,! ,RATTLE ,( ,! ,?OMPSON ,GUN 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

,! GU]RILLA /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FRANCOISM ACTUALLY >OSE 9 ! DAYS FOLL[+ ! >MY REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC ON #ah ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,9 >EAS :I* FELL IMM$IATELY TO ! MUT9\S >MY1 A BLOODY REPRESSION WAS PROMPTLY SET 9 MOTION & ?IS OBLIG$ MANY ANTI-FASCI/S TO TAKE TO ! HILLS TO SAVE !IR SK9S4 ,?IS WAS REPEAT$ OV] NE>LY ?REE YE>S ( CIVIL W> AS >EAS W]E CONQU]$1 ONE AFT] ANO!R1 BY ! ,FRANCOI/ >MY & IT EXT5D$ TO VIRTUALLY ! 5TIRETY ( ! ,P59SULA AFT] ! ,REPUBLICAN TROOPS SURR5D]$ 9 ! ,C5T]-,LEVANTE ZONE ON #ca ,M>* #a#i#c#i4 

,V]Y LITTLE HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! SCALE ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FRANCO FOLL[+ ! CIVIL W>4 ,IT WAS & /ILL IS KN[N TO FEW4 ,A ?ICK BLANKET ( SIL5CE HAS BE5 DRAWN OV] ! FI<T]S1 = A V>IETY ( REASONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,FRANCO'S P]SONAL FRI5D ,CIVIL ,GU>D ,LIEUT5ANT-,G5]AL ,CAMILO ,ALONSO ,VEGA -- :O WAS 9 *>GE ( ! ANTI-GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN = TWELVE YE>S -- B&ITRY 7! T]M ! ,FRANCOI/S ALWAYS US$ TO DESCRIBE ! GU]RILLA ACTIVITY7 WAS ( 0GREAT SIGNIFICANCE0 9 ,SPA91 9 ?AT IT 0DISRUPT$ COMMUNICATIONS1 DEMORALIZ$ FOLK1 WRECK$ \R ECONOMY1 %ATT]$ \R UNITY & DISCR$IT$ US 9 ! EYES ( ! \TSIDE WORLD04 

,ONLY DAYS BE=E ?OSE WORDS W]E UTT]$ ,G5]AL ,FRANCO HIMSELF HAD EXCUS$ ! BLANKET SIL5CE IMPOS$ ON REPORTS ( >M$ OPPOSITION & ! EF=TS M\NT$ TO /OP IT1 :5 HE HAD /AT$ ?AT 0! ,CIVIL ,GU>D'S SACRIFICES 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> W]E MADE SELFLESSLY & 9 SIL5CE1 BECAUSE1 = POLITICAL & SECURITY REASONS IT WAS 9APPROPRIATE TO PUBLICIZE ! LOCATIONS1 ! CLA%ES1 CASUALTY FIGURES OR NAMES ( ?OSE :O FELL 9 P]=MANCE ( !IR DUTY1 9 A H]OIC & UNSPOK5 SACRIFICE40 

,?IS COV]-UP HAS CONT9U$ RI<T UP UNTIL \R [N DAY4 ,9 A ,SPANI% ,TELEVISION 7,T,V,E7 PROGRAM 5TITL$ ,GU]RILLA ,W>F>E & BROADCA/ 9 #a#i#h#d1 ,G5]AL ,MANUEL ,PRIETO ,LOPEZ CYNICALLY REF]R$ TO ! ANTI-FRANCOI/ FI<T]S AS B&ITS & KILL]S4 ,NOT ?AT ?IS %\LD COME AS ANY SURPRISE -- DUR+ ! P]IOD DESCRIB$ AS ! POLITICAL TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY 7,NOVEMB] #aige TO ,OCTOB] #a#i#h#b7 ALL POLITICAL =CES1 HI< F9ANCI]S1 9DU/RIALI/S1 ! MILIT>Y & *UR* AU?ORITIES DECID$ ?AT REF]5CES TO ! PA/ W]E 9APPROPRIATE & ?AT ! PROTRACT$ BLOOD-LETT+ ( ! ,FRANCO ]A %\LD BE CONSIGN$ TO OBLIVION4 ,?AT CONS5SUS HOLDS FIRM 9 #a#i#i#f1 & HI/ORIANS EAG] TO LIFT ?AT VEIL RUN UP AGA9/ 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLES :5 !Y TRY TO EXAM9E ,/ATE1 ,CIVIL ,GU>D OR ,POLICE >*IVES4 

