,! ,PRECURSORS ( ,AN>*ISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,EMILE ,>M& 

,TEXT 3 

,A,N,T,I,Q,U,I,T,Y 

  

,C]TA9LY1 IT IS NOT EASY TO KN[ EXACTLY1 & :AT DOCUM5TS C\LD TELL US8 - :5 ! GOV]NM5TAL OR /ATE AU?ORITY BEGAN4 ,NO FEW EXPLANATIONS HAVE BE5 GIV5 AS TO ! F\NDATION & E/ABLI%M5T ( AU?ORITY4 ,>E WE TO BELIEVE ?AT GR\PS ( M51 AS !Y BECAME MORE & MORE NUM]\S1 W]E COMPELL$ TO 5TRU/ ! ADM9I/RATION ( !IR AFFAIRS & ! SETTLEM5T ( !IR DISPUTES TO ! MORE 9TELLIG5T OR ! MORE FE>$3 ! SORC]]S OR ! PRIE/S8 ,OR ?AT ! PRIMITIVE GR\P+S1 %[+ !MSELVES 9 G5]AL MORE & MORE HO/ILE TO EA* O!R1 W]E OBLIG$ TO CONC5TRATE ! DEF5SE ( ! PLACE & ( ?+S 9 ! H&S ( ! BRAVE/ OR MO/ SKILL$ W>RIORS - OR WOM5 W>RIORS -8 ,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 EV]Y?+ T5DS TO %[ ?AT AU?ORITY IS PRIOR TO 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT AU?ORITY WAS E/ABLI%$ :5 GOODS1 ?+S &1 9 SOME CASES1 *ILDR5 & WOM51 W]E ALREADY ! PROP]TY ( ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,FATALLY1 ! REGIME ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY 7I4E41 ! POSSIBILITY = ONE MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY TO HO>D MORE L& ?AN HE NE$$ = HIS & HIS FAMILY'S SUBSI/5CE & TO EXPLOIT ! SURPLUS = O!RS7 ONLY COMPLICAT$1 P]FECT$ & MADE AU?ORITY1 :E!R !OCRATIC OR MILIT>Y1 MORE TYRANNICAL4 

,W]E !RE1 AT ?AT TIME1 BE+S :O REBELL$ AGA9/ ! AU?ORITY1 H[EV] RUDIM5T>Y1 ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 !IR PRIMITIVE GR\P+S8 ,W]E !RE OBJECTORS & DISOB$I5TS 9 ?OSE DI/ANT TIMES :5 METEOROLOGICAL PH5OM5A W]E ATTRIBUT$ TO D>K & SUP]IOR =CES1 N[ GOOD & N[ EVIL1 & :5 ! CREATION ( MAN WAS CONSID]$ ! WORK ( A SUP]IOR ORGANISM8 ,IF WE WANT TO BELIEVE 9 SOME ( ! MY?S ?AT HAVE BE5 H&$ D[N TO US1 WE MU/ CONV9CE \RSELVES ?AT MAN HAS NOT ALWAYS PASSIVELY ACCEPT$ TO BE A PLAY?+ 9 ! H&S ( DIV9ITY OR ! SLAVE ( ITS REPRES5TATIVES3 ! MY?S ( ,SATAN & ,PROME!US1 ( ! REBELLI\S ANGELS & ! ,TITANS1 >E PRO( ( ?IS4 ,EV5 LAT]1 :5 GOV]NM5TAL OR ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITY WAS FIRMLY E/ABLI%$1 !RE W]E MANIFE/ATIONS :I*1 AL?\< CONF9$ )9 A PEACEFUL FRAMEWORK1 NEV]!LESS %[$ ?AT !RE WAS A SPIRIT ( REBELLION 9 ! AIR4 ,AMONG !SE WE MAY CLASSIFY ! SATIRICAL SC5ES & COM$IES1 ! ,ROMAN SATURNAL FEA/S1 ! ,*RI/IAN C>NIVAL & V>I\S O!RS4 ,& NOT A FEW TALES CIRCULAT$ AMONG ! PEOPLE1 :O ALWAYS LI/5$ TO !M ) ALMO/ PU]ILE JOY1 & :OSE !ME WAS ALMO/ ALWAYS ! SAME3 ! VICTORY ( ! WEAK1 ! OPPRESS$ & ! POOR1 OV] ! TYRANT & ! RI*4 

,:5 WE COME TO ,GREEK ANTIQUITY1 ) ,GORGIAS HE D5I$ ALL DOGMAS2 ) ,PY?AGORAS HE MADE MAN ! MEASURE ( ALL ?+S2 ) ,>I/IPPUS HE GAVE LIFE TO ! H$ONI/IC S*OOL 7= :OM !RE IS NO O!R GOOD ?AN PLEASURE1 & IMM$IATE PLEASURE :]EV] IT >ISES73 ) ,ANTIS!NES1 ,DIOG5ES & ,CRATYLUS ( ,!BES HE CREAT$ ! ,CYNICS2 ) ,Z5O1 ,*RYSIPPUS & !IR SUCCESSORS HE BR\<T ! ,/OICS3 A GR\P ( EXTRAORD9>Y M5 :O CRITICIZ$ & D5I$ ! VALUES HI!RTO ACCEPT$ & RECOGNIZ$4 ,CONT9U+ !IR M>VEL\S ASC5T1 ! ,CYNICS1 FROM ! NEGATION ( ! VALUES ( ,HELL5IC CULTURE1 CAME TO ! NEGATION ( ITS 9/ITUTIONS3 M>RIAGE1 HOMEL&1 PROP]TY1 ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT BEH9D ! B>REL & LANT]N ( ,DIOG5ES1 !RE WAS MORE ?AN M]E MOCK]Y & WORDS ( WIT4 ,DIOG5ES PI]C$1 ) HIS BIT+ S>CASMS1 ! /RONGE/ & MO/ FE>$ AMONG ?OSE :O W]E ALREADY DISPUT+ ! SPOILS ( SPIRIT$ ,A!NS4 ,& ,PLATO1 SC&ALIZ$ BY ! MORE ?AN POPUL> =M ( HIS PREA*+1 HAD DUBB$ HIM @<@<A ,SOCRATES 9 DELIRIUM@>@>4 ,YET ! ,CYNICS1 BY EQUAT+ MANUAL LABOR ) 9TELLECTUAL LABOR1 BY D5\NC+ USELESS WORK1 BY DECL>+ !MSELVES CITIZ5S ( ! WORLD1 BY REG>D+ ! G5]ALS AS @<@<DONKEY DRIV]S1@>@> BY RIDICUL+ POPUL> SUP]/ITIONS D[N TO ! DEMON ( ,SOCRATES1 & BY R$UC+ ! PURPOSE ( LIFE TO ! EX]CISE & DEVELOPM5T ( ! MORAL P]SON1 C\LD WELL BE CONSID]$1 LIKE !IR TEA*]1 PHYSICIANS ( ! S\L1 H]ALDS ( FRE$OM & TRU?4 ,FROM ! SOCIAL PO9T ( VIEW !Y W]E ADVOCATES ( COMMUNITY1 & EXT5D$ ?IS PR9CIPLE NOT ONLY TO ?+S BUT TO P]SONS1 A CONCEPTION DE> TO MANY PHILOSOPH]S ( ANTIQUITY4 

