,*APT] #i 
,! ,WORLD ( ,UNIV]SALS 

#aiabaiab 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,X 

,! ,W,O,R,L,D ,( ,U,N,I,V,],S,A,L,S 

,A,T ! 5D ( ! PREC$+ *APT] WE SAW ?AT SU* 5TITIES 
AS RELATIONS APPE> TO HAVE A BE+ :I* IS 9 SOME WAY DIFF]5T 
FROM ?AT ( PHYSICAL OBJECTS1 & ALSO DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( M9DS 
& FROM ?AT ( S5SE-DATA4 ,9 ! PRES5T *APT] WE HAVE TO 
CONSID] :AT IS ! NATURE ( ?IS K9D ( BE+1 & ALSO :AT 
OBJECTS !RE >E ?AT HAVE ?IS K9D ( BE+4 ,WE WILL BEG9 ) 
! LATT] QUE/ION4 

,! PROBLEM ) :I* WE >E N[ CONC]N$ IS A V]Y OLD ONE1  
S9CE IT WAS BR\<T 9TO PHILOSOPHY BY ,PLATO4 ,PLATO'S '!ORY ( 
IDEAS' IS AN ATTEMPT TO SOLVE ?IS V]Y PROBLEM1 & 9 MY OP9ION IT 
IS ONE ( ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS HI!RTO MADE4 ,! !ORY TO 
BE ADVOCAT$ 9 :AT FOLL[S IS L>GELY ,PLATO'S1 ) M]ELY SU* 
MODIFICATIONS AS TIME HAS %[N TO BE NECESS>Y4 

,! WAY ! PROBLEM >OSE = ,PLATO WAS MORE OR LESS AS 
FOLL[S4 ,LET US CONSID]1 SAY1 SU* A NOTION AS JU/ICE4 ,IF 
WE ASK \RSELVES :AT JU/ICE IS1 IT IS NATURAL TO PROCE$ BY 
CONSID]+ ?IS1 ?AT1 & ! O!R JU/ ACT1 ) A VIEW TO 
DISCOV]+ :AT !Y HAVE 9 COMMON4 ,!Y MU/ ALL1 9 SOME S5SE1  
P>TAKE ( A COMMON NATURE1 :I* WILL BE F\ND 9 :ATEV] IS JU/ 
& 9 NO?+ ELSE4 ,?IS COMMON NATURE1 9 VIRTUE ( :I* !Y >E 
ALL JU/1 WILL BE JU/ICE ITSELF1 ! PURE ESS5CE ! ADMIXTURE ( 
:I* ) FACTS ( ORD9>Y LIFE PRODUCES ! MULTIPLICITY ( JU/ 
ACTS4 ,SIMIL>LY ) ANY O!R WORD :I* MAY BE APPLICABLE TO COMMON 
FACTS1 SU* AS ':IT5ESS' = EXAMPLE4 ,! WORD WILL BE APPLICABLE 
TO A NUMB] ( P>TICUL> ?+S BECAUSE !Y ALL P>TICIPATE 9 A 
COMMON NATURE OR ESS5CE4 ,?IS PURE ESS5CE IS :AT ,PLATO CALLS AN 
'IDEA' OR '=M'4 7,IT MU/ NOT BE SUPPOS$ ?AT 'IDEAS'1 9 HIS 
S5SE1 EXI/ 9 M9DS1 ?\< !Y MAY BE APPREH5D$ BY M9DS47 ,! 
'IDEA' JU/ICE IS NOT ID5TICAL ) ANY?+ ?AT IS JU/3 
IT IS SOME?+ O!R ?AN P>TICUL> ?+S1 :I* P>TICUL> ?+S 
P>TAKE (4 ,NOT BE+ P>TICUL>1 IT CANNOT ITSELF EXI/ 9 ! WORLD 
( S5SE4 ,MOREOV] IT IS NOT FLEET+ OR *ANGEABLE LIKE ! ?+S 
( S5SE3 IT IS ET]NALLY ITSELF1 IMMUTABLE & 9DE/RUCTIBLE4 

