,! ,POV]TY ( ,/ATISM 
,AN>*ISM VS ,M>XISM1 ,A ,DEBATE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALB]T ,MELTZ] 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUIGI ,FABBRI 

,AU?OR 3 ,RUDOLPH ,ROCK] 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION BY ,ALB]T ,MELTZ] 

,NIKOLAI ,BUKH>9 WAS REG>D$ BY MANY AS ,L59'S FAVORITE1 9 SPITE ( HIS MANY DIFF]5CES ) ! LEAD] ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! ,B5JAM9 ( ! ,P>TY :I* SEIZ$ P[] 9 7OR MORE PRECISELY1 AFT]7 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,HE WAS ! Y\NGE/ ( ! LEAD]%IP1 A M]RY EXTROV]T AMONG ! MORE GRIM-FAC$ PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES1 & ABOVE ALL1 WAS POPUL> ) ! ,P>TY BO? 9 ,RUSSIA & ABROAD4 

,AFT] ,L59'S DEA?1 ,BUKH>9 WAS CONSID]$ ! MO/ LIKELY SUCCESSOR TO ! LEAD]%IP2 9DE$1 LOOK+ R\ND ! ASSORTM5T ( ,P>TY HACKS & >M$ S*OL>S1 !RE WAS NO ONE ELSE TO RECOMM5D !MSELVES :O HAD ! NECESS>Y BACKGR\ND & ! TAL5TS TO CONQU]4 ,AS AGA9/ ! VA+LORI\S FLAMBOYANT ,TROTSKY & ! S9I/] ,Z9OVIEV1 ,BUKH>9 IMPRESS$ GREATLY1 & ABOVE ALL1 !RE WAS HIS UND\BT$ POPUL>ITY ) ALL BUT A H&FUL ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 9CLUD+ ! OBSCURE ,GEORGIAN1 ,/AL91 :OM NOBODY TOOK V]Y S]I\SLY AT ! TIME4 ,H[EV]1 ! RACE IS NOT ALWAYS TO ! SWIFT1 & ,/AL9 WON2 & BY A QUIRK ( FATE FUTURE NEO-M>XI/ G5]ATIONS MADE A CULT ( ,TROTSKY1 & =GOT ,BUKH>94 

,BUKH>91 ORIG9ALLY C\NT$ AMONG ! ',LEFT ,BOL%EVIKS1' & :OSE ANTI-/ATI/ >GUM5TS & CONCLUSIONS ,L59 DREW UPON = HIS FAM\S ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 SETTL$ D[N AFT] ,L59 'S DEA? TO RESIGNATION ) ,/AL9'S VICTORY4 ,LIKE ,TROTSKY HE BECAME ONE ( ! M9OR FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,P>TY1 BUT :]EAS ,TROTSKY DEP>T$ 9 GLORY ) AN 5T\RAGE & AMPLE CA%1 LIKE A DEP>T+ PR9CE1 ,BUKH>9 /AY$ ON 9 ,RUSSIA TO COME 9TO 9EVITABLE CONFLICT ) ! ,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY4 ,ORIG9ALLY ONE ( ! 5?USIA/S = WORLD REVOLUTION1 HE CAME TO ACCEPT ! ,/AL9 DICTUM ?AT !Y HAD BETT] BE CONT5T ) ONE C\NTRY1 & MOV$ /EADILY TO ! RI<T UNTIL ONE DAY ! WORLD WAS SURPRIS$ ) ! NEWS ?AT ,BUKH>9 WAS 9 DISGRACE1 ACCUS$ ( PLOTT+ ) ! ,G]MAN ,G5]AL ,/AFF1 & NUM]\S O!R *>GES ( SABOTAGE1 MURD] & ',ANTI-,SOVIET ACTIVITY1' = :I* HE WAS %OT ON ,M>* #a#e1 #a#i#c#h4 

,WAS ! /ORY TRUE8 ,ALL ! OPPON5TS ( ,/AL91 & ?IS GOES = AN>*I/S TOO1 W]E CONV9C$ AT ! TIME ?AT IT WAS A PUT-UP JOB BY ,/AL9 TO DISEMB>RASS HIMSELF ( ! 4,OLD ,BOL%EVIKS' :O MI<T HAVE CON/ITUT$ A DANG]4 ,BUT :AT DANG] HAD !Y EV] BE58 ,ALL OBEY$ MEEKLY1 ALL LIV$ UND] ! %AD[ ( ! ,KREML9 )\T RAIS+ ANY /&>D ( REVOLT1 ALL DUTIFULLY ATTACK$ ! ANTI-,/AL9 WORK] REVOLUTION>IES1 ALL ) ! SOLE EXCEPTION ( ,BUKH>91 :O DEF5D$ HIMSELF VIGOR\SLY1 ULTIMATELY W5T TO !IR DEA?S )\T %\T+ A WORD 9 !IR [N DEF5SE4 ,!RE WAS A GOOD L59I/ PREC$5T = PLOTT+ ) ! ,G]MAN ,G5]AL ,/AFF2 EV5 ,/AL91 )9 A YE> ( ,BUKH>9'S EXECUTION1 WAS HIMSELF DO+ IT 9 ! NAME ( ,HOLY ,RUSSIA4 ,S9CE TO ! ,OLD ,BOL%EVIKS REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! REGIME WAS ANA!MA1 & ! ONLY WAY ( ALT]+ IT WAS BY =EIGN 9T]V5TION1 IF !Y C\LD HAVE DONE A DEAL1 :Y NOT8 ,IT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ TIME4444 

,AT ALL EV5TS1 ,BUKH>9 WAS %OT AS A SPY1 A TRAITOR1 & A 'RI<T-W+ DEVIATIONI/' BUT ONCE HE WAS ! H]O ( ,RUSSIAN L59ISM & ! G5IUS ( ! LEFT-W+ )9 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 7NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! 'ULTRA-LEFTI/S' \TSIDE ! P>TY1 BUT 9SIDE ! SOVIETS74 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS CAPACITY ?AT HE WAS ASK$ TO WRITE SOME?+ TO PULV]IZE ! AN>*I/S1 ) ,ITALY P>TICUL>LY 9 M9D4 

,IT MAY NOT ONLY HAVE BE5 ,ITALIAN AN>*ISM ?AT ! AU?OR HAD 9 M9D4 ,9 A PASSAGE :I* ,FABBRI P>TICUL>LY RES5TS1 ,BUKH>9 ATTACKS ?IEVES & B&ITS :O 'PASS (F' AS AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,NO?+ C\LD HAVE BE5 MORE CALCULAT$ TO RUFFLE ! FEA!RS ( A PURITANICAL AN>*I/ ( ! OLD S*OOL1 ,FABBRI 9 P>TICUL>1 SA9TLIKE1 ES!TICAL1 :O HAD SUFF]$ POV]TY1 H>D%IP & IMPRISONM5T = ! CAUSE4 ,9 REBUTT+ ,BUKH>91 9 ?IS REPLY DESIR$ ( !IR M5TOR BY ,ITALIAN WORK]S1 HE AT ?IS PO9T QUIV]S RAGE & DESCRIBES ! AU?OR AS A 'MAD DOG4' ,BUKH>9 WASN'T EXACTLY ?AT2 9DE$ AT ?IS PO9T HE WAS PROBABLY US+ ! AN>*I/S AS A DECOY DUCK TO %OOT AT QUITE A DIFF]5T BIRD1 ! /AL9I/S 9 ! P>TY :O HAD CONTRIBUT$ HEAVILY TO P>TY FUNDS ) !IR BANK ROBB]IES4 ,EV5 UND] ,L59 ONE C\LD NOT ATTACK ! OLD ,GEORGIAN BURGL> = HIS EXPROPRIATIONS1 BUT ONE C\LD SAFELY BLAZE AWAY ) BO? B>RELS AT444 ! AN>*I/S6 

,& ) ALL RESPECT TO ,FABBRI IT WAS TRUE ( SOME1 IF A FEW1 AN>*I/S 9 ,RUSSIA & 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,:Y QUIBBLE8 ,NOR WAS IT NECESS>ILY SOLELY BECAUSE !Y WANT$ TO RAISE MONEY = 'FUNDS1' ?\< G5]ALLY ?IS WAS ! CASE4 ,!Y TURN$ TO CRIME BECAUSE !Y NE$$ ! MONEY4 ,!RE IS NO?+ MORE IMMORAL 9 ROBB+ A BANK ?AN 9 RUNN+ ONE1 & :AT WORK] CONSCI5TI\SLY WORK+ = ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9 RETURN = WAGES CAN AF=D TO SCORN ! BANK ROBB]S AS BE+ DI%ONE/8 ,?IS IS NOT TO GLAM\RIZE ! '9DIVIDUAL EXPROPRIATIONI/' 7WOND]FUL WORD67 BUT ONE FEELS ONE 9DIVIDUAL BUS9ESS IS NOT BETT] ?AN ANO!R4 ,ONE CANNOT BLAME ,FABBRI1 ! WORLD WAS MU* SIMPL] & LESS SOPHI/ICAT$ 9 ?OSE DAYS4 

,?AT ASIDE1 ,FABBRI'S ANALYSIS & RESPONSE TO ,BUKH>9 IS DEADLY1 9CISIVE & DIRECT4 ,FABBRI IS AN AN>*I/ WRIT] :O %\LD BE BETT] KN[N ?AN HE IS4 ,?IS IS PROBABLY ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ANY ( HIS WRIT+S HAVE APPE>$ 9 ,5GLI% ?\< HE LIV$ ! GREAT] P>T ( HIS LIFE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & IS ONE ( ! ABLE/ EXPON5TS ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 ,MORE ( HIS WRIT+S %\LD BE AVAILABLE & ,I UND]/& ?AT ,CI5FUEGOS ,PRESS >E PRES5TLY PREP>+ AN ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( HIS MAJOR WORK,DICTATOR%TP & ,REVOLUTION4 

,LIKE ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 9 ,N[ & ,AFT]3 ,! ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM 7! SECOND P>T ( :I* HAS BE5 WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ AS ,! ,A,B,C ( ,AN>*ISM7 HE MAKES IT PLA9 ?AT /ATE COMMUNISM IS ONE ?+ & AN>*I/ COMMUNISM QUITE ANO!R1 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS WANT COMMUNISM IMPOS$ BY =CE1 ! AN>*I/S WANT IT FREELY 5T]$ 9TO4 ,IT IS ?IS VIEW ( ! RELATION%IP ( /ATE COMMUNISM TO AN>*I/ COMMUNISM ?AT L$ ONE ,*RI/IAN PACIFI/ REVIEW] ( ,! ,FLOODGATES ( ,AN>*Y FIFTY YE>S LAT]1 TO SAY ) HORROR WE CLE>LY WANT$ A SORT ( SOVIET SY/EM )\T ! /ATE4 ,B]KMAN & ,FABBRI W\LD NOT1 AT LEA/ AT ?AT DATE1 HAVE SE5 ?IS AS DI/ORT$ CRITICISM4 ,BUT SOVIET COMMUNISM HAS LONG S9CE CEAS$ TO BE ANY =M ( COMMUNISM4 ,SOME W\LD HAVE IT ?AT IT HAS BECOME /ATE CAPITALISM1 YET IT IS NOT ?AT EI!R4 ,!RE IS NEI!R COMPETITION NOR CAPITALISM2 ! EXPLOITATION IS DIRECTLY BY ! /ATE1 ! B5EFICI>Y IS ! FACELESS BUREAUCRAT4 ,/ATE COMMUNISM HAS BECOME ! MON/ROSITY AN>*I/S PR$ICT$ ?AT IT W\LD4 ,BUKH>9 F\ND ?AT \T ONLY TOO WELL2 IT L$ HIM 9 DESPAIR TO *OOSE MILIT>Y1 P]HAPS ,NAZI 9T]V5TION AS ! ONLY WAY \T1 OR1 9 ! ONLY O!R POSSIBLE V]SION1 IT DRAGG$ ALL ,RUSSIA D[N UND] ! P]SONAL AUTOCRACY ( ONE MAN1 MORE DESPOTIC ?AN ANY ,CZ>1 :O CRAV5LY CONDEMN$ ALL :O APPROA*$ HIM1 9 ! MANN] ( ,SULTAN ,ABDUL ,HAMID ,I,I4 

,ROCK]'S VIEWS ( SOVIET COMMUNISM W]E H>% FROM ! />T4 ,HE HAD NO ILLUSIONS AB\T ! TYPE ( /ATE COMMUNISM ?AT W\LD FL[ FROM M>XISM4 ,ROCK]'S TWO ESSAYS 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS BOOK"9 >E ON AN>*ISM ITSELF1 & ON AN>*ISM & SOVIETISM4 ,IT C\LD BE SAID ?AT ON AN>*ISM HIS WRIT+S >E P$ANTIC1 NOT TO SAY BOR+1 & ONE WOND]S H[ HE MADE AN IMPACT ON WORK]S' MOVEM5TS = SO MANY YE>S4 ,BUT HIS CLE> VISION ( ! DEFECTS ( A M>XI/ ANALYSIS EXCUSES ALL1 AN ANALYSIS :I* HAS BECOME REV]$ BY ! /UD5T-9SPIR$ 'MOVEM5T' ( TODAY & HAS NO RELATION%IP TO LIFE OR TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ROCK]'S ESSAYS W]E NOT WRITT5 DIRECTLY 9 REPLY TO ,BUKH>9'S ATTACK ON AN>*ISM1 BUT !Y FUR!R ILLUM9ATE ,FABBRI'S REBUTTAL ( /ATE COMMUNISM1 & 9 P>TICUL> ( ! 9SIDI\S PHRASE ?AT LEGITIMIZ$ TYRANNY1 '! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4' 

,DESPITE ! CLAIM MADE BY ,L591 & TO A LESS] EXT5T ,BUKH>91 IT C\LD NEV] BE MA9TA9$ ?AT ! /ATE WAS 'WI!R+ AWAY1' NOR D5I$ ?AT :AT DID WI!R AWAY1 & ?AT RAPIDLY1 W]E ! OPPON5TS TO ! /ATE1 & ?AT A ?OR\<GO+ DICTATOR%IP HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ OV] ! :OLE PEOPLE4 ,! QUALIFICATION ?AT IT WAS A DICTATOR%IP BUT '( ! PROLET>IAT1' WAS AN +5I\S ONE4 ,UP TO ?IS DAY /UD5T M>XI/S HAVE MA9TA9$ ?AT IT IS P>T ( ! 'UNDIALECTICAL ?9K+' ( AN>*I/S TO TREAT ONE DICTATOR%IP AS EQUAL ) ANY O!R4 ',! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT BE COMP>$ ) ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! B\RGEOISIE444' -- YET 9 :AT DOES IT NOT COMP>E8 ,A 'DICTATOR%IP' CONSI/S ( POLITICIANS & POLICEM54 ,UNABLE TO D5Y ?AT ! 'SOVIET SY/EM' WAS NOT A DICTATOR%IP1 IT HAD TO BE PASS$ (F BY ITS APOLOGI/S AS A DICTATOR%IP1 YES1 BUT A PROLET>IAN ONE4 ,! SUBT]FUGE WAS TOO CLEV] BY HALF4 ,IT PROV$ TO BE A PIT 9TO :I* EV]Y ONE ( ITS AU?ORS1 B> TWO1 ,L59 & ,/AL9 !MSELVES1 FELL1 VICTIMS ( ! SAME T]ROR SQUADS !Y BUILT UP AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS BUT 9SI/$ WAS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE & TO PROTECT ! 'Y\NG /ATE' :I* HAS N[ \TLIV$ !M ALL4 

,ALB]T ,MELTZ] 

7,!SE ESSAYS APPE>$ 9 ! ORIG9AL BUT W]E NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS V]SION AS !Y ALREADY EXI/ AS SEP]ATE PAMPHLETS7 

,AN>*Y & ,SCI5TIFIC ,COMMUNISM BY ,NIKOLAI ,BUKH>9 

,ECONOMIC RU91 ! DECL9E ( PRODUCTION1 >E UND5IABLY ACCOMPANI$ BY ! DECL9E ( HEAL?Y PROLET>IAN PSY*OLOGY2 ALL ( :I* -T5D+ TO DRAG ! PROLET>IAT D[N TO ! LEVEL ( A RAGG$ MOB & TURN+ \T/&+ WORK] ELEM5TS1 ) A RECORD ( PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY1 9TO DECLASS$ 9DIVIDUALS -MAKES = A SITUATION ?AT MORE OR LESS FAVORS AN>*I/ T5D5CIES4 ,ON TOP ( ?AT1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS HAVE OBSCUR$ & CREAT$ CONFUSION AB\T AN>*Y ) !IR ADULT]ATION ( ,M>X4 ,AS A RESULT1 IT IS \R BELIEF ?AT !RE IS A NE$ TO SPELL \T :AT SEP>ATES M>XI/1 OR SCI5TIFIC1 COMMUNISM FROM AN>*I/ TEA*+S4 

,I 

,LET'S BEG9 ) \R [N 0F9AL OBJECTIVE0 & ?AT ( ! AN>*I/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! WAY ! PROBLEM IS POS$ AT PRES5T1 COMMUNISM & SOCIALISM PRESUPPOSE ! CONS]VATION ( ! /ATE1 :]EAS 0AN>*Y10 ELIM9ATES ! /ATE4 0,ADVOCATES10 ( ! /ATE1 AS AGA9/ 0ADV]S>IES0 ( ! /ATE3 ?AT IS H[ ! 0CONTRA/10 BETWE5 M>XI/S & AN>*I/S IS USUALLY DEPICT$4 

,ONE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT SU* AN IMPRESSION ( ! 0CONTRA/0 IS NOT ! WORK ( ! AN>*I/S ALONE4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS >E ALSO V]Y MU* TO BLAME = IT4 ,TALK AB\T 0! /ATE ( ! FUTURE0 & 0! PEOPLE'S /ATE0 HAS HAD WIDESPREAD CURR5CY 9 ! REALM ( IDEAS & ! PHRASEOLOGY ( DEMOCRACY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 SOME SOCIAL DEMOCRAT P>TIES ALWAYS /RIVE TO LAY SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON !IR 0/ATI/0 NATURE4 ,! CAT*PHRASE ( ,AU/RIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY US$ TO BE 0,WE >E ! TRUE REPRES5TATIVES ( ! /ATE40 ,?AT SORT ( ?9K+ WAS SPREAD BY O!RS1 TOO1 AP>T FROM ! ,AU/RIAN P>TY4 ,9 A WAY1 IT WAS A COMMONPLACE AT AN 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL1 & /ILL IS TO ?IS DAY1 9S(> AS ! OLD P>TIES HAVE NOT YET BE5 ?OR\<LY LIQUIDAT$4 ,& ( C\RSE ?IS 0/ATE LE>N+10 HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNI/ TEA*+S ( ,M>X4 

,SCI5TIFIC COMMUNISM SEES ! /ATE AS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 AN 9/RUM5T ( OPPRESSION & VIOL5CE1 & IT IS ON !SE GR\NDS ?AT IT DOES NOT C\NT5ANCE A 0/ATE ( ! FUTURE40 ,9 ! FUTURE !RE WILL BE NO CLASSES1 !RE WILL BE NO CLASS OPPRESSION1 & ?US NO 9/RUM5T ( ?AT OPPRESSION1 NO /ATE ( VIOL5CE4 ,! 0CLASSLESS /ATE0 -- A NOTION ?AT TURNS ! HEADS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS -IS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS1 A NONS5SE1 AN ABUSE ( LANGUAGE1 & IF ?IS NOTION IS ! SPIRITUAL N\RI%M5T ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IT IS REALLY NO FAULT ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>IES ,M>X & ,5GELS4 

,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY IS1 AS SU*1 A ,/,A,T,E,L,E,S,S SOCIETY4 ,IF ?IS IS ! CASE -- & !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT IT IS -- !N :AT1 9 REALITY1 DOES T HE DI/9CTION BETWE5 AN>*I/S & M>XI/ COMMUNI/S CONSI/ (8 ,DOES ! DI/9CTION1 AS SU*1 VANI% AT LEA/ :5 IT COMES TO EXAM9+ ! PROBLEM ( ! SOCIETY TO COME & ! 0ULTIMATE GOAL08 ,NO1 ! DI/9CTION DOES EXI/2 BUT IT IS TO BE F\ND ELSE:]E2 & CAN BE DEF9$ AS A DI/9CTION BETWE5 PRODUCTION C5TRALIZ$ UND] L>GE TRU/S & SMALL1 DEC5TRALIZ$ PRODUCTION4 

,WE COMMUNI/S BELIEVE NOT ONLY ?AT ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE MU/ FREE ITSELF ( ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN1 BUT ALSO ?AT IT WILL HAVE TO 5SURE = MAN ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE 9DEP5D5CE ( ! NATURE ?AT SURR\NDS HIM1 ?AT IT WILL R$UCE TO A M9IMUM 0! TIME SP5T ( SOCIALLY NECESS>Y LABOR10 DEVELOP+ ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION TO A MAXIMUM & LIKEWISE ! PRODUCTIVITY ITSELF ( SOCIAL LABOR4 ,\R IDEAL SOLUTLON TO ?IS IS C5TRALIZ$ PRODUCTION1 ME?ODICALLY ORGANIZ$ 9 L>GE UNITS &1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORLD ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,AN>*I/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 PREF] A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T TYPE ( RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION2 !IR IDEAL CONSI/S ( T9Y COMMUNES :I* BY !IR V]Y /RUCTURE >E DISQUALIFI$ FROM MANAG+ ANY L>GE 5T]PRISES1 BUT REA* 0AGREEM5TS0 ) ONE ANO!R & L9K UP ?R\< A NETWORK ( FREE CONTRACTS4 ,FROM AN ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW1 ?AT SORT ( SY/EM ( PRODUCTION IS CLE>LY CLOS] TO ! M$IEVAL COMMUNES1 RA!R ?AN ! MODE ( PRODUCTION DE/9$ TO SUPPLANT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,BUT ?IS SY/EM IS NOT M]ELY A RETROGRADE /EP3 IT IS ALSO UTT]LY UTOPIAN4 ,! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE WILL NOT BE CONJUR$ \T ( A VOID1 NOR WILL IT BE BR\<T BY A HEAV5LY ANGEL4 ,IT WILL >ISE \T ( ! OLD SOCIETY1 \T ( ! RELATIONS CREAT$ BY ! GIGANTIC APP>ATUS ( F9ANCE CAPITAL4 ,ANY NEW ORD] IS POSSIBLE & USEFUL ONLY 9S(> AS IT LEADS TO ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( ! ORD] :I* IS TO DISAPPE>4 ,NATURALLY1 FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES IS ONLY CONCEIVABLE AS ! CONT9UATION ( ! T5D5CY ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS ( C5TRALIZATION1 AS AN 9T5SIFI$ DEGREE ( ORGANIZATION 9 ! 0ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S0 ?AT REPLACES ! BYGONE 0GOV]NM5T ( M540 ,WELL N[ -- ! AN>*I/ WILL REPLY -- ! ESS5CE ( ! /ATE CONSI/S PRECISELY ( C5TRALIZATION & S9CE Y\ KEEP ! C5TRALIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 Y\ MU/ ALSO KEEP ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 ! P[] ( VIOL5CE1 9 %ORT 0AU?ORIT>IAN RELATIONS40 

,?AT REPLY IS 9CORRECT1 = IT PRESUPPOSES AN UNSCI5TIFIC BUT1 RA!R1 :OLLY 9FANTILE CONCEPTION ( ! /ATE4 ,! /ATE1 JU/ LIKE CAPITAL1 IS NOT AN OBJECT BUT A RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIAL CLASSES4 ,IT IS ! CLASS RELATION%IP OBTA9+ BETWE5 HE :O RULES & HE :O IS RUL$4 ,?IS RELATION%IP IS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! /ATE4 ,%\LD ?IS RELATION%IP CEASE1 ! /ATE W\LD CEASE TO EXI/4 ,TO SEE 9 C5TRALIZATION AN ESS5TIAL FEATURE ( ! /ATE IS TO MAKE ! SAME MI/AKE AS IS MADE BY ?OSE :O REG>D ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION AS CAPITAL4 ,! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BECOME CAPITAL ONLY :5 !Y >E A MONOPOLY 9 ! H&S ( ONE CLASS & S]VE TO EXPLOIT ANO!R CLASS ON ! BASIS ( WAGE LABOR1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 :5 !SE MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E ! EXPRESSION ( ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ( CLASS OPPRESSION & CLASS ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 ,9 !MSELVES1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION >E SOME?+ TO BE ADMIR$1 ! 9/RUM5TS ( MAN'S /RUGGLE AGA9/ NATURE4 ,IT IS UND]/OOD1 !N1 ?AT NOT ONLY WILL !Y NOT VANI% 9 ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE1 BUT1 = ! FIR/ TIME EV]1 !Y WILL 5JOY ! PLACE !Y DES]VE4 

,( C\RSE1 !RE WAS A TIME 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T :5 ! WORK]S W]E NOT YET CLE> ON ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! MA*9E AS A MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! MA*9E AS CAPITAL1 ?AT IS1 AS A MEANS ( OPPRESSION4 ,NONE!LESS1 AT ?AT TIME ! WORK]S T5D$ NOT TO DO AWAY ) PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MA*9ES1 BUT TO DE/ROY ! MA*9ES !MSELVES1 SO AS TO RETURN TO PRIMITIVE MANUAL MEANS ( LABOR4 

,!RE IS AN ANALOGY H]E ) ! POSITION ( AN>*I/S 0:O >E CLASS CONSCI\S0 ON ! C5TRALIZATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,SEE+ ?AT CAPITALI/ C5TRALIZATION IS A ME?OD ( OPPRESSION1 !Y PROTE/1 9 !IR SIMPLICITY1 AGA9/ ALL C5TRALIZATION ( PRODUCTION 9 G5]AL2 !IR 9FANTILE NAIVETY CONFUSES ! ESS5CE ( ! ?+ ) ITS SOCIAL1 HI/ORICAL1 \TW>D =M4 ,& SO ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 US COMMUNI/S & ! AN>*I/S ) REG>D TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY LIES NOT 9 ?AT WE >E = ! /ATE & !Y >E AGA9/ ! /ATE1 BUT RA!R 9 ?AT WE FAVOR PRODUCTION BE+ C5TRALIZ$ 9 L>GE UNITS1 FITT$ TO ! MAXIMUM DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES1 :]EAS AN>*I/S FAVOR SMALL1 DEC5TRALIZ$ PRODUCTION :I* CANNOT RAISE1 BUT ONLY L[]1 ! LEVEL ( !SE PRODUCTIVE =CES4 

