,*APT] #a 
,APPE>ANCE & ,REALITY 

#aiabaiab 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I 

,A,P,P,E,>,A,N,C,E ,& ,R,E,A,L,I,T,Y 

,I,S !RE ANY KN[L$GE 9 ! WORLD :I* IS SO C]TA9 ?AT 
NO REASONABLE MAN C\LD D\BT IT8 ,?IS QUE/ION1 :I* AT FIR/ SI<T 
MI<T NOT SEEM DIFFICULT1 IS REALLY ONE ( ! MO/ DIFFICULT ?AT 
CAN BE ASK$4 ,:5 WE HAVE REALIZ$ ! OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( A 
/RAI<T=W>D & CONFID5T ANSW]1 WE %ALL BE WELL LAUN*$ ON 
! /UDY ( PHILOSOPHY -- = PHILOSOPHY IS M]ELY ! ATTEMPT TO 
ANSW] SU* ULTIMATE QUE/IONS1 NOT C>ELESSLY & DOGMATICALLY1 AS 
WE DO 9 ORD9>Y LIFE & EV5 9 ! SCI5CES1 BUT CRITICALLY AFT] 
EXPLOR+ ALL ?AT MAKES SU* QUE/IONS PUZZL+1 & AFT] REALIZ+ 
ALL ! VAGU5ESS & CONFUSION ?AT UND]LIE \R ORD9>Y IDEAS4 

,9 DAILY LIFE1 WE ASSUME AS C]TA9 MANY ?+S :I*1 ON A 
CLOS] SCRUT9Y1 >E F\ND TO BE SO FULL ( APP>5T CONTRADICTIONS 
?AT ONLY A GREAT AM\NT ( ?\<T 5ABLES US TO KN[ :AT IT IS 
?AT WE REALLY MAY BELIEVE4 ,9 ! SE>* = C]TA9TY1 IT IS 
NATURAL TO BEG9 ) \R PRES5T EXP]I5CES1 & 9 SOME S5SE1 NO 
D\BT1 KN[L$GE IS TO BE D]IV$ FROM !M4 ,BUT ANY /ATEM5T AS TO 
:AT IT IS ?AT \R IMM$IATE EXP]I5CES MAKE US KN[ IS V]Y LIKELY 
TO BE WRONG4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ,I AM N[ SITT+ 9 A *AIR1 AT A 
TABLE ( A C]TA9 %APE1 ON :I* ,I SEE %EETS ( PAP] ) WRIT+ 
OR PR9T4 ,BY TURN+ MY HEAD ,I SEE \T ( ! W9D[ BUILD+S & 
CL\DS & ! SUN4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! SUN IS AB\T N9ETY-?REE 
MILLION MILES FROM ! E>?2 ?AT IT IS A HOT GLOBE MANY TIMES 
BIGG] ?AN ! E>?2 ?AT1 [+ TO ! E>?'S ROTATION1 IT RISES 
EV]Y MORN+1 & WILL CONT9UE TO DO SO = AN 9DEF9ITE TIME 9 
! FUTURE4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT1 IF ANY O!R NORMAL P]SON COMES 9TO MY 
ROOM1 HE WILL SEE ! SAME *AIRS & TABLES & BOOKS & PAP]S AS 
,I SEE1 & ?AT ! TABLE :I* ,I SEE IS ! SAME AS ! TABLE :I* 
,I FEEL PRESS+ AGA9/ MY >M4 ,ALL ?IS SEEMS TO BE SO EVID5T AS TO 
BE H>DLY WOR? /AT+1 EXCEPT 9 ANSW] TO A MAN :O D\BTS :E!R 
,I KN[ ANY?+4 ,YET ALL ?IS MAY BE REASONABLY D\BT$1 & ALL ( 
IT REQUIRES MU* C>EFUL DISCUSSION BE=E WE CAN BE SURE ?AT WE 
HAVE /AT$ IT 9 A =M ?AT IS :OLLY TRUE4 