,?US ,PLATO IS L$ TO A SUPRA-S5SIBLE WORLD1 MORE REAL ?AN 
! COMMON WORLD ( S5SE1 ! UN*ANGEABLE WORLD ( IDEAS1 :I* 
ALONE GIVES TO ! WORLD ( S5SE :ATEV] PALE REFLECTION ( REALITY 
MAY BELONG TO IT4 ,! TRULY REAL WORLD1 = ,PLATO1 IS ! WORLD ( 
IDEAS2 = :ATEV] WE MAY ATTEMPT TO SAY AB\T ?+S 9 ! WORLD 
( S5SE1 WE CAN ONLY SUCCE$ 9 SAY+ ?AT !Y P>TICIPATE 9 SU* 
& SU* IDEAS1 :I*1 !RE=E1 CON/ITUTE ALL !IR *>ACT]4 
,H5CE IT IS EASY TO PASS ON 9TO A MY/ICISM4 ,WE MAY HOPE1 9 A 
MY/IC ILLUM9ATION1 TO SEE ! IDEAS AS WE SEE OBJECTS ( S5SE2 & 
WE MAY IMAG9E ?AT ! IDEAS EXI/ 9 HEAV54 ,!SE MY/ICAL 
DEVELOPM5TS >E V]Y NATURAL1 BUT ! BASIS ( ! !ORY IS 9 
LOGIC1 & IT IS AS BAS$ 9 LOGIC ?AT WE HAVE TO CONSID] IT4 

,! WORD 'IDEA' HAS ACQUIR$1 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME1 MANY 
ASSOCIATIONS :I* >E QUITE MISLEAD+ :5 APPLI$ TO ,PLATO'S 
'IDEAS'4 ,WE %ALL !RE=E USE ! WORD 'UNIV]SAL' 9/EAD ( ! 
WORD 'IDEA'1 TO DESCRIBE :AT ,PLATO MEANT4 ,! ESS5CE ( ! SORT ( 
5TITY ?AT ,PLATO MEANT IS ?AT IT IS OPPOS$ TO ! P>TICUL> 
?+S ?AT >E GIV5 9 S5SATION4 ,WE SPEAK ( :ATEV] IS GIV5 9 
S5SATION1 OR IS ( ! SAME NATURE AS ?+S GIV5 9 S5SATION1 AS 
A P>TICUL>2 BY OPPOSITION TO ?IS1 A UNIV]SAL WILL BE 
ANY?+ :I* MAY BE %>$ BY MANY P>TICUL>S1 & HAS ?OSE 
*>ACT]I/ICS :I*1 AS WE SAW1 DI/+UI% JU/ICE & :IT5ESS 
FROM JU/ ACTS & :ITE ?+S4 

,:5 WE EXAM9E COMMON WORDS1 WE F9D ?AT1 BROADLY SPEAK+1  
PROP] NAMES /& = P>TICUL>S1 :ILE O!R SUB/ANTIVES1  
ADJECTIVES1 PREPOSITIONS1 & V]BS /& = UNIV]SALS4 ,PRON\NS 
/& = P>TICUL>S1 BUT >E AMBIGU\S3 IT IS ONLY BY ! CONTEXT 
OR ! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT WE KN[ :AT P>TICUL>S !Y /& =4 
,! WORD 'N[' /&S = A P>TICUL>1 NAMELY ! PRES5T MOM5T2 
BUT LIKE PRON\NS1 IT /&S = AN AMBIGU\S P>TICUL>1 BECAUSE ! 
PRES5T IS ALWAYS *ANG+4 

,IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT NO S5T5CE CAN BE MADE UP )\T AT 
LEA/ ONE WORD :I* D5OTES A UNIV]SAL4 ,! NE>E/ APPROA* W\LD 
BE SOME SU* /ATEM5T AS ',I LIKE ?IS'4 ,BUT EV5 H]E ! WORD 
'LIKE' D5OTES A UNIV]SAL1 = ,I MAY LIKE O!R ?+S1 & O!R 
PEOPLE MAY LIKE ?+S4 ,?US ALL TRU?S 9VOLVE UNIV]SALS1 & ALL 
KN[L$GE ( TRU?S 9VOLVES ACQUA9TANCE ) UNIV]SALS4 