,! ,CYNICS1 & ESPECIALLY ,DIOG5ES1 HAVE BE5 REPROA*$ = !IR PRIDE 9 !IR ISOLATION1 = POS+ AS MODELS1 & = EXAGG]AT+ A WAY ( LIFE ?AT WAS ! NEGATION ( ANY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,DIOG5ES HAD E>LI] REPLI$3 @<@<,I AM LIKE ! *OIRMA/]S1 :O =CE ! TONE TO LEAD !IR PUPILS4@>@> 

,! FIR/ TEA*+ ( ,Z5O - ! LEAD] ( ! ,/OICS - WAS V]Y SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! ,CYNICS4 ,9 HIS ,TREATISE ON ! ,REPUBLIC1 HE REJECT$ CU/OMS1 LAWS1 SCI5CES & >TS1 :ILE CLAIM+1 LIKE ,PLATO1 ! COMMUNITY ( GOODS4 ,! ESS5CE OR SUB/ANCE ( ! ,/OIC SY/EM IS ?IS3 ?AT ! GOOD ( MAN IS FRE$OM1 & ?AT FRE$OM IS ONLY GA9$ BY FRE$OM4 ,! WISE MAN1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,/OICS1 IS SYNONYM\S ) ! FREE MAN3 HE [ES HIS GOOD ONLY TO HIMSELF1 & HIS HAPP9ESS DEP5DS ONLY ON HIMSELF4 ,%ELT]$ FROM ! BL[S ( FATE1 9S5SIBLE TO EV]Y?+1 MA/] ( HIMSELF1 ) NO O!R NE$ ?AN HIMSELF1 HE F9DS 9 HIMSELF A S]5ITY1 A FRE$OM & A HAPP9ESS ?AT HAS NO LIMITS4 ,HE IS NO LONG] A SIMPLE MAN3 HE IS A GOD & MORE ?AN A GOD1 = ! HAPP9ESS ( ! GODS IS ! PRIVILEGE ( !IR NATURE1 :ILE ! HAPP9ESS ( ! WISE MAN IS ! CONQUE/ ( HIS [N FRE$OM4 ,Z5O LOGICALLY D5I$ ! OMNIPOT5CE1 PROTECTION & CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE2 = MAN MU/ S]VE EXCLUSIVELY HIMSELF1 & IT IS FROM 9DIVIDUAL H>MONY ?AT COLLECTIVE H>MONY MU/ >ISE4 ,H$ONISM1 ,CYNICISM & ,/OICISM >E OPPOS$ TO ! >TIFICIAL RI<T :I* MAKES ! 9DIVIDUAL AN 9/RUM5T 9 ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE1 ! NATURAL RI<T :I* GIVES ! 9DIVIDUAL ! RI<T TO DISPOSE ( HIMSELF AS HE WI%ES4 ,Z5O US$ ?IS !ORY1 AS ! ,CYNICS HAD ALREADY DONE1 TO COMBAT ! EXAGG]AT$ NATIONALISM ( ! ,GREEKS & TO ADMIT AN 9/9CT ( SOCIETY1 A NATURAL 9/9CT :I* IMPELS MAN TO ASSOCIATE ) O!R M54 ,UND\BT$LY1 ! ,CYNICS & ! ,/OICS CAN BE CONSID]$ ! FIR/ 9T]NATIONALI/S4 

,! ,M,I,D,D,L,E ,A,G,E 

  

,WE %ALL SEE H[ ?IS IDEA ( NATURAL LAW1 ( ! LAW ( NATURE1 ( NATURAL RELIGION1 WILL BE FOLL[$ & TAK5 UP BY V>I\S PHILOSOPH]S4 ,& WE WILL ALSO SEE H[ ! TRIUMPH ( ,*RI/IANITY WAS NOT AS COMPLETE AS ITS SUPPORT]S CLAIM$4 ,9 FACT1 !RE W]E NOT A FEW H]ETICS ( ! TIME :O ?\<T IT PRUD5T TO COV] !MSELVES ) ! MASK ( RELIGION 9 ORD] TO C>RY \T !IR PROPAG&A ) SOME SECURITY4 

,H]E IS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,GNO/IC ,C>POCRATES ( ,ALEX&RIA1 F\ND] ( ! ,C>POCRATIC SECT1 :OSE SON ,EPIPHANES COLLECT$ ! :OLE DOCTR9E 9 HIS WORK ,ON ,JU/ICE4 ,DIV9E JU/ICE = ?IS AU?OR IS F\ND 9 ! COMMUNITY & 9 ! EQUALITY ( ?IS COMMUNITY4 ,HE SAYS3 SIMIL> TO ! SUN ?AT IS NOT MEASUR$ TO ANYONE1 IT MU/ BE ! SAME = ALL O!R ?+S1 = ANY PLEASURE4 ,IF ,GOD HAS GIV5 US DESIRE1 IT IS SO ?AT WE & ALL O!R LIV+ BE+S CAN SATISFY IT COMPLETELY1 & NOT BECAUSE WE PUT LIMITS ON IT4 

,APP>5TLY1 ! ,C>POCRATIANS W]E EXT]M9AT$4 ,H[EV]1 /ILL >\ND ! #f? C5TURY1 9SCRIPTIONS 9DICAT+ ,C>POCRATIC T5D5CIES W]E F\ND BO? 9 ,CYR5AICA & ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 

,9 ANY CASE1 :E!R DE/ROY$ OR NOT1 ! ,C>POCRATIANS HAD SUCCESSORS4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ :E!R ! 9ITIATES ( ! SECTS ?AT EMBRAC$ !IR CONCEPTIONS OR ANALOG\S IDEAS1 HAD SUPPRESS$ )9 !IR GR\PS ALL =MS ( AU?ORITY3 :E!R !Y HAD NOT @<@<ORGANIZ$@>@> 9 ! PRES5T WAY4 ,:AT WE KN[ IS ?AT ! POLITICAL SY/EM !N 9 =CE F\ND 9 !M IRRECONCILABLE ADV]S>IES4 ,!Y =M$ 9T]NATIONAL SECRET SOCIETIES1 9T]RELAT$1 :OSE IT9]ANT MEMB]S W]E FRAT]NALLY WELCOM$ BY ! CORRESPOND+ ASSOCIATIONS4 ,!Y TAU<T CL&E/9ELY3 ! NUM]\S TRIALS ( ?OSE :O W]E DISCOV]$ & FELL VICTIM TO !IR PROPAG&A SUFFICI5TLY DEMON/RATE ?IS4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ALL TOO (T51 WE DO NOT KN[ !IR TRUE OP9IONS4 ,WE >E ONLY TOLD AB\T !IR CRIMES 787 & DEVIATIONS 7874 

