,! ,REACTION ,?IS ,TIME 
,UND]/&+ ,REACTION ,9 ,A ,GLOBAL1 ,HI/ORICAL ,P]SPECTIVE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,A HI/ORIC LOOK A WAVES ( REACTION TO P]IODS ( REVOLT & UPHEAVAL & H[ ?IS RELATES TO \R [N CURR5T SITUATION4 

,TO SPEAK ( REACTION1 ,I WANT FIR/ TO DI/+UI% IT FROM C\NT]9SURG5CY4 ,READ]S :O >E LESS 9T]E/$ 9 A COND5S$ !ORY ( C\NT]9SURG5CY & WANT TO READ AB\T ! PATT]NS ( REACTION LEAD+ UP TO ! PRES5T MOM5T %\LD SKIP TO ! SECOND SECTION4 

,C\NT]9SURG5CY 

,C\NT]9SURG5CY IS A CON/ANT ASPECT ( LIFE UND] ! ,/ATE4 ,IT REF]S TO ! /RATEGIES & ACTIVITIES IMPLEM5T$ BY GOV]NM5T & ITS PRIVILEG$ P>TN]S 7CAPITALI/S )\T PUBLIC (FICE7 TO PREV5T EFFECTIVE REBELLION & MA9TA9 CONTROL4 ,?IS CAN 9CLUDE V>Y+ ROLES = MILIT>Y1 POLICE1 C\RTS1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 M$IA & CULTURAL PRODUCTION1 ORGANIZ$ RELIGION1 SOCIAL RE=MS1 9/ITUTIONALIZATION1 /RUCTURAL ADJU/M5T1 IMPOV]I%M5T1 DISEASE1 DRUG EPIDEMICS1 BASICALLY ! :OLE GAMUT FROM REPRESSION TO RECUP]ATION TO NECRO-POLITICS4 

,IF WE RE/RICT \RSELVES TO C\NT]9SURG5CY UND] ! MOD]N ,/ATE1 WE CAN ID5TIFY ?REE DIFF]5T MODES4 ,PRE-MOD]N C\NT]9SURG5CY 7R\<LY1 ! #a#g? TO SOMETIME 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY7 L>GELY OV]LAPS ) :AT ,I REF] TO AS 0CRAT(ORM+0 9 ,WOR%IP+ ,P[]3 ! VIOL5T RE5G9E]+ ( DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY_/NATURE 9TO A SEP>AT$1 ALI5AT$ SOCIETY & NATURE ?AT CAN BE ADM9I/RAT$ BY A C5TRALIZ$1 RATIONAL AU?ORITY4 ,?IS PROCESS HAPP5$ SIMULTANE\SLY1 ALBEIT DIV]G5TLY1 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,AM]ICAS ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( ! COMMONS & COMMON+1 ! 9/ITUTION ( DIFF]5TIAT$ REGIMES ( =C$ LABOR 7*ATTEL SLAV]Y1 9D5TUR$ OR P5AL S]VITUDE1 WAGE SLAV]Y1 & UNWAG$ DOME/IC S]VITUDE71 & ! IMPOSITION ( AN ATOMI/IC1 PATRI>*AL1 PUNITIVE LEGAL SY/EM4 ,9 MANY 9/ANCES CRAT(ORM+ P>ALLELS PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 ?\< ! T]M RECOGNIZES ! P>AM\NT ROLE ( /ATE 9T]V5TION 9 ! PROCESS & UND]/&S CAPITAL ACCUMULATION AS A RATIONALIZ$ LOGI/ICS ( FUEL+ EXPANSION1 0A WAY ( KEEP+ SCORE10 & A METRIC = FACILITAT+ ! P]MAN5T ALLIANCE BETWE5 GOV]NM5T & CAPITALI/S )9 ! BROAD ,/ATE2 9 O!R WORDS1 CAPITAL ACCUMULATION IS C]TA9LY NOT ! F\NDATION ( ! PROCESS1 BE+ DEP5D5T & SUBSEQU5T TO O!R ELEM5TS1 & IS NO MORE OR LESS 0MAT]IAL0 ?AN ?OSE O!R ELEM5TS1 #a#i? C5TURY ,EUROPEAN MY?OLOGIES NOT)/&+4 

,MOD]N C\NT]9SURG5CY1 >IS+ 9 FLA%ES 9 ! #a#h? C5TURY & SY/EMATICALLY 9 ! #a#i?1 IS FULLY SCI5TIFIC1 ?\< NO LESS MY?OLOGICAL = ITS EF=TS4 ,IT IS L>GELY BIOLOGICI/ &1 FOLL[+ ,HOBBES1 SEES ALI5AT$ OR /ATI/ SOCIETY AS A BODY4 

,SOCIAL CONTROL 9 ?IS MODE IS A /RIK+LY HYGI5IC AFFAIR1 ) HEAL?1 ASSUM$ TO BE ! NATURAL /ATE ( ! SOCIAL ORGANISM1 BE+ EQUAT$ ) SUBMISSION TO HI]>*ICAL ORD]4 ,& ?\< ?IS P>ADIGM IS BAS$1 BO? MY?OLOGICALLY & MAT]IALLY1 ON ALI5ATION & ! POL>IZATION ( SOCIETY & NATURE1 ! SPLIT PAIR IS CON/ANTLY TRY+ TO REUNITE1 EV5 )9 ! ?\<T & PRACTICE ( ! MOD]NI/S4 ,A NOD TO ,5LI<T5M5T SCI5CE'S ,*RI/IAN H]ITAGE1 NATURE IS /ILL TELEOLOGICAL & E?ICALLY BIAS$4 ,AS SU*1 ! SOCIAL BODY1 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ITS 9T5D$1 NATURAL1 HEAL?Y /ATE1 RELIES ON NO 5D ( PROS!SES & SURG]IES1 PROVID$ = 9 ?IS CASE BY ! POLICE1 URBAN PLANN+1 & ! UNFOLD+ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W\LD ORGANIZE HEAL?C>E1 $UCATION1 & CRIM9ALITY_/JU/ICE 9 A FULLY PATRI>*AL1 CAPITALI/1 /ATI/ WAY4 

,PO/-MOD]N C\NT]9SURG5CY1 >IS+ 9 ! IMP]IAL CAMPAIGNS TO REPRESS ANTI-COLONIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ! PO/W> P]IOD1 :5 ! NEW ORD] GOV]N$ BY ,WA%+TON HAD SUPPOS$LY SET ! COLONIES FREE1 IS ! FIR/ TO RECOGNIZE & NAME ITSELF1 P>TICUL>LY ?R\< ! EXP]I5CES ( ! ,BRITI%1 & ONE (FIC]1 ,FRANK ,KITSON1 9 TRY+ TO CRU% ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T 9 ,K5YA4 ,( C\RSE1 ,FR5* EXP]I5CES 9 ,ALG]IA & ,9DO*9A1 ,BRITI% EXP]I5CES AGA9/ ,9DIA & ! ,IRI%1 & ,U,S EXP]I5CES AGA9/ ITS ,AFRICAN POPULATION QUICKLY BECAME P>T ( ! EV] EXP&+ CANON ( ?IS NEW P>ADIGM4 ,& ITS *IEF 9NOVATION WAS TO DISC>D ! IDEA ?AT SOCIAL PEACE IS ! NATURAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS & IS ONLY 9T]RUPT$ BY =EIGN OR UNNATURAL AG5TS4 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?R\< PO/-MOD]N C\NT]9SURG5CY1 ! RUL+ CLASS TACITLY ACKN[L$GE ?AT !Y >E AN UNWANT$ BURD51 ?AT REBELLION IS ! CON/ANT /ATE ( AFFAIRS 9 SOCIETY 7SOCIETY UND] ! ,/ATE1 WE W\LD SPECIFY71 & ! PURPOSE ( C\NT]9SURG5CY IS TO KEEP RESI/ANCE 9 ! L[] /AGES1 PREP>ATION OR NONVIOL5CE1 & NOT LET IT MATURE 9TO FULL BL[N 9SURRECTION4 ,AS SU*1 COMPLETELY CRU%+ RESI/ANCE IS AN UNREALI/IC GOAL4 ,IT IS F> MORE PR(ITABLE TO CULTIVATE OPPORTUNITIES = UN?REAT5+ RESI/ANCE1 & TO PRIORITIZE 9TELLIG5CE-GA!R+4 ,/ATES US+ ?IS /RATEGY EFFECTIVELY WILL ALL[ A C]TA9 AM\NT ( RESI/ANCE TO CONT9UE SO ?AT !Y MAY GA!R 9TELLIG5CE & C>RY \T SOCIAL MAPP+1 RA!R ?AN /RIK+ ! POCKET ( RESI/ANCE & RISK+ A LOSS ( 9TELLIG5CE-GA!R+ OPPORTUNITIES4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF PEOPLE CAN GET AWAY ) A C]TA9 LEVEL ( ILLEGALITY )\T BE+ PUNI%$1 !Y WILL ASSUME ! ,/ATE IS UNAW>E ( !IR ACTIVITIES & !Y WILL NOT IMPROVE !IR SECURITY PRACTICES4 

,TANG5TIALLY1 ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T DOES NOT USE ?IS K9D ( /RATEGIC TOL]ANCE AS MU* AS ITS ,EUROPEAN C\NT]P>TS1 P]HAPS 9 P>T BECAUSE ITS HI/ORY AS A SETTL] /ATE 5C\RAG$ ! RUL+ CLASS TO /RIKE VICI\SLY AT ! FIR/ H9T ( A SLAVE REBELLION OR ,9DIG5\S C\NT]ATTACKS4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 ! REACTION>Y PROJECT ( ! ,COLD ,W> 9/ALL$ A TOTALIT>IAN IMAG9>Y 9 ! ,U,S ?AT S$UC$ RUL]S ) ! DREAM ( A TOTALLY OB$I5T SOCIETY ?REAT5$ ONLY BY 0\TSIDE AGITATORS10 A TROPE REPEAT$LY 5C\RAG$ 9 ! ,U,S BY ! HI/ORY ( ! PLANTATION SY/EM & ! HI/ORICAL PREVAL5CE ( WORK+ CLASS IMMIGRATION4 

,I WOND]1 ?\< IT W\LD TAKE A GREAT DEAL ( RESE>* TO SAY SO CONCLUSIVELY1 :E!R ! ,BRITI% /ATE'S ADVANTAGE 9 9TELLIG5CE GA!R+ AMONG ITS L[] CLASSES1 F> MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ITS CONT95TAL & ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN RIVALS = SEV]AL C5TURIES AT LEA/1 CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! ,BRITI% ELITE'S LONG-TIME POSITION AS AN E?NIC M9ORITY RUL+ OV] PEOPLES SPEAK+ LANGUAGES FROM COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FAMILIES 7,ANGLO-,SAXONS OV] ,CELTS1 ,NORMANS OV] ,BRITONS1 ,5GLI% OV] ,SCOT & ,IRI% ,GAELIC74 ,SU* A POSITION1 :I* ! ,FR5*1 ,IB]IAN1 & ,G]MAN RUL+ CLASSES DID NOT %>E1 C]TA9LY NOT OV] ! C\RSE ( C5TURIES1 W\LD HAVE BE5 UNT5ABLE )\T ! ,BRITI% RUL+ CLASS QUICKLY DEVELOP+ A SY/EM ( RELIABLE 9=MANTS AMONG ! LOCALS AS ONE ( ! PRIMORDIAL ACTIVITIES ( /ATE =MATION4 

,REACTION 

,A REACTION IS AN 9T5SIFICATION ( ! ME?ODS ( C\NT]9SURG5CY1 (T5 ) NEW /RATEGIES EM]G+ ?AT T5D TO 9CLUDE SOME K9D ( COMMUNICATION AMONG GLOBAL P[]S1 9 RESPONSE TO A GLOBAL WAVE ( UPRIS+S ) REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL4 ,IT IS V]Y MU* A HI/ORICAL FEATURE ( ! WORLD SY/EM1 ! 9T]CONNECT$ /RUCTURES & FL[S ( CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE ACROSS ! GLOBE4 ,?\< SPECIFICS WILL DIFF] FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY1 ! REACTION 7AS WELL AS ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ?AT TRIGG]S IT7 CAN ONLY BE PROP]LY UND]/OOD 9 ITS GLOBAL1 SY/EMIC CONTEXT4 

