,*APT] #a 
,QU>RELS ,AB\T ,PROPHETS & ,APO/LES3 ,JO*ANAAN1 ,!UDAS_/,JUDE_/,?OMAS1 ,JACOB1 ,SIMON-,PET]1 ,B>NABAS1 ,SAUL_/,PAUL 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a3 ,QU>RELS AB\T ,PROPHETS & ,APO/LES3 ,JO*ANAAN1 ,!UDAS_/,JUDE_/,?OMAS1 ,JACOB1 ,SIMON-,PET]1 ,B>NABAS1 ,SAUL_/,PAUL 

  

,IF HI/ORY HASN'T PRES]V$ ! LEA/ TRACE ( SOMEONE NAM$ ,JESUS1 ON ! O!R H&1 HIS 9V5TORS & WOR%IP]S -- DISGUIS$ .<TRAVE/IS.> 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME AS BRO!RS1 COMPANIONS1 WITNESSES1 DISCIPLES OR APO/LES -- EASILY REVEAL$ !MSELVES AT R&OM TO ! WITNESSES ( ! ,FIR/ ,C5TURY4 ,SO IT GOES ) ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/1 ,?OMAS1 ,JACOB ! ,JU/1 ,SIMON ,CEPHAS & ,B>NABAS4 

,P>ADOXICALLY1 CONC]N+ ,PAUL1 ! BE/ KN[N1 UPON :OM ! BIOGRAPH]S SPREAD !MSELVES ) ! GREATE/ GULLIBILITY1 !RE REMA9S NE>LY NO?+ ?AT HASN'T BE5 R$UC$ TO ! AU!NTICITY ( %ORT NOTES TAK5 FROM ! LETT]S ?AT %ELT]$ ! CAT*-ALLS ( ! ,M>CIONITES & ANTI-,M>CIONITES1 BE=E BE+ WA%$1 PURG$ & RE-%>P5$ SEV]AL TIMES ACCORD+ TO ! RECTIFI$ L9E ( ! ,F\R? ,C5TURY4 

,JO*ANAAN1 ,CALL$ ,JOHN ,! ,BAPTI/ 

  

,9 HIS ,JEWI% ,ANTIQUITIES1 DRAFT$ >\ND #i#e1 ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH SPEAKS ( A PREA*] NAM$ ,JOHN3  
  

,HE WAS A MAN ( =TUNE :O 9CIT$ ! ,JEWS TO ! PRACTICES ( VIRTUE1 JU/ICE = ALL & PIETY TO ,GOD SO ?AT !Y C\LD RECEIVE BAPTISM4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,GOD CONSID]$ BAPTISM TO BE AGREEABLE IF IT S]V$ NOT TO P>DON C]TA9 FAULTS1 BUT TO PURIFY ! BODY1 AFT] ! S\L WAS PURIFI$ BY JU/ICE4 7"97 ,>\ND ,JOHN W]E ASSEMBL$ MANY PEOPLE :O1 HAV+ HE>D ( HIM1 HAD REA*$ ! GREATE/ EXCITATION 7,X,V,I,I,I1 #a#a#f-#a#a#h74  
  

7"97 ,CF4 ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE1 ,JACOB ! ,JU/1 ,TSADOQ1 ,MEL*ITS$EQ4 

,! ,GREEK V]SION ( ! ,W> ( ! ,JEWS 7WRITT5 >\ND #i7 DOESN'T M5TION ,JO*ANAAN4 ,TWO ,SLAVIC V]SIONS1 WRITT5 MU* LAT] & UNRELIABLE1 RETURN TO ?IS P]SON4 ,ONE READS 9 ! FIR/ V]SION3  
  

,BY ?IS TIME !RE LIV$ AMONG ! ,JEWS A MAN ( /RANGE CO/UME2 HE APPLI$ TO HIS BODY ! HIDES ( ANIMALS EV]Y:]E HE WASN'T COV]$ BY HIS [N FUR4 ,9 HIS FACE1 HE WAS SIMIL> TO A SAVAGE4 

,HE W5T TO ! ,JEWS & SUMMON$ !M TO FRE$OM1 SAY+3 ',GOD S5T ME SO ?AT ,I CAN %[ Y\ ! ,ROAD ( ! ,LAW1 BY :I* Y\ CAN DELIV] Y\RSELVES FROM MANY P[]FUL PEOPLE4 ,& OV] Y\ WILL NOT REIGN A MORTAL1 BUT ! ,V]Y ,HI< :O S5T ME4' 