,TO MAKE \R DIFFICULTIES PLA91 LET US CONC5TRATE ATT5TION 
ON ! TABLE4 ,TO ! EYE IT IS OBLONG1 BR[N & %9Y1 TO ! T\* 
IT IS SMOO? & COOL & H>D2 :5 ,I TAP IT1 IT GIVES \T A WOOD5 
S\ND4 ,ANY ONE ELSE :O SEES & FEELS & HE>S ! TABLE WILL AGREE 
) ?IS DESCRIPTION1 SO ?AT IT MI<T SEEM AS IF NO DIFFICULTY 
W\LD >ISE2 BUT AS SOON AS WE TRY TO BE MORE PRECISE \R TR\BLES 
BEG94 ,AL?\< ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! TABLE IS 'REALLY' ( ! SAME 
COLOR ALL OV]1 ! P>TS ?AT REFLECT ! LI<T LOOK MU* BRI<T] 
?AN ! O!R P>TS1 & SOME P>TS LOOK :ITE BECAUSE ( REFLECT$ 
LI<T4 ,I KN[ ?AT1 IF ,I MOVE1 ! P>TS ?AT REFLECT ! LI<T WILL 
BE DIFF]5T1 SO ?AT ! APP>5T DI/RIBUTION ( COLORS ON ! 
TABLE WILL *ANGE4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT IF SEV]AL PEOPLE >E LOOK+ AT 
! TABLE AT ! SAME MOM5T1 NO TWO ( !M WILL SEE EXACTLY ! 
SAME DI/RIBUTION ( COLORS1 BECAUSE NO TWO CAN SEE IT FROM EXACTLY 
! SAME PO9T ( VIEW1 & ANY *ANGE 9 ! PO9T ( VIEW MAKES 
SOME *ANGE 9 ! WAY ! LI<T IS REFLECT$4 

,= MO/ PRACTICAL PURPOSES !SE DIFF]5CES >E UNIMPORTANT1  
BUT TO ! PA9T] !Y >E ALL-IMPORTANT3 ! PA9T] HAS TO UNLE>N 
! HABIT ( ?9K+ ?AT ?+S SEEM TO HAVE ! COLOR :I* 
COMMON S5SE SAYS !Y 'REALLY' HAVE1 & TO LE>N ! HABIT ( 
SEE+ ?+S AS !Y APPE>4 ,H]E WE HAVE ALREADY ! BEG9N+ ( 
ONE ( ! DI/9CTIONS ?AT CAUSE MO/ TR\BLE 9 PHILOSOPHY -- ! 
DI/9CTION BETWE5 'APPE>ANCE' & 'REALITY'1 BETWE5 :AT ?+S 
SEEM TO BE & :AT !Y >E4 ,! PA9T] WANTS TO KN[ :AT ?+S 
SEEM TO BE1 ! PRACTICAL MAN & ! PHILOSOPH] WANT TO KN[ :AT 
!Y >E2 BUT ! PHILOSOPH]'S WI% TO KN[ ?IS IS /RONG] ?AN 
! PRACTICAL MAN'S1 & IS MORE TR\BL$ BY KN[L$GE AS TO ! 
DIFFICULTIES ( ANSW]+ ! QUE/ION4 

,TO RETURN TO ! TABLE4 ,IT IS EVID5T FROM :AT WE HAVE F\ND1  
?AT !RE IS NO COLOR :I* PREEM95TLY APPE>S TO BE ! 
COLOR ( ! TABLE1 OR EV5 ( ANY ONE P>TICUL> P>T ( ! TABLE 
-- IT APPE>S TO BE ( DIFF]5T COLORS FROM DIFF]5T PO9TS ( 
VIEW1 & !RE IS NO REASON = REG>D+ SOME ( !SE AS MORE 
REALLY ITS COLOR ?AN O!RS4 ,& WE KN[ ?AT EV5 FROM A GIV5 
PO9T ( VIEW ! COLOR WILL SEEM DIFF]5T BY >TIFICIAL LI<T1 OR 
TO A COLORBL9D MAN1 OR TO A MAN WE>+ BLUE SPECTACLES1 :ILE 9 
! D>K !RE WILL BE NO COLOR AT ALL1 ?\< TO T\* & HE>+ 
! TABLE WILL BE UN*ANG$4 ,?IS COLOR IS NOT SOME?+ :I* IS 
9H]5T 9 ! TABLE1 BUT SOME?+ DEP5D+ UPON ! TABLE & ! 
SPECTATOR & ! WAY ! LI<T FALLS ON ! TABLE4 ,:51 9 ORD9>Y 
LIFE1 WE SPEAK ( ! COLOR ( ! TABLE1 WE ONLY MEAN ! 
SORT ( COLOR :I* IT WILL SEEM TO HAVE TO A NORMAL SPECTATOR FROM 
AN ORD9>Y PO9T ( VIEW UND] USUAL CONDITIONS ( LI<T4 ,BUT ! 
O!R COLORS :I* APPE> UND] O!R CONDITIONS HAVE JU/ AS GOOD A 
RI<T TO BE CONSID]$ REAL2 & !RE=E1 TO AVOID FAVORITISM1 WE 
>E COMPELL$ TO D5Y ?AT1 9 ITSELF1 ! TABLE HAS ANY ONE 
P>TICUL> COLOR4 

