,! ,REBIR? ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 #a#i#e#g-#b#g 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,AB/RACT3 ,AN>*ISM HAS UND]GONE A BROAD R5EWAL 9 ! ,U,S & ,CANADA 9 REC5T DECADES1 FL[]+ MO/ SPECTACUL>LY 9 ! ALT]-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T 9 ! YE>S AFT] ! PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,W,T,O M9I/]IAL 9 ,SEATTLE 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#i#i4 ,AT ! TIME1 ! MOVEM5T SEEM$ TO \TSID]S TO HAVE SPR+ \T ( NO:]E4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS ! PRODUCT ( A LONG DEVELOPM5T ( TRANS=MATION :]E MOVEM5TS ( ! '#fS CONFRONT$ 9T]NAL DILEMMAS HI<LI<T$ 9 ! RISE ( FEM9ISM1 & EXP]IM5TS ) NEW ORGANIZATIONAL MODELS DRAWN FROM MANY DIFF]5T GLOBAL CONTEXTS4 ,A BRIEF GLANCE AT DEBATES CONC]N+ CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+ & DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION DUR+ ! '#eS & '#fS CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T & '#gS ANTI-NUCLE> MOVEM5T HI<LI<TS H[ ?IS CAME AB\T4 

,KEYWORDS3 ,AN>*ISM1 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ANT9UCLE> MOVEM5T1 CIVIL ,RI<TS MOVEM5T1 FEM9ISM4 

,:AT ,I'D LIKE TO DO 9 !SE BRIEF PAGES IS TO \TL9E SOME ( ! BROAD HI/ORICAL CONTEXT = ! RISE ( AN>*ISM1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 TO ! POSITION IT N[ HOLDS AS ! EFFECTIVE C5T] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT4 ,BY 0AN>*ISM0 H]E ,I AM SPEAK+ LESS AB\T AN>*ISM AS A POLITICAL ID5TITY1 AB\T EXPLICITLY 0AN>*I/0 ORGANIZATIONS1 9DIVIDUALS :O REF] TO !MSELVES AS 0AN>*I/S0 ( ONE V>IETY OR ANO!R--?\< !SE HAVE1 C]TA9LY1 9CREAS$ DRAMATICALLY 9 NUMB] 9 REC5T DECADES--SO MU* AS AN>*ISM AS A =M ( PRACTICE1 AN E?ICAL SY/EM ?AT REJECTS ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[]1 &1 TO ! EXT5T POSSIBLE1 ANY APPEAL TO OR 5TANGLEM5T 9 9/ITUTIONS ( /ATE P[]1 & ?AT RELIES 9/EAD ON CLASSICAL AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ( SELF-ORGANIZATION1 VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 DIRECT ACTION1 & MUTUAL AID4 ,! C5TRALITY ( AN>*ISM 9 ?IS S5SE ONLY REALLY BECAME FULLY APP>5T TO ?OSE ON ! RADICAL ,LEFT 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! GLOBAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T FROM #a#i#i#i-#b#a1 BUT BY N[--AS 9CREAS+LY 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD AS WELL--IT HAS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE TO D5Y4 

,IMPOSSIBLE1 AT LEA/1 = ACTIVI/S OR ANYONE ACTIVELY 5GAG$ ) SOCIAL MOVEM5TS OR RADICAL CAMPAIGNS444 ,= ACTIVI/S1 0AN>*I/ PROCESS0 HAS BECOME SYNONYM\S ) ! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( H[ ONE FACILITATES A MEET+ OR ORGANIZES /REET ACTIONS4 ,= MO/ ( ?OSE \TSIDE--9TELLECTUALS1 = EXAMPLE1 OR EV5 READ]S ( ! ,LEFT PRESS--ALL ?IS IS MU* LESS APP>5T4 ,!RE >E V>I\S REASONS = ?IS4 ,ONE IS ! WAY ! MA9/REAM M$IA1 & TO SOME DEGREE1 ! ,LEFT PRESS ITSELF1 T5D TO SPEAK ( 0AN>*I/S0 ONLY :5 DISCUSS+ MILITANT /REET TACTICS1 P>TICUL>LY1 PROP]TY DE/RUCTION4 ,:5 AN>*I/S 9 ,BLACK ,BLOC BROKE W9D[S 9 ,SEATTLE DUR+ ! ,W,T,O PROTE/S 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#i#i1 !Y W]E REF]R$ TO AS 0AN>*I/S02 :5 O!R 7F> MORE NUM]\S7 AN>*I/S ORGANIZ$ PIRATE RADIO COLLECTIVES1 FACILITAT$ MEET+S1 MADE PUPPETS1 OR LOCK$ D[N 9 NONVIOL5T /REET BLOCKADES1 ! FACT ?AT !Y W]E AN>*I/S W5T 5TIRELY UNREM>K$4 ,?IS HAS BE5 A CONSI/5T PATT]N4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! FAULT CANNOT BE LAID COMPLETELY AT ! FEET ( ! M$IA4 ,ANO!R P]SI/5T PROBLEM HAS BE5 ! AN>*I/ PRESS ITSELF1 :I* REMA9S DOM9AT$ BY ,PRIMITIVI/S1 ,PLAT=MI/S1 SECT>IANS1 & HYP]-9DIVIDUALI/S-- PROPON5TS ( /RA9S ( AN>*ISM ?AT >E ALMO/ COMPLETELY UNREPRES5TATIVE ( ! MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,SOMEONE CASUALLY P]US+ A %ELF ( AN>*I/ MAGAZ9ES AT AN 9FO%OP1 W\LD BE LEFT ) ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! OV]:ELM+LY MAJORITY ( ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S W]E EI!R PROPON5TS ( POSITIONS & =MS ( ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD B>ELY *ANG$ S9CE ! '#bS & '#cS 7AS = EXAMPLE ) ! ,NOR!A/ ,CONF$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S1 OR ,N,E,F,A,C7 OR1 ALT]NATELY1 OPPOS$ TO ALL =MS ( ORGANIZATION & LOOK+ =W>D TO A COLLAPSE ( CIVILIZATION & RETURN TO A WORLD ( T9Y B&S ( HUNT]S & =AG]S4 ,! IMPRESSION W\LD BE COMPLETELY 9ACCURATE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,*UCK ,MUNSON1 :O AS MANAG] ( WWW49FO%OP4COM1 HAS CONDUCT$ ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE SURVEYS ( ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ COMMUNITY1 R\<LY #i.0 ( ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S DO NOT ID5TIFY ) ANY P>TICUL> SECT OR T5D5CY AT ALL4 ,!Y >E :AT ,I HAVE ELSE:]E REF]R$ TO AS 0SMALL-A0 AN>*I/S1 NONSECT>IAN OR EV5 ANTI-SECT>IAN1 T5D+ TO OP]ATE \TSIDE ( AN>*I/-ONLY GR\PS1 & :OSE IDEOLOGICAL PRACTICE L>GELY CONSI/S ( TEA*+ BY EXAMPLE4 ,IF SU* PEOPLE >E LITTLE REPRES5T$ 9 (FICIAL AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE1 IT IS L>GELY = ?IS REASON4 

,ANO!R REASON1 ,I ?9K1 ?AT ! RISE ( AN>*ISM MI<T SEEM 9VISIBLE TO SOME IS ?AT--9 P>T BECAUSE ( ITS GR[+ SMALL-A ORI5TATION--IT HAS BECOME SO 5TANGL$ ) O!R POLITICAL TRADITIONS \TSIDE OBS]V]S >E NEV] QUITE SURE :AT !Y'RE LOOK+ AT4 0,AN>*I/ PROCESS0 CAN ALSO BE REF]R$ TO AS 0FEM9I/ PROCESS01 IT'S 5TIRELY UNCLE> :]E ONE BEG9S & ! O!R 5DS OR IF 9DE$ !RE IS A DIFF]5CE4 ,EV5 MORE CONFUS+ = ?OSE US$ TO E>LI] AN>*ISM'S HO/ILITY TO ANY?+ ASSOCIAT$ ) ,GOD1 *UR*ES1 & RELIGION1 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ PRACTICE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA HAS BECOME 5TANGL$ ) ALT]NATIVE SPIRITUAL TRADITIONS1 FROM ,QUAK]ISM1 TO ,PAGANISM4 