,I,I 

,! SECOND ESS5TIAL ISSUE ?AT DIVIDES COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S IS !IR ATTITUDE TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 BETWE5 CAPITALISM & 0! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE0 LIES A :OLE P]IOD ( CLASS /RUGGLES1 ! P]IOD DUR+ :I* ! LA/ REMA9S ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WILL BE ROOT$ \T1 & ! CLASS ATTACKS PROVOK$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE -- ALREADY FALL51 BUT /ILL RESI/+ -- F\<T (F4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION .<#a.> HAS %[N ?AT1 EV5 AFT] IT HAS BE5 0?R[N ON ITS BACK ON ! GR\ND10 ! B\RGEOISIE /ILL USES :AT RES\RCES REMA9 TO IT1 TO GO ON FI<T+ AGA9/ ! WORK]S2 & ?AT1 ULTIMATELY1 IT RELIES ON 9T]NATIONAL REACTION 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! F9AL VICTORY ( ! WORK]S WILL BE POSSIBLE ONLY :5 ! PROLET>IAT HAS FRE$ ! :OLE WORLD ( ! CAPITALI/ RABBLE & COMPLETELY SUFFOCAT$ ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,= ?IS REASON1 IT IS QUITE NATURAL ?AT ! PROLET>IAT MAKES USE ( AN ORGANIZATION = ITS /RUGGLE4 ,! BIGG]1 ! /RONG] & ! MORE SOLID ?IS ORGANIZATION IS1 ! MORE RAPIDLY WILL ! F9AL VICTORY BE WON4 ,SU* A TRANSITIONAL ORGANIZATION IS ! PROLET>IAN /ATE1 ! P[] & ! RULE ( ! WORK]S1 !IR DICTATOR%IP4 ,LIKE ALL P[]1 ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IANS IS LIKEWISE ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE4 ,LIKE ALL /ATES1 ! PROLET>IAN /ATE IS LIKEWISE AN 9/RUM5T ( OPPRESSION4 ,( C\RSE1 !RE IS NO NE$ TO BE SO CIRCUMSPECT AB\T ! QUE/ION ( VIOL5CE4 ,SU* CIRCUMSPECTION IS BE/ LEFT TO ! GOOD *RI/IAN OR ! TOL/OYAN1 NOT ! REVOLUTION>Y4 ,9 COM+ D[N = OR AGA9/ VIOL5CE1 !RE IS A NE$ TO SEE :O IT IS DIRECT$ AGA9/4 ,REVOLUTION & C\NT]-REVOLUTION >E ACTS ( VIOL5CE 9 EQUAL MEASURE1 BUT TO R5\NCE REVOLUTION = ?AT REASON W\LD BE NONS5SICAL4 

,! SAME ?+ APPLIES :5 WE COME TO ! QUE/ION ( P[] & ! PROLET>IAT'S AU?ORIT>IAN VIOL5CE4 ,C]TA9LY1 ?IS VIOL5CE IS A MEANS ( OPPRESSION1 BUT ONE EMPLOY$ AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?AT IMPLIES A SY/EM ( REPRISALS1 BUT !SE REPRISALS 9 !IR TURN >E LIKEWISE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,:5EV] ! CLASS /RUGGLE REA*ES ITS PO9T ( MAXIMUM T5SION & BECOMES CIVIL W>1 ONE CANNOT GO >\ND TALK+ AB\T 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY2 RA!R1 ONE MU/ TALK AB\T ! NE$ TO SY/EMATICALLY REPRESS ! EXPLOIT] CLASS4 ,! PROLET>IAT MU/ *OOSE BETWE5 TWO ?+S3 EI!R IT CRU%ES ! DISLODG$ B\RGEOISIE ONCE & = ALL & DEF5DS ITSELF AGA9/ !IR 9T]NATIONAL ALLIES1 OR IT DOES NOT4 ,9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 ! WORK MU/ BE ORGANIZ$1 CONDUCT$ 9 A SY/EMATIC FA%ION & TAK5 AS F> AS RES\RCES ALL[4 ,TO DO ?IS ! PROLET>IAT NE$S AN ORGANIZ$ =CE1 :ATEV] ! CO/4 ,?AT =CE IS ! /ATE P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,CLASS DIFF]5CES DO NOT VANI% FROM ! WORLD AT ! /ROKE ( A P54 ,! B\RGEOISIE DOES NOT VANI% AS A CLASS AFT] IT LOSES POLITICAL P[]4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! PROLET>IAT IS ALWAYS PROLET>IAT1 EV5 AFT] ITS VICTORY4 ,( C\RSE1 IT HAS ASSUM$ ITS POSITION AS RUL+ CLASS4 ,IT HAS TO MA9TA9 ?AT POSITION OR M]GE ) ! RE/ ( SOCIETY1 :I* IS PR(\NDLY HO/ILE T[>DS IT4 ,?AT IS ! PROBLEM AS IT >ISES HI/ORICALLY & !RE >E NO TWO WAYS ( RESOLV+ IT4 ,! SOLE SOLUTION IS ?IS3 AS ! MOTIVE =CE BEH9D ! REVOLUTION1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS A DUTY TO HOLD ON TO ITS DOM9ANT POSITION UNTIL IT HAS SUCCE$$ 9 REMOLD+ O!R CLASSES 9 ITS IMAGE4 ,!N -- & ONLY !N -- ! PROLET>IAT DISMANTLES ITS /ATE ORGANIZATION & ! /ATE 0 DIES \T40 

,! AN>*I/S TAKE A DIFF]5T /& ON ! QUE/ION ( ?IS TRANSITIONAL P]IOD & ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 US & !M BOILS D[N1 9 EFFECT1 TO BE+ = OR AGA9/ ! ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,N ,C,O,M,M,O,N-,/,A,T,E1 = OR AGA9/ ! ,D,I,C,T,A,T,O,R,%,I,P ,( ,! ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,T4 ,= AN>*I/S ALL P[]1 LET ALONE G5]AL P[]1 IS UNACCEPTABLE :ATEV] ! CIRCUM/ANCES BECAUSE IT AM\NTS TO OPPRESSION EV5 IF DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,= ?IS REASON1 & AT ! CURR5T /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION1 AN>*I/S >E AT ONE ) ! B\RGEOISIE & COLLABORATIONI/ P>TIES 9 RAIS+ A FUROR AGA9/ ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,:5EV] AN>*I/S CRY \T AGA9/ ! P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT !Y CEASE TO BE ! 0LEFTI/S0 OR 0RADICALS0 !Y >E USUALLY LABEL$2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y TURN 9TO BAD REVOLUTION>IES1 UNWILL+ TO LEAD AN ORGANIZ$ SY/EMATIC CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 R5\NC+ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 !Y DEPRIVE !MSELVES ( ! MO/ VALID WEAPON 9 ! /RUGGLE2 9 FI<T+ AGA9/ ?AT DICTATOR%IP1 !Y DISORGANIZE ! PROLET>IAT'S =CES1 SNAT*+ !IR WEAPONS FROM !IR GRASP &1 OBJECTIVELY1 GIVE SUCCOR TO ! B\RGEOISIE & ITS AG5TS ! SOCIAL TRAITORS4 

,IT IS EASY TO DETECT JU/ :AT ! FUNDAM5TAL NOTION IS ?AT ACC\NTS = ! AN>*I/S' /ANCE ON ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE & !IR /ANCE ON ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT2 IT BOILS D[N TO !IR AV]SION -- AS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE1 SO TO SPEAK -- TO ! TE*NIQUE ( SY/EMATIC1 ORGANIZ$ MASS ACTION4 ,IT FOLL[S FROM AN>*I/ !ORY ?AT ! CONSI/5T AN>*I/ MU/ BE AV]SE TO SOVIET P[] & FI<T AGA9/ IT4 .<#b.> ,BUT1 GIV5 ?AT SU* A /ANCE W\LD BE CLE>LY ABSURD = WORK]S & PEASANTS1 ! NUMB] ( AN>*I/S :OSE PR9CIPLES LEAD !M TO SU* A POSITION IS NOT GREAT2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !RE >E AN>*I/S QUITE SATISFI$ TO TAKE A SEAT 9 ! SUPREME LEGISLATURE & EXECUTIVE ( ! /ATE P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 NAMELY 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SOVIET4 

,?AT ?IS IS A CONTRADICTION IS OBVI\S1 A DEP>TURE FROM ! TRUE AN>*I/ VIEWPO9T4 ,BUT IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT ! AN>*I/S CANNOT HAVE ANY SPECIAL AFFECTION = ! ,SOVIETS4 ,AT BE/1 !Y M]ELY 0EXPLOIT !M0 & >E EV] READY TO DISMANTLE !M4 ,FROM ?IS SITUATION >ISES A FUR!R1 RA!R F>-REA*+ PRACTICAL DIFF]5CE3 AS F> AS WE >E CONC]N$1 ! *IEF TASK IS TO GIVE ! P[] ( ! MASS PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS -- ! ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS -- ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE BASE BY /R5G!N+ & ORGANIZ+ !M2 :]EAS ! AN>*I/S HAVE CONSCI\SLY TO OB/RUCT ?AT WORK4 

,WE ALSO DIFF] WIDELY 9 ! C\RSES WE TAKE 9 ! PROV9CE ( :AT %APE ECONOMIC PRAXIS \<T TO TAKE DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL CONDITION = ECONOMIC VICTORY OV] CAPITALISM CONSI/S ( 5SUR+ ?AT ! 0 EXPROPRIATION ( ! EXPROPRIATORS0 DOES NOT DEG5]ATE 9TO AN ATOMIZATION1 EV5 %\LD IT BE 9TO EQUAL %>ES4 ,ANY NEW %>E\T PRODUCES SMALL PROP]TY HOLD]S1 BUT BIG CAPITALI/ PROP]TY GR[S \T ( SMALL PROP]TY1 & 9 ?IS WAY A %>E\T ( ! POSSESSIONS ( ! RI* LEADS1 ( NECESSITY1 TO A REBIR? ( ?AT SAME CLASS ( ! RI*4 

,IT IS UP TO ! WORK+ CLASS NOT TO C>RY \T A %>E\T ?AT W\LD FAVOR ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE & ! RAGG$ MOB1 BUT TO SEE ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO BE EXPROPRIAT$ >E US$ SOCIALLY & COLLECTIVELY 9 A SY/EMATIC1 ORGANIZ$ FA%ION4 ,& ?AT1 9 TURN1 IS ONLY POSSIBLE :]E EXPROPRIATION IS EFFECT$ 9 AN ORGANIZ$ WAY1 UND] ! CONTROL ( ! PROLET>IAN 9/ITUTIONS2 O!RWISE1 EXPROPRIATION TAKES ON A FRANKLY DISORGANIZ+ COMPLEXION & EASILY DEG5]ATES 9TO M]E 0APPROPRIATION0 BY PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS1 ( :AT \<T TO BE ! PROP]TY ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 

,RUSSIAN SOCIETY -- & P>TICUL>LY 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURAL 9DU/RY -- IS PASS+ ?R\< A P]IOD ( CRISIS & TOTAL RU94 ,!SE TREM5D\S DIFFICULTIES RESULT NOT ONLY 9 ! OBVI\S DE/RUCTION ( PRODUCTIVE =CES1 BUT ALSO 9 ! MASSIVE DISORGANIZATION ( ! :OLE ECONOMIC SETUP4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! WORK]S \<T1 MORE ?AN EV] TODAY1 TO TAKE C>E TO TAKE AN EXACT 9V5TORY ( & TO SUP]VISE ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 DWELL+S1 CONSUM] PRODUCTS REQUISITION$ & SO ON4 ,SU* SUP]VISION IS POSSIBLE ONLY :]E EXPROPRIATION IS ! WORK NOT ( PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS BUT ( ! ORGANS ( PROLET>IAN P[]4 

,I,I,I 

,WE HAVE PURPOSELY AVOID$ >GU+ AGA9/ AN>*I/S AS IF !Y W]E DEL9QU5TS1 CRIM9ALS1 B&ITS & SO ON4 ,! IMPORTANT ?+1 = WORK]S1 IS TO UND]/& :AT IS P]NICI\S 9 !IR TEA*+S & ! ORIG9 ( NOXI\S PRAXIS4 ,WE CANNOT HAVE A SUP]FICIAL SQUABBLE AT ! FOCAL PO9T ( \R >GUM5T4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID EXPLA9S1 9 ITSELF1 :Y IT %\LD BE ?AT IT IS PRECISELY ! AN>*I/ GR\PS ?AT RAPIDLY SPAWN B&S ( 0EXPROPRIATORS10 :O EXPROPRIATE = ! SAKE ( !IR [N POCKETS1 & :Y ! AN>*I/S ATTRACT DEL9QU5TS4 ,!RE >E ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E DISRUPTIVE ELEM5TS ?AT EXPLOIT ! REVOLUTION = !IR [N PRIVATE GA94 ,BUT :]E EXPROPRIATION IS C>RI$ \T UND] ! CONTROL ( MASS ORGANS IT IS MU* MORE DIFFICULT = ! PRIVATE PR(IT SITUATION TO >ISE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 ONE %UNS P>TICIPATION 9 ORGANIZ$ MASS ACTIONS ON PR9CIPLE & SUB/ITUTES = !M ! ACTIONS ( FREE GR\PS 0?AT MAKE !IR [N DECISIONS10 0AUTONOM\SLY & 9DEP5D5TLY10 ONE CREATES ! BE/ POSSIBLE ATMOSPH]E = 0EXPROPRIATIONS0 ?AT >E1 !ORETICALLY & 9 PRACTICAL T]MS1 NO DIFF]5T FROM ! ACTIVITIES ( A COMMON /REET-?IEF4 ,9DIVIDUAL EXPROPRIATIONS & CONFISCATIONS & SO ON >E NOT ONLY DANG]\S ON ACC\NT ( ! FACT ?AT !Y ACT AS A BRAKE ON ! CREATION ( AN APP>ATUS ( PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION & CONTROL1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE SU* ACTIONS COMPLETELY DEMORALIZE ! M5 :O C>RY !M \T & DEPRIVE !M ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 MAKE !M UNUS$ TO COLLABORATION ) !IR COMRADES1 & AB&ON !SE 9 FAVOR ( A S+LE GR\P ( EV5 A S+LE 0FREE 9DIVIDUAL40 

,!RE >E TWO SIDES ( ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION3 ! DE/RUCTIVE SIDE & ! CREATIVE OR RECON/RUCTIVE SIDE4 ,! DE/RUCTIVE SIDE %[S ABOVE ALL 9 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC OPPORTUNI/S CLAIM ?AT 9 NO %APE OR =M DOES ! PROLET>IAT'S CAPTURE ( P[] MEAN ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE2 BUT SU* A 0CAPTURE0 EXI/S ONLY 9 ! M9DS ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS4 ,9 REALITY ! CAPTURE ( P[] BY ! WORK]S CAN BECOME A REALITY ONLY ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,! AN>*I/S HAVE A POSITIVE ROLE TO PLAY 9 ?IS LABOR ( DE/ROY+ ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 BUT1 9 ORGANIC T]MS1 !Y >E 9CAPABLE ( CREAT+ A 0NEW WORLD02 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ONCE ! PROLET>IAT HAS TAK5 P[]1 :5 ! MO/ URG5T TASK IS TO BUILD SOCIALISM1 !N AN>*I/S HAVE AN ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY NEGATIVE ROLE1 H>ASS+ SU* CON/RUCTIVE ACTIVITY ) !IR WILDCAT & DISORGANIZ+ ACTIONS4 ,COMMUNISM & COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION -- ?AT IS ! CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ( ! PRODUCTIVELY ACTIVE CLASS1 ?R\< ! APP>ATUS ( L>GE SCALE PRODUCTION4 ,AS = ALL ! O!R /RATA ( ! POOR CLASSES1 !Y CAN ONLY BECOME AG5TS ( COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION :5EV] !Y PROTECT ! RE> ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,AN>*Y IS ! IDEOLOGY1 NOT ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT ( DECLASS$ GR\PS1 9ACTIVE GR\PS1 LACK+ A CONNECTION ) ALL PRODUCTIVE LABOR3 IT IS ! IDEOLOGY ( A HORDE ( BEGG>S 7LUMP5PROLET>IAT71 A CATEGORY ( PEOPLE DRAW+ ITS RECRUITS FROM AMONG PROLET>IANS1 RU9$ B\RGEOIS1 DECAD5T 9TELLECTUALS1 PEASANTS CA/ \T BY !IR FAMILIES & IMPOV]I%$2 AN AMALGAM ( PEOPLE 9CAPABLE ( CREAT+ ANY?+ NEW1 ANY?+ ( VALUE1 ONLY SEIZ+ :AT !Y HAVE GOT !IR H&S ON ?R\< !IR 0CONFISCATIONS40 ,SU* IS ! SOCIAL PH5OM5ON ( AN>*Y4 

,AN>*Y IS ! PRODUCT ( ! DIS9TEGRATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,! COMPLEXION ( ?IS MIS]Y IS BR\<T AB\T BY ! CRUMBL+ ( SOCIAL BONDS1 ! TRANS=MATION ( PEOPLE :O W]E ONCE MEMB]S ( A CLASS 9TO ATOMIZ$ 09DIVIDUALS0 :O NO LONG] DEP5D ON ANY CLASS1 :O LIVE 0= !MSELVES10 DO NOT WORK & :O1 TO HOLD ON TO !IR 9DIVIDUALISM1 ACKN[L$GE NO ORGANIZATION4 ,?AT IS ! MIS]Y PRODUC$ BY ! B>B>IC CAPITALI/ REGIME4 

,A CLASS AS HEAL?Y AS ! PROLET>IAN ONE CANNOT ALL[ ITSELF TO CAT* ! CONTAGION ( AN>*Y4 ,AN>*Y C\LD EM]GE FROM ONE ( ITS EXTREMES ONLY IF ?AT WORK+ CLASS W]E TO BREAK UP1 & !N AS A SIGN ( SICKNESS4 ,& ! WORK+ CLASS1 /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ITS ECONOMIC DISSOLUTION2 MU/ LIKEWISE FI<T AGA9/ ITS IDEOLOGICAL DISSOLUTION1 ! PRODUCT ( :I* IS AN>*Y4 

,AN>*Y & 0,SCI5TIFIC0 ,COMMUNISM BY ,LUIGI ,FABBRI 

,I3 ,! ,B\RGEOIS ,PHRASEOLOGY ( 0,SCI5TIFIC0 ,COMMUNISM 

,A %ORT :ILE AGO1 ?R\< ! PUBLI%+ FIRM ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY1 A LITTLE TWELVE-PAGE PAMPHLET WAS ISSU$ BY ?AT 0SUP]LATIVE !ORETICIAN0 7AS HE WAS 9TRODUC$ TO ! PUBLIC 9 ! SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/ PRESS7 ,NIKOLAI ,BUKH>94 ,IT BORE ! POMP\S TITLE ,AN>*Y & ,SCI5TIFIC ,COMMUNISM4 ,LET US JU/ HAVE A LOOK & SEE H[ MU* 0SCI5CE0 !RE IS 9 IT4 

,BUKH>9 DOES NOT SET \T ANY TRUE NOTION ( AN>*ISM1 ANY ( ! PO9TS 9 ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ PROGRAM AS !Y TRU?FULLY >E2 NOR DOES HE TAKE ! TR\BLE TO 9=M HIMSELF ON AN>*I/ ?9K+ BY DRAW+ UPON ! PRIM>Y S\RCES ( ! AN>*I/S' HI/ORICAL & !ORETICAL LIT]ATURE4 ,ALL HE DOES IS P>ROT WELL WORN CLI*ES1 TALK+ )\T BE+ C>EFUL TO KEEP FAI? ) :AT HE HAS HE>D SAID1 & ALL[+ HIS IMAG9ATION TO RUN RIOT 9 RELATION TO ?OSE FACETS ( AN>*ISM ?AT HE KN[S LEA/ AB\T4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D SU* A FAILURE TO COMPREH5D ! !ORY & TACTICS ( AN>*Y S9CE ! SUP]FICIAL & UNTRU/WOR?Y HACKWORK ( ! B\RGEOISIE ?IRTY OR =TY YE>S AGO4 

,:5 ALL IS SAID & DONE1 IT IS A RA!R BANAL & UNIMPORTANT PIECE ( WRIT+4 ,BUT IT HAS BE5 DI/RIBUT$ 9 ,ITALY ?R\< ! GOOD (FICES ( A P>TY MO/ ( :OSE MEMB]S >E PROLET>IANS1 & IT IS PRES5T$ TO WORK]S AS A REFUTATION ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,ITALIAN PUBLI%]S DEPICT ,BUKH>9'S BOOKLET AS A WORK ( ,A,D,M,I,R,A,B,L,E ,C,L,>,I,T,Y ,?,A,T ,G,I,V,E,S ,A ,D,E,F,9,I,T,I,V,E ,A,C,C,\,N,T ,( ,! ,9,C,O,N,S,I,/,5,C,Y ,& ,A,B,S,U,R,D,I,T,Y ,( ,A,N,>,*,I,/ ,D,O,C,T,R,9,E4 ,SO IT IS WOR? ! TR\BLE ( %[+ H[ NO?+ CAN BE MORE ABSURD1 9CONSI/5T OR RIDICUL\S ?AN ! 0SCI5CE0 ( KN[-NO?+ ) :I* HE TRIES TO DISCR$IT ! NOTION ( AN>*Y4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ,BUKH>9'S PAMPHLET HAS FURNI%$ US ) YET ANO!R OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE PROPAG&A = \R VIEWS AMONG ! WORK]S1 :O >E \R SPECIAL T>GET1 \R SUPREME OCCUPATION2 WE >E C]TA9LY NOT TRY+ TO W9 OV] ! AU?OR P]SONALLY1 OR ! PUBLI%]S ( HIS PAMPHLET1 AS ?IS W\LD BE WA/+ \R TIME4 7#a7 

,IF WE >E TO SPELL \T ! EMPT9ESS & IGNORANCE :I* PREVAILS AMONG ?OSE :O /YLE !MSELVES 0SCI5TIFIC0 -- IT'S ALWAYS ! MO/ IGNORANT :O FEEL ! NE$ TO %[ (F !IR ACADEMIC CR$5TIALS1 BONA FIDE OR O!RWISE -- !N ! PHRASEOLOGY !Y DRESS UP 9 %\LD BE SUFFICI5T4 

,!IR T]M9OLOGY IS LIKE ! POMP ) :I* OV]BE>+ PEOPLE SURR\ND !MSELVES & ! POSES !Y /RIKE1 MOV+ AMONG FOLK 9 AN >ROGANT FA%ION1 SAY+3 0,/& ASIDE & LET US ?R\<2 WOE BETIDE ANYONE :O FAILS TO TAKE HIS HAT (F TO \R EXCELL5CE40 ,&1 9 !IR B\NDLESS >ROGANCE1 !Y LOOK D[N ON ALL M]E MORTALS AS !Y SPEAK1 UNAW>E ?AT :AT !Y SAY TO ?OSE !Y ADDRESS IS NOT ONLY 9ANE BUT ALSO G5U9ELY 9SULT+ - SU* AS MI<T BE EXPECT$ ( SOME UN$UCAT$ BUMPK94 ,LI/51 = 9/ANCE1 TO ! POMP\S T]MS 9 :I* ,BUKH>9 ADDRESSES ! AN>*I/S1 ?R[+ 9 !IR FACES ! FACT ?AT HE IS CONDESC5D+ TO DEBATE !ORIES ( :I* HE IS IGNORANT4 

0,WE HAVE PURPOSELY AVOID$ >GU+ AGA9/ AN>*I/S AS IF !Y W]E DEL9QU5TS1 CRIM9ALS1 B&ITS1 & SO ON40 ,?AT IS ! L9E ( JESUITS :O TEA* ONE H[ TO 9SULT :ILE PRET5D+ ?AT IT IS NOT ! 9T5TION4444 ,BUT SAY+ ?AT1 HE ONLY CONCLUDES FUR!R ON ?AT ! AN>*I/ GR\PS SPAWN 0?OSE :O EXPROPRIATE = ! SAKE ( !IR [N POCKETS10 ?IEVES IF ONE LIKES1 & ?AT 0AN>*I/S ATTRACT DEL9QU5TS40 

,:AT IMPUD5CE6 ,9 !IR HATR$ = REBEL SPIRITS1 = ALL :O HAVE TOO MU* LOVE ( LIB]TY TO B[ TO !IR :IMS & K[T[ BE=E !IR IMPOSITIONS1 :E!R 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T TODAY OR 9 ! REVOLUTION TOMORR[1 !Y DO NOT %R9K FROM TAK+ ! MUD-SL++1 LIBEL\S ACTIVITIES ( (FICIALDOM & ( ! B\RGEOIS PRESS AS !IR MODEL 9 ATTACK+ ! AN>*I/S4 ,ONE W\LD ?9K ONE WAS READ+ POLICE LIBELS6 ,& CAN ALL ?IS RUBBI%1 !SE WOR/ CLI*ES ( CRUDE SL&]1 BE SUMM$ UP UND] ! HEAD+ 0SCI5CE08 ,H[ CAN ONE CONDUCT A DEBATE LIKE ?AT8 ,! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION LAYS NO CLAIM TO BE+ COMPOS$ ( SUP]IOR BE+S2 NATURALLY 5\<1 ITS PEOPLE HAVE ! FOIBLES ?AT ALL MORTALS %>E & CONSEQU5TLY1 LIKE ANY P>TY ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION TOO HAS ITS %ORTCOM+S1 ITS DEADWEI<T2 & !RE WILL ALWAYS BE 9DIVIDUALS :O SEEK TO CLOAK !IR [N MORBID1 ANTI-SOCIAL T5D5CIES ) ITS COLORS4 ,BUT NO MORE SO ?AN IS ! CASE ) O!R P>TIES4 ,JU/ ! OPPOSITE6 ,9 FACT1 ! WOR/ =MS ( DEL9QU5CY1 ! SPAWN ( SELFI%NESS & AMBITION1 ! SPIRIT ( 9T]E/ & GRE$ %UN AN>*ISM1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT 9 IT !RE IS LITTLE OR NO?+ TO GA9 & EV]Y?+ TO LOSE4 

,TAKE IT FROM US1 Y\ 0SCI5TIFIC10 COMMUNI/S1 ?AT WE C\LD EASILY REPLY 9 K9D TO ?IS SORT ( ATTACK1 W]E IT NOT ?AT WE BELIEVE WE W\LD BE DEMEAN+ \RSELVES & ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO PO9T 9 SO DO+6 ,IT IS NOT AMONG ! AN>*I/S ?AT ONE C\LD MO/ EASILY F9D 0?OSE :O10 -- AS ,BUKH>9 PUTS IT - 0EXPLOIT ! REVOLUTION = !IR [N PRIVATE GA910 9 ,RUSSIA OR \TSIDE IT4444 ,AS DEPICT$ BY ,BUKH>91 AN>*Y W\LD BE 0A PRODUCT ( ! DIS9TEGRATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY10 SOME SORT ( ,C,O,N,T,A,G,I,O,N1 SPREAD+ *IEFLY AMONG ! ,D,R,E,G,S ( SOCIETY1 AMONG ,A,T,O,M,I,Z,$ ,9,D,I,V,I,D,U,A,L,S \TSIDE ANY CLASS :O LIVE ONLY = !MSELVES1 ,:,O ,D,O ,N,O ,W,O,R,K1 ,O,R,G,A,N,I,C,A,L,L,Y ,U,N,A,B,L,E ,T,O ,C,R,E,A,T,E A NEW WORLD OR NEW VALUES3 PROLET>IANS1 PETITE B\RGEOIS1 DECAD5T 9TELLECTUALS1 IMPOV]I%$ PEASANTS1 & SO ON4 