,! SAME ?+ APPLIES TO ! TEXTURE4 ,) ! NAK$ EYE ONE 
CAN SEE ! GRAM1 BUT O!RWISE ! TABLE LOOKS SMOO? & EV54 ,IF 
WE LOOK$ AT IT ?R\< A MICROSCOPE1 WE %\LD SEE R\<NESSES & 
HILLS & VALLEYS1 & ALL SORTS ( DIFF]5CES ?AT >E 
IMP]CEPTIBLE TO ! NAK$ EYE4 ,:I* ( !SE IS ! 'REAL' TABLE8 
,WE >E NATURALLY TEMPT$ TO SAY ?AT :AT WE SEE ?R\< ! 
MICROSCOPE IS MORE REAL1 BUT ?AT 9 TURN W\LD BE *ANG$ BY A /ILL 
MORE P[]FUL MICROSCOPE4 ,IF1 !N1 WE CANNOT TRU/ :AT WE SEE ) 
! NAK$ EYE1 :Y %\LD WE TRU/ :AT WE SEE ?R\< A MICROSCOPE8 
,?US1 AGA91 ! CONFID5CE 9 \R S5SES ) :I* WE BEGAN DES]TS 
US4 

,! %APE ( ! TABLE IS NO BETT]4 ,WE >E ALL 9 
! HABIT ( JUDG+ AS TO ! 'REAL' %APES ( ?+S1 & WE DO 
?IS SO UNREFLECT+LY ?AT WE COME TO ?9K WE ACTUALLY SEE ! REAL 
%APES4 ,BUT1 9 FACT1 AS WE ALL HAVE TO LE>N IF WE TRY TO DRAW1 A 
GIV5 ?+ LOOKS DIFF]5T 9 %APE FROM EV]Y DIFF]5T PO9T ( 
VIEW4 ,IF \R TABLE IS 'REALLY' RECTANGUL>1 IT WILL LOOK1 FROM ALMO/ 
ALL PO9TS ( VIEW1 AS IF IT HAD TWO ACUTE ANGLES & TWO OBTUSE 
ANGLES4 ,IF OPPOSITE SIDES >E P>ALLEL1 !Y WILL LOOK AS IF !Y 
CONV]G$ TO A PO9T AWAY FROM ! SPECTATOR2 IF !Y >E ( EQUAL 
L5G?1 !Y WILL LOOK AS IF ! NE>] SIDE W]E LONG]4 ,ALL !SE 
?+S >E NOT COMMONLY NOTIC$ 9 LOOK+ AT A TABLE1 BECAUSE 
EXP]I5CE HAS TAU<T US TO CON/RUCT ! 'REAL' %APE FROM ! 
APP>5T %APE1 & ! 'REAL' %APE IS :AT 9T]E/S US AS 
PRACTICAL M54 ,BUT ! 'REAL' %APE IS NOT :AT WE SEE2 IT IS 
SOME?+ 9F]R$ FROM :AT WE SEE4 ,& :AT WE SEE IS CON/ANTLY 
*ANG+ 9 %APE AS WE1 MOVE AB\T ! ROOM2 SO ?AT H]E AGA9 ! 
S5SES SEEM NOT TO GIVE US ! TRU? AB\T ! TABLE ITSELF1 BUT ONLY 
AB\T ! APPE>ANCE ( ! TABLE4 