,WE HAVE NO RELIABLE BREAK-D[N ( ! OV]ALL FIGURES = GU]RILLAS OR = ! CASUALTIES SU/A9$ BY OR 9FLICT$ UPON ! SECURITY =CES & ,>MY4  ,IF WE >E TO HAVE SOME GRASP ( :AT ?IS UNEQUAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,DICTATOR%IP WAS LIKE1 \R ONLY OPTION IS TO TURN TO FIGURES MADE PUBLIC 9 #aifh -- A ONE-(F IT SEEMS -- ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D SU/A9$ #fbh CASUALTIES 7#b#e#h DEA?S7 BETWE5 #aidc & #a#i#e#b3 SOME #e1#e#d#h B&ITS W]E WIP$ \T 9 #b1 SKIRMI%ES1 MANY ( :I* AM\NT$ TO FULL-SCALE BATTLES4 ,! FIGURES = ?IS ]ADICATION >E AS FOLL[S3 KILL$ -- #b1#a#f#f1 CAPTUR$ OR SURR5D]$ -- #c1#c#h#b1 >RE/$ AS LIAISONS1 ACCESSORIES OR = AID+ & ABETT+ -- #a#i1#d#g4 ,AN EMB>RASS$ SIL5CE %R\DS ! E>LI] YE>S BETWE5 #aici & #a#i#d#b1 :5 UNITS FROM ! REGUL> >MY1 ! ,=EIGN ,LEGION & ! ,REGUL>S1 ) >TILL]Y SUPPORT ATTEMPT$ TO WIPE \T ! GU]RILLAS4 ,! A=ESAID FIGURES GIV5 = ,CIVIL ,GU>D CASUALTIES AT ! GU]RILLAS' H&S CAN BE DISC\NT$4 ,IF WE COMP>E ! LI/S ( DECEAS$ ,CIVIL ,GU>DS DUR+ !SE YE>S :]E NO CAUSE ( DEA? IS LI/$1 ) PEACE-TIME DEA?-RATES1 WE F9D A SURPLUS ( DEA?S :I* >E 7ASSUM+ !Y W]E ! RESULTS ( ILLNESS OR ACCID5T7 9EXPLICABLE & >RIVE AT :AT IS UNQUE/IONABLY A FIGURE CLOS] TO ! TRU?3 SOME #a1 DEA?S ON ACTIVE S]VICE4 

,! ESCALATION ( GU]RILLA ACTIVITY BEGAN 9 #a#i#d#c1 :5 ! WIDESPREAD BELIEF ?AT ! ,?IRD ,REI* HAD VICTORY 9 ITS GRASP WAS />T+ TO FADE1 FOLL[+ ! BLOODY R\T ( ! ,G]MAN ,>MY'S ELITE DIVISIONS AT ,/AL+RAD4 ,AS ! TIDE ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> TURN$1 ! ANTI-,FRANCO GU]RILLAS1 AS MI<T HAVE BE5 EXPECT$1 B\NC$ BACK 9 T]MS ( MORALE & DYNAMISM1 & FROM #aidd ONW>DS FL\RI%$ TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T4 ,ITS HEYDAY WAS 9 #a#i#d#f-#a#i#d#g4 ,AFT] ?AT1 P>TLY AS A CONSEQU5CE ( 9T]NATIONAL POLICY :I* S\<T A RAPPRO*EM5T ) ,FRANCO1 A DECL9E SET 9 ?AT 5D$ ) ! DEMISE ( GU]RILLA ACTIVITY 9 #a#i#e#b4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 ,MADRID1 ,VAL5CIA & O!R CITIES1 URBAN GU]RILLA ACTIVITY P]SI/$ = A DECADE OR SO LONG]4 