,SEE+ ?AT NE>LY ALL ! WORDS TO BE F\ND 9 ! 
DICTION>Y /& = UNIV]SALS1 IT IS /RANGE ?AT H>DLY ANYBODY 
EXCEPT /UD5TS ( PHILOSOPHY EV] REALIZES ?AT !RE >E SU* 
5TITIES AS UNIV]SALS4 ,WE DO NOT NATURALLY DWELL UPON ?OSE WORDS 9 
A S5T5CE :I* DO NOT /& = P>TICUL>S2 & IF WE >E =C$ 
TO DWELL UPON A WORD :I* /&S = A UNIV]SAL1 WE NATURALLY ?9K 
( IT AS /&+ = SOME ONE ( ! P>TICUL>S ?AT COME UND] ! 
UNIV]SAL4 ,:51 = EXAMPLE1 WE HE> ! S5T5CE1 ',*>LES ,I'S HEAD 
WAS CUT (F'1 WE MAY NATURALLY 5\< ?9K ( ,*>LES ,I1 ( ,*>LES 
,I'S HEAD1 & ( ! OP]ATION ( CUTT+ ( HIS HEAD1 :I* 
>E ALL P>TICUL>S2 BUT WE DO NOT NATURALLY DWELL UPON :AT IS MEANT 
BY ! WORD 'HEAD' OR ! WORD 'CUT'1 :I* IS A UNIV]SAL4 ,WE FEEL 
SU* WORDS TO BE 9COMPLETE & 9SUB/ANTIAL2 !Y SEEM TO DEM& A 
CONTEXT BE=E ANY?+ CAN BE DONE ) !M4 ,H5CE WE SUCCE$ 9 
AVOID+ ALL NOTICE ( UNIV]SALS AS SU*1 UNTIL ! /UDY ( 
PHILOSOPHY =CES !M UPON \R ATT5TION4 

,EV5 AMONG PHILOSOPH]S1 WE MAY SAY1 BROADLY1 ?AT ONLY ?OSE 
UNIV]SALS :I* >E NAM$ BY ADJECTIVES OR SUB/ANTIVES HAVE BE5 
MU* OR (T5 RECOGNIZ$1 :ILE ?OSE NAM$ BY V]BS & PREPOSITIONS 
HAVE BE5 USUALLY OV]LOOK$4 ,?IS OMISSION HAS HAD A V]Y GREAT 
EFFECT UPON PHILOSOPHY2 IT IS H>DLY TOO MU* TO SAY ?AT MO/ 
METAPHYSICS1 S9CE ,SP9OZA1 HAS BE5 L>GELY DET]M9$ BY IT4 ,! 
WAY ?IS HAS OCCURR$ IS1 9 \TL9E1 AS FOLL[S3 ,SPEAK+ G5]ALLY1  
ADJECTIVES & COMMON N\NS EXPRESS QUALITIES OR PROP]TIES ( S+LE 
?+S1 :]EAS PREPOSITIONS & V]BS T5D TO EXPRESS RELATIONS 
BETWE5 TWO OR MORE ?+S4 ,?US ! NEGLECT ( PREPOSITIONS & 
V]BS L$ TO ! BELIEF ?AT EV]Y PROPOSITION CAN BE REG>D$ AS 
ATTRIBUT+ A PROP]TY TO A S+LE ?+1 RA!R ?AN AS EXPRESS+ A 
RELATION BETWE5 TWO OR MORE ?+S4 ,H5CE IT WAS SUPPOS$ ?AT1  
ULTIMATELY1 !RE CAN BE NO SU* 5TITIES AS RELATIONS BETWE5 
?+S4 ,H5CE EI!R !RE CAN BE ONLY ONE ?+ 9 ! UNIV]SE1 OR1  
IF !RE >E MANY ?+S1 !Y CANNOT POSSIBLY 9T]ACT 9 ANY WAY1  
S9CE ANY 9T]ACTION W\LD BE A RELATION1 & RELATIONS >E 
IMPOSSIBLE4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE VIEWS1 ADVOCAT$ BY ,SP9OZA & HELD 9 \R 
[N DAY BY ,BRADLEY & MANY O!R PHILOSOPH]S1 IS CALL$ 
MONISM2 ! SECOND1 ADVOCAT$ ,LEIBNIZ BUT NOT V]Y COMMON 
N[ADAYS1 IS CALL$ MONADISM1 BECAUSE EA* ( ! ISOLAT$ 
?+S IS CD A MONAD4 ,BO? !SE OPPOS+ PHILOSOPHIES1  
9T]E/+ AS !Y >E1 RESULT1 9 MY OP9ION1 FROM AN UNDUE 
ATT5TION TO ONE SORT ( UNIV]SALS1 NAMELY ! SORT REPRES5T$ BY 
ADJECTIVES & SUB/ANTIVES RA!R ?AN BY V]BS & PREPOSITIONS4 

