,*APT] #d 
,IDEALISM 

#aiabaiab 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,V 

,I,D,E,A,L,I,S,M 

,! WORD 'IDEALISM' IS US$ BY DIFF]5T PHILOSOPH]S 9 
SOME:AT DIFF]5T S5SES4 ,WE %ALL UND]/& BY IT ! DOCTR9E 
?AT :ATEV] EXI/S1 OR AT ANY RATE :ATEV] CAN BE KN[N TO EXI/1  
MU/ BE 9 SOME S5SE M5TAL4 ,?IS DOCTR9E1 :I* IS V]Y WIDELY 
HELD AMONG PHILOSOPH]S1 HAS SEV]AL =MS1 & IS ADVOCAT$ ON 
SEV]AL DIFF]5T GR\NDS4 ,! DOCTR9E IS SO WIDELY HELD1 & SO 
9T]E/+ 9 ITSELF1 ?AT EV5 ! BRIEFE/ SURVEY ( PHILOSOPHY 
MU/ GIVE SOME ACC\NT ( IT4 

,?OSE :O >E UNACCU/OM$ TO PHILOSOPHICAL SPECULATION MAY BE 
9CL9$ TO DISMISS SU* A DOCTR9E AS OBVI\SLY ABSURD4 ,!RE IS NO 
D\BT ?AT COMMON S5SE REG>DS TABLES & *AIRS & ! SUN & 
MOON & MAT]IAL OBJECTS G5]ALLY AS SOME?+ RADICALLY DIFF]5T 
FROM M9DS & ! CONT5TS ( M9DS1 & AS HAV+ AN EXI/5CE 
:I* MI<T CONT9UE IF M9DS CEAS$4 ,WE ?9K ( MATT] AS HAV+ 
EXI/$ LONG BE=E !RE W]E ANY M9DS1 & IT IS H>D TO ?9K ( 
IT AS A M]E PRODUCT ( M5TAL ACTIVITY4 ,BUT :E!R TRUE OR FALSE1  
IDEALISM IS NOT TO BE DISMISS$ AS OBVI\SLY ABSURD4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT1 EV5 IF PHYSICAL OBJECTS DO HAVE AN 
9DEP5D5T EXI/5CE1 !Y MUS DIFF] V]Y WIDELY FROM S5SE-DATA1  
& CAN ONLY HAVE A CORRESPOND5CE ) S5SE-DATA1 9 ! 
SAME SORT ( WAY 9 :I* A CATALOG HAS A CORRESPOND5CE ) ! 
?+S CATALOG$4 ,H5CE COMMON S5SE LEAVES US COMPLETELY 9 ! 
D>K AS TO ! TRUE 9TR9SIC NATURE ( PHYSICAL OBJECTS1 & IF 
!RE W]E GOOD REASON TO REG>D !M AS M5TAL1 WE C\LD NOT 
LEGITIMATELY REJECT ?IS OP9ION M]ELY BECAUSE IT /RIKES US AS 
/RANGE4 ,! TRU? AB\T PHYSICAL OBJECTS MU/ BE /RANGE4 
,IT MAY BE UNATTA9ABLE1 BUT IF ANY PHILOSOPH] BELIEVES ?AT 
HE HAS ATTA9$ IT1 ! FACT ?AT :AT HE (F]S AS ! TRU? IS 
/RANGE \<T NOT TO BE MADE A GR\ND ( OBJECTION TO HIS OP9ION4 