,:AT ,I AM GO+ TO DO 9 ! FOLL[+ PAGES1 !N1 IS TO PROVIDE A BRIEF HI/ORY ( ! RISE ( :AT ,I'VE BE5 CALL+ SMALL-A AN>*ISM 9 ,AM]ICA1 BEG9N+ ) ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T 9 ! LATE '#eS & E>LY '#fS4 ,IT IS1 ( NECESSITY1 A BRIEF & P>TIAL N>RATIVE4 ,NO D\BT IT C\LD BE TOLD V]Y DIFF]5TLY4 ,S9CE ,I AM NOT PRIM>ILY 9T]E/$ 9 AN>*ISM AS ID5TITY1 ,I AM ALSO NOT 9T]E/$ 9 TRAC+ ! HI/ORY ( SPECIFIC AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,RA!R1 ,I AM 9T]E/$ 9 ! ORIG9S ( AN>*I/ PROCESS1 & P>TICUL>LY1 ! CONV]G5CE BETWE5 CONC]NS TO DEVELOP NEW =MS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY & D$ICATION TO PR9CIPLES ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,MANY ( ?OSE :O ?US CONTRIBUT$ TO ! RISE ( AN>*ISM 9 ,AM]ICA DID NOT1 9 FACT1 CONSID] !MSELVES AN>*I/S4 ,BUT !Y W]E1 ONE MI<T SAY1 AN>*I/S 9 PRACTICE1 & AS 9 SO MANY >EAS1 !ORY HAS FOLL[$ PRACTICE H]E RA!R ?AN ! O!R WAY >\ND4 

,! '#fS ,NEW ,LEFT KICK$ (F ) A CALL = 0P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY0 9 ! FAM\S ,PORT ,HURON ,/ATEM5T ( #a#i#f#b1 ! F\ND+ DOCUM5T ( ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY4 ,ITS PR9CIPLE AU?OR1 ,TOM ,HAYD51 WAS 9SPIR$ ULTIMATELY BY ,JOHN ,DEWEY & ,C4 ,WRI<T ,MILLS.<#a.> & ! DOCUM5T WAS NOTABLE = CALL+ = A BROAD DEMOCRATIZATION ( ALL ASPECTS ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY1 TO CREATE A SITUATION :]E PEOPLE >E MAK+ = !MSELVES ! 0DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT !IR LIVES04 ,ONE MI<T SEE ?IS AS A V]Y AN>*I/IC VISION1 BUT ,S,D,S1 AS ITS 9CEPTION1 C]TA9LY DID NOT4 ,ACTUALLY1 !IR ORIG9AL POLITICAL PROGRAM WAS TO RADICALIZE ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 7!Y ONLY AB&ON$ IT :5 PLAC$ 9 AN IMPOSSIBLE POSITION BY ! ,DEMOCRATS' PURSUIT ( ! ,VIETNAM ,W>74 ,EV5 MORE CRUCIALLY1 ?OSE :O FRAM$ ! /ATEM5T SEEM$ TO HAVE ONLY ! SKET*IE/ IDEAS ( :AT 0P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY0 MI<T MEAN 9 PRACTICE4 ,?IS IS MO/ EVID5T 9 ! CONTRADICTORY *>ACT] ( ,S,D,S'S [N /RUCTURE4 

,AS ,FRANCESCA ,POLLETTA HAS PO9T$ \T1.<#b.> ,S,D,S WAS ON PAP] A QUITE =MAL1 TOP-D[N ORGANIZATION1 ) A C5TRAL /E]+ COMMITTEE & MEET+S RUN ACCORD+ TO ,ROB]TS ,RULES ( ,ORD]4 ,9 PRACTICE1 IT WAS MADE UP ( L>GELY AUTONOM\S CELLS ?AT OP]AT$ BY A K9D ( CRUDE1 DE FACTO CONS5SUS PROCESS4 ,! EMPHASIS ON CONS5SUS1 9 TURN1 APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ BY ! EXAMPLE ( ,S,N,C,C1 ! ,/UD5T ,NONVIOL5T ,COORD9AT+ ,COMMITTEE1 ! /UD5T W+ ( ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T4 ,S,N,C,C HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 CREAT$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,ANITA ,BAK] & A NUMB] ( O!R ACTIVI/S :O HAD PREVI\S BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,S\? ,*RI/IAN ,LEAD]%IP ,CONF]5CE 7,S,C,L,C71 & W]E HOP+ TO CREATE AN ALT]NATIVE TO ,S,C,L,C'S TOP-D[N /RUCTURE & *>ISMATIC LEAD]%IP 7EMBODI$1 ( C\RSE1 9 ! FIGURE ( ,DR4 ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+47 ,FAM\S = ORGANIZ+ LUN* TABLE SIT9S1 FRE$OM RIDES1 & O!R DIRECT ACTIONS1 ,S,N,C,C WAS ORGANIZ$ ON A ?OR\<LY DEC5TRALIZ$ BASIS4 ,IDEAS = NEW PROJECTS W]E EXPECT$ TO EM]GE FROM 9DIVIDUAL *APT]S1 ALL ( :I* OP]AT$ BY A K9D ( R\<-&-READY CONS5SUS PROCESS4 

,?IS EMPHASIS ON CONS5SUS IS A BIT SURPRIS+1 S9CE AT ! TIME !RE WAS V]Y LITTLE MODEL = IT4 ,9 BO? ,S,N,C,C & ,S,D,S1 IT APPE>S TO HAVE EM]G$ FROM A FEEL+ ?AT1 S9CE NO ONE %\LD BE EXPECT$ TO DO ANY?+ AGA9/ !IR WILL1 DECISIONS REALLY HAD TO BE UNANIM\S4 ,H[EV]1 !RE DOESN'T SEEM TO HAVE BE5 ANY?+ LIKE :AT'S N[ CALL$ 0CONS5SUS PROCESS0 9 ! =MAL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,! PROBLEM WAS !RE WAS NO OBVI\S MODEL = ONE4 ,! ONLY COMMUNITIES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ) A LIV+ TRADITION ( CONS5SUS DECISIONMAK+ 7! ,QUAK]S1 & V>I\S ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN GR\PS7 W]E EI!R UNKN[N1 UNAVAILABLE1 OR UN9T]E/$ 9 PROSELYTIZ+4 ,QUAK]S AT ! TIME T5D$ TO SEE CONS5SUS WAS ESS5TIALLY A RELIGI\S PRACTICE2 !Y W]E1 ACCORD+ TO ,POLLETTA1.<#c.> ACTUALLY FAIRLY RESI/ANT TO ! IDEA ( TEA*+ IT TO ANYONE ELSE4 

,! ,NEW ,LEFT WAS AS WE ALL KN[ ESS5TIALLY BAS$ ON CAMPUSES4 ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,JR4.<#d.> HAS >GU$ ?AT ! WAVE ( '#fS ACTIVISM SEEMS TO HAVE EM]G$ FROM A K9D ( SOCIAL BOTTL5ECK4 ,! ,WELF>E ,/ATE IDEAL ( ! TIME HAD BE5 TO DEFUZE CLASS T5SIONS BY (F]+ A SPECT] ( P]PETUAL SOCIAL MOBILITY 79 MU* ! SAME WAY ! FRONTI] HAD ONCE DONE72 AFT] ! W>1 !RE WAS A V]Y CONSCI\S EF=T ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T TO PUMP RES\RCES 9TO ! HI<] $UCATION SY/EM1 :I* BEGAN TO EXP& EXPON5TIALLY1 ALONG ) ! NUMB] ( WORK+ CLASS *ILDR5 ATT5D+ UNIV]SITY4 

