,! ,PRES5T ,CRISIS 9 ,RUSSIA 

#aia 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 MOVEM5T 9 RUSSIA1 S]FDOM WAS ABOLI%$1 PUBLIC 9/RUCTION1 LORIS MELIK(F1 MILIT>Y S]VICE1 TE*NICAL S*OOLS1 KIEFF /UD5TS1 /ATE POLICE1 UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS1 NATURAL SCI5CES4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,?I]RY ,]HMANN1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,! LA/ /UD5TS' DI/URBANCES 9 ,RUSSIA W]E QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ALL ! DI/URBANCES :I* HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN UNIV]SITIES = ! LA/ =TY YE>S4 ,!Y BEGAN1 AS ALL /UD5TS' MOVEM5TS BEG91 ) AN 9SIGNIFICANT 9CID5T1 :I* CONC]N$ ! /UD5TS ALONE2 BUT1 [+ TO A S]IES ( CIRCUM/ANCES QUITE PECULI> TO ,RUSSIA1 !Y TOOK1 ALL ( A SUDD51 A POLITICAL COMPLEXION2 & 9 ?IS RESPECT !Y ACQUIR$ SU* A SIGNIFICANCE ?AT !Y WILL N[ C\NT 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA AS AN IMPORTANT MILE/ONE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( ! LA/ EV5TS )\T GO+ DEEP] ?AN !IR SURFACE -- ?AT IS1 )\T T\*+ UPON ! G5]AL PROBLEM ( $UCATION 9 ,RUSSIA1 & )\T M5TION+ ! /EPS ?R\< :I* ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL IDEA HAS PASS$ 9 \R C\NTRY S9CE #a#h#f#a4  

 ,DUR+ MY /AY LA/ MON?1 AT ,CAMBRIDGE1 ! ,H>V>D /UD5TS HELD A NOISY MEET+ TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ! 0MUTTON MONOTONY0 ( !IR FOOD AT ,MEMORIAL ,HALL4 ,9 A SIMIL> WAY1 BUT ) A MORE S]I\S PURPOSE1 ! ,KIEV /UD5TS1 EXCIT$ BY ! FACT ?AT ONE ( !M HAD BE5 BR\<T BE=E ! JU/ICE ( ! PEACE = MISCONDUCT 9 ! /REETS ( ?AT CITY1 ALSO HELD A MEET+4 ,AT ,H>V>D1 ! MEET+ 5D$ 9 FUN2 BUT AT ,KIEV ! DEAN ( ! UNIV]SITY EXCLUD$ A NUMB] ( /UD5TS FROM ! UNIV]SITY1 = ONE YE>1 = HAV+ HELD ?AT MEET+1 & PUT O!RS UND] >RE/4 0,:AT W\LD Y\ DO 9 SU* A CASE80 ,I ASK$ SEV]AL ,H>V>D M52 & ! REPLY ALWAYS WAS3 0,:Y1 ( C\RSE1 HOLD ANO!R MEET+60 ,?IS IS :AT ! ,KIEV /UD5TS DID4 ,!Y HELD ANO!R G5]AL MEET+ & ASK$ ! DEAN TO HAVE A TALK ) !M4 ,:]EUPON ! DEAN S5T = ! T[N POLICE1 ! /ATE POLICE & ! TROOPS4 ,9CR$IBLE ?\< ?IS MAY SEEM1 IT ACTUALLY HAPP5$4 ,IT IS CONFIRM$1 NOT ONLY BY SCORES ( PRIVATE LETT]S1 BUT ALSO BY AN (FICIAL /ATEM5T1 PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,(FICIAL ,MESS5G]4 0,! MEET+ WAS ILLEGAL1 & ! DEAN S5T = TROOPS TO DISP]SE IT40 ,! MO/ 9TELLIG5T ( ALL ?OSE :O W]E SUMMON$ BY ! DEAN PROV$ TO BE ! HEAD ( ! ,KIEV ,/ATE ,POLICE1 ! ,G5D>ME ,G5]AL ,NOVITSKY4 ,I KNEW HIM3  HE EXAM9$ ME :ILE ,I WAS KEPT 9 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG =TRESS4 ,HE IS 9TELLIG5T1 & MY OP9ION ( HIM WAS ?AT1 LIKE SO MANY O!RS1 HE IS A BETT] MAN ?AN ! 9/ITUTION HE BELONGS TO4 ,G5]AL ,NOVITSKY1 SEE+ ?AT ! MEET+ WAS QUITE PEACEFUL1 BR\<T 9 ! DEAN1 :O WAS IMM$IATELY (F]$ AN >M*AIR BY ! SIDE ( ! *AIRMAN1 & WAS TREAT$ V]Y POLITELY BY ! /UD5TS4 ,BUT ! MEET+ 5D$ 9 NO?+ -- ! DEAN REFUS+ TO REVISE HIS ORD]S4 0,WAS NOT ! MEET+ UPRO>I\S8 ,WAS IT NOT POLITICAL80 ,I WAS ASK$ BY MY ,AM]ICAN FRI5DS4 0,NO1 ! FACTS W]E AS ,I /ATE !M2 ! ,(FICIAL ,MESS5G] ITSELF HAS CONFIRM$ !M40 0,WAS1 !N1 ! DEAN A MADMAN1 OR A FOOL80 0,NO1 HE WAS NOT EI!R ( !SE40 ,& !RE LIES ! CUE TO ALL ! /UD5TS' DI/URBANCES ( ! LA/ =TY YE>S4  

 ,EV]Y?+ HAS BE5 RE=M$ 9 ,RUSSIA S9CE #a#h#f#a4 ,S]FDOM WAS ABOLI%$2 CORPORAL PUNI%M5T WAS NE>LY GOT RID (2 NEW1 OP5 C\RTS1 ) JURIES1 W]E 9TRODUC$2 SOME SORT ( SELF-GOV]NM5T WAS GIV52 MILIT>Y S]VICE WAS 5TIRELY RE=M$ & R5D]$ OBLIGATORY UPON ALL -- $UCATION ALONE WAS TREAT$ AS A /EP-DAU<T]1 ) SUSPICION4 ,ALL ,RUSSIA1 FROM ! LOG HUT TO ! MANSION1 WANT$ & L\DLY CALL$ = $UCATION2 WOM5 & M5 ( ! WEAL?I] CLASSES W]E READY TO GIVE ANY AM\NT ( TIME & MONEY TO SPREAD $UCATION AMONG ! PEASANTS4 ,!Y >E READY /ILL4 ,& EV]Y:]E ! EF=TS ( ! UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS & ( ! DIRECTORS ( ! COLLEGES1 ( ! PROV9CIAL SELF-GOV]NM5TS1 ( ! WEAL?Y MUNICIPALITIES & ! PRIVATE DONORS1 W]E REBUK$1 ANNIHILAT$1 BY ! SUCCESSIVE ,M9I/]S ( ,PUBLIC ,$UCATION1 :O1 S9CE #a#h#f#b1 HAVE ALWAYS BE5 NOM9AT$1 NOT TO SPREAD $UCATION BROADCA/ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 BUT TO PREV5T ITS SPREAD+4  