,! GR\NDS ON :I* IDEALISM IS ADVOCAT$ >E G5]ALLY 
GR\NDS D]IV$ FROM ! !ORY ( KN[L$GE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 FROM A 
DISCUSSION ( ! CONDITIONS :I* ?+S MU/ SATISFY 9 ORD] ?AT 
WE MAY BE ABLE TO KN[ !M4 ,! FIR/ S]I\S ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% 
IDEALISM ON SU* GR\NDS WAS ?AT ( ,BI%OP ,B]KELEY4 ,HE PROV$ 
FIR/1 BY >GUM5TS :I* W]E L>GELY VALID1 ?AT \R S5SE-DATA 
CANNOT BE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE AN EXI/5CE 9DEP5D5T ( US1 BUT MU/ 
BE1 9 P>T AT LEA/1 '9' ! M9D1 9 ! S5SE ?AT !IR 
EXI/5CE W\LD NOT CONT9UE IF !RE W]E NO SEE+ OR HE>+ OR 
T\*+ OR SMELL+ OR TA/+4 ,SO F>1 HIS CONT5TION WAS ALMO/ 
C]TA9LY VALID1 EV5 IF SOME ( HIS >GUM5TS W]E NOT SO4 ,BUT HE 
W5T ON TO >GUE ?AT S5SE-DATA W]E ! ONLY ?+S ( :OSE 
EXI/5CE \R P]CEPTIONS C\LD ASSURE US1 & ?AT TO BE KN[N IS TO 
BE '9' A M9D1 & !RE=E TO BE M5TAL4 ,H5CE HE CONCLUD$ ?AT 
NO?+ CAN EV] BE KN[N EXCEPT :AT IS 9 SOME M9D1 & ?AT 
:ATEV] IS KN[N )\T BE+ 9 MY M9D MU/ BE 9 SOME O!R 
M9D4 

,9 ORD] TO UND]/& HIS >GUM5T1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO 
UND]/& HIS USE ( ! WORD 'IDEA'4 ,HE GIVES ! NAME 'IDEA' TO 
ANY?+ :I* IS IMM$IATELY KN[N1 AS1 = EXAMPLE1  
S5SE-DATA >E KN[N ,?US A P>TICUL> COLOR :I* WE SEE IS AN 
IDEA2 SO IS A VOICE :I* WE HE>1 & SO ON4 ,BUT ! T]M IS NOT 
:OLLY CONF9$ TO S5SE-DATA4 ,!RE WILL ALSO BE ?+S REMEMB]$ 
OR IMAG9$1 = ) SU* ?+S ALSO WE HAVE IMM$IATE ACQUA9TANCE 
AT ! MOM5T ( REMEMB]+ OR IMAG9+4 ,ALL SU* IMM$IATE DATA HE 
CALLS 'IDEAS'4 

,HE !N PROCE$S TO CONSID] COMMON OBJECTS1 SU* AS A TREE1  
= 9/ANCE4 ,HE %[S ?AT ALL WE KN[ IMM$IATELY :5 WE 
'P]CEIVE' ! TREE CONSI/S ( IDEAS 9 HIS S5SE ( ! WORD1 & 
HE >GUES ?AT !RE IS NOT ! SLI<TE/ GR\ND = SUPPOS+ ?AT 
!RE IS ANY?+ REAL AB\T ! TREE EXCEPT :AT IS P]CEIV$4 ,ITS 
BE+1 HE SAYS1 CONSI/S 9 BE+ P]CEIV$3 9 ! ,LAT9 ( ! 
S*OOLM5 ITS 'ESSE' IS 'P]CIPI'4 ,HE FULLY ADMITS 
?AT ! TREE MU/ CONT9UE TO EXI/ EV5 :5 WE %UT \R EYES OR 
:5 NO HUMAN BE+ IS NE> IT4 ,BUT ?IS CONT9U$ EXI/5CE1 HE 
SAYS1 IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ,GOD CONT9UES TO P]CEIVE IT2 ! 
'REAL' TREE1 :I* CORRESPONDS TO :AT WE CALL$ ! PHYSICAL OBJECT1  
CONSI/S ( IDEAS 9 ! M9D ( ,GOD1 IDEAS MORE OR LESS LIKE ?OSE 
WE HAVE :5 WE SEE ! TREE1 BUT DIFF]+ 9 ! FACT ?AT !Y >E 
P]MAN5T 9 ,GOD'S M9D SO LONG AS ! TREE CONT9UES TO EXI/4 ,ALL 
\R P]CEPTIONS1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 CONSI/ 9 A P>TIAL P>TICIPATION 
9 ,GOD'S P]CEPTIONS1 & IT IS BECAUSE ( ?IS P>TICIPATION ?AT 
DIFF]5T PEOPLE SEE MORE OR LESS ! SAME TREE4 ,?US AP>T FROM 
M9DS & !IR IDEAS !RE IS NO?+ 9 ! WORLD1 NOR IS IT 
POSSIBLE ?AT ANY?+ ELSE %\LD EV] BE KN[N1 S9CE :ATEV] IS 
KN[N IS NECESS>ILY AN IDEA4 