,& :5 ! PEOPLE HE>D1 !Y REJOIC$4 ,& HE WAS FOLL[$ ALL OV] ,JUDEA1 ! REGION 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ,J]USALEM4 ,& HE DID NO?+ O!R ?AN PLUNGE !M 9TO ! WAVES ( ! ,JORDAN & DISMISS$ !M BY SAY+ TO !M ?AT !Y %\LD R5\NCE !.<IR.> BAD WORKS & ?AT HE W\LD GIVE !M A K+ :O W\LD EMANCIPATE !M & SUBMIT TO !M ALL :O W]E NOT SUBMITT$ TO !M BUT :O W\LD NOT BE SUBMITT$ TO ANYONE4 

,SOME BLASPHEM$1 O!RS BELIEV$ HIM4 ,& AS HE HAD BE5 L$ BE=E ,>*ELAUS & AS ! DOCTORS ( ! ,LAW HAD BE5 ASSEMBL$1 !Y ASK$ HIM :O HE WAS & :]E HE HAD JU/ BE54 ,HE RESPOND$ TO !M3 ',I AM A MAN1 ! ,SPIRIT ( ,GOD HAS L$ ME & ,I FE$ UPON RE$S1 ROOTS & C>OB4' 

,!Y ?REW !MSELVES UPON HIM TO TORTURE HIM IF HE DID NOT R5\NCE HIS WORDS & ACTS1 BUT HE SAID3 ',IT IS = Y\ TO R5\NCE Y\R ABOM9ABLE WORKS & TO BECOME DEVOT$ TO ! ,SAVIOR ( Y\R ,GOD4' 

,& ,SIMON1 ORIG9ALLY AN ,ESS5E SCRIBE1 >OSE 9 ANG] & SAID3 ',WE READ DIV9E BOOKS EV]Y DAY4 ,BUT Y\1 :O COME FROM ! =E/ LIKE A BEA/1 Y\ D>E TO 9/RUCT US & S$UCE ! CR[D ) 9FLAMMATORY DISC\RSE4' ,HE HURRI$ TO TORM5T HIM PHYSICALLY4 ,BUT HE PUNI%$ !M BY SAY+3 ',I WILL NOT REVEAL TO Y\ ! MY/]Y ?AT LIVES 9 Y\1 S9CE Y\ HAV5'T WANT$ IT4 ,?R\< ?IS WILL COME ON Y\ AN 9EXPRESSIBLE UNHAPP9ESS1 & IT WILL BE Y\R FAULT4' 

,AFT] HAV+ SPOK5 ?US1 HE W5T TO ! O!R BANK ( ! ,JORDAN &1 .<! O!RS.> NO LONG] D>+ TO MOLE/ HIM1 HE CONT9U$ TO ACT AS BE=E4  
  

,! SECOND ,SLAVIC V]SION HAS ,H]OD 9T]V5+4  
  

,ALONE1 ?IS MAN :OM ONE HAS CALL$ A SAVAGE CAME BE=E HIM 7,H]OD7 9 ANG] & SAID TO HIM3 ',:Y HAVE Y\ TAK5 ! WOMAN ( Y\R BRO!R1 9FAM\S ONE8 ,S9CE Y\R BRO!R IS DEAD DUE TO A PITILESS DEA?1 Y\ TOO WILL BE BANKRUPT$ BY ! FALSE SPIRIT .<CELE/E.>4 ,! DECREE ( ,GOD WILL NOT BE LIFT$1 BUT Y\ WILL P]I% MIS]ABLY 9 A /RANGE C\NTRY4 ,BECAUSE Y\ DO NOT UPHOLD .<SUSCITES.> ! L9E ( Y\R BRO!R BUT Y\ SATISFY Y\R C>NAL PASSION1 S9CE HE ALREADY HAD F\R *ILDR54' 

,FROM :AT ,H]OD HE>D1 HE BECAME ANGRY & ORDA9$ ! BEAT+ & HUNT+ ( HIM4 ,BUT HE DID NOT CEASE ACCUS+ ,H]OD EV]Y:]E ?AT HE F\ND HIMSELF1 UNTIL ,H]OD SEIZ$ HIM & ORD]$ HIM TO BE SLAU<T]$4 