,! PROBLEM ( C\RSE IS ?AT SU* GR[? CURVES 9V>IABLY HIT !IR LIMITS1 & AS ANY ,?IRD ,WORLD GOV]NM5T ?AT HAS ATTEMPT$ ?IS /RATEGY HAS LE>N$1 :5 !Y DO1 ! RESULTS >E TYPICALLY EXPLOSIVE4 ,BY ! '#fS ?IS WAS />T+ TO HAPP54 ,MILLIONS ( /UD5TS W]E LEFT FAC+ )\T ANY REALI/IC PROSPECT ( F9D+ JOBS ?AT BORE ANY RELATION TO !IR REAL EXPECTATIONS OR CAPACITIES--A NORMAL PROSPECT 9 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES1 ACTUALLY1 BUT SUDD5LY HUGELY EXAC]BAT$4 ,AT FIR/1 ( C\RSE1 ! CRUN* CAME L>GELY 9 ! =M ( TYPE ( EMPLOYM5T 79 ! '#fS1 ! SKY /ILL SEEM$ ! LIMIT 9 T]MS ( ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY73 PEOPLE W]E BE+ TRA9$ AS CREATIVE ?9K]S1 & LEFT ) ! PROSPECT ( BECOM+ S\LLESS FUNCTION>IES4 ,MATT]S W]E FUR!R COMPLICAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! /UD5TS :O FIR/ BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ,S,D,S DID1 AS ,MATTICK EMPHASIZES1 LIKE !IR EQUIVAL5TS 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?1 ULTIMATELY SEE !MSELVES AS A K9D ( BREAKAWAY FRAGM5T ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE ELITE4 ,?IS WAS1 HE SUGGE/S1 CRUCIAL TO UND]/&+ ! LIMITS ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,ACTIVI/S 9V>IABLY SAW !MSELVES AS 0ORGANIZ]S01 SOCIAL WORK]S.<#e.>3 ,:AT UNIT$ ALL FACTIONS ( ! LEFT WAS ! CONCEPTION ( !IR RELATION%IP TO ACTUAL OR FANTASIZ$ COMMUNITIES AS ORGANIZ]S--AFT] ! EXAMPLE ( TRADE UNIONI/S & SOCIAL WORK]S--RA!R ?AN AS 0FELL[ /UD5TS0 OR WORK]S ) A P>TICUL> UND]/&+ ( A SITUATION %>$ ) O!RS1 & IDEAS ( :AT TO DO AB\T IT4 ,DESPITE ! DISAGREEM5T OV] ! PRIM>Y T>GET = ORGANIZ+--UNEMPLOY$1 BLUE-COLL> WORK]S1 :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 DROP\T Y\?--9 EA* CASE ! 0COMMUNITY0 WAS SE5 AS A POT5TIAL 0CON/ITU5CY0 7OR1 9 ,P,L'S LANGUAGE1 0BASE074 ,! RADICALS SAW !MSELVES AS PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES1 A =CE SO TO SPEAK \TSIDE ( SOCIETY1 ORGANIZ+ ?OSE 9SIDE ON !IR [N BEHALF4 ,?US ! ACTIVI/ PLAY$ ! P>T RES]V$ 9 LIB]AL !ORY = ! /ATE1 A PO9T NOT TO BE NEGLECT$ 9 ! ATTEMPT TO UND]/& ! DRIFT ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT FROM AN ORI5TATION TO LIB]AL GOV]NM5TAL RE=M TO L59I/-/AL9I/ CONCEPTS ( SOCIALISM4.<#f.> 

,! CONTRADICTIONS ( ?IS SITUATION BECAME 9CREAS+LY APP>5T AS ! DECADE WORE ON4 ,! CRISIS WAS SP>K$ FIR/ 9 GR\PS LIKE ,S,N,C,C1 :5 DEM&S = CIVIL RI<TS BEGAN TO GIVE WAY TO CALLS = ,BLACK ,P[]4 ,! RADICALS 9 ,S,N,C,C1 :O W]E EV5TUALLY TO 9SPIRE ! ,BLACK ,PAN!RS1 CALL$ ON :ITE ACTIVI/S TO /OP TRY+ TO ORGANIZE BLACK COMMUNITIES BUT TO RETURN TO !IR [N3 SPECIFICALLY1 TO ORGANIZE :ITE COMMUNITIES AGA9/ RACISM4 ,S,D,S ACTIVI/S ALWAYS GREET$ SU* CALLS ) PR(\ND AMBIVAL5CE4.<#g.> ,! MA9 REASON1 ,I ?9K1 WAS BECAUSE MO/ ( !M W]E NEV] QUITE CLE> ON :AT '!IR [N COMMUNITIES' W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE4 ,ONE C\LD SAY SOME?+ ALONG !SE L9ES HAD BE5 ATTEMPT$ 9 ! E>LY '#fS ) ,],A,P 7! ,ECONOMIC ,RESE>* ,>EAS ,PROJECT71 9T5D$ AS ! :ITE EQUIVAL5T TO GRASS ROOTS CIVIL RI<TS ORGANIZ+1 ?AT BR\<T ,S,D,S ACTIVI/S 9TO POOR :ITE COMMUNITIES & TRI$ TO MOBILIZE !M >\ND MATT]S ( COMMON CONC]N4 ,! PROBLEM WAS ?IS MO/ ACTIVI/S HAD F\ND ?IS PROJECT RA!R UN9SPIR+4 ,SOME ,],A,P PROJECTS SCOR$ VICTORIES 9 GA9+ LOCAL RE=MS1 BUT ORGANIZ]S R>ELY FELT A P>T ( ! COMMUNITIES 9 :I* !Y WORK$1 SOON BEGAN TO FEEL ISOLAT$ FROM ! COMPANY ( O!R ACTIVI/S1 & FEW SAW ! RESULTS AS WOR? ! SACRIFICE4 ,! PROJECT FELL AP>T 9 #a#i#f#e4 ,! CALL TO RETURN TO !IR [N COMMUNITIES1 !N1 C\LD ONLY LEAD TO AMBIVAL5CE4 ,MANY 9 FACT SAW !IR NATAL 0COMMUNITIES0--:E!R ALI5AT$ PR(ESSIONAL-CLASS SUBURBS1 OR RACI/ WORK+ CLASS ONES1 AS PRECISELY :AT ! K9D ( 5VIRONM5T !Y W]E TRY+ TO FLEE4 ,9/EAD1 AS ,MATTICK SO KE5LY OBS]V$1 MANY BEGAN TO REALIZE ?AT IF !RE WAS A WAY TO OV]COME ! ALI5ATION ( DEAD-5D JOBS1 TO F9D WORK ?AT ACTUALLY LIV$ UP TO !IR IMAG9ATIVE CAPACITIES1 IT WAS 9 ACTIVISM ITSELF4 ,O!R ACTIVI/S1 9 EFFECT1 W]E !IR COMMUNITIES4 