,A /UDY ( REACTIONS OV] ! LA/ C5TURY OR TWO %[S ?AT !Y EXI/ 9 RELATION TO ! REVOLUTION>Y CONDITIONS !Y ATTEMPT TO =ECLOSE1 & ?AT BO? ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE & ! REACTION EXI/ 9 RELATION TO ! REACTION>Y PROCESS ?AT PREC$$ !M4 ,PATT]NS EM]GE1 & ?\< !Y >E NEI!R PRECISE NOR GEOMETRICAL--!Y DO NOT REPEAT AS FACSIMILES1 NEV] OCCURR+ ! SAME WAY TWICE--!Y DO HELP US UND]/& ! =CES AT WORK4 

#a#i#a#i-#a#i#c#g 

,ONE ( ! LONGE/ & BE/ KN[N P]IODS ( REACTION BEGAN 9 #aiai & L$ TO SOME ( ! MO/ EXTREME & DIV]G5T \TCOMES1 COMP>$ ) O!R REACTION>Y P]IODS4 ,9 A WORLD SY/EMS !ORY ANALYSIS1 ?IS WAS A P]IOD ( 0SY/EMIC *AOS0 :5 ! GLOBAL SY/EM ( CAPITALISM & MUTUALLY RECOGNIZ+ /ATES DID NOT HAVE A CONS5SUAL >BIT] OR A %>$ SET ( RULES4 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 WAS ! UNDISPUT$ WORLD LEAD]1 EV5 MORE SO AFT] ,W,W,I3 A QU>T] ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION & L& >EA WAS )9 ITS EMPIRE2 LONG-TIME RIVALS ,FRANCE & ,RUSSIA HAD N[ BE5 /ABILIZ$ AS SUBORD9ATE ALLIES2 & NEW] RIVALS ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 & ,TURKEY HAD REC5TLY BE5 DEFEAT$ & /RIPP$ ( !IR COLONIES4 ,H[EV]1 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 NO LONG] HAD ! MILIT>Y MEANS TO DEF5D ITS SWOLL5 EMPIRE1 ITS MONOPOLI/IC =M ( IMP]IALISM DID NOT GIVE ! B\RGEOISIE ( O!R C\NTRIES ANY OPPORTUNITIES = GR[? %ORT ( DIRECT CONFLICT1 & ITS ME?ODS ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION W]E NOT ! BE/ SUIT$ TO CAPITAL ACCUMULATION 9 ! *ANG+ CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,AS USUAL1 ! PRIOR REACTION CONDITION$ ! SUBSEQU5T REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 9FLU5C+ H[ ?IS REACTION W\LD UNFOLD4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! PRIOR REACTION CAN BE F\ND 9 ! VICI\S SUPPRESSION ( A S]IES ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! ANNIHILATION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! SLAU<T] ( T5S ( ?\S&S ( ITS P>TICIPANTS4 ,ELSE:]E1 ,BISM>CK UNIT$ ,G]MANY UND] A C5TRALIZ$1 NATIONALI/ GOV]NM5T ?AT BROOK$ NO DISS5T2 9 ,SPA9 ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC REPRESS$ ! AN>*I/-9SPIR$ ,CANTONAL REBELLION & !N A MILIT>Y C\P RE/OR$ ! MON>*Y & PUT AN 5D TO ! ,C>LI/ REVOLT & ) IT SELF-GOV]NM5T & ! PEASANT COMMONS2 9 ,RUSSIA ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I 9/ITUT$ A REACTION>Y REIGN & CRU%$ ! ,N>ODNIK MOVEM5T2 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T ( EMANCIPATION WAS %UT D[N ?R\< ! BLOODY IMPOSITION ( CAPITALI/ DISCIPL9E VIA RACIAL T]RORISM1 AS SE5 9 ! ,MEMPHIS RIOTS1 ! ,NEW ,ORLEANS MASSACRE1 & ! RISE ( ! ,K,K,K1 :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY ! /ATE CONCLUD$ G5OCIDAL W>S AGA9/ ?OSE NATIONS ?AT HAD SUCCESSFULLY RESI/$ SETTL] 5CROA*M5TS1 LIKE ! ,APA*E & ,OCETI ,SAK[91 & F9ALLY A NASC5T WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS MET ) GR[+ BRUTALITY4 ,MORE ?AN A C5TURY ( UN9T]RUPT$ T]RORISM AGA9/ ITS L[] CLASSES & ,IREL& MEANT ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM WAS RELATIVELY UNT\*$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE3 IF ANY?+1 !Y HAD ANTICIPAT$ ! REACTION & MADE IT SY/EMATIC LONG 9 ADVANCE4 

,ALL ( !SE REACTIONS T5D$ T[>DS A TOTALIT>IAN USE ( /ATE P[]1 PU%+ ! 5VELOPE = :AT WAS POSSIBLE AT ! TIME1 & ALL ( !M W]E EXTREMELY EFFECTIVE AT T]RORIZ+ & SIL5C+ !IR POPULATIONS4 ,ONE CONSEQU5CE WAS ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES DEVELOP$ AN 9FLAT$ S5SE ( !IR [N P[] & AN UNREALI/IC BELIEF 9 ! ABILITY ( BRUTE =CE TO MANUFACTURE SOCIAL PEACE 7REMEMB]1 ?IS WAS A TIME :5 ! MOD]N VIEW ( C\NT]9SURG5CY /ILL PREVAIL$74 ,?IS MEANT ?AT !Y W]E NOT PREP>$ = ! NEXT WAVE ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 & ?AT BRUTE =CE W\LD BE !IR GO-TO RESPONSE4 

,! REACTION ( ! #a#h#gS TO #a#h#hS 7A P]IOD ( ECONOMIC DEPRESSION FOLL[$ BY F9ANCIAL EXPANSION & EXTREME CORRUPTION7 ALSO DEHUMANIZ$ ! RUL+ CLASS 9 ! EYES ( !IR SUBJECTS4 ,= C5TURIES 7S9CE ! BLOODY REPRESSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! #a#e? & #a#f? C5TURIES71 PEASANT MOVEM5TS HAD S\<T TO PRES]VE A BALANCE RA!R ?AN ANNIHILATE !IR OPPON5TS1 ! L&LORDS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 ! E>LY #a#i? C5TURY ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T FOCUS$ ON RELATIVELY PEACEFUL CAMPAIGNS LIKE SABOTAGE1 0COMB9ATIONS01 & ! MUTUALI/ S*EMES ( ,PR\DHON 7KEEP 9 M9D ?AT :ILE ! SANS-CULOTTES MAY HAVE BE5 HAPPY SPECTATORS TO ! ,T]ROR DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! KILL+S !MSELVES W]E ORGANIZ$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE74 

,BUT AFT] ! VICI\S MASSACRES ?AT 5D$ ! ,P>IS COMMUNE1 ! *IEF ME?ODS US$ BY ! L[] CLASSES = TWO DECADES FOCUS$ ON ASSASS9ATIONS & BOMB+S1 IMPORT+ ! TE*NIQUES US$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN NIHILI/S 9 ! BRUTAL CONTEXT ( S]FDOM4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 AS LABOR ORGANIZ+ %IFT$ BACK FROM A PRIM>ILY CL&E/9E TO A PRIM>ILY VISIBLE T]RA91 ! EMPHASIS WAS PLAC$ ON TAK+ OV] 9DU/RY & COMPLETELY GETT+ RID ( ! BOSSES & RUL]S4 ,!Y W]E NO LONG] 9T]E/$ 9 NEGOTIAT+ ) ?OSE 9 P[]4 

,WORLD ,W> ,I WAS A P]FECT EXPRESSION ( ! GRE$1 BLOOD-?IR/1 & VANITY ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,AT ITS 5D1 ! NEXT WAVE ( REVOLUTION>Y 9SURRECTIONS BROKE \T ACROSS ,RUSSIA1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ! ,BALKANS1 ,HUNG>Y1 & ,AU/RIA1 ) MAJOR REVOLUTION>Y SURGES 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 ! ,U,K1 ! ,U,S1 ,9DIA1 ,>G5T9A1 & ,*ILI1 & ( C\RSE !RE HAD ALREADY BE5 A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION 9 ,MEXICO1 ?\< IT WAS EV5TUALLY TAK5 OV] BY ! B\RGEOISIE & PR(ESSIONAL MILIT>Y4 ,! REACTION BEGAN 9 #aiai :5 ! ,FREIKORPS1 A PR$ECESSOR ( ! ,NAZIS1 SUPPRESS$ ! 9SURRECTIONS 9 ,G]MANY1 & EV5 E>LI] :5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BECAME SY/EMATIC 9 ! WAY !Y ANNIHILAT$ ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' MOVEM5TS1 TO 0BECOME \R [N ,!RMIDOR0 OR BECOME ! REACTION TO !IR [N REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO HOLD ONTO P[]1 9 ! WORDS ( ,L594 

,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS CAU<T ! AU?ORITIES (F GU>D4 ,! RUL+ CLASS SUDD5LY DISCOV]$ ?AT ! WOLF WAS AT ! GATE & ! GATE WAS OP51 SO !Y RESPOND$ ) EXTREME1 (T5 PANICK$ MEASURES ?AT USUALLY RESULT$ 9 A GREAT DEAL ( BLOOD%$4 ,!Y ALSO SUDD5LY CAME FACE TO FACE ) A WORK]S' MOVEM5T ?AT WAS BETT] ORGANIZ$ ?AN IT HAD BE5 9 A LONG TIME4 ,ME?ODS = RECUP]AT+ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T HAD BE5 AT ! =EFRONT ( !IR C\NT]9SURG5CY ME?ODS DUR+ ! PRIOR DECADES1 SO 9 MANY C\NTRIES1 ! REACTION LOOK$ LIKE A MORE AGGRESSIVE RECUP]ATION1 ALL[+ MORE *ANGES TO ! BALANCE ( P[] ?AN ! CAPITALI/S & ! TRADITIONAL RUL+ CLASS MI<T HAVE PREF]R$ 9 LESS URG5T CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! MA9 P>ADOXES ( FASCISM3 IT DEFEATS ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T :ILE ALSO GIV+ ! CITIZ5 WORK]S MORE /ABILITY & PROTECTION ?AN !Y 5JOY$ UND] ! PRIOR REGIME ( LIB]AL CAPITALISM4 ,IT DOES ?IS PRIM>ILY ?R\< EXTREME VIOL5CE & EXPROPRIATION ( NON-CITIZ5S & ?R\< R5EW$ ACCESS TO COLONIES1 :ILE ALSO CONV9C+ ! [N+ CLASS ( ! NE$ TO MAKE SOME CONCESSIONS 9 ORD] TO AVOID A REVOLUTION4 

,9 ,ITALY1 ! REACTION WAS A /RAI<T UP COOPTATION ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,ITALIAN FASCISM CONV9C$ ONE HALF ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T TO ATTACK ! O!R HALF TO COMMIT !IR OB$I5CE TO A NATIONALI/1 C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,! CAPITALI/S GAVE !IR VITAL SUPPORT TO ?IS MOVEM5T1 EV5 ?\< IT MEANT REMOV+ MU* ( ! TRADITIONAL RUL+ CLASS1 AFT] ! ,BI5NI ,ROSSI CONV9C$ !M ?AT A REVOLUTION WAS JU/ >\ND ! CORN]4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 ! 0,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,G]MAN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY10 OR ,NAZIS1 ALSO GREW \T ( AN 9ITIATIVE BY ,G]MAN 9DU/RIALI/S & MILIT>Y 9TELLIG5CE TO CO-OPT ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD LAUN*$ ! FAIL$ 9SURRECTIONS ( #a#i#a#i4 

,9 ,SPA91 A REGUL> MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP 9 ! '#bS FAIL$ TO A*IEVE /ABILITY1 & !N ! L>GELY LEFT-W+ ,REPUBLIC ?AT BEGAN 9 #aica FAIL$ TO RECUP]ATE ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS MAJORITY AN>*I/1 SO ! MILIT>Y LAUN*$ A MU* MORE BRUTAL DICTATOR%IP MODEL$ ON FASCI/ L9ES 9 #a#i#c#f4 #a#i#c#g1 ! YE> ,I HAVE *OS5 TO M>K ! CULM9ATION ( ! REACTION & ?US ! 5D ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T1 WAS :5 ,SOVIET-ALIGN$ 9T]E/S CRU%$ ! REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS--& PRESSUR$ ! ,C,N,T TO /& BY & DO NO?+--DUR+ ! 0,MAY ,DAYS0 9 ,B>CELONA4 