,!RE >E 9 ?IS >GUM5T A GOOD MANY FALLACIES :I* HAVE 
BE5 IMPORTANT 9 ! HI/ORY ( PHILOSOPHY1 & :I* IT WILL BE AS 
WELL TO BR+ TO LI<T4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !RE IS A CONFUSION 
5G5D]$ BY ! USE ( ! WORD 'IDEA'4 ,WE ?9K ( AN IDEA AS 
ESS5TIALLY SOME?+ 9 SOMEBODY'S M9D1 & ?US :5 WE 
>E TOLD ?AT A TREE CONSI/S 5TIRELY ( IDEAS1 IT IS NATURAL TO 
SUPPOSE ?AT1 IF SO1 ! TREE MU/ BE 5TIRELY 9 M9DS4 ,BUT ! 
NOTION ( BE+ '9' ! M9D IS AMBIGU\S4 ,WE SPEAK ( BE>+ A 
P]SON 9 M9D1 NOT MEAN+ ?AT ! P]SON IS 9 \R M9DS1 BUT ?AT 
A ?\<T ( HIM IS 9 \R M9DS4 ,:5 A MAN SAYS ?AT SOME BUS9ESS 
HE HAD TO >RANGE W5T CLEAN \T ( HIS M9D1 HE DOES NOT MEAN TO 
IMPLY ?AT ! BUS9ESS ITSELF WAS EV] 9 HIS M9D1 BUT ONLY ?AT A 
?\<T ( ! BUS9ESS WAS =M]LY 9 HIS M9D1 BUT AFT]W>DS 
CEAS$ TO BE 9 HIS M9D4 ,& SO :5 ,B]KELEY SAYS ?AT ! TREE 
MU/ BE 9 \R M9DS IF WE CAN KN[ IT1 ALL ?AT HE REALLY HAS A 
RI<T TO SAY IS ?AT A ?\<T ( ! TREE MU/ BE 9 \R M9DS4 ,TO 
>GUE ?AT ! TREE ITSELF MU/ BE 9 \R M9DS IS LIKE >GU+ ?AT 
A P]SON :OM WE BE> 9 M9D IS HIMSELF 9 \R M9DS4 ,?IS CONFUSION 
MAY SEEM TOO GROSS TO HAVE BE5 REALLY COMMITT$ BY ANY COMPET5T 
PHILOSOPH]1 BUT V>I\S ATT5DANT CIRCUM/ANCES R5D]$ IT 
POSSIBLE4 ,9 ORD] TO SEE H[ IT WAS POSSIBLE1 WE MU/ GO MORE 
DEEPLY 9TO ! QUE/ION AS TO ! NATURE ( IDEAS4 

,BE=E TAK+ UP ! G5]AL QUE/ION ( ! NATURE ( IDEAS1  
WE MU/ DIS5TANGLE TWO 5TIRELY SEP>ATE QUE/IONS :I* >ISE 
CONC]N+ S5SE-DATA & PHYSICAL OBJECTS4 ,WE SAW ?AT1 = V>I\S 
REASONS ( DETAIL1 ,B]KELEY WAS RI<T 9 TREAT+ ! S5SE-DATA 
:I* CON/ITUTE \R P]CEPTION ( ! TREE AS MORE OR LESS 
SUBJECTIVE1 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y DEP5D UPON US AS MU* AS UPON ! 
TREE1 & W\LD NOT EXI/ IF ! TREE W]E NOT BE+ P]CEIV$4 ,BUT 
?IS IS AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T PO9T FROM ! ONE BY :I* ,B]KELEY 
SEEKS TO PROVE ?AT :ATEV] CAN BE IMM$IATELY KN[N MU/ 
BE 9 A M9D4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE >GUM5T ( DETAIL AS TO ! 
DEP5D5CE ( S5SE-DATA UPON US >E USELESS4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO 
PROVE1 G5]ALLY1 ?AT BY BE+ KN[N1 ?+S >E %[N TO BE M5TAL4 
,?IS IS :AT ,B]KELEY BELIEVES HIMSELF TO HAVE DONE4 ,IT IS ?IS 
QUE/ION1 & NOT \R PREVI\S QUE/ION AS TO ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 
S5SE-DATA & ! PHYSICAL OBJECT1 ?AT MU/ N[ CONC]N US4 