,LET US M5TION O!RS4 ,9 #a#b#b1 ! SYNOD ( ,ORLEANS CONDEMN$ TO ! /AKE ELEV5 ,CA?>S 7,ALBIG5SIANS7 ACCUS$ ( HAV+ PRACTIC$ FREE LOVE4 ,9 #a#c1 AT ,MON=TE1 NE> ,TUR91 H]ETICS W]E ACCUS$ ( HAV+ DECL>$ !MSELVES AGA9/ RELIGI\S C]EMONIES & RITES1 M>RIAGE1 ! SLAU<T] ( ANIMALS & 9 FAVOR ( ! COMMUNITY ( GOODS4 ,9 #a#e#b1 9 ,GOSL>1 SEV]AL H]ETICS W]E BURN$ = HAV+ PRON\NC$ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! KILL+ ( ANY LIV+ BE+3 ?AT IS1 AGA9/ W>1 AGA9/ MURD] & AGA9/ ! KILL+ ( ANIMALS4 ,9 #a#b#a#c1 ! ,WALD5SES W]E BURN$ 9 ,/RASB\RG = PREA*+ FREE LOVE & COMMUNITY ( GOODS4 ,!Y W]E NOT M5 ( LETT]S OR S*OL>S1 AS WAS (T5 ! CASE AT ?AT TIME1 BUT SIMPLE CRAFTSM53 WEAV]S1 %OEMAK]S1 MASONS1 C>P5T]S1 ETC4 

,IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT MANY @<@<SECT>IANS@>@>1 BAS+ !MSELVES ON ! PASSAGE ( ,/4 ,PAUL'S EPI/LE TO ! ,GALATIANS - @<@<,IF Y\ >E L$ BY ! SPIRIT1 Y\ >E NO LONG] UND] ! LAW@>@> - PLAC$ ! HUMAN BE+1 ! P]SONALITY1 ABOVE ! LAW4 ,M5 & WOM5 %>$ IDEAS V]Y CLOSE TO ?OSE ( ! C>POCRATS1 :I* 9 PRACTICE L$ TO A K9D ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM3 !Y LIV$ AS BE/ !Y C\LD 9 MORE OR LESS CL&E/9E COLONIES1 UND] ! ?REAT ( IMPLACABLE REPRESSION IF !Y W]E DISCOV]$4 

,9 ! TWELF? C5TURY ,AMAURY OR ,AMALRIC DE ,B5E1 FROM ! >EA >\ND ,*>TRES1 PR(ESS$ !SE IDEAS AT ! ,SORBONNE4 ,HE HAD MORE 5]GETIC DISCIPLES ?AN HIMSELF1 AMONG !M ,ORTLIEB ( ,/RASB\RG1 :O MADE KN[N HIS AN>*O-PAN!I/IC DOCTR9E 9 ,G]MANY1 :]E !Y F\ND 5?USIA/IC & CONV9C$ SUPPORT]S ACT+ UND] ! NAME ( ,BRUD] UND ,S*WE/]N DES FREI5 ,GEI/ES 7,BRO!RS & ,SI/]S ( A ,FREE ,SPIRIT74 ,MAX ,BE]1 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ,SOCIALISM1 TREATS !SE @<@<BRO!RS@>@> AS 9DIVIDUALI/IC AN>*I/S1 :O HAD PLAC$ !MSELVES \TSIDE ( SOCIETY1 ITS LAWS1 ITS USAGES & CU/OMS1 & :OM SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ 9 RECIPROCITY F\<T M]CILESSLY4 

,& BESIDES1 H[ C\LD IT HAVE BE5 O!RWISE8 ,IT CAN BE IMAG9$ ?AT = ,AMALRIC DE ,B5E & HIS FOLL[]S1 ,GOD WAS AS MU* 9 ,JESUS AS 9 ! PAGAN ?9K]S & POETS2 HE SPOKE ?R\< ! M\? ( ,OVID AS ?R\< ?AT ( ,/4 ,AUGU/9E4 ,W]E SU* M5 WOR?Y ( LIV+8 

,AMONG ! DIFF]5T SPECIES ( KN[N H]ESIES1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE C]TA9 DI/9CTIONS4 ,WE MU/ DI/+UI%1 = EXAMPLE1 BETWE5 ,AMALEKIAN PAN!ISM-AN>*ISM - :OSE FOLL[]S CONSID]$ !MSELVES P>TICLES ( ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT1 REJECT+ ALL =MS ( ASCETICISM1 ALL MORAL CO]CION & PLAC+ !MSELVES1 SO TO SPEAK1 BEYOND GOOD & EVIL - & ! HEIRS ( ,MANI*EAN ,GNO/ICISM1 ) ! ,ALBIG5SIAN ASCETICS :OSE ASPIRATION T5D$ TO OV]COME MATT]4 ,( ! RE/1 DESPITE EF=TS1 IT IS NOT ALWAYS EASY TO MAKE AN EXACT DI/9CTION4 ,! ,CA?OLIC HI/ORIAN ,DOELL+]1 :O HAS /UDI$ ! HI/ORY ( ALL !SE SECTS 9 DEP?1 DOES NOT HESITATE TO AFFIRM ?AT IF !Y HAD WON - SPEAK+ ESPECIALLY ( ! ,WALD5SES & ! ,ALBIG5SES - @<@<!RE W\LD HAVE BE5 A G5]AL CONVULSION1 A COMPLETE RETURN TO B>B>ISM & PAGAN 9DISCIPL9E@>@>4 

,9 ! FIR/ PAN!I/-AN>*I/ GR\P WE WILL GA!R ! H]ESY ( ,TAN*EL9 ( ,ANTW]P1 ?AT ( ! ,KLOEF] ( ,FL&]S1 ?AT ( ! ,HOMMES DE L'L'LNTELLIG5CE1 ?AT ( ! ,TURLUP9S1 ?AT ( ! ,PIC>DL OR ,ADAMITES 7:O HAD AFFILIATES AS F> AS ,BOHEMIA71 ?AT ( ! ,LOI/1 ALSO ( ,ANTW]P4 ,EV]Y:]E M5 OR ASSOCIATIONS HAD >IS5 :O WANT$ TO REACT AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT SY/EM1 REPRES5T$ ESPECIALLY BY ,CA?OLICISM1 :OSE HI< DIGNIT>IES L$ A MO/ SC&AL\S EXI/5CE1 MA9TA9+ PRO/ITUTION1 EXPLOIT+ PLEASURE & GAMBL+ H\SES1 BE>+ >MS & FI<T+ AS PR(ESSIONAL W>RIORS4 