,! CRISIS 9ITIAT$ BY ,BLACK ,P[] ULTIMATELY L$ TO A K9D ( SPLIT4 ,AGA91 AT ! CO/ ( GROSS SIMPLIFICATION3 ONCE !IR ALLIES 9 ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T HAD AB&ON$ !M1 :ITE ACTIVI/S W]E EFFECTIVELY LEFT ) TWO OPTIONS4 ,!Y C\LD EI!R TRY TO BUILD C\NT]CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS ( !IR [N1 OR !Y C\LD FOCUS ON ALLY+ ) COMMUNITIES OR REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS 9 /RUGGLE OV]SEAS3 I4E41 ! ,VIET ,CONG OR O!R ,?IRD ,WORLD REVOLUTION>IES1 :O W\LD TAKE PRETTY MU* :ATEV] ALLIES !Y C\LD GET4 ,AS ,S,D,S SPL9T]$ 9TO SQUABBL+ ,MAOI/ FACTIONS1 GR\PS LIKE ! ,DIGG]S & ,YIPPIES 7F\ND$ 9 '#f#h7 TOOK ! FIR/ OPTION4 ,MANY W]E EXPLICITLY AN>*I/1 & C]TA9LY1 ! LATE '#fS TURN T[>DS ! CREATION ( AUTONOM\S COLLECTIVES & 9/ITUTIONBUILD+ WAS SQU>ELY )9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 :ILE ! EMPHASIS ON FREE LOVE1 PSY*$ELIC DRUGS1 & ! CREATION ( ALT]NATIVE =MS ( PLEASURE WAS SQU>ELY 9 ! BOHEMIAN TRADITION ) :I* ,EURO,AM]ICAN AN>*ISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 AT LEA/ TANG5TIALLY ALIGN$4 ,! ,YIPPIE SLOGAN1 0REVOLUTION = ! HELL ( IT0 C\LD BE SE5 AS EM]G+ DIRECTLY FROM ! REALIZATION ?AT ACTIVISM ITSELF C\LD BECOME ! PRIME MEANS ( OV]COM+ ALI5ATION4 ,! O!R OPTION WAS TO SEE ONESELF AS PRIM>ILY ALLY+ ) REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNITIES OV]SEAS3 H5CE ! OBSESSION ) GLORIFY+ REVOLUTION>Y H]OES 9 ,CUBA1 ,VIETNAM1 ,*9A1 & ELSE:]E 7M5 :O1 AS ,SITUATIONI/ & ,AUTONOMI/ CRITICS PO9T$ \T1 W]E ESS5TIALLY ICONS ( ! SORT ( NEW RADICAL ADM9I/RATION ELITES ) :I* ! ,S,D,S HAD ALWAYS TACITLY ID5TIFI$71 & ! FEEL+ ! NE$ TO /RIKE BACK AGA9/ ! EMPIRE FROM )9 ! ,BELLY ( ! ,BEA/4 

,EA* /RATEGY 9VOLV$ A RETURN TO DIRECT ACTION1 BUT1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 A JETTISON+ ( ! :OLE PROJECT ( CREAT+ EGALIT>IAN DECISION-MAK+ /RUCTURES4 ,HIPPIES & YIPPIES MI<T BE CONSID]$ A BIT AMBIVAL5T 9 ?IS REG>D1 AS SMALL COMMUNES & MANY ALT]NATIVE 9/ITUTIONS CREAT$ 9 ! PROCESS G5]ALLY DID USUALLY OP]ATE ON DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES4 ,/ILL1 ! ,YIPPIES1 ) !IR WILD ACID-9SPIR$ PRANKS & M$IA /UNTS1 T5D$ TO TURN 9TO A PLAT=M = *>ISMATIC IMPRES>IOS LIKE ,ABBIE ,H(FMAN & ,J]RY ,RUB91 9 A /YLE ?AT PROV$ NOTORI\SLY ALI5AT+ TO MANY MEMB]S ( ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,WEA!RM51 9 TURN1 ATTEMPT$ A S]IES ( BOMB+S DIRECT$ AT MILIT>Y & CORPORATE T>GETS1 MEANT TO 9SPIRE SPONTANE\S EMULATION & DRIVE SOCIETY T[>DS A REVOLUTION>Y CONFRONTATION--?\< ) ! SIGNIFICANT LIMITATION ?AT !Y DID NOT WANT TO KILL ANYONE4 ,!Y 5D$ UP MA9LY BL[+ UP EMPTY BUILD+S4 ,9T]E/+LY1 BO? HAD A PR(\ND EFFECT ON LAT] M$IA POLICY1 S9CE MA9/REAM J\RNALI/S BEGAN TO FEEL COMPLICIT 9 :AT BEGAN TO HAPP51 EV5TUALLY COM+ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT REVOLUTION>IES W]E FEEL+ OBLIG$ TO CONT9UALLY RAMP UP ! WILDNESS OR DE/RUCTIV5ESS ( !IR ACTS 9 ORD] TO CONT9UE MAK+ HEADL9ES4 ,I HAVE HE>D P]SI/5T RUMORS FROM '#fS VET]ANS1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! ,WEA!R ,UND]GR\ND'S BOMB+ CAMPAIGN WAS F> MORE EXT5SIVE & DEVA/AT+ ?AN HAS EV] BE5 RECORD$1 BUT ?AT !RE WAS A CONSCI\S DECISION BY ! NATIONAL M$IA TO /OP REPORT+ ON IT4 ,I HAVE NO IDEA IF ?IS IS TRUE4 ,/ILL1 ONE ?+ ?AT IS CLE> IS ?AT S9CE ?IS P]IOD1 ! ,AM]ICAN MA9/REAM M$IA HAS BECOME--MORE ?AN ?AT ( ANY O!R 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY ,I'M AW>E (--EXTRAORD9>ILY RELUCTANT TO REPORT ON ACTIVI/ /UNTS ( ANY SORT1 OR EV51 = ?AT MATT]1 DEMON/RATIONS4 

,?IS PO9T WILL BECOME IMPORTANT LAT] ON4 ,= N[1 ?\<1 ! KEY PO9T IS ?AT NONE ( !SE GR\PS COMB9$ !IR 9T]E/ 9 DIRECT ACTION ) AN EMPHASIS ON DEC5TRALIZ$ DECISIONMAK+2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 :E!R BECAUSE ! FOCUS TURN$ ON ! ONE H& TO *>ISMATIC FIGURES :O W]E AT LEA/ POT5TIAL M$IA />S1 OR TO ! K9D ( CELL-LIKE1 MILIT>Y /RUCTURE ABLE TO C>RY \T GU]RILLA-/YLE ATTACKS--! IMPULSE WAS 9 ! O!R DIRECTION4 ,MOREOV]1 BO? /RATEGIES FL>$ UP = A FEW YE>S & V]Y RAPIDLY FAD$ AWAY 7?\< ! ALT]NATIVE 9/ITUTIONS CREAT$ >\ND ?IS TIME (T5 LA/$ CONSID]ABLY LONG]74 

,IT HAS BECOME CONV5TIONAL HABIT 9 LIB]AL S*OL>%IP TO CONTRA/ ! S]I\S ACTIVISM ( ! E>LY '#fS ,NEW ,LEFT ) ! SUPPOS$ *ILDI% EXTREMISM ( ! LATE '#fS & E>LY '#gS4 ,I DON'T WANT TO LEAVE ! READ] ) ! IMPRESSION ,I AGREE ) ?IS4 ,! /&>D LIB]AL COMPLA9T IS ?AT ! '#fS C\NT]CULTURE--9 EFFECT1 ! FIR/ MASS-BAS$1 9DU/RIAL BOHEMIANISM--DE/ROY$ ITSELF 9 ULTRA-RADICALISM1 & 9 DO+ SO1 PROVID$ AN OP5+ = RI<T-W+ ACTIVI/S TO ADOPT MANY ( ! SAME GRASS-ROOTS ORGANIZ+ TE*NIQUES DEVELOP$ BY ,S,D,S TO REA* \T TO ! V]Y :ITE WORK+-CLASS CON/ITU5CIES ,S,D,S HAD SU* A DIFFICULT TIME REA*+1 TO MOBILIZE !M AGA9/ ?AT V]Y C\NT]CULTURE4 ,!RE IS C]TA9LY AN IRONY H]E4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME IT IS BETT] TO SEE BO? P]IODS AS WORK+ ?R\< FUNDAM5TAL DILEMMAS ?AT >E /ILL ) US TODAY4 ,I MYSELF SUSPECT ! REAL CULPRIT 9 ! RISE & EV5TUAL HEGEMONY ( ! ,NEW ,RI<T IS NOT ! EXCESSES ( ,MAOI/S & ,YIPPIES BUT1 RA!R1 ! FACT ?AT ! GOV]N+ ELITES 9 ! ,U,S /OPP$ SEE+ ! HI<] $UCATION AS A MEANS ( CREAT+ ! IMAGE ( 5DLESS CLASS MOBILITY4 ,AS MO/ ( ,MATTICK'S FRU/RAT$ ADM9I/RATIVE CLASSES W]E REABSORB$ 9TO A NEW1 MORE FLEXIBLE CAPITALISM1 ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS WAS 9CREAS+LY LOCK$ \T ( ANY ACCESS TO ! MEANS ( CULTURAL PRODUCTION AT ALL4 ,! RESULT WAS A P]HAPS PR$ICTABLE RES5TM5T AGA9/ ! SUPPOS$ C\NT]CULTURAL EXCESSES ( ! 0LIB]AL ELITE04.<#h.> 

