ! 5TIRE ,POLI% B\RGEOISIE ) ITS PRES5T HI/ORICAL MISSION1 & H>DLY ?AT O!R H&FUL ( 9DIVIDUALS :O DISC\RSE ON 0GUNS0 & REBELLIONS ( PETIT B\RGEOIS UTOPIANS4 ,ONLY ! ,M>XI/ S*OL> CAN BE/ COMPREH5D ! DEEPE/ 9N] MOTIVES ( ,POLI% B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ITS %AMEFUL PA/ & ITS %AMEFUL PRES5T3 HE IS 9 ! BE/ POSITION TO SEE 9 :AT DIRECTIONS \R C\NTRY'S HI/ORY & ! CLASS /RUGGLE >E DRIV+4 ,ONLY A P5ETRAT+ /UDY 9TO ! CAUSES ( ! DECL9E ( ! REBELLI\S ,POLI% NOBILITY & ( ! DISGRACEFUL HI/ORY ( B\RGEOIS-CAPITALI/ ,POL&1 A /UDY UNCL\D$ BY ROMANTIC UTOPIANISM1 MADE IT POSSIBLE TO =ESEE ! REVOLUTION>Y REG5]ATION ( WORK+-CLASS ,POL& PRES5TLY OCCURR+ BE=E \R EYES4 ,N[1 AS 9 ! PA/1 IT IS AN UND]/&+ ( NATIONAL & CLASS DEVELOPM5T ?AT 5ABLES US TO GRASP ?AT ! ONLY REAL REVOLUTION>Y DE$ AT ?IS JUNCTURE IS BR++ CONSCI\SNESS 9TO ?IS SPONTANE\S HI/ORICAL PROCESS1 !RE BY =E%ORT5+ ITS C\RSE & SPE$+ IT ONW>D T[>D ITS GOAL4 

,D\BTLESS ! CAUSE ( NATIONALISM 9 ,POL& BE>S A SPECIAL HI/ORICAL RELATION%IP TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT2 BUT NOT AT ALL 9 ! S5SE IMAG9$ BY ! SOCIAL PATRIOTS4 ,= !M ! MOD]N PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T WAS A SCAPEGOAT FROM :I* ONE C\LD EXACT PAYM5T = ALL ! BACK DEBTS1 LONG S9CE SWEPT AWAY BY HI/ORY1 ( ! >I/OCRACY & PETITE B\RGEOISIE1 OR :I* C\LD BE ORD]$ TO MAKE GOOD ALL ! OBLIGATIONS ( ! BANKRUPT CLASSES4 ,! RELATION%IP WAS1 9 FACT1 QUITE O!RWISE4 ,9 ! FRAMEWORK1 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! CAUSE ( NATIONALISM ITSELF TAKES ON QUITE A DIFF]5T APPE>ANCE ?AN IT HAS 9 ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! S*LA*TA & ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE4 

,! CAUSE ( NATIONALISM 9 ,POL& IS NOT ALI5 TO ! WORK+ CLASS - NOR CAN IT BE4 ,! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT BE 9DIFF]5T TO ! MO/ 9TOL]ABLY B>B>IC OPPRESSION1 DIRECT$ AS IT IS AGA9/ ! 9TELLECTUAL & CULTURAL H]ITAGE ( SOCIETY4 ,TO ! CR$IT ( MANK9D1 HI/ORY HAS UNIV]SALLY E/ABLI%$ ?AT EV5 ! MO/ 9HUMANE MAT]IAL OPPRESSION IS NOT ABLE TO PROVOKE SU* WRA?FUL1 FANATICAL REBELLION & RAGE AS ! SUPPRESSION ( 9TELLECTUAL LIFE 9 G5]AL1 OR AS RELIGI\S OR NATIONAL OPPRESSION4 ,BUT ONLY CLASSES :I* >E REVOLUTION>Y BY VIRTUE ( !IR MAT]IAL SOCIAL SITUATION >E CAPABLE ( H]OIC REVOLT & M>TYRDOM 9 DEF5SE ( !SE 9TELLECTUAL RI*ES4 