,9 CONCLUSION1 ,I WILL SAY ?AT ,I P]SONALLY FULLY %>E ,MAX ,NETTLAU'S OP9ION1 NAMELY1 ?AT 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 S\!RN ,FRANCE1 ! ,ALBIG5SIAN C\NTRIES1 A P>T ( ,G]MANY EXT5D+ AS F> AS ,BOHEMIA1 ! BORD]+ REGIONS ( ! ,L[] ,RH9E1 AS F> AS ,HOLL& & ,FL&]S1 AS WELL AS P>TS ( ,5GL&1 ,ITALY & ,CATALONIA1 CON/ITUT$ A BRE$+ GR\ND = SECTS FI<T+ AGA9/ M>RIAGE1 ! FAMILY & PROP]TY1 DRAW+ D[N UPON !M T]RIBLE REPRESSION4 

,& IT WAS NOT ONLY 9 ,EUROPE ?AT ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5TS DEVELOP$4 ,9 ,TS*AMTS*IANG'S ,HI/ORY ( ,>M5IA 7,V5ICE #a#g#i#e71 !RE IS M5TION ( A ,P]SIAN H]ETIC1 SU* A DE ,MDUSIK1 :O D5I$ @<@<ALL LAW & ALL AU?ORITY@>@>4 ,& 9 ! LIT]>Y SUPPLEM5T ( ! ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX 7,P>IS1 VOL4 ,I,I1 PP4 #e#e#f-#e#e#g7 !RE IS AN >TICLE 5TITL$ @<@<,AN AN>*IC PRECURSOR@>@>1 9 :I* ! ,TURKI% PHYSICIAN ,ABDULLAH ,DJEVDET PRES5TS A ,SYRIAN POET ( ! #a#e? C5TURY3 ,EBR-,ALA-EL ,MU>I4 

,! ,R,5,A,I,S,S,A,N,C,E 

  

,>RIV+ AT ! ,R5AISSANCE1 WE MU/ SURR5D] TO ! />KE/ EVID5CE3 ! ,CA?OLICS1 AID$ BY ! SECUL> /ATE1 SUCCE$$ 9 DE/ROY+ OR R$UC+ TO IMPOT5CE ! PAN!I/IC-AN>*I/ H]ETICS4 ,EV5 ! ,PROTE/ANTS W]E NOT MU* MORE T5D] ) ! ,ANABAPTI/S3 A K9D ( AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNI/S REF]R+ BACK TO ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T4 ,JOHN ( ,LEID5'S DICTATOR%IP 9 ,MUN/] PASS$ LIKE A ?UND]BOLT4 ,! OLD WORLD WAS =C$ TO B[ ITS HEAD UND] ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! ,/ATE1 N[ MORE /RONGLY S]V$ & C5TRALIZ$ ?AN 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

,?AT IS :Y ! DISCOV]Y ( ,AM]ICA 9FLAMES ! SPIRIT ( ?9K]S & ORIG9AL BE+S1 :OSE M5TALITY HAS NOT BE5 COMPLETELY CRU%$ BY ! MILL ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!RE IS TALK ( HAPPY ISL&S1 ( ,ELDORADOS1 ( ,>CADIE4 ,SEBA/IAN ,MUN/] DESCRIB$1 9 HIS ,KOSMOGRAPHEY 7#a#e#d#d71 ! LIFE ( ! NEW ISL&S3 @<@<:]E ONE LIVES FREE ( ALL AU?ORITY1 :]E NEI!R GOOD NOR EVIL IS KN[N1 :]E WRONGDO]S >E NOT PUNI%$ & :]E P>5TS DO NOT DOM9ATE !IR *ILDR54 ,NO LAW3 ABSOLUTE FRE$OM ( SEXUAL RELATIONS4 ,NO TRACE ( A ,GOD1 NO BAPTISM1 NO CULT@>@>4 

,IT IS PROBABLE1 H[EV]1 ?AT HIS ASPIRATIONS T[>DS FRE$OM W]E BUT A D]IVATION ( ! EM]G5CE ( ,FREEMASONRY & ! V>I\S ORD]S ( ! ILLUM9ATI4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ BRILLIANT G5IUSES ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 ,FRANCOIS ,RABELAIS1 ) ! CREATION ( ! ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME 7,G>GANTUA7 CAN ALSO BE CONSID]$ AS A PRECURSOR ( AN>*ISM4 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS CALL$ HIM @<@<\R GREAT ANCE/OR@>@>4 ,IT IS TRUE2 9 DESCRIB+ HIS 5VIRONM5T ( FRE$OM1 HE TOOK LITTLE ACC\NT ( ! ECONOMIC FACTOR1 BUT IT IS NOT AT ALL IMPROBABLE ?AT HE WAS MU* MORE ATTA*$ TO HIS C5TURY ?AN HE HIMSELF D\BT$4 ,YET HE HAS PA9T$ = US HIS REF9$ MANSION 9 ! SAME SPIRIT ) :I* ,?OMAS ,MORE PA9T$ IDEALIZ$ ,5GL& 9 HIS ,UTOPIA1 & ) :I* ,CAMPANELLA PA9T$ HIS !OCRATIC ,ITALIAN REPUBLIC 9 ! ,CITY ( ! ,SUN4 ,OR H[ ! AU?OR ( ,ROYAUME D',ANTANGIL 7! FIR/ ,FR5* ,UTOPIA1 #a#e#a#f7 DEPICT$ HIS ,PROTE/ANT CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,?IS DID NOT PREV5T ,RABELAIS FROM DESCRIB+ ! LIFE ( ! ABBEY FREE FROM ANY =M ( AU?ORITY4 