,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 IF ANY ONE W]E ANXI\S TO D5Y 
ALTOGE!R ?AT !RE >E SU* ?+S AS UNIV]SALS1 WE %\LD F9D 
?AT WE CANNOT /RICTLY PROVE ?AT !RE >E SU* 5TITIES AS 
QUALITIES1 I4E4 ! UNIV]SALS REPRES5T$ BY ADJECTIVES & 
SUB/ANTIVES1 :]EAS WE CAN PROVE ?AT !RE MU/ BE 
RELATIONS1 I4E4 ! SORT ( UNIV]SALS G5]ALLY REPRES5T$ 
BY V]BS & PREPOSITIONS4 ,LET US TAKE 9 ILLU/RATION ! UNIV]SAL 
:IT5ESS4 ,IF WE BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS SU* A UNIV]SAL1 WE 
%ALL SAY ?AT ?+S >E :ITE BECAUSE !Y HAVE ! QUALITY ( 
:IT5ESS4 ,?IS VIEW1 H[EV]1 WAS /R5U\SLY D5I$ BY ,B]KELEY & 
,HUME1 :O HAVE BE5 FOLL[$ 9 ?IS BY LAT] EMPIRICI/S4 ,! =M 
:I* !IR D5IAL TOOK WAS TO D5Y ?AT !RE >E SU* ?+S AS 
'AB/RACT IDEAS'4 ,:5 WE WANT TO ?9K ( :IT5ESS1 !Y SAID1 WE 
=M AN IMAGE ( SOME P>TICUL> :ITE ?+1 & REASON CONC]N+ 
?IS P>TICUL>1 TAK+ C>E NOT TO D$UCE ANY?+ CONC]N+ IT 
:I* WE CANNOT SEE TO BE EQUALLY TRUE ( ANY O!R :ITE ?+4 ,AS 
AN ACC\NT ( \R ACTUAL M5TAL PROCESSES1 ?IS IS NO D\BT L>GELY 
TRUE4 ,9 GEOMETRY1 = EXAMPLE1 :5 WE WI% TO PROVE SOME?+ AB\T 
ALL TRIANGLES1 WE DRAW A P>TICUL> TRIANGLE & REASON AB\T IT1  
TAK+ C>E NOT TO USE ANY *>ACT]I/IC :I* IT DOES NOT %>E 
) O!R TRIANGLES4 ,! BEG9N]1 9 ORD] TO AVOID ]ROR1 (T5 
F9DS IT USEFUL TO DRAW SEV]AL TRIANGLES1 AS UNLIKE EA* O!R AS 
POSSIBLE1 9 ORD] TO MAKE SURE ?AT HIS REASON+ IS EQUALLY 
APPLICABLE TO ALL ( !M4 ,BUT A DIFFICULTY EM]GES AS SOON AS WE ASK 
\RSELVES H[ WE KN[ ?AT A ?+ IS :ITE OR A TRIANGLE4 ,IF WE WI% 
TO AVOID ! UNIV]SALS :IT5ESS & TRIANGUL>ITY1 WE %ALL *OOSE 
SOME P>TICUL> PAT* ( :ITE OR SOME P>TICUL> TRIANGLE1 & SAY 
?AT ANY?+ IS :ITE OR A TRIANGLE IF IT HAS ! RI<T SORT ( 
RESEMBLANCE TO \R *OS5 P>TICUL>4 ,BUT !N ! RESEMBLANCE 
REQUIR$ WILL HAVE TO BE A UNIV]SAL4 ,S9CE !RE >E MANY :ITE 
?+S1 ! RESEMBLANCE MU/ HOLD BETWE5 MANY PAIRS ( P>TICUL> 
:ITE ?+S2 & ?IS IS ! *>ACT]I/IC ( A UNIV]SAL4 ,IT WILL 
BE USELESS TO SAY ?AT !RE IS A DIFF]5T RESEMBLANCE = EA* 
PAIR1 = !N WE %ALL HAVE TO SAY ?AT !SE RESEMBLANCES RESEMBLE 
EA* O!R1 & ?US AT LA/ WE %ALL BE =C$ TO ADMIT RESEMBLANCE 
AS A UNIV]SAL4 ,! RELATION ( RESEMBLANCE1 !RE=E1 MU/ BE A 
TRUE UNIV]SAL4 ,& HAV+ BE5 =C$ TO ADMIT ?IS UNIV]SAL1 WE 
F9D ?AT IT IS NO LONG] WOR? :ILE TO 9V5T DIFFICULT & 
IMPLAUSIBLE !ORIES TO AVOID ! ADMISSION ( SU* UNIV]SALS AS 
:IT5ESS & TRIANGUL>ITY4 