,TO TOL]ATE NATIONAL OPPRESSION1 TO TOADY TO IT S]VILELY - ?AT IS ! SPECIAL TAL5T ( ! S*LA*TA & B\RGEOISIE1 I4E41 ! POSSESS+ CLASSES :OSE 9T]E/S TODAY >E REACTION>Y TO ! CORE1 CLASSES ?AT >E ! P]FECT EMBODIM5T ( ?AT VULG> 0GUT MAT]IALISM0 9TO :I* ! MAT]IALI/ PHILOSOPHY ( ,M>X & ,FEU]BA* IS USUALLY TRANS=M$ 9 ! EMPTY SKULLS ( \R HUMDRUM J\RNALI/S4 ,AS A CLASS POSSESS+ NO MAT]IAL /AKE 9 PRES5T SOCIETY1 \R PROLET>IAT1 :OSE HI/ORICAL MISSION IS TO OV]?R[ ! 5TIRE EXI/+ SY/EM 9 %ORT1 ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS MU/ EXP]I5CE NATIONAL OPPRESSION AS AN OP5 W\ND1 AS A %AME & DISGRACE1 & 9DE$ IT DOES1 AL?\< ?IS DOES NOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT ?IS P>TICUL> 9JU/ICE IS ONLY A DROP 9 ! OCEAN ( ! 5TIRE SOCIAL PRIVATION1 POLITICAL ABUSE1 & 9TELLECTUAL DIS9H]ITANCE ?AT ! WAGE LABOR] SUFF]S AT ! H&S ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 

,BUT ?IS1 AS WE SAID1 BY NO MEANS IMPLIES ?AT ! PROLET>IAT IS CAPABLE ( TAK+ UPON ITSELF ! HI/ORICAL TASK ( ! S*LA*TA1 AS ! ANA*RONI/IC M9DS ( PETIT B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM W\LD HAVE IT2 ?IS TASK1 TO RE/ORE ,POL& TO ITS EXI/5CE AS A CLASS /ATE1 IS AN OBJECTIVE :I* ! S*LA*TA ITSELF AB&ON$1 & ! B\RGEOISIE HAS R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE ?R\< ITS [N DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT \R PROLET>IAT CAN & MU/ FI<T = ! DEF5SE ( NATIONAL ID5TITY AS A CULTURAL LEGACY1 ?AT HAS ITS [N RI<T TO EXI/ & FL\RI%4 ,& TODAY \R NATIONAL ID5TITY CANNOT BE DEF5D$ BY NATIONAL SEP>ATISM2 IT CAN ONLY BE SECUR$ ?R\< ! /RUGGLE TO OV]?R[ DESPOTISM & SOLIDLY IMPLANT ! ADVANTAGES ( CULTURE & B\RGEOIS LIFE ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE C\NTRY1 AS HAS LONG S9CE BE5 DONE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT IS PRECISELY ! UNT>NI%$ CLASS MOVEM5T ( ! ,POLI% PROLET>IAT1 :I* GREW TO MATURITY1 ALONG ) CAPITALISM1 ON ! GRAVE ( ! MOVEM5TS = NATIONAL AUTONOMY1 ?AT CON/ITUTES ! BE/ & ONLY GU>ANTEE ( ATTA9+1 ALONG ) B\RGEOIS EQUALITY & AUTONOMY1 FRE$OM 9 POLITICAL LIFE & 9 \R NATIONAL CULTURE4 ,?US1 FROM EV5 A PURELY NATIONAL P]SPECTIVE1 EV]Y?+ ?AT CONTRIBUTES TO PROMOT+1 EXP&+1 & EXP$IT+ ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T MU/ BE VIEW$ AS A CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL PATRIOTISM 9 ! BE/ & TRUE/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,BUT ANY?+ ?AT *ECKS OR IMP$ES ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 ANY?+ ?AT MI<T DELAY IT OR CAUSE IT TO DEP>T FROM ITS PR9CIPLES1 MU/ BE REG>D$ AS 9JURI\S & HO/ILE TO ! NATIONAL CAUSE4 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 ! EF=TS TO CULTIVATE ! OLD TRADITIONS ( NATIONALISM & TO DIV]T ! ,POLI% WORK+ CLASS FROM ! PA? ( CLASS /RUGGLE TO ! UTOPIAN FOLLY ( ,POLI% RE/ORATION1 AS SOCIAL PATRIOTISM DID = TWELVE LONG YE>S1 REPRES5TS ! POLITICS ( A PR(\ND ANTI-NATIONALISM1 DESPITE ITS \TW>DLY NATIONALI/ TRAPP+S4 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 SAIL+ UND] ! BANN] ( 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALISM1 BE>S 9 ITS KEEP+ ! ,POLI% NATIONAL CULTURAL H]ITAGE ?AT IS ! PRES5T CONSEQU5CE ( ! DIALECTICS ( HI/ORY4 ,TO UND]/& & =ESEE ?IS PROCESS1 & ACT 9 CONSONANCE ) IT ?AT IS :AT ! ,M>XI/ ME?OD 5ABLES US TO DO4 