 ,SU* A /ATEM5T MU/ S\ND1 ( C\RSE1 V]Y /RANGE TO AN ,AM]ICAN E>2 BUT IF P]SONS BELONG+ TO DIFF]5T P>TIES 9 ,RUSSIA MAY EXPLA9 & EXCUSE ! FACT 9 DIFF]5T WAYS1 ALL WILL AGREE1 NEV]!LESS1 ?AT ! ,M9I/]S REALLY 5DEAVOR$ TO KEEP $UCATION )9 C]TA9 N>R[ LIMITS1 RA!R ?AN TO ALL[ IT TO BE SPREAD4 ,MOREOV]1 H]E >E SOME CONCLUSIVE FACTS4 ,?US1 = 9/ANCE1 :ILE EV5 N[ WE HAVE 9 ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA ONLY ONE S*OOL = EA* #b1#b#c 9HABITANTS1 & :ILE ONLY ONE *ILD \T ( EV]Y TW5TY OR ?IRTY *ILDR5 ( S*OOL AGE GOES TO S*OOL 7AS AGA9/ SEV5 9 ,5GL&71 ! ,M9I/RY ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION1 = YE>S 9 SUCCESSION UND] ,ALEX&] ,I,I41 RETURN$ EV]Y YE> TO ! ,/ATE ,EX*EQU] ONE-HALF ( ! POOR ALL[ANCE ( @s#d11 A YE> = ! PRIM>Y S*OOLS1 :I* WAS 9SCRIB$ 9 ! BUDGET4 ,IT F\ND NO USE = ! MONEY6 ,& IF ! ,M9I/RY ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION SP5DS N[ ITS BUDGET ALL[ANCE 9 FULL1 IT IS BECAUSE IT HAS HIT UPON ! FOLL[+ PLAN3  ,IT DOES NOT OP5 S*OOLS ( ITS [N1 BUT SP5DS ! MONEY 9 SUBSIDIES TO ! VILLAGE CL]GY1 :O1 LEAV+ ASIDE !IR G5]AL IGNORANCE1 KEEP S*OOLS MO/LY ON PAP] ONLY4 ,!IR TIME BE+ FULLY TAK5 UP BY !IR REGUL> DUTIES 7M>RIAGES1 BURIALS1 ETC471 !Y G5]ALLY PAY QUITE IGNORANT CANTORS1 OR RETIR$ SOLDI]S1 TO ATT5D TO ! S*OOLS4 ,& ALL ?IS IS P]FECTLY WELL KN[N 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT IS CONT9UALLY M5TION$ & REPEAT$ 9 ! PRESS1 9 ! PROVISIONAL ASSEMBLIES1 & 9 ! LOCAL S*OOL BO>DS4 ,& YET NO HE$ IS TAK5 BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T ( ?IS P]MAN5T1 /&+ CAUSE ( GR[+ DISCONT5T4  

 ,! MORE FREE A REGION ( ,RUSSIA IS FROM ! DIRECT 9FLU5CE ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION1 ! BETT] IT /&S = $UCATION3 ?IS MAY BE TAK5 AS A G5]AL RULE4 ,?US1 9 ,CAUCASIA & ,TURKE/AN1 :I* BO? F9D PROTECTION FROM ! ,M9I/RY ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION 9 !IR 9DEP5D5T ,GOV]NORS ,G5]AL -- :O USUALLY >E 5LI<T5$ G5]AL /AFF (FIC]S -- !RE >E MORE S*OOLS & ! S*OOLS >E BETT] ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA PROP]4 ,! ,CAUCASIAN $UCATIONAL DI/RICT IS ESPECIALLY =EMO/ ON ?IS ACC\NT4 ,AS TO ,RUSSIA ITSELF1 ! PROV9CE ( ! ,DON ,COSSACKS1 ( :I* ! ,COSSACK T]RITORY IS UND] ! ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 HAS BEYOND COMP>ISON ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( ! BE/ S*OOLS1 PRIM>Y & SECOND>Y1 = BOYS & GIRLS ALIKE4 ,AGA91 ! PROV9CES :I* HAVE LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T 7ZEM/VO7 HAVE NE>LY TWICE AS MANY S*OOLS1 9 PROPORTION TO !IR POPULATION1 AS ! PROV9CES :I* GET !IR S*OOLS FROM ! ,M9I/RY4  

 ,NAY1 NO:]E ELSE 9 ! WORLD C\LD ONE F9D ! FOLL[+ ANOMALY4 ,= ?IRTY YE>S1 ALL P>5TS 9 ,RUSSIA W]E CRY+1 %\T+ & AGITAT+ = A RE=M ( ! LYCEUMS4 ,NOT ,GREEK & ,LAT91 !Y SAID1 BUT NATURAL SCI5CES & TE*NICAL KN[L$GE MU/ BE LAID AS A F\NDATION ( ! TEA*+ 9 LYCEUMS4 0,MORE TE*NICAL S*OOLS ( ALL DEGREES10 WAS = =TY YE>S ! G5]AL DEM&4 ,EV]Y:]E ,RUSSIA WANTS MORE 5G9E]S1 MORE *EMI/S1 MORE SKILL$ WORK]S & MORE $UCAT$ TE*NICAL EXP]TS4 ,ALL ! REVIEWS & PAP]S1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,MOSC[ ,GAZETTE1 >E FULL ( BITT] COMPLA9TS ( ! P>5TS AB\T ! WANT ( ,REALS*UL5 .<SECOND>Y S*OOLS.> & TE*NICAL S*OOLS4 ,PROTECTIONISM1 MA9TA9$ ) A VIEW ( DEVELOP+ NATIONAL 9DU/RIES1 & AN ABS5CE ( TE*NICAL S*OOLS >E EVID5TLY SELF CONTRADICTORY2 & YET1 = =TY CONSECUTIVE YE>S ! ,M9I/RY ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION HAS BITT]LY F\<T AGA9/ ALL ,RUSSIA1 REFUS+ TE*NICAL S*OOLS2 IT HAS MA9TA9$ ?AT A SCI5TIFIC & TE*NICAL TRA9+ W\LD BRE$ REVOLUTIONI/S2 :ILE -- TO USE AN (FICIAL AV[AL -- 0! BOY :O MU/ TRANSLATE = TO-MORR[ MORN+ TWO PAGES FROM ,CIC]O WILL HAVE NO TIME TO READ ,PIS>EFF OR ,DOBROLUB(F40 ,IT IS ONLY N[1 S9CE ! ,M9I/] ( ,F9ANCES1 .<,S]GEI.> ,DE ,WITTE1 HAS PUBLICLY DECL>$ ?AT ! ,/ATE CANNOT [N ! M9ES & ! ,/ATE RAILWAYS1 REGULATE ! \TPUT ( ALL ! SPIRIT & SUG> FACTORIES1 & FAVOR ! GR[? ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIES 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! ,/ATE BUDGET1 UNLESS IT DOES ITS UTMO/ = SPREAD+ TE*NICAL $UCATION1 ?AT A /EP HAS BE5 TAK5 TO RE=M $UCATION 9 ! LYCEUMS1 TO TURN IT MORE 9 ! DIRECTION ( NATURAL SCI5CES1 & TO OP5 A NUMB] ( POLYTE*NICUMS & L[] TE*NICAL S*OOLS4  