,IT WILL BE RECALL$ ?AT ,G>GANTUA DID NOT WANT @<@<WALLS >\ND@>@>4 @<@<,LOOK1@>@> APPROV$ ! MONK1 @<@<& NOT )\T REASON3 = :]E !RE >E WALLS 9 FRONT & BEH9D1 !RE >E NECESS>ILY MURMUR+S1 5VY & SIL5T CONSPIRACIES4 ,! TWO SEXES1 LIV+ SIDE BY SIDE1 DID NOT LOOK SIDELONG AT EA* O!R4444@>@> @<@<,SU* WAS ! SYMPA?Y BETWE5 M5 & WOM51 ?AT EV]Y DAY !Y DRESS$ ALIKE4@>@> @<@<,!IR SY/EM ( LIFE WAS SUBJECT NEI!R TO LAWS1 NOR /ATUTES1 NOR RULES3 IT WAS GUID$ ONLY BY !IR [N WILL & FREE WILL4@>@> ,!Y GOT UP :5 !Y FELT LIKE IT2 !Y DRANK1 ATE1 WORK$ & SLEPT :5 !Y FELT LIKE IT4 ,NO ONE WOKE !M UP1 NO ONE =C$ !M TO DR9K OR EAT OR DO ANY?+4 ,SO HAD ,G>GANTUA DECRE$4 ,HIS RULE CONSI/$ 9 ! CLAUSE ,DO :AT ?\ WILT1 = FREE PEOPLE1 WELL BORN1 WELL $UCAT$1 CONV]S+ 9 HONE/ COMPANY1 HAVE BY NATURE AN 9/9CT & AN 9C5TIVE :I* IMPELS !M ALWAYS TO VIRTU\S ACTIONS1 F> FROM VICE1 :I* !Y CALL HONOR4 ,= ?OSE :O1 BY VILE COMPULSION OR 9TIMIDATION1 FALL 9TO A /ATE ( COMPLETE DEPRESSION & SUBJECTION1 AB&ON ! NOBLE IDEA ( FREE+ !MSELVES FROM ! YOKE ( S]VITUDE TO :I* !Y T5D$ BY NATURAL VIRTUE2 = BY NATURE WE ALWAYS T5D TO UND]TAKE =BIDD5 ?+S1 & TO ASPIRE TO :AT WE >E D5I$4444 ,?IS GREAT LIB]TY CREAT$ 9 !M ! LAUDABLE EMULATION ( DO+ :ATEV] WAS AGREEABLE TO ONE4 ,?US1 IF SOMEONE SAID3 'LET US DR9K'1 EV]YBODY DRANK2 IF HE SAID3 'LET US PLAY'1 EV]YBODY PLAY$2 IF HE SAID3 'LET US GO & HAVE FUN 9 ! C\NTRY'1 EV]YBODY W5T !RE@>@>4 

,RABELAIS1 AS WE SEE1 IS NATURALLY QUITE UTOPIAN4 

,ANO!R PRECURSOR - & A FAM\S ONE AT ?AT - IS1 )\T FE> ( CONTRADICTION1 ,LA ,BOETIE4 ,ETI5NE DE ,LA ,BOETIE1 9 HIS MAJOR WORK1 ,CONTR'UNO OR ,( ,VOLUNT>Y ,S]VITUDE 7#a#e#g#g7 BASES ! C5TRAL IDEA ON ! REFUSAL TO OPPOSE ! S]VICE ( ! TYRANT1 :OSE P[] F9DS ITS S\RCE 9 ! VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE ( M54 @<@<,! FIRE ?AT >ISES FROM A SMALL SP>K GR[S /RONG] & SPREADS BURN+ ALL ! WOOD IT F9DS & REA*ES4 ,)\T WAT] BE+ P\R$ ON IT TO EXT+UI% IT1 IT IS 5\< IF NO MORE WOOD IS ?R[N ON IT1 = HAV+ NO?+ MORE TO BURN IT CONSUMES ITSELF1 BECOMES =MLESS & IS NO LONG] FIRE4 ,IT IS ! SAME ) TYRANTS3 ! MORE !Y PLUND]1 ! MORE !Y DEM&1 ! MORE !Y RU9 & DE/ROY1 ! MORE !Y >E GIV5 ! MORE !Y >E S]V$1 & ! MORE !Y >E /R5G!N$ ! MORE !Y CAN IMPOSE !MSELVES & DE/ROY EV]Y?+4 ,N[1 IF WE GIVE !M NO?+1 IF WE NO LONG] OBEY !M & IF WE NO LONG] FI<T = !M1 !Y REMA9 NAK$ & UNDONE1 R$UC+ !MSELVES TO NO?+NESS1 LIKE ! ROOT :I*1 HAV+ NO MORE SAP & N\RI%M5T1 BECOMES A DRY & DEAD BRAN*4444 ,RESOLVE NOT TO S]VE & Y\ WILL BE FREE4@>@> 

,LA ,BOETIE DOES NOT =ESEE ANY DEF9ITE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,H[EV]1 HE SPEAKS ( NATURE HAV+ MADE M5 9 ! SAME WAY &1 ONE W\LD SAY1 9 ! SAME WAY @<@<%E HAS NOT S5T ! /RONGE/ & ! MO/ CUNN+ AS BRIG&S444@>@>1 TO MI/REAT @<@<! WEAKE/3 RA!R IT IS TO BE BELIEV$ ?AT1 MAK+ ( SOME ! L>G] P>TS & ( O!RS ! SMALL]1 %E HAS WI%$ TO MAKE ROOM = A FRAT]NAL AFFECTION1 GIV+ ?IS ! OPPORTUNITY TO MANIFE/ ITSELF1 SOME HAV+ MORE OPPORTUNITY TO (F] HELP & O!RS TO RECEIVE IT444@>@>4 @<@<,IF1 !N1 ?IS GOOD MO!R HAS GIV5 TO ALL A FIGURE MORE OR LESS SIMIL>2 IF %E HAS GRANT$ TO ALL1 )\T ANY DI/9CTION1 ?IS GREAT GIFT ( ! VOICE & ( ! WORD TO ALL[ US TO RELATE MORE FRAT]NALLY1 & SO ?AT BY HABIT & ! MUTUAL EX*ANGE ( \R ?\<TS WE MAKE COMMUNION ( \R WILLS2 ,IF HE HAS 5DEAVOR$ BY EV]Y MEANS TO MAKE ! KNOTS ( \R COMMON COV5ANT 9 SOCIETY TI<T] & TI<T]2 IF HE HAS %[N 9 EV]Y?+ ?AT HE WI%ES TO MAKE US ALL UNIT$ & ALL EQUAL AT ! SAME TIME2 IF ?IS IS SO1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT WE >E NOT ALL COMPANIONS1 & NO ONE CAN ?9K ?AT NATURE HAS PLAC$ ANYONE 9 S]VITUDE1 S9CE %E HAS PLAC$ US ALL 9 COMPANY4@>@> 

,AS WE SEE1 FROM ?IS WE CAN EXTRACT A :OLE SOCIAL SY/EM4 

,M,O,D,],N ,T,I,M,E,S 

  

,! MON>*Y WAS BECOM+ MORE & MORE ABSOLUTE4 ,L\IS ,X,I,V HAD R$UC$ HALF ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA TO ! /ATE ( BEGG>Y1 =C+ ! O!R HALF TO RESORT TO ,DUT* PR9T]S4 ,9 ,LES S\PIRS DE LA ,FRANCE ESCLAVE QUI ASPIRE A LA LIB]TE 7#a#f#h#i-#a#f#i7 & 9 O!R WORKS ( ! SAME TYPE APPE>+ 9 ,AM/]DAM1 NO TRACE ( AN>*ISM IS TO BE F\ND4 ,ONE HAS TO WAIT = ,DID]OT TO HE> ! 5UNCIATION ( ?IS S5T5CE :I* ALONE CONTA9S ALL AN>*ISM3 @<@<,I NEI!R WANT TO GIVE NOR RECEIVE LAWS4@>@> ,9 ! CONV]SATION ( A FA!R ) HIS *ILDR5 7,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 VOL4 ,V41 P4 #a#c#a7 ,DID]OT HAD GIV5 PRIORITY TO ! MAN ( NATURE OV] ?AT ( ! LEGISLATOR4 ,EV]YONE REMEMB]S ! PHRASE ( ! ,M>%AL1 9 ,COLLOQUY ( A ,PHILOSOPH] ) ! ,M>%AL3 @<@<,EVIL IS SIMPLY ?AT :I* BR+S MORE DISADVANTAGES ?AN ADVANTAGES1 AS OPPOS$ TO GOOD :I* BR+S MORE ADVANTAGES ?AN DISADVANTAGES4@>@> ,& ?AT ( ! F>EWELL TO ! OLD MAN1 9 ,SUPPLEM5T DU VOYAGE DE ,B\GA9VILLE3 @<@<,Y\ >E TWO *ILDR5 ( NATURE3 :AT RI<TS DO Y\ HAVE OV] HIM ?AT HE DOES NOT HAVE OV] Y\8@>@> ,/IRN]1 LAT]1 WILL SAY NO BETT]4 