,:AT ,BUKH>9 TAKES = 0AN>*Y0 W\LD NOT BE AN IDEOLOGY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT RA!R ,A ,P,R,O,D,U,C,T ,( ,! ,I,D,E,O,L,O,G,I,C,A,L ,D,I,S,S,O,L,U,T,I,O,N ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ,! ,I,D,E,O,L,O,G,Y ,( ,A ,H,O,R,D,E ,( ,B,E,G,G,>,S4 ,ELSE:]E 7#b7 HE CALLS IT ! 0,SOCIALISM ( ! ,MOB10 ( AN IDLE1 VAGRANT PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ANO!R SECTION ( HIS ANTI-AN>*I/ PAMPHLET1 ,BUKH>9 DUBS IT ! 0RAGG$ MOB40 ,BELIEVE ME1 READ]S1 IT IS NOT A MATT] ( EXAGG]ATION4 ,ALL ,I HAVE REPEAT$ UP TO N[ >E WORD = WORD QUOTATIONS1 ONLY %ORT5$ & COND5S$ = CONSID]ATIONS ( SPACE3 5\<1 ( C\RSE1 TO GIVE AN IDEA ( :AT ,BUKH>9 SEES AS NO?+ LESS ?AN ,! ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,B,A,S,I,S ,( ,A,N,>,*,Y4 

,H[EV] LITTLE !Y KN[ AB\T AN>*ISM1 WORK]S READ+ US -- EV5 ?OSE LEA/ 9 SYMPA?Y ) US - KN[ 5\< TO REA* !IR [N CONCLUSIONS AS TO !SE EXTRAVAGANT SIMPLIFICATIONS4 ,RUSSIA IS NOT ! ONLY PLACE :]E !RE >E AN>*I/S1 SO ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S NE$ NOT MI/AKE WILL O' ! WISPS = LANT]NS OR BELIEVE FAIRY TALES AB\T OGRES & WIT*ES4 ,ITALY'S PROLET>IANS1 AMONG :OM ! AN>*I/S >E EV]Y:]E RA!R NUM]\S1 >E 9 A POSITION TO ANSW] = US ?AT !RE IS NO TRU? 9 ALL ,BUKH>9'S FANTASIES4 

,AN>*ISM1 :ILE IT DOES NOT CLAIM TO BE ! 0DOCTR9E ( ! PROLET>IAT0 -- IT CLAIMS1 RA!R1 TO BE A HUMAN TEA*+ -- IS DE FACTO A TEA*+ :OSE FOLL[]S >E ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY PROLET>IANS3 B\RGEOIS1 PETIT B\RGEOIS1 SO-CALL$ 9TELLECTUALS OR PR(ESSIONAL PEOPLE1 ETC41 >E V]Y FEW & F> BETWE5 & WIELD NO PR$OM9ANT 9FLU5CE4 ,!RE >E 9F9ITELY MORE ( !SE WIELD+ A PR$OM9ANT 9FLU5CE1 9 ALL ?OSE O!R P>TIES :I* NO D\BT CALL !MSELVES PROLET>IAN P>TIES1 NOT EXCLUD+ ! 0COMMUNI/0 P>TY4 ,&1 AS A G5]AL RULE1 AN>*I/ PROLET>IANS >E NOT1 9 FACT1 AN ESPECIALLY SUP]IOR OR 9F]IOR SECTOR2 !Y WORK AS O!R WORK]S DO1 BELONG TO ALL TRADES1 CAN BE F\ND 9 SMALL AS WELL AS BIG 9DU/RY1 9 FACTORIES1 AMONG ! >TISANS1 9 ! FIELDS2 !Y BELONG TO ! SAME LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AS O!RS DO1 & SO =?4 

,NATURALLY1 !RE >E AN>*I/S AMONG ! L[E/ ORD]S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 TOO -- AMONG ?OSE :OM ,BUKH>9 CONDESC5D+LY LABELS ,! ,R,A,G,G,$ ,M,O,B -- BUT ?AT IS BY NO MEANS AN EXCLUSIVELY AN>*I/ PH5OM5ON4 ,IF ?AT W]E ! CASE1 IF 9 FACT ALL BEGG>S1 ALL ?OSE 9 RAGS1 ALL ! HORDE ?AT SUFF]S MO/ UND] CAPITALI/ OPPRESSION1 W]E TO COME 9TO \R RANKS1 WE W\LD NOT BE DISPLEAS$ 9 ! SLI<TE/2 WE %\LD WELCOME !M ) OP5 >MS1 ) NO UNJU/ DISDA9 OR MISPLAC$ PREJUDICE4 ,BUT -- TO GIVE ! LIE TO ,BUKH>9'S FANTA/IC CATALOG -- IT IS A FACT ?AT AN>*Y DOES HAVE ITS FOLL[]S AMONG !SE ORD]S1 9 ! SAME PROPORTIONS AS AMONG ! O!RS1 AS DO ALL ! O!R P>TIES1 ! COMMUNI/ P>TY 9CLUD$4 

,& :AT DOES ?AT LEAVE ( ,BUKH>9'S PHONY SCI5TIFIC T]M9OLOGY 9 HIS ATTACK ON AN>*ISM8 ,NO?+1 EXCEPT ! SO-TO-SPEAK UNCONSCI\S REVEAL+ ( A FRAME ( M9D ?AT \<T TO PUT ! PROLET>IAT ON ITS GU>D1 & AL]T IT S]I\SLY TO ! RISKS IT WILL BE RUNN+ %\LD IT HAVE ! MIS=TUNE TO 5TRU/ ITS FUTURE TO !SE DOCTR9AIRE *AMPIONS ( A DICTATORIAL COMMUNISM4 

,JU/ :O IS IT :O SPEAKS SO SCORNFULLY ( ! 0RAGG$ MOB10 ! 0HORDE ( BEGG>S10 0DREGS10 & SO ON8 ,NONE O!R ?AN ?OSE PETITE B\RGEOIS1 :E!R OLD OR NEW1 COM+ FROM BO? ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT1 :O RULE ! ROO/ !SE DAYS 9 ORGANIZATIONS1 P>TIES & ! LABOR PRESS1 LEAD]S ( ALL SORTS :O REPRES5T ! RUL+ CLASS ( ! FUTURE1 YET ANO!R ,M,9,O,R,I,T,Y GR\P :O1 UND] SOME GUISE OR O!R1 WILL EXPLOIT & OPPRESS ! ,B,R,O,A,D ,M,A,S,S,E,S1 & :O SURR\ND !MSELVES ) ! MORE =TUNATE ORD]S ( ! CITIZ5 PROLET>IAT -- ! ONES 9 L>GE 9DU/RY -- TO ! EXCLUSION & DETRIM5T ( ALL O!RS4 

,BUKH>9 IMPRUD5TLY ADMITS AS MU* 9 HIS LITTLE PAMPHLET :5 HE MAKES ! ,REVOLUTION & COMMUNISM A SORT ( MONOPOLY WIELD$ EXCLUSIVELY BY ?AT SECTOR ( ! PROLET>IAT ,W,E,L,D,$ ,T,O,G,E,!,R ,B,Y ,! ,A,P,P,>,A,T,U,S ,( ,L,>,G,E,S,C,A,L,E ,P,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N4 0,ALL ! O!R /RATA ( ! POOR CLASSES10 HE GOES ON TO SAY1 0CAN ONLY BECOME AG5TS ( REVOLUTION :5EV] !Y PROTECT ! RE> ( ! PROLET>IAT40 ,N[1 !SE 0POOR CLASSES0 \TSIDE BIG 9DU/RY1 >E !Y NOT PROLET>IAT8 ,IF !Y >E !N ,BAKUN9'S PROPHECY ?AT ! T9Y M9ORITY ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S CAN BECOME AN EXPLOIT] & RUL] OV] ! BROAD MASSES ( ! POOR W\LD BE PROV5 RI<T4 ,EV5 IF ?IS IS NOT SPELL$ \T EXPLICITLY1 IT CAN BE S5S$ FROM ! LANGUAGE ?AT !SE FUTURE RUL]S -- 9 ,RUSSIA TODAY !Y >E ALREADY 9 A POSITION ( CONTROL -- USE AS REG>DS ! HAPLESS ,P,O,O,R ,C,L,A,S,S,E,S1 TO :OM !Y AW>D ! PASSIVE MISSION ( PLAC+ !MSELVES AT ! RE> ( ! M9ORITY :O WANT TO GET 9TO P[]4 ,I REPEAT1 ?IS SCORNFUL1 SUP]CILI\S LANGUAGE REVEALS A FRAME ( M9D3 A FRAME ( M9D TYPICAL ( BOSSES1 RUL]S1 9 DEAL+S ) !IR S]FS & SUBJECTS4 ,IT IS ! SAME LANGUAGE ?AT AMONG US IS US$ BY C>E]I/S FROM ! B\RGEOISIE &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! PETITE B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE -- T]MS LIKE 0BEGG>1 RAGAMUFF91 DREGS1 NO CREATIVE ABILITY1 DON'T WORK10 & SO ON4 

,LET ,ITALIAN WORK]S READ ,BUKH>9'S BOOKLET3 TO PROVE ! WOR? ( \R >GUM5TS1 WE HAVE NO NE$ TO WEAVE A CONSPIRACY ( SIL5CE AB\T :AT \R OPPON5TS WRITE & SAY1 NOR DO WE NE$ TO D[NGRADE OR MISREPRES5T !IR ?9K+4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE HAVE EV]Y 9T]E/ 9 PROLET>IANS BE+ ABLE TO COMP>E & CONTRA/ \R ?9K+ ) OPPOS+ IDEAS4 ,BUT IF !Y DO READ ,BUKH>9'S FEW PAGES ( WRIT+1 WE CAN'T SAY :AT ! REACTION WILL BE :5 !Y F9D ! \TRAGE\S B\RGEOIS T]M9OLOGY CURR5TLY US$ TO LA% ALL WORK]S & REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,ITALY -- 9CLUD+ ! COMMUNI/S1 NO LESS6 -- DIRECT$ AGA9/ AN>*I/S4 

,) ALL ?IS IT IS NONE O!R ?AN ,BUKH>9 :O HAS ! N]VE TO SAY ?AT ! ,A,N,>,*,I,/,S ,>,E ,A,T ,O,N,E ,) ,! ,B,\,R,G,E,O,I,S,I,E ,& ,C,O,L,L,A,B,O,R,A,T,I,O,N,I,/ ,P,>,T,I,E,S ,A,G,A,9,/ ,! ,P,[,] ,( ,! ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,T 

,NATURALLY 5\<1 ,BUKH>9 TAKES C>E TO BACK UP ?IS CLAIM -- DEFAMATION PURE & SIMPLE -- ) >GUM5TS & FACTS6 ,! FACTS1 ! :OLE FIFTY-YE> HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM1 ! H]OISM ( SO MANY ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S KILL$ S9CE #aiag AT ! FRONT1 WEAPON 9 H&1 9 ! DEF5SE ( !IR C\NTRY'S REVOLUTION1 ALL ?IS GOES TO PROVE COMPLETELY ! OPPOSITE4 

,AN>*I/S FI<T ALL P[]1 ALL DICTATOR%IP1 EV5 %\LD IT WE> ! PROLET>IAN COLORS4 ,BUT !Y HAVE NO NE$ TO JO9 UP ) ! B\RGEOIS OR GO 9 = COLLABORATION TO DO SO1 9 ,RUSSIA OR ANY:]E ELSE4 ,AN>*I/S CAN TAKE PRIDE 9 ! FACT ?AT !IRS IS EV]Y:]E ! ONLY ORGANIZATION ?AT - AT ! CO/ ( ALMO/ ALWAYS BE+ ALONE 9 DO+ SO - HAS ALWAYS S9CE IT FIR/ EM]G$1 BE5 IMPLACABLY & 9TRANSIG5TLY OPPOS$ TO ANY =M ( /ATE COLLABORATION OR CLASS COLLABORATION1 NEV] WAV]+ FROM !IR POSITION ( 5MITY = ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,BUT WE HAVE NOT TAK5 UP \R P5 M]ELY TO DEBATE & REFUTE VACU\S1 LIBEL\S & \TRAGE\S TURNS ( PHRASE4 ,!RE IS ALSO1 9 ,BUKH>9'S BOOKLET1 AN ATTEMPT TO DISCUSS SOME IDEAS ( AN>*ISM1 OR IDEAS ) :I* IT IS CR$IT$2 & IT IS TO ?IS 7H[EV] PA!TIC7 ASPECT ?AT WE %ALL DEVOTE ! BULK ( ?IS %ORT PIECE ( POLEMIC & PROPAG&A ( \RS -- HAV+ LESS TO DO ) ,BUKH>9 & MORE ) ! >GUM5TS ALLUD$ TO H]E & !RE1 KEEP+ ! DISCUSSION AS IMP]SONAL AS POSSIBLE1 & TAK+ NO FUR!R NOTICE ( ! IRRITAT+1 ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y T]MS 9 :I* \R OPPON5T C\*ES ! FEW >GUM5TS HE IS ABLE TO MU/]4 

,I,I3 ,! ,/ATE & ! ,C5TRALIZATION ( ,PRODUCTION 

,= SOME TIME N[1 COMMUNI/ WRIT]S -- & ,BUKH>9 ESPECIALLY AMONG !M -- HAVE BE5 WONT TO ACCUSE AN>*I/S ( A C]TA9 ]ROR1 :I* AN>*I/S ON ! O!R H& HAVE ALWAYS D5I$1 & :I*1 UNTIL REC5T TIMES1 C\LD BE LAID EXCLUSIVELY AT ! DOOR ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 TO WIT ?AT ( R$UC+ ! :OLE PO9T ( ISSUE BETWE5 M>XISM & AN>*ISM 9TO ! QUE/ION ( ! ,F,9,A,L ,O,B,J,E,C,T,I,V,E ( ! ABOLITION OR NON-ABOLITION ( ! /ATE 9 ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE4 

,AT ONE TIME1 DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/S :O !N1 AS ! COMMUNI/S ( TODAY DO1 /YL$ !MSELVES 0SCI5TIFIC10 AFFIRM$ ! NE$ = ! /ATE 9 ! SOCIALI/ REGIME & 9 SO DO+ CLAIM$ TO BE M>XI/S4 ,UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY1 AN>*I/ WRIT]S W]E MORE OR LESS ! ONLY ONES :O EXPOS$ ?IS AS A MISREPRES5TATION ( M>XISM4 ,N[1 ON ! O!R H&1 AN EF=T IS UND] WAY TO MAKE !M JO9TLY RESPONSIBLE = ?AT MISREPRES5TATION4 

,AT ! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ & WORK]S' CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON 9 #ahif -- :]E MU* ?\<T WAS GIV5 TO EXCLUD+ AN>*I/S 7:O1 AT ?AT TIME1 W]E ALONE 9 CLAIM+ ! TITLE ( COMMUNI/S7 FROM 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESSES ON ! GR\NDS ?AT !Y DID NOT ACCEPT ! CONQUE/ ( P[] AS MEANS OR AS 5D -- IT WAS NONE O!R ?AN ,]RICO ,MALATE/A :O M5TION$ ?AT ORIG9ALLY AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S HAD %>$ A COMMON GOAL 9 ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 & ?AT ON ?AT P>TICUL> ISSUE M>XI/S HAD P>T$ COMPANY ) ! !ORIES ( ,M>X HIMSELF4 

,TIME )\T NUMB]1 9 ! WRIT+S ( AN>*I/S1 ! WELL KN[N AN>*I/IC CON/RUCTION ,K>L ,M>X PLAC$ UPON SOCIALISM 9 #a#h#g#b1 9 ! MID/ ( ONE ( HIS MO/ VIOL5T POLEMICS ) ,BAKUN9 HAS BE5 QUOT$3 

0,:AT ALL SOCIALI/S UND]/& BY AN>*Y IS ?IS3 ONCE ! AIM ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES1 HAS BE5 ATTA9$2 ! P[] ( ! /ATE1 :I* S]VES TO KEEP ! GREAT MAJORITY ( PRODUC]S UND] ! YOKE ( A NUM]ICALLY SMALL EXPLOIT+ M9ORITY1 DISAPPE>S1 & ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T >E TRANS=M$ 9TO SIMPLE ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS0 .<#c.> 

,WE DO NOT F9D ?IS M>XI/ NOTION ( :AT AN>*Y IS ACCEPTABLE1 = WE DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ! /ATE WILL NATURALLY OR 9EVITABLY DIE AWAY AUTOMATICA#aLY AS A RESULT ( ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES1 ,! /ATE IS MORE ?AN AN \TCOME ( CLASS DIVISIONS2 IT IS1 AT ONE & ! SAME TIME1 ! CREATOR ( PRIVILEGE1 !REBY BR++ AB\T NEW CLASS DIVISIONS4 ,M>X WAS 9 ]ROR 9 ?9K+ ?AT ONCE CLASSES HAD BE5 ABOLI%$ ! /ATE W\LD DIE A NATURAL DEA?1 AS IF ?R\< LACK ( N\RI%M5T4 ,! /ATE WILL NOT DIE AWAY UNLESS IT IS DELIB]ATELY DE/ROY$1 JU/ AS CAPITALISM WILL NOT CEASE TO EXI/ UNLESS IT IS PUT TO DEA? ?R\< EXPROPRIATION4 ,%\LD A /ATE BE LEFT /&+1 IT WILL CREATE A NEW RUL+ CLASS AB\T ITSELF1 ?AT IS1 IF IT *OOSES NOT TO MAKE ITS PEACE ) ! OLD ONE4 ,9 %ORT1 CLASS DIVISIONS WILL P]SI/ & CLASSES WILL NEV] BE F9ALLY ABOLI%$ AS LONG AS ! /ATE REMA9S4 

,BUT H]E IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( SEE+ H[ MU* !RE MAY BE 9 :AT ,M>X ?\<T CONC]N+ ! 5D ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS A FACT ?AT M>XISM AGREES ) AN>*ISM 9 =ESEE+ ?AT COMMUNISM IS EQUIVAL5T TO ! DEA? ( ! /ATE3 ONLY1 ACCORD+ TO M>XISM1 ! /ATE MU/ DIE A NATURAL DEA?1 :]EAS AN>*ISM HOLDS ?AT IT CAN ONLY DIE A VIOL5T ONE4 

,&1 LET US SAY IT AGA91 ! AN>*I/S HAVE PO9T$ ?IS \T -- 9 !IR POLEMICS ) ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS - TIMES )\T NUMB] FROM #ahh UP TO ! PRES5T DAY4 

,AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S1 :ILE RI<TLY CRITICAL ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC IDEA 7:I* !Y D\BTLESS ALSO CR$IT1 MI/AK5LY AS IT HAPP5S1 TO AN>*I/S7 ?AT ! BASIC DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM IS 9 ! F9AL GOAL ( ELIM9AT+ ! /ATE1 MAKE 9 !IR TURN A MI/AKE ?AT IS SIMIL> & P]HAPS MORE GRAVE4 

,!Y1 & ON !IR BEHALF ,BUKH>91 MA9TA9 ?AT ! 0REAL DIFF]5CE0 BETWE5 AN>*I/S & /ATE COMMUNI/S IS ?IS3 ?AT :]EAS ! COMMUNI/S 0IDEAL SOLUTION 444IS C5TRALIZ$ PRODUCTION ME?ODICALLY ORGANIZ$ 9 L>GE UNITS1 ,! ,A,N,>,*,I,/,S' ,I,D,E,A,L ,C,O,N,S,I,/,S ,( ,E,/,A,B,L,I,%,+ ,T,9,Y ,C,O,M,M,U,N,E,S ,:,I,*1 ,B,Y ,!,I,R ,V,],Y ,/,R,U,C,T,U,R,E1 ,>,E ,D,I,S,Q,U,A,L,I,F,I,$ ,F,R,O,M ,M,A,N,A,G,+ ,A,N,Y ,L,>,G,E ,5,T,],P,R,I,S,E,S1 ,B,U,T444 ,L,9,K ,U,P ,?,R,\,< ,A ,N,E,T,W,O,R,K ,( ,F,R,E,E ,C,O,N,T,R,A,C,T,S40.<#d.> 

,IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO LE>N 9 :AT AN>*I/ BOOK1 PAMPHLET OR PROGRAM SU* AN 0IDEAL0 IS SET \T1 OR EV5 SU* A H>D & FA/ RULE6 

,ONE W\LD NE$ TO KN[1 = 9/ANCE1 :AT /RUCTURAL 9ADEQUACIES DEB> A SMALL COMMUNITY FROM MANAG+ A L>GE UNIT1 & H[ FREE CONTRACTS OR FREE EX*ANGES & SO ON >E NECESS>Y OB/ACLES TO ?AT4 ,?US1 /ATE COMMUNI/S IMAG9E ?AT ,A,N,>,*,I,/,S ,>,E ,= ,S,M,A,L,L ,S,C,A,L,E ,D,E,C,5,T,R,A,L,I,Z,$ ,P,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N4 ,:Y SMALL SCALE8 

,! BELIEF IS PROBABLY ?AT DEC5TRALIZATION ( FUNCTIONS ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E MEANS FALL+ PRODUCTION & ?AT L>GE SCALE PRODUCTION1 ! EXI/5CE ( VA/ ASSOCIATIONS ( PRODUC]S1 IS IMPOSSIBLE UNLESS IT IS C5TRALLY MANAG$ FROM A S+LE1 C5TRAL (FICE1 9 ACCORDANCE ) A S+LE PLAN ( MANAGEM5T4 ,N[ ?AT IS 9FANTILE6 

,M>XI/ COMMUNI/S1 ESPECIALLY ,RUSSIAN ONES1 >E BEGUIL$ BY ! DI/ANT MIRAGE ( BIG 9DU/RY 9 ! ,WE/ OR 9 ,AM]ICA & MI/AKE = A SY/EM ( PRODUCTION :AT IS ONLY A TYPICALLY CAPITALI/ MEANS ( SPECULATION1 A MEANS ( EX]CIS+ OPPRESSION ALL ! MORE SECURELY2 & !Y DO NOT APPRECIATE ?AT ?AT SORT ( C5TRALIZATION1 F> FROM FULFILL+ ! REAL NE$S ( PRODUCTION1 IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 PRECISELY :AT RE/RICTS IT1 OB/RUCTS IT & APPLIES A BRAKE TO IT 9 ! 9T]E/ ( CAPITAL4 

,:5EV] DICTATORIAL COMMUNI/S TALK AB\T 0NECESSITY ( PRODUCTION0 !Y MAKE NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ?OSE NECESSITIES UPON :I* H+E ! PROCUREM5T ( A GREAT] QUANTITY & HI<] QUALITY ( PRODUCTS -- ?IS BE+ ALL ?AT MATT]S FROM ! SOCIAL & COMMUNI/ PO9T ( VIEW - & ! NECESSITIES 9H]5T 9 ! B\RGEOIS REGIME1 ! CAPITALI/S' NECESSITY TO MAKE MORE PR(IT EV5 %\LD IT MEAN PRODUC+ LESS TO DO SO4 ,IF CAPITALISM T5DS TO C5TRALIZE ITS OP]ATIONS1 IT DOES SO NOT = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ONLY = ! SAKE ( MAK+ & ACCUMULAT+ MOTE MONEY -- SOME?+ :I* NOT UNCOMMONLY LEADS CAPITALI/S TO LEAVE HUGE TRACTS ( L& UNTILL$1 OR TO RE/RICT C]TA9 TYPES ( PRODUCTION2 & EV5 TO DE/ROY F9I%$ PRODUCTS6 ,ALL !SE CONSID]ATIONS ASIDE1 ?IS IS NOT ! REAL PO9T AT ISSUE BETWE5 AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S4 

,:5 IT COMES TO ! MAT]IAL & TE*NICAL ME?OD ( PRODUCTION1 AN>*I/S HAVE NO PRECONCEIV$ SOLUTIONS OR ABSOLUTE PRESCRIPTIONS1 & B[ TO :AT EXP]I5CE & CONDITIONS 9 A FREE SOCIETY RECOMM5D & PRESCRIBE4 ,:AT MATT]S IS ?AT1 :ATEV] ! TYPE ( PRODUCTION ADOPT$1 IT %\LD BE ADOPT$ BY ! FREE *OICE ( ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES1 & CANNOT POSSIBLY BE IMPOS$1 ANY MORE ?AN ANY =M IS POSSIBLE ( EXPLOITATION ( ANO!R'S LABOR4 ,GIV5 BASIC PREMISES LIKE ?OSE1 ! QUE/ION ( H[ PRODUCTION IS TO BE ORGANIZ$ TAKES A BACK SEAT4 ,AN>*I/S DO NOT A PRIORI EXCLUDE ANY PRACTICAL SOLUTION & LIKEWISE CONC$E ?AT !RE MAY BE A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T SOLUTIONS AT ! SAME TIME1 AFT] HAV+ TRI$ \T ! ONES ! WORK]S MI<T COME UP ) ONCE !Y KN[ ! ADEQUATE BASIS = 9CREAS+LY BIGG] & BETT] PRODUCTION4 

,AN>*I/S >E /R5U\SLY OPPOS$ TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN1 C5TRALI/ SPIRIT ( GOV]NM5T P>TIES & ALL /ATI/ POLITICAL ?9K+1 :I* IS C5TRALI/ BY ITS V]Y NATURE4 ,SO !Y PICTURE FUTURE SOCIAL LIFE ON ! BASIS ( F$]ALISM1 FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! MUNICIPALITY1 TO ! COMMUNE1 TO ! REGION1 TO ! NATION1 TO ! 9T]NATIONAL1 ON ! BASIS ( SOLID>ITY & FREE AGREEM5T4 ,& IT IS NATURAL ?AT ?IS IDEAL %\LD BE REFLECT$ ALSO 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 GIV+ PREF]5CE AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 TO A DEC5TRALIZ$ SORT ( ORGANIZATION2 BUT ?IS DOES NOT TAKE ! =M ( AN ABSOLUTE RULE TO BE APPLI$ EV]Y:]E 9 EV]Y 9/ANCE4 ,A LIB]T>IAN ORD] W\LD 9 ITSE#aF1 ON ! O!R H&1 RULE \T ! POSSIBILITY ( IMPOS+ SU* A UNILAT]AL SOLUTION4 