,B]KELEY & ,HUME FAIL$ TO P]CEIVE ?IS REFUTATION ( !IR 
REJECTION ( 'AB/RACT IDEAS'1 BECAUSE1 LIKE !IR ADV]S>IES1 !Y 
ONLY ?\<T ( QUALITIES1 & ALTOGE!R IGNOR$ 
RELATIONS AS UNIV]SALS4 ,WE HAVE !RE=E H]E ANO!R 
RESPECT 9 :I* ! RATIONALI/S APPE> TO HAVE BE5 9 ! RI<T AS 
AGA9/ ! EMPIRICI/S1 AL?\<1 [+ TO ! NEGLECT OR D5IAL ( 
RELATIONS1 ! D$UCTIONS MADE BY RATIONALI/S W]E1 IF ANY?+1  
MORE APT TO BE MI/AK5 ?AN ?OSE MADE BY EMPIRICI/S4 

,HAV+ N[ SE5 ?AT !RE MU/ BE SU* 5TITIES AS 
UNIV]SALS1 ! NEXT PO9T TO BE PROV$ IS ?AT !IR BE+ IS NOT 
M]ELY M5TAL4 ,BY ?IS IS MEANT ?AT :ATEV] BE+ BELONGS TO !M 
IS 9DEP5D5T ( !IR BE+ ?\<T ( OR 9 ANY WAY APPREH5D$ BY 
M9DS4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY T\*$ ON ?IS SUBJECT AT ! 5D ( ! 
PREC$+ *APT]1 BUT WE MU/ N[ CONSID] MORE FULLY :AT SORT ( 
BE+ IT IS ?AT BELONGS UNIV]SALS4 

,CONSID] SU* A PROPOSITION AS ',$9BUR< IS NOR? ,LONDON'4 
,H]E WE HAVE A RELATION BETWE5 TWO PLACES1 & IT SEEMS PLA9 ?AT 
! RELATION SUBSI/S 9DEP5D5TLY ( \R KN[L$GE ( IT4 ,:5 WE 
COME TO KN[ ?AT ,$9BUR< IS NOR? ( ,LONDON1 WE COME TO KN[ 
SOME?+ :I* HAS TO DO ONLY ) ,$9BUR< & ,LONDON3 WE DO NOT 
CAUSE ! TRU? ( ! PROPOSITION BY COM+ TO KN[ IT1 ON ! 
CONTR>Y WE M]ELY APPREH5D A FACT :I* WAS !RE BE=E WE KNEW 
IT4 ,! P>T ( ! E>?'S SURFACE :]E ,$9BUR< /&S W\LD BE 
NOR? ( ! P>T :]E ,LONDON /&S1 EV5 IF !RE W]E NO HUMAN 
BE+ TO KN[ AB\T NOR? & S\?1 & EV5 IF !RE W]E NO M9DS 
AT ALL 9 ! UNIV]SE4 ,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 D5I$ BY MANY 
PHILOSOPH]S1 EI!R = ,B]KELEY'S REASONS OR = ,KANT'S4 ,BUT WE 
HAVE ALREADY CONSID]$ !SE REASONS1 & DECID$ ?AT !Y >E 
9ADEQUATE4 ,WE MAY !RE=E N[ ASSUME IT TO BE TRUE ?AT NO?+ 
M5TAL IS PRESUPPOS$ 9 ! FACT ?AT ,$9BUR< IS NOR? ( ,LONDON4 
,BUT ?IS FACT 9VOLVES ! RELATION 'NOR? ('1 :I* IS A UNIV]SAL2 
& IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE = ! :OLE FACT TO 9VOLVE NO?+ 
M5TAL IF ! RELATION 'NOR? ('1 :I* IS A CON/ITU5T P>T ( ! 
FACT1 DID 9VOLVE ANY?+ M5TAL4 ,H5CE WE MU/ ADMIT ?AT ! 
RELATION1 LIKE ! T]MS IT RELATES1 IS NOT DEP5D5T UPON ?\<T1  
BUT BELONGS TO ! 9DEP5D5T WORLD :I* ?\<T APPREH5DS BUT 
DOES NOT CREATE4 