,9 ! ,REVUE ,SOCIALI/E ( ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#h#h1 ,B5OIT ,MALON DEVOT$ AB\T T5 PAGES TO ,DON ,DES*AMPS1 A ,B5$ICT9E ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY1 PRECURSOR ( ,HEGELISM1 TRANS=MISM & AN>*IC COMMUNISM4 

,& H]E WE COME TO ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL1 POET1 MAN ( LETT]S1 LIBR>IAN 7#a#g#e-#a#h#c71 :O WAS ! FIR/ TO OP5LY MANIFE/ AN>*I/ IDEAS1 ALBEIT SLI<TLY TA9T$ ) ,>CADIANISM4 ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL WAS A POLYGRAPH :O DEALT ) ALL SUBJECTS4 ,HE BEGAN ) ,B]G]IES 7#a#g#g7 & ,*ANSONS ANACREONTIQUE 7#a#g#g#i74 ,9 #a<a HE F\ND A WAY TO BR+ TO LI<T HIS FRAGM5TS ( A ,POEME MORALE SUR ,DIEU1 LE ,PIBRAC MOD]NE4 

,9 #a<b HE PUBLI%$ ,L'AGE D'OR1 A COLLECTION ( PA/ORAL TALES2 9 #a<d ! ,LIVRE E*APPE AU DELUGE \ ,PSAUMES N\VELLEM5T DEC\V]TS4 ,9 #a#g#h#h1 :ILE LIBR>IAN ( ! LIBR>Y ( ,MAZ>9E1 HE PUBLI%$ HIS ,ALMANA* DES HONNETES G5S1 9 :I* HE SUB/ITUT$ ! NAMES ( SA9TS = ?OSE ( FAM\S M5 & WOM51 & 9 :I* HE PLAC$ ,JESUS ,*RI/ 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,EPICURUS & ,N9ON DE ,L5CLOS4 ,SO ! ALMANAC IS CONDEMN$ TO BE BURN$ AT ! H&S ( ! EXECUTION]1 & ITS AU?OR S5T TO ,SA9T ,LAZ>E TO S]VE F\R MON?S 9 PRISON4 ,9 #a<h HIS ,APOLOGUES MOD]NES A L'USAGE DU DAUPH9 WAS ALSO PUBLI%$4 

,IT IS H]E1 9 ?IS BOOK1 ?AT WE F9D ! /ORY ( ! K+ :O1 AFT] A CATACLYSM1 S5DS ALL HIS SUBJECTS BACK TO !IR HOMES1 ORD]+ ?AT FROM N[ ON EA* FA!R ( A FAMILY %\LD BE K+ 9 HIS [N H\SE4 ,& IT IS ALSO H]E ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( ! ,GREVE G5]ALE 7G5]AL /RIKE7 IS EXP\ND$ AS A MEANS ( E/ABLI%+ A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! ,E>? WILL BE ! COMMON PROP]TY ( ALL 9HABITANTS1 & :]E @<@<LIB]TY & EQUALITY1 PEACE & 9NOC5CE@>@> WILL REIGN4 ,9 HIS O!R WORK1 ,LE ,TYRAN TRIOMPHATEUR1 HE IMAG9ES A /RUGGL+ PEOPLE :O AB&ON ! CITY TO ! SOLDI]S & TAKE REFUGE 9 ! M\NTA9S :]E1 DIVID$ 9TO FAMILIES1 !Y LIVE ) NO MA/] BUT NATURE & NO K+ BUT !IR PATRI>*S1 R5\NC+ =EV] TO RETURN TO ! CITIES !Y HAVE SO PA9/AK+LY BUILT1 :OSE /ONES >E ALL WET ) !IR TE>S & /A9$ ) !IR BLOOD4 ,! SOLDI]S1 S5T TO TAKE !SE M5 BACK TO !IR URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS1 TURN TO FRE$OM1 /AY ) ?OSE :OM !Y W]E TO LEAD BACK TO S]VITUDE1 S5D !IR UNI=MS BACK TO ! TYRANT1 :O DIES ( RAGE & HUNG] DEV\R+ HIMSELF4 ,! IDEA IS UND\BT$LY REM9ISC5T ( ,LA ,BOETIE'S ,VOLUNT>Y ,S]VITUDE4 ,HE !N PUBLI%$ ! ,ALMANA* DES HONNETES FEMMES 9 #a#g#i1 ADORN$ ) A SATIRICAL ILLU/RATION ( ! ,DU*ESS DE ,POLIGNAC4 ,AS A CONT9UATION ( ! ,ALMANA* DES HONNETES FEMMES :I* HE HAD PUBLI%$ TWO YE>S E>LI] & :I*1 AS WE HAVE SAID1 HAD CO/ HIM MORE ?AN F\R MON?S 9 PRISON1 H]E HE REPLACES EA* SA9T ) A WELL-KN[N WOMAN4 ,!SE CELEBRAT$ WOM5 >E DIVID$ 9TO TWELVE CLASSES1 ACCORD+ TO !IR @<@<G5D]@>@> 7ONE 9 EA* CLASS3 ,JANU>Y1 ,FRICATRICES2 ,FEBRU>Y1 ,TRACTATRICES1 & SO ON3 ,FELLATRICES1 ,LESBI5NES1 ,COR9?I5NES1 ,SAMI5NES1 ,PHO5ICI5NES1 ,SIPHNASSI5NES1 ,PHICIDISSEUSES1 ,*ALDISSEUSES1 ,TRIBADES1 ,HIRC9NES74 