,HIS *>ACT] WAS /RANGE & HIS LIFE WASN'T HUMAN4 ,HE LIV$ LIKE A SPIRIT )\T FLE%4 ,HIS LIPS NEV] KNEW BREAD4 ,EV5 AT ,EA/]1 HE DIDN'T EAT UNLEAV5$ BREAD1 SAY+ ?AT ?IS WAS GIV5 AS A S\V5IR ( ,GOD1 :O DELIV]$ HIS PEOPLE FROM S]VITUDE1 AS A CONSOLATION BECAUSE ! ROAD WAS SAD4 ,AS F> AS W9E & ! 9TOXICAT+ DR9KS1 HE DIDN'T EV5 LET !M NE> HIM4 ,& HE HAD A HORROR ( .<EAT+.> ANY ANIMAL4 ,HE DISAPPROV$ ( ALL 9FRACTIONS & = HIM IT WAS NECESS>Y TO MAKE USAGE ( C>OB4  
  

,FANATIC ( ANTI-,NATURE1 ASCETIC MORALI/1 HY/]ICAL & RELIGI\SLY EXTREME IMPRECATOR1 ,JO*ANAAN 9SCRIB$ HIMSELF 9 A CURR5T ?AT HASN'T CEAS$1 UP TO TODAY1 TO OPPOSE TO ! FRE$OM ( LIFE A SY/EM ( CORPOREAL & SPIRITUAL OCCLUSION ?AT PROPAGATES MORBIDITY & DEA?4 ,SU* DISPOSITIONS ACCORD$1 DEP5D+ ON ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ) ! RES5TM5T ( ! DIS9H]IT$1 NAY1 ALL P[] SUBJECT$ TO ,ROMAN COLONIZATION ?AT .<9 RESPONSE.> ]ECT$ ITS ,GOD AS AN 9TEMPORAL MA*9E ( W> AGA9/ ! IMP]IALI/ VIOL5CE ( ! ,WE/4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,SLAVIC MANUSCRIPTS1 HIS RAGE AT ! PEOPLE ( ! ,TEMPLE DID NOT SP>E ! MA/]S ( ! C\NTRY4 ,PRES5T$ TO ,>*ELAUS1 E?N>QUE ( ,JUDEA1 ,SAM>IA & ,IDUMEA FROM #d .<,B4,C4,E4.> TO #e .<,C4,E4.> & SUBSEQU5TLY BANI%$1 HE W\LD SUCCUMB MU* LAT] 7ACCORD+ TO ! V]SION 9 ! EVANGELICAL LEG5DS7 TO ! BL[S ( ,H]OD ,ANTIPAS1 TETR>QUE ( ,GALILEE FROM #d .<,B4,C4,E4.> TO #* .<,C4,E4.>4 

,IT .<! NEWS.> RAG$ ALONG ! ,JORDAN ?AT ,JO%UA1 A CONQU]OR1 A MIRACLE-WORK]1 A MAK] ( MIRACLES 7HE /OPP$ ! SUN7 & LEAD] ( ! ,JEWI% PEOPLE1 HAD CROSS$1 .<!REBY.> SURPASS+ A LIMIT ?AT WAS 9SEP>ABLY T]RE/RIAL & CELE/IAL4 

,AS 9 ,ESS5ISM1 HIS BAPTISM SYMBOLICALLY LIB]AT$ ! S\L FROM ! 0/A9 ( ! BODY0 & CONSECRAT$ A P5IT5TIAL *OICE1 ! R5UNCIATION ( ! GOODS ( ! E>? & ! MORTIFICATION ( ! FLE%4 ,! LEA/ PLEASURES HORRIFI$ ?IS MAN-SA9T & HE EXECRAT$ ! ANIMALS1 :OSE SEXUAL LIB]TY ANNOY$ HIS AGGRESSIVE *A/ITY4 ,IF HE COV]$ HIMSELF ) ANIMAL SK9S1 IT WAS TO RESEMBLE A C]TA9 ,ESAU1 ( :OM ,G5ESIS 7#b#e1 #b#e-#b#f7 SPEAKS4 