 ,! FE> ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT1 :I* W\LD GR[1 IT WAS SAID1 9 ,RUSSIA & R5D] ABSOLUTE RULE IMPOSSIBLE1 SO SOON AS $UCATION IS SPREAD 9 ! C\NTRY1 WAS SO GREAT ?AT TWO G5]ATIONS ( Y\NG M5 W]E SACRIFIC$ TO IT4 ,SCORES ( QUITE IGNORANT ,CZE*S1 :O DID NOT EV5 KN[ ,RUSSIAN1 W]E %IPP$ FROM ,BOHEMIA TO TEA* ,LAT9 & ,GREEK2 & !Y TAU<T IT 9 SU* AN ABOM9ABLE WAY ?AT ONLY TWO P]C5T1 ( ALL ! BOYS :O 5T]$ ! LYCEUMS C\LD F9I% ! EI<T YE>S' C\RSE & BE ADMITT$ TO A UNIV]SITY4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T PREF]R$ TO LET LOOSE UPON ,RUSSIA CR[DS ( BOYS :O LEFT ! LYCEUMS AS ABSOLUTE IGNORAMUSES AFT] A ?REE OR F\R YE>S' ME*ANICAL /UDY ( ,LAT9 & ,GREEK1 RA!R ?AN TO MAKE ANY CONCESSION TO PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ! WAY ( A MORE REASONABLE S*EME ( $UCATION4  

 ,AS TO ! UNIV]SITIES1 NE>LY ALL ! BE/ PR(ESSORS1 ! GLORIES ( ,RUSSIAN HI/ORICAL & HUMANIT>IAN SCI5CES1 W]E COMPELL$ TO AB&ON !IR *AIRS3  .<,NIKOLAY.> ,KO/OM>OV1 .<,KON/ANT9.> ,KAVEL91 .<,MIKHAIL.> ,/ASYULEVI*1 .<,VLADIMIR.> ,KOVALEVSKY1 ! PHYSIOLOGI/ .<.<,IVAN.>.> ,SE*5OV1 & O!RS LIKE !M1 W]E COMPELL$ BY IGNORANT HEADS ( ,$UCATIONAL ,DI/RICTS1 & EQUALLY IGNORANT ,M9I/]S ( ,$UCATION1 TO RETIRE4  

 ,! /UDY ( COMP>ATIVE ,/ATE LAW WAS PROHIBIT$1 & ! ,RUSSIAN /UD5TS HAD TO REMA9 9 IGNORANCE ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL LAWS ( ! CIVILIZ$ NATIONS4 ,! /UDY ( ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY1 LAW & ECONOMICS BECAME A /UDY ( 0CONV5TIONAL LIES20 ! G5]AL TONE ( UNIV]SITY TEA*+ WAS L[]$4 ,) NATURAL SCI5CES IT WAS /ILL WORSE2 SU* *AIRS AS ?AT ( GEOLOGY & PHYSIOLOGY REMA9$ UNOCCUPI$ = YE>S4 ,A GEOLOGI/ MYSELF1 ,I HAVE PASS$ ?R\< ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,UNIV]SITY )\T EV] HAV+ HE>D ONE S+LE LECTURE ON GEOLOGY4  

 ,AS TO ! /UD5TS1 EV]Y Y\NG MAN1 AS SOON AS HE 5T]$ ! UNIV]SITY1 WAS PLAC$ ON ! LI/ (  SUSPECTS4 ,POLICE SPIES & PROVOK+ AG5TS SW>M$ 9 ! UNIV]SITIES2 LAWS UPON LAWS W]E ISSU$ TO PROHIBIT ALL SORTS ( MEET+S 9 ! UNIV]SITY BUILD+S OR 9 PRIVATE LODG+S4 ,GRADUALLY1 ! HI<] AU?ORITIES ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,PUBLIC ,$UCATION CAME TO ! VIEW ?AT EV]Y /UD5T MU/ BE LOOK$ UPON AS AN 5EMY ( SOCIETY1 & BE TREAT$ AS SU*2 SO ?AT BO? ! DEANS & ! CURATORS ( ! ,$UCATIONAL ,DI/RICTS W]E *OS5 BY ! ,M9I/RY FROM AMONG M5 :O W]E BETT] KN[N = !IR POLICE CAPACITIES ?AN = !IR LE>N+4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 :51 ?REE OR F\R YE>S AGO1 ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG /UD5TS1 AT !IR ANNIV]S>Y MEET+1 :I/L$ AT ! APPE>ANCE ( ONE ( !IR PR(ESSORS1 :ILE !Y *E]$ ! O!RS1 A ?+ :I* HAPP5S & WILL HAPP5 9 EV]Y UNIV]SITY1 ! DEAN S5T IMM$IATELY = ! POLICE1 :O BRUTALLY ASSAIL$ & DISP]S$ ! /UD5TS AS !Y W]E LEAV+ ! UNIV]SITY BUILD+ 9 A CR[D1 & ! FAM\S BEAT+ ( ! /UD5TS ON A BRIDGE ACROSS ! ,NEVA FOLL[$4 ,MANY ( ! /UD5TS W]E >RE/$ ON ?IS OCCASION1 & HUNDR$S W]E EXCLUD$ FROM ! UNIV]SITY4 ,ON LE>N+ ?IS1 ALL O!R UNIV]SITIES MADE A /RIKE1 REFUS+ TO FOLL[ ! C\RSES SO LONG AS !IR ,/4 ,PET]SBURG COMRADES W]E NOT RELEAS$2 ! RESULT BE+ ?AT MANY HUNDR$S ( Y\NG M5 W]E EXCLUD$ FROM ! O!R UNIV]SITIES AS WELL4 ,IT SO HAPP5$1 H[EV]1 ?AT :5 ! POLICE W]E BEAT+ ! /UD5TS ON ! ,NEVA BRIDGE1 ! ,D[AG] ,EMPRESS PASS$ BY1 & WAS *E]$ BY ! /UD5TS4 ,SO %E SPOKE TO H] SON3 0,!Y W]E QUITE LOYAL10 %E SAID2 0!Y *E]$ ME4 ,:Y DO Y\ ALL[ ! POLICE TO TREAT !M SO BRUTALLY80 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT ! EX-,M9I/] ( ,W>1 ,G5]AL ,VANNOVSKY1 WAS APPO9T$ TO MAKE A G5]AL 9QUIRY4 ,HE PROV$ ?AT !RE WAS NOT ! SLI<TE/ REASON = CALL+ 9 ! POLICE1 LECTUR$ ! POLICE AU?ORITIES1 CANCEL$ NE>LY ALL ! ORD]S ( EXCLUSION ( /UD5TS1 & RELEAS$ ALL ( !M4 ,A MILIT>Y (FIC] HAD ?US TO 9T]F]E = ! DEF5SE ( ! /UD5TS AGA9/ ! ,M9I/RY ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION4  