,AFT] #a#i#d#d1 GU]RILLAS OP]AT+ 9SIDE ,SPA9 RECEIV$ CONSID]ABLE RE9=CEM5TS FROM !IR EXIL$ C\NTRYM5 :O HAD PLAY$ AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! LIB]ATION ( ,FRANCE4 ,!SE W]E WELL-TRA9$ & EXP]I5C$ M5 EQUIPP$ ) UP-TO-DATE WEAPONRY & EASY TO USE HI< EXPLOSIVE SUB/ANCES SU* AS PLA/IQUE4 ,MO/ ( !M W]E DRAWN FROM ,FRANCE & A SMALL] NUMB] FROM ACROSS ! SEAS 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA4 ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S *>G$ ) POLITICIZ+ GU]RILLA ACTIVITY CAME 9 FROM ! ,AM]ICAS VIA ,LISBON & ,VIGO4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S :O TOOK IT = GRANT$ ?AT ! W>-CRY ( 0,TAK+ ,SPA9 BACK60 W\LD BE ! SIGNAL = A G5]AL POPUL> UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! ,FRANCO REGIME MADE A GREAT SONG & DANCE AB\T ?IS COMP>ATIVELY MASSIVE AID4 

,SOME #c1 GU]RILLAS ORGANIZ$ 9 ,FRANCE ) ! V]Y SAME WEAPONRY !Y HAD US$ 9 !IR FI<T AGA9/ ! ,NAZIS1 M\NT$ TWO MA9 ATTACKS ACROSS ! ,PYR5EES 9 #a#i#d#d4 ,! FIR/ 9CURSION WAS 9TO ,NAV>RE ON #c & #g ,OCTOB]3 ! SECOND CAME VIA ,CATALONIA1 ! OBJECT BE+ TO E/ABLI% A BRIDGE-HEAD 9 ! ,VALL D',>AN & 9/ALL A PROVISIONAL ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,IT WAS ALSO TAK5 = GRANT$ ?AT1 CONFRONT$ BY SU* A FAIT ACCOMPLI1 ! ,ALLIES W\LD BE PROMPT$ TO /EP 9 TO BR+ D[N ,FRANCO4  ,!SE 9CURSIONS W]E EASILY REPULS$ -- HAV+ BE5 H]ALD$ 9 ADVANCE -- = ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T HAD TAK5 ALL APPROPRIATE MEASURES4 ,EV5 SO1 !RE W]E LOTS ( GU]RILLAS :O REFUS$ TO RETURN TO !IR BASES & OPT$ 9/EAD TO 9FILTRATE 9TO ! 9T]IOR 9 SMALL GR\PS4 ,!RE !Y RE9=C$ EXI/+ GU]RILLA B&S & SET UP NEW ONES :]E NONE EXI/$4 