,! ,U,S,S,R WAS A VITAL PLAY] 9 ! REACTION PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y F\ND !MSELVES ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! B>RICADES FROM ! ,RI<T & C\LD !RE=E DE/ROY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS FROM ! 9SIDE4 ,!Y DECID$ 9 ! E>LY '#bS TO USE ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO DE/ROY ANY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T !Y C\LD NOT CONTROL1 AFT] !Y HAD ALREADY DE/ROY$ ! WORK]S' & PEASANT MOVEM5TS )9 ! ,CZ>I/ EMPIRE !Y HAD 9H]IT$4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! '#bS1 !Y HAD EXPLICITLY DECID$ ?AT 0REVOLUTION>Y0 SIMPLY MEANT ADVANC+ ,RUSSIA'S GEOPOLITICAL 9T]E/S1 :ATEV] ! CO/1 :I* IS :Y ! ,COMMUNI/S FREQU5TLY ACT$ 9 COMPLICITY ) ! ,NAZIS1 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! E>LY '#cS OR DUR+ ! ,NAZI-,SOVIET ,NON-,AGGRESSION ,PACT ?AT GAVE ,G]MANY A GRE5 LI<T TO 9VADE ,POL& 7DIVID+ IT1 9CID5TALLY1 ) ! ,U,S,S,R7 & />T ,W,W,I,I4 ,= !SE REASONS1 ,VOL9E DESCRIB$ ! ,U,S,S,R AS 0R$ FASCISM40 

,9 ,>G5T9A1 ! MILIT>Y CRACK$ D[N ON ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ) A S]IES ( BRUTAL MASSACRES1 & HEAVY REPRESSION SIMIL>LY OCCURR$ 9 ,*ILI1 ,9DIA1 ,9DONESIA1 & ELSE:]E1 AS ! ,BRITI%1 ,DUT*1 & O!RS MA9TA9$ !IR COLONIAL REGIMES4 

,9CID5TALLY1 ! MA9 C\NTRIES ?AT TURN$ TO FASCISM DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY1 & ,JAPAN1 W]E ! WORLD P[]S ?AT HAD BE5 LOCK$ \T ( A COLONIAL EXPANSION BY ! SUCCESSES ( MAJOR PLAY]S LIKE ! ,U,K & ,FRANCE4 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 & ,JAPAN HAD EV]Y?+ !Y NE$$ TO BE MAJOR P[]S EXCEPT = ACCESS TO IMPORTANT COLONIAL M>KETS1 :I* WAS A KEY +R$I5T 9 ! RECIPE = PROSP]ITY EFFECTIVELY COOK$ UP BY ! ,U,K & ,FRANCE OV] MORE ?AN A C5TURY4 ,! CAPITALI/S & ! RUL+ CLASSES 9 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 & ,JAPAN KNEW ?AT !IR ONLY HOPE = BE+ S]I\S PLAY]S WAS TO CONQU] T]RITORY ?AT !Y DID NOT CURR5TLY POSSESS1 :I* MEANT ?AT !Y HAD TO />T A W> & W9 IT4 ,! REC5T LESSON ( ,W,W,I %[$ H[ DANG]\S ! MUT9IES ( SOLDI]S C\LD BE1 H[ PEOPLE =C$ TO FI<T W>S !Y DID NOT BELIEVE 9 QUICKLY BECAME REVOLUTION>IES4 ,AS SU*1 ! RUL+ CLASSES 9 !SE C\NTRIES KNEW !Y W\LD NE$ AN IDEOLOGY ?AT C\LD MOTIVATE !IR POPULATIONS & JU/IFY W>F>E4 ,FASCISM PROVID$ SOME UNIQUE ADVANTAGES 9 ?IS RESPECT4 7,COMP>E ?IS TO ,FRANCE1 ! ,U,K1 & ! ,U,S1 :]E W> MOBILIZATION ONLY BECAME EFFECTIVE AFT] ! HOME T]RITORIES HAD ALREADY SUFF]$ S]I\S ATTACKS47 

,?IS IS AN IMPORTANT PO9T3 ?\< FASCISM IS ! BE/ KN[N \TCOME ( ! #a#i#a#i-#a#i#c#g REACTION1 IT WAS NOT ! ONLY ONE1 & 9 FACT IT WAS NOT ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL ONE4 ,NE>LY ALL ! C\NTRIES ?AT W5T FASCI/ CRA%$ & BURN$4 

,! REASON WE C>E MORE AB\T FASCISM TODAY IS BECAUSE ! O!R MAJOR REACTION>Y CURR5T FROM ?AT P]IOD1 ! CURR5T ?AT ACTUALLY WON1 A*IEV$ A HUGE PUBLIC RELATIONS VICTORY BY CLAIM+ TO BE ! MORAL OPPOSITE ( ! FASCI/S1 & CLAIM+ ?AT FASCISM WAS ! GREATE/ EVIL ! WORLD HAD EV] KN[N4 

,!SE W]E ! C5TRI/ & PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRATS4 ,!Y 9CLUD$ ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :O HAD GA9$ !IR P[] ?R\< ! G5OCIDE ( HUNDR$S ( ,9DIG5\S NATIONS & W\LD %ORTLY MURD] HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( CIVILIANS ?R\< FIRE BOMB+ & DROPP+ ATOMIC BOMBS1 & :O W\LD PROVE !Y W]E BY NO MEANS ! MORAL OPPOSITE ( ! ,NAZIS ?R\< ,OP]ATIONS ,PAP]CLIP & ,GLADIO4 ,!Y 9CLUD$ CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*IES LIKE ,BELGIUM1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 & ! ,U,K1 ?AT HELD FREE ELECTIONS AMONG CITIZ5S1 BUT KILL$ LIT]ALLY T5S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9 ,AFRICA & ,ASIA4 ,9 ! '#cS & '#dS1 NUM]\S LEAD]S ( ! ,9DIAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T TRI$ TO MAKE ALLIANCES ) ,NAZI ,G]MANY & ,IMP]IAL ,JAPAN4 ,IT'S NOT BECAUSE !Y W]E EVIL1 IT'S BECAUSE !Y HAD EXP]I5C$ ! VIOL5CE ( ! ,BRITI% FIR/ H& & DID NOT SEE A MAJOR E?ICAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 FASCI/S & CON/ITUTIONALI/S4 

,EV5 TODAY1 :5 Y\ TRY TO PO9T \T ?AT MASS MURD] & POLITICAL REPRESSION >E NOT NECESS>ILY SIGNS ( FASCISM BECAUSE !SE TACTICS HAVE BE5 PRACTIC$ = F> LONG] & F> MORE EFFECTIVELY BY DEMOCRACIES1 PEOPLE WILL SCREAM \T ?AT Y\ >E EXCUS+ ! VIOL5CE4 ,! MU* GREAT] VIOL5CE ( COLONIALISM HAS BE5 NORMALIZ$1 & DEMOCRACY HAS WON A GREAT PROPAG&A VICTORY4 

,! /ATES ?AT BECAME ! MO/ EFFECTIVE OPPRESSORS & MASS MURD]]S ( ! #b? C5TURY W5T 9 A DIFF]5T DIRECTION DUR+ ?IS REACTION>Y P]IOD4 ,FRANCE BR\<T 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 :I* C>RI$ \T A NUMB] ( PROGRESSIVE RE=MS4 ,! ,U,S 9ITIALLY REACT$ ) ! KNEE J]K REPRESSION ( ! ,PALM] ,RAIDS1 ! ,R$ ,SC>E1 & R5EW$ VIOL5CE AGA9/ ,BLACK PEOPLE 7SU* AS ! #aiag MURD] ( ,BLACK SOLDI]S 9 ,TEXAS1 ! ,TULSA MASSACRE1 & O!R EV5TS74 ,9 #a#i#b#i1 H[EV]1 ! GOV]NM5T *ANG$ C\RSE & 9TRODUC$ A SWEEP+ S]IES ( PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL RE=MS ?AT PROVID$ ECONOMIC SECURITY & 9CREAS$ DEMOCRATIC P>TICIPATION4 ,! MAJOR1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ LABOR UNIONS PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 C>RY+ \T ?IS RECUP]ATION1 ?\< IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT 9DEP5D5T LABOR UNIONS LIKE ! ,I,W,W & ! ,U,M,W,A W]E SUBJECT$ TO BLOODY REPRESSION DUR+ ! E>LI] P]IOD4 ,! ,U,K1 = ITS P>T1 EXT5D$ VOT+ RI<TS TO A MU* L>G] PORTION ( ! POPULATION & CONC$$ 9DEP5D5CE TO ,IREL& & GREAT] SOV]EIGNTY TO ! 0,DOM9IONS0 AS P>T ( A RECUP]ATIVE MOVEM5T T[>DS GREAT] DEMOCRACY & DEC5TRALIZATION4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ALL MAJOR /ATES 5T] 9TO A P]IOD ( REACTION AT R\<LY ! SAME TIME & !RE IS A HI< LEVEL ( COMMUNICATION BETWE5 !M1 ) ! SAME T5D5CY BE+ ABLE TO SWEEP MULTIPLE C\NTRIES1 BUT !IR DIFF]+ CIRCUM/ANCES MI<T ALSO CAUSE !M TO GO 9 OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS4 

#a#i#d#d-#a#i#d#h 

,! REACTION>Y P]IOD FROM #a#i#d#d-#a#i#d#h PRES5TS A />K CONTRA/ ) ! E>LI] REACTION>Y P]IOD1 9 A WAY ?AT IS NONE!LESS FULLY CONDITION$ BY IT4 ,:]EAS ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE BEG9N+ 9 #aiag TOOK RUL+ CLASSES L>GELY BY SURPRISE1 ?IS TIME >\ND1 !Y REMEMB]$ & PREEMPT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE ?AT WAS SURE TO BREAK \T AT ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 

,!IR FE>S W]E NOT UNGR\ND$4 ,AN>*I/ & COMMUNI/ P>TISANS W]E WELL >M$ & WELL ORGANIZ$1 & !Y HAD PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE 9 DEFEAT+ ! FASCI/S 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 ,POL&1 & ! ,BALKANS4 ,!Y EXPECT$ TO BE ABLE TO SWEEP ,FRANCO \T ( ,SPA9 & U%] 9 NEW1 MORE JU/ REALITIES 9 C\NTRY AFT] C\NTRY4 ,H[EV]1 !Y W]E ALSO MORE CAUTI\S4 ,! EXTREME BRUTALITY !Y HAD EXP]I5C$ UND] FASCISM MADE !M AFRAID TO TAKE ! PLUNGE & COMMIT TO REVOLUTION !Y WAY !Y HAD ?IRTY YE>S E>LI]4 ,IT ALSO MADE !M MORE LIKELY TO ACCEPT ALLIANCES ( CONV5I5CE ) ! DEMOCRATIC P[]S4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY1 !SE ALLIANCES W]E !IR D[NFALL1 BUT WE CAN UND]/& :Y REVOLUTION>IES MADE ?IS MI/AKE4 ,AFT] ALL1 SU* ALLIANCES HAD HELP$ !M SURVIVE FASCI/ OCCUPATION1 & ANYONE :O MI<T ACCESS ! CATEGORY ( CITIZ5%IP1 AS OPPOS$ TO SOMEONE 9 ! COLONIES1 WAS CLE>LY SAF] UND] A DEMOCRACY ?AN UND] A FASCI/ GOV]NM5T1 EV5 IF BO? PRACTIC$ SOME =M ( CAPITALISM4 

,IMPORTANTLY1 ?IS LEAD TO A DIV]G5CE 9 ! COLLECTIVE REALITY ( ! ,GLOBAL ,NOR? & ! ,GLOBAL ,S\? ?AT HAS L>GELY SURVIV$ TO ?IS DAY 7! DIV]G5CE WAS 9ITIALLY CREAT$ BY COLONIALISM & :IT5ESS1 BUT IT HAD WAX$ & WAN$ OV] ! C5TURIES & 9 ! E>LY #b? WAS AT A HI/ORIC L[74 ,9 ! ,GLOBAL ,NOR?1 PEOPLE *OSE SURVIVAL & ULTIMATELY COM=T 9/EAD ( REVOLUTION1 :]EAS 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?1 PEOPLE HAD NO SU* *OICE4 ,9 FACT1 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I PRES5T$ !M ) AN OPPORTUNITY1 GIV+ MANY ( !M MILIT>Y EXP]I5CE AS !Y W]E CALL$ UP TO FI<T = ,BRITA9 OR ,FRANCE1 & %[+ !M ?AT !IR COLONIAL MA/]S W]E WEAK5$ & C\LD BE DEFEAT$4 ,OV] ! NEXT DECADES1 NE>LY ALL REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES W\LD TAKE PLACE 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?1 ) LITTLE SUPPORT FROM PEOPLE 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,NOR?4 