,?IS CONCLUSION1 H[EV]1 IS MET BY ! DIFFICULTY ?AT ! 
RELATION 'NOR? (' DOES NOT SEEM TO EXI/ 9 ! SAME S5SE 
9 :I* ,$9BUR< & ,LONDON EXI/4 ,IF WE ASK ',:]E & :5 DOES 
?IS RELATION EXI/8' ! ANSW] MU/ BE ',NO:]E & NO:5'4 ,!RE 
IS NO PLACE OR TIME :]E WE CAN F9D ! RELATION 'NOR? ('4 ,IT 
DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ,$9BUR< ANY MORE ?AN 9 ,LONDON1 = IT RELATES 
! TWO & IS NEUTRAL AS BETWE5 !M4 ,NOR CAN WE SAY ?AT IT EXI/S 
AT ANY P>TICUL> TIME4 ,N[ EV]Y?+ ?AT CAN BE APPREH5D$ BY ! 
S5SES OR BY 9TROSPECTION EXI/S AT SOME P>TICUL> TIME4 ,H5CE ! 
RELATION 'NOR? (' IS RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM SU* ?+S4 ,IT IS 
NEI!R 9 SPACE NOR 9 TIME1 NEI!R MAT]IAL NOR M5TAL2 YET IT IS 
SOME?+4 

,IT IS L>GELY ! V]Y PECULI> K9D ( BE+ ?AT BELONGS TO 
UNIV]SALS :I* HAS L$ MANY PEOPLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT !Y >E REALLY 
M5TAL4 ,WE CAN ?9K ( A UNIV]SAL1 & \R ?9K+ !N 
EXI/S 9 A P]FECTLY ORD9>Y S5SE1 LIKE ANY O!R M5TAL ACT4 
,SUPPOSE1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT WE >E ?9K+ ( :IT5ESS4 ,!N 9 
ONE S5SE IT MAY BE SAID ?AT :IT5ESS IS '9 \R M9D'4 ,WE 
HAVE H]E ! SAME AMBIGUITY AS WE NOT$ 9 DISCUSS+ ,B]KELEY 9 
,*APT] ,I,V4 ,9 ! /RICT S5SE1 IT IS NOT :IT5ESS ?AT IS 9 \R 
M9D1 BUT ! ACT ( ?9K+ ( :IT5ESS4 ,! CONNECT$ AMBIGUITY 
9 ! WORD 'IDEA'1 :I* WE NOT$ AT ! SAME TIME1 ALSO CAUSES 
CONFUSION H]E4 ,9 ONE S5SE ( ?IS WORD1 NAMELY ! S5SE 9 :I* 
IT D5OTES ! OBJECT ( AN ACT ( ?\<T1 :IT5ESS IS AN 
'IDEA'4 ,H5CE1 IF ! AMBIGUITY IS NOT GU>D$ AGA9/1 WE MAY COME 
TO ?9K ?AT :IT5ESS IS AN 'IDEA' 9 ! O!R S5SE1 I4E4 AN ACT 
( ?\<T2 & ?US WE COME TO ?9K ?AT :IT5ESS IS M5TAL4 ,BUT 
9 SO ?9K+1 WE ROB IT ( ITS ESS5TIAL QUALITY ( UNIV]SALITY4 
,ONE MAN'S ACT ( ?\<T IS NECESS>ILY A DIFF]5T ?+ FROM 
ANO!R MAN'S2 ONE MAN'S ACT ( ?\<T AT ONE TIME IS NECESS>ILY A 
DIFF]5T ?+ FROM ! SAME MAN'S ACT ( ?\<T AT ANO!R TIME4 
,H5CE1 IF :IT5ESS W]E ! ?\<T AS OPPOS$ TO ITS OBJECT1 NO TWO 
DIFF]5T M5 C\LD ?9K ( IT1 & NO ONE MAN C\LD ?9K ( IT 
TWICE4 ,?AT :I* MANY DIFF]5T ?\<TS ( :IT5ESS HAVE 9 COMMON 
IS !IR OBJECT1 & ?IS OBJECT IS DIFF]5T FROM ALL ( 
!M4 ,?US UNIV]SALS >E NOT ?\<TS1 ?\< :5 KN[N !Y >E 
! OBJECTS ( ?\<TS4 