,! WEAPONS !Y BR\<T 9 W]E A LOT MORE EFFECTIVE & BETT] SUIT$ TO GU]RILLA FI<T+4 ,! MO/ COMMONPLACE WEAPON WAS ! ,BRITI% ,/5 GUN1 OR ! ,G]MAN ,M4,P4 #c#h4 ,BO? W]E RAPID-FIRE WEAPONS & US$ #iMM AMMUNITION :I* WAS ! MO/ PL5TIFUL SORT4 ,AM]ICAN WEAPONS LIKE ! ,COLT PI/OL FLOOD$ 91 AS DID 79 LESS] NUMB]S7 ,?OMPSON SUB-MA*9E GUNS1 A HEAVI] BUT HI<LY EFFECTIVE WEAPON4 ,ONE BUR/ ( ,?OMPSON GUNFIRE 9 ! HILLS WAS REM9ISC5T ( AN >TILL]Y SALVO4 ,! FI<T]S 5T]+ ,SPA9 ALSO BR\<T ) !M A TRI$ & TE/$ MORALE =G$ 9 VICTORIES SCOR$ AGA9/ ! ,NAZIS & 9 ! /AUN* BELIEF ?AT ,FRANCO C\LD NOT SURVIVE ! D[NFALL ( ,ADOLF ,HITL] & ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I4 ,!Y ALSO HAD ORGANIZATIONAL EXP]I5CE BEH9D !M & SOLID IDEOLOGICAL CONVICTIONS1 AN>*I/1 SOCIALI/ OR COMMUNI/1 QUALITIES ?AT W\LD QUICKLY TRANS=M ! GU]RILLA PH5OM5ON AS !Y AF=D$ 9CREAS$ COHESIV5ESS TO C\NTLESS SCATT]$ GU]RILLA B&S4 

,! MA9 >EAS ( GU]RILLA ACTIVITY W]E ?OSE :OSE GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES MADE DEF5SE & SURVIVAL MO/ LIKELY IE3 M\NTA9S RANGES & >EAS :I* PROVID$ ADEQUATE COV]4 ,= EXAMPLE 9 ,&ALUSIA !RE W]E GU]RILLA B&S APL5TY1 SOME ( !M OV] #a-/RONG4 ,9 ,A/URIAS1 ! GU]RILLAS DISPLAY$ TREM5D\S 5T]PRISE1 NOT UNCONNECT$ ) A DEEP-ROOT$ POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS3 ! REVOLUTION BY ! ,A/URIAS M9]S 9 ,OCTOB] #aicd HAD NOT BE5 ALL ?AT LONG AGO4 ,9 MANY >EAS1 GU]RILLA ACTIVITY WAS 9T]MITT5T & R&OM AS GU]RILLA B&S MOV$ >\ND = A NUMB] ( REASONS1 SU* AS ! 5CROA*M5TS ( C\NT]-9SURG5CY =CES4 

,! /YLE & NATURE ( ! GU]RILLA /RUGGLE V>I$ ) ! T]RA9 & ! RES\RCES ( ! 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS 9VOLV$4 ,ACTIVITIES 9CLUD$ ! BOMB+ ( /RATEGIC OBJECTIVES1 ATT5DATS 7POLITICAL ASSAS9ATIONS71! MOVEM5T ( >MS1 ! PROTECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS 9VOLV$ 9 UND]GR\ND POLITICAL ACTIVITY2 BANK ROBB]IES & =G]Y TO FUND ! /RUGGLE & DE/ABILIZE ! ECONOMY2 AS WELL AS SOME MORE SPECTACUL> ACTIONS3 RESCUE MISSIONS TO FREE CAPTUR$ COMRADES1 OP5 FIRE-FI<TS ) FASCI/ =CES2 & EV5 AN ATTEMPT TO BOMB ,FRANCO FROM ! AIR6 7?REE M5 9 A LI<T AIRCRAFT CAME )9 A HAIR'S BREAD? ( DROPP+ 9C5DI>Y & FRAGM5TATION BOMBS ON ! ,G5]AL & HIS ,AIDES DUR+ A ,REGATTA 9 #a#i#d#h74 

,AN EXAMPLE ?AT SUMS UP ! M5TALITY & SPIRIT ( ! GU]RILLA MOVEM5T ( ! TIME IS PROVID$ BY A SMALL TEAM ( ,AN>*I/ GU]RILLAS1 L$ BY ! VET]AN FI<T] ,FRANCISCO ,SABATE ,LLOP>T 7,EL ,QUICO74 ,ON !IR RETURN TO ,SPA9 AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> ONE ( !IR FIR/ MISSIONS WAS ! 'EXPROPRIATION' ( MONEY & VALUABLES 9 A S]IES ( AGGRAVAT$ ROBB]IES ( LOCAL BIG-BUS9ESSM54 ,ON COMPLETION ( 'BUS9ESS'1 ?OSE 'VISIT$' W\LD BE LEFT A NOTE LIKE ! FOLL[+ ONE1 LEFT AT ! HOME ( A WEAL?Y BIG-/ORE [N]1 ,MANUEL ,G>RIGA3 