,! HO/ILITY ( ! ,SADDUCEANS & ,PH>ISIANS DID NOT RALLY TO HIM ! ADHESION ( ! ,ESS5E FACTIONS1 BECAUSE A ,MAN ( ! ,COMMUNITY NAM$ ,SIMON 7SO CELEBRAT$ ?AT .<,FLAVIUS.> ,JOSEPH CITES HIM7 VIOL5TLY TOOK HIM ASIDE1 MANIFE/+ ! ANIMOSITY ?AT REIGN$ BETWE5 ! SA9TS1 OR P]FECT ONES1 DEVOT$ TO PRAY] & /UDY1 & ! PREA*]S ( VOLUNT>Y POV]TY1 OR EBBYONIM1 ! ,EBIONITES4 ,H]E IT MU/ HAVE BE5 A QUE/ION ( RIVAL CURR5TS ( ,ESS5ISM1 BECAUSE ,SIMON W\LD NOT HAVE SEAT$ HIMSELF AMONG HIS WOR/ 5EMIES1 ?AT IS1 ! SAC]DOTAL >I/OCRACY ( ! ,TEMPLE4 

,!RE=E1 ! HO/ILITY TO ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/ REMA9$ VIVID AMONG ! ,NAZ>5ES-,EL*ASAITES1 FROM :OM EMANAT$ ! ,HOMELIES ( ,PET]4 ,= ! ,EL*ASAITES1 ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/ 9C>NAT$ ! ,MESSIAH'S ADV]S>Y4 ,A SYZYGY WAS SITUAT$ )9 ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! ,LI<T ,JESUS & ! ,D>K ,JESUS1 ! ,SON ( ,MAN & ! ROAD ( SALVATION1 & ,JO*ANAAN1 ! ,SON ( ,WOMAN1 & ! ROAD ( EVIL4 

,9 ! 5C\NT] ( ! ,ESS5ISM ( ! COMMUNITIES -- ( :I* AGRICULTURE ASSUR$ ! SUBSI/5CE ?R\< V>I\S MEATS & W9E1 & ALL[$ ! NEOPHYTES TO M>RY & SATIATE !MSELVES 9 ! DESIGN ( PROCREATION1 ?AT IS1 A SEXUALITY R$UC$ TO ! COITUS ( CIRCUM/ANCE -- ! W&]+ PROPHETS EXTOLL$ ABSOLUTE DISPOSSESSION1 & CONT95CE )\T RES]VE2 !Y /IGMATIZ$ ! 0LAXITY0 ( !IR CORELIGIONI/S4 

,M&EISM 7FROM M&A1 0GNOSIS071 ANO!R SECT ISSU$ FROM ,ESS5ISM1 HELD ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/ AS ITS F\ND+ APO/LE1 & TOOK EXCEPTION TO ! FALSE MESSIAH ,JESUS1 PR(ESS$ AN EQUAL SCORN = ! ,JEWS & ! SECT>IANS ( ! IMPO/OR 0D5\NC$ BY ,ANO%0 7,H5O*74 

,9 ! HE>T ( ,NAZ>5ISM1 CONTRADICTORY MIDRA%IM RE-TRAC$ ! COMPLEXITIES ( ! QU>REL ( ! PROPHETS4 ,! E*O ( !SE ,HEBREW & ,>AMAIC TEXTS 7TODAY DISAPPE>$7 CLE>LY RES\NDS1 EV5 9 ! LATE CANONICAL ,GOSPELS ?AT TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,GREEK WRIT+S ! ALLEGORICAL & ,SEMITIC MEAN+S ( :I* ESCAP$ !IR R$ACTORS4 

,9 ! ,GOSPEL ATTRIBUT$ TO ,LUKE1 ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/ IS NOT ! SIMPLE PRECURSOR ( ,JESUS1 BUT ! ANN\NC] ( ! 5D ( TIME & ! IMM95T K+DOM ( ,GOD4 ,! WORKS PLAC$ UND] ! NAMES ( ,M>K & ,MAT!W PRES5T ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/ AS EQUAL 9 IMPORTANCE TO ,JESUS1 :OM HE BAPTIZ$4 ,HE RECRUIT$ HIS P>TISANS FROM AMONG ! ,JO*ANAANITES & ONLY ACC$$ TO ! FIR/ RANK ( ! MY?OLOGICAL SC5E ONCE HIS MA/] WAS DECAPITAT$4 ,H]OD1 MOREOV]1 SAW 9 ,JESUS ! RE9C>NATION ( ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,GOSPEL ATTRIBUT$ TO ,JOHN R$UC$ HIS ROLE TO A CONGRU\S %>E4 ,HE IS NEI!R PROPHET NOR ,ELIE1 BUT ONLY 0! VOICE ?AT CRIES \T 9 ! DES]T02 NOT ! ,LI<T1 BUT A WITNESS TO ! ,LI<T4 