,BE ?IS AS IT MAY1 ! SECOND P]IOD WAS F> MORE COMPLEX & CREATIVE ?AN CRITICS >E USUALLY WILL+ TO LET ON4 ,MANY ( ! IDEAS ?AT CAME \T ( IT W]E REALLY QUITE PRESCI5T4 ,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 ,HUEY ,NEWTON'S NOTION ( 09T]COMMUNALITY01 ?AT BECAME ! (FICIAL ,BLACK ,PAN!R POSITION 9 #a#i#g#a1 & HELD ?AT ! NATION-/ATE WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( BREAK+ D[N AS ! MA9 /AGE ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE & ?AT ANY EFFECTIVE REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS W\LD HAVE TO BEG9 BY AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 LOCAL SELF-ORGANIZ$ COMMUNITIES IRRESPECTIVE ( NATIONAL B\ND>IES4 ,! REAL PROBLEM WAS H[ !Y W]E TO BE SELF-ORGANIZ$4 ,! ,BLACK ,PAN!RS1 AS TYPIFI$ BY FIGURES LIKE ,NEWTON HIMSELF1 EV5TUALLY CAME TO EMBODY AN ]A 9 :I* MA*O1 *AUV9I/ LEAD]%IP /YLES !MSELVES CAME TO SEEM SYNONYM\S ) MILITANCY4 

,IT'S PROBABLY SIGNIFICANT ?AT 9 ,S,N,C,C1 ! FIR/ MOVE T[>DS REJECT+ DEC5TRALIZ$ DECISION MAK+ WAS 9ITIAT$ BY ! EM]G+ ,BLACK ,P[] FACTION4 ,POLLETTA'S C>EFUL ANALYSIS ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T.<#i.> %[S QUITE CLE>LY ?AT CONS5SUS & DEC5TRALIZATION W]E NOT *ALL5G$ BECAUSE !Y W]E ACTUALLY 9EFFICI5T4 ,RA!R1 !Y W]E US$ AS A W$GE ISSUE4 ,BY *ALL5G+ ! SUPPOS$ OBSESSION ) DEMOCRATIC PROCESS1 ,:ITE ACTIVI/S 9 ,S,N,C,C & !IR ALLIES C\LD BE ID5TIFI$ ) 5DLESS TALK & FUSS+ AB\T2 ! MORE MILITANT1 ,BLACK ,P[] FACTION C\LD PRES5T ITSELF AS ! MODEL AN IDEAL ( ! RU?LESS EFFICI5CY APPROPRIATE TO A TRULY MILITANT ORGANIZATION4 ,IT'S PROBABLY ALSO SIGNIFICANT ?AT ,/OKLEY ,C>MI*AEL1 SOON TO BECOME ! MA9 SPOKESMAN = ! ,BLACK ,P[] T5D5CY1 WAS FOND ( SAY+ ?+S LIKE 0! ONLY POSITION = WOM5 9 ,S,N,C,C IS PRONE04 

,! FACT ?AT1 EV5 BY ! MID '#fS1 SU* ?+S C\LD BE SAID 9 AN ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS ORIG9ALLY F\ND$ BY A WOMAN AS A REVOLT AGA9/ *>ISMATIC MALE AU?ORITY IS ITSELF A/\ND+4 ,BUT IT MI<T GIVE A S5SE ( ! SEXUAL POLITICS ALWAYS LY+ NOT F> BEL[ ! SURFACE ( ! OLD ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,MILITANT NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS >E ( C\RSE NOTORI\S = PROVID+ PLAT=MS = ! VIGOR\S REASS]TION ( C]TA9 TYPES ( MASCUL9E AU?ORITY4 ,BUT S5TIM5TS SIMIL> TO ,C>MI*AEL'S CAN BE F\ND COM+ FROM ! M\?S :ITE ACTIVI/S ( ?AT TIME AS WELL4 ,! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T1 9 FACT1 BEGAN L>GELY FROM )9 ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 AS A REACTION TO PRECISELY ?IS SORT ( MA*O LEAD]%IP /YLE--OR SIMPLY AMONG ?OSE TIR$ ( DISCOV]+ ?AT1 EV5 DUR+ UNIV]SITY OCCUPATIONS1 !Y W]E /ILL EXPECT$ TO PREP>E S&WI*ES & PROVIDE FREE SEXUAL S]VICES :ILE MALE ACTIVI/S POS$ = ! CAM]AS4 ,! REVIVAL ( 9T]E/ 9 CREAT+ ! PRACTICAL =MS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 9 TURN--9 FACT1 ! REAL ORIG9 ( ! CURR5T MOVEM5T--?US TRACE BACK LESS TO !SE MALE '#fS RADICALS ?AN TO ! ,WOM5'S ,MOVEM5T ?AT >OSE L>GELY 9 REACTION TO !M4.<#a.> 

,CONTEMPOR>Y ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ =MS ( ORGANIZATION & PROCESSES ( DECISIONMAK+1 H[EV]1 EM]G$ MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE FROM A CRISIS 9 E>LY FEM9ISM4 ,:5 ! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T BEGAN1 IT WAS ORGANIZATIONALLY V]Y SIMPLE4 ,ITS BASIC UNITS W]E SMALL CONSCI\SNESS-RAIS+ CIRCLES2 ! APPROA* WAS 9=MAL1 9TIMATE1 & ANTIIDEOLOGICAL4 ,MO/ ( ! FIR/ GR\PS EM]G$ DIRECTLY FROM ,NEW ,LEFT CIRCLES4 ,9S(> !Y PLAC$ !MSELVES 9 RELATION TO A PREVI\S RADICAL TRADITION1 IT WAS1 G5]ALLY1 AN>*ISM4 ,:ILE ! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION PROV$ EXTREMELY WELL SUIT$ = CONSCI\SNESSRAIS+1 AS GR\PS TURN$ TO PLANN+ ACTIONS1 & P>TICUL>LY AS !Y GREW L>G]1 PROBLEMS T5D$ TO DEVELOP4 ,ALMO/ 9V>IABLY1 SU* GR\PS CAME TO BE DOM9AT$ BY AN 09N] CIRCLE0 ( WOM5 :O W]E1 OR HAD BECOME1 CLOSE FRI5DS4 ,! NATURE ( ! 9N] CIRCLE W\LD V>Y1 BUT SOMEH[1 ONE W\LD ALWAYS EM]GE4 ,AS A RESULT1 9 SOME GR\PS LESBIANS W\LD 5D UP FEEL+ EXCLUD$1 9 O!RS ! SAME ?+ W\LD HAPP5 TO /RAI<T WOM51 O!R GR\PS W\LD GR[ RAPIDLY 9 SIZE & !N SEE MO/ ( ! NEWCOM]S QUICKLY DROP \T AGA9 AS !RE WAS NO WAY TO 9TEGRATE !M4 ,5DLESS DEBATES 5SU$4 ,ONE RESULT WAS AN ESSAY CALL$ 0,! ,TYRANNY ( ,/RUCTURELESSNESS01 WRITT5 BY ,JO ,FREEMAN 9 #aig & FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 '#g#b--A TEXT /ILL AVIDLY READ BY ORGANIZ]S ( ALL SORTS 9 ! PRES5T DAY4 ,FREEMAN'S >GUM5T IS FAIRLY SIMPLE4 

,NO MATT] H[ S9C]E ONE'S D$ICATION TO EGALIT>IAN PR9CIPLES1 ! FACT IS ?AT 9 ANY ACTIVI/ GR\P1 DIFF]5T MEMB]S WILL HAVE DIFF]5T SKILLS1 ABILITIES1 EXP]I5CE1 P]SONAL QUALITIES1 & LEVELS ( D$ICATION4 ,AS A RESULT1 SOME SORT ( ELITE OR LEAD]%IP /RUCTURE WILL1 9EVITABLY1 DEVELOP4 ,9 A LOT ( WAYS1 HAV+ AN UNACKN[L$G$ LEAD]%IP /RUCTURE1 %E >GU$1 CAN BE A LOT MORE DAMAG+ ?AN HAV+ A =MAL ONE3 AT LEA/ ) A =MAL /RUCTURE IT'S POSSIBLE TO E/ABLI% PRECISELY :AT'S EXPECT$ ( ?OSE :O >E DO+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 COORD9ATIVE TASKS & HOLD !M ACC\NTABLE4 