,?IS ALMANAC1 TODAY V]Y R>E1 IS ONLY F\ND 9 ! ,9F]NO ( ! ,BIBLIO!QUE ,NATIONALE4 

,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL1 A CURI\S *>ACT]1 ONLY ACCEPT$ ! REVOLUTION ( #a<i ) RES]VATIONS4 ,! FIR/ AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] TO APPE> 9 ,FRANCE1 ,L',HUMANITAIRE 7#a#h#d#a71 AFFIRM$ ?AT AS LONG AS !RE W]E MA/]S & SLAVES1 POOR & RI*1 !RE W\LD BE NEI!R LIB]TY NOR EQUALITY4 ,M>E*AL CONT9U$ HIS PUBLICATIONS3 9 #a#g#i#a1 ,DAME NATURE A LA B>RE DE L',ASSEMBLEE ,NATIONALE2 9 ! YE> ,I,I1 ! ,JUGEM5T D]NI] DES ROIS2 9 #a#g#i#d1 ,LA FETE DE LA RAISON4 ,HE COLLABORAT$ 9 ! ,REVOLUTIONS DE ,P>IS1 9 L',AMI DE LA ,REVOLUTION & 9 ! ,BULLET9 DES AMIS DE LA ,V]ITE4 ,HIS FRI5D1 ! ,HEB]TI/ ,*AUMETTE1 WAS A VICTIM ( ! ,T]ROR1 BUT ESCAP$ FROM ,ROBESPI]RE1 JU/ AS HE MANAG$ TO ESCAPE ,!RMIDOR'S REACTION & ! P]SECUTIONS ( ! ,DIRECTORY1 EV5 ?\<1 AS WE >E ASSUR$1 HE HAD COLLABORAT$ 9 ! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,EQUALS4 

,ONCE ! REVOLUTION>Y :IRLW9D HAD PASS$1 ,M>E*AL TOOK UP HIS P5 AGA94 ,9 #agih APPE>$ HIS ,CULTE ET VOIX D'UNE SOCIETE D'HOMMES SANS ,DIEU4 ,9 #a#g#i#i1 ,LES VOYAGES DE ,PY?AGORE1 9 #f VOLUMES4 ,9 #a#h1 HIS GREAT WORK1 ,DICTIONNAIRE DES A!ES ANCI5S ET MOD]NES1 = :I* ! A/RONOM] ,J]OME ,LAL&E WROTE ! SUPPLEM5T4 ,F9ALLY1 9 #a#h#g1 ,DE LA ,VIRTU444 A PO/HUM\S WORK1 :I* WAS PROBABLY PR9T$ BUT NEV] APPE>$ 9 PUBLIC1 & :I* ,LAL&E US$ = HIS SECOND SUPPLEM5T TO ! @<@<,DICTIONNAIRE DES A!ES@>@>4 ,MOREOV]1 ,NAPOLEON DID NOT ALL[ ! DI/+UI%$ A/RONOM] TO WRITE ON A!ISM = A LONG TIME4 

,9 ,5GL&1 ,W9/ANLEY & HIS ,LEVEL]S CAN BE REG>D$ TO SOME EXT5T AS PRECURSORS ( AN>*ISM4 ,H[EV]1 ,JOHN ,LILBURNE1 ONE ( !M1 D5\NC$ AU?ORITY @<@<9 ALL ITS =MS & ASPECTS@>@>3 HIS F9ES & PRISON S5T5CES NO LONG] C\NT$4 ,HE WAS EXIL$ TO ,HOLL&4 ,ON ?REE DIFF]5T OCCASIONS1 ! JURY ACQUITT$ HIM1 ! LA/ TIME 9 #afac = VIOLATION ( AN EXPULSION DECREE4 ,CROMWELL HELD HIM 9 CAPTIVITY @<@<= ! GOOD ( ! C\NTRY@>@>2 & 9 #a#f#e#f1 HAV+ BECOME A ,QUAK]1 HE WAS RELEAS$4 ,:I* DID NOT PREV5T HIM FROM DY+ A YE> LAT] ( GALLOP+ ETIOLOGY4 ,HE WAS ONLY #ci YE>S OLD4 

,>\ND #a#f#e1 HE HAD ,ROG] ,WILLIAM 7:O HAD BEGUN HIS C>E] AS GOV]NOR ( ! T]RITORY ?AT LAT] =M$ ! ,/ATE ( ,RHODE ,ISL&1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES71 & MORE ?AN HIM1 ONE ( HIS SUPPORT]S1 ,WILLIAM ,H>RIS1 ?UND]$ AGA9/ ! IMMORALITY ( ALL E>?LY P[]S1 & AGA9/ ! CRIME ( ALL PUNI%M5T4 ,WAS HE A MY/ICAL VISION>Y OR AN ISOLAT$ AN>*I/8 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT AMONG ! P]FECT OPPON5TS ( ! ,/ATE CAN BE C\NT$ ! E>LY ,QUAK]S4 

,ALSO 9 ,NOR!RN ,EUROPE1 ! ,DUT*MAN ,PET] ,CORNELIUS ,HOCKBOY 7#a#f#e#h71 ! ,5GLI%MAN ,JOHN ,BELL]S 7#a#f#i#e7 & ! ,SCOTSMAN ,ROB]T ,WALLACE 7#a#g#f#a7 SPOKE 9 FAVOR ( VOLUNT>Y & COOP]ATIVE SOCIALISM4 ,9 HIS ,P]SPECTIVES1 ,ROB]T ,WALLACE SPEAKS ( A HUMANITY COMPOS$ ( MULTIPLE COMMUNES4 ,! PROTE/ AGA9/ GOV]NM5TAL ABUSES1 AGA9/ ! EXCESSES ( AU?ORITY1 IS MANIFE/ 9 ALL HIS PAMPHLETS1 SATIRES ( ALL K9DS1 WRITT5 ) AN EAG]NESS & A FRANKNESS ( :I* WE HAVE N[ COMPLETELY LO/ ! EXAMPLE4 ,! NAMES ( ,?OMAS ,HOBBES1 ,JOHN ,TOL&1 ,JOHN ,WILKES1 ,JONA?AN ,SWIFT1 & ,WILLIAM ,DE ,FOE1 ,I ?9K IT IS SUFFICI5T TO M5TION4 

,?US WE COME TO ! ,IRI%MAN ,$MOND ,BURKE & HIS ,V9DICATION ( ,NATURAL ,SOCIETY 7#a#g#e#f71 :OSE DOM9ANT IDEA IS ?IS3 :ATEV] =M ( GOV]NM5T !RE IS NO ONE BETT] ?AN ANO!R3 @<@<,! DIFF]5T K9DS ( GOV]NM5TS HAVE VI$ ) EA* O!R 9 ! ABSURDITY ( !IR CON/ITUTIONS & 9 ! OPPRESSIONS !Y HAVE MADE !IR SUBJECTS SUFF]44444 ,EV5 ! FREE/ GOV]NM5TS1 ) RESPECT TO !IR GREATNESS & DURATION1 HAVE KN[N MORE CONFUSION & COMMITT$ MORE ACTS ( FLAGRANT TYRANNY ?AN ! MO/ DESPOTIC GOV]NM5TS KN[N TO HI/ORY4@>@> 