 ,IT IS ?US EVID5T ?AT ! DEAN ( ! ,KIEV ,UNIV]SITY WAS NEI!R A LUNATIC NOR A FOOL4 ,HE WAS SIMPLY AN OB$I5T FUNCTION>Y1 :O ACT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! 9/RUCTIONS ( HIS PR9CIPAL -- ! ,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION1 ,BOGOLEP(F4  

 ,M4 ,BOGOLEP(F1 9 HIS Y\NG] DAYS1 WAS MORE OR LESS ( A ,LIB]AL2 BUT1 S9CE HE HAS OBTA9$ HIS NOM9ATION AS ,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION1 HE HAS BE5 A M]E TOOL 9 ! H&S ( ! ,PROCURATOR ( ! ,HOLY ,SYNOD1 ,POBI$ONO/SEFF1 A N>R[-M9D$ FANATIC ( ! ,/ATE RELIGION1 :O -- IF IT W]E ONLY 9 HIS P[] -- W\LD HAVE BURN$ AT ! /AKE ALL PROTE/ANTS AGA9/ ,OR?ODOXY & ,CA?OLICISM4 ,& IT WAS !SE TWO M51 ,BOGOLEP(F & ,POBI$ONO/SEFF1 :O REPORT$ ! ,KIEV AFFAIR TO ! ,CZ>4  

 ,! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( EV5TS IS WELL KN[N ?R\< ! DAILY PRESS4#a ,:5 ! ,KIEV DISORD]S W]E REPORT$ TO ,NI*OLAS ,I,I41 HE SAID1 FIR/1 ?AT HE HAD HAD 5\< ( !SE /UD5TS' RIOTS & W\LD CLOSE ALL ! UNIV]SITIES4#b ,HE SPOKE NEXT ( S5D+ ALL 0RIOT\S0 /UD5TS TO ,PORT ,>?UR1 & F9ALLY ISSU$1 ?R\< HIS ,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION1 BUT AGA9/ ! ADVICE ( ! ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 AN ORD]1 9 VIRTUE ( :I* ! /UD5TS :O TOOK P>T 9 UNIV]SITY DI/URBANCES W\LD H5CE=W>D BE PUNI%$ BY BE+ S5T AS PRIVATES TO ! >MY = T]MS ( FROM TWO TO ?REE YE>S -- ! PUNI%M5T TO BE 9FLICT$ BY SPECIAL C\RTS NOM9AT$ AD HOC & COMPOS$ ( UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS1 T[N-POLICE & ,/ATE-POLICE (FICIALS1 & MILIT>Y (FIC]S2 !IR SITT+S TO BE KEPT SECRET4 ,ONE HUNDR$ & EI<TY-?REE ,KIEV /UD5TS & TW5TY-TWO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG /UD5TS W]E CONDEMN$ TO ?IS PUNI%M5T & W]E C>RI$ AWAY AS CRIM9ALS1 9 ABSOLUTE SECRECY1 TO SOME UNKN[N DE/9ATION1 PRESUM$ TO BE ,PORT ,>?UR4 ,TWELVE ( !M REFUS$ TO TAKE ! MILIT>Y OA? ( ALLEGIANCE TO ! ,CZ>1 & W]E CONSEQU5TLY C\RT-M>TIAL$ & CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 & F9ALLY S5T TO MILIT>Y H>D LABOR = LIFE 9 MILIT>Y PUNI%M5T BATTALIONS4  

 ,!SE MEASURES PRODUC$1 AS MI<T BE EXPECT$1 A G5]AL COMMOTION ALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,I HAVE SE5 LETT]S WRITT5 BY P>5TS ( HI< /&+ TO !IR FRI5DS1 %[+ A /ATE ( COMPLETE EXASP]ATION4 ,HUNDR$S ( P>5TS RU%$ TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG 9 ORD] TO TRY TO SAVE !IR SONS4 ,REPRES5TATIVES ( ! LAW -- NAMELY1 ! PUBLIC PROSECUTORS AT ,KIEV & ,/4 ,PET]SBURG -- ONE ,G5]AL ( ! ,/ATE ,POLICE & ONE MILIT>Y ,G5]AL :O TOOK P>T 9 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ C\RTS1 PROTE/$ 9 WRIT+ AGA9/ ! APPLICATION ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,ORD]2 & SIXTY-FIVE UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS WROTE TO ! ,CZ> A LETT]1 AT ! RISK ( BE+ TREAT$ AS REBELS & S5T TO ,SIB]IA -- COLLECTIVE LETT]S TO ! ,CZ> FALL+ UND] ! LAW ( CONSPIRACY -- URG+ HIM TO )DRAW HIS ,ORD]1 & S5D+ !IR LETT] TO ,LONDON = PUBLICATION4 ,& :5 #a#b1 /UD5TS UNIT$ 9 A G5]AL UPRIS+1 & ! /UD5T MANIFE/ATIONS AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 ,MOSC[ & ,KH>K(F1 SUPPORT$ BY DEMON/RATIONS ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+M51 W]E DISP]S$ BY ! LEAD-WEI<T$ HORSE:IPS 7NAGAIKIS7 ( ! ,COSSACKS1 :O CUT OP5 ! FACES ( M5 & WOM5 9 ! /REETS1 ! G5]AL 9DIGNATION WAS SO 9T5SE ?AT IT BUR/ \T OP5LY4 ,! 0RESPECTABLE0 ,SOCIETY ( ,AU?ORS1 A V5]AT$ MEMB] ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,/ATE1 ,PR9CE ,VYAZEMSKY -- NAY1 ! V]Y ,COSSACKS ( ! ,BODYGU>D -- PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! TREATM5T ( ! CR[DS2 & F9ALLY ! ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,M9I/]S1 ASSUM+ = ! FIR/ TIME S9CE ! REIGN ( ,ALEX&] ,I4 ! ROLE ( A 0,M9I/RY10 DISCUSS$ ! ,IMP]IAL ,ORD] & 9SI/$ UPON ITS )DRAWAL4 ,IT REFUS$ TO ACQUIESCE 9 ! WILL ( ! ,CZ>1 :I* WAS TO PROCLAIM A /ATE ( SIEGE AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 & IT OBTA9$ FROM ! ,EMP]OR ! DISMISSAL ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG PREFET DE POLICE1 ,G5]AL ,KLEIGELS4  