,ONE REASON = ! ESSAY'S ONGO+ POPUL>ITY IS ?AT IT CAN BE US$ TO SUPPORT SU* A WIDE V>IETY ( POSITIONS4 ,LIB]ALS & ,SOCIALI/S REGUL>LY CITE 0,! ,TYRANNY ( ,/RUCTURELESSNESS0 AS A JU/IFICATION = :Y ANY SORT ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION IS B\ND TO FAIL1 AS A *>T] = A RETURN TO OLD]1 TOP-D[N /YLES ( ORGANIZATION1 REPLETE ) EXECUTIVE (FICES1 /E]+ COMMITTEES1 & ! LIKE4 ,EGALIT>IANS OBJECT ?AT EV5 TO ! EXT5T ?IS IS TRUE1 IT IS F> WORSE TO HAVE A LEAD]%IP ?AT FEELS FULLY 5TITL$ TO ITS P[] ?AN ONE ?AT HAS TO TAKE ACCUSATIONS ( HYPOCRISY S]I\SLY4 ,AN>*I/S1 !RE=E1 HAVE USUALLY READ ,FREEMAN'S >GUM5T AS A CALL TO =MALIZE GR\P PROCESS TO 5SURE GREAT] EQUALITY1 & 9 FACT1 MO/ ( H] CONCRETE SUGGE/IONS-- CL>IFY+ :AT TASKS >E ASSIGN$ TO :AT 9DIVIDUALS2 F9D+ A WAY = ! GR\P TO REVIEW ?OSE 9DIVIDUALS' P]=MANCES2 DI/RIBUT+ RESPONSIBILITIES AS WIDELY AS POSSIBLE 7= 9/ANCE1 BY ROTATION72 5SUR+ ALL HAVE EQUAL ACCESS TO 9=MATION & RES\RCES--W]E CLE>LY MEANT TO PRECISELY ?AT 5D4 

,)9 ! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T ITSELF1 MO/ ( !SE >GUM5TS EV5TUALLY BECAME MOOT1 BECAUSE )9 MA9/REAM FEM9ISM AT LEA/1 ! AN>*I/ MOM5T WAS RELATIVELY BRIEF4 ,ESPECIALLY AFT] ,ROE V4 ,WADE MADE IT SEEM /RATEGICALLY WISE TO RELY ON GOV]NM5T P[]1 MA9/REAM FEM9ISM WAS TO TAKE (F 9 A LIB]AL DIRECTION & RELY 9CREAS+LY ON ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AT W]E ANY?+ BUT EGALIT>IAN4 ,BUT = ?OSE /ILL WORK+ 9 EGALIT>IAN COLLECTIVES1 OR TRY+ TO CREATE !M1 FEM9ISM HAD EFFECTIVELY FRAM$ ! T]MS ( DEBATE4 ,IF Y\ WANT TO KEEP DECISION-MAK+ TO ! SMALLE/ GR\PS POSSIBLE1 H[ DO ?OSE GR\PS COORD9ATE8 ,)9 ?OSE GR\PS1 H[ TO PREV5T A CLIQUE ( FRI5DS FROM TAK+ OV]8 ,H[ TO PREV5T C]TA9 CATEGORIES ( P>TICIPANTS 7/RAI<T WOM51 GAY WOM51 OLD] WOM51 /UD5TS444 9 MIX$ GR\PS IT SOON BECAME1 SIMPLY1 WOM57 FROM BE+ M>G9ALIZ$8 

,! ORIG9S ( ! CURR5T DIRECT ACTION MOVEM5T GO BACK PRECISELY TO ATTEMPTS TO RESOLVE ?OSE DILEMMAS4 ,! PIECES REALLY />T$ COM+ TOGE!R 9 ! ANTI-NUCLE> MOVEM5T 9 ! LATE '#gS1 KICK$ (F BY ! F\ND+ ( ! ,CLAM%ELL ,ALLIANCE & ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,%OREHAM NUCLE> P[] PLANT 9 ,MASSA*USETTS 9 #a#i#g#g1 !N FOLL[$ BY ! ,ABALONE ,ALLIANCE & /RUGGLES OV] ! ,DIABLO ,CANYON PLANT 9 ,CALI=NIA A FEW YE>S LAT]4 ,! MA9 9SPIRATION = ANTI-NUCLE> ACTIVI/S--AT LEA/ ! MA9 ORGANIZATIONAL 9SPIRATION--CAME FROM A GR\P CALL$ ! ,MOVEM5T = A ,NEW ,SOCIETY 7,M,N,S71 BAS$ 9 ,PHILADELPHIA4 ,M,S,N WAS SPE>HEAD$ BY A GAY RI<TS ACTIVI/ NAM$ ,GEORGE ,LAKEY1 :O--LIKE SEV]AL O!R MEMB]S ( ! GR\P--WAS BO? AN AN>*I/1 & A ,QUAK]4 ,LAKEY & HIS FRI5DS PROPOS$ A VISION ( NONVIOL5T REVOLUTION4 ,RA!R ?AN A CATACLYSMIC SEIZURE ( P[]1 !Y PROPOS$ ! CONT9UAL CREATION & ELABORATION ( NEW 9/ITUTIONS1 BAS$ ON NEW1 NON-ALI5AT+ MODES ( 9T]ACTION-- 9/ITUTIONS ?AT C\LD BE CONSID]$ 0PREFIGURATIVE0 AS !Y PROVID$ A =ETA/E ( :AT A TRULY DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY MI<T BE LIKE4 ,SU* PREFIGURATIVE 9/ITUTIONS C\LD1 GRADUALLY REPLACE ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]4.<#a#a.> ,! VISION 9 ITSELF WAS H>DLY NEW4 ,IT WAS A NONVIOL5T V]SION ( ! /&>D AN>*I/ IDEA ( BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD4 ,:AT WAS NEW WAS ?AT M5 LIKE ,LAKEY1 HAV+ BE5 BR\<T UP ,QUAK]S1 & ACQUIR$ A GREAT DEAL ( EXP]I5CE ) ,QUAK] DECISION MAK+ PROCESSES1 HAD A PRACTICAL VISION ( H[ SOME ( !SE ALT]NATIVES MI<T ACTUALLY WORK4 ,MANY ( :AT HAVE N[ BECOME /&>D FEATURES ( =MAL CONS5SUS PROCESS--! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! FACILITATOR %\LD NEV] ACT AS AN 9T]E/$ P>TY 9 ! DEBATE1 = EXAMPLE1 OR ! IDEA ( ! 0BLOCK0--W]E FIR/ DISSEM9AT$ BY ,M,N,S TRA9+S 9 ,PHILADELPHIA & ,BO/ON4 