.<#b.> ,JEAN ,JAURES WAS A LEAD+ ,FR5* EXPON5T ( REVISIONISM1 & AS SU* SUBJECT TO CEASELESS ATTACK BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 

.<#c.> ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#b1 ! ,BELGIAN WORK]S /AG$ A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ORD] TO SECURE ! VOTE4 ,!Y W]E UNSUCCESSFUL4 

.<#d.> ,9 ,DECEMB] #a#h#b#e1 Y\NG (FIC]S 7,DECEMBRI/S7 9 ! ,CZ>'S >MY S\<T TO 9TRODUCE ,WE/]N IDEAS ( RE=M 9TO AUTOCRATIC ,RUSSIA4 ,! UPRIS+ WAS QUICKLY PUT D[N4 

.<#e.> ,9 #a#h#f#f1 ,K>AKOZOV MADE AN UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT ON ! LIFE ( ,CZ> ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 

.<#f.> ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S PO9T ( VIEW ON ?IS MATT] HAS REC5TLY BE5 SU/A9$ BY ,HANS-,ULRI* ,WEHL] - SEE HIS ,SOZIALDEMOKRATIE UND ,NATIONAL/AAT 7,WURZBURG3 #a#i#f#b71 PP4#a#gFF4 

.<#g.> ,TKACEV 7#a#h#d#d-#a#h#h#e7 WAS A ,NIHILI/ :O DEVELOP$ A ,BLANQUI/ !ORY ( REVOLUTION1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! J\RNAL ,NABAT 7,TOCS971 :I* HE $IT$ & PUBLI%$ 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 

.<#h.> ,?IS QUOTE BY ,5GELS IS GIV5 9 ,G]MAN 9 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S ORIG9AL1 :I*1 IT WILL BE RECALL$1 WAS WRITT5 9 ,POLI%4 ,! QUOTE IS FROM ,5GELS1 ,SOZIALES AUS ,RUSSL& 7,SOCIAL ,P]SPECTIVES FROM ,RUSSIA71 ,M>X-,5GELS ,W]KE 7,B]L93 #a#i#f#b71 ,X,V,I#a#a1 #e#h#e4 

.<#i.> ,! FIR/ ,M>XI/ GR\P TO BECOME ACTIVE 9 ,POL& WAS F\ND$ 9 #ahhb BY ,LUDWIK ,W>YNSKI & O!RS1 ) ! NAME 0,PROLET>IAT40 ,IT WAS OBLIG$ TO WORK UND]GR\ND1 BUT /ILL SUCCE$$ 9 ORGANIZ+ SEV]AL BIG /RIKES 9 #a#h#h#c4 ,IT WAS 9 CLOSE T\* ) ! ,RUSSIAN ORGANIZATION1 ,N>ODNAYA ,VOLYA 7,PEOPLE'S ,WILL71 &1 LIKE IT1 ADOPT$ T]RORI/ TACTICS 9 ! LATE #a#h#hS4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG DID NOT APPROVE ( T]RORISM1 !N OR LAT]1 BUT /ILL TRAC$ H] SPIRITUAL ANCE/RY TO ,W>YNSKI1 9CLUD+ HIS REJECTION ( ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE4 