,TO BE SURE1 AN>*I/S DO REJECT ! M>XI/S' UTOPIAN IDEA ( PRODUCTION ORGANIZ$ 9 A C5TRALIZ$ WAY 7ACCORD+ TO PRECONCEIV$1 UNILAT]AL CRIT]IA REGULAT$ BY AN ALL-SEE+ C5TRAL (FICE :OSE JUDGM5T IS 9FALLIBLE4 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT !Y DO NOT ACCEPT ?IS ABSURD M>XI/ SOLUTION DOES NOT MEAN !Y GO TO ! OPPOSITE EXTREME1 TO ! UNILAT]AL PRECONCEPTION ( 0SMALL COMMUNES :I* 5GAGE ONLY 9 SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION0 ATTRIBUT$ TO !M BY ! P5S ( 0SCI5TIFIC0 COMMUNISM4 ,QUITE ! OPPOSITE3 FROM #ahi ONW>DS ,KROPOTK9 TOOK AS HIS PO9T ( DEP>TURE 0444! PRES5T CONDITION ( 9DU/RIES1 :]E EV]Y?+ IS 9T]WOV5 & MUTUALLY DEP5D5T1 :]E EA* ASPECT ( PRODUCTION MAKES USE ( ALL ! O!RS02 & PO9T$ TO SOME ( ! BROADE/ NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 PUBLIC S]VICES & CULTURE1 AS 9/ANCES 7DULY MODIFI$7 ( POSSIBLE AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! AU?ORIT>IANS ( COMMUNISM1 SECT>IANS & DOGMATI/S ?AT !Y >E1 CANNOT APPRECIATE ?AT O!RS >E NOT LIKE !M2 H5CE !Y *>GE US ) !IR [N %ORTCOM+S4 

,\R BELIEF1 9 G5]AL T]MS1 EV5 :5 IT COMES TO ECONOMIC AFFAIRS -- EV5 ?\< \R HO/I#aITY IS FOCUS$ MA9LY AGA9/ ITS POLITICAL MANIFE/ATIONS -- IS ?AT C5TRA#aISATION IS ! LEA/ USEFUL WAY ( RUNN+ ?+S1 ! LEA/ SUIT$ TO ! PRACTICAL REQUIREM5TS ( SOCIAL LIV+4 ,BUT ?AT DOES NOT BY ANY MEANS PREV5T US FROM CONC$+ ?AT !RE MAY BE C]TA9 BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 C]TA9 PUBLIC S]VICES1 SOME (FICES ( ADM9I/RATION OR EX*ANGE1 & SO ON1 :]E C5TRALIZATION ( FUNCTIONS IS ALSO NE$$4 ,9 :I* CASE NO ONE WILL SAY A WORD AGA9/ IT4 ,:AT MATT]S = AN>*I/S IS ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO C5TRALIZATION ( P[]2 IT IS WOR? PO9T+ \T H]E ?AT !RE WILL BE NO IMPOSITION ON EV]YONE BY =CE1 ON ! PRETEXT ?AT IT ANSW]S A PRACTICAL NE$1 ( ANY ME?OD ?AT HAS ! SUPPORT ( ONLY ! FEW4 ,A DANG] ?AT WILL BE ELIM9AT$ IF ALL GOV]NM5T AU?ORITY1 & EV]Y POLICE BODY1 :I* MI<T IMPOSE ITSELF BY =CE & ?R\< ITS MONOPOLY ( >M$ VIOL5CE1 IS ABOLI%$ FROM ! \TSET4 

,TO ! NEO-M>XI/ ]ROR ( COMPULSORY & ABSOLUTE C5TRALIZATION1 WE DO NOT OPPOSE DEC5TRALIZATION 9 ALL ?+S BY =CE1 = ?AT W\LD BE TO GO TO ! OPPOSITE EXTREME4 ,WE PREF] DEC5TRALIZ$ MANAGEM5T2 BUT ULTIMATELY1 9 PRACTICAL & TE*NICAL PROBLEMS1 WE DEF] TO FREE EXP]I5CE1 9 ! LI<T ( :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! CASE & CIRCUM/ANCES 9VOLV$1 A DECISION WILL BE TAK5 9 ! COMMON 9T]E/ = ! EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION 9 SU* A WAY ?AT NEI!R UND] ONE SY/EM NOR UND] ! O!R CAN !RE EV] >ISE ! DOM9ATION OR EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN4 

,!RE IS NO NE$ TO CONFUSE ! POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION ( /ATE P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! FEW ) ! C5TRALIZATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,SO MU* SO ?AT TODAY PRODUCTION IS NOT C5TRALIZ$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T BUT IS1 RA!R1 9DEP5D5T ( IT & IS DEC5TRALIZ$ AMONG ! V>I\S PROP]TY [N]S1 9DU/RIALI/S1 FIRMS1 LIMIT$ COMPANIES1 9T]NATIONAL COMPANIES1 & SO =?4 

,ACCORD+ TO AN>*I/S1 ! ESS5CE ( ! /ATE IS NOT 7AS ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S IMAG9E7 ! ME*ANICAL C5TRALIZATION ( PRODUCTION -- :I* IS A DIFF]5T ISSUE1 ?AT WE SPOKE ( E>LI] -- BUT1 RA!R1 C5TRALIZATION ( P[] ,O,R ,T,O ,P,U,T ,I,T ,A,N,O,!,R ,W,A,Y ,! ,C,O,],C,I,V,E ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,Y ( :I* ! /ATE 5JOYS ! MONOPOLY1 9 ?AT ORGANIZATION ( VIOL5CE KN[N AS 0GOV]NM5T02 9 ! HI]>*ICAL DESPOTISM1 JURIDICAL1 POLICE1 & MILIT>Y DESPOTISM ?AT IMPOSES ITS LAWS ON EV]YONE1 DEF5DS ! PRIVILEGES ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASS & CREATES O!RS ( ITS [N4 ,BUT IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT %\LD ECONOMIC C5TRALIZATION ( PRODUCTION BE ADD$ TO C5TRALIZATION 9 ! MORE OR LESS DICTATORIAL GOV]NM5T ( ALL MILIT>Y & POLICE P[]S -- ?AT IS TO SAY W]E ! /ATE TO BE SIMULTANE\SLY G5D>ME & BOSS & W]E ! WORKPLACE LIKEWISE A B>RACK - !N /ATE OPPRESSION W\LD BECOME UNBE>ABLE -- & AN>*I/S W\LD F9D !IR REASONS = HO/ILITY T[>DS IT MULTIPLI$4 

,LAM5TABLY1 ?IS IS ! OBVI\S 5D ( ! ROAD ON :I* AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S HAVE SET \T4 ,EV5 !Y W\LD NOT D5Y ?AT4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 :AT DO ! COMMUNI/S WANT TO C>RY 9TO EFFECT8 ,:AT HAVE !Y BEGUN TO CON/RUCT 9 ,RUSSIA8 ,! MO/ C5TRALIZ$1 OPPRESSIVE & VIOL5T DICTATOR%IP1 /ATI/ & MILIT>Y4 ,& :AT'S MORE1 !Y SIMULTANE\SLY 5TRU/ OR 9T5D TO 5TRU/ ! MANAGEM5T ( SOCIAL RES\RCES & PRODUCTION TO ?IS DICTATORIAL /ATE3 :I* BL[S UP /ATE AU?ORITY \T ( ALL PROPORTION1 TRANS=M+ IT MOREOV] ,T,O ,! ,U,T,T,] ,D,E,T,R,E,M,5,T ,( ,P,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N1 & :I* RESULTS 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW PRIVILEG$ CLASS OR CA/E 9 PLACE ( ! OLD ONE4 ,ABOVE ALL ELSE ,T,O ,! ,D,E,T,R,E,M,5,T ,( ,P,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N3 ?AT IS WOR? EMPHASIZ+2 & ! ,RUSSIAN EXAMPLE HAS %[N ?AT WE W]E NOT MI/AK5 -- = IF ,RUSSIA F9DS H]SELF 9 ! ?ROES ( FAM9E TODAY IT IS 9DE$ DUE TO ! 9FAM\S BLOCKADE ( ,WE/]N CAPITALISM & ! EXCEPTIONAL DR\<T2 BUT ! ,D,I,S,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,+ IMPACT ( DICTATORIAL BUREAUCRATIC1 POLITICAL & MILIT>Y C5TRALIZATION HAVE CONTRIBUT$ MI<TILY T[>DS IT4 

,AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S CLAIM ?AT !Y TOO WI% ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE3 WE HAVE KN[N ?AT CLAIM S9CE ! DAYS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,BUT ! BELIEF OR ! 9T5TION IS NOT 5\<3 IT IS NECESS>Y TO ACT CONSI/5TLY FROM ! V]Y \TSET4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! DICTATORIAL COMMUNI/S1 BECAUSE ( ! WAY !Y RUN !IR MOVEM5T & ! DIRECTION !Y W\LD LIKE TO IMPOSE ON ! REVOLUTION1 SET \T ALONG EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE ROAD TO ! ONE ?AT LEADS TO ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE & TO COMMUNISM4 

,!Y >E HEAD+ /RAI<T = ! 0/RONG & SOV]EIGN /ATE0 ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MEMORY1 T[>DS A MORE >BITR>Y CLASS RULE1 UND] :I* ! PROLET>IAT ( TOMORR[ WILL F9D ITSELF CON/RA9$ TO MAKE A FRE% REVOLUTION4 ,LET ?OSE COMMUNI/S :O S]I\SLY WANT COMMUNISM REFLECT ON ?IS FATAL MI/AKE ?AT IS UND]M9+ ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( ! :OLE $IFICE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 9/EAD ( WA/+ TIME FANTASIZ+ ON ! IMAG9>Y ]RORS ( AN>*I/S -- ?OSE :O HAVE EV]Y RI<T TO REPLY TO ! CRITICISMS ( !SE /ATE-WOR%IP]S ( COMMUNISM3 ,P,H,Y,S,I,C,I,A,N1 ,H,E,A,L ,?,Y,S,E,L,F6 

,I,I,I3 ,! 0,PROVISIONAL0 ,DICTATOR%IP & ! ,/ATE 

,! TRULY ESS5TIAL PO9T AT ISSUE1 SEP>AT+ AU?ORIT>IAN FROM LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S1 IS JU/ :AT =M ! REVOLUTION %\LD TAKE4 ,SOME SAY /ATI/2 AN>*I/IC SAY O!RS4 

,IT IS FAIRLY C]TA9 ?AT BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ REGIME & ! SOCIALI/ !RE WILL BE AN 9T]V5+ P]IOD ( /RUGGLE1 DUR+ :I* PROLET>IAT REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S WILL HAVE TO WORK TO UPROOT ! REMNANTS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 1 & IT IS FAIRLY C]TA9 ?AT !Y WILL HAVE TO PLAY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 RELY+ ON ! /R5G? ( !IR ORGANIZATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 REVOLUTION>IES & ! PROLET>IAT 9 G5]AL WILL NE$ ORGANIZATION TO MEET NOT JU/ ! DEM&S ( ! /RUGGLE BUT ALSO ! DEM&S ( PRODUCTION & SOCIAL LIFE1 :I* !Y CANNOT PO/PONE4 

,BUT IF ! OBJECT ( ?IS /RUGGLE & ?IS ORGANIZATION IS TO FREE ! PROLET>IAT FROM EXPLOITATION & /ATE RULE1 !N ! ROLE ( GUIDE1 TUTOR OR DIRECTOR CANNOT BE 5TRU/$ TO A NEW /ATE1 :I* W\LD HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 PO9T+ ! REVOLUTION 9 A COMPLETELY OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 

,! MI/AKE ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S 9 ?IS CONNECTION IS ! BELIEF ?AT FI<T+ & ORGANIZ+ >E IMPOSSIBLE )\T SUBMISSION TO A GOV]NM5T2 & ?US !Y REG>D AN>*I/S -- 9 VIEW ( !IR BE+ HO/ILE TO ANY =M ( GOV]NM5T1 EV5 A TRANSITIONAL ONE -- AS ! FOES ( ALL ORGANIZATION & ALL CO-ORD9AT$ /RUGGLE4 ,WE1 ON ! O!R H&1 MA9TA9 ?AT NOT ONLY >E REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE & REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION POSSIBLE \TSIDE & 9 SPITE ( GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE BUT ?AT1 9DE$1 ?AT IS ! ONLY REALLY EFFECTIVE WAY TO /RUGGLE & ORGANIZE1 = IT HAS ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( ALL MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVE UNIT1 9/EAD ( !IR PASSIVELY 5TRU/+ !MSELVES TO ! AU?ORITY ( ! SUPREME LEAD]S4 

,ANY GOV]N+ BODY IS AN IMP$IM5T TO ! REAL ORGANIZATION ( ! BROAD MASSES1 ! MAJORITY4 ,:]E A GOV]NM5T EXI/S1 !N ! ONLY REALLY ORGANIZ$ PEOPLE >E ! M9ORITY ?AT MAKE UP ! GOV]NM5T2 &1 ?IS NOT)/&+1 IF ! MASSES DO ORGANIZE1 !Y DO SO AGA9/ IT1 \TSIDE IT1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/1 9DEP5D5TLY ( IT4 ,9 OSSIFY+ 9TO A GOV]NM5T1 ! REVOLUTION AS SU* W\LD FALL AP>T1 ON ACC\NT ( ITS AW>D+ ?AT GOV]NM5T ! MONOPOLY ( ORGANIZATION & ( ! MEANS ( /RUGGLE4 

,! \TCOME W\LD BE ?AT A NEW GOV]NM5T -- BATT5+ ON ! REVOLUTION & ACT+ ?R\<\T ! MORE OR LESS EXT5D$ P]IOD ( ITS 0PROVISIONAL0 P[]S - W\LD LAY D[N ! BUREAUCRATIC1 MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS ( A NEW & LA/+ /ATE ORGANIZATION1 >\ND :I* A COMPACT NETWORK ( 9T]E/S & PRIVILEGES W\LD1 NATURALLY1 BE WOV54 ,?US 9 A %ORT SPACE ( TIME :AT ONE W\LD HAVE W\LD NOT BE ! /ATE ABOLI%$1 BUT A /ATE /RONG] & MORE 5]GETIC ?AT ITS PR$ECESSOR & :I* W\LD COME TO EX]CISE ?OSE FUNCTIONS PROP] TO IT -- ! ONES ,M>X RECOGNIZ$ AS BE+ SU* - 0KEEP+ ! GREAT MAJORITY ( PRODUC]S UND] ! YOKE ( A NUM]ICALLY SMALL EXPLOIT+ M9ORITY40 

,?IS IS ! LESSON ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ALL REVOLUTIONS TEA*ES US1 FROM ! MO/ ANCI5T D[N TO ! MO/ REC5T2 & IT IS CONFIRM$ -- BE=E \R V]Y EYES1 ONE MI<T SAY -BY ! DAY-TO-DAY DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 

,WE NE$ DELAY NO LONG] ON ?IS ISSUE ( ! 0PROVISIONAL0 NATURE ( DICTATORIAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! H>%E/ & MO/ VIOL5T GUISE ( AU?ORIT>IANISM W\LD PROBABLY BE TEMPOR>Y2 BUT IT IS PRECISELY DUR+ ?IS VIOL5T /AGE ( ABSORPTION & CO]CION ?AT ! F\NDATIONS WILL BE LAID = ! LA/+ GOV]NM5T OR /ATE ( TOMORR[4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 EV5 ! COMMUNI/S !MSELVES >E MI<TILY DI/RU/FUL ( ! 0TEMPOR>9ESS0 ( DICTATOR%IP4 ,SOME TIME AGO ,RADEK & ,BORDIGA W]E TELL+ US H[ IT W\LD LA/ A G5]ATION 7:I* IS QUITE A LONG TIME74 ,N[ ,BUKH>91 9 HIS PAMPHLET1 W>NS US ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP WILL HAVE TO LA/ UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! WORK]S HAVE ATTA9$ COMPLETE VICTORY & SU* A VICTORY WILL BE POSSIBLE 0ONLY :5 ! PROLET>IAT HAS FRE$ ! :OLE WORLD ( ! CAPITALI/ RABBLE & COMPLETELY SUFFOCAT$ ! B\RGEOISIE40 .<#e.> ,IF ?IS W]E TRUE1 IT W\LD MEAN ROBB+ ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE FIR/1 & EV]Y O!R PEOPLE AFT] !M1 ( ALL HOPE ( LIB]ATION1 & PUT (F ! DAY ( LIB]ATION TO ! ,GREEK KAL5DS1 = IT IS WELL UND]/OOD ?AT H[EV] EXT5SIVE & RADICAL A REVOLUTION MAY BE1 BE=E IT MANAGES TO BE VICTORI\S COMPLETELY & WORLDWIDE NOT ONE BUT MANY G5]ATIONS MU/ ELAPSE4 

,=TUNATELY1 SU* ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y PESSIMISM IS QUITE ]RONE\S4 ,IT IS1 :AT IS MORE1 AN ]ROR 9 ! PURE RE=MI/ TRADITION1 BY :I* AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE 9 ,ITALY 9 #a#i#a#i-#b TO IMP$E ANY REVOLUTION>Y 5T]PRISE 0DOOM$ TO FAILURE UNLESS ! REVOLUTION W]E C>RI$ \T 9 EV]Y O!R C\NTRY AS WELL40 ,9 REALITY1 REVOLUTION IS ALSO POSSIBLE 9 RELATIVELY RE/RICT$ >EAS4 ,LIMITATION 9 SPACE IMPLIES A LIMITATION 9 9T5SITY1 BUT ! WORK+ CLASS WILL /ILL HAVE WON A MEASURE ( EMANCIPATION & LIB]TY WOR?Y ( ! EF=TS MADE1 UNLESS IT MAKES ! MI/AKE ( EMASCULAT+ ITSELF -- BY :I* WE MEAN RELY+ UPON ! GOOD (FICES ( A GOV]NM5T1 9/EAD ( RELY+ SOLELY ON ITSELF1 ON ITS [N RES\RCES1 ITS [N AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION4 

0,! ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,T ,I,S ,A,L,W,A,Y ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,T EV5 AFT] ITS VICTORY1 AFT] IT SUCCE$S TO ! POSITION ( RUL+ CLASS4440 .<#f.> ,! PROLET>IAT IS ALWAYS PROLET>IAT8 ,OH6 ,!N :AT BECOMES ( ! REVOLUTION8 ,?IS IS PRECISELY ! ESS5CE ( ! BOL%EVIK ]ROR1 ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y JACOB9ISM3 9 CONCEIV+ ( ! REVOLUTION1 FROM ! \TSET1 AS A M]ELY POLITICAL ACT1 ! M]E /RIPP+ ( ! B\RGEOIS ( !IR GOV]NM5TAL P[]S TO REPLACE !M ) ! LEAD]S ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 :ILE ,! ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,T ,R,E,M,A,9,S ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,T1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 DEPRIV$ ( EV]Y?+ & HAV+ TO GO ON SELL+ ITS LABOR = AN H\RLY OR DAILY WAGE IF IT IS TO MAKE A LIV+6 ,IF ?AT HAPP5S1 IT IS ! EXPECT$ FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION6 

,SURE1 CLASS DIFF]5CES DO NOT VANI% AT ! /ROKE ( A P5 :E!R ?AT P5 BELONGS TO ! !ORETICIANS OR TO ! P5-PU%]S :O SET \T LAWS & DECREES4 ,ONLY ACTION1 ?AT IS TO SAY DIRECT 7NOT ?R\< GOV]NM5T7 EXPROPRIATION BY ! PROLET>IANS1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 CAN WIPE \T CLASS DIFF]5CES4 ,& ?AT IS AN IMM$IATE POSSIBILITY1 FROM ! V]Y \TSET1 ONCE ! OLD P[] HAS BE5 TOPPL$2 & IT IS A POSSIBILITY = AS LONG AS NO NEW P[] IS SET UP4 ,IF1 BE=E PROCE$+ ) EXPROPRIATION1 ! PROLET>IAT WAITS UNTIL A NEW GOV]NM5T EM]GES & BECOMES /RONG1 IT RISKS NEV] ATTA9+ SUCCESS & REMA9+ ! PROLET>IAT = EV]1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$ = EV]4 ,& ! LONG] IT WAITS BE=E GETT+ ON ) EXPROPRIATION1 ! H>D] ?AT EXPROPRIATION WILL BE2 & IF IT !N RELIES ON A GOV]NM5T TO BE ! EXPROPRIATOR ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 IT WILL 5D UP BETRAY$ & BEAT56 ,! NEW GOV]NM5T WILL BE ABLE TO EXPROPRIATE ! OLD RUL+ CLASS 9 :OLE OR 9 P>T1 BUT ONLY SO AS TO E/ABLI% A NEW RUL+ CLASS ?AT WILL HOLD ! GREAT] P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 SUBJECTION4 

,?AT WILL COME TO PASS IF ?OSE :O MAKE UP ! GOV]NM5T & ! BUREAUCRATIC1 MILIT>Y & POLICE M9ORITY ?AT UPHOLDS IT 5D UP BECOM+ ! REAL [N]S ( WEAL? :5 ! PROP]TY ( EV]YONE IS MADE OV] EXCLUSIVELY TO ! /ATE4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION WILL BE SELF EVID5T4 ,9 ! SECOND1 9 SPITE ( ! ILLUSIONS ?AT MANY PEOPLE CREATE1 ! CONDITIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT WILL ALWAYS BE ?OSE ( A SUBJECT CLASS4 

,CAPITALISM W\LD NOT CEASE TO BE1 M]ELY BY *ANG+ FROM PRIVATE TO 0/ATE CAPITALISM40 ,9 SU* A CASE ! /ATE W\LD HAVE A*IEV$ NOT EXPROPRIATION BUT APPROPRIATION4 ,A MULTITUDE ( BOSSES W\LD GIVE WAY TO A S+LE BOSS1 ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* W\LD BE A MORE P[]FUL BOSS BECAUSE 9 ADDITION TO HAV+ UNLIMIT$ WEAL? IT W\LD HAVE ON ITS SIDE ! >M$ =CE ) :I* TO B5D ! PROLET>IAT TO ITS WILL4 ,& ! PROLET>IAT1 9 ! FACTORIES & FIELDS1 W\LD /ILL BE WAGE SLAVES1 ?AT IS1 EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$4 ,& CONV]SELY1 ! /ATE1 :I* IS NO AB/RACTION1 BUT RA!R AN ORGANISM CREAT$ BY M51 W\LD BE ! ORGANIZ$ 5SEMBLE ( ALL ! RUL]S & BOSSES ( TOMORR[ -- :O W\LD HAVE NO PROBLEM 9 F9D+ SOME SANCTION = !IR RULE 9 A NEW LEGALITY BAS$ MORE OR LESS ON ELECTIONS OR A P>LIAM5T4 

0,BUT10 !Y 9SI/1 0EXPROPRIATION HAS TO BE C>RI$ \T ACCORD+ TO A GIV5 ME?OD1 ORGANIZ$ = ! B5EFIT ( ALL2 !RE IS A NE$ TO KN[ ALL AB\T ! AVAILABLE MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 H\SES & L&1 & SO ON4 ,EXPROPRIATION CANNOT BE C>RI$ ?R\< BY 9DIVIDUALS OR PRIVATE GR\PS ?AT W\LD TURN IT TO !IR [N SELFI% ADVANTAGE1 BECOM+ NEW PRIVILEG$ PROP]TY [N]S4 ,& SO !RE IS A NE$ = ,A ,P,R,O,L,E,T,>,I,A,N ,P,[,] TO COPE ) IT40 ,?AT W\LD ALL BE F9E1 EXCEPT = ! /+ 9 ! TAIL6 ,!SE PEOPLE >E REALLY ODD1 WANT+ 79 !ORY7 TO A*IEVE ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE :ILE 9 PRACTICE !Y CANNOT CONCEIVE ( ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y SOCIAL FUNCTION )\T /ATI/ OV]TONES6 

,EV5 AN>*I/S DO NOT ?9K ( EXPROPRIATION 9 T]MS ( SOME SORT ( 0HELP Y\RSELF0 OP]ATION1 LEFT TO P]SONAL JUDGM5T1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY ORD]4 .<#g.> ,EV5 W]E IT POSSIBLE TO PR$ICT AS 9EVITABLE ?AT EXPROPRIATIONS1 ONCE DISORD] SETS 91 W\LD TAKE ON AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC COMPLEXION -- SAY1 9 ! FUR!/ FLUNG PLACES OR C]TA9 >EAS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE -- AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S HAVE NO 9T5TION ( ADOPT+ ?AT SORT ( AN APPROA* AS !IR [N4 ,9 SU* CASES1 ALL REVOLUTION>IES W\LD HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 AV]T+ TOO MANY CLA%ES ) C]TA9 /RATA ( ! POPULATION :O C\LD LAT] BE WON OV] MORE EASILY BY PROPAG&A & ! LIV+ PRO( ( ! SUP]IORITY ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,:AT MATT]S1 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 IS ?AT ! DAY AFT] ! REVOLUTION NO ONE %\LD HAVE ! P[] OR ! ECONOMIC :]E)AL TO EXPLOIT ! LABOR ( ANO!R4 

,BUT WE AN>*I/S >E ( ! OP9ION ?AT WE MU/ BEG9 N[ TO PREP>E ! MASSES -- 9 SPIRITUAL T]MS ?R\< PROPAG&A1 & 9 MAT]IAL T]MS BY MEANS ( AN>*I/ PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION -- TO GET ON ) DIS*>G+ ALL FUNCTIONS ( ! /RUGGLE & ) SOCIAL1 COLLECTIVE LIV+1 DUR+ & AFT] ! REVOLUTION2 & ONE ( ! FIR/ AMONG ?OSE FUNCTIONS WILL BE EXPROPRIATION4 

,9 ORD] TO /E] EXPROPRIATION AWAY FROM ! 9ITIATIVES ( 9DIVIDUALS OR PRIVATE GR\PS !RE IS 9 FACT NO NE$ = A G5D>M]IE1 & !RE IS 9 FACT NO NE$ TO JUMP \T ( ! FRY+ PAN 9TO ! FIRE ( /ATE CONTROL3 ,!,R,E ,I,S ,N,O ,N,E,$ ,= ,G,O,V,],N,M,5,T4 ,ALREADY1 FROM LOCALITY TO LOCALITY EV]Y:]E1 & CLOSELY 9T]L9K$1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS A NUMB] ( ITS [N1 FREE 9/ITUTIONS1 9DEP5D5T ( ! /ATE2 ALLIANCES & UNIONS1 LABOR ROOMS & CO-OP]ATIVES1 F$]ATIONS1 CONF$]ATIONS1 & SO =?4 ,DUR+ ! REVOLUTION O!R COLLECTIVE BODIES MORE ATTUN$ TO ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T WILL BE SET UP2 /ILL O!RS ( B\RGEOIS ORIG91 BUT RADICALLY ALT]$1 CAN BE PUT TO USE1 BUT WE NE$ NOT CONC]N \RSELVES ) !M = ! PRES5T EXCEPT TO SAY !Y >E ?+S LIKE CONSORTIUMS1 9DEP5D5T BODIES & SO ON4 ,RUSSIA H]SELF 9 ! E>LI] MOM5TS ( H] REVOLUTION -- :5EV] ! PEOPLE /ILL HAD FRE$OM ( 9ITIATIVE -- HAS FURNI%$ US ) ! EXAMPLE ( ! CREATION ( !SE NEW SOCIALI/ & LIB]T>IAN 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! =M ( H] SOVIETS & FACTORY COMMITTEES4 

,AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS REG>D$ ALL SU* =MS ( FREE ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT & ( ! REVOLUTION AS ACCEPTABLE1 DESPITE ?OSE :O NONS5SICALLY DESCRIBE AN>*I/S AS BE+ OPPOS$ TO MASS ORGANIZATIONS & ACCUSE !M ( /E]+ CLE> ( P>TICIPATION 9 ORGANIZ$ MASS ACTIVITY 0ON PR9CIPLE40 ,! TRU? ( ! MATT] IS QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,AN>*I/S SEE NO 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 ! BROAD1 COLLECTIVE ACTION ( ! GREAT MASSES & ! MORE RE/RICT$ ACTIVITY ( !IR FREE GR\PS3 F> FROM IT1 !Y EV5 /RIVE TO L9K ! LATT] ) ! =M] SO AS TO GIVE IT AS F> AS POSSIBLE ! PROP] REVOLUTION>Y S5SE ( DIRECTION4 ,& IF AN>*I/S DO (T5 DISCUSS & CRITICIZE ?OSE PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS L$ BY !IR OPPON5TS1 !Y >E NOT !REBY FI<T+ AGA9/ ORGANIZATION AS SU*1 BUT ONLY AGA9/ ITS TAK+ A RE=MI/1 LEGALI/IC1 AU?ORIT>IAN & COLLABORATIONI/ DIRECTION4 -- ?IS BE+ SOME?+1 BY ! WAY1 :I* ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S LIKEWISE 5GAGE 9 EV]Y:]E :]E !Y !MSELVES >E NOT ! LEAD]S ( ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATION4 

,SOME DICTATORIAL COMMUNI/ WRIT]S -- TAK+ UP ! OLD SOCIAL DEMOCRATS' FABLE ?AT ! AN>*I/S WANT ONLY TO DE/ROY & NOT TO REBUILD1 & ?AT !Y >E ?US OPPON5TS ( MASS ORGANIZATION -- REA* ! CONCLUSION ?AT BY TAK+ AN 9T]E/ 9 ! SOVIETS 9 ,RUSSIA1 AN>*I/S >E BE+ 9CONSI/5T ) !IR IDEAS & ?AT IT IS M]ELY A TACTIC TO EXPLOIT ! SOVIETS & DISORGANIZE !M4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT SL&] PURE & SIMPLE1 IT IS BEYOND D\BT PRO( ( ! 9ABILITY ( !SE MAD DOGS ( AU?ORIT>IANISM -- TO UND]/& ANY?+ AP>T FROM OMNIPOT5CE = ! /ATE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! AU?ORIT>IANS ( COMMUNISM1 ! SOVIET REGIME CONSI/S NOT ( FREE1 SELF-GOV]N+ SOVIETS DIRECTLY MANAG+ PRODUCTION & PUBLIC S]VICES & SO ON BUT ONLY ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ! SELF-/YL$ SOVIET GOV]NM5T1 ?AT HAS 9 REALITY OV]RIDD5 ! SOVIETS1 HAS ABOLI%$ !IR EV]Y FRE$OM TO ACT & ALL SPONTANEITY 9 !IR CREATION1 & HAS R$UC$ !M TO PASSIVE1 ME*ANICAL UND]L+S1 OB$I5T TO ! DICTATORIAL C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,A GOV]NM5T ?AT :5EV] ANY SOVIET %[S SIGNS ( 9DEP5D5CE1 DISSOLVES IT )\T FUR!R ADO & SETS AB\T CONJUR+ UP ANO!R >TIFICIAL ONE ?AT IS MORE TO ITS TA/E4 

,ALL ?IS GOES UND] ! NAME ( 0 GIV+ ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS A BROAD] P[] BASE02 &1 AS A RESULT1 ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S NO LESS1 :O QUITE LOGICALLY & CORRECTLY HAVE ALWAYS OPPOS$ ?IS REAL /RANGULATION ( ! ORIG9AL SOVIET MOVEM5T ?AT >OSE FREELY \T ( ! REVOLUTION 7?AT IS1 !Y DEF5D ! SOVIETS AGA9/ DICTATORS JU/ AS !Y HAVE DEF5D$ !M AGA9/ B\RGEOIS AGGRESSION7 ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S TURN -- ?ANKS TO ! MIRACLE ( M>XI/ DIALECTIC -- 9TO 5EMIES ( ! SOVIETS4 ,GIV5 !IR M5TALITY1 ,M>XI/S CANNOT UND]/& ?AT !IR SO-CALL$ 0SOVIET P[]0 IS ! OBLIT]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAN1 PEOPLE'S SOVIETS & ?AT1 ?IS BE+ ! CASE1 OPPON5TS ( SO-CALL$ 0SOVIET P[]0 CAN BE -- PROVID$1 ( C\RSE ?AT ?IS OPPOSITION COMES FROM )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y1 PROLET>IAN CAMP -- ! BE/ FRI5DS ( ! PROLET>IAN SOVIETS4 

,SO AN>*I/S DO NOT 9 FACT HAVE ?IS PRECONCEIV$1 PR9CIPL$ AV]SION TO 0! ME?ODICAL1 ORGANIZ$ =M ( MASS ACTION0 -- USUALLY ATTRIBUT$ TO !M 9 CLI*$ >GUM5T ON ACC\NT ( \R OPPON5TS' SECT>IAN APPROA* -- BUT RA!R OPPOSE ONLY ! P>TICUL>LY AU?ORIT>IAN & DESPOTIC APPROA* ( ! /ATE COMMUNI/S1 C\NT]+ ) ! LIB]T>IAN APPROA* :I* IS MORE APT TO 9T]E/ & MOBILIZE ! BROAD MASSES 9 ?AT IT LEAVES !M SCOPE = 9ITIATIVE & ACTION & 9T]E/S !M 9 A /RUGGLE ?AT IS FROM ! V]Y \TSET A CO-ORD9AT$ ONE1 PRES5T+ !M ) EXPROPRIATION AS !IR *IEF & IMM$IATE OBJECTIVE4 

,IT MAY BE ?AT ?IS LIB]T>IAN S5SE ( DIRECTION WILL1 LIKEWISE1 NOT CULM9ATE 9 ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE - NOT BECAUSE ?AT IS IMPOSSIBLE BUT BECAUSE !RE IS NOT A SUFFICI5T NUMB] :O WANT IT1 :AT ) ! /ILL TOO NUM]\S H]D ( HUMANITY :O FEEL 9 NE$ ( ! %EPH]D & HIS /ICK -- BUT 9 SU* A CASE IT W\LD BE R5D]+ ! REVOLUTION A GREAT S]VICE TO SUCCE$ 9 HOLD+ ON TO AS MU* FRE$OM AS POSSIBLE1 HELP+ TO DET]M9E ?AT ! EV5TUAL GOV]NM5T IS AS WEAK1 AS DEC5TRALIZ$1 AS UNDESPOTIC AS POSSIBLE UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 WR++ ! UTMO/ UTILITY FROM ! REVOLUTION = ! SAKE ( ! PROLET>IAT AS WELL AS ! MAXIMUM WELL-BE+ & FRE$OM4 

,ONE MOVES T[>DS ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM BY EXPROPRIAT+ ! CAPITALI/S = ! B5EFIT ( ALL1 NOT BY CREAT+ AN EV5 WORSE CAPITALISM 9 /ATE CAPITALISM4 

,PROGRESS T[>DS ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE IS MADE BY FI<T+ IT AS LONG AS IT SURVIVES1 UND]M9+ IT MORE & MORE1 /RIPP+ IT SO F> AS IS POSSIBLE ( AU?ORITY & PRE/IGE1 WEAK5+ IT & REMOV+ FROM IT AS MANY SOCIAL FUNCTIONS AS ! WORK+ PEOPLE HAVE EQUIPP$ !MSELVES TO P]=M ON !IR [N ?R\< !IR REVOLUTION>Y OR CLASS ORGANIZATION -- & NOT1 AS AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S CLAIM1 BY BUILD+ ON ! RU9S ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE ANO!R EV5 /RONG] /ATE ) MORE FUNCTIONS & ADD$ P[]4 ,BY TAK+ ?IS LA/ C\RSE1 IT IS ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S1 NO LESS2 :O PLACE OB/ACLES BE=E ORGANIZATION & MASS ACTIVITY & SET \T ALONG ! ROAD DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ?AT :I* WILL LEAD TO COMMUNISM & ABOLITION ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS !Y :O >E ! RIDICUL\S ONES1 AS RIDICUL\S AS ANYONE :O1 WI%+ TO TRAVEL EA/1 SETS \T 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! SETT+ SUN4 

,I,V3 ,AN>*Y & ,COMMUNISM 

,!RE IS A BAD HABIT ?AT WE MU/ REACT AGA9/4 ,IT IS ! HABIT ?AT AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S HAVE HAD = SOME TIME N[1 ?AT ( SETT+ COMMUNISM AGA9/ AN>*Y1 AS IF ! TWO NOTIONS W]E NECESS>ILY CONTRADICTORY2 ! HABIT ( US+ !SE TWO WORDS ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,S,M & ,A,N,>,*,Y AS IF !Y W]E MUTUALLY 9COMPATIBLE & HAD OPPOSITE MEAN+S4 

,9 ,ITALY1 :]E = SOME?+ OV] =TY YE>S !SE WORDS HAVE BE5 US$ TOGE!R TO =M A S+LE T]M 9 :I* ONE WORD COMPLEM5TS ! O!R1 TO =M ! MO/ ACCURATE DESCRIPTION ( ! AN>*I/ PROGRAM1 ?IS EF=T TO DISREG>D SU* AN IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL TRADITION &1 :AT IS MORE1 TURN ! MEAN+S ( ! WORDS UPSIDE D[N1 IS ABSURD & CAN ONLY S]VE TO CREATE CONFUSION 9 ! REALM ( IDEAS & 5DLESS MISUND]/&+S 9 ! REALM ( PROPAG&A4 

,!RE IS NO H>M 9 RECALL+ ?AT IT WAS1 ODDLY 5\<1 AT A CONGRESS ( ! ,ITALIAN ,SECTIONS ( ! FIR/ WORK]S' ,9T]NATIONAL1 MEET+ CL&E/9ELY NE> ,FLOR5CE 9 #a#h#g#f1 ?AT1 ON A MOTION PUT =W>D BY ,]RICO ,MA#aATE/A1 IT WAS AFFIRM$ ?AT COMMUNISM WAS ! ECONOMIC >RANGEM5T ?AT C\LD BE/ MAKE A SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T A POSSIBILITY2 & ?AT AN>*Y 7?AT IS1 ! ABS5CE ( ALL GOV]NM5T71 BE+ ! FREE & VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 WAS ! BE/ WAY TO IMPLEM5T COMMUNISM4 ,ONE IS EFFECTIVELY ! GU>ANTEE = ! O!R & VICE V]SA4 ,H5CE ! CONCRETE =MULATION ( ,A,N,>,*,I,/ ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,S,M AS AN IDEAL & AS A MOVEM5T ( /RUGGLE4 

,WE HAVE 9DICAT$ ELSE:]E .<#h.> H[ 9 #ahgg ! ,>BEIT] ,ZEITUNG ( ,B]NE PUBLI%$ ! /ATUTES ( A 0,G]MAN SPEAK+ ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY02 & H[ 9 #ahh ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,F$]ATION ( ! ,JURA AT ,*AUX-DE- ,FONDS GAVE ITS APPROVAL TO A MEMOR&UM FROM ,C>LO ,CAFI]O ON 0,AN>*Y & ,COMMUNISM10 9 ! SAME S5SE AS BE=E4 ,9 ,ITALY AT ! TIME AN>*I/S W]E MORE COMMONLY KN[N AS SOCIALI/S2 BUT :5 !Y WANT$ TO BE SPECIFIC !Y CALL$ !MSELVES1 AS !Y HAVE DONE EV] S9CE1 EV5 TO ?IS DAY1 ,A,N,>,*,I,/ ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,/,S4 

,LAT] ,PIETRO ,GORI US$ TO SAY ?AT SOCIALISM 7COMMUNISM7 W\LD CON/ITUTE ! ECONOMIC BASIS ( A SOCIETY TRANS=M$ BY A REVOLUTION SU* AS WE 5VISAG$1 :ILE AN>*Y W\LD BE ITS POLITICAL CULM9ATION4 

,AS SPECIFICATIONS ( ! AN>*I/ PROGRAM1 !SE IDEAS HAVE1 AS ! SAY+ US$ TO GO1 ACQUIR$ RI<TS ( CITIZ5%IP 9 POLITICAL LANGUAGE FROM ! TIME :5 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS 9 ITS DEA? ?ROES 9 ,ITALY 7#a#h#h-#b74 ,AS A DEF9ITION OR =MULATION ( AN>*ISM1 ! T]M ,A,N,>,*,I,/ ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,S,M WAS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO !IR POLITICAL VOCABUL>Y EV5 BY O!R SOCIALI/ WRIT]S :O1 :5 IT CAME TO !IR [N PROGRAM = ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY FROM ! ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW1 DID NOT TALK AB\T COMMUNISM1 BUT RA!R AB\T COLLECTIVISM1 & 9 EFFECT1 /YL$ !MSELVES ,C,O,L,L,E,C,T,I,V,I,/,S4 

,?AT WAS ! POSITION UP TO #a#i#a#h2 ?AT IS TO SAY UNTIL ! ,RUSSIAN BOL%EVIKS1 TO SET !MSELVES AP>T FROM ! PATRIOTIC OR RE=MI/ SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 MADE UP !IR M9DS TO *ANGE !IR NAME1 RESURRECT+ ?AT ( 0COMMUNI/10 :I* FITT$ ! HI/ORICAL TRADITION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS' FAM\S ,MANIFE/O ( #a#h#d#g1 & :I* UP TO #ahh WAS EMPLOY$ BY ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S 9 A PURELY AU?ORIT>IAN1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC S5SE4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE1 NE>LY ALL ! SOCIALI/S [N+ ALLEGIANCE TO ,MOSC['S ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL HAVE 5D$ UP /YL+ !MSELVES ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,/,S1 DISREG>D+ ! P]V]SION ( ! WORD'S MEAN+1 ! DIFF]5T USAGE ( ! WORD OV] ! SPAN ( =TY YE>S 9 POPUL> & PROLET>IAN P>LANCE1 & ! *ANGES 9 ! /ANCES ( ! P>TIES AFT] #ahh -- !REBY CREAT+ A REAL ANA*RONISM4 

,BUT ?AT'S ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S & NOT US2 !RE W\LD NOT EV5 HAVE BE5 ANY NE$ = US TO DEBATE ! MATT] HAD !Y TAK5 ! BO!R1 :5 !Y *ANG$ :AT !Y CALL$ !MSELVES1 TO SET \T CLE>LY :AT *ANGE 9 IDEAS WAS R]LECT$ 9 ?IS *ANGE 9 NAME4 ,SURE1 ! SOCIALI/S-N[-BECOME-COMMUNI/S HAVE MODIFI$ !IR PLAT=M AS COMP>$ ) ! ONE LAID D[N = ,ITALY AT ! ,G5OA ,CONGRESS ( ! ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 9 #a#h#i#b1 & ?R\< ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL AT ITS ,LONDON ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#i#f4 ,BUT ! *ANGE 9 PROGRAM REVOLVES :OLLY & EXCLUSIVELY AB\T ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE 7ESP\SAL ( VIOL5CE1 DISMISSAL ( P>LIAM5T>IANISM1 DICTATOR%IP 9/EAD ( DEMOCRACY1 & SO ON72 & IT DOES NOT REF] TO ! IDEAL ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION1 ! ONLY ?+ TO :I* ! T]MS COMMUNISM & COLLECTIVISM CAN REF]4 

,:5 IT COMES TO !IR PROGRAM = SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION1 TO ! ECONOMIC ORD] ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 ! SOCIALI/S-COMMUNI/S HAVE *ANG$ NOT AT ALL2 !Y JU/ HAVE NOT BO!R$4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ! T]M COMMUNISM COV]S !IR OLD AU?ORIT>IAN1 COLLECTIVI/ PROGRAM :I* /ILL L+]S ON -- HAV+ 9 ! BACKGR\ND1 ! F> DI/ANT BACKGR\ND1 A VISION ( ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! /ATE ?AT IS PUT BE=E ! MASSES ON SOLEMN OCCASIONS TO DI/RACT !IR ATT5TION FROM A NEW DOM9ATION1 ONE ?AT ! COMMUNI/ DICTATORS W\LD LIKE TO YOKE !M TO 9 ! NOT SO DI/ANT FUTURE4 

,ALL ?IS IS A S\RCE ( MISAPPREH5SION & CONFUSION AMONG ! WORK]S1 :O >E TOLD ONE ?+ 9 WORDS ?AT LEADS !M TO BELIEVE QUITE ANO!R4 

,FROM ANCI5T TIMES1 ! T]M ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,S,M HAS MEANT1 NOT A ME?OD ( /RUGGLE1 MU* LESS A SPECIAL ME?OD ( REASON+1 BUT A SY/EM = ! COMPLETE RADICAL REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ON ! BASIS ( COMMON [N]%IP ( WEAL?1 COMMON 5JOYM5T ( ! FRUITS ( ! COMMON LABOR BY ! MEMB]S ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 )\T ANY ( !M BE+ ABLE TO APPROPRIATE SOCIAL CAPITAL TO !MSELVES = !IR EXCLUSIVE ADVANTAGE TO ! EXCLUSION OR DETRIM5T ( O!RS4 ,IT IS AN IDEAL ( ! ECONOMIC REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 COMMON TO A NUMB] ( S*OOLS ( SOCIALISM 7AN>*Y 9CLUD$72 & ! M>XI/S W]E BY NO MEANS ! FIR/ TO =MULATE ?AT IDEAL4 

,M>X & ,5GELS DID WRITE A PROGRAM = ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#h#d#g1 IT IS TRUE1 SETT+ \T ITS !ORETICAL & TACTICAL GUIDEL9ES2 BUT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ALREADY EXI/$ BE=E ?AT4 ,!Y DREW !IR NOTION ( COMMUNISM FROM O!RS & W]E BY NO MEANS ITS CREATORS4 

,9 ?AT SUP]B HO?\SE ( IDEAS1 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! CONCEPT ( COMMUNISM WAS 9CREAS+LY CL>IFI$2 & IT TOOK ON ITS SPECIAL IMPORTANCE 9 CONFRONTATION ) COLLECTIVISM1 :I* >\ND #ahh WAS1 BY COMMON AGREEM5T1 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL VOCABUL>Y ( AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S ALIKE3 RANG+ FROM ,K>L ,M>X TO ,C>LO ,CAFI]O & ,B5OIT ,MALON TO ,GNOC*I ,VIANI4 ,FROM ?AT TIME =W>D1 ! WORD COMMUNISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 TAK5 TO MEAN A SY/EM = ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 ! PRACTICAL GUIDEL9ES = :I* W]E SET D[N 9 ! =MULA3 ,F,R,O,M ,E,A,* ,A,C,C,O,R,D,+ ,T,O ,H,I,S ,R,E,S,\,R,C,E,S ,& ,A,B,I,L,I,T,Y - ,T,O ,E,A,* ,A,C,C,O,R,D,+ ,T,O ,H,I,S ,N,E,$,S4 .<#i.> ,! COMMUNISM ( AN>*I/S1 BUILT ON ! POLITICAL T]RA9 ( ! NEGATION ( ! /ATE1 WAS & IS UND]/OOD TO HAVE ?IS MEAN+1 TO SIGNIFY PRECISELY A PRACTICAL SY/EM ( SOCIALI/ LIV+ AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 9 KEEP+ ) BO? ! D]IVATION ( ! WORD & ! HI/ORICAL TRADITION4 

,9 CONTRA/1 :AT ! NEO-COMMUNI/S UND]/& BY 0COMMUNISM0 IS M]ELY OR MO/LY A SET ( ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE & ! !ORETICAL CRIT]IA !Y /& BY 9 DISCUSSION & PROPAG&A4 ,SOME TALK ( VIOL5CE OR /ATE T]RORISM :I* HAS TO BE IMPOS$ BY ! SOCIALI/ REGIME2 O!RS WANT ! WORD 0COMMUNISM0 TO SIGNIFY ! COMPLEX ( !ORIES ?AT >E KN[N AS M>XISM 7CLASS /RUGGLE1 HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 SEIZURE ( P[]1 DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ETC472 /ILL O!RS QUITE PURELY & SIMPLY A ME?OD ( PHILOSOPHICAL REASON+1 LIKE ! DIALECTICAL APPROA*4 ,SO SOME -- H>NESS+ TOGE!R WORDS ?AT HAVE NO LOGICAL CONNECTION BETWE5 !M -- CALL IT CRITICAL COMMUNISM :ILE O!RS OPT = SCI5TIFIC COMMUNISM4 

,AS WE SEE IT1 !Y >E ALL MI/AK52 = ! IDEAS & TACTICS M5TION$ ABOVE CAN BE %>$ & US$ BY COMMUNI/S TOO1 & BE MORE OR LESS MADE COMPATIBLE ) COMMUNISM1 BUT !Y >E NOT 9 !MSELVES COMMUNISM1 -- NOR >E !Y 5\< TO SET IT AP>T1 :]EAS !Y C\LD V]Y WELL BE MADE COMPATIBLE ) O!R1 QUITE DIFF]5T SY/EMS1 EV5 ?OSE CONTR>Y TO COMMUNISM4 ,IF WE WANT TO AMUSE \RSELVES ) WORD GAMES1 WE C\LD SAY ?AT !RE IS QUITE A LOT TO ! DOCTR9ES ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S1 BUT :AT IS MO/ /RIK+LY ABS5T IS NO?+ O!R ?AN COMMUNISM4 

,LET IT BE CLE>LY UND]/OOD ?AT 9 NO WAY DO WE DISPUTE ! RI<T ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S TO ADOPT :ATEV] TITLE !Y SEE FIT1 :ATEV] !Y LIKE1 & ADOPT A NAME ?AT WAS \R EXCLUSIVE PROP]TY = ALMO/ HALF A C5TURY & ?AT WE HAVE NO 9T5TION ( GIV+ UP4 ,IT W\LD BE RIDICUL\S TO CONTE/ ?AT RI<T4 ,BUT :5EV] ! NEO-COMMUNI/S COME TO DISCUSS AN>*Y & HOLD DISCUSSIONS ) AN>*I/S !RE IS A MORAL OBLIGATION ON !M NOT TO PRET5D !Y KN[ NO?+ ( ! PA/1 & !Y HAVE ! BASIC DUTY NOT TO APPROPRIATE ?AT NAME TO SU* A DEGREE AS TO MONOPOLIZE IT1 TO SU* A DEGREE ?AT AN 9COMPATIBILITY IS CREAT$ BETWE5 ! T]M COMMUNISM & ! T]M AN>*Y ?AT IS >TIFICIAL & FALSE4 

,:5EV] !Y DO !SE ?+S !Y REVEAL !MSELVES TO BE DEVOID ( ALL S5SE ( POLITICAL HONE/Y4 

,EV]YONE KN[S H[ \R IDEAL1 EXPRESS$ 9 ! WORD AN>*Y1 TAK5 9 ! PROGRAMMATIC S5SE ( A SOCIALISM ORGANIZ$ 9 A LIB]T>IAN WAY1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 KN[N AS AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 ,ALMO/ ALL AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE HAS1 S9CE ! 5D ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 BELONG$ TO ! COMMUNI/ S*OOL ( SOCIALISM4 ,UP UNTIL ! \TBREAK ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #aiag ! TWO *IEF S*OOLS 9TO :I* SOCIALISM WAS DIVID$ W]E1 ON ! ONE H&1 LEGALI/IC1 /ATI/ COLLECTIVISM1 &1 ON ! O!R1 AN>*I/1 REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNISM4 ,:AT NUMB] ( POLEMICS1 BETWE5 #ahh & #a#i#a#h1 HAVE WE NOT 5GAG$ 9 ) ! ,M>XI/ SOCIALI/S1 TODAY'S NEO-COMMUNI/S1 9 SUPPORT ( ! COMMUNI/ IDEAL AS AGA9/ !IR ,G]MAN-B>RACK-ROOM COLLECTIVISM6 

,& SO1 !IR IDEAL VIEW ( ! REORGANIZATION TO COME HAS REMA9$ ! SAME1 & ITS AU?ORIT>IAN OV]TONES HAVE EV5 BECOME MORE PRON\NC$4 ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! COLLECTIVISM ?AT WE CRITICIZ$ 9 ! PA/ & ! DICTATORIAL COMMUNISM ( TODAY IS A TACTICAL ONE & A SLI<T !ORETICAL DIFF]5CE1 & NOT ! QUE/ION ( ! IMM$IATE GOAL TO BE REA*$4 ,TRUE1 ?IS L9KS UP ) ! /ATE COMMUNISM ( ! PRE-#a#h#h ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S - ! ,VOLKS/AAT OR PEOPLE'S ,/ATE -- AGA9/ :I* ,BAKUN9 DIRECT$ SU* VITRIOLIC CRITICISM2 & LIKEWISE ! GOV]NM5T SOCIALISM ( ,L\IS ,BLANC1 SO BRILLIANTLY DEMOLI%$ BY ,PR\DHON4 ,BUT ! CONNECTION ) ! REVOLUTION>Y /ATI/ APPROA* IS ONLY ON ! SECOND>Y LEVEL ( POLITICS1 & NOT ON ! LEVEL ( ITS P>TICUL> ECONOMIC VIEWPO9T -- ?AT IS1 ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! PRODUCTS -- ( :I* ,M>X & ,BLANC HAD A RA!R BROAD]1 MORE G5]AL VIEW ?AN !IR LATE/ HEIRS4 

,9 CONTRA/1 ! DI*OTOMY IS NOT BETWE5 AN>*Y & A MORE OR LESS 0SCI5TIFIC0 COMMUNISM1 BUT RA!R BETWE5 ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,>,I,A,N ,O,R ,/,A,T,E ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,S,M1 RU%+ HEADLONG T[>DS A DESPOTIC DICTATOR%IP1 & ,A,N,>,*,I,/ ,O,R ,A,N,T,I-,/,A,T,E ,C,O,M,M,U,N,I,S,M ) ITS LIB]T>IAN VISION ( REVOLUTION4 