,! REACTION>Y MEASURES UNLEA%$ BY ! LEAD+ /ATES BEGAN BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I EV5 5D$4 ,9 #aidc & #a#i#d#d1 ! ,ALLIES C>RI$ \T HEAVY BOMB+ CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ WORK+-CLASS1 COMMUNI/ /RON<OLDS LIKE ! ,SAN ,LOR5ZO NEI<BORHOOD ( ,ROME4 ,!Y 5C\RAG$ ! ,V]CORS MAQUIS1 A L>GE P>TISAN NETWORK 9 S\!A/]N ,FRANCE1 TO RISE UP PREMATURELY 9 ,JUNE #aidd & !N FAIL$ TO GIVE !M PROMIS$ AID AS !Y W]E SLAU<T]$ BY ! ,NAZIS4 ,! ,SOVIET ,UNION HALT$ ITS 9EXORABLE ADVANCE ?R\< ,POL& JU/ ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! RIV] FROM ,W>SAW1 GIV+ ! ,NAZIS TIME TO MASSACRE NE>LY ALL ! P>TICIPANTS ( ! ,W>SAW ,UPRIS+4 ,!Y ALSO ORD]$ ! HUGELY SUCCESSFUL ,GREEK P>TISANS TO DIS>M1 & LOOK$ ! O!R WAY :5 ! ,BRITI% %OT D[N ! ONES :O REFUS$4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! ,ALLIES MADE SURE ?AT ! REVOLUTION>IES W\LD TAKE HEAVY LOSSES & W\LD />T ! PO/W> P]IOD ON !IR BACK FOOT4 

,!N1 !Y BEGAN PREP>+ ! ,COLD ,W>1 A NEW WORLD ORD] 9 :I* ! 5TIRE PLANET W\LD BE RUL$ BY ONE ( TWO AU?ORIT>IAN FACTIONS EA* PRACTIC+ A DIFF]5T MODEL ( CAPITALISM4 ,!RE C\LD BE NO ROOM = 9DEP5D5T MOVEM5TS4 ,:AT W\LD BECOME ! ,N,A,T,O BLOC PREP>$ A TACIT ALLIANCE ) ,FRANCO1 AS HE WAS !IR BE/ BET TO PREV5T+ ! REEM]G5CE ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ,SPA94 ,?R\<\T ,EUROPE1 !Y RECRUIT$ EX-FASCI/S = ,OP]ATION ,GLADIO4 ,9ITIALLY TO ORGANIZE 0/AY BEH9D0 ACTIONS %\LD ! ,U,S,S,R 9VADE ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ! ,OP]ATION QUICKLY MORPH$ 9TO C>RY+ \T T]RORI/ ATTACKS AGA9/ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T1 WE CAN TALK AB\T FASCISM HAV+ BE5 SUBORD9AT$ TO DEMOCRACY & TURN$ 9TO A TOOL 9 ! DEMOCRATIC TOOLBOX1 RA!R ?AN A P>ADIGM OR GOV]NM5TAL MODE ) A S]I\S *ANCE ( DEF9+ AN 5TIRE WORLD SY/EM4 

,= ITS P>T1 ! ,U,S,S,R 9VAD$ & OCCUPI$ ,POL&1 ,EA/ ,G]MANY1 ALL ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE %Y ( ,AU/RIA1 & MO/ ( ! ,BALKANS1 AS WELL AS PRES]V+ ! LIMITS ( ! ,CZ>I/ EMPIRE ?R\<\T ,ASIA1 MAK+ SURE !RE W\LD NOT BE ANY AUTONOM\S SPACE :]E FREE1 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS C\LD DEVELOP4 

,9 ,EA/ & ,WE/1 ?IS P]IOD ( REACTION DID NOT CONF9E ITSELF TO REPRESSIVE MEASURES4 ,9 FACT1 ITS MAJOR ?RU/ WAS ! COOPTATION ( ANTI-CAPITALI/ DEM&S RELAT+ TO QUALITY ( LIFE4 ,BE=E A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T C\LD MANIFE/1 ! RUL+ CLASSES IMPLEM5T$ A SWEEP+ >RAY ( SOCIAL WELF>E MEASURES4 ,:]EAS 9 #a#i#a#f1 !Y ?\<T !Y W]E AT ! HEI<T ( !IR P[]1 9 #aidd !Y REMEMB]$ HI/ORY & REALIZ$ !Y W\LD FACE A REAL DANG] IF !Y DID NOT IMPLEM5T RE=MS4 ,SO1 9 #a#i#d#d1 ,BRITA9 CREAT$ AN ADVANC$ WELF>E /ATE UND] A ,LABOR GOV]NM5T4 ,BETWE5 #aidd & #a#i#d#f1 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,FRANCE UND] ,DE ,GAULLE1 ) ! ,COMMUNI/S & ,SOCIALI/S AS ! MAJOR PLAY]S1 PASS$ PROTECTIVE LABOR LAWS1 E/ABLI%$ OCCUPATIONAL HEAL? C>E1 & GAVE WOM5 ! RI<T TO VOTE4 ,ITALY WAS A LITTLE MORE MOD]ATE BUT ALSO PASS$ SIMIL> LAWS 9 ?IS P]IOD4 ,= ITS P>T1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION EMB>K$ ON A MAJOR CAMPAIGN ( CON/RUCT+ *EAP PUBLIC H\S+4 

,AS = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,F,D,R HAD ALREADY TAK5 HUGE /EPS T[>DS A WELF>E /ATE BE=E ! W>4 ,& UNLIKE MO/ O!R C\NTRIES1 ! ,U,S WAS NOT DEVA/AT$ BY ! W>1 IT WAS ?RIV+4 ,TO PAD ! BUBBLE ( COM=T IT WAS PROMIS+ ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T EXP&$ A SY/EM ( LOANS = UNIV]SITY $UCATION & SPECIFIC SUPPORT TO VET]ANS ?R\< ! ,G4,I4 ,BILL1 :I* 9CLUD$ SUPPORT = MORTGAGES4 ,*EAP LOANS = UNIV]SITY $UCATION & HOME MORTGAGES BECAME ! GU>ANTOR ( ! BURGEON+ ,U,S MIDDLE CLASS & A BASIS = ,U,S F9ANCIAL EXPANSION4 ,& TO PREV5T A GLOBAL ECONOMIC RECESSION & ! K9D ( REVAN*ISM ?AT SET ! /AGE = ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 !Y />T$ ! ,M>%ALL ,PLAN1 OP5+ UP NEW T]RITORY = ! 9VE/M5T ( SURPLUS ,U,S CAPITAL & PROVID+ ! FUNDS = ,WE/]N ,EUROPE TO QUICKLY REBUILD4 ,! MODEL PROVID$ BY ! ,M>%ALL ,PLAN & ! ,BRETTON ,WOODS 9/ITUTIONS ( #aidd L$ TO ! CREATION ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,COAL & ,/EEL ,COMMUNITY1 ! PRECURSOR TO ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION4 

,! REACTION>Y P]IOD ( #aidd TO #aidh WAS ! POL> OPPOSITE ( ! PREVI\S P]IOD4 ,IT WAS %ORT1 IT WAS HI<LY EFFECTIVE FROM ! /ATE'S PO9T ( VIEW1 & IT %[S ?AT /ATES >E CAPABLE ( BE+ 9TELLIG5T1 ?AT !Y CAN LE>N FROM !IR MI/AKES & ?9K ( 9NOVATIVE TOOLS = KILL+ REVOLUTIONS BESIDES JU/ BLUDGEON+ !M ) BRUTE =CE4 ,IT RESULT$ 9 ! CREATION ( A WORLD SY/EM ?AT /ILL EXI/S TODAY1 ?AT IS1 9 FACT1 ONLY N[ FALL+ AP>T1 & IT EFFECTIVELY PREV5T$ S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,NOR? UP UNTIL ! PRES5T MOM5T1 U%]+ 9 AN UNPREC$5T$ P]IOD ( SOCIAL PEACE & 5RI*M5T = GLOBAL CAPITALI/S4 

,! MA9 EXCEPTION APPE>S TO BE 9 ! DECADES ( W>F>E ?AT FOLL[$ 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?2 H[EV]1 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS F\ND !IR PLACE )9 ! WORLD ORD] CREAT$ BETWE5 #aidd & #a#i#d#h4 ,WORLD LEAD]S RECOGNIZ$ ?AT OLD-/YLE COLONIALISM WAS UNSU/A9ABLE1 SO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ANN\NC$ NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY1 9DEP5D5CE1 & ! ABOLITION ( COLONIALISM AS F\ND+ PR9CIPLES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 ,H[EV]1 9 SPECIFIC CASES1 ! ,U,S1 ! ,U,K1 ,FRANCE1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,PORTUGAL1 & ,BELGIUM W\LD 9T]V5E 9 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS1 SL[+ !M D[N1 FAVOR+ C]TA9 FACTIONS1 & GUID+ ! \TCOMES TO ! SORT ( NEOCOLONIALISM WE HAVE TODAY4 ,9T]V5TIONS BY ! ,U,S,S,R & ,*9A 5SUR$ ?AT 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS W]E NEV] FULLY REVOLUTION>Y1 & 9/EAD CORRESPOND$ TO ! M]C5>Y1 GEOPOLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! MAJOR /ATES4 ,AS SU*1 ! CON/ANT W>S 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,S\? W]E M9IMIZ$ AS A S\RCE ( 9/ABILITY = ! NEW WORLD SY/EM1 :I* HAD RECOGNIZ$ FROM ! BEG9N+ ?AT COLONIZ$ C\NTRIES %\LD EV5TUALLY BE SET FREE4 ,9/EAD ( 9/ABILITY1 SU* W>F>E PROVID$ A GR[? OPPORTUNITY = ! >MAM5TS 9DU/RY & 5SUR$ ACCESS TO EXTRACTIVE 9DU/RIES4 ,CONT9U+ W>F>E & ! MILIT>Y C\PS ?AT W5T ALONG ) IT ALSO DE/ROY$ ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! ,NON-,ALIGN$ ,MOVEM5T4 

#a#i#f#f-#a#i#g#f 

,SEV]AL ?+S HAPP5$ 9 #aifh ?AT M>K$ ! OP5+ ( A NEW REACTION>Y P]IOD3 ! DEFEAT ( ! AUTONOM\S /UD5T & WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE2 ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,M,L,K & ! 5D ( ! PRETEXT ( RE=M 9 ! ,U,S2 ! ,TLATELOLCO MASSACRE AGA9/ ! /UD5T MOVEM5T 9 ,MEXICO2 & ! ,SOVIET 9VASION ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA TO PUT D[N A S]IES ( RE=MS4 

,9 FACT1 ! REACTION HAD KICK$ (F E>LI] 9 ! SOCIALI/ WORLD1 ) ,MAO BEG9N+ ! ,GREAT ,PROLET>IAN ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ,*9A 9 #aiff TO /R5G!N HIS GRIP OV] ! C\NTRY1 LEAD+ TO HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( DEA?S4 ,9 ! SAME YE>1 ,BREZHNEV CONSOLIDAT$ HIS P[] OV] ! ,U,S,S,R & HELD ! FIR/ PUBLIC TRIALS 7( TWO WRIT]S7 S9CE ,/AL94 