,TAK+ ! WORD 'IDEA' 9 ,B]KELEY'S S5SE1 !RE >E TWO 
QUITE DI/9CT ?+S TO BE CONSID]$ :5EV] AN IDEA IS BE=E ! 
M9D4 ,!RE IS ON ! ONE H& ! ?+ ( :I* WE >E AW>E -- SAY 
! COLOR ( MY TABLE -- & ON ! O!R H& ! ACTUAL AW>5ESS 
ITSELF1 ! M5TAL ACT ( APPREH5D+ ! ?+4 ,! M5TAL ACT IS 
UND\BT$LY M5TAL1 BUT IS !RE ANY REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! ?+ 
APPREH5D$ IS 9 ANY S5SE M5TAL8 ,\R PREVI\S >GUM5TS CONC]N+ 
! COLOR DID NOT PROVE IT TO BE M5TAL2 !Y ONLY PROV$ ?AT ITS 
EXI/5CE DEP5DS UPON ! RELATION ( \R S5SE ORGANS TO ! 
PHYSICAL OBJECT -- 9 \R CASE1 ! TABLE4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y 
PROV$ ?AT A C]TA9 COLOR WILL EXI/1 9 A C]TA9 LI<T1 IF A 
NORMAL EYE IS PLAC$ AT A C]TA9 PO9T RELATIVELY TO ! TABLE4 ,!Y 
DID NOT PROVE ?AT ! COLOR IS 9 ! M9D ( ! P]CIPI5T4 

,B]KELEY'S VIEW1 ?AT OBVI\SLY ! COLOR MU/ BE 9 
! M9D1 SEEMS TO DEP5D = ITS PLAUSIBILITY UPON CONFUS+ ! 
?+ APPREH5D$ ) ! ACT ( APPREH5SION4 ,EI!R ( !SE MI<T 
BE CALL$ AN 'IDEA'2 PROBABLY EI!R W\LD HAVE BE5 CALL$ AN IDEA 
BY ,B]KELEY4 ,! ACT IS UND\BT$LY 9 ! M9D2 H5CE1 :5 WE >E 
?9K+ ( ! ACT1 WE READILY ASS5T TO ! VIEW ?AT IDEAS MU/ BE 
9 ! M9D4 ,!N1 =GETT+ ?AT ?IS WAS ONLY TRUE :5 IDEAS W]E 
TAK5 AS ACTS ( APPREH5SION1 WE TRANSF] ! PROPOSITION ?AT 
'IDEAS >E 9 ! M9D' TO IDEAS 9 ! O!R S5SE1 I4E4 TO ! 
?+S APPREH5D$ BY \R ACTS ( APPREH5SION4 ,?US1 BY AN 
UNCONSCI\S EQUIVOCATION1 WE >RIVE AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT :ATEV] 
WE CAN APPREH5D MU/ BE 9 \R M9DS4 ,?IS SEEMS TO BE ! TRUE 
ANALYSIS ( ,B]KELEY'S >GUM5T1 & ! ULTIMATE FALLACY UPON :I* 
IT RE/S4 

,?IS QUE/ION ( ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ACT & OBJECT 9 \R 
APPREH5D+ ( ?+S IS VITALLY IMPORTANT1 S9CE \R :OLE P[] ( 
ACQUIR+ KN[L$GE IS B\ND UP ) IT4 ,! FACULTY ( BE+ 
ACQUA9T$ ) ?+S O!R ?AN ITSELF IS ! MA9 *>ACT]I/IC ( 
A M9D4 ,ACQUA9TANCE ) OBJECTS ESS5TIALLY CONSI/S 9 A RELATION 
BETWE5 ! M9D & SOME?+ O!R ?AN ! M9D2 IT IS ?IS ?AT 
CON/ITUTES ! M9D'S P[] ( KN[+ ?+S4 ,IF WE SAY ?AT ! 
?+S KN[N MU/ BE 9 ! M9D1 WE >E EI!R UNDULY LIMIT+ ! 
M9D'S P[] ( KN[+1 OR WE >E UTT]+ A M]E TAUTOLOGY4 ,WE >E 
UTT]+ A M]E TAUTOLOGY IF WE MEAN BY '9 ! M9D' ! 
SAME AS BY 'BE=E ! M9D'1 I4E4 IF WE MEAN M]ELY BE+ 
APPREH5D$ BY ! M9D4 ,BUT IF WE MEAN ?IS1 WE %ALL HAVE TO ADMIT 
?AT :AT1 9 ?IS S5SE1 IS 9 ! M9D1 MAY NEV]!LESS 
BE NOT M5TAL4 ,?US :5 WE REALIZE ! NATURE ( KN[L$GE1  
,B]KELEY'S >GUM5T IS SE5 TO BE WRONG 9 SUB/ANCE AS WELL AS 9 
=M1 & HIS GR\NDS = SUPPOS+ ?AT 'IDEAS' -- I4E4 ! OBJECTS 
APPREH5D$ -- MU/ BE M5TAL1 >E F\ND TO HAVE NO VALIDITY 
:ATEV]4 ,H5CE HIS GR\NDS 9 FAVOR ( IDEALISM MAY BE DISMISS$4 
,IT REMA9S TO SEE :E!R !RE >E ANY O!R GR\NDS4 