 ,! CAUSE ( ?IS UNANIM\S DISCONT5T IS SELF-EVID5T4 ,:AT W\LD ! ,AM]ICANS SAY IF ,PRESID5T ,MC,K9LEY HAD ORD]$ ! ,H>V>D /UD5TS 9VOLV$ 9 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ MEET+ TO BE S5T TO ! ,PHILIPP9ES8 ,! C\NTRY W\LD C]TA9LY RISE 9 9DIGNATION2 ?AT IS :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ALL ,RUSSIA SAID ?AT ! ,CZ>'S ,ORD] WAS A RETURN TO ! ABHORR$ 0TIMES ( ,NI*OLAS ,I40 ,& YET1 9 FAIRNESS TO ,NI*OLAS ,I41 ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ! IDEA ( MAK+ MILIT>Y S]VICE A G5]AL1 LEGAL MEASURE ( PUNI%M5T NEV] CROSS$ ! BRA9 ( 0! IRON DESPOT10 AL?\< HE MI<T HAVE HAD AN EXCUSE = IT1 BECAUSE 9 ?OSE TIMES ! S]F-[N]S US$ TO PUNI% !IR S]F-S]VANTS BY S5D+ !M TO ! RECRUIT+ BO>DS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,NI*OLAS ,I4 S5T ! POETS1 .<,ALEX&].> ,POLEZHAYEV & .<,T>AS.> ,%EV*5KO TO BE SOLDI]S1 BUT HE DID IT 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 ,! /UD5T ,POLEZHAYEV HAD WRITT5 A POEM1 0,SA%KA10 9 :I* HE 9SULT$ ! ,CZ> & HIS FAVORITES2 & ! POEM CIRCULAT$ 9 MANUSCRIPT COPIES1 ONE ( :I* WAS REPORT$ TO ! ,CZ>4 ,NI*OLAS ,I4 S5T = ,POLEZHAYEV AT NI<T1 MADE HIM READ ! POEM AL\D1 & F9ALLY SAID3 0,Y\ KN[ :AT PUNI%M5T Y\ MU/ UND]GO = HAV+ WRITT5 !SE V]SES8  ,N[1 ,I WAIVE IT1 & GIVE Y\ ! MEANS ( REHABILITAT+ Y\RSELF BY MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,>E Y\ READY TO S]VE AS A PRIVATE 9 ! >MY80 ,& :5 ,POLEZHAYEV1 HAV+ NO *OICE1 ACCEPT$ ! (F]1 ,NI*OLAS ADD$3 0,TRY TO DI/+UI% Y\RSELF1 & TO W9 ! (FIC]'S GRADE2 & IF Y\ >E 9 ANY DIFFICULTY1 WRITE TO ME DIRECTLY0 -- :I* ,POLEZHAYEV REALLY DID ONCE1 ) A GOOD RESULT4  

 ,ALL ,RUSSIA KN[S ?IS EPISODE FROM ! UN=TUNATE POET'S LIFE1 :I* IS RECORD$ 9 HIS BIOGRAPHY4 ,ALL ,RUSSIA HAS COMMIS]AT$1 & COMMIS]ATES /ILL1 HIMSELF & ,%EVEH5KO4 ,C\LD IT1 !N1 ACCEPT ! ,ORD] ( ,NI*OLAS ,I,I4 O!RWISE ?AN ) G5]AL 9DIGNATION8  

 ,AS TO ! IDEA ( MAK+ MILIT>Y S]VICE A G5]AL MEASURE ( PUNI%M5T1 IT %[S ON ! FACE ( IT ?AT IT IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL2 & IT REMA9S AN OP5 QUE/ION :E!R ! ,CASSATION OR ,JUDICI>Y ,DEP>TM5TS ( ! ,S5ATE 7:I* HAVE LATELY %[N ON SEV]AL IMPORTANT OCCASIONS !IR 9T5TION TO PREV5T ! ABUSES ( P[] ( ! HI< FUNCTION>IES71 IF ! QUE/ION HAD BE5 BR\<T BE=E !M1 W\LD NOT HAVE DECL>$ ! ,CZ>'S ,ORD] CONTR>Y TO ! EXI/+ MILIT>Y LAW & REPRIM&$ ! ,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION = HAV+ SUBMITT$ A MEASURE :I* WAS UNLAWFUL = ! SIGNATURE ( HIS SOV]EIGN4 ,( C\RSE1 WE HAVE NO CON/ITUTION 9 ,RUSSIA2 BUT 0,AUTOCRACY0 IS NOT 0,DESPOTISM40 ,! ,CZ> MAY REPEAL ANY EXI/+ LAW BY BR++ ! PROPOSAL ( ITS REPEAL BE=E ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,/ATE2 EV5 IF HIS PROPOSAL OBTA9S ONLY ! M9ORITY ( VOICES1 HE CAN C>RY IT ?R\< BY VOT+ ) ! M9ORITY4 ,BUT ! PROPOSAL MU/ BE LAID BE=E ! ,C\NCIL1 & SO LONG AS A LAW HAS NOT BE5 REPEAL$1 IT IS EQUALLY B9D+ BO? ON ! ,CZ> & HIS SUBJECTS4 ,?US1 A ,CZ> CANNOT M>RY A LADY :O IS HIS [N SUBJECT )\T =FEIT+ HIS RI<TS TO ! ?RONE -- SU* IS ! LAW ( ,RUSSIA2 & HE CANNOT RE9TRODUCE S]FDOM1 OR ABOLI% OBLIGATORY MILIT>Y S]VICE )\T SUBMITT+ SU* S*EMES ( LAW TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,/ATE4 ,/ILL LESS CAN HE ISSUE AN ,ORD] :I* VIOLATES ! EXI/+ LAW -- IT BE+ ! DUTY ( ! ,S5ATE TO REMON/RATE ) HIM 9 SU* A CASE BE=E IT PROMULGATES ! ,ORD]4 ,SU* IS1 AT LEA/1 ! ,/ATE ,LAW 9 ,RUSSIA4  