,9 ! PO/-COLONIAL WORLD ( ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?1 #aiff WAS ALSO A KEY YE>3 ! SOCIALI/ 9DEP5D5CE LEAD] ( ,<ANA1 ,KWAME ,NKRUMAH1 WAS DEPOS$ BY A GOV]NM5T ?AT WORK$ CLOSELY ) ,WE/]N F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS TO PRIVATIZE ! 9DU/RIES & S]VICES ,NKRUMAH'S GOV]NM5T HAD NATIONALIZ$4 ,& ! LEFT-LEAN+ 9DEP5D5CE LEAD] ( ,9DONESIA1 ,SUK>NO1 WAS DEPOS$ 9 A C\P BETWE5 #aife & #a#i#f#g1 9ITIAT$ BY ,BRITI% SECRET S]VICES & ! ,C,I,A1 & RESULT+ 9 ! DEA?S ( ONE MILLION SUSPECT$ COMMUNI/S & SYMPA?IZ]S4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ?AT TRIGG]$ ! REACTION IS CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ! QUE/ION ( DECOLONIZATION1 A PRESSURE VALVE ?AT CON/ITUT$ ! MO/ UNGOV]N$ SPACE ( ! WORLD ORD] CREAT$ BY ! #a#i#d#d-#a#i#d#h REACTION4 ,! WORLD ORD] CREAT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I WAS NOM9ALLY COMMITT$ TO DECOLONIZATION4 ,:AT ?IS MEANT TO ,WA%+TON WAS ! EV5TUAL DISMANTL+ ( ! ,BRITI%1 ,FR5*1 & O!R EMPIRES1 OP5+ UP ! 5TIRE ,GLOBAL ,S\? TO 9VE/M5T BY ALL CAPITALI/ 5TITIES4 ,JU/ AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAD PR(IT$ IMM5SELY FROM ! ,BOLIV>IAN REVOLUTIONS ?AT FRE$ ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA FROM ,SPANI% COLONIALISM1 !Y EXPECT$ TO PR(IT FROM DECOLONIZATION ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,!Y HAD NO NE$ TO IMPOSE ! K9D ( MONOPOLIES ASSOCIAT$ ) ,BRITI%-/YLE COLONIALISM1 AS BO? FREE TRADE REGIMES & CLI5TELISM ) NATIONALI/ DICTATOR%IPS W\LD FAVOR :AT W]E ! MO/ EFFECTIVE VEHICLES = L>GE SCALE1 TRANSNATIONAL ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION AT ! TIME3 ! PRIVATE CORPORATIONS ?AT W]E CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! ,U,S & ITS ALLY /ATES LIKE ! ,U,K1 ,FRANCE1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 & ,G]MANY4 ,!Y VIEW$ IT AS A POSITIVE SUM GAME3 ALL CAPITALI/S W\LD W9 MORE IF NONE ( !M TRI$ TO HO>D ! HONEY POT1 & ! HOME C\NTRIES ( ?OSE CAPITALI/S W\LD GR[ MILIT>Y ! MORE PRODUCTIVE !IR CORPORATIONS BECAME4 ,AFT] ALL1 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I WAS ! HI< PO9T ( ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( W>F>E1 COMPLET+ ,NAPOLEON'S REALIZATION ( CAPITALI/ LOGI/ICS1 0AN >MY M>*ES ON ITS /OMA*40 ,AT ! TIME1 IT WAS !RE=E EASY TO ?9K ?AT MILIT>Y VICTORY W\LD ALWAYS FALL TO ! C\NTRY ?AT C\LD BE/ 9CREASE ITS PRODUCTIVE \TPUT & RATIONALIZE ITS DEA? DELIV]Y SY/EMS4 

,SIMULTANE\SLY1 ! ,U,S RUL+ CLASS UND]/OOD ?AT !Y HAD NO *ANCE ( DOM9AT+ ! 5TIRE WORLD ?R\< DIRECT MILIT>Y MEANS4 ,AS SU*1 !Y CREAT$ ME*ANISMS = POLITICAL COOP]ATION1 LIKE ! ,U,N1 & GA9$ LEGITIMACY BY 9VIT+ !IR MA9 ADV]S>Y1 ! ,U,S,S,R1 TO P>TICIPATE AS A FULL MEMB]4 ,WA%+TON RECOGNIZ$ ! 9EVITABILITY ( A BIPOL> WORLD 9 :I* !Y W\LD NOT HAVE ABSOLUTE P[]1 SO !Y DESIGN$ A BIPOL> WORLD ) /RUCTURES ?AT FAVOR$ CORPORATE CAPITALISM & !Y PREP>$ A CLEV] 5DGAME4 ,!Y W]E BANK+ ON ! BELIEF ?AT !Y & !IR ALLIES1 :I* W]E ! C\NTRIES ) MORE ADVANC$ ME*ANISMS = TRANSNATIONAL CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 W\LD BE ABLE TO PR(IT MU* MORE FROM ! 0OP5+ UP0 ( ! ,GLOBAL ,S\? ?AN ! ,U,S,S,R C\LD1 MEAN+ ?AT AFT] A FEW DECADES' TIME1 !Y C\LD R$RAW ! BALANCE ( P[]S4 

,= ?IS GAME TO WORK1 DECOLONIZATION HAD TO GO A C]TA9 WAY3 IT HAD TO LEAD TO ,WE/]N-/YLE1 NATIONALI/ GOV]NM5TS ?AT W]E EI!R DEMOCRACIES OR MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IPS SEEK+ DEVELOPM5T ALONG A ,WE/]N PA? & DEP5D5T ON ,WE/]N MILIT>Y H>DW>E1 LOANS1 & TE*NICAL EXP]TIZE4 ,DECADES OR C5TURIES ( COLONIAL TUTOR%IP1 :I* RE9=C$ ! MY? ( ,EUROPEAN SUP]IORITY1 SUCCE$$ 9S(> AS EV]Y MAJOR 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,S\? ACCEPT$ ! LEGITIMACY1 OR AT LEA/ ! NEUTRALITY1 ( ,WE/]N-/YLE 9/ITUTIONS FROM GOV]NM5TS TO MASS M$IA TO BANKS4 

,H[EV]1 PEOPLE T5D TO BE MU* MORE 9DEP5D5TLY M9D$ ?AN MO/ RUL]S BELIEVE4 ,BO? CONSPIRACY !ORY ?9K+ & ! V]SION ( ANTI-IMP]IALISM ?AT SEES EV]YONE AS A PUPPET ( ONE ( TWO CAMPS %>E ! BELIEF ?AT ! ONLY PEOPLE ) ANY AG5CY >E ?OSE 9 P[]4 

,DECOLONIZATION DID NOT GO 5TIRELY AS PLANN$4 ,9 #a#i#e#f1 ,EGYPT1 UND] ! SOCIALI/-LEAN+1 PAN-,>ABI/ ,NASS]1 NATIONALIZ$ ! ,SUEZ ,CANAL--ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT WAT]WAYS 9 ! WORLD--& SUCCESSFULLY DEF5D$ IT AGA9/ ,BRITA91 ,FRANCE1 & ,ISRAEL4 ,& 9 #a#i#e#h1 ,CA/RO'S P>TY WON ! ,CUBAN REVOLUTION & SOON DEMON/RAT$ !Y W\LD NOT BE OB$I5T PAWNS TO ,U,S 9T]E/S1 EV5 IF !Y FAIL$ TO *ANGE ,CUBA'S POSITION 9 ! WORLD ECONOMY AS A PRODUC] ( SUG> CANE4 

,?+S COMPLETELY BLEW OP5 9 #a#i#f#a1 :5 ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY D5\NC$ ! ,U,S,S,R AS 0REVISIONI/ TRAITORS04 ,*9A1 :I* HAD NOT BE5 PREVI\SLY CONSID]$ A MAJOR PLAY] BY ,N,A,T,O OR ! ,U,S,S,R1 HAD ALREADY DEMON/RAT$ ITS P[] 9 ! '#eS :5 IT EFFECTIVELY DEFEAT$ ! ,U,S 9 ! ,KOREAN ,W>4 ,N[1 IT HAD PUT AN 5D TO ! BIPOL> WORLD SY/EM ?AT ,U,S /RATEGIC PLANN]S HAD PREP>$ =4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 IT W\LD NO LONG] BE A SIMPLE MATT] TO DIVIDE ! ,GLOBAL ,S\? 9TO ! CLI5TS ( ONE OR ANO!R SUP]P[]4 ,!RE W\LD BE GREAT] POSSIBILITIES = 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T POSITIONS4 

,& 9 FACT ! SAME YE>1 #a#i#f#a1 SAW ! CREATION ( ! ,NON-,ALIGN$ ,MOVEM5T1 BR++ TOGE!R ,<ANA1 ,EGYPT1 ,9DONESIA1 ,9DIA1 ,YUGOSLAVIA1 & DOZ5S ( O!R C\NTRIES4 ,?\< NEWLY 9DEP5D5T C\NTRIES W]E /ILL BEHOLD5 TO WORLD P[]S1 N[ !IR REVOLUTIONS C\LD TAKE ON SUBV]SIVE MEAN+S4 

,G5]AL PROSP]ITY 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,NOR? LIMIT$ ! POSSIBILITIES = REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS !RE4 ,:5 !Y DID COME AB\T1 !IR PR9CIPAL CLAIMS W]E TO JU/ICE & FRE$OM4 ,!Y CLAIM$ SOLID>ITY ) ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 GO+ ON = YE>S1 ALLY+ ) ,VIETNAM OR ,ALG]IA AGA9/ !IR [N GOV]NM5TS1 & EXCORIAT+ ?OSE GOV]NM5TS = ! HYPOCRISY ( !IR O/5SIBLE SUPPORT = POLITICAL FRE$OMS4 ,9 SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES1 !Y CALL$ = MORE OP5NESS & FRE$OMS1 SOMETIMES CONFLAT+ ?IS ) ECONOMIC LIB]ALISM & SOMETIMES PO9T+ \T A MORE LIB]T>IAN PA? TO SOCIALISM4 ,9 ! ,U,S1 ! RACI/ OPPRESSIONS AT ! HE>T ( ! SETTL] /ATE W]E ! CORE CAUSE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GR\NDSWELL1 ?\< REBELLION AGA9/ ! /RICT CULTURAL CONTROLS ( ! ,COLD ,W> ]A ALSO PLAY$ A MAJOR ROLE1 AS IT DID ?R\<\T ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 = EXAMPLE1 ! MOVEM5T COALESC$ 9 P>T >\ND ! ADMISSION ( AN UNSPOK5 PO/W> TRU?1 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS COMPRIS$ L>GELY ( REHABILITAT$ ,NAZIS :O HAD BE5 ABSORB$ 9TO ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,9 A WAY1 ALL ( !SE MOVEM5TS W]E CLAIM+ ?AT ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 SUPPOS$LY R5OVAT$ 9 #a#i#d#e1 WAS PHONY4 

,! PEAK ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY1 #a#i#f#h1 ACTUALLY OCCURR$ AFT] ! REACTION HAD ALREADY BEGUN 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,S\? & ! SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,?\< !RE W]E MAJOR MOVEM5TS 9 ,G]MANY1 ,MEXICO1 ,ITALY1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ! ,U,S1 & ELSE:]E1 ! MO/ FAM\S EPIC5T] WAS ,FRANCE1 :5 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( /UD5TS & WORK]S TOOK CONTROL ( MU* ( ! C\NTRY & CAUS$ ,PRESID5T ,DE ,GAULLE TO FLEE TO ,G]MANY1 BELIEV+ A REVOLUTION HAD ALREADY BEGUN4 

,AN ASPECT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS ITS EXTREME VULN]ABILITY TO AU?ORIT>IANISM1 A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ! #a#i#d#d-#a#i#d#h REACTION4 ,! WELF>E /ATE 9 ! ,WE/1 & SOCIALISM_//ATE CAPITALISM 9 ! ,EA/1 DE/ROY$ PEOPLE'S ABILITY = SELF-ORGANIZ$1 COLLECTIVE ACTION4 ,AS SU*1 REVOLUTION>Y ACTION 9 ! ,WE/ WAS DOM9AT$ BY SMALL GR\PS CLAIM+ TO BE VANGU>DS & BATTL+ = SUPREMACY1 EV5 AS ! MU* MORE NUM]\S PH5OM5ON ( DEC5TRALIZ$1 ANONYM\S ACTION FAIL$ TO G5]ATE A COLLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS [N P[] & NATURE4 ,9 ! ,W>SAW ,PACT1 DECADES ( LIV+ UND] /ATES ?AT CLAIM$ TO BE ! REVOLUTION & CRU%$ ANY DISAGREEM5T HAD CREAT$ EV5 GREAT] LEVELS ( PASSIVITY4 ,9 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 CITIZ5S DUTIFULLY WAIT$ TO SEE :AT RE=MS !IR RUL]S W\LD PASS1 & !Y ONLY W5T SO F> AS TO M\NT A MO/LY PACIFI/ DEF5SE ( ?OSE RUL]S :5 ,SOVIET TANKS W]E S5T 91 SU* A DIFF]5CE FROM ! DEC5TRALIZ$ 9ITIATIVE & GU/O ( ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION TWELVE YE>S E>LI]4 ,9 ,*9A1 ! L[] CLASSES MOBILIZ$ L>GELY ON ! BASIS ( ,MAO'S EXHORTATIONS4 ,AS SU*1 !Y C\LD BE MOBILIZ$ TO SUPPORT REVOLUTION>Y MEASURES JU/ AS EASILY AS REACTION>Y ONES4 