,IT IS (T5 SAID1 AS ?\< IT W]E A SELF-EVID5T TRUISM1  
?AT WE CANNOT KN[ ?AT ANY?+ EXI/S :I* WE DO NOT KN[4 ,IT IS 
9F]R$ ?AT :ATEV] CAN 9 ANY WAY BE RELEVANT TO \R EXP]I5CE 
MU/ BE AT LEA/ CAPABLE ( BE+ KN[N BY US2 :5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT 
IF MATT] W]E ESS5TIALLY SOME?+ ) :I* WE C\LD NOT BECOME 
ACQUA9T$1 MATT] W\LD BE SOME?+ :I* WE C\LD NOT KN[ TO 
EXI/1 & :I* C\LD HAVE = US NO IMPORTANCE :ATEV]4 ,IT IS 
G5]ALLY ALSO IMPLI$1 = REASONS :I* REMA9 OBSCURE1 ?AT :AT 
CAN HAVE NO IMPORTANCE = US CANNOT BE REAL1 & ?AT !RE=E 
MATT]1 IF IT IS NOT COMPOS$ ( M9DS OR ( M5TAL IDEAS1 IS 
IMPOSSIBLE & A M]E *IM]A4 

,TO GO 9TO ?IS >GUM5T FULLY AT \R PRES5T /AGE W\LD BE 
IMPOSSIBLE1 S9CE IT RAISES PO9TS REQUIR+ A CONSID]ABLE 
PRELIM9>Y DISCUSSION2 BUT C]TA9 REASONS = REJECT+ ! 
>GUM5T MAY BE NOTIC$ AT ONCE4 ,TO BEG9 AT ! 5D3 !RE IS NO 
REASON :Y :AT CANNOT HAVE ANY PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE = US 
%\LD NOT BE REAL4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 IF !ORETICAL 
IMPORTANCE IS 9CLUD$1 EV]Y?+ REAL IS ( SOME 
IMPORTANCE TO US1 S9CE1 AS P]SONS DESIR\S ( KN[+ ! TRU? 
AB\T ! UNIV]SE1 WE HAVE SOME 9T]E/ 9 EV]Y?+ ?AT ! 
UNIV]SE CONTA9S4 ,BUT IF ?IS SORT ( 9T]E/ IS 9CLUD$1 IT IS 
NOT ! CASE ?AT MATT] HAS NO IMPORTANCE = US1 PROVID$ IT EXI/S 
EV5 IF WE CANNOT KN[ ?AT IT EXI/S4 ,WE CAN1 OBVI\SLY1 SUSPECT 
?AT IT MAY EXI/1 & WOND] :E!R IT DOES2 H5CE IT IS CONNECT$ 
) \R DESIRE = KN[L$GE1 & HAS ! IMPORTANCE ( EI!R 
SATISFY+ OR ?W>T+ ?IS DESIRE4 