 ,( C\RSE1 IF ! ,CZ>'S ,ORD] HAD NOT RUN SO /RONGLY AGA9/ ! G5]AL FEEL+ ( ! C\NTRY1 ITS ILLEGAL *>ACT]1 W\LD HAVE PASS$ UNNOTIC$4 ,BUT N[ ?AT A RA% & ILL-TEMP]$ MEASURE ( ! Y\NG AUTOCRAT HAS SET ! :OLE C\NTRY ON FIRE1 RESULT$ 9 BLOOD%$ 9 ?REE L>GE CITIES1 & NE>LY BECAME ! CAUSE ( FUR!R DISA/]S1 NOT ONLY ITS ILLEGAL *>ACT] HAS BECOME ! SUBJECT ( G5]AL DISCUSSION1 BUT ! ?9K+ & MATURE PORTION ( ! C\NTRY1 9CLUD+ ! ,CZ>'S [N M9I/]S1 HAVE VIVIDLY REALIZ$ ! DANG]S ( AUTOCRACY -- ?AT IS1 ( ! RULE ( AN IRRESPONSIBLE CLIQUE ( C\RTI]S4 ,! ,M9I/] ( ,F9ANCE1 ,DE ,WITTE1 EVID5TLY HAS GR[N ESPECIALLY HO/ILE TO ?AT RULE S9CE HE SAW ! O!R DAY ?AT1 W]E IT NOT = HIS VIOL5T OPPOSITION1 ALL HIS MANY YE>S' PATI5T WORK ( RECON/RUCT+ ,RUSSIAN F9ANCES W\LD HAVE BE5 NE>LY UPSET BY A PANIC-BORN DECL>ATION ( A /ATE ( SIEGE AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 :I* MEASURE W\LD HAVE MEANT ! RULE ( M>TIAL LAW1 EXECUTIONS1 GALL[S & T]RORI/ REPRISALS -- & ALSO ! FAILURE ( ALL LOAN NEGOTIATIONS1 SO IMPORTANT N[1 AFT] ! ,*9A & ,MAN*URIA SC>E4 ,! $UCATION QUE/ION WAS ?US DRIV5 TO ! BACKGR\ND1 & ! GREAT QUE/ION1 ,AUTOCRACY OR ,REPRES5TATIVE ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* HAS NEV] CEAS$ TO PRE-OCCUPY ,RUSSIA S9CE ! YE> #a#h#f#a1 SUDD5LY ROSE FULL-FL$G$ \T ( ! DI/URBANCES4  

 ,=EIGN]S DO NOT USUALLY REALIZE ! DEP? & BREAD? ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA2 BUT ! FACT IS ?AT TWICE )9 ! LA/ =TY YE>S -- NAMELY1 9 #a#h#f-#a#h#f#c & 9 #a#h#h-#a#h#h#a -- ,RUSSIA HAS BE5 ON ! EVE ( BECOM+ A ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,MON>*Y4 ,:5 S]FDOM WAS ABOLI%$ 9 #a#h#f#a1 & ! S]IES ( RE=MS :I* 5D$ 9 ! ABOLITION ( ! KN\T1 ! 9/ALLM5T ( PROV9CIAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 ! NEW JUDICIAL LAW & ! MILIT>Y RE=M1 WAS UND] DISCUSSION1 IT WAS G5]ALLY CONSID]$ ?AT !SE RE=MS W]E ONLY PRELIM9>Y /EPS T[>D :AT WAS DESCRIB$ !N1 9 ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I4'S WORDS1 AS 0LE C\RONNEM5T DE L'$IFICE0 -- ! CR[N+ ( ! BUILD+ -- ?AT IS1 ! CONVOCATION ( A ,P>LIAM5T4 ,EV]Y ONE AT ?AT TIME WAS P]SUAD$ ?AT ! GRANT+ ( A ,CON/ITUTION WAS ONLY AN AFFAIR ( A FEW YE>S -- DEF]R$ ONLY = SU* TIME AS MI<T BE NECESS>Y = WORK+ \T ! PRELIM9>Y RE=MS1 SU* AS ! RE=M ( ! C\RTS1 OR ! E/ABLI%M5T ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,NAY1 ! WAY 9 :I* ! F9ANCIAL QUE/IONS CONC]N+ ! G5]AL ECONOMICS ( ! ,EMPIRE W]E NEGLECT$ !N BY ! RE=M]S WAS V]Y *>ACT]I/IC ( !IR WAYS ( ?9K+2 ! G5]AL IMPRESSION BE+ ?AT ! RECON/RUCTION ( ! MIS]ABLY POOR F9ANCIAL AFFAIRS W\LD BE ! PROP] DUTY ( ! ,ZEMSKIY ,SOBOR1 OR ,REPRES5TATIVE ,ASSEMBLY4  

 ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ 9 MY MEMOIRS H[1 9 A REMOTE PROV9CE ( ,SIB]IA1 ! ,GOV]NOR ( ! PROV9CE1 ) HIS AIDE-DE-CAMP & ! HEADS ( ! ,COSSACK ADM9I/RATION1 & ( ! ,JUDICIAL & ,EXCISE DEP>TM5TS1 WORK$ H>D 9 ?OSE YE>S UPON RE=MS :I* ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,GOV]NM5T 9T5D$ TO ACCOMPLI% -- MUNICIPAL RE=M1 PRISON RE=M1 & SO ON4 ,BUT :AT WE DID !N 9 ONE SMALL T[N WAS DONE 9 EV]Y O!R PROV9CIAL T[N ( ,RUSSIA1 ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( M5 WORK+ MO/ CONSCI5TI\SLY TO COMPLETE ! GREAT *ANGES :I* W]E CONSID]$ AS PRELIM9>Y TO ! GREAT RE=M -- ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,ALL HONOR IS C]TA9LY DUE TO ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 = HAV+ D>$ TO ANN\NCE HIS 9T5TION ( LIB]AT+ ! S]FS & ( RE=M+ ALL ! 9N] LIFE ( ,RUSSIA1 & ESPECIALLY = ! SUPPORT HE GAVE TO ! GRANT+ ( L& TO ! LIB]AT$ S]FS4 ,BUT ! COLOSSAL WORK ( ELABORAT+ ! S*EME ( EMANCIPATION1 ! NEW ,JUDICIAL ,LAW1 & SO ON1 9 !IR 9F9ITELY COMPLICAT$1 M9UTE DETAILS1 BELONGS TO ,RUSSIA ITSELF -- TO ! MANY ?\S&S ( M5 :O JO9$ 9 ?IS WORK4 ,ALL 9TELLECTUAL ,RUSSIA -- HI/ORIANS1 POLITICAL WRIT]S1 L&LORDS1 FUNCTION>IES ( ALL CLASSES1 MILIT>Y M5 & 0M5 ( NO RANK0 -- HAVE HAD !IR %>E 9 !SE RE=MS4 ,& ALL ( !M1 BEG9N+ ) ! ,W9T] ,PALACE ITSELF & 5D+ 9 ! SMALLE/ PROV9CIAL T[N1 KNEW1 & SAID1 & WROTE ?AT A REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T W\LD BE ! ONLY WAY TO CONSOLIDATE !SE RE=MS & TO MAKE !M BE> FRUIT4 ,NAY1 ! NECESSITY ( ?IS 0CONSOLIDATION0 WAS SO KE5LY FELT 9 #ahfa ?AT ,I (T5 HE>D IT SAID 9 MY Y\? ?AT1 IF ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 %\LD FAIL TO GRANT A ,CON/ITUTION1 HIS BRO!R1 ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,CON/ANT9E1 MI<T BECOME1 9 CASE ( NE$1 A ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,K+ ( ,RUSSIA4  