,& 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?1 ! MOVEM5TS T5D$ TO BE 5TIRELY DEP5D5T ON *>ISMATIC1 9TELLIG5T LEAD]S FROM ! 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLES4 ,! DEA? OR RETIREM5T ( ?OSE LEAD]S NE>LY ALWAYS RESULT$ 9 A %IFT T[>DS NATIONALISM OR LIB]ALISM & AN 5D TO ! REVOLUTION>Y EXP]IM5T4 ,! WAY DECOLONIZATION WAS SET UP 9 #aide GAVE ! SUP]P[]S A GREAT DEAL ( 9FLU5CE OV] H[ 9DEP5D5CE C\LD BE A*IEV$1 & AN ABSOLUTE LIMIT WAS PLAC$ ON AN ACCEPTANCE ( AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICS )9 A ,WE/]N NATION-/ATE FRAMEWORK4 ,BO? ,SOVIET & ,N,A,T,O 9FLU5CE MEANT ?AT POLITICAL P>TIES1 ) ALL ! DYNAMICS !Y 5TAIL$1 W\LD BE ! VEHICLES = 9DEP5D5CE4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! REACTION BEG9N+ 9 #aiai HAD UND]E/IMAT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & !N OV]COMP5SAT$1 :]EAS ! REACTION ( #aidd TOOK ITS MEASURE EXACTLY4 ,IF ANY?+1 ! REACTION BEG9N+ 9 #aiff OV]E/IMAT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! MOM5T1 AS SYMBOLIZ$ BY ,DE ,GAULLE'S FLI<T4 

,GOV]NM5TS >\ND ! WORLD US$ A COMB9ATION ( REPRESSION & RECUP]ATION TO WEAK5 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS2 !N !Y 9CREAS$ !IR REPRESSIVE P[]S2 & !N1 P]CEIV+ !MSELVES TO BE 9 A POSITION ( GREAT /R5G?1 !Y SET AB\T DISMANTL+ B>RI]S TO ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,9CID5TALLY1 9 NE>LY EV]Y C\NTRY1 ! LEVEL ( REPRESSION WAS LESS OP5LY MURD]\S ?AN 9 E>LI] P]IODS ( REACTION4 

,! ,U,S,S,R DID NOT 5GAGE 9 MASS KILL+S :5 IT 9VAD$ ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 & ?\< ,BREZHNEV 9CREAS$ POLITICAL REPRESSION & EXP&$ ! POLICE APP>ATUS1 ! PURGES HE C>RI$ \T DID NOT RESULT 9 MASS EXECUTIONS1 AS UND] ,L59 & ,/AL94 

,9 ! ,U,S1 POLICE & SOLDI]S KILL$ HUNDR$S ( MO/LY ,BLACK PEOPLE DUR+ URBAN RIOTS 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 :I* IS CONSI/5T TO H[ ! GOV]NM5T RESPOND$ TO UNRE/ 9 E>LI] MOM5TS1 SU* AS ,RECON/RUCTION4 ,BUT AS ! C\NTRY %IFT$ TO A REACTION>Y MODE 9 #a#i#f#h1 ! GOV]NM5T TRI$ TO HIDE ! MAJORITY ( ITS REPRESSIVE VIOL5CE1 US+ ! ,F,B,I TO COV]TLY 9FILTRATE GR\PS & ORGANIZE SECRET ASSASS9ATIONS OR GET RIVAL REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS TO ATTACK ONE ANO!R4 ,& ! GREATE/ VIOL5CE WAS 9FLICT$ BY ! DRUGS ?AT FLOOD$ 9TO RACIALIZ$ & L[] CLASS COMMUNITIES AT ?IS TIME1 EI!R ) POLICE SUPPORT OR NEGLIG5CE4 ,DRUG ADDICTION BECAME AN EPIDEMIC 9 ! '#gS1 LEAD+ TO C\NTLESS DEA?S FROM OV]DOSE1 DISEASE1 & CRIM9AL GANGS1 & MAK+ SOLID>ITY & SELF-ORGANIZATION )9 OPPRESS$ COMMUNITIES ALL BUT IMPOSSIBLE4 ,FROM ! /ATE'S P]SPECTIVE1 ! BE/ P>T ( ?IS K9D ( REPRESSION WAS ?AT IT C\LD CLAIM NOT ONLY TO BE 9NOC5T ( ALL ! KILL+S1 BUT EV5 ?AT IT WAS TRY+ TO HELP ! AFFLICT$ COMMUNITIES4 ,:ILE PRET5D+ TO BE BLAMELESS1 ! GOV]NM5T UNLEA%$ A MASSIVE AM\NT ( VIOL5CE1 FIR/ BY P]MITT+ ! DRUG EPIDEMIC & !N BY 9T]V5+ ) POLICE & SOCIAL S]VICES AGA9/ ! L[] CLASSES4 

,WE/]N ,EUROPE EXP]I5C$ A SIMIL> WAVE ( ADDICTIVE DRUGS ?AT WEAK5$ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS & OB/RUCT$ L[] CLASS SOLID>ITY1 & POLICE OP]ATIONS ALSO TRI$ TO HIDE ! EXT5T ( !IR VIOL5CE4 ,! ,G]MAN /ATE MURD]$ REVOLUTION>IES UND] ! GUISE ( SUICIDES1 & 9 ,ITALY ! POLICE US$ FASCI/S TO ATTACK ! MOVEM5T1 G5]ALLY BLAM+ !IR BOMB+S ON AN>*I/S4 

,ALL ( !SE TACTICS REVEAL A SPECIFICALLY DEMOCRATIC MODE ( REACTION1 US+ FASCI/ /REET GANGS OR COV]T POLICE OP]ATIONS TO MURD] SOCIAL REBELS & WEAK5 MOVEM5TS1 (T5 TURN+ FACTIONS AGA9/ ONE ANO!R4 ,ALL ! :ILE1 ! GOV]NM5T MA9TA9S ITS MY?OLOGY ( HUMAN RI<TS & NEUTRALITY1 SO ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION DOES NOT REALIZE :AT IS HAPP5+1 & BELIEVES ! N>RATIVE CLAIM+ ?AT ALL ! SOCIAL VIOL5CE IS ! PRODUCT ( UNREASONABLE EXTREMI/S ON ! ,RI<T & ,LEFT FI<T+ EA* O!R4 ,?IS IS ! 0,/RATEGY ( ,T5SION0 US$ EFFECTIVELY 9 ,ITALY ?R\<\T ! '#fS & '#gS4 ,NOTABLY1 A /RATEGY ( T5SION RELIES ON FASCI/S OR O!R F> ,RI<T ACTORS1 BUT IT DOES NOT LEAD TO A FASCI/ TAKEOV]4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! RESULT IS TO NEUTRALIZE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS & !N ALL[ A R5EWAL ( FAI? 9 C5TRI/ DEMOCRACY4 

,ANO!R ADVANTAGE ( ! DEMOCRATIC MODE ( REACTION IS ITS ABILITY TO USE NECROPOLITICS4 ,/ATE CAPITALISM HAS TO BE ABLE TO AT LEA/ CLAIM ?AT IT IMPROVES QUALITY ( LIFE = ! :OLE POPULATION1 :]EAS LIB]AL CAPITALISM *AMPIONS ! LAISSEZ FAIRE IDEA ?AT IF Y\ />VE TO DEA?1 IT'S Y\R [N FAULT4 ,?AT'S :Y ! DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES W]E ABLE TO DE/ROY 5TIRE MOVEM5TS ) DRUGS & !N ! ,A,I,D,S EPIDEMIC1 EV5 ?\< IT MEANT HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE DI$1 )\T EV] HAV+ TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = ?OSE DEA?S4 ,BUT 9 ! 5D1 HAV+ ! POLICE LOOK ! O!R WAY 7OR RUN ! %IPM5T7 AS KILOS & KILOS ( H]O9 & COCA9E W5T 9TO ! <ETTOS PROV$ MU* MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN OP5+ FIRE ON CR[DS ( DEMON/RATORS4 

,! F9AL MAJOR ADVANTAGE ( ! DEMOCRATIC MODE ( REACTION IS ! POLITICAL PRESSURE VALVE ( ELECTIONS4 ,9 NE>LY EV]Y CASE1 POLITICAL P[] *ANG$ H&S RI<T AFT] ! PEAK ( REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL4 ,9 ! ,U,S1 L>GELY BECAUSE ( :ITE SUPREMACY1 ! REVOLUTION>IES NEV] GOT A MAJORITY ON !IR SIDE1 & />T+ 9 #a#i#f#h1 ! GOV]NM5T W5T TO ! ,RI<T = #b ( ! NEXT #bd YE>S4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,LEFT WAS WEAK S9CE ! ,COMMUNI/S HAD PLAY$ SU* A MAJOR ROLE 9 /OPP+ ! REVOLUTION1 SO AGA91 ! RI<T-W+ CAME TO P[]4 ,BUT 9 ,G]MANY1 :]E ! ,RI<T WAS ALREADY 9 P[]1 ?+S %IFT$ ! O!R WAY & ! ,SOCIALI/S GOT 9TO GOV]NM5T1 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ SOME ( ! MOVEM5T'S DEM&S4 ,9 ,ITALY1 !Y HAD A H>D] TIME1 AS ! GOV]NM5T HAD LONG BE5 DOM9AT$ BY A C5TRI/ P>TY1 & NEI!R ! ,RI<T NOR ! ,LEFT HAD ! P[] TO SWEEP ! ELECTIONS1 :I* IS P>T ( ! REASON :Y ?+S W]E MU* MORE CONFLICTIVE & UN/ABLE 9 ,ITALY ?R\<\T ! '#gS4 

,SPA9 IS A USEFUL CASE /UDY BECAUSE IT WAS GOV]N$ BY ! LONGE/ LA/+ FASCI/ DICTATOR%IP & ALSO =M$ A P>T ( ! WAVE ( REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ASSOCIAT$ ) ,MAY '#f#h4 ,9 ! LATE '#fS1 AN AUTONOM\S WORK]S' MOVEM5T WAS SPREAD+ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,WORK]S' C\NCILS />T$ POPP+ UP 9 FACTORIES1 M9ES1 ! PORTS1 & O!R WORKPLACES4 ,!Y QUICKLY />T$ ORGANIZ+ WILDCAT /RIKES1 & ALSO F$]AT+1 L9K+ UP ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TRI$ TO TAKE OV] ! ,WORK]S' ,COMMISSIONS1 AS !Y W]E CALL$1 BUT !Y DIDN'T SUCCE$ UNTIL ! E>LY '#gS4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 MANY DIFF]5T ANTICAPITALI/ CURR5TS W]E ACTIVE 9 ! C\NCILS1 & SOME ( !M ALSO />T$ =M+ >M$ GR\PS TO SUPPORT ! /RIK+ WORK]S 7IT WAS UND]/OOD ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S W]E NOT ANTICAPITALI/S1 AS !IR /AT$ GOAL WAS TO ADVANCE CAPITALISM 9 ! ,SPANI% /ATE74 ,BY ! E>LY '#gS1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE W]E P>TICIPAT+ 9 WILDCAT /RIKES4 ,! POLICE & MILIT>Y %OT D[N DOZ5S ( PROTE/]S1 BUT PEOPLE W]E ALSO IMPROV+ !IR ABILITY TO DEF5D !MSELVES & /RIKE BACK4 ,>\ND ?IS TIME1 ! 5TIRETY ( ! FASCI/ REGIME REALIZ$ ?AT IT W\LD BE/ S]VE !IR 9T]E/S TO TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y NEGOTIAT$ ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & EV5TUALLY SETTL$ ON A CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,! LEFT-W+ P>TIES W]E V]Y C>EFUL TO BUILD UNITY >\ND ANTIFASCISM & NOT >\ND ANTICAPITALISM1 & !Y 5D$ UP PREV5T+ A REVOLUTION BY TRANSITION+ TO DEMOCRACY4 