,$MOND ,BURKE1 UN=TUNATELY1 LAT] DISAV[$ EV]Y?+ HE HAD WRITT52 :5 HE WROTE HIS ,REFLECTIONS1 HE ROSE UP AGA9/ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,AN ,AM]ICAN1 ,?OMAS ,PA9E1 A DEPUTY TO ! CONV5TION1 ANSW]$ HIM ) ,! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN1 #a#g#i#a-#i#b4 ,BUT ,PA9E HIMSELF1 REFUS+ TO VOTE = ! DEA? ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 WAS IMPRISON$ & N>R[LY ESCAP$ ! GUILLOT9E4 ,HE TOOK ADVANTAGE ( HIS IMPRISONM5T TO WRITE ,! ,AGE ( ,REASON 7,! ,AGE ( ,REASON1 #a#g#i#e73 @<@<,9 ALL ITS DIFF]5T DEGREES1 SOCIETY IS ALWAYS AN ADVANTAGE1 :ILE GOV]NM5T1 EV5 UND] ITS BE/ ASPECTS1 IS A NECESS>Y EVIL3 UND] ITS WOR/1 AN 9TOL]ABLE EVIL44444 ,! BUS9ESS ( GOV]N+ HAS ALWAYS BE5 MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! MO/ IGNORANT & MO/ RASCALLY 9DIVIDUALS ?AT MANK9D HAS EV] KN[N4@>@> 

,9 #agif A PAMPHLET APPE>$ 9 ,OX=D 5TITL$3 ,! 9H]5T ,EVILS ( ALL ,/ATE ,GOV]NM5T DEMON/RAT$4 ,?IS PAMPHLET ATTRIBUT$ TO ,A4,C4 ,CUDDON IS /RONGLY IMPREGNAT$ ) 9DIVIDUALI/IC AN>*ISM1 & ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK] MADE A NEW $ITION 9 #a#h#h#e1 9 ,BO/ON4 

,9 ,LONDON1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 A GR\P CALL$ ! ,PANTISOCRACY HAD >IS54 ,ITS ANIMATOR HAD BE5 ! Y\NG POET ,S\!Y1 :O LAT]1 FOLL[+ ,BURKE'S EXAMPLE1 COMPLETELY REPUDIAT$ HIS Y\?FUL DREAMS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL - ALSO CONFIRM$ 9 P>T BY ,LORD ,BYRON - IT SEEMS ?AT ?IS EPICUREAN GR\P 9T5D$ TO CREATE AN ,ABBEY ( ,!LEME BY PUTT+ ALL ?+S 9 COMMON AMONG ITS MEMB]S1 9CLUD+ SEXUAL PLEASURES4 ,& - /ILL ACCORD+ TO ,M>E*AL - ! GREAT >TI/S1 ! MO/ R5[N$ M5 ( LETT]S & ! MO/ CELEBRAT$ M5 ( ,5GL& W\LD HAVE BE5 P>T ( ?IS GR\P1 :I* WAS EV5TUALLY DISSOLV$ BY A SPECIAL BILL ( ,P>LIAM5T 7,DICTION>Y ( ,A!I/S1 9 ! 5TRY3 ,!LEME74 

,MANUEL ,DEVALDES1 = HIS P>T1 9 HIS ,FIGURES D',+LET]RE1 PRES5TS ,LA ,PANTISOCRATIE AS A COLONY PROJECT ?AT W\LD BE C>RI$ \T 9 ,AM]ICA AMONG ! ILL9OISANS3 A COLONY PROJECT1 BAS$ ON ECONOMIC EQUALITY & :]E TWO H\RS ( DAILY WORK W\LD BE 5\< TO 5SURE FOOD & O!R NE$S ( ! COLONI/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 IT SEEMS ?AT1 AFT] ,S\!Y'S DEFECTION & ! DEA? ( ! TWO MA9 9ITIATORS1 ! ,PANTISOCRACY HAD DI$ BE=E IT WAS BORN4 

,MEAN:ILE1 9 ,G]MANY1 ,S*ILL] WROTE ! ,BRIGANTES1 9 :I* ! PROTAGONI/ RISES AGA9/ CONV5TIONS & LAWS ?AT NEV] CREAT$ A GREAT MAN1 :ILE FRE$OM CREAT$ GIANTS & EXTRAORD9>Y BE+S4 

,FI*TE1 = HIS P>T1 AFFIRMS ?AT IF HUMANITY HAD BE5 MORALLY P]FECT1 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO NE$ = ,/ATES2 ,WILHELM DE ,HUMBOLDT1 9 #a#g#i#b1 DEF5DS ! !SIS ( ! R$UCTION ( ! ,/ATE TO ITS M9IMUM FUNCTION2 ,VITTORIO ,ALFI]I1 9 ,ITALY1 WRITES ,DELLA ,TIRANNIDE4 

,EV]Y:]E AU?ORITY1 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 IS /RUCK 9 ! BREA*4 ,SP9OZA1 ,COM5IUS1 ,VICO1 ,VOLTAIRE1 ,LESS+1 ,H]D]1 ,CONDORCET1 ON SOME SIDES & SOME =MS ( !IR ACTIVITY W]E LIB]T>IANS4 ,SPEE1 ,?OMASIUS1 ,BECC>IA1 ,SONN5FELDS1 ,JOHN ,H[>D1 ,M>Y ,WOLL/ONECRAIT1 ,R\SSEAU1 ,PE/ALOZZI1 ,LA ,METTRIE1 D',HOLBAC1 FI<T+ AGA9/ ! TORTURES 9FLICT$ ON SORC]]S1 AGA9/ ! SEV]ITY ( PUNI%M5TS1 AGA9/ SLAV]Y1 = ! LIB]ATION ( WOM51 = A BETT] $UCATION ( *ILDR51 AGA9/ ALL SUP]/ITIONS & MAT]IALISM1 CONTRIBUT$ TO UND]M9E ! COLUMNS ( AU?ORITY4 ,IT W\LD TAKE A L>GE VOLUME TO RECORD ! NAMES ( ALL ?OSE :O1 9 DIFF]5T WAYS1 CONTRIBUT$ TO %AKE FAI? 9 ,*UR* & ,/ATE4 

,SO WE WILL /OP AT ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 :OSE ,SURVEY ( ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE & ITS ,9FLU5CE ON ,VIRTUE & ,G5]AL ,HAPP9ESS 7#a#g#i#c7 SEEMS TO US ! FIR/ DOCTR9AL WORK ( AN>*ISM WOR?Y ( ! NAME4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,GODW9 IS AN AN>*I/ COMMUNI/1 BUT WE ?9K ?AT HIS D5IAL ( LAW & ! ,/ATE FITS P]FECTLY ) ANY T5D5CY ( AN>*ISM4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON ,JULY #h1 #bba FROM AN>QUIA49FO47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bbb 3 ,! ,PRECURSORS ( ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 

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