 ,! ,POLI% 9SURRECTION ( #a#h#f#c1 & ESPECIALLY ! M5ACES ( 9T]V5TION 9 FAVOR ( ! ,POLES :I* W]E MADE BY ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I41 & ! VAGUE PROMISES MADE TO !M 9 ,5GL&1 PUT AN 5D TO ALL !SE HOPES2 ! 0NATIONALI/0 S]F-[N]S' P>TY HEAD$ BY ,KATK(F TOOK ! UPP] H&1 & !RE WAS NO QUE/ION MORE ( A ,CON/ITUTION TILL ! YE>S #a#h#h-#a#h#h#a4  

 ,9 #a#h#h1 :5 ! ,T]RORI/ ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE F\<T ITS T]RIBLE W> AGA9/ ! ,CZ>1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 HIMSELF R5EW$ ! CON/ITUTIONAL HOPES1 AFT] ! ,W9T] ,PALACE EXPLOSION1 BY 9VE/+ ,G5]AL .<,MIKHAIL.> ,LORIS-,MELIKOV ) NE>LY DICTATORIAL P[]S4 ,?IS NOM9ATION WAS G5]ALLY UND]/OOD AS 9DICAT+ A DESIRE ON ! P>T ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 TO GRANT A ,CON/ITUTION1 & ! SUBJECT BEGAN TO BE DISCUSS$ 9 VEIL$ T]MS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN PRESS ITSELF4 ,9 FACT1 :5 ONE READS ! MEMOIRS ( ,LORIS-,MELIKOV1 9 CONNECTION ) :AT IS KN[N FROM V>I\S O!R S\RCES AB\T ! SAME P]IOD1 ONE NECESS>ILY COMES TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! PROMULGATION ( A ,CON/ITUTION WAS EXTREMELY NE> AT H& DUR+ ! LA/ FEW MON?S ( ! LIFE ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 ,IF IT WAS NOT DONE1 ! FAULT WAS1 ON ! ONE SIDE1 9 ! 9DEF9ITE & *ANGEABLE MOOD ( ! ,EMP]OR'S M9D1 &1 ON ! O!R1 9 ! LACK ( DECISION ON ! P>T ( ,LORIS-,MELIKOV HIMSELF4 ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 EVID5TLY WANT$ TO HAVE BY HIS SIDE A MAN :O W\LD1 SO TO SAY1 =CE UPON HIM ! DECISION ( :I* HE SAW AT TIMES ! NECESSITY2 BUT ,LORIS-,MELIKOV WAS NOT ! MAN ( FIRM WILL :O WAS REQUIR$ TO A*IEVE ?AT 5D4  

 ,AT ANY RATE1 IT IS A WELL-KN[N FACT -- :I* HAS BE5 R5D]$ PUBLIC EV5 9 ,RUSSIA1 ) ! AU?ORIZATION ( C5SOR%IP -- ?AT ON ,M>* #a#c?1 #a#h#h#a1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 HAD SIGN$ AN ,ORD] 5JO9+ ,LORIS-,MELIKOV TO LAY1 ON ! FOLL[+ ,?URSDAY1 BE=E ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,/ATE1 A S*EME = ! CONVOCATION ( :AT ! ,EMP]OR HIMSELF DESCRIB$ AS AN ,ASSEMBLEE DES ,NOTABLES4 ,REPRES5TATIVES ELECT$ 9 EA* PROV9CE ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ! PROV9CIAL DI/RICT ,ASSEMBLIES 7,ZEM/VOS7 HAD TO BE SUMMON$ TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 9 ORD] TO DISCUSS ! G5]AL AFFAIRS ( ! ,/ATE4#c ,IT IS ALSO KN[N ?AT ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 WAS KILL$ ?IS SAME DAY2 :]EUPON ,LORIS-,MELIKOV1 9/EAD ( S5D+ IMM$IATELY TO ! ,S5ATE'S PR9T+ (FICE ! ORD] SIGN$ BY ! ,CZ>1 HESITAT$ TO DO SO1 & WAIT$ = ORD]S ( ! NEW ,CZ>1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I41 :O1 AFT] A FEW WEEKS' HESITATION1 ISSU$ A ,MANIFE/O1 9 :I* HE ANN\NC$ HIS 9T5TION ( REMA9+ AN AUTOCRATIC SOV]EIGN4 ,?IS ,MANIFE/O 9DUC$ ALL ! M9I/]S ( HIS FA!R1 9CLUD+ ,LORIS-,MELIKOV1 TO RESIGN4  