,WE %ALL F9D IT CONV5I5T ONLY TO SPEAK ( ?+S 
EXI/+ :5 !Y >E 9 TIME1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 :5 WE CAN 
PO9T TO SOME TIME AT :I* !Y EXI/ 7NOT EXCLUD+ ! POSSIBILITY 
( !IR EXI/+ AT ALL TIMES74 ,?US ?\<TS & FEEL+S1 M9DS 
& PHYSICAL OBJECTS EXI/4 ,BUT UNIV]SALS DO NOT EXI/ 9 
?IS S5SE2 WE %ALL SAY ?AT !Y SUBSI/ OR HAVE 
BE+1 :]E 'BE+' IS OPPOS$ TO 'EXI/5CE' AS BE+ 
TIMELESS4 ,! WORLD ( UNIV]SALS1 !RE=E1 MAY ALSO BE DESCRIB$ 
AS ! WORLD ( BE+4 ,! WORLD ( BE+ IS UN*ANGEABLE1 RIGID1  
EXACT1 DELI<TFUL TO ! MA!MATICIAN1 ! LOGICIAN1 ! BUILD] ( 
METAPHYSICAL SY/EMS1 & ALL :O LOVE P]FECTION MORE ?AN LIFE4 ,! 
WORLD ( EXI/5CE IS FLEET+1 VAGUE1 )\T %>P B\ND>IES1  
)\T ANY CLE> PLAN OR >RANGEM5T1 BUT IT CONTA9S ALL ?\<TS 
& FEEL+S1 ALL ! DATA ( S5SE1 & ALL PHYSICAL OBJECTS1  
EV]Y?+ ?AT CAN DO EI!R GOOD OR H>M1 EV]Y?+ ?AT MAKES ANY 
DIFF]5CE TO ! VALUE ( LIFE & ! WORLD4 ,ACCORD+ TO \R 
TEMP]AM5TS1 WE %ALL PREF] ! CONTEMPLATION ( ! ONE OR ( ! 
O!R4 ,! ONE WE DO NOT PREF] WILL PROBABLY SEEM TO US A PALE 
%AD[ ( ! ONE WE PREF]1 & H>DLY WOR?Y TO BE REG>D$ AS 9 
ANY S5SE REAL4 ,BUT ! TRU? IS ?AT BO? HAVE ! SAME CLAIM ON \R 
IMP>TIAL ATT5TION1 BO? >E REAL1 & BO? >E IMPORTANT TO ! 
METAPHYSICIAN4 ,9DE$ NO SOON] HAVE WE DI/+UI%$ ! TWO WORLDS 
?AN IT BECOMES NECESS>Y TO CONSID] !IR RELATIONS4 

,BUT FIR/ ( ALL WE MU/ EXAM9E \R KN[L$GE ( UNIV]SALS4 
,?IS CONSID]ATION WILL OCCUPY US 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]1 :]E WE 
%ALL F9D ?AT IT SOLVES ! PROBLEM ( A PRIORI KN[L$GE1  
FROM :I* WE W]E FIR/ L$ TO CONSID] UNIV]SALS4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaa 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,ADD$4 

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