.<#a.>,EQUALITY4 ,! P]IODICAL & GR\P BY ?IS NAME W]E ! IMM$IATE PRECURSORS ( ! ,PROLET>IAT GR\P4 

.<#a#a.> ,M>X-,5GELS1 OP4 CIT41 ,X,I,X1 #b#c#i-#d#a4 

.<#a#b.> ,! ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,P,P,S7 WAS F\ND$ 9 ,LONDON T[>D ! 5D ( #a#h#i#b1 & !REAFT] WORK$ CLOSELY ) ! SI/] P>TIES 9 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIAN ,POL& = ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,POL&4 ,ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,P,P,S WAS A SPECIAL COMMITTEE 9 ,LONDON1 ! ,ZIRIAZELC ,ZAGRANICZNY ,SOCJALI/[ ,PALSKI*4 

.<#a#c.>,POBUDKA MEANS 0AL>M10 0REVEILLE40 

.<#a#d.> ,LIMAN[SKI WAS ALSO ! *AIRMAN AT ! F\ND+ CONF]5CE ( ! ,P,P,S4 

.<#a#e.> ,S4 ,HACK]1 ,D] ,SOZIALISMUS 9 ,POL53 ,E9E ,5TGEGNUNG 7,SOCIALISM 9 ,POL&3 ,A ,REPLY7 .<I4E41 TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG.>1 9 ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#e-#a#h#i#f1 VOL4,I,I4 

.<#a#f.>,DAWN4 ,AT ?IS TIME ! J\RNAL WAS ! ORGAN ( ! 9T]NATIONALI/ ,PROLET>IAT GR\P4 ,LAT] IT BECAME A VOICE = ! ,P,P,S4 

.<#a#g.> ,?AT IS1 ! VOLUME ,! ,POLI% ,QUE/ION & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T1 TO :I* ?IS ESSAY WAS ! ,=EWORD4 ,CF4 ABOVE4 

.<#a#h.> ,GIV5 9 ,G]MAN 9 ! ORIG9AL ,POLI% TEXT3 0,V]NUNFT WIRD ,UNS9N1 ,WOHLTAT - ,PLAGE40 

.<#a#i.> ,ZYGMUNT ,MILK[SKI 7PSEUDONYM ,JEZ71 #a#h#b#d-#a#i#a#e4 ,WRIT] & POLITICIAN1 SPOKESMAN = ! 0ORGANIC LABOR0 MOVEM5T1 :I* TOOK ! PO9T ( VIEW ?AT ! MA9 JOB = ,POL& WAS TO 9DU/RIALIZE1 ) 9DEP5D5CE AS A SECOND>Y CONSID]ATION4 ,HE PREA*$ ! PHILOSOPHY ( H>MONY ( 9T]E/S1 I4E41 AGA9/ CLASS W>4 

.<#b.> ,SEE ,VOLUME ,I ( ,R4,L4'S ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS = BO? ( !SE ITEMS4 

.<#b#a.> ,! ,N>ODNIK1 OR ,POPULI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 WAS ACTIVE 9 ! LA/ P>T ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,ITS 0SOCIALISM0 WAS NOT ,M>XI/4 

.<#b#b.> ,M>X-,5GELS1 OP4 CIT41 ,X,X,I,I4 #b#h#bFF4 

.<#b#c.> ,! ,SPRAWA ,ROBOTNICZA 7,! ,WORK]S' ,CAUSE7 WAS F\ND$ 9 ,P>IS 9 ,JULY #ahic ) ! COLLABORATION ( ,LEO ,JOGI*ES1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG UND] ! NAME 0,R4 ,KRUSZYNSKA071 & ,ADOLF ,W>SZAWSKI1 & LAT]1 ,JULIAN ,M>*LEWSKI4 ,! FOLL[+ MON? ?IS GR\P F\ND$ ! POLITICAL P>TY1 ,SOCJALDEMOKRACJA ,KROLE/A ,POLSKIEGO 7,S,D,K,P71 :I*1 9 #a#h#i#i1 ?R\< ! 9CORPORATION ( A ,LI?UANIAN GR\P1 BECAME ! ,S,D,K,PI,L4 