 ,! HI/ORY ( !SE FEW WEEKS IS EXTREMELY 9T]E/+ & IS TOLD 9 DETAIL 9 ! ,MEMOIRS ( ,LORIS-,MELIKOV2 BUT1 /RANGELY 5\<1 IT IS H>DLY KN[N EXCEPT AMONG ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,& YET IT IS A FACT ?AT IT WAS ONLY [+ TO A *A9 ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 ALMO/ ACCID5TAL 9 *>ACT]1 ?AT ,RUSSIA DID NOT GET A ,CON/ITUTION DUR+ !SE FIVE OR SIX WEEKS -- HI/ORICAL 0ACCID5TS0 BE+ EVID5TLY DUE !MSELVES TO DEEP-LY+ CAUSES4 ,! OLD ,G]MAN ,EMP]OR1 ,WILHELM ,I41 V]Y S]I\SLY ADVIS$ HIS NEPHEW1 BY LETT]1 TO GRANT A ,CON/ITUTION1 ONLY ADD+ ?AT HE MU/ HAVE ! CIVIL LI/ 9 HIS [N H&S4 ,SEV]AL S*EMES PROVID+ = A ,CON/ITUTION W]E ALSO SUBMITT$ TO ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 -- ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T ( !M BE+1 9 MY OP9ION1 ! S*EME ( ! ,GR& ,DUKE ,CON/ANT9E4 ,HE ADVOCAT$ SOME?+ SIMIL> TO :AT ,CANADA HAS N[ --  NAMELY1 SEV5 DIFF]5T ,P>LIAM5TS2 &1 TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION ! VA/ POPULATION ( ,RUSSIA 7#a#e11 BY ?IS TIME71 ITS SP>S5ESS OV] VA/ P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE1 ! UNMANAGEABLE *>ACT] ( A ,P>LIAM5T :I* W\LD HAVE AT LEA/ #c1 DEPUTIES1 AS ALSO ! DIV]SITY ( ! MANN]S1 CU/OMS & 9T]E/S 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,RUSSIA -- IT IS EVID5T ?AT A F$]ALI/ S*EME1 SIMIL> TO ! S*EME ADVOCAT$ BY ,CON/ANT9E1 W\LD HAVE BE5 9F9ITELY PREF]ABLE TO ANY C5TRALI/ S*EME4 ,AS TO ,LORIS-,MELIKOV'S S*EME1 ,I HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ IT4 ,IT CAME1 AFT] ALL1 TO V]Y LITTLE1 & WAS EVID5TLY C5TRALI/4 ,NOT)/&+ ALL !SE DIFFICULTIES1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 SEEMS TO HAVE MADE UP HIS M9D TO GRANT A ,CON/ITUTION1 & ,MELIKOV M5TIONS A NOTE :I* ! ,CZ> WROTE TO HIS BRO!R3 0,AT LA/10 HE SAID 9 ?IS NOTE1 0,I HAVE ! M\NTA9 (F MY %\LD]S4 ,I HAVE ASK$ MY M9I/]S TO DRAFT ! S*EME ( AN ,ASSEMBLY ( ,REPRES5TATIVES40 ,BUT ! M9I/]S SEEM$ TO LOSE TIME 9 FUR!R HESITATIONS1 :ILE ! HEAD ( ! CONS]VATIVE P>TY1 ,KATK(F1 LO/ NO TIME 9 COM+ TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & 9 SUPPLICAT+ ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 TO TAKE NO SU* /EP4 ,IT IS ALSO V]Y PROBABLE ?AT ,POBI$ONO/SEFF1 & EV5 ! QUITE HONE/ DEMOCRAT ,SLAVOPHILE1 ,IVAN ,AKSAKOV1 ACT$ 9 ! SAME WAY -- ! LATT] ADVIS+ ! ,CZ> TO R$UCE1 FIR/1 BY HIS [N AU?ORITY1 ! TAXATION BURD5S :I* W]E CRU%+ D[N ! PEASANTS4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ! 0,PROGRAM ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I410 :I* WAS PR9T$ 9 A ,FR5* REVIEW1 & ! AU?OR%IP ( :I* IS ATTRIBUT$ TO .<,IVAN.> ,TURGU5EV 7! TRANSLATION1 ,I %\LD RA!R SAY71 CONTA9$ SU* A S]IES ( MEASURES 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEASANTS AS WAS SUGGE/$ BY ,AKSAKOV -- NAMELY1 ! ABOLITION ( ! POLL-TAX & ! TAX ON SALT1 A NOTABLE R$UCTION 9 ! R$EMPTION TAX = ! ALLOTM5TS ( L&1 ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY4 ,SEE+ ON ! O!R SIDE ?AT HIS M9I/]S W]E EXTREMELY SL[ 9 PREP>+ A DRAFT ( A ,CON/ITUTION1 & ?9K+ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PUT AN 5D TO ! UNSETTL$ /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 WROTE1 A FEW WEEKS LAT]1 TO HIS BRO!R ?AT HE HAD AT LA/ DECID$ TO RETA9 AUTOCRATIC P[]1 & ?AT HE HAD ASK$ ,POBI$ONO/SEFF TO WRITE A MANIFE/O TO ?AT EFFECT4  

 ,IT IS ?US SE5 ?AT =EIGN RA!R ?AN DOME/IC CAUSES PREV5T$ ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 FROM TAK+ 9 ! SIXTIES FUR!R /EPS 9 ! CON/ITUTIONAL DIRECTION2 & ?AT TWICE DUR+ ! YE> #a#h#h#a1 ! TWO ,CZ>S1 ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 & ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I41 W]E ON ! V]Y PO9T ( GRANT+ TO ,RUSSIA A ,CON/ITUTION1 OR1 AT LEA/1 ( TAK+ ! FIR/ DECISIVE /EPS 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,! IDEA ( A ,CON/ITUTION IS RIPE 9 ,RUSSIA1 EV5 9 ! HI<E/ ADM9I/RATIVE SPH]ES1 & CONSEQU5TLY ONE NE$ NOT BE A/ONI%$ TO SEE ?AT DI/URBANCES :I* BEGAN 9 A UNIV]SITY SUDD5LY ACQUIR$ ! IMPORTANCE ( A CON/ITUTIONAL QUE/ION4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS IDEA HAS NEV] BE5 AB&ON$ S9CE #a#h#h#a1 & IT HAS RIP5$1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! DEA? ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 ,! NOM9ATION ( ,G5]AL ,VANNOVSKY TO ! PO/ ( ,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,9/RUCTION WILL NOT DIM9I% ! DIFFICULTIES ( ! G5]AL SITUATION1 & NEW CONFLICTS >E SURE TO >ISE UPON M9OR PO9TS BETWE5 ! Y\NG ,CZ> & ! C\NTRY1 AS WELL AS ! HI<E/ FUNCTION>IES 9 ! ,/ATE ,ADM9I/RATION4 ,SPEAK+ PLA9LY1 ! FACT IS ?AT ,RUSSIA HAS \TGR[N ! AUTOCRATIC =M ( GOV]NM5T2 & IT MAY BE SAID CONFID5TLY ?AT IF EXT]NAL COMPLICATIONS DO NOT DI/URB ! PEACEFUL DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA1 ,NI*OLAS ,I,I4 WILL SOON BE BR\<T TO REALIZE ?AT HE IS B\ND TO TAKE /EPS = MEET+ ! WI%ES ( ! C\NTRY4 ,LET US HOPE ?AT HE WILL UND]/& ! PROP] S5SE ( ! LESSON :I* HE HAS RECEIV$ DUR+ ! PA/ TWO MON?S4  

 ,P4 ,K,R,O,P,O,T,K,94  

 #a  ,SEE ALSO AN >TICLE ( M9E 9 ,! ,\TLOOK1 ,APRIL #f1 #a#i#a4 ,! D\BTS :I* ,I EXPRESS$ !RE AS TO ! ACCURACY ( ! S5SATIONAL TELEGRAMS CONC]N+ PLOTS AGA9/ ! ,CZ>'S LIFE HAVE BE5 FULLY CONFIRM$ S9CE4 ,IT IS N[ /AT$ BY ! ,NEW ,YORK DAILY PRESS ITSELF ?AT !Y W]E M]E 9V5TIONS1 COM+ NO ONE KN[S :5CE4  

 #b  ,TELEGRAM TO ! ,LONDON ,TIMES FROM ITS [N CORRESPOND5T1 CONFIRM$ S9CE BY PRIVATE LETT]S4  

 #c  ,! DETAILS CONC]N+ ?IS 0CON/ITUTION0 >E PUBLI%$ 9 ,LORIS-,MELIKOV'S ,MEMOIRS1 &1 9DEP5D5TLY1 9 A WORK ON ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE ,LAW1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i4  

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,REVIEW1 ,VOL4 #a#g#b1 ,NO4 #ecd 7,MAY1 #a#i#a71 PP4 #g#a#a-#g#b#c47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #c1 #aia 3 ,! ,PRES5T ,CRISIS 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,! ,PRES5T ,CRISIS 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,PRES5T ,CRISIS 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,UPDAT$4 

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