,IF ONE HAS TO TALK AB\T CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS1 IT MU/ BE NOT BETWE5 ! T]M COMMUNISM & ! T]M AN>*Y1 :I* >E SO COMPATIBLE ?AT ! ONE IS NOT POSSIBLE 9 ! ABS5CE ( ! O!R1 BUT RA!R BETWE5 COMMUNISM & /ATE4 ,:]E !RE IS /ATE OR GOV]NM5T1 NO COMMUNISM IS POSSIBLE4 ,AT LEA/1 IT IS SO DIFFICULT TO RECONCILE !M1 & SO DEM&+ ( ! SACRIFICE ( ALL HUMAN FRE$OM & DIGNITY1 ?AT ONE CAN SURMISE ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE :5 TODAY ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT1 AUTONOMY & 9ITIATIVE IS SO WIDESPREAD AMONG ! MASSES1 HUNG]+ NOT ONLY = BREAD BUT ALSO = FRE$OM4 

,V3 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! ,AN>*I/S 

,:5 !Y RUN \T ( >GUM5TS AGA9/ \R UN%AKABLE REASON+1 ! P>T+ %OT AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S LOOSE AT US IS TO PORTRAY US AS 05EMIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION40 

,FROM \R POSITION ( FI<T+ AGA9/ ! DICTATORIAL CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION -- A POSITION WE %>E ) \R ,RUSSIAN COMRADES -- TO BACK UP \R >GUM5TS WE CITE ! BANEFUL RESULTS ( ! DICTATORIAL DIRECTION ( REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA1 & HOLD UP TO ! LI<T ! GRAVE ]RORS ( ! GOV]NM5T !RE2 9 ?IS S5SE ALONE >E WE FI<T+ AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,?IS IS MORE ?AN A QUE/ION ( UNFAIR ACCUSATIONS3 IT IS AT ONCE A LIE & A SL&]4 ,IF ! CAUSE ( ! ,REVOLUTION IS ! CAUSE ( FRE$OM & JU/ICE1 9 A ,P,R,A,C,T,I,C,A,L & NOT 9 ANY AB/RACT S5SE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IF IT IS ! CAUSE ( ! PROLET>IAT & ITS EMANCIPATION FROM ALL POLITICAL & ECONOMIC S]VITUDE1 ALL /ATE OR PRIVATE EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION2 IF ! ,REVOLUTION IS ! CAUSE ( SOCIAL EQUALITY1 !N IT IS ) JU/ICE ?AT WE CAN 9SI/ ?AT ! ONLY ONES /ILL FAI?FUL TODAY TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! REVOLUTION MADE BY ! WORK+ PEOPLE ( ,RUSSIA1 >E ! AN>*I/S4 

,WE APPRECIATE ?AT1 = SOME CONSID]ABLE P]IOD1 9 TIME ( REVOLUTION1 ALL ?AT ANYONE -- & ESPECIALLY REVOLUTION>IES -- HAS A RI<T TO EXPECT IS ?ORNS & V]Y FEW ROSES4 ,LET US HAVE NO ILLUSIONS AB\T ?AT4 ,BUT REVOLUTION CEASES TO BE REVOLUTION :5 IT IS NOT & DOES NOT SIGNIFY AN IMPROVEM5T1 H[EV] SLI<T1 = ! BROAD MASSES1 & FAILS TO ASSURE TO ! PROLET>IANS A GREAT] WELL-BE+ OR AT LEA/1 IF !Y CANNOT CLE>LY SEE ?AT1 ONCE C]TA9 TEMPOR>Y DIFFICULTIES CAN BE SURM\NT$1 WELL-BE+ WILL COME AB\T4 ,IT CEASES TO BE REVOLUTION IF1 9 PRACTICAL T]MS1 IT DOES NOT MEAN AN 9CREASE 9 FRE$OM TO ?9K & ACT -- 9 :ATEV] WAYS DO NOT RE/RICT ! FRE$OM ( O!RS -- = ALL ?OSE :O W]E OPPRESS$ UND] ! OLD REGIME4 

,SU* >E ! VIEWS & FEEL+S ?AT ACT AS \R GUIDES 9 \R PROPAG&A & POLEMICS4 ,9 NO WAY >E PROPAG&A & POLEMIC PROMPT$ BY A SPIRIT ( SECT>IANISM1 MU* LESS BY A SPIRIT ( COMPETITION OR BY P]SONAL 9T]E/2 & WE DO NOT 9 ! LEA/ 5GAGE 9 !M AS AN EX]CISE 9 CRITICISM & DOCTR9AIRISM4 ,RA!R WE >E AW>E ( FULFILL+ A D\BLE OBLIGATION1 ( IMM$IATE POLITICAL RELEVANCE4 

,ON ! ONE H&1 ! /UDY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! %$D+ ( LI<T ON ! ]RORS MADE BY ?OSE 9 GOV]NM5T1 & ! CRITICISM ( ! BOL%EVIK SY/EM ?AT WON ! DAY >E1 AS F> AS WE >E CONC]N$1 A DUTY IMPOS$ BY POLITICAL SOLID>ITY ) \R ,RUSSIAN COMRADES :O1 BECAUSE !Y %>E \R ?9K+ & HOLD \R PO9T ( VIEW -- :I*1 WE BELIEVE1 >E ! ?\<TS & VIEWPO9T MO/ COMPATIBLE ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! REVOLUTION ( ! PROLET>IAT -- >E DEPRIV$ ( ALL LIB]TY1 P]SECUT$1 IMPRISON$1 EXIL$1 &1 SOME ( !M1 PUT TO DEA? BY ?AT GOV]NM5T4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE HAVE A DUTY TO %[ UP ! BOL%EVIK ]ROR1 SO ?AT IF A SIMIL> CRISIS >OSE 9 ! WE/]N C\NTRIES ! PROLET>IAT W\LD TAKE C>E NOT TO SET \T ALONG A ROAD1 TO TAKE A DIRECTION1 ?AT WE N[ KN[ FROM FIR/-H& EXP]I5CE MEANS ! WRECK+ ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,IF ?AT IS :AT WE ?9K1 IF WE >E DEEPLY CONV9C$ ?AT ?AT IS ! CASE -- & \R OPPON5TS CANNOT D\BT IT1 = !RE >E NO O!R 9T]E/S OR /RONG FEEL+S ?AT C\LD TURN \R M9D AWAY FROM SU* AN UND]TAK+ -- !N IT IS \R DUTY1 AS AN>*I/S & REVOLUTION>IES1 TO BREAK \R SIL5CE4 ,BUT DOES ALL ?AT MEAN ?AT WE >E AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION8 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS ! MO/ E>?-%AK+ EV5T ( \R DAY4 ,BR\<T ON & MADE EASI] BY AN 5ORM\S CAUSE1 ! WORLD W>1 IT HAS SURPASS$ ?AT WORLD W> 9 MAGNITUDE & IMPORTANCE4 ,HAD IT MANAG$1 IF IT MANAGES OR %\LD IT MANAGE 9 ! FUTURE -- AS1 9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+1 WE /ILL HOPE -- TO BREAK ! BONDS ( WAGE SLAV]Y ?AT B9D ! WORK+ CLASS1 OR %\LD ! ADVANCES MADE BY E>LI] REVOLUTIONS BE EXP&$ TO 9CLUDE ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY1 FRE$OM = ALL 9 FACT AS WELL AS 9 !ORY1 ?AT IS TO SAY ) ! MAT]IAL POSSIBILITY ( 5JOY+ IT1 !N ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WILL SURPASS 9 HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE EV5 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i-#i#c4 

,IF ! WORLD W> FAIL$ TO EXT+UI% ALL HOPE ( RESURRECTION BY ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLE ( ! WORLD1 IF DESPITE IT M5 >E NOT TO BE SET BACK C5TURIES TO ! ANIMAL EXI/5CE ( !IR ANCE/ORS1 BUT ONLY A LITTLE WAY1 IT IS BEYOND DISPUTE ?AT WE [E IT TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ?AT HAS RAIS$ ! MORAL & IDEAL VALUES ( HUMANITY & :I* HAS IMPELL$ \R ASPIRATIONS & ! COLLECTIVE SPIRIT ( ALL PEOPLES =W>DS T[>DS A HI<] HUMANITY4 

,9 ?AT SAD DAWN ( #a#i#a#g1 :ILE ! :OLE WORLD SEEM$ TO BE RU%+ HEADLONG 9TO HORROR1 DEA?1 FALSEHOOD1 HATR$ 4& BLACKE/ OBSCURITY1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION SUDD5LY FLOOD$ ?OSE ( US :O W]E SUFF]+ FROM ?AT 5DLESS TRAG$Y ) ! SE>*+ LI<T ( TRU? & BRO!RHOOD1 & ! W>M? ( LIFE & LOVE BEGAN TO FL[ AGA9 ALONG WI!R$ VE9S TO ! P>*$ HE>TS ( ! WORK]S' 9T]NATIONAL4 ,= AS LONG AS ?AT MEMORY P]SI/S1 ALL ! PEOPLES ( ! E>? WILL BE OBLIG$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE = AN EF=T ?AT1 NOT ONLY 9 ,RUSSIA & ,EUROPE BUT 9 ! MO/ DI/ANT CORN]S ( ! GLOBE 9HABIT$ BY M51 SUCCE$$ 9 LIFT+ ! HOPES ( ! OPPRESS$4 

,WE ABSOLUTELY DO NOT CONCEAL ! CO/ ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE'S FEAT 9 T]MS ( FATIGUE1 H]OISM1 SACRIFICE & M>TYRDOM4 

,WE AN>*I/S HAVE NOT FOLL[$ ! PROGRESS ( ! REVOLUTION ) M5TAL RES]VATIONS OR 9 A SPIRIT ( SECT>IANISM4 ,WE NEV] TALK$ ?IS WAY1 9 PUBLIC OR 9 PRIVATE3 UP TILL N[1 BUT NO MORE4 ,SO LONG AS ! REVOLUTION WAS MOV+ =W>D WE DID NOT CONC]N \RSELVES ) :I*EV] P>TY IT WAS ?AT WON ! MO/ FAME4 ,!N NO ONE1 OR PRACTICALLY NO ONE1 SPOKE ( ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S4 ,WE KNEW -- & LAT] NEWS PROV$ WE W]E RI<T -- ?AT !Y MU/ BE 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! BATTLE1 UNKN[N BUT NONE!LESS IMPORTANT FACTORS 9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,& = US ?AT WAS 5\<4 

,WE HAVE NO P>TISAN 9T]E/S1 NOR HAVE WE ANY NE$ TO EXPLOIT \R FALL5 TO SECURE PRIVILEGES = ! FUTURE2 & = ?AT REASON \R SIL5CE ON ! WORK ( \R COMRADES DID NOT DAMP5 \R JOY4 ,&1 BETWE5 ! MON?S ( ,M>* & ,NOVEMB]1 BE=E !Y SEIZ$ P[] 7& EV5 = A FEW MON?S AFT] !Y HAD1 UNTIL BITT] EXP]I5CE CONFIRM$ :AT \R DOCTR9E HAD GIV5 US AN 9KL+ ( 9 ADVANCE7 ! BOL%EVIKS SEEM$ TO BE ! MO/ 5]GETIC FOES ( ! OLD OPPRESSORS1 ( ! W> POLICY1 ( ALL TRUCK ) ! B\RGEOISIE2 & F\<T AGA9/ DEMOCRATIC RADICALISM ) ITS ROOTS 9 CAPITALISM &1 ALONG ) IT1 AGA9/ ! SOCIAL PATRIOTS1 RE=MI/S1 RI<T SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>IES & M5%EVIKS2 & LAT]1 :5 AFT] A LITTLE HESITATION !Y CO-OP]AT$ TO SCATT] TO ! W9DS ! EQUIVOCATION ( ! CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 ! AN>*I/S1 )\T ANY S5SELESS RIVALRY 1 /OOD AT !IR SIDE4 

,!Y /OOD AT !IR SIDE IDEALLY1 SPIRITUALLY1 \TSIDE ,RUSSIA &1 MORE PRACTICALLY1 9 ! SPH]E ( PROPAG&A & POLITICAL ACTIVITY AGA9/ ! SL&] & CALUMNIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,&1 EV5 MORE PRACTICALLY1 !Y /OOD !RE /ILL 7& ?AT EV5 AFT] !Y HAD BEGUN TO OPPOSE AT ! POLEMICAL LEVEL71 AGA9/ ! B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5TS :51 SO F> AS WAS POSSIBLE1 AN EF=T WAS MADE TO USE DIRECT ACTION TO PREV5T ! 9FAM\S BLOCKADE ( ,RUSSIA & TO /OP ! SUPPLY ( W> MAT]IALS TO H] 5EMIES4 ,EV]Y TIME ! 9T]E/S ( ! REVOLUTION & ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE SEEM$ TO BE AT /AKE1 ! AN>*I/S HELD !IR GR\ND1 EV5 :5 !Y KNEW ?AT !Y C\LD 9DIRECTLY BE GIV+ HELP TO !IR OPPON5TS4 

,! SAME ?+1 ON A MU* L>G] SCALE1 ) A GREAT] EXP5DITURE ( 5]GIES & MORE SACRIFICES 9 RU?LESS >M$ /RUGGLE1 HAPP5$ 9SIDE ,RUSSIA :]E \R COMRADES HAVE BE5 FI<T+ = ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ CZ>ISM S9CE BE=E #a#i#a#g1 ) DOGG$ OPPOSITION TO ! W> & AFT] ?AT ) WEAPONS 9 H& 9 ,M>*2 !N LAT] AGA9/ B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & SOCIAL RE=MISM 9 ,JULY & ,OCTOB]2 FI<T+ AT LA/ ON ALL FRONTS1 GIV+ UP !IR LIVES 9 ! FI<T AGA9/ ,YUD5I*1 ,D5IK9 & ,WRANGEL1 AGA9/ ! ,G]MANS 9 ,RIGA1 ! ,5GLI% 9 ,>*ANGEL1 ! ,FR5* 9 ,ODESSA & ! ,JAPANESE 9 ,SIB]IA4 ,MANY ( !M 7& ?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO SEE IF OR TO :AT EXT5T !Y W]E MI/AK5 9 SO DO+7 HAVE COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 9T]NAL CIVIL OR MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 :]EV] !Y C\LD1 ) LEA/ CONFLICT ) !IR [N CONSCI5CE1 TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,& IF TODAY ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S >E AMONG ! OPPOSITION 9SIDE ,RUSSIA & FI<T AGA9/ BOL%EVIK POLICY & ! BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 ALL !Y >E DO+ IS PRESS+ ON -- A H]OIC FEW -- ) ! /RUGGLE = REVOLUTION BEGUN 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#g4 

,NOT ONLY IS TODAY'S GOV]NM5T NOT ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 BUT IT HAS BECOME ITS V]Y NEGATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?AT WAS 9EVITABLE BY VIRTUE ( ! FACT ?AT IT IS A GOV]NM5T4 ,NOT ONLY DOES FI<T+ ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 AT ! LEVEL ( POLEMIC1 ) REVOLUTION>Y >GUM5TS -- ?AT HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! >GUM5TS ( ! REVOLUTION'S 5EMIES -- NOT ONLY DOES ?IS NOT MAKE ONE A FOE ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT IT DEF5DS IT1 CL>IFIES IT & FREES IT ( ! /A9S :I* ! BULK ( ! PUBLIC SEES 9 IT -- /A9S ?AT >E NOT ( IT1 BUT COME FROM ! GOV]NM5T P>TY1 ! NEW RUL+ CA/E ?AT IS GR[+1 P>ASITE-LIKE ON ITS TRUNK1 TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! GREAT BULK ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,?IS 9 NO WAY PREV5TS US FROM UND]/&+ ! GR&IOSITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & APPRECIAT+ ! R5EWAL IT HAS MEANT = A GOOD HALF ( ,EUROPE4 ,! ONLY?+ WE OPPOSE IS ! CLAIM ( A S+LE P>TY TO MONOPOLIZE ! CR$IT & ! B5EFITS ( SU* AN 5ORM\S EV5T1 :I* !Y C]TA9LY DID HAVE A H& 91 BUT 9 A PROPORTION ONE MI<T REASONABLY EXPECT FROM !IR NUMB]S & ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS NOT ! WORK ( A P>TY - IT WAS ! WORK ( A :OLE PEOPLE3 & ! PEOPLE IS ! REAL LEAD+ ACTOR ( ! REAL ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! GR&EUR ( ! ,REVOLUTION COMES NOT 9 ! =M ( GOV]NM5T ORD9ANCES1 LAWS & MILIT>Y FEATS1 BUT 9 ! =M ( ! PR(\ND *ANGE WR\<T 9 ! MORAL & MAT]IAL LIFE ( ! POPULATION4 

,?AT *ANGE IS IRREFUTABLE4 ,CZ>ISM 9 ,RUSSIA HAS DI$1 & ) IT A :OLE 5DLESS S]IES ( MON/ROSITIES4 ,! OLD NOBLE & B\RGEOIS RUL+ CLASS IS DE/ROY$ & ALONG ) IT MANY ?+S1 FROM ! ROOTS UP1 ESPECIALLY A LOT ( PREJUDICES1 ! REMOVAL ( :I* WAS ONCE ?\<T IMPOSSIBLE4 ,%\LD ,RUSSIA1 AS APPE>S TO BE ! CASE1 BE UN=TUNATE 5\< TO SEE A NEW RUL+ CLASS =M$ !RE1 !N ! DEMOLITION ( ! OLD ANNIHILAT$ ONE LEADS TO ! EXPECTATION ?AT ! RULE ( ! NEW P[] WILL 9 ITS TURN BE OV]?R[N )\T DIFFICULTY4 ,! ORIG9AL LIB]T>IAN IDEA BEH9D ! 0,SOVIETS0 DID NOT W9 ! S\LS ( ,RUSSIANS OV] 9 VA91 EV5 IF ! BOL%EVIKS HAVE MAIM$ IT & TURN$ IT 9TO A COG 9 ! BUREAUCRACY ( ! DICTATOR%IP2 9SIDE ?AT IDEA LIES ! SE$ ( ! NEW REVOLUTION :I* WILL BE ! ONLY ONE ?AT ACTS \T REAL COMMUNISM1 COMMUNISM ) FRE$OM4 

,NO GOV]NM5T CAN LAY CLAIM ( ! MORAL R5EWAL ( ,RUSSIA 9 ! WAKE ( REVOLUTION1 NOR CAN IT DE/ROY IT2 & ?AT R5EWAL IS ! M]IT ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION ALONE1 NOT ( A POLITICAL P>TY4 0,& ( C\RSE1 9 SPITE ( EV]Y?+ 7A COMRADE WROTE TO ME :O HAD JU/ RETURN$ FROM ,RUSSIA1 AFT] SOME CRITICISMS ( ! BOL%EVIK MALADM9I/RATION71 ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! LIFE ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE MAKES ALL 9 ALL IS SO GR& ?AT EV]Y?+ H]E 9 CAPITALI/ ,EUROPE SEEMS A WRET*$1 /UPID 'PETIT B\RGEOIS' IMITATION4 ,NO VULG>ITY !RE2 ONE NEV] HE>S ?OSE VULG> SONGS SUNG BY DRUNKS2 !RE ! (F-PUTT+ ATMOSPH]E ( ,SUNDAYS & ?OSE PLACES :]E PEOPLEAMUSE !MSELVES 9 WE/]N C\NTRIES DOES NOT EXI/4 ,AMID SACRIFICE & UNSPEAKABLE SUFF]+1 ! PEOPLE REALLY DO LIVE A BETT]1 MORE 9T5SE MORAL LIFE40 

,9 REAL T]MS ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION LIVES ON 9 ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE4 ,?AT IS ! REVOLUTION WE LOVE1 ?AT WE CELEBRATE ) 5?USIASM & ) A HE>T FILL$ ) HOPE4 ,BUT1 AS WE NEV] TIRE ( REPEAT+1 ! REVOLUTION & ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE >E NOT ! GOV]NM5T ?AT1 9 ! EYES ( SUP]FICIAL FOLK1 REPRES5TS !M ABROAD4 ,A FRI5D ( M9E1 RETURN+ FROM ,RUSSIA 9 #aib BURN+ ) 5?USIASM1 :5 ,I W>N$ HIM ?AT ! SOVIETS !RE W]E A HUMILIAT+ SORT ( SUBORD9ATION & ?AT GOV]NM5T AG5TS EV5 MANIPULAT$ !IR ELECTIONS 0FASCI/ICALLY10 REPLI$ SOME-:AT RA%LY3 0,BUT IF ! MAJORITY ( ! PROLET>IANS W]E REALLY ABLE TO ELECT ! SOVIETS ( !IR *OICE1 ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T W\LD NOT REMA9 9 GOV]NM5T ANO!R WEEK60 

,IF ?AT IS SO1 !N :5 WE CRITICIZE -- NOT P]SONS1 NOT 9DIVIDUALS1 :OM WE HAVE (T5 DEF5D$ AGA9/ SL&]]S 9 ! KEPT PRESS ( CAPITALISM -- :5 WE1 PROMPT$ BY \R CON/ANT CONC]N NOT TO FALL 9TO ! MI/AK51 EXAGG]AT$ =M ( CRITICISM1 ATTACK ! RUL+ P>TY 9 ,RUSSIA & ?OSE ( ITS SUPPORT]S ANXI\S TO FOLL[ 9 ITS FOOT/EPS 9 ,ITALY -- BECAUSE WE SEE ?AT ITS ME?ODS >E H>MFUL TO ! REVOLUTION & BR+ AB\T A REAL C\NT]-REVOLUTION -- H[ CAN ANYONE SAY ?AT 0WE >E TAK+ UP A /& AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION08 

,! PROLET>IAT1 :I* KN[S & HE$S US1 KN[S ?AT ?IS IS AN EVIL1 RIDICUL\S ASS]TION1 AS EVIL & RIDICUL\S AS ! WAY ! HACKS ( ! B\RGEOISIE TRY TO PASS (F AS 9SULTS & *>GES AGA9/ ! :OLE ,ITALIAN PEOPLE ! JU/LY H>% CRITICISMS -- :I* WE SUPPORT -- ?AT =EIGN REVOLUTION>IES LEVEL AT ! GOV]NM5T & ! RUL+ CLASS ( ,ITALY4 

,NOTES 

7#a7 ,IT IS BELIEV$ ?AT ,BUKH>9 H]E REF]S TO MORE ?AN JU/ ,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM & ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S4 ,9 HIS PAMPHLET HE MAKES NO DI/9CTION & SPEAKS 9 A GLOBAL S5SE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S HAVE ! SAME IDEAS & PROGRAMS AS AN>*I/S 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 

7#b7 ,SEE ,! ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNISM BY ,BUKH>9 & ,PREOBRAZH5SKY1 ,$ITORIAL ,AVANTI61 ,MILAN1 P4 #h#e4 

7#c7 ,SEE ,M>X3 ,! ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 ,WORKS ( ,M>X1 ,5GELS & ,LASALLE $IT$ BY ,AVANTI61 ,MILAN1 VOL4 #b4 7,5GLI% TRANSLATION FROM ,M>X-,5GELS-,L591 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM1 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 ,MOSC[1 #a#i#g#b1 P4 #a#a4 7NOTE BY ,5GLI% $ITOR7 

7#d7 ,!SE & O!R /ATEM5TS1 PR9T$ 9 QUOTATION M>KS OR 9 HEAVY TYPE1 >E LIT]AL QUOTES FROM ,BUKH>9'S PAMPHLET4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! SAME ?+S >E REPRODUC$ 9 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNISM & ELSE:]E 9 ,! ,PROGRAM ( ! ,COMMUNI/S PUBLI%$ BY ,AVANTI6 9 #a#i#b4 

7#e7 ,9 ,BUKH>9 & ,PREOBRAZH5SKY'S ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNISM !Y GO EV5 FUR!R3 0,TWO OR ?REE G5]ATIONS ( P]SONS WILL HAVE TO GR[ UP UND] ! NEW CONDITIONS BE=E ! NE$ WILL PASS = LAWS & PUNI%M5TS & = ! USE ( REPRESSION BY ! WORK]S' /ATE40 

7#f7 ,WE REPEAT ?AT COMMUNI/ OBJECTIONS TO AN>*ISM1 :I* WE REPR9T 9 QUOTATIONS OR 9 HEAVI] TYPE1 >E G5U9ELY FROM ,N4 ,BUKH>94 

7#g7 ,BUKH>9 IS LIKEWISE CRITICAL ( ! ANT$ELUVIAN IDEA ( REP>TITION ( WEAL?1 EV5 %\LD IT BE 9TO EQUAL %>ES4 ,HE IS QUITE RI<T1 ( C\RSE2 BUT TO 9CLUDE ?AT 9 A G5]AL CRITIQUE ( AN>*ISM IS A REAL ANA*RONISM4 ,ONE CAN F9D ALL ?AT ,BUKH>9 SAYS 9 ?IS CONNECTION 9 ANY ( ! PROPAG&A BOOKLETS OR PAP]S ! AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 PUBLI%+ = ! LA/ =TY YE>S4 

7#h7 ,SEE ,LUIGI ,FABBRI3 ,DICTATOR%IP & ,REVOLUTION 79 ,ITALIAN7 P4 #ad 

7#i7 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! COLLECTIVI/S' =MULA WAS 0TO EA* ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR0 OR EV5 0TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS WORK40 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 !SE =MULAS MU/ BE TAK5 9 !IR APPROXIMATE MEAN+1 AS A G5]AL GUIDEL9E1 & ABSOLUTELY NOT AS DOGMA1 AS H[EV] !Y W]E EMPLOY$ AT ONE TIME4 

,M>X & ,AN>*ISM BY ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] 

,I 

,SOME YE>S AGO1 %ORTLY AFT] ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS DI$1 ,MR4 ,$U>D ,B]N/E91 ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T MEMB]S ( ! ,M>XI/ COMMUNITY1 A/ONI%$ HIS COLLEAGUES ) SOME NOTEWOR?Y DISCOV]IES4 ,B]N/E9 MADE PUBLIC HIS MISGIV+S AB\T ! ACCURACY ( ! MAT]IALI/ 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY1 & ( ! ,M>XI/ !ORY ( SURPLUS VALUE & ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL4 ,HE W5T SO F> AS TO ATTACK ! DIALECTICAL ME?OD & CONCLUD$ ?AT TALK ( A CRITICAL SOCIALISM WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,A CAUTI\S MAN1 ,B]N/E9 KEPT HIS DISCOV]IES TO HIMSELF UNTIL AFT] ! DEA? ( ! AG$ ,5GELS2 ONLY !N DID HE MAKE !M PUBLIC1 TO ! CONSEQU5T HORROR ( ! ,M>XI/ PRIE/HOOD4 ,BUT NOT EV5 ?IS PRECAUTION C\LD SAVE HIM1 = HE WAS ASSAIL$ FROM EV]Y DIRECTION4 ,KAUTSKY WROTE A BOOK AGA9/ HIS H]ESY1 & AT ! ,HANOV] CONGRESS POOR ,$U>D WAS OBLIG$ TO DECL>E ?AT HE WAS A FRAIL1 MORTAL S9N] & ?AT HE W\LD SUBMIT TO ! DECISION ( ! SCI5TIFIC MAJORITY4 