,FROM :5CE COMES ! QUE/ION3 DID NOT ! ,JOHN PROPOS$ AS ! AU?OR ( A ,GOSPEL ?AT1 AT ! BEG9N+1 WAS ,GNO/IC 7,NAASS5E OR ,SE?IAN7 -- DID NOT HE PROC$E FROM ,JOHN ! ,ESS5E :OM ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH M5TIONS8 ,AS F> AS ! ,REVELATIONS1 :I* WAS A ,JEWI% TEXT TRANSCRIB$ 9TO ,GREEK & ALSO ATTRIBUT$ TO A C]TA9 ,JOHN3 IT CITES NEI!R ,JESUS NOR ,JO*ANAAN1 BUT EVOKES TWO 0WITNESSES ( ,GOD0 9 /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,BEA/1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ,ROME4 ,PUT TO DEA?1 !Y REMA9$ ?REE DAYS )\T BURIAL1 !N RESUSCITAT$ & ROSE TO ! HEAV5S4 ,!RE=E1 !RE EXI/$1 ACCORD+ TO ,JOSEPH1 TWO ,JEWI% & ANTI-,JUDEAN *IEFS :O W]E VICTIMS ( ! ,ROMAN OCCUPATION3 ,JACOB & ,SIMON1 SONS ( ,JUDA ( ,GAMALA1 MY?ICAL WITNESSES ( ! ,ANGEL-,MESSIAH SUMMON$ TO LEAD ! ,JU/ TO F9AL VICTORY1 DESPITE ! T]RE/RIAL FAILURE ( #g1 & TO CONQU] ! WORLD 9 ! NAME ( A ,GOD MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! BLOODY & BOA/FUL ,GOD ,Y,H,:4 

,!UDAS_/,JUDE_/,?OMAS 

  

,9 #d#e1 9 HIS ,JEWI% ,ANTIQUITIES 7,X,X1 #i#g-#i#h7 ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH CIT$ ! TUMULT 9CIT$ BY ! 0MAGICIAN0 ,?OMAS1 A QUALIFI] FREQU5TLY SYNONYM\S ) 0,EGYPTIAN0 DUE TO ! GREAT VOGUE = ,H]METICISM 9 ,UPP] ,EGYPT4 7"97  
  

,FADUS BE+ GOV]NOR ( ,JUDEA1 A MAGICIAN BY ! NAME ( ,?U$AS P]SUAD$ A GREAT CR[D TO TAKE !IR RI*ES ) !M & FOLL[ HIM TO ! ,JORDAN4 ,HE SAID ?AT HE WAS A PROPHET & ?AT1 AFT] HE HAD DIVID$ IT BY COMM&1 ! RIV] W\LD P]MIT !M TO PASS EASILY4 ,BY SPEAK+ ?US HE DECEIV$ MU* ( ! WORLD4 ,BUT ,FADUS DIDN'T LET HIM 5JOY ?IS FOLLY4 ,HE S5T AGA9/ HIM A TROOP ( CAVALRY1 :I* ATTACK$ !M SPONTANE\SLY & KILL$ A GREAT MANY1 & TOOK MANY ( ! SURVIVORS & CAPTUR$ ,!UDAS HIMSELF &1 AFT] DECAPITAT+ HIM1 S5T ! HEAD TO ,J]USALEM4  
  

7"97 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE IS NO TRACE -- O!R ?AN A COMPOSITE NOVEL 5TITL$ ,ACTS ( ! ,APO/LES -- ( AN AGITATOR BY ! NAME ( ,ETI5NE1 :O SPECULAT$ ON ! ,TORAH1 9V5T$ MIDRA%IM1 ROSE UP AGA9/ ! PEOPLE ( ! ,TEMPLE1 & CLAIM$ TO BE A ,JU/ MAN1 CRUELLY P]SECUT$1 :O W\LD RETURN TO ! E>? .<AFT] DEA?.>4 ,?IS 0IMAG9>Y ,ETI5NE0.<#a#g#a.> FITS A PORTRAIT ?AT C\LD HAVE 9CLUD$ ! MAJORITY ( ! ,ESS5E PREA*]S1 ALL ( :OM MODEL$ !MSELVES ON ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE 9 ! MID/ ( A 0MESSIANIC AGITATION 7?AT7 SOON BEGAN & DIDN'T 5D UNTIL ,B> ,KO*BA40.<#a#g#b.> 