,! ANTI-NUCLE> MOVEM5T WAS ALSO ! FIR/ TO MAKE ITS BASIC ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT ! AFF9ITY GR\P--A K9D ( M9IMAL UNIT ( ORGANIZATION FIR/ DEVELOP$ BY AN>*I/S 9 E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY ,SPA9--& TO HOLD ACTION SPOKESC\NCILS4 ,AS ?OSE 9VOLV$ FREQU5TLY PO9T$ \T TO ME1 ALL ?IS WAS AT FIR/ V]Y MU* A LE>N+ PROCESS1 A K9D ( BL9D EXP]IM5T1 & ?+S (T5 SEEM$ TO GO V]Y WRONG4 ,AT FIR/1 ORGANIZ]S W]E SU* CONS5SUS PURI/S ?AT !Y 9SI/$ ?AT ANY ONE 9DIVIDUAL HAD ! RI<T TO BLOCK PROPOSALS EV5 ON A NATIONWIDE LEVEL4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ?IS PROV$ UNWORKABLE4.<#a#b.> ,AT ! SAME TIME1 DIRECT ACTION PROV$ SPECTACUL>LY SUCCESSFUL 9 PUTT+ ! ISSUE ( NUCLE> P[] ON ! MAP4 ,IF ANY?+1 ! MOVEM5T FELL VICTIM TO ITS [N SUCCESS4 ,?\< IT R>ELY WON A BATTLE-- ?AT IS1 = A BLOCKADE TO PREV5T ! CON/RUCTION ( ANY P>TICUL> NEW PLANT--IT V]Y QUICKLY WON ! W>4 ,U,S GOV]NM5T PLANS TO BUILD #a NEW G5]ATORS W]E SCOT*$ AFT] A C\PLE YE>S & NO NEW PLANS TO BUILD NUCLE> PLANTS HAVE BE5 ANN\NC$ S9CE4 ,ATTEMPTS TO MOVE FROM NUCLE> PLANTS TO NUCLE> MISSILES1 & FROM !RE TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 PROV$ MORE ( A *ALL5GE1 & ! MOVEM5T ITSELF WAS NEV] ABLE TO JUMP FROM ! NUCLE> ISSUE TO BECOME ! BASIS ( A BROAD] REVOLUTION>Y CAMPAIGN4 ,AFT] ! E>LY '#hS1 IT L>GELY DISAPPE>$4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY NO?+ WAS GO+ ON 9 ! LATE '#hS & '#iS4 ,RADICAL ,A,I,D,S ACTIVI/S WORK+ ) ,A,C,T ,U,P1 & RADICAL 5VIRONM5TALI/S ) GR\PS LIKE ,E>? ,FIR/61 KEPT !SE TE*NIQUES ALIVE & DEVELOP$ !M4 ,9 ! '#iS1 !RE WAS AN EF=T TO CREATE A ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ F$]ATION >\ND A NEWSPAP] CALL$ ,LOVE @& ,RAGE ?AT AT ITS PEAK 9VOLV$ HUNDR$S ( ACTIVI/S 9 DIFF]5T CITIES4 ,/ILL1 IT'S PROBABLY ACCURATE TO SEE ?IS P]IOD LESS AS AN ]A ( GR& MOBILIZATIONS ?AN AS ONE ( MOLECUL> DISSEM9ATION4 ,A TYPICAL EXAMPLE IS ! /ORY ( ,FOOD ,NOT ,BOMBS61 A GR\P ORIG9ALLY F\ND$ BY A FEW FRI5DS FROM ,BO/ON :O HAD BE5 P>T ( AN AFF9ITY GR\P PROVID+ FOOD DUR+ ! ACTIONS AT ,%OREHAM4 ,9 ! E>LY '#hS VET]ANS ( ?IS GR\P SET UP %OP 9 A SQUATT$ H\SE 9 ,BO/ON & BEGAN DUMP/]-DIV+ FRE% PRODUCE CA/ (F BY SUP]M>KETS & RE/AURANTS1 & PREP>+ FREE VEGET>IAN MEALS TO DI/RIBUTE 9 PUBLIC PLACES4 ,AFT] A FEW YE>S ONE ( ! F\ND+ MEMB]S MOV$ TO ,SAN ,FRANCISCO & SET UP A SIMIL> OP]ATION !RE2 WORD SPREAD 79 P>T BECAUSE ( SOME DRAMATIC1 TELEVIS$ >RE/S72 & BY ! MID- '#iS AUTONOM\S *APT]S ( ,FOOD ,NOT ,BOMBS W]E APPE>+ ALL OV] ,AM]ICA1 & ,CANADA AS WELL4 ,BY ! TURN ( ! MILL5NIUM !RE W]E LIT]ALLY HUNDR$S4 ,BUT ,FOOD ,NOT ,BOMBS IS NOT AN ORGANIZATION4 ,!RE IS NO OV]>*+ /RUCTURE1 NO MEMB]%IP OR ANNUAL MEET+S4 ,IT'S JU/ AN IDEA--?AT FOOD %\LD GO TO ?OSE ?AT NE$ IT1 & 9 A WAY ?AT ?OSE F$ CAN !MSELVES BECOME P>T ( ! PROCESS IF !Y WANT TO--PLUS SOME BASIC H[-TO 9=MATION 7N[ EASILY AVAILABLE ON ! 9T]NET71 & A %>$ COMMITM5T TO EGALIT>IAN DECISIONMAK+ & ! SPIRIT ( ,D,I,Y4 ,GRADUALLY1 COOP]ATIVES1 AN>*I/ 9FO%OPS1 CL9IC DEF5SE GR\PS1 ,AN>*I/ ,BLACK ,CROSS PRISON] COLLECTIVES1 PIRATE RADIO COLLECTIVES1 SQUATS1 & *APT]S ( ,ANTI-,RACI/ ,ACTION BEGAN SPR++ UP ON A SIMIL> MOLECUL> BASIS ACROSS ! CONT95T4 ,ALL BECAME WORK%OPS = ! CREATION ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT ESPECIALLY S9CE SO MU* ( IT DEVELOP$1 NOT ON CAMPUSES1 BUT )9 C\NT]CULTURAL MILIEUS LIKE ! PUNK SC5E1 IT REMA9$ WELL BEL[ ! RAD> ( NOT ONLY ! CORPORATE M$IA1 BUT EV5 ( MA9/REAM ,LEFT J\RNALS LIKE ,! ,NATION4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 EXPLA9S H[1 :5 SUDD5LY SU* GR\PS BECAME TO COALESCE & COORD9ATE 9 ,SEATTLE1 IT SEEM$1 = ! RE/ ( ! C\NTRY1 AS IF A MOVEM5T HAD SUDD5LY APPE>$ FROM NO:]E4 

,BY ! TIME WE GET TO ! BIR? ( ! GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T1 :I* DEBUT$ 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 9 ! ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiii ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ,W,T,O ,M9I/]IAL 9 ,SEATTLE1 ?\<1 IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO EV5 PRET5D SU* MATT]S CAN EV5 BE CONSID]$ )9 A PURELY NATIONAL FRAMEWORK4 ,:AT ! PRESS 9SI/S ON CALL+ ! 0ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T0 WAS1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 A SELF-CONSCI\SLY GLOBAL PH5OM5ON4 ,! ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ,W,T,O ,M9I/]IAL W]E FIR/ PROPOS$ BY ,P,G,A1 A PLANET>Y NETWORK ?AT CAME 9TO BE+ BY ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A REBELS 9 ,*IAPAS2 ! EMPHASIS ON ! ,W,T,O REFLECT$ ! CONC]NS ( F>M]'S GR\PS 9 ,9DIA2 ! TACTICS EMPLOY$ C\LD EQUALLY WELL BE SE5 AS AN AMALGAM ( IDEAS DRAWN MA9LY FROM ! GLOBAL ,S\? ?AN AS AN 9DIG5\S ,AM]ICAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT WAS ! 9T]NET1 ABOVE ALL1 ?AT MADE ALL ?IS POSSIBLE4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ! 9T]NET HAS ALL[$ = A QUALITATIVE LEAP 9 ! RANGE & SPE$ ( MOLECUL> DISSEM9ATION3 !RE >E N[ ,FOOD ,NOT ,BOMBS *APT]S1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ,C>ACAS & ,B&UNG4 ,! YE> OR TWO DIRECTLY AFT] ,SEATTLE ALSO SAW ! EM]G5CE ( ! NETWORK ( ,9DEP5D5T ,M$IA ,C5T]S1 RADICAL WEB J\RNALISM ?AT HAS COMPLETELY TRANS=M$ ! POSSIBILITIES ( 9=MATION FL[ AB\T ACTIONS & EV5TS3 ACTIVI/S :O US$ TO /RUGGLE = MON?S & YE>S TO PUT ON ACTIONS ?AT W]E !N 5TIRELY IGNOR$ BY ! M$IA N[ KN[ ?AT ANY?+ !Y DO WILL BE PICK$ UP & REPORT$ 9/ANTLY 9 PHOTOS1 /ORIES1 & VIDEOS1 ACROSS ! PLANET--IF 9 A =M ACCESSIBLE L>GELY ONLY TO O!R ACTIVI/S4 ,! GREAT PROBLEM HAS BE5 H[ TO TRANSLATE ! FL[ ( 9=MATION 9TO /RUCTURES ( COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAK+--S9CE EGALIT>IAN DECISION-MAK+ IS ONE ?+ ?AT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO DO ON ! 9T]NET4 ,OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 ! QUE/ION IS3 :5 & ON :AT LEVEL >E /RUCTURES ( COLLECTIVE DECISIONMAK+ REQUIR$8 ,D,A,N1 & ! ,CONT95TAL ,D,A,N NETWORK ?AT WAS SET UP AFT] ,SEATTLE1 WAS A FIR/ EF=T TO ADDRESS ?IS PROBLEM4 ,ULTIMATELY1 IT F\ND]$4 ,9 DO+ SO1 H[EV]1 IT TOO PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 DISSEM9AT+ C]TA9 MODELS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 & MAK+ !IR PRACTICE PRETTY MU* 9EXTRICABLE FROM ! IDEA ( DIRECT ACTION4 