,= ALL ?AT1 ,B]N/E9 HAD NOT COME UP ) ANY NEW REVELATIONS4 ,! REASON+ HE PUT UP AGA9/ ! F\NDATIONS ( ! M>XI/ TEA*+ HAD ALREADY BE5 9 EXI/5CE :5 HE WAS /ILL A FAI?FUL APO/LE ( ! M>XI/ *UR*4 ,! >GUM5TS 9 QUE/ION HAD BE5 LOOT$ FROM AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE & ! ONLY ?+ WOR?Y ( NOTE WAS ?AT ONE ( ! BE/ KN[N SOCIAL DEMOCRATS WAS TO EMPLOY !M = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,NO S5SIBLE P]SON W\LD D5Y ?AT ,B]N/E9'S CRITICISM FAIL$ TO MAKE AN UN=GETTABLE IMPRESSION 9 ! M>XI/ CAMP3 ,B]N/E9 HAD /RUCK AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT F\NDATIONS ( ! METAPHYSICAL ECONOMICS ( ,K>L ,M>X1 & IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! MO/ RESPECTABLE REPRES5TATIVES ( OR?ODOX M>XISM BECAME AGITAT$4 

,NONE ( ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 SO S]I\S1 BUT = ! FACT ?AT IT WAS TO COME 9 ! MIDDLE ( AN EV5 MORE IMPORTANT CRISIS4 ,= ALMO/ A C5TURY ! M>XI/S HAVE NOT CEAS$ TO PROP\ND ! VIEW ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E ! DISCOV]]S ( SO CALL$ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM2 AN >TIFICIAL DI/9CTION WAS 9V5T$ BETWE5 SO CALL$ UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S & ! SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ( ! M>XI/S1 A DI/9CTION ?AT EXI/$ ONLY 9 ! IMAG9ATIONS ( ! LATT]4 ,9 ! G]MANIC C\NTRIES SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE HAS BE5 MONOPOLIZ$ BY M>XI/ !ORY1 :I* EV]Y SOCIAL DEMOCRAT REG>DS AS ! PURE & UTT]LY ORIG9AL PRODUCT ( ! SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 

,BUT ?IS ILLUSION1 TOO1 VANI%$3 MOD]N HI/ORICAL RESE>* HAS E/ABLI%$ BEYOND ALL QUE/ION ?AT SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ONLY CAME FROM ! OLD ,5GLI% & ,FR5* SOCIALI/S & ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E ADEPT AT PICK+ ! BRA9S ( O!RS4 ,AFT] ! REVOLUTIONS ( #ahdh A T]RIBLE REACTION SET 9 9 ,EUROPE3 ! ,HOLY ,ALLIANCE SET AB\T CA/+ ITS NETS 9 EV]Y C\NTRY ) ! 9T5TION ( SUFFOCAT+ SOCIALI/ ?\<T1 :I* HAD PRODUC$ SU* A V]Y RI* LIT]ATURE 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY1 ,SPA9 & ,ITALY4 ,?IS LIT]ATURE WAS CA/ 9TO OBLIVION ALMO/ 5TIRELY DUR+ ?IS ]A ( OBSCURANTISM4 ,MANY ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT WORKS W]E DE/ROY$ UNTIL !Y W]E R$UC$ TO A FEW EXAMPLES ?AT F\ND A REFUGE 9 ! TRANQUILITY ( C]TA9 L>GE PUBLIC LIBR>IES OR ! COLLECTIONS ( SOME PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS4 

,?IS LIT]ATURE WAS ONLY R$ISCOV]$ T[>DS ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? & BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURIES & N[ADAYS ! F]TILE IDEAS TO BE F\ND 9 ! OLD WRIT+S ( ! S*OOLS :I* FOLL[$ ,F\RI] & ,SA9T,SIMON1 OR ! WORKS ( ,CONSID]ANT1 ,DEMASI1 ,MEY & MANY O!RS1 >E A S\RCE ( WOND]4 ,IT WAS \R OLD FRI5D ,W4 ,T*]KES(F :O WAS ! FIR/ TO COME UP ) A SY/EMATIC PATT]N = ALL !SE FACTS3 HE %[$ ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS >E NOT ! 9V5TORS ( ! !ORIES :I* HAVE SO LONG BE5 DEEM$ A P>T ( !IR 9TELLECTUAL BEQUE/2 7#a7 HE EV5 W5T SO F> AS TO PROVE ?AT SOME ( ! MO/ FAM\S M>XI/ WORKS1 SU* AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 >E 9 FACT ONLY FREE TRANSLATIONS FROM ! ,FR5* BY ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,& ,T*]KES(F SCOR$ A VICTORY :5 HIS ALLEGATIONS ) REG>D TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O W]E CONC$$ BY ,AVANTI1 ! C5TRAL ORGAN ( ! ,ITALIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 7#b7 AFT] ! AU?OR HAD HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO DRAW COMP>ISONS BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/ MANIFE/O & ,! ,MANIFE/O ( ,DEMOCRACY BY ,VICTOR ,CONSID]ANT1 ! APPE>ANCE ( :I* PREC$$ ! PUBLICATION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS' PAMPHLET BY FIVE YE>S4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O IS REG>D$ AS ONE ( ! E>LIE/ WORKS ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 & ITS CONT5TS W]E DRAWN FROM ! WRIT+S ( A 0UTOPIAN10 = M>XISM CATEGORIZ$ ,F\RI] ) ! UTOPIAN SOCIALI/S4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! MO/ CRUEL IRONIES IMAG9ABLE & C]TA9LY IS H>DLY A TE/IMONIAL TO ! SCI5TIFIC WOR? ( M>XISM4 ,VICTOR ,CONSID]ANT WAS ONE ( ! F9E/ SOCIALI/ WRIT]S ) :OM ,M>X WAS ACQUA9T$3 HE REF]R$ TO HIM EV5 9 ! DAYS BE=E HE BECAME A SOCIALI/4 ,9 #ahdb ! ,ALLGEME9E ,ZEITUNG ATTACK$ ! ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG ( :I* ,M>X WAS ! $ITOR9*IEF1 *>G+ IT ) BE+ FAVORABLE TO COMMUNISM4 ,M>X !N REPLI$ 9 AN $ITORIAL 9 :I* HE /AT$ AS FOLL[S3 0,WORKS LIKE ?OSE BY ,L]\X1 ,CONSID]ANT & ABOVE ALL ! P5ETRAT+ BOOK BY ,PR\DHON CANNOT BE CRITICIZ$ 9 ANY SUP]FICIAL S5SE2 !Y REQUIRE LONG & C>EFUL /UDY BE=E ONE BEG9S TO CRITICIZE !M40 7#c7 

,M>X'S 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T WAS HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY ,FR5* SOCIALISM2 BUT ( ALL ! SOCIALI/ WRIT]S ( ,FRANCE1 ! ONE ) ! MO/ P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ON HIS ?\<T WAS ,P4 ,J4 ,PR\DHON4 ,IT IS EV5 OBVI\S ?AT ,PR\DHON'S BOOK ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 L$ ,M>X TO EMBRACE SOCIALISM4 ,ITS CRITICAL OBS]VATIONS ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY & ! V>I\S SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES OP5$ UP A :OLE NEW WORLD TO ,M>X & ,M>X'S M9D WAS MO/ IMPRESS$1 ABOVE ALL1 BY ! !ORY ( SURPLUS VALUE AS SET \T BY ! 9SPIR$ ,FR5* SOCIALI/4 ,WE CAN F9D ! ORIG9S ( ! DOCTR9E ( SURPLUS VALUE1 ?AT GR& 0SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]Y0 ( :I* \R M>XI/S >E SO PR\D1 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,PR\DHON4 ,IT WAS ?ANKS TO HIM ?AT ,M>X BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) ?AT !ORY TO :I* HE ADD$ MODIFICATIONS ?R\< HIS LAT] /UDY ( ! ,5GLI% SOCIALI/S ,BRAY & ,?OMPSON4 

,M>X EV5 RECOGNIZ$ ! HUGE SCI5TIFIC SIGNIFICANCE ( ,PR\DHON PUBLICLY1 & 9 A SPECIAL BOOK1 :I* IS TODAY COMPLETELY \T ( PR9T1 HE CALLS ,PR\DHON'S WORK ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 0,! FIR/ SCI5TIFIC MANIFE/O ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT40 ,?IS WORK WAS NOT REPR9T$ BY ! M>XI/S1 NOR WAS IT TRANSLAT$ 9TO O!R LANGUAGES1 EV5 ?\< ! (FICIAL REPRES5TATIVES ( M>XISM HAVE MADE EV]Y EF=T TO DI/RIBUTE ! WRIT+S ( !IR M5TOR 9 EV]Y LANGUAGE4 ,?IS BOOK HAS BE5 =GOTT5 & ?IS IS ! REASON :Y3 ITS REPR9T+ W\LD REVEAL TO ! WORLD ! COLOSSAL NONS5SE & IRRELEVANCE ( ALL ,M>X WROTE LAT] AB\T ?AT EM95T !ORETICIAN ( AN>*ISM4 

,NOT ONLY WAS ,M>X 9FLU5C$ BY ! ECONOMIC IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON1 BUT HE ALSO FELT ! 9FLU5CE ( ! GREAT ,FR5* SOCIALI/'S AN>*I/ !ORIES1 & 9 ONE ( HIS WORKS FROM ! P]IOD HE ATTACKS ! /ATE ! SAME WAY ,PR\DHON DID4 

,I,I 

,ALL :O HAVE S]I\SLY /UDI$ ,M>X'S EVOLUTION AS A SOCIALI/ WILL HAVE TO CONC$E ?AT ,PR\DHON' S WORK ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 WAS :AT CONV]T$ HIM TO SOCIALISM4 ,TO ?OSE :O DO NOT HAVE AN EXACT KN[L$GE ( ! DETAILS ( ?AT EVOLUTION & ?OSE :O HAVE NOT HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO READ ! E>LY SOCIALI/ WORKS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ?IS CLAIM WILL SEEM \T ( PLACE & UNLIKELY4 ,BECAUSE 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S ,M>X SPEAKS ( ,PR\DHON SCA?+LY & ) RIDICULE & !SE >E ! V]Y WRIT+S :I* ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAS *OS5 TO PUBLI% & REPUBLI% TIME AFT] TIME4 

,9 ?IS WAY ! BELIEF WAS GRADUALLY =M$ ?AT ,M>X HAD BE5 A !ORETICAL OPPON5T ( ,PR\DHON FROM ! V]Y \TSET & ?AT !RE HAD NEV] BE5 ANY COMMON GR\ND BETWE5 !M4 ,&1 TO TELL ! TRU?1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BELIEVE O!RWISE :5EV] ONE LOOKS AT :AT ! =M] WROTE AB\T ,PR\DHON 9 HIS FAM\S WORK ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 OR 9 ! OBITU>Y PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,SOZIALDEMOKRAT 9 ,B]L91 %ORTLY AFT] ,PR\DHON'S DEA?4 

,9 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY ,M>X ATTACKS ,PR\DHON 9 ! BASE/ WAY1 %R9K+ FROM NO?+ TO %[ ?AT ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS >E WOR?LESS & ?AT HE C\NTS NEI!R AS SOCIALI/ NOR AS A CRITIC ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

0,MONSIEUR ,PR\DHON1 HE /ATES1 HAS ! MIS=TUNE ( BE+ PECULI>LY MISUND]/OOD 9 ,EUROPE4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 HE HAS ! RI<T TO BE A BAD ECONOMI/1 BECAUSE HE IS REPUT$ TO BE A GOOD ,G]MAN PHILOSOPH]4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 HE HAS ! RI<T TO BE A BAD PHILOSOPH] BECAUSE HE IS REPUT$ TO BE ONE ( ! ABLE/ ,FR5* ECONOMI/S4 ,BE+ BO? ,G]MAN & ECONOMI/ AT ! SAME TIME1 WE DESIRE TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ?IS D\BLE ]ROR40 7#d7 

,& ,M>X W5T EV5 FUR!R3 )\T ADDUC+ ANY PRO(1 HE *>G$ ,PR\DHON ( HAV+ PLAGI>IZ$ ! IDEAS ( ! ,5GLI% ECONOMI/ ,BRAY4 ,HE WROTE3 

0,9 ,BRAV'S BOOK 7#e7 WE BELIEVE WE HAVE DISCOV]$ ! KEY TO ALL ! PA/1 PRES5T & FUTURE WORKS ( ,MONSIEUR ,PR\DHON40 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO F9D ,M>X1 :O SO (T5 US$ ! IDEAS ( O!RS & :OSE ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O IS 9 PO9T ( FACT ONLY A COPY ( ,VICTOR ,CONSID]ANT'S ,MANIFE/O ( ,DEMOCRACY4 *>G+ O!RS ) PLAGI>ISM4 

,BUT LET US PRESS ON4 ,9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O ,M>X DEPICTS ,PR\DHON AS A CONS]VATIVE1 B\RGEOIS *>ACT] 7#f74 ,& 9 ! OBITU>Y HE WROTE = ! ,SOZIALDEMOKRAT 7#a#h#f#e7 WE CAN F9D ! FOLL[+3 

0,9 A /RICTLY SCI5TIFIC HI/ORY ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ?IS BOOK 7NAMELY ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY87 W\LD SC>CELY DES]VE A M5TION4 ,= S5SATIONALI/ WORKS LIKE ?IS PLAY EXACTLY ! SAME ROLE 9 ! SCI5CES AS !Y DO 9 ! WORLD ( ! NOVEL40 

,& 9 ?IS OBITU>Y ,M>X REIT]ATES ! CLAIM ?AT ,PR\DHON IS WOR?LESS AS A SOCIALI/ & ECONOMI/1 AN OP9ION :I* HE HAD ALREADY VOIC$ 9 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY4 

,IT IS NOT H>D TO UND]/& ?AT ALLEGATIONS LIKE ?IS1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,PR\DHON BY ,M>X1 C\LD ONLY SPREAD ! BELIEF1 OR RA!R ! CONVICTION1 ?AT ABSOLUTELY NO COMMON GR\ND HAD EV] EXI/$ BETWE5 HIM & ?AT GREAT ,FR5* WRIT]4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ,PR\DHON IS ALMO/ UNKN[N4 ,G]MAN $ITIONS ( HIS WORKS1 ISSU$ >\ND #a#h#d1 >E \T ( PR9T4 ,! ONLY ONE ( HIS BOOKS REPUBLI%$ 9 ,G]MAN IS ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY 8 & EV5 IT HAD ONLY A RE/RICT$ CIRCULATION4 ,?IS ACC\NTS = ,M>X BE+ ABLE TO WIPE \T ALL TRACES ( HIS E>LY DEVELOPM5T AS A SOCIALI/4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ABOVE H[ HIS ATTITUDE TO ,PR\DHON WAS QUITE DIFF]5T AT ! BEG9N+1 & ! CONCLUSIONS :I* FOLL[ WILL 5DORSE \R CLAIMS4 

,AS $ITOR 9 *IEF ( ! ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ NEWSPAP]S ( ,G]MAN DEMOCRACY1 ,M>X CAME TO MAKE ! ACQUA9TANCE ( ,FRANCE'S MO/ IMPORTANT SOCIALI/ WRIT]S1 EV5 ?\< HE HIMSELF HAD NOT YET ESP\S$ ! SOCIALI/ CAUSE4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ A QUOTE FROM HIM 9 :I* HE REF]S TO ,VICTOR ,CONSID]ANT1 ,PI]RE ,L]\X & ,PR\DHON & !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ,CONSID]ANT & ,PR\DHON W]E ! M5TORS :O ATTRACT$ HIM TO SOCIALISM4 ,)\T ANY D\BT1 ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 WAS A MA7OR 9FLU5CE OV] ,M>X'S DEVELOPM5T AS A SOCIALI/2 ?US1 9 ! P]IODICAL M5TION$1 HE CALLS ! 9SPIR$ ,PR\DHON 0! MO/ CONSI/5T & WISE/ ( SOCIALI/ WRIT]S0 7#g74 ,9 #a#h#d#c1 ! ,PRUSSIAN C5SOR SIL5C$ ! ,RE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG2 ,M>X LEFT ! C\NTRY & IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT HE MOV$ T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,?IS %IFT IS QUITE NOTICEABLE 9 HIS LETT]S TO ! FAM\S WRIT] ,>NOLD ,RUGE & EV5 MORE SO 9 HIS WORK ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY1 ( A ,CRITIQUE ( ,CRITICAL ,CRITICISM1 :I* HE PUBLI%$ JO9TLY ) ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS4 ,! BOOK APPE>$ 9 #ahde ) ! OBJECT ( >GU+ AGA9/ ! T5D5CY HEAD$ BY ! ,G]MAN ?9K] ,BRUNO ,BAU] 7#h74 ,9 ADDITION TO PHILOSOPHICAL MATT]S1 ! BOOK ALSO DEALT ) POLITICAL ECONOMY & SOCIALISM1 & IT IS ESPECIALLY !SE P>TS :I* CONC]N US H]E4 

,( ALL ! WORKS PUBLI%$ BY ,M>X & ,5GELS ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY IS ! ONLY ONE ?AT HAS NOT BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO O!R LANGUAGES & :I* ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S HAVE NOT REPR9T$4 ,TRUE1 ,FRANZ ,MEHR+1 ,M>X & ,5GELS' LIT]>Y EXECUTOR1 DID1 ON ! PROMPT+ ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/ P>TY1 PUBLI% ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY ALONG ) O!R WRIT+S FROM !IR E>LY YE>S AS ACTIVE SOCIALI/S1 BUT ?IS WAS DONE SIXTY YE>S AFT] IT WAS FIR/ ISSU$1 &1 = ANO!R ?+1 !IR PUBLICATION WAS 9T5D$ = SPECIALI/S1 S9CE !Y W]E TOO EXP5SIVE = ! WORK+ MAN4 ,AP>T FROM ?AT1 SO LITTLE KN[N 9 ,G]MANY IS ,PR\DHON1 ?AT ONLY A V]Y FEW HAVE REALIZ$ ?AT !RE IS A HUGE GULF BETWE5 ! FIR/ OP9IONS :I* ,M>X EXPRESS$ ( HIM & ?AT :I* HE WAS TO HAVE LAT] ON4 

,& YET ! BOOK CLE>LY DEMON/RATES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>X'S SOCIALISM & ! P[]FUL 9FLU5CE :I* ,PR\DHON WIELD$ OV] ?AT DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY ,M>X CONC$$ ?AT ,PR\DHON HAD ALL ! M]ITS ?AT ,M>XI/S W]E LAT] TO CR$IT !IR M5TOR )4 

,LET US SEE :AT HE SAYS 9 ?IS CONNECTION ON PAGE #c#f3 

0,ALL TREATISES ON POLITICAL ECONOMY TAKE PRIVATE PROP]TY = GRANT$4 ,?IS BASE PREMISE IS = !M AN 9CONTE/ABLE FACT TO :I* !Y DEVOTE NO FUR!R 9VE/IGATION1 9DE$ A FACT :I* IS SPOK5 AB\T ONLY 0,A,C,C,I,D,E,L,L,E,M,5,T10 AS ,SAY NAIVELY ADMITS 7#i74 ,BUT ,PR\DHON MAKES A CRITICAL 9VE/IGATION ! FIR/ RESOLUTE1 RU?LESS1 & AT ! SAME TIME SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION ( ! BASIS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY ,P,R,I,V,A,T,E ,P,R,O,P,],T,Y4 ,?IS IS ! GREAT SCI5TIFIC ADVANCE HE MADE1 AN ADVANCE :I* REVOLUTIONIZES POLITICAL ECONOMY & = ! FIR/ TIME MAKES A REAL SCI5CE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY POSSIBLE4 ,PR\DHON'S ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 IS AS IMPORTANT = MOD]N POLITICAL ECONOMY AS ,SIEYES' WORK ,:AT ,IS ,! ,?IRD ,E/ATE8 = MOD]N POLITICS40 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO COMP>E !SE WORDS ) :AT ,M>X HAD TO SAY LAT] AB\T ! GREAT AN>*I/ !ORI/4 ,9 ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY HE SAYS ?AT ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 IS ! FIR/ SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ?AT IT HAD OP5$ UP A POSSIBILITY ( MAK+ A REAL SCI5CE \T ( NATIONAL ECONOMY2 BUT 9 HIS WELL KN[N OBITU>Y = ! ,SOZIALDEMOKRAT ! SAME ,M>X ALLEGES ?AT 9 A /RICTLY SCI5TIFIC HI/ORY ( ECONOMY ?AT WORK W\LD SC>CELY RATE A M5TION4 

,:AT LIES BEH9D ?IS SORT ( CONTRADICTION8 ,?AT IS SOME?+ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( SO CALL$ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM HAVE YET TO MAKE CLE>4 ,9 REAL T]MS !RE IS ONLY ONE ANSW]3 ,M>X WANT$ TO CONCEAL ! S\RCE HE HAD DIPP$ 9TO4 ,ALL :O HAVE MADE A /UDY ( ! QUE/ION & DO NOT FEEL OV]:ELM$ BY P>TISAN LOYALTIES MU/ CONC$E ?AT ?IS EXPLANATION IS NOT FANCIFUL4 

,BUT LET US HE>K5 AGA9 TO :AT ,M>X HAS TO SAY AB\T ! HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ,PR\DHON4 ,ON PAGE #eb ( ! SAME WORK WE CAN READ3 

0,NOT ONLY DOES ,PR\DHON WRITE 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IANS HE IS HIMSELF A PROLET>IAN1 AN \VRI]4 ,HIS WORK IS A SCI5TIFIC MANIFE/O ( ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT40 

,H]E1 AS ONE CAN SEE1 ,M>X /ATES QUITE SPECIFICALLY ?AT ,PR\DHON IS AN EXPON5T ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM & ?AT HIS WORK REPRES5TS A SCI5TIFIC MANIFE/O FROM ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O HE ASSURES US ?AT ,PR\DHON IS ! 9C>NATION ( CONS]VATIVE1 B\RGEOIS SOCIALISM4 ,C\LD !RE BE A %>P] CONTRA/8 ,:OM >E WE TO BELIEVE ! ,M>X ( ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY OR ! AU?OR ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 8 ,& H[ COME ! DISCREPANCY8 ,?AT IS A QUE/ION WE ASK \RSELVES AGA91 & NATURALLY ! REPLY IS ! SAME AS BE=E3 ,M>X WANT$ TO CONCEAL FROM EV]YONE JU/ :AT HE [$ TO ,PR\DHON & ANY MEANS TO ?AT 5D WAS ADMISSIBLE4 ,!RE CAN BE NO O!R POSSIBLE EXPLANATION2 ! MEANS ,M>X LAT] US$ 9 HIS CONTE/ ) ,BAKUN9 >E EVID5CE ?AT HE WAS NOT V]Y SCRUPUL\S 9 HIS *OICE4 

0,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! PURPOSE & GOODWILL ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ITS MEANS & POSSIBILITIES4 ON ! O!R H&1 CANNOT BE ABOLI%$ BY ! /ATE )\T ! LATT] ABOLI%+ ITSELF1 = IT IS BAS$ ON ?IS CONTRADICTION4 ,! /ATE IS BAS$ ON ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 PUBLIC & PRIVATE LIFE1 ON ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 G5]AL 9T]E/S & PRIVATE 9T]E/S4 ,H5CE ! ADM9I/RATION HAS TO CONF9E ITSELF TO A =MAL & NEGATIVE ACTIVITY1 = :]E CIVIL LIFE & ITS LABOR BEG91 !RE ! P[] ( ! ADM9I/RATION 5DS4 ,9DE$1 CONFRONT$ BY ! CONSEQU5CES :I* >ISE FROM ! UNSOCIAL NATURE ( ?IS CIVIL LIFE1 ?IS PRIVATE [N]%IP1 ?IS TRADE1 ?IS 9DU/RY1 ?IS MUTUAL PLUND]+ ( ! V>I\S CIRCLES ( CITIZ5S1 CONFRONT$ BY ALL !SE CONSEQU5CES1 IMPOT5CE IS ! LAW ( NATURE ( ! ADM9I/RATION4 ,= ?IS FRAGM5TATION1 ?IS BAS5ESS1 ?IS SLAV]Y ( CIVIL SOCIETY IS ! NATURAL F\NDATION ON :I* ! MOD]N /ATE RE/S1 JU/ AS ! CIVIL SOCIETY ( SLAV]Y WAS ! NATURAL F\NDATION ON :I* ! ANCI5T SOCIETY /ATE RE/$4 ,! EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE & ! EXI/5CE ( SLAV]Y >E 9SEP>ABLE4 ,! ANCI5T /ATE & ANCI5T SLAV]Y !SE /RAI<T=W>D CLASSIC OPPOSITES W]E NOT MORE 9TIMATELY RIVET$ TO EA* O!R ?AN >E ! MOD]N /ATE & ! MOD]N COMM]CIAL WORLD1 !SE HYPOCRITICAL ,*RI/IAN OPPOSITES40 

,?IS ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATION ( ! NATURE ( ! /ATE1 :I* SEEMS SO ODD 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,M>X'S LAT] TEA*+S1 IS CLE> PRO( ( ! AN>*I/IC ROOTS ( HIS E>LY SOCIALI/ EVOLUTION4 ,! >TICLE 9 QUE/ION REFLECTS ! CONCEPTS ( ,PR\DHON'S CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE1 A CRITIQUE FIR/ SET D[N 9 HIS FAM\S BOOK ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY 8 ,?AT IMMORTAL WORK HAD DECISIVE 9FLU5CE ON ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/1 REG>DLESS ( :I* FACT HE MAKES EV]Y EF=T & NOT BY ! NOBLE/ ME?ODS TO D5Y ! E>LY DAYS ( ITS SOCIALI/ ACTIVITY4 ,( C\RSE1 9 ?IS ! M>XI/S SUPPORT !IR MA/] & 9 ?IS WAY ! MI/AK5 HI/ORICAL VIEW ( ! E>LY RELATIONS BETWE5 ,M>X & ,PR\DHON IS GRADUALLY BUILT UP4 