.<#b#d.>,HI/ORIA RU*U SPOLECZNEGO V DRUGIEJ POL[IE ,X,V,I,I,I /ULECIA 7,LEMB]G3 #a#h#h#h72 & ,HI/ORIA RU*U SPOLECZNEGO W ,X,I,X /ULECIA 7,LEMB]G3 #a#h#i74 

.<#b#e.>,CLASS ,/RUGGLE4 

.<#b#f.> ,K>L ,KAUTSKY1 ,F9IS ,POLONIAE81 9 ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#e-#a#h#i#f1 ,VOL4,I,I4 

.<#b#g.> ,CF4 FOOTNOTE #a#i4 

.<#b#h.>,DIE 9DU/RIELLE ,POLITIK ,RUSSL&S 9 DESS5 POLNIS*5 ,PROV9Z5 7,RUSSIA'S ,9DU/RIAL ,POLICY 9 ITS ,POLI% ,PROV9CES7 9 ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#c-#a#h#i#d1 ,VOL4,I,I4 

.<#b#i.> ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE1 ,H]R ,JULIAN ,S*MIDT D] ,LIT]ATURHI/ORIK] 7,JULIAN ,S*MIDT ! ,HI/ORIAN ( ,LIT]ATURE71 #a#h#f#b4 

.<#c.> ,! 9CREAS+ DIFFICULTIES BETWE5 ! ,PRUSSIAN BRAN* ( ! ,P,P,S & ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 5D+ 9 ! EXPULSION ( ! =M] GR\P1 MU/ HAVE BE5 A PA9FUL EXP]I5CE = ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,%E WAS DELEGAT$ TO WORK = ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY AMONG ! ,POLES 9 ,EA/ ,PRUSSIA2 %E WAS ! ,POLI% EXP]T ( ! ,G]MAN P>TY4 ,%E HAD EV5 JO9$ ! ,P,P,S1 AL?\< CONT9U+ TO CRITICIZE ITS EXCESSIVE NATIONALISM4 

.<#c#a.> ,L591 ,! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION 9 ,\R ,PROGRAM1 9 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 ,VOL4,V,I4 ,9 HIS ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,P,P,S1 ,L59'S POSITION APPE>S TO BE L>GELY ID5TICAL ) ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S4 

.<#c#b.> ,MEHR+1 $41 ,AUS DEM LIT]>IS*5 ,NA*LASS VON ,K>L ,M>X1 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS UND ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE1 ,VOL4,I,I,I 7,/UTTG>T3 #a#i#b74 

.<#c#c.> ,?IS PHRASE IS GIV5 9 ,G]MAN 9 ! ORIG9AL4 

.<#c#d.> ,! ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRATS W]E AN \TGR[? ( A P>TY F\ND$ 9 #a#h#h#g4 ,!Y 9CLUD$ SEGM5TS ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! BIG L&-[N]S4 ,!IR LEAD+ FIGURE WAS ,R4 ,DM[SKI4 

.<#c#e.> 0,Y\ >E NOT EQUAL .<TO ME.>4 ,Y\ >E ONLY EQUAL TO :AT Y\ ?9K ,I AM40 ,FROM ,GOE!'S ,FAU/1 TRANS4 ,BRYAN ,FAIRLEY 7,TORONTO3 #a#i#g71 ,SC5E #a1 P4#a4 

.<#c#f.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,! #a#h? ,BRUMAIRE ( ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE1 OP4 CIT41 ,V,I,I,I1 #a#a#e4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,! ,POLI% ,QUE/ION & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,! ,POLI% ,QUE/ION & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/