,ONCE ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL HAD BE5 DEFEAT$1 GOV]NM5TS ACROSS ! BO>D FOCUS$ ON 9CREAS+ !IR REPRESSIVE P[]S4 ,9 ,SPA91 !Y JU/ LEFT ! FASCI/ POLICE 9TACT4 ,9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,BREZHNEV 9CREAS$ ,K,G,B 9FILTRATION ( ALL DISSID5T GR\PS1 & !Y PUT ?\S&S ( DISSID5TS 9 M5TAL HOSPITALS4 ,BRITA9 R$UC$ ! P[] ( ! LABOR UNIONS1 DEFEAT$ SEV]AL M9]S' /RIKES1 & EFFECTIVELY 9VAD$ ,NOR!RN ,IREL&1 C>RY+ \T A NUMB] ( MASSACRES & WIDESPREAD REPRESSION4 ,!SE W]E UNPOPUL> MOVES1 SO ! ,LABOR ,P>TY BRIEFLY GOT BACK 9 P[] 9 ! MID-#gS1 AN EXAMPLE ( ! DEMOCRATIC PRESSURE VALVE1 BUT ?IS WAS ! PO9T :5 !Y BACK$ AWAY FROM !IR POSITION ( 9CREAS+ PUBLIC [N]%IP4 

,9 ! ,U,S1 !SE >E ! YE>S :5 ! ,W> ON ,CRIME & ! ,W> ON ,DRUGS BEGAN4 ,!SE POLICIES CON/ITUT$ A SM>T =M ( REPRESSION1 BECAUSE !Y CLE>LY T>GET$ ! L[] CLASSES1 BUT W]E ALSO COMPLETELY DEPOLITICIZ$4 ,IT WAS EASY = ! GOV]NM5T TO CLAIM ?AT !Y W]E NEUTRAL POLICIES SIMPLY RESPOND+ TO CRIME & HAD NO?+ AT ALL TO DO ) REPRESSION4 ,9 #a#i#f#h1 ,PRESID5T ,JOHNSON1 A ,DEMOCRAT1 PASS$ ! MAJOR BILL 9 HIS NEWLY ANN\NC$ 0W> ON CRIME0 ?AT BEGAN F$]AL ASSI/ANCE TO LOCAL LAW 5=CEM5T & EXP&$ ! ,F,B,I1 P>TICUL>LY ) AN EYE TO URBAN RIOTS4 ,& !N A FEW YE>S LAT]1 ,NIXON DECL>$ ! ,W> ON ,DRUGS1 :I* GAVE RISE TO ! PRISON 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX4 

,P>ALLEL TO ?IS WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,CULTURE ,W>S4 ,!SE BEGAN 9 ! '#gS AS A CAMPAIGN BY EVANGELICALS1 ,H]ITAGE ,F\NDATION TYPES1 & DISGRUNTL$ :ITE ,M>XI/S :O HAD MOV$ TO ! RI<T 9 REACTION TO ! ANTI-RACI/ MOVEM5TS ( ! PREVI\S YE>S4 ,!Y SAW H[ ! CULTURAL CONS]VATISM ASSIDU\SLY IMPLANT$ 9 ! POPULATION BY ! ,COLD ,W> HAD BE5 %ATT]$ BY ALL ! /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#fS1 & !Y S\<T TO BR+ ?IS CONS]VATISM BACK1 US+ FLA%PO9T ISSUES LIKE ABORTION & GAY RI<TS1 AS WELL AS LOTS ( RACIALLY COD$ LANGUAGE >\ND CRIME1 DRUG USE1 & UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,!Y W]E A FUNDAM5TAL P>T ( ! RI<TW>D TURN ?AT L$ TO ! '#hS & '#iS BE+ DEEPLY CONS]VATIVE DECADES4 

,SIMIL>LY1 9 ,ITALY1 ,B]LUSCONI LAID ! F\NDATIONS = ! /ABILIZATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ) A %IFT TO ! RI<T BY CREAT+ A M$IA EMPIRE BAS$ ON TABLOIDS1 SOAP OP]AS1 & ,FOX ,NEWS-/YLE PROGRAMM+4 

,?IS FOLL[-UP TO ! FIR/ PHASE ( ! REACTION WAS SIMIL> TO ! ,COLD ,W> POLITICS ( ! LATE '#dS & '#eS3 AFT] DEFEAT+ ! REVOLUTION1 ! ,/ATE MAKES SURE IT 5DS UP /RONG] & MORE ABLE TO PREV5T ! NEXT ONE4 ,! RESULT WAS TO LEAVE GOV]NM5TS 9 A POSITION ( SU* UNCONTE/$ DOM9ANCE1 ?AT !Y C\LD DISMANTLE MO/ ( ! RE=MS & PROTECTIONS ?AT HAD BE5 WON BY PREVI\S REVOLUTIONS 7OR ! REACTION>Y CONCESSIONS US$ TO PREEMPT SU* REVOLUTIONS71 & U%] 9 ! AGE ( UNBRIDL$1 M]C5>Y CAPITALISM MO/ ( US HAVE GR[N UP 94 

,9 #a#i#g#b1 ,MAO MET ) ,NIXON & BEGAN ! LIB]ALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY1 BEG9N+ A %IFT TO A PR(IT-ORI5T$ ECONOMY ?AT W\LD BE COMPLET$ UND] ,D5G ,XIAOP+ 9 ! '#hS4 ,9 #a#i#f#e1 ! ,U,S,S,R HAD ALREADY 9/ITUT$ AN ECONOMIC RE=M ?AT MADE PR(ITABILITY & SALES TWO ( ! PRIM>Y METRICS TO BE US$ BY ECONOMIC PLANN]S1 :ILE GRANT+ MORE 9DEP5D5CE TO 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES TO MANAGE !IR BUS9ESS4 ,! RE=M WAS NEV] FULLY IMPLEM5T$1 BUT 9 ! '#hS ,GORBA*EV 9TRODUC$ MORE F>-REA*+ *ANGES TO LIB]ALIZE ! ECONOMY4 

,9 #a#i#g#i1 ,?AT*] CAME TO P[] 9 ! ,U,K & QUICKLY BECAME ! QUE5 ( NEOLIB]AL AU/]ITY4 ,REAGAN FOLL[$ H] A YE> LAT] 9 ! ,U,S1 & AT ?AT PO9T1 ALL MAJOR P>TIES 9 DEMOCRACIES >\ND ! WORLD ADOPT$ PRACTICALLY ID5TICAL PROGRAMS ( AU/]ITY1 SLA%+ SP5D+ ON SOCIAL S]VICES1 SELL+ PUBLIC 9FRA/RUCTURE & RES\RCES1 & D$ICAT+ FUNDS TO MILIT>Y SP5D+1 PAY+ (F DEBTS1 & SUBSIDIZ+ KEY 9DU/RIES4 

,ANO!R IMPORTANT ASPECT 9 ?IS GR[? ( UNBRIDL$ CAPITALISM WAS A DET5TE BETWE5 ,EA/ & ,WE/ & ! GRADUAL 5D ( ,COLD ,W> POLITICS4 ,FROM #aibi TO #a#i#g#c1 ! ,U,S,S,R EXP]I5C$ ECONOMIC GR[? 7MEASUR$ 9 CAPITALI/ T]MS7 FA/] ?AN ! ,U,S1 & ,*9A W\LD SOON BEG9 TO TAKE (F AS WELL4 ,A C5TRALLY PLANN$ ECONOMY WAS MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN LIB]ALISM 9 5ABL+ ! GR[? ( CAPITALISM 9 ?OSE TWO C\NTRIES1 ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 DEVA/AT$ BY FEUDALISM & BY OLD-S*OOL IMP]IALISM1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,BUT N[ !Y HAD L>GELY CAU<T UP4 ,CONT9U$ ECONOMIC GR[? 9 ! ,U,S,S,R 7& 9 ,*9A1 BY ! '#iS71 IF IT HAPP5$ ALONG ! L9ES PURSU$ DUR+ ! ]A ( MO/LY C5TRAL PLANN+1 W\LD LEAD TO AN 9CREASE 9 ! QUALITY ( LIFE ( ! L[] CLASSES BEYOND :AT WAS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF ! L[] CLASSES >5'T SUNK 9 POV]TY1 DEP5D5T ON AID1 :AT DO !Y NE$ RUL]S =8 

,TO BE CLE>1 LIB]AL CAPITALISM & C5TRALLY PLANN$ ECONOMIES EXI/ ON A CONT9UUM4 ,FREE M>KETS DO NOT EXI/--CORPORATIONS1 AFT] ALL1 >E MONOPOLI/IC BUREAUCRACIES--& ! ,U,S ECONOMY1 LIKE ANY O!R1 IS DEP5D5T ON GOV]NM5T PLANN+4 ,! QUE/ION IS H[ MU* GOV]NM5T PLANN+1 & H[ MU* COMPETITION BETWE5 PRIVATE CORPORATIONS8 ,! ,U,S,S,R & ,*9A BEGAN TO 9CREASE ! PROPORTION ( 9VE/M5T BY PRIVATE CORPORATIONS & DECREASE ! PROPORTION ( C5TRAL PLANN+ AS ! BE/ WAY TO ALL[ = FUR!R ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,9 ,*9A1 ?AT GR[? TRANS=M$ ! C\NTRY 9TO A DYNAMIC1 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALI/ PLAY] 7AS ,XI ,J9P+ SAYS1 ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TOOK ! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES ( ! CAPITALI/ CORPORATION & APPLI$ IT TO ! 5TIRE C\NTRY74 ,9 ! =M] ,U,S,S,R1 0GR[?0 LOOK$ MORE LIKE PLUTOCRATIC VULTURES /RIPP+ ! 5TIRETY ( ! WELF>E /ATE & SOCIAL 9FRA/RUCTURE1 BUT BO? ( !SE >E LEGITIMATE =MS ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4 

,BECAUSE ! ,U,S,S,R & ,*9A NO LONG] HAD TO PROTECT !IR DOME/IC ECONOMIES FROM ! NEO-COLONIAL 9TRUSIONS ( ,WE/]N CORPORATIONS1 BUT W]E READY TO COME TO ! BANQUET HALL ( GLOBAL LIB]AL CAPITALISM1 ! ,COLD ,W> HAD TO GIVE WAY TO A P]IOD ( ECONOMIC 0COOP]ATION0 AMONG PLUTOCRATS1 EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! ,W,T,O4 ,! ,W> W\LD NOT RETURN UNTIL ! UPDAT$ BALANCE ( P[] 7) ,RUSSIA LOS+ RANK & ,*9A GA9+ IT7 L$ TO GEOPOLITICAL CONFLICTS 9 =M] ,SOVIET SATELLITES & 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 ! =M] DUE TO ,N,A,T,O EXPANSIONISM & ! LATT] DUE TO ,*9ESE EXPANSIONISM 7:I*1 TO BE HONE/1 WAS SIMPLY ,*9A BUTT+ HEADS ) ! PO/-#a#i#d#e ,U,S EXPANSIONISM74 

,! ,REACTION ,BEG9N+ ,N[ 

,:AT CAN WE SAY AB\T ! CURR5T P]IOD ( REACTION1 :I* IS /ILL CRY/ALLIZ+ >\ND US8 ,MU* ( IT DEP5DS ON ! REVOLUTION>Y WAVE IT RESPONDS TO4 ,?AT WAVE1 9 TURN1 IS CONDITION$ BY ! REACTION>Y P]IOD ?AT PREC$$ IT4 ,WE CAN RECALL ?AT A MAJOR WEAKNESS ( ! E>LI] REVOLUTION>Y WAVE WAS ITS AU?ORIT>IANISM1 ?AT PREV5T$ EFFECTIVE SOLID>ITY & SELF-ORGANIZATION1 & FACILITAT$ RECUP]ATION4 

,IT %\LD BE NO SURPRISE1 !N1 ?AT ! CURR5T REVOLUTION>Y WAVE1 BEG9N+ ) ! ,ZAPATI/A UPRIS+ 9 #a#i#i#d1 PASS+ ?R\< ! ,SECOND ,9TIFADA 9 ,PALE/9E1 ! PIQUET]OS 9 ,>G5T9A1 ! ,WAT] & ,GAS ,W>S 9 ,BOLIVIA1 & ! ,BLACK ,BLOCS ( ! ,GLOBAL ,NOR?1 & METAMORPHOS+ 9TO A WAVE ( SUDD5 9SURRECTIONS />T+ ) ! BANLIEUE REVOLTS ( #be & MATUR+ ) ! ,MIKE ,BR[N & ,GEORGE ,FLOYD REVOLTS 9 ! ,U,S1 IS ?OR\<LY DEC5TRALIZ$1 ANTI-POLITICAL1 & FREQU5TLY1 CONSCI\SLY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,H>DLY A S+LE ONE HAS C5T]$ >\ND A POLITICAL P>TY OR UNION1 ?\< SU* ORGANIZATIONS HAVE RIDD5 ! COATTAILS ( A FEW ( ! UPRIS+S1 KILL+ !M (F 9 ! PROCESS4 