,SIMIL> DIFFICULTIES >ISE :5 WE CONSID] ! S5SE ( 
T\*4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! TABLE ALWAYS GIVES US A S5SATION ( 
H>DNESS1 & WE FEEL ?AT IT RESI/S PRESSURE4 ,BUT ! S5SATION WE 
OBTA9 DEP5DS UPON H[ H>D WE PRESS ! TABLE & ALSO UPON :AT 
P>T ( ! BODY WE PRESS )2 ?US ! V>I\S S5SATIONS DUE TO 
V>I\S PRESSURES OR V>I\S P>TS ( ! BODY CANNOT BE SUPPOS$ TO 
REVEAL DIRECTLY ANY DEF9ITE PROP]TY ( ! TABLE1 BUT AT 
MO/ TO BE SIGNS ( SOME PROP]TY :I* P]HAPS CAUSES ALL 
! S5SATIONS1 BUT IS NOT ACTUALLY APP>5T 9 ANY ( !M4 ,& ! 
SAME APPLIES /ILL MORE OBVI\SLY TO ! S\NDS :I* CAN BE ELICIT$ 
BY RAPP+ ! TABLE4 

,?US IT BECOMES EVID5T ?AT ! REAL TABLE1 IF !RE IS ONE1  
IS NOT ! SAME AS :AT WE IMM$IATELY EXP]I5CE BY SI<T OR T\* 
OR HE>+4 ,! REAL TABLE1 IF !RE IS ONE1 IS NOT 
IMM$IATELY KN[N TO US AT ALL1 BUT MU/ BE AN 9F]5CE 
FROM :AT IS IMM$IATELY KN[N4 ,H5CE1 TWO V]Y DIFFICULT QUE/IONS 
AT ONCE >ISE2 NAMELY1 7#a7 ,IS !RE A REAL TABLE AT ALL8 7#b7 ,IF SO1  
:AT SORT ( OBJECT CAN IT BE8 

,IT WILL HELP US 9 CONSID]+ !SE QUE/IONS TO HAVE A FEW 
SIMPLE T]MS ( :I* ! MEAN+ IS DEF9ITE & CLE>4 ,LET US GIVE 
! NAME ( 'S5SE-DATA' TO ! ?+S ?AT >E IMM$IATELY KN[N 9 
S5SATION3 SU* ?+S AS COLORS1 S\NDS1 SMELLS1 H>DNESSES1  
R\<NESSES1 & SO ON4 ,WE %ALL GIVE ! NAME 'S5SATION' TO ! 
EXP]I5CE ( BE+ IMM$IATELY AW>E ( !SE ?+S4 ,?US1 :5EV] 
WE SEE A COLOR1 WE HAVE A S5SATION ( ! COLOR1 BUT ! 
COLOR ITSELF IS A S5SE-DATUM1 NOT A S5SATION4 ,! COLOR IS ?AT 
( :I* WE >E IMM$IATELY AW>E1 & ! AW>5ESS ITSELF 
IS ! S5SATION4 ,IT IS PLA9 ?AT IF WE >E TO KN[ ANY?+ AB\T 
! TABLE1 IT MU/ BE BY MEANS ( ! S5SE-DATA -- BR[N COLOR1  
OBLONG %APE1 SMOO?NESS1 ETC4 -- :I* WE ASSOCIATE ) ! TABLE2 
BUT1 = ! REASONS :I* HAVE BE5 GIV51 WE CANNOT SAY ?AT ! 
TABLE IS ! S5SE-DATA1 OR EV5 ?AT ! S5SE-DATA >E DIRECTLY 
PROP]TIES ( ! TABLE4 ,?US A PROBLEM >ISES AS TO ! RELATION ( 
! S5SE-DATA TO ! REAL TABLE1 SUPPOS+ !RE IS SU* A ?+4 

,! REAL TABLE1 IF IT EXI/S1 WE WILL CALL A 'PHYSICAL 
OBJECT'4 ,?US WE HAVE TO CONSID] ! RELATION ( S5SE-DATA TO 
PHYSICAL OBJECTS4 ,! COLLECTION ( ALL PHYSICAL OBJECTS IS CALL$ 
'MATT]'4 ,?US \R TWO QUE/IONS MAY BE RE-/AT$ AS FOLL[S3 7#a7 ,IS 
!RE ANY SU* ?+ AS MATT]8 7#b7 ,IF SO1 :AT IS ITS NATURE8 