,9 ,G]MANY ESPECIALLY1 S9CE ,PR\DHON IS ALMO/ UNKN[N !RE1 ! MO/ COMPLETE MISREPRES5TATIONS 9 ?IS REG>D >E ABLE TO CIRCULATE4 ,BUT ! MORE ONE GETS TO KN[ ! IMPORTANT WORKS ( ! OLD SOCIALI/ WRIT]S1 ! MORE ONE REALIZES JU/ H[ MU* SO CALL$ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM [ES TO ! 0UTOPIANS0 :O W]E1 = SO LONG1 =GOTT5 ON ACC\NT ( ! COLOSSAL 0R5[N0 ( ! M>XI/ S*OOL & ( O!R FACTORS :I* RELEGAT$ TO OBLIVION ! SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE FROM ! E>LIE/ P]IOD4 ,ONE ( ,M>X'S MO/ IMPORTANT TEA*]S & ! ONE :O LAID ! F\NDATIONS = HIS SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T WAS NONE O!R ?AN ,PR\DHON1 ! AN>*I/ SO LIBEL$ & MISUND]/OOD BY ! LEGALI/IC SOCIALI/S4 

,I,I,I 

,M>X'S POLITICAL WRIT+S FROM ?IS P]IOD = 9/ANCE1 ! >TICLE HE PUBLI%$ 9 ,VORWA]TS ( ,P>IS %[ H[ HE HAD BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ,PR\DHON'S ?9K+ & EV5 BY HIS AN>*I/ IDEAS4 

,VORWA]TS WAS A P]IODICAL :I* APPE>$ 9 ! ,FR5* CAPITAL DUR+ ! YE> #ahdd UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,HE9RI* ,B]N/E94 ,9ITIALLY IT WAS M]ELY LIB]AL 9 \TLOOK4 ,BUT LAT] ON1 AFT] ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,ANALES ,G]MANO,FRANCAISES1 ,B]N/E9 CONTACT$ ! OLD CONTRIBUTORS TO ! LATT] :O WON HIM OV] TO ! SOCIALI/ CAUSE4 ,FROM !N ON ,VORWA]TS BECAME ! (FICIAL M\?PIECE ( SOCIALISM & ! NUM]\S CONTRIBUTORS TO ,A4 ,RUGE'S LATE PUBLICATION AMONG !M ,BAKUN91 ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,HE9RI* ,HE9E1 ,GEORG ,H]WE<1 ETC4 S5T 9 !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO IT4 

,9 ISSUE NUMB] #fc 7#g ,AUGU/ #a#h#d#d7 ,M>X PUBLI%$ A POLEMICAL WORK 0,CRITICAL ,NOTES ON ! ,>TICLE ',! ,K+ ( ,PRUSSIA & ,SOCIAL ,RE=M4'0 ,9 IT1 HE MADE A /UDY ( ! NATURE ( ! /ATE & DEMON/RAT$ ITS UTT] 9ABILITY TO R$UCE SOCIAL MIS]Y & WIPE \T POV]TY4 ,! IDEAS :I* ! WRIT] SETS \T 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS >TICLE >E :OLLY AN>*I/ ONES 9 P]FECT ACCORD ) ! ?9K+ ?AT ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & O!R !ORI/S ( AN>*ISM HAVE SET \T 9 ?IS CONNECTION4 ,! READ]S CAN JUDGE = !MSELVES FROM ! FOLL[+ EXTRACT FROM ,M>X'S /UDY3 

0,! /ATE 4444 WILL NEV] SEE 9 '! /ATE & ! SY/EM ( SOCIETY' ! S\RCE ( SOCIAL MALADIES4 ,:]E POLITICAL P>TIES EXI/1 EA* P>TY SEES ! ROOT ( EV]Y EVIL 9 ! FACT ?AT 9/EAD ( ITSELF AN OPPOS+ P>TY /&S AT ! HELM ( ! /ATE4 ,EV5 RADICAL & REVOLUTION>Y POLITICIANS SEEK ! ROOT ( ! EVIL NOT 9 ! ESS5TIAL NATURE ( ! /ATE BUT 9 A DEF NI<T /ATE =M1 :I* !Y WI% TO REPLACE ) A DIFF]5T /ATE =M4 

0,FROM ! POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! /ATE & ! SY/EM ( SOCIETY >E NOT TWO DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,! /ATE IS ! SY/EM ( SOCIETY4 ,9S(> AS ! /ATE ADMITS ! EXI/5CE O F SOCIAL DEFECTS1 IT SEES !IR CAUSE EI!R 9 ! LAWS ( NATURE1 :I* NO HUMAN P[] CAN COMM&1 OR 9 PRIVATE LIFE :I* DOES NOT DEP5D ON ! /ATE1 OR 9 ! 9EXP$I5T ACTIVITY ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 :I* DOES NOT DEP5D ON IT4 ,?US ,5GL& SEES ! CAUSE ( POV]TY 9 ! LAW ( NATURE BY :I* ! POPULATION MU/ ALWAYS BE 9 EXCESS ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,5GL& EXPLA9S PAUP]ISM AS DUE TO ! BAD WILL ( ! POOR1 JU/ AS ! ,K+ ( ,PRUSSIA EXPLA9S IT BY ! UN*RI/IAN FEEL+S ( ! RI*1 & JU/ AS ! CONV5TION EXPLA9$ IT BY ! SUSPECT C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y M5TALITY ( ! PROP]TY [N]S4 ,!RE=E ,5GL& PUNI%ES ! POOR1 ! ,K+ ( ,PRUSSIAN ADMONI%ES ! RI*1 & ! CONV5TION CUTS (F ! HEADS ( ! PROP]TY [N]S4 

0,F9ALLY1 EV]Y /ATE SEEKS ! CAUSE 9 ACCID5TAL OR DELIB]ATE %ORTCOM+S ( ! ADM9I/RATION1 & !RE=E IT SEEKS ! REM$Y ( ITS ILLS 9 MEASURES ( ! ADM9I/RATION4 ,:Y8 ,PRECISELY BECAUSE ADM9I/RATION IS ! ORGANIZ+ ACTIVITY ( ! /ATE4 

,ON #b ,JULY #a#h#g1 ,K>L ,M>X WROTE TO ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS3 0,! ,FR5* NE$ A ?RA%+4 ,IF ! ,PRUSSIANS >E VICTORI\S ! C5TRALIZATION ( /ATE P[] WILL BE HELPFUL = ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS2 FUR!RMORE1 ,G]MAN PR$OM9ANCE WILL %IFT ! C5T] ( GRAVITY ( ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5TS FROM ,FRANCE TO ,G]MANY4 ,& ONE HAS BUT TO COMP>E ! MOVEM5T FROM #ahff TO TODAY TO SEE ?AT ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS IS 9 !ORY & ORGANIZATION SUP]IOR TO ! ,FR5*4 ,ITS DOM9ATION OV] ! ,FR5* ON ! WORLD /AGE W\LD MEAN LIKEWISE ! DOM9ANCE ( \R !ORY OV] ?AT ( ,PR\DHON1 ETC40 

,M>X WAS RI<T3 ,G]MANY'S VICTORY OV] ,FRANCE MEANT A NEW C\RSE = ! HI/ORY ( ! ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y & LIB]AL SOCIALISM ( ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES WAS CA/ ASIDE LEAV+ ! /AGE TO ! /ATI/1 ANTIAN>*I/ !ORIES ( M>XISM4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ?AT LIVELY1 CREATIVE SOCIALISM WAS DISRUPT$ BY A NEW IRON DOGMATISM :I* CLAIM$ FULL KN[L$GE ( SOCIAL REALITY1 :5 IT WAS SC>CELY MORE ?AN A HOT*POT* ( !OLOGICAL PHRASEOLOGY & FATALI/IC SOPHISMS & TURN$ \T TO BE ! TOMB ( ALL G5U9ELY SOCIALI/ ?\<T4 

,ALONG ) ! IDEAS1 ! ME?ODS ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T *ANG$ TOO4 ,9/EAD ( REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS = PROPAG&A & = ! ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC /RUGGLES1 9 :I* ! 9T]NATIONALI/S SAW ! EMBRYO ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY & ORGANS SUIT$ TO ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 CAME ! ]A ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES & P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE ! OLD SOCIALI/ $UCATION :I* WAS LEAD+ ! WORK]S TO ! CONQUE/ ( ! L& & ! WORK%OPS WAS =GOTT51 REPLAC$ ) A NEW P>TY DISCIPL9E :I* LOOK$ ON ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] AS ITS HI<E/ IDEAL4 

,M>X'S GREAT OPPON5T1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 CLE>LY SAW ! %IFT 9 ! POSITION & ) A HEAVY HE>T PR$ICT$ ?AT A NEW *APT] 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE WAS BEG9N+ ) ! ,G]MAN VICTORY & ! FALL ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,PHYSICALLY EXHAU/$ & />+ DEA? 9 ! FACE HE P5N$ !SE IMPORTANT L9ES TO ,OG>EV ON #aa ,NOVEMB] #a#h#g#d3 

0,BISM>SKISM1 :I* IS MILIT>ISM1 POLICE RULE & A F9ANCE MONOPOLY FUZ$ 9TO ONE SY/EM UND] ! NAME ( ! ,NEW ,/ATE1 IS CONQU]+ EV]Y:]E4 ,BUT 9 MAYBE T5 OR FIFTE5 YE>S ! UN/ABLE EVOLUTION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES WILL ONCE AGA9 %$ LI<T ON ! PA?S ( VICTORY4 0 ,ON ?IS OCCASION1 ,BAKUN9 WAS MI/AK51 FAIL+ TO CALCULATE ?AT IT W\LD TAKE A HALFC5TURY UNTIL ,BISM>CKISM WAS TOPPL$ AMID A T]RIBLE WORLD CATACLYSM4 

,JU/ AS ,G]MAN VICTORY 9 #ahga & ! FALL ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE W]E ! SIGNALS = ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL1 SO ! ,GREAT ,W> ( #aiad WAS ! EXPOSURE ( ! BANKRUPTCY ( POLITICAL SOCIALISM4 

,& !N SOME?+ ODD & SOMETIMES TRULY GROTESQUE HAPP5$1 :I* CAN ONLY BE EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ( COMPLETE IGNORANCE ( ! OLD SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,BOL%EVIKS 9DEP5D5TS1 COMMUNI/S & SO ON1 5DLESSLY *>G$ ! HEIRS ( ! OLD SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ) A %AMEFUL ADULT]ATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( M>XISM4 ,!Y ACCUS$ !M ( HAV+ BOGG$ ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T D[N 9 ! QUAGMIRE ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>ISM1 HAV+ MIS9T]PRET$ ! ATTITUDES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS TO ! ,/ATE1 ETC41 ETC4 ,NIKOLAI ,L591 ! SPIRITUAL LEAD] ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 TRI$ TO GIVE HIS *>GES A SOLID BASIS 9 HIS FAM\S BOOK ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION :I* IS1 ACCORD+ TO HIS DISCIPLES1 A G5U9E & PURE 9T]PRETATION ( M>XISM4 ,BY MEANS ( A P]FECTLY ORD]$ SELECTION ( QUOTATIONS ,L59 CLAIMS TO %[ ?AT 0! F\ND]S ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 W]E AT ALL TIMES DECL>$ 5EMIES ( DEMOCRACY & ! P>LIAM5T>Y MORASS & ?AT ! T>GET ( ALL !IR EF=TS WAS ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! /ATE4 

,ONE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ,L59 DISCOV]$ ?IS ONLY REC5TLY :5 HIS P>TY1 AGA9/ ALL EXPECTATIONS1 F\ND ITSELF 9 ! M9ORITY AFT] ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,UP TO !N ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 JU/ LIKE ! O!R P>TIES1 HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 ELECTIONS & HAD BE5 C>EFUL NOT TO CONFLICT ) ! PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y TOOK P>T 9 ! LA/ ELECTIONS = ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY ( #a#i#a#g1 ) A GR&IOSE PROGRAM1 HOP+ TO W9 AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY4 ,BUT :5 !Y F\ND ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ALL ?AT1 !Y W]E LEFT 9 A M9ORITY !Y DECL>$ W> ON DEMOCRACY & DISSOLV$ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 ) ,L59 ISSU+ ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION AS A P]SONAL SELF-JU/IFICATION4 

,I,V 

,TO BE SURE1 ,L59'S TASK WAS NO EASY ONE3 ON ! ONE H&1 HE WAS =C$ TO MAKE D>+ CONCESSIONS TO ! ANTI/ATI/ T5D5CIES ( ! AN>*I/S1 :ILE ON ! O!R H& HE HAD TO %[ ?AT HIS ATTITUDE WAS BY NO MEANS AN>*I/1 BUT PURELY M>XI/4 ,AS AN 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS1 HIS WORK IS FULL ( MI/AKES AGA9/ ALL ! LOGIC ( S\ND HUMAN ?\<T4 ,ONE EXAMPLE WILL %[ ?IS TO BE SO 9 HIS DESIRE TO EMPHASIZE1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 A SUPPOS$ ANTI/ATE T5D5CY 9 ,M>X1 ,L59 QUOTES ! FAM\S PASSAGE FROM ,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE :]E ,M>X GIVES HIS APPROVAL TO ! ,COMMUNE = HAV+ BEGUN TO UPROOT ! P>ASITIC /ATE4 ,BUT ,L59 DID NOT BO!R TO REMEMB] ?AT ,M>X 9 SO SAY+ IT WAS 9 OP5 CONFLICT ) ALL HE HAD SAID E>LI] WAS BE+ =C$ TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ,BAKUN9'S SUPPORT]S AGA9/ :OM HE WAS !N 5GAG$ 9 A V]Y BITT] /RUGGLE4 

,EV5 ,FRANZ ,MEHR+ :O CANNOT BE SUSPECT$ ( SYMPA?Y ) ! MAJORITY SOCIALI/S WAS =C$ TO GRANT ?AT ?IS WAS A CONCESSION 9 HIS LA/ BOOK1 ,K>L ,M>X1 :]E HE SAYS3 0,H[EV] TRU?FUL ALL ! DETAILS 9 ?IS WORK MAY BE1 IT IS BEYOND QUE/ION ?AT ! ?9K+ IT CONTA9S CONTRADICTS ALL ! OP9IONS ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD BE5 PROCLAIM+ S9CE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O A QU>T] C5TURY E>LI]40 

,BAKUN9 WAS RI<T :5 HE SAID AT ! TIME3 0,! PICTURE ( A ,COMMUNE 9 >M$ 9SURRECTION WAS SO IMPOS+ ?AT EV5 ! M>XI/S1 :OSE IDEAS ! ,P>IS REVOLUTION HAD UTT]LY UPSET1 HAD TO B[ BE=E ! ACTIONS ( ! ,COMMUNE4 ,!Y W5T FUR!R ?AN ?AT2 9 DEFIANCE ( ALL LOGIC & !IR KN[N CONVICTIONS !Y HAD TO ASSOCIATE !MSELVES ) ! ,COMMUNE & ID5TIFY ) ITS PR9CIPLES & ASPIRATIONS4 ,IT WAS A COMIC C>NIVAL GAME1 BUT A NECESS>Y ONE4 ,= SU* WAS ! 5?USIASM AWAK5$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 REJECT$ & REPUDIAT$ EV]Y:]E HAD !Y TRI$ TO RETREAT 9TO ! IVORY T[] ( !IR DOGMA40 

,V 

,L59 =GOT SOME?+ ELSE1 SOME?+ ?AT IS C]TA9LY ( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE 9 ! MATT]4 ,IT IS ?IS3 ?AT IT WAS PRECISELY ,M>X & ,5GELS :O TRI$ TO =CE ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! OLD ,9T]NATIONAL TO GO 9 = P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY1 !REBY MAK+ !MSELVES DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE = ! :OLESALE BOGG+ D[N ( ! SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T 9 B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO BR+ ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S ( EV]Y C\NTRY TOGE!R 9TO ONE BIG UNION1 ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( :I* W\LD BE ! ECONOMIC LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,) ! V>I\S SECTIONS DIFF]+ 9 !IR ?9K+ & TACTICS1 IT WAS IMP]ATIVE TO LAY D[N ! CONDITIONS = !IR WORK+ TOGE!R & RECOGNIZE ! FULL AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5T AU?ORITY ( EA* ( ! V>I\S SECTIONS4 ,:ILE ?IS WAS DONE ! ,9T]NATIONAL GREW P[]FULLY & FL\RI%$ 9 EV]Y C\NTRY4 ,BUT ?IS ALL *ANG$ COMPLETELY ! MOM5T ,M>X & ,5GELS BEGAN TO PU% ! DIFF]5T NATIONAL F$]ATIONS T[>DS P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY2 ?AT HAPP5$ = ! FIR/ TIME AT ! LAM5TABLE ,LONDON CONF]5CE ( #a#h#g#a1 :]E !Y WON APPROVAL = A RESOLUTION ?AT CLOS$ 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS3 

0,CONSID]+1 ?AT AGA9/ ?IS COLLECTIVE P[] ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES ! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT ACT1 AS A CLASS1 EXCEPT BY CON/ITUT+ ITSELF 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY1 DI/9CT FROM1 & OPPOS$ TO1 ALL OLD P>TIES =M$ BY ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES2 ?AT ?IS CON/ITUTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO A POLITICAL P>TY IS 9DISP5SABLE 9 ORD] TO ASSURE ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION & ITS ULTIMATE 5D ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES2 ?AT ! COMB9ATION ( =CES :I* ! WORK+ CLASS HAS ALREADY EFFECT$ BY ITS ECONOMICAL /RUGGLES \<T AT ! SAME TIME TO S]VE AS A LEV] = ITS /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! POLITICAL P[] ( L&LORDS & CAPITALI/S ! ,CONF]5CE RECALLS TO ! MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL3 ?AT 9 ! MILITANT /ATE ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ITS ECONOMICAL MOVEM5T & ITS POLITICAL ACTION >E 9DISSOLUBLY UNIT$40 

,?AT A S+LE SECTION OR F$]ATION 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL %\LD ADOPT SU* A RESOLUTION WAS QUITE POSSIBLE1 = IT W\LD ONLY BE 9CUMB5T ON ITS MEMB]S TO ACT UPON IT2 BUT ?AT ! ,EXECUTIVE ,C\NCIL %\LD IMPOSE IT ON MEMB] GR\PS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ESPECIALLY AN ISSUE ?AT WAS NOT SUBMITT$ TO A ,G5]AL ,CONGRESS1 WAS AN >BITR>Y ACT 9 OP5 CONTRAV5TION ( ! SPIRIT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL & NECESS>ILY HAD TO BR+ 5]GETIC PROTE/S FROM ALL ! 9DIVIDUALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y ELEM5TS4 

,! %AMEFUL CONGRESS AT ,! ,HAGUE 9 #ahgb CR[N$ ! LABORS UND]TAK5 BY ,M>X & ,5GELS BY TURN+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9TO AN ELECTORAL MA*9E1 9CLUD+ A CLAUSE TO ! EFFECT ( OBLIG+ ! V>I\S SECTIONS TO FI<T = ! SEIZURE ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,SO ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E GUILTY ( SPLITT+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ) ALL ITS NOXI\S CONSEQU5CES = ! LABOR MOVEM5T & IT WAS !Y :O BR\<T AB\T ! /AGNATION & DEG5]ATION ( ,SOCIALISM ?R\< POLITICAL ACTION4 

,V,I 

,:5 REVOLUTION BROKE \T 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#h#g#c1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ALMO/ ALL ( !M AN>*I/S IGNOR$ ! PETITIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES & FOLL[$ !IR [N C\RSE T[>DS ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! L&1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 A SPIRIT ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,G5]AL /RIKES & REBELLIONS BROKE \T 9 ,ALCOY1 ,SAN ,LUC> DE ,B>RAM$A1 ,SEVILLE1 ,C>TAG5A & ELSE:]E1 :I* HAD TO BE /IFL$ ) BLOOD%$4 ,! PORT ( ,C>TAG5A HELD \T LONG]1 REMA9+ 9 ! H&S ( REVOLUTION>IES UNTIL IT F9ALLY FELL UND] ! FIRE ( ,PRUSSIAN & ,5GLI% W>%IPS4 ,AT ! TIME1 ,5GELS LAUN*$ A H>% ATTACK ON ! ,SPANI% ,BAKUN9I/S 9 ! ,VOLKS/AAT1 TAK+ !M TO TASK = !IR UNWILL+NESS TO JO9 =CES ) ! ,REPUBLICANS4 ,HAD HE LIV$ LONG 5\<1 H[ ,5GELS W\LD HAVE CRITICIZ$ HIS COMMUNI/ DISCIPLES FROM ,RUSSIA & ,G]MANY6 

,AFT] ! CELEBRAT$ #ahia ,CONGRESS :5 ! LEAD]S ( ! SOCALL$ 0,Y\?0 W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 = LEVEL+ ! SAME *>GES AS ,L59 WAS TO DO1 AGA9/ 0OPPORTUNI/S0 & 0KAUTSKYI/S10 !Y F\ND$ A SEP>ATE P>TY ) ITS [N PAP]1 ,D] ,SOZIALI/1 9 ,B]L94 ,9ITIALLY1 ! MOVEM5T WAS EXTREMELY DOGMATIC & ITS ?9K+ WAS ALMO/ ID5TICAL TO ! ?9K+ ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY ( TODAY4 ,IF1 = 9/ANCE1 ONE READS ,TEI/L]'S BOOK ,P>LIAM5T>ISM & ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS1 ONE COMES ACROSS ! SAME IDEAS AS 9 ,L59'S ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,LIKE ! ,RUSSIAN BOL%EVIKS & ! MEMB]S ( ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ! 9DEP5D5T SOCIALI/S ( ?AT TIME REPUDIAT$ ! PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRACY1 & REFUS$ TO TAKE ANY P>T 9 B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS ON ! BASIS ( ! RE=MI/ PR9CIPLES ( M>XISM4 

,SO :AT HAD ,5GELS TO SAY ( !SE 0,Y\?0 :O1 LIKE ! COMMUNI/S1 DELI<T$ 9 ACCUS+ ! LEAD]S ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT ,P>TY ( BETRAY+ M>XISM8 ,9 A LETT] TO ,SORGE 9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#i#a1 ! AG$ ,5GELS PASS$ ! FOLL[+ K9DLY COMM5TS3 0,! NAUSEAT+ ,B]L9]S HAVE BECOME ! ACCUS$ 9/EAD ( /AY+ ! ACCUS]S & HAV+ BEHAV$ LIKE MIS]ABLE C[>DS W]E =C$ TO WORK \TSIDE ! P>TY IF !Y WANT TO DO ANY?+4 ,)\T D\BT !RE >E POLICE /IES & CRYPTOAN>*I/S AMONG !IR NUMB] :O WANT TO WORK AMONG \R PEOPLE4 ,ALONG ) !M1 !RE >E A NUMB] ( DULL>DS1 DELUD$ /UD5TS & AN ASSORTM5T ( 9SOL5T M\NTEBANKS4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 SOME TWO HUNDR$ PEOPLE40 ,IT W\LD BE REALLY 9T]E/+ TO KN[ :AT FOND DESCRIPTIONS ,5GELS W\LD HAVE HONOR$ \R 0COMMUNI/S0 ( TODAY )1 !Y :O CLAIM TO BE 0! GU>DIANS ( M>XI/ PR9CIPLES40 

,V,I,I 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO *>ACT]IZE ! ME?ODS ( ! OLD SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,ON ?AT ISSUE ,L59 HAS NOT ONE WORD TO SAY & HIS ,G]MAN FRI5DS HAVE EV5 LESS4 ,! MAJORITY SOCIALI/S \<T TO REMEMB] ?IS TELL+ DETAIL TO %[ ?AT !Y >E ! REAL REPRES5TATIVES ( M>XISM2 ANYONE ) A KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY WILL AGREE ) !M4 ,IT WAS M>XISM ?AT IMPOS$ P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION ON ! WORK+ CLASS & M>K$ \T ! PA? FOLL[$ BY ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 ,ONLY :5 ?IS IS UND]/OOD WILL ONE REALIZE ?AT ! PA? ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION BR+S US TO ! HAPPY L& ( ,AN>*ISM DESPITE ! OPPOSITION ( ,M>XISM4 

.<#a.> ,W4 ,T*]KES(F3 ,PAGES D',HI/OIRE SOCIALI/E2 LES PRECURSEURS DE L'LNT]NATIONALE4 

.<#b.> ,! >TICLE1 5TITL$ 0,IL ,MANIFE/O DELLA ,DEMOCRAZIA10 WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,AVANTI6 7,YE> #f2 NUMB] #a#i#a1 ( #a#i#b74 

.<#c.> ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 NUMB] #b#h#i1 #af ,OCTOB] #a#h#d#b4 

.<#d.> ,M>X3 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 =EWORD4 

.<#e.> ,BRAY3 ,LABOR'S ,WRONSZS & ,LABOR'S ,REM$Y1 ,LE$S1 #a#h#c#i4 

.<#f.> ,M>X & ,5GELS3 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 PAGE #b#a4 

.<#g.> ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG1 #g ,JANU>Y #a#h#d#c4 

.<#h.> ,B4 ,BAU] WAS ONE ( ! MO/ ASSIDU\S MEMB]S ( ! ,B]L9 CIRCLE 0,! ,FREE10 :]E \T/&+ FIGURES FROM ! WORLD ( ,G]MAN FREE?\<T 7( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY7 C\LD BE SE52 FIGURES LIKE ,FEU]BA*1 AU?OR ( ,! ,ESS5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY1 A PR(\NDLY A!I/ WORK1 OR ,MAX ,/IRN]1 AU?OR ( ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N4 ,! AU?ORIT>IAN ?\<T ( ,K>L ,M>X WAS FAT$ TO CLA% ) ! FREE ?9K+ ( ,B4 ,BAU] & HIS FRI5DS1 AMONG :OM WE MU/ NOT =GET ,E4 ,BAU]4 :OSE BOOK ,D] ,KRITIK MIT ,KIR*E UND ,/AAT .<,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE.> WAS COMPLETELY CONFISCAT$ BY ! AU?ORITIES & BURN$ 7FIR/ $ITION1 #a#h#d#c74 ,! SECOND PR9T+ 7,B]NE1 #a#h#d#d7 HAD BETT] LUCK4 ,BUT NOT ! AU?OR1 :O WAS S5T5C$ & IMPRISON$ = HIS ANTI/ATE1 ANTI*UR* IDEAS4 7,$ITOR'S ,NOTE47 

.<#i.> ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY1 AN ,5GLI% ECONOMI/ ( ! DAY :OSE COMPLETE WORKS ,MAX ,/IRN] TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,G]MAN4 ,K>L ,M>X'S PHOBIA = ,FR5* AN>*I/ ?\<T 7AS WE KN[1 HIS ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY IS A CONT9U\S CRITICISM ( ,PR\DHON'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,POV]TY7 OR = ,G]MAN FREE?\<T 7HIS MASSIVE BOOK ,DOCUM5TS ( ,SOCIALISM IS A VA91 LAU<ABLE ATTEMPT TO MAKE LITTLE ( & DISMISS ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N71 ALSO ROSE UP AGA9/ ?IS SOCIOLOGI/1 MU* DISCUSS$ AT ! TIME BY ANYONE CRITICAL ( ! /ATE & TRY+ TO ESCAPE ITS TYRANNY4 7,$ITOR'S ,NOTE47 

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