,?IS ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM CONDITIONS ! REACTION 9 SEV]AL WAYS4 ,! RUL+ CLASS WILL HAVE A P]PETUALLY DIFFICULT TIME UND]/&+ ! CURR5T REVOLUTION>Y WAVE4 ,!Y WILL NOT BE ABLE TO TAKE ITS MEASURE LIKE !Y DID 9 #a#i#d#d4 ,DUE TO ITS SUBT]RANEAN1 RHIZOMATIC1 SPONTANE\S NATURE1 IT WILL NOT BE EASY = !M TO /ABILIZE IT ?R\< TRADITIONAL MEANS ( RECUP]ATION1 LIKE 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ ! MOVEM5T ) A UNION OR POLITICAL P>TY4 ,9 FACT1 WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ?AT ! B5EFITS ( 9/ITUTIONAL RECUP]ATION1 SU* AS ! ,P9K ,WAVE 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 OR ! /R+ ( F> ,LEFT & MUNICIPALI/ GOV]NM5TS ACROSS ! NOR!RN ,M$IT]RANEAN1 SUCCE$$ 9 DAMP5+ 9SURRECTION>Y F]VOR = ONLY A FEW %ORT YE>S4 

,?IS BR+S US TO A SECOND PO9T4 ,! RUL+ CLASS DOES NOT FEEL P>TICUL>LY ?REAT5$ BY ! CURR5T REVOLUTION>Y WAVE4 ,!Y RECOGNIZE ?AT ! LACK ( 0CONSUM] CONFID5CE0 IS A PROBLEM = ! ECONOMY1 BUT :5 !Y DISCUSS ! FUTURE ( CAPITALISM 9 ,DAVOS & O!R SETT+S1 :AT !Y FE> >E POPULI/ REGIMES ( ECONOMIC PROTECTIONISM ?AT TAKE ADVANTAGE ( MASSIVE DISCONT5T ) GR[+ 9EQUALITY1 9=MATION W>F>E1 & A TOTAL COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM BR\<T AB\T BY CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,REVOLUTION DOESN'T MAKE ! LI/4 ,! MO/ 0! PEOPLE0 CAN DO TO ?REAT5 !M1 9 !IR M9D1 IS SUPPORT C\NT]PRODUCTIVE POPULI/ GOV]NM5TS ?AT BANK ON 9EQUALITY4 

,IT MAKES S5SE ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS DOES NOT FE> REVOLUTION4 ,!Y >E COM+ (F ( ONE ( ! LONGE/ P]IODS ( SOCIAL /ABILITY 9 MOD]N HI/ORY4 ,!IR P[] HAS GR[N IMM5SELY4 ,& !Y >E ALSO PROTECT$ BY ONE ( ! GREATE/ WEAKNESSES ( ! CURR5T REVOLUTION>Y WAVE3 UNLIKE 9 PREVI\S MOM5TS1 REVOLUTION>IES TODAY DO NOT BELIEVE 9 REVOLUTION1 & !Y CANNOT EV5 IMAG9E :AT A REVOLUTION W\LD LOOK LIKE4 ,?\< \R CAPACITIES = %ORT-T]M SELF-ORGANIZATION HAVE BE5 A/\ND+1 TIME AFT] TIME1 ONCE EV]Y?+ HAS BE5 SET ON FIRE1 WE JU/ GO HOME4 ,SE5 9 HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE1 ?IS IS LITTLE BETT] ?AN VOT+4 7,DON'T GET ME WRONG3 !RE CAN BE NO REVOLUTION )\T ! FIRES & B>RICADES1 :]EAS ! SAME CANNOT BE SAID = ! BALLOT47 

,H[EV]1 ! FACT ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS DOES NOT FE> ! CURR5T REVOLUTION>Y WAVE DOES NOT MEAN !Y WILL NOT TAKE IT S]I\SLY OR WILL NOT REACT QUICKLY 5\< AS 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 PRO( ( ?IS4 ,BECAUSE REPRESSIVE TE*NOLOGIES HAVE ADVANC$ ! TOTALIT>IAN PROJECT & ! RUL+ CLASS HAS 5JOY$ SOCIAL PEACE = SO LONG1 !Y >E MU* LESS LIKELY TO FEEL A NE$ TO TOL]ATE EXPLOSIONS ( ANG] & DISCONT5T4 ,RA!R1 !Y WILL 9CREAS+LY TRY TO PUNI% ILLEGALITY1 EV5 IF IT MEANS %UTT+ (F ! SOCIAL PRESSURE VALVE4 

,&1 AS WE HAVE SE5 FROM ! ,P9K ,WAVE 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,S,Y,R,I,Z,A & ,B>CELONA 5 ,COMU1 ! RUL+ CLASS IS NOT FEEL+ P>TICUL>LY G5]\S4 ,!Y DO NOT SEE ! NE$ TO C>RY \T MAJOR RE=MS ?AT R5EW ! SOCIAL CONTRACT OR IMPROVE ! QUALITY ( LIFE = ?OSE ON BOTTOM4 ,!Y ?9K1 ]RONE\SLY1 ?AT ! K9D ( EMPTY1 SYMBOLIC B&AGES ?AT WORK$ ALL ?R\<\T ! '#iS & 'S WILL SUFFICE1 OR ?AT !Y CAN REGA9 ! SOCIAL PEACE BY SWIT*+ ! POLITICAL P>TY 9 *>GE1 AS HAPP5$ AT ! 5D ( ! '#fS 9 MANY C\NTRIES4 ,BUT ?AT TRICK HAS ALSO LO/ ITS $GE4 

,5C\RAG+ NATIONALISM HAS BE5 A ROTE RESPONSE = ! RUL+ CLASSES1 AS 9 MO/ PREVI\S REACTIONS4 ,AGA91 ?IS IS ANO!R TRICK ?AT SEEMS TO BE LOS+ ITS $GE4 ,FEW C\NTRIES HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DEVELOP ! /ABLE1 NATIONALI/ MAJORITY ?AT WAS A PLANK ( FASCISM1 SOCIALISM1 & ,COLD ,W> DEMOCRACY4 ,RA!R1 ! GR[? ( NATIONALISM HAS ACTUALLY MADE GOV]NM5TS MORE UN/ABLE AS POPULATIONS >E DIVID$ ) NO CLE> W9N]4 ,P>T ( ! PROBLEM1 = ! RUL+ CLASSES1 IS ?AT ! NEW ,COLD ,W> DOES NOT HAVE A CONV9C+ IDEOLOGICAL UND]P9N+4 ,IT'S NOT HUMANI/IC SOCIALISM AGA9/ B>B>\S CAPITALISM OR FRE$OM AGA9/ AUTOCRACY4 ,IT'S JU/ ,MA*IAVELLIAN GEOPOLITICS1 A CA/ ( BULLIES EA* TRY+ TO COME \T ON TOP4 ,AS SU*1 ! C5T] ,LEFT 9 ! ,U,S HAS L$ ! *>GE TO TRY TO 9FUSE ?IS NEW ,COLD ,W> ) AN IDEOLOGICAL ALIBI3 ONCE AGA91 FRE$OM AGA9/ AUTOCRACY4 ,BUT !Y'RE GO+ TO HAVE A H>D SELL AS LONG AS !Y KEEP 5C\RAG+ POLICE MURD]S & OPPOS+ UNIV]SAL HEAL?C>E4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! RUL+ CLASSES HAVE !IR WORK CUT \T = !M3 ?\< ! REVOLUTION HAS LITTLE *ANCE ( SUCCESS1 SO TOO DOES ! REACTION4 ,WE >E ONCE AGA9 9 A P]IOD ( SY/EMIC *AOS1 9 ! TWILI<T ( ,U,S DOM9ANCE4 ,!RE IS NO CLE> LEAD]1 NO AGRE$ SET ( RULES ANYMORE4 ,!RE=E1 ! REACTION DOES NOT ONLY NE$ TO =ECLOSE ! POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION1 IT NE$S TO REASSEMBLE A T5ABLE WORLD SY/EM1 & AS LONG AS IT FAILS TO DO SO1 ! POSSIBILITIES ( REVOLUTION WILL REAPPE>4 

,= ALL !SE REASONS1 ONE ( TWO ?+S MI<T HAPP54 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT ! CURR5T REVOLUTION>Y MOM5T CONT9UES TO MATURE1 ) ! ELABORATION ( POSITIVE PROJECTS 7DECOLONIZATION1 AUTONOMY1 MUTUAL AID7 & GREAT] 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY4 ,?IS W\LD =CE ! RUL+ CLASS TO EXP& !IR REPRESSIVE TE*NOLOGIES 9 A WAY ?AT DOES NOT 9HIBIT ECONOMIC GR[?1 :I* IS A DIFFICULT BALANCE TO /RIKE4 ,DEAD WORK]S >E UNPRODUCTIVE1 & CLOS$ BORD]S BLOCK MANY ( ! FL[S ( CAPITAL4 ,ALT]NATIVELY OR ADDITIONALLY1 !Y W\LD NE$ TO BREAK ) NEOLIB]ALISM & CONSID] REAL1 DEEP-SEAT$ RE=MS CAPABLE ( R5EW+ ! SOCIAL CONTRACT & ALSO OP5 UP A NEW SECTOR ( ECONOMIC GR[?1 PROBABLY ! TRANSITION AWAY FROM FOSSIL FUELS4 ,BECAUSE ( ! WEAKNESS ( CURR5T REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 SU* RE=MS W\LD EASILY BE 5\< TO PACIFY ! L[] CLASSES2 H[EV] IT W\LD ALSO REQUIRE CAPITALI/S TO SL[ D[N !IR AGGRESSIVE1 M]C5>Y B+E ( SPECULATION & ACCUMULATION1 :I* IS MO/ APP>5T 9 ! P>ASITIC EXTREMES ( PRIVATE EQUITY FIRMS PLUND]+ EV]Y?+ ?AT IS LEFT ( ! SOCIAL WEAL?4 ,& ?IS IS A H>D SELL1 BECAUSE CAPITALI/S HAVE NOT HAD TO TEMP] !IR PIRATICAL URGES S9CE ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 NO CAPITALI/ :O IS ALIVE TODAY KN[S :AT IT IS LIKE TO MAKE SOME SACRIFICE = ! 0COLLECTIVE GOOD10 :I* = !M MEANS ! GOOD ( ALL CAPITALI/S & ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y HAVE ALL SP5T DECADES DEV\R+ ! GOOSE ?AT LAYS GOLD5 EGGS & AT ?IS PO9T HAVE COME TO BELIEVE IT IS IMMORTAL4 

,! SECOND POSSIBILITY IS ?AT ! CURR5T REVOLUTION>Y WAVE GETS EXHAU/$ BY ! =MS ( REPRESSION CURR5TLY BE+ EMPLOY$ AGA9/ IT1 MAYBE TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( SOME ELECTORAL *ANGES TO CALL IT QUITS4 ,IF ?AT HAPP5S1 ! REACTION WILL PROBABLY COME TO A QUICK 5D AS ! RUL+ CLASS TRIES TO GET BACK TO ! ILLUSION ( NORMALITY IT SO F]V5TLY BELIEVES 94 ,IF ?AT IS ! CASE1 !RE WILL BE A HI/ORICALLY %ORT GAP BETWE5 ?IS WAVE ( REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL & ! NEXT ONE4 ,& ! NEXT ONE WILL BE /RONG] 9DE$1 AS A GR[+ PORTION ( ! L[] CLASSES WILL BE =C$ TO ELABORATE MORE EFFECTIVE =MS ( MUTUAL AID & COORD9ATION TO SURVIVE \R GR[+ POV]TY4 

,A /UDY ( REACTIONS ?R\<\T HI/ORY DOES NOT MAKE IT CLE> :AT WILL HAPP5 NEXT1 BUT IT DOES %[ US H[ ! RUL+ CLASSES OP]ATE 9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! RANGE ( WEAPONS !Y USE1 & ! WAYS !Y T5D TO ?9K4 ,HI/ORY NEV] REPEATS EXACTLY1 BUT IT DOES MOVE 9 PATT]NS1 & BY BECOM+ AW>E ( !SE PATT]NS1 WE CAN /AY AHEAD ( ! CURVE1 & MAYBE EV5 ALT] \R C\RSE4 

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