,! ,TALMUD ID5TIFIES ! ,!UDAS M5TION$ BY ,JOSEPH ) ,B5 ,/ADA1 :O PROMIS$ HIS P>TISANS HE'D DE/ROY ! WALLS ( ,J]USALEM AS ,JO%UA HAD DE/ROY$ ?OSE ( ,J]I*O4.<#a#g#c.> 

,!UDAS ALSO 5JOY$ ! PO/HUM\S PRIVILEGE ( HAV+ FURNI%$ AT LEA/ TWO RECRUITS TO ! EVANGELICAL LEG5DS ( ! APO/LES4 ,BECAUSE ,!UDAS OR ,?ADDEUS CORRESPONDS TO ,JUDA OR ,JUDAS1 :O IS NONE O!R ?AN ,?OMAS4 ,!RE'S NO ,MY/]Y AS TO :Y ! ACTS & GOSPELS CALL HIM ! 0TW9 BO!R ( ,JESUS10 S9CE ,?ADDEUS1 ,JUDE & ,?OMAS .<ALL.> MEAN 0TW910 FROM :I* COMES ! D\BLE ( ! ,GREEK TRANSLATORS1 :O W]E UNAW>E ( ! ORIG9AL MEAN+ ( ! NAME & SURNAM$ ,?OMAS 0DIDYME0 7DIDUMOS1 0TW9074 

,:ILE ! ,NAZ>5E DISCIPLES ( ,JACOB & ,SIMON-,PET] IMPLANT$ !MSELVES 9 ,ANTIO*1 ?OSE LOYAL TO ,!UDAS_/,?OMAS PROPAGAT$ !MSELVES 9 ,$ESSA1 :]E !IR COMMUNITIES F\ND$ A SPECIFIC .<K9D (.> ,*RI/IANITY BE=E 5T]+ ! SYNCRETIC WAVE ( ! YE>S #i-#a4 ,AT ! BEG9N+1 EA* SECT EXPRESS$ ! TRU? ( ITS QUE/ = A UNIQUE MESSIAH BY PUTT+ !MSELVES UND] ! PATRONAGE ( AN ELD]1 A WITNESS OR A 0BRO!R0 ( ! ,SAVIOR4 ,! UNIFICATION ( ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN CURR5T W\LD 5G5D] ! LEG5D ( ! APO/LES 9ITIALLY UNIT$ >\ND ! ,SAVIOR1 ,ADONAI1 DESC5D$ TO ! E>? 7LAT] !RE W\LD BE DIV]G5CES1 D\BTS & BETRAYALS74 

,BY GU>ANTEE+ ! SEP>ATION ( ! WAT]S ( ! ,RIV] ,JORDAN TO ! CR[D ( HIS P>TISANS1 ,!UDAS_/,JUDE_/,?OMAS ID5TIFI$ HIMSELF ) ,JO%UA4 ,HIS CROSS+ TRANSMUT$ ! WAT]S ( DEA? 9TO ! WAT]S ( LIFE4 ,:ATEV] !Y HAD BE5 AT ! TIME1 9 ! MY?IC & MESSIANIC SPIRIT ( ! EPO*1 ,JO%UA & ,?OMAS >E M5TION$ 9 ! ,ACTS ( ,?OMAS 7! MANUSCRIPT DATES FROM ! ,SIX? ,C5TURY & NO D\BT TRANSCRIBES A MU* OLD] TEXT73 0,JESUS !N APPE>$ UND] ! =M ( ,?OMAS & SAT ON ! B$40 

,?OMAS_/,?U$AS PROBABLY HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) ! ,GOSPEL ( ! ,EGYPTIANS1 9 :I* ! WILL TO ASCETICISM COMMON TO ALL ( ,ESS5O-,BAPTISM EXPRESS$ ITSELF VIOL5TLY3 0,JESUS CAME TO ABOLI% ! WORKS ( WOM51 G5]ATION1 & BY ?IS .<HE CAME TO.> ABOLI% ! DEA? ?AT C>RIES AWAY ALL PLAC$ 9 ! WORLD40 7,BEYOND ! ,*RI/IAN MILIEU1 ! IDEA ALSO EXI/$ 9 SEV]AL ,H]METIC GR\PS ( ,ALEX&RIA4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,POIM&RES1 #a#h1 LOVE IS ! CAUSE ( DEA?4 ,ASCLEPIUS SUPPORT$ ! CONTR>Y !SIS47 