,! PHILOSOPH] :O FIR/ BR\<T PROM95TLY =W>D ! 
REASONS = REG>D+ ! IMM$IATE OBJECTS ( \R S5SES AS NOT 
EXI/+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( US WAS ,BI%OP ,B]KELEY 7#a#f#h#e-#a#g#e#c74 ,HIS 
,?REE ,DIALOGUES BETWE5 ,HYLAS & ,PHILON\S1 9 ,OPPOSITION TO 
,SKEPTICS & ,A!I/S1 UND]TAKE TO PROVE ?AT !RE IS NO 
SU* ?+ AS MATT] AT ALL1 & ?AT ! WORLD CONSI/S ( NO?+ 
BUT M9DS & !IR IDEAS4 ,HYLAS HAS HI!RTO BELIEV$ 9 MATT]1 BUT 
HE IS NO MAT* = ,PHILON\S1 :O M]CILESSLY DRIVES HIM 9TO 
CONTRADICTIONS & P>ADOXES1 & MAKES HIS [N D5IAL ( MATT] 
SEEM1 9 ! 5D1 AS IF IT W]E ALMO/ COMMON S5SE4 ,! >GUM5TS 
EMPLOY$ >E ( V]Y DIFF]5T VALUE3 SOME >E IMPORTANT & S\ND1  
O!RS >E CONFUS$ OR QUIBBL+4 ,BUT ,B]KELEY RETA9S ! M]IT ( 
HAV+ %[N ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( MATT] IS CAPABLE ( BE+ D5I$ 
)\T ABSURDITY1 & ?AT IF !RE >E ANY ?+S ?AT EXI/ 
9DEP5D5TLY ( US !Y CANNOT BE ! IMM$IATE OBJECTS ( \R 
S5SATIONS4 

,!RE >E TWO DIFF]5T QUE/IONS 9VOLV$ :5 WE ASK :E!R 
MATT] EXI/S1 & IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP !M CLE>4 ,WE COMMONLY 
MEAN BY 'MATT]' SOME?+ :I* IS OPPOS$ TO 'M9D'1 SOME?+ 
:I* WE ?9K ( AS OCCUPY+ SPACE & AS RADICALLY 9CAPABLE ( 
ANY SORT ( ?\<T OR CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IT IS *IEFLY 9 ?IS S5SE 
?AT ,B]KELEY D5IES MATT]2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 HE DOES NOT D5Y ?AT 
! S5SE-DATA :I* WE COMMONLY TAKE AS SIGNS ( ! EXI/5CE ( 
! TABLE >E REALLY SIGNS ( ! EXI/5CE ( SOME?+ 
9DEP5D5T ( US1 BUT HE DOES D5Y ?AT ?IS SOME?+ IS NONM5TAL1  
?AT IT IS NEI!R M9D NOR IDEAS 5T]TA9$ BY SOME M9D4 ,HE ADMITS 
?AT !RE MU/ BE SOME?+ :I* CONT9UES TO EXI/ :5 WE GO \T 
( ! ROOM OR %UT \R EYES1 & ?AT :AT WE CALL SEE+ ! TABLE 
DOES REALLY GIVE US REASON = BELIEV+ 9 SOME?+ :I* P]SI/S 
EV5 :5 WE >E NOT SEE+ IT4 ,BUT HE ?9KS ?AT ?IS SOME?+ 
CANNOT BE RADICALLY DIFF]5T 9 NATURE FROM :AT WE SEE1 & CANNOT 
BE 9DEP5D5T ( SEE+ ALTOGE!R1 ?\< IT MU/ BE 9DEP5D5T ( 
\R SEE+4 ,HE IS ?US L$ TO REG>D ! 'REAL' TABLE AS AN 
IDEA 9 ! M9D ( ,GOD4 ,SU* AN IDEA HAS ! REQUIR$ P]MAN5CE & 
9DEP5D5CE ( \RSELVES1 )\T BE+ -- AS MATT] W\LD O!RWISE 
BE -- SOME?+ QUITE UNKN[ABLE1 9 ! S5SE ?AT WE CAN ONLY 9F] 
IT1 & CAN NEV] BE DIRECTLY & IMM$IATELY AW>E ( IT4 