,AGA91 IT IS BY NO MEANS A TRUISM1 & IS 9 FACT FALSE1 ?AT 
WE CANNOT KN[ ?AT ANY?+ EXI/S :I* WE DO NOT KN[4 ,! WORD 
'KN[' IS H]E US$ 9 TWO DIFF]5T S5SES4 7#a7 ,9 ITS FIR/ USE IT 
IS APPLICABLE TO ! SORT ( KN[L$GE :I* IS OPPOS$ TO ]ROR1 ! 
S5SE 9 :I* :AT WE KN[ IS TRUE1 ! S5SE :I* APPLIES TO \R 
BELIEFS & CONVICTIONS1 I4E4 TO :AT >E CALL$ JUDGM5TS4 
,9 ?IS S5SE ( ! WORD WE KN[ ?AT SOME?+ IS ! 
CASE4 ,?IS SORT ( KN[L$GE MAY BE DESCRIB$ AS KN[L$GE ( 
TRU?S4 7#b7 ,9 ! SECOND USE ( ! WORD 'KN[' ABOVE1 ! 
WORD APPLIES TO \R KN[L$GE ( ?+S1 :I* WE MAY CALL 
ACQUA9TANCE4 ,?IS IS ! S5SE 9 :I* WE KN[ S5SE-DATA4 
7,! DI/9CTION 9VOLV$ IS R\<LY ?AT BETWE5 SAVOIR & 
CONNAITRE 9 ,FR5*1 OR BETWE5 WISS5 & 
K5N5 9 ,G]MAN47 

,?US ! /ATEM5T :I* SEEM$ LIKE A TRUISM BECOMES1 :5 
RE-/AT$1 ! FOLL[+3 ',WE CAN NEV] TRULY JUDGE ?AT SOME?+ 
) :I* WE >E NOT ACQUA9T$ EXI/S4' ,?IS IS BY NO MEANS A 
TRUISM1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y A PALPABLE FALSEHOOD4 ,I HAVE NOT ! 
HONOR TO BE ACQUA9T$ ) ! ,EMP]OR ( ,*9A1 BUT ,I TRULY JUDGE 
?AT HE EXI/S4 ,IT MAY BE SAID1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ,I JUDGE ?IS BECAUSE 
( O!R PEOPLE'S ACQUA9TANCE ) HIM4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 W\LD BE AN 
IRRELEVANT RETORT1 S9CE1 IF ! PR9CIPLE W]E TRUE1 ,I C\LD NOT 
KN[ ?AT ANY ONE ELSE IS ACQUA9T$ ) HIM4 ,BUT FUR!R3 !RE IS 
NO REASON :Y ,I %\LD NOT KN[ ( ! EXI/5CE ( SOME?+ ) 
:I* NOBODY IS ACQUA9T$4 ,?IS PO9T IS IMPORTANT1 & 
DEM&S ELUCIDATION4 

,IF ,I AM ACQUA9T$ ) A ?+ :I* EXI/S1 MY ACQUA9TANCE 
GIVES ME ! KN[L$GE ?AT IT EXI/S4 ,BUT IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT1  
CONV]SELY1 :5EV] ,I CAN KN[ ?AT A ?+ ( A C]TA9 SORT 
EXI/S1 ,I OR SOME ONE ELSE MU/ BE ACQUA9T$ ) ! ?+4 ,:AT 
HAPP5S1 9 CASES :]E ,I HAVE TRUE JUDGM5T )\T ACQUA9TANCE1  
IS ?AT ! ?+ IS KN[N TO ME BY DESCRIPTION1 & ?AT1  
9 VIRTUE ( SOME G5]AL PR9CIPLE1 ! EXI/5CE ( A ?+ 
ANSW]+ TO ?IS DESCRIPTION CAN BE 9F]R$ FROM ! EXI/5CE ( 
SOME?+ ) :I* ,I AM ACQUA9T$4 ,9 ORD] TO UND]/& ?IS 
PO9T FULLY1 IT WILL BE WELL FIR/ TO DEAL ) ! DIFF]5CE 
BETWE5 KN[L$GE BY ACQUA9TANCE & KN[L$GE BY DESCRIPTION1 & 
!N TO CONSID] :AT KN[L$GE ( G5]AL PR9CIPLES1 IF ANY1 HAS 
! SAME K9D ( C]TA9TY AS \R KN[L$GE ( ! EXI/5CE ( \R 
[N EXP]I5CES4 ,!SE SUBJECTS WILL BE DEALT ) 9 ! FOLL[+ 
*APT]S4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaa 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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