,! SAME SPIRIT WAS 5C\NT]$ 9 A TEXT DISCOV]$ AT ,NAH-,HAMMADI & POPUL>IZ$ UND] ! >BITR>Y NAME ,GOSPEL ACCORD+ TO ,?OMAS4.<#a#g#d.> 

,?IS WORK HAS PO9TS 9 COMMON ) ! ,GOSPEL ( ! ,EGYPTIANS1 ! ,ACTS ( ,PET]1 ! ,ACTS ( ,PHILIPPE1 ! CANONICAL GOSPELS1 ,NAASS5E1 ,SE?IAN & ,H5O*IAN DOCTR9ES 7LOGION #a#a71 ,ESS5ISM 7MONA*OS DOES NOT MEAN MONK BUT ! 0P]FECT MAN10 AS 9 ! TEXTS FROM ,QUMRAN71 ,M>CION 7LOGION #c#b71 ,!ODOTUS & ,H]ACLEON 7LOGION #a#d#d71 & ! ,RECOGNITIONES1 A ,LAT9 & LAT] V]SION ( ! ,HOMELIES ( ,PET]1 ,I1 #hd 7LOGION #c#i74.<#a#g#e.> 

,! TEXT 9CLUDES #aah LOGIA1 OR REM>KS ATTRIBUT$ TO ,JO%UA_/,JESUS1 PUT ON/AGE 9 ! =M ( BRIEF DIALOGUES BETWE5 ,JACOB1 ,?OMAS & ,SIMON-,PET]4 ,IMPR9T$ BY A NUMB] ( ,SEMITISMS1 ! TEXT SEEMS TO BE A COLLECTION ( REWRITT51 TRANSLAT$ & >RANG$ MIDRA%IM4 ,IT MANIFE/LY 9SPIR$ ! AU?ORS ( ! CANONICAL GOSPELS1 :O PURG$ IT ( DOCTR9AL >*AISMS & /R5G!N$ ITS ASCETIC RIGOR4 

,9 A REV]SAL ( ! REAL ?AT IS ! V]Y 9HUMAN ESS5CE ( RELIGION1 ! CONDEMNATION ( DESIRE & PLEASURE 5D$ 9 ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT ) A MO!R :O GIVES LIFE1 :]EAS WOM5 BR+ 9TO ! WORLD *ILDR5 :O 5G5D] DEA?4 7,?IS IS ! S5SE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! MEAN+ ( ! MI/AKE BY :I* ,JESUS IS CALL$ 0! ,LIV+0 9 ! WORK ATTRIBUT$ TO ,?OMAS47 ,! ,ADAMISM ( A RETURN TO ,P>ADISE IMPLIES A TOTAL DE-FLE%+ .<DE*>NEM5T.> ( SEXUALITY4 ,9 ,P>ADISE1 MAN IS NEI!R MALE NOR FEMALE1 BUT ID5TICAL TO ! PUTATIVELY ASEXUAL *ILD4 ,SC>CELY CAN IT EAT ( ! =BIDD5 FRUIT ( VOLUPTU\SNESS1 & SO ITS PRIMITIVE UNITY DISAPPE>S1 PRODUC+ A MAN :O IS DIFF]5T FROM ! WOMAN4 ,ONLY A SPIRITUAL &ROGYNY -- AS PURE SPIRIT ( A BODY )\T DESIRE OR IMPULSES -- WILL R5D] TO IT ! DIS9C>NAT$ UNICITY FROM :I* IT PROC$ES4 ,! SAME SPECULATION IS ILLU/RAT$ 9 ! ,GOSPEL ( ! ,EGYPTIANS4 ,CA?OLICISM W\LD CONDEMN AS H]ETICAL ! FR5ZI$ ASCETICISM DEVOT$ TO ,JUDE_/,?OMAS AS LATE AS ! ,?IRD ,C5TURY 7?IS IS P]HAPS ! REASON ?AT ! EVANGELICAL NOVELS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! ,*UR* EXECRAT$ ! D\BLE ( ! ,GOOD ,?OMAS3 ! 9=M] ,JUDAS74.<#a#g#f.> 

,JACOB 

  

,9 HIS ,ECCLESIA/ICAL ,HI/ORY 7,I,I1 ,I1 #c-#d71 ,EUSEBIUS ( ,CES>EA