,O!R PHILOSOPH]S S9CE ,B]KELEY HAVE ALSO HELD ?AT1  
AL?\< ! TABLE DOES NOT DEP5D = ITS EXI/5CE UPON BE+ SE5 
BY ME1 IT DOES DEP5D UPON BE+ SE5 7OR O!RWISE APPREH5D$ 9 
S5SATION7 BY SOME M9D -- NOT NECESS>ILY ! M9D ( ,GOD1  
BUT MORE (T5 ! :OLE COLLECTIVE M9D ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,?IS !Y 
HOLD1 AS ,B]KELEY DOES1 *IEFLY BECAUSE !Y ?9K !RE CAN BE 
NO?+ REAL -- OR AT ANY RATE NO?+ KN[N TO BE REAL EXCEPT M9DS 
& !IR ?\<TS & FEEL+S4 ,WE MI<T /ATE ! >GUM5T BY :I* 
!Y SUPPORT !IR VIEW 9 SOME SU* WAY AS ?IS3 ',:ATEV] CAN BE 
?\<T ( IS AN IDEA 9 ! M9D ( ! P]SON ?9K+ ( IT2 
!RE=E NO?+ CAN BE ?\<T ( EXCEPT IDEAS 9 M9DS2 !RE=E 
ANY?+ ELSE IS 9CONCEIVABLE1 & :AT IS 9CONCEIVABLE CANNOT 
EXI/4' 

,SU* AN >GUM5T1 9 MY OP9ION1 IS FALLACI\S2 & ( C\RSE 
?OSE :O ADVANCE IT DO NOT PUT IT SO %ORTLY OR SO CRUDELY4 ,BUT 
:E!R VALID OR NOT1 ! >GUM5T HAS BE5 V]Y WIDELY ADVANC$ 9 
ONE =M OR ANO!R2 & V]Y MANY PHILOSOPH]S1 P]HAPS A MAJORITY1  
HAVE HELD ?AT !RE IS NO?+ REAL EXCEPT M9DS & !IR IDEAS4 
,SU* PHILOSOPH]S >E CALL$ 'IDEALI/S'4 ,:5 !Y COME TO 
EXPLA9+ MATT]1 !Y EI!R SAY1 LIKE ,B]KELEY1 ?AT MATT] IS 
REALLY NO?+ BUT A COLLECTION ( IDEAS1 OR !Y SAY1 LIKE ,LEIBNIZ 
7#a#f#d#f-#a#g#a#f71 ?AT :AT APPE>S AS MATT] IS REALLY A COLLECTION ( 
MORE OR LESS RUDIM5T>Y M9DS4 

,BUT !SE PHILOSOPH]S1 ?\< !Y D5Y MATT] AS OPPOS$ TO 
M9D1 NEV]!LESS1 9 ANO!R S5SE1 ADMIT MATT]4 ,IT WILL BE 
REMEMB]$ ?AT WE ASK$ TWO QUE/IONS2 NAMELY1 7#a7 ,IS !RE A REAL 
TABLE AT ALL8 7#b7 ,IF SO1 :AT SORT ( OBJECT CAN IT BE8 ,N[ BO? 
,B]KELEY & ,LEIBNIZ ADMIT ?AT !RE IS A REAL TABLE1 BUT ,B]KELEY 
SAYS IT IS C]TA9 IDEAS 9 ! M9D ( ,GOD1 & ,LEIBNIZ SAYS IT IS A 
COLONY ( S\LS4 ,?US BO? ( !M ANSW] \R FIR/ QUE/ION 9 ! 
AFFIRMATIVE1 & ONLY DIV]GE FROM ! VIEWS ( ORD9>Y MORTALS 9 
!IR ANSW] TO \R SECOND QUE/ION4 ,9 FACT1 ALMO/ ALL PHILOSOPH]S 
SEEM TO BE AGRE$ ?AT !RE IS A REAL TABLE4 !Y ALMO/ ALL AGREE 
?AT1 H[EV] MU* \R S5SE-DATA -- COLOR1 %APE1 SMOO?NESS1 ETC4 
-- MAY DEP5D UPON US1 YET !IR OCCURR5CE IS A SIGN ( SOME?+ 
EXI/+ 9DEP5D5TLY ( US1 SOME?+ DIFF]+1 P]HAPS1  
COMPLETELY FROM \R S5SE-DATA :5EV] WE >E 9 A SUITABLE RELATION 
TO ! REAL TABLE4 