0,WE >E NOT ROBB]S1 WE >E LIB]T>IAN RESI/ANCE FI<T]S4 ,:AT WE HAVE JU/ TAK5 WILL HELP 9 A SMALL WAY TO FE$ ! ORPHAN$ & />V+ *ILDR5 ( ?OSE ANTI-FASCI/S :O Y\ & Y\R K9D HAVE %OT4 ,WE >E PEOPLE :O HAVE NEV] & WILL NEV] BEG = :AT IS \RS4 ,SO LONG AS WE HAVE ! /R5G? TO DO SO WE %ALL FI<T = = ! FRE$OM ( ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS4 ,AS = Y\1 ,G>RIGA1 AL?\< Y\ >E A MURD]] & A ?IEF1 WE HAVE SP>$ Y\1 BECAUSE WE AS LIB]T>IANS APPRECIATE ! VALUE ( HUMAN LIFE1 SOME?+ :I* Y\ NEV] HAVE1 NOR >E LIKELY TO1 UND]/&40 

,A SMALL EXAMPLE ( H[1 DESPITE ! LOSS ( ! W>1 & DESPITE ! RU?LESSNESS ( ! FASCI/ REPRESSION1 ?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 ! RESI/ANCE /ILL MANAG$ TO MA9TA9 !IR POLITICS1 !IR HUMANITY1 & !IR SELF-RESPECT4 

,! >M$ OPPOSITION TO ,FRANCO WAS NO LONG] A S]I\S PROBLEM AFT] #aidi &1 AS WE HAVE SAID1 IT PET]$ \T >\ND #a#i#e#b4 ,ASIDE FROM ! SEV]E BL[S DEALT BY ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D & ! ,>MY1 ! ABS5CE ( A LOGI/ICAL SY/EM CAPABLE ( KEEP+ ! FI<T]S EQUIPP$1 &1 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 ! FACT ?AT ! OPPOSITION POLITICAL P>TIES HAD *OS5 TO GAMBLE UPON DIPLOMACY AS A SUB/ITUTE = WEAPONS1 MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE = ! RESI/ANCE'S (F5SIVE ACTIVITY TO CONT9UE4 

,ANO!R HI<LY SIGNIFICANT ELEM5T 9 ! W9D+-UP ( ! GU]RILLA /RUGGLE WAS ! >RIVAL ON ! SC5E 9 #aidg ( SUP]BLY TRA9$ & S*OOL$ SECURITY =CE P]SONNEL 9 ! %APE ( 0C\NT]-GU]RILLA B&S01 DRESS$ & >M$ 9 ! GU]RILLAS' [N /YLE & S[+ CONFUSION & T]ROR ON !IR HOME GR\ND4 ,!SE 0C\NT]-GANGS0 EV5 C>RI$ \T SAVAGE KILL+S ?AT W]E ASCRIB$ TO ! GU]RILLAS PROP]1 ! AIM BE+ TO BR+ !M 9TO DISREPUTE & /RIP !M ( POPUL> SUPPORT4 ,!N AGA91 ! 9FILTRATION ( POLICE PLANTS 9TO ! GU]RILLA B&S WAS EXTRAORD9>ILY EFFECTIVE & MADE IT POSSIBLE TO DISMANTLE SOME ( ! MORE IMPORTANT GR\P+S4 