,AFT] ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 ! LEVEL ( REPRESSION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES--ALREADY BE+ RAT*ET$ UP /EADILY 9 ! YE> & A HALF AFT] ,SEATTLE-- BEGAN 9CREAS+ QUITE DRAMATICALLY4 ,MO/ ( ! /RUCTURES CREAT$ 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ALT]GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T CRUMBL$ OR %RANK RADICALLY 9 SIZE4 ,AT TIME ( WRIT+ 7LATE #b#g7 ?IS PROCESS HAS ALREADY BEGUN TO REV]SE ITSELF3 WE HAVE SE5 A PLE?ORA ( NEW ORGANIZATIONS & NEW 9ITIATIVES1 MANY O/5SIBLY REVIVALS ( MU* OLD] 9/ITUTIONS 7! NEWF\ND EFFLORESC5CE1 ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 OR ,I,W,W1 ! REVIVAL ( ,S,D,S4447 BUT N[ BAS$ ON PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES ( PROCESS & ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ! MEAN:ILE1 ! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( 0AN>*I/ PROCESS0 HAVE1 AS NOT$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS ESSAY1 REA*$ ! PO9T :]E !Y HAVE BECOME ! V]Y GR\ND RULES ( ORGANIZATION ALMO/ ACROSS ! SPECTRUM1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( MO/ ,N,G,OS & OLD-FA%ION$1 SECT>IAN ,M>XI/ GR\PS4 ,ALL REFLECT ?IS SAME CONJUNCTION BETWE5 DIRECT ACTION & DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS PRECISELY 9 ! CONJUNCTION BETWE5 !SE TWO PH5OM5ON1 N[ PRETTY MU* IRREV]SIBLY E/ABLI%$ 9 ! MO/ RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & 9CREAS+LY1 ELSE:]E1 ?AT ! FUTURE ( AN>*ISM REALLY LIES4 

.<#a.> ,! MORE IMM$IATE 9SPIRATION WAS HIS =M] PHILOSOPHY TEA*] ,>NOLD ,KAUFMAN AT ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MI*IGAN4 

.<#b.> ,POLLETTA1 ,FRANCESCA1 ,FRE$OM IS AN ,5DLESS ,MEET+3 ,DEMOCRACY 9 ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS4 ,*ICAGO1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #b#b4 

.<#c.> ,POLLETTA OP CIT1 P4 #a#i#e4 

.<#d.> ,MATTICK1 ,PAUL1 ,JR4 0,OLD ,LEFT1 ,NEW ,LEFT1 ,:AT'S ,LEFT80 ,ROOT @& ,BRAN* ,NO4 #a 7#a#i#g73 #a#e-#b#d4 

.<#e.> ,DEMOGRAPHIC /UDIES 7E4G1 ,FLACKS1 ,RI*>D1 ,Y\? & ,SOCIAL ,*ANGE4 ,*ICAGO1 ,R& ,MAC,NALLY1 #a#i#g#a7 T5D$ TO %[ ?AT 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ,S,D,S1 ! MOVEM5T WAS L>GELY COMPOS$ ( LIB]AL >TS /UD5TS 9 ELITE UNIV]SITIES1 FROM AFFLU5T1 LEFT OR LEFT-LEAN+ PR(ESSIONAL FAMILIES3 I4E41 *ILDR5 ( DOCTORS1 LAWY]S1 TEA*]S RA!R ?AN BUS9ESSM52 *ILDR5 ( SUCCESSFUL IMMIGRANT FAMILIES RA!R ?AN MEMB]S ( ! OLD-MONEY ELITE4 ,H[EV] AFT] ,S,D,S EXP&$ 9 ! LATE '#fS ! SOCIAL BASE BECAME MU* BROAD]1 & BEGAN TO 9CLUDE MANY /UD5TS ( WORK+ CLASS BACKGR\NDS AS WELL4 ,AS WE'LL SEE ?IS LATT] PATT]N IS BASICALLY ! ONE ?AT ALWAYS RECURS 9 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS3 A CONV]G5CE ( ALI5AT$ & REBELLI\S *ILDR5 ( ! PR(ESSIONAL CLASSES ) FRU/RAT$ BUT UPW>DLY MOBILE *ILDR5 ( ! WORK+ CLASS ) SOME EXP]I5CE ( HI<] $UCATION4 

.<#f.> ,MATTICK OP CIT1 P4 #b#b4 

.<#g.> ,B>B]1 ,DAVID 0',A ,FUCK+ ,:ITE ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MASS ,MOVEM5T' & ,O!R ,FABLES ( ,:IT5ESS1 ) ,AFT]W>DS BY ,NOEL ,IGNATIEV40 ,RACE ,TRAITOR1 NO #ab SPR+ #b#a1 PP4 #d-#i#c4 

.<#h.> ,9 FACT1 ?OSE CON/ITU5CIES ?AT MO/ RELIABLY CONT9UE TO VOTE DEMOCRATIC >E PRECISELY ?OSE :O HAVE SOME HOPE ( MOBILITY ?R\< $UCATION3 IMMIGRANTS1 ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICANS1 EV5 WOM51 :O >E AT ?IS PO9T ATT5D+ UNIV]SITY AT F> HI<] RATES ?AN M54 ,!RE IS C]TA9LY NO P>ALLEL 9 COMMUNITIES ( COLOR TO ! EXPLICIT ANTI9TELLECTUALISM ( SO MU* ( ! RADICAL RI<T4 

.<#i.> ,POLLETA OP CIT4 

.<#a.> ,SEE = EXAMPLE ,FREEMAN1 ,JO1 0,! ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T3 ,ITS ,ORIG9S1 ,/RUCTURES1 & ,IDEAS40 ,9 ,REC5T ,SOCIOLOGY ,NO4 #d3 ,FAMILY1 ,M>RIAGE1 & ! ,/RUGGLE ( ! ,SEXES 7$IT$ BY ,HANS ,PET] ,DREITZEL71 PP4 #b#a-#b#a#f4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,MACMILLAN ,CO1 #a#i#g#a2 ,EVANS1 ,S>A ,P]SONAL ,POLITICS3 ! ,ROOTS ( ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION 9 ! ,CIVIL ,RI<TS ,MOVEM5T & ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#g#i4 

.<#a#a.> ,LAKEY1 ,GEORGE1 ,/RATEGY = A ,LIV+ ,REVOLUTION4 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,GROSSMAN ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#g#c4 #ab ,MANY ( ! /&>D COMPLA9TS AB\T ! 0IMPRACTICALITY0 ( CONS5SUS GO BACK TO ?IS V]Y E>LY P]IOD4 

.<#a#b.> ,MANY ( ! /&>D COMPLA9TS AB\T ! IMPRACTICALITY ( CONS5SUS GO BACK TO ?IS V]Y E>LY P]IOD4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b#h? ,NOVEMB] #bba FROM WWW4RESE>*GATE4NET47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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