,N[ OBVI\SLY ?IS PO9T 9 :I* ! PHILOSOPH]S >E AGRE$ 
-- ! VIEW ?AT !RE IS A REAL TABLE1 :ATEV] ITS NATURE MAY BE IS 
VITALLY IMPORTANT1 & IT WILL BE WOR? :ILE TO CONSID] :AT 
REASONS !RE >E = ACCEPT+ ?IS VIEW BE=E WE GO ON TO ! 
FUR!R QUE/ION AS TO ! NATURE ( ! REAL TABLE4 ,\R NEXT 
*APT]1 !RE=E1 WILL BE CONC]N$ ) ! REASONS = SUPPOS+ 
?AT !RE IS A REAL TABLE AT ALL4 

,BE=E WE GO F>!R IT WILL BE WELL TO CONSID] = A MOM5T 
:AT IT IS ?AT WE HAVE DISCOV]$ SO F>4 ,IT HAS APPE>$ ?AT1 IF 
WE TAKE ANY COMMON OBJECT ( ! SORT ?AT IS SUPPOS$ TO BE KN[N BY 
! S5SES1 :AT ! S5SES IMM$IATELY TELL US IS NOT ! 
TRU? AB\T ! OBJECT AS IT IS AP>T FROM US1 BUT ONLY ! TRU? 
AB\T C]TA9 S5SE-DATA :I*1 SO F> AS WE CAN SEE1 DEP5D UPON ! 
RELATIONS BETWE5 US & ! OBJECT4 ,?US :AT WE DIRECTLY SEE & 
FEEL IS M]ELY 'APPE>ANCE'1 :I* WE BELIEVE TO BE A SIGN ( SOME 
'REALITY' BEH9D4 ,BUT IF ! REALITY IS NOT :AT APPE>S1 HAVE WE ANY 
MEANS ( KN[+ :E!R !RE IS ANY REALITY AT ALL8 ,& IF SO1 HAVE 
WE ANY MEANS ( F9D+ \T :AT IT IS LIKE8 

,SU* QUE/IONS >E BEWILD]+1 & IT IS DIFFICULT TO KN[ 
?AT EV5 ! /RANGE/ HYPO!SES MAY NOT BE TRUE4 ,?US \R FAMILI> 
TABLE1 :I* HAS R\S$ BUT ! SLI<TE/ ?\<TS 9 US HI!RTO1  
HAS BECOME A PROBLEM FULL ( SURPRIS+ POSSIBILITIES4 ,! ONE ?+ 
WE KN[ AB\T IT IS ?AT IT IS NOT :AT IT SEEMS4 ,BEYOND ?IS MODE/ 
RESULT1 SO F>1 WE HAVE ! MO/ COMPLETE LIB]TY ( CONJECTURE4 
,LEIBNIZ TELLS US IT IS A COMMUNITY ( S\LS3 ,B]KELEY TELLS US IT IS 
AN IDEA 9 ! M9D ( ,GOD2 SOB] SCI5CE1 SC>CELY LESS WOND]FUL1  
TELLS US IT IS A VA/ COLLECTION ( ELECTRIC *>GES 9 VIOL5T 
MOTION4 

,AMONG !SE SURPRIS+ POSSIBILITIES1 D\BT SUGGE/S ?AT 
P]HAPS !RE IS NO TABLE AT ALL4 ,PHILOSOPHY1 IF IT CANNOT ANSW] SO 
MANY QUE/IONS AS WE C\LD WI%1 HAS AT LEA/ ! P[] ( ASK+ 
QUE/IONS :I* 9CREASE ! 9T]E/ ( ! WORLD1 & %[ ! 
/RANG5ESS & WOND] LY+ JU/ BEL[ ! SURFACE EV5 9 ! 
COMMONE/ ?+S ( DAILY LIFE4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaa 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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