,9 ,A/URIAS1 9 #a#i#d#h1 >\ND #c SOCIALI/ GU]RILLAS BO>D$ A ,FR5* FI%+ SMACK :I* HAD >RIV$ SPECIFICALLY TO COLLECT !M & DELIV] !M TO ,/ ,JEAN DE ,LUZ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,9 ,LEVANTE1 ! LA/ REMA9+ GU]RILLAS 9 ! >EA1 >\ND TWO DOZ5 SURVIVORS1 MADE IT \T TO ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#e#b4 ,9 ,&ALUSIA1 A FEW B&S SURVIV$ UNTIL ! 5D ( #a#i#e#b1 BUT !IR LEAD]S -- LIKE ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 ,B]NABE ,LOPEZ ,CALLE 7#a#h#h#i-#a#i#d#i7 -- HAD ALREADY P]I%$ 9 COMBAT4 ,A FEW MANAG$ TO ESCAPE TO ,GIBRALT> OR ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 BUT1 = ! MO/ P>T1 !Y W]E WIP$ \T 9 >M$ CLA%ES3 O!RS W]E EXECUT$ BY ! G>ROTE VIL 7DEA? BY /RANGULATION7 OR FIR+ SQUADS3 ?OSE :O ESCAP$ ?AT FATE S]V$ PRISON T]MS SOMETIMES 9 EXCESS ( #b YE>S4 

,9 #a#i#e#c1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES SIGN$ A MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC ASSI/ANCE TREATY ) ,FRANCO4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 ,FRANCO'S ,SPA9 WAS WELCOM$ 9TO ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 ?\< ALL WAS LO/1 A FEW DIE-H>DS REFUS$ TO GIVE UP ! FI<T3 9 ,CANTABRIA1 ! LA/ TWO GU]RILLAS1 ,JUAN ,F]N&EZ ,AYALA 7,JUAN97 & ,FRANCISCXO ,B$OYA ,GUTI]REZ 7,EL ,B$OYA7 MET !IR DEA?S 9 ,APRIL & 9 ,DECEMB] ( #aieg RESPECTIVELY4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 ,RAMON ,VILA ,CAPDEVILA 7,C>AQUEMADA71 ! LA/ AN>*I/ GU]RILLA1 WAS GUNN$ D[N BY ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#f#c4 ,BUT ! HONOR ( BE+ ! LA/ GU]RILLA HAS TO GO TO ,JOSE ,CA/RO ,VEIGA 7,EL ,PILOTO7 :O DI$1 )\T EV] HAV+ LAID D[N HIS >MS1 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,LUGO 7,GALICIA71 ,M>* #a#i#f#e4 

,!RE >E A NUMB] ( REASONS = ! FAILURE ( ! ,GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,FRANCO1 & AL?\< OP5 GU]RILLA W>F>E HAD ALL BUT 5D$ 9 ! #e'S1 ! MOVEM5T AGA9/ ,FRANCO CONT9U$1 AS DID UND]GR\ND POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 UNTIL ! REGIME'S EV5TUAL COLLAPSE4 ,:AT ! GU]RILLAS HAD WANT$ TO A*EIVE WAS OP5 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ,FRANCO4 ,:AT !Y %[ US TODAY1 ?R\< !IR AMBITION & !IR SACRIFICE1 IS ?AT ! BRUTAL REPRESSION ( ! PROGRESSIVE WORK+ CLASS AFT] ! ,CIVIL ,W> DID NOT GO UN*ALL5G$4 ,! FULL /ORY ( ! GU]RILLA /RUGGLE1 AS ,TELLEZ /ATES 9 ?IS >TICLE1 IS /ILL BE+ UNCOV]$4 ,ALL WE CAN DO TODAY IS SALUTE ! M5 & WOM5 ( ! RESI/ANCE :O GAVE !IR LIVES1 NOT ONLY 9 ! DEF5SE ( !IR CLASS1 BUT = A FUTURE :]E ! SOCIAL /RUCTURES ?AT CREATE ! ,FRANCOS1 >E BURI$ ALONG ) !M4 

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,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,RATTLE ,( ,! ,?OMPSON ,GUN -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,! ,RATTLE ,( ,! ,?OMPSON ,GUN -- ,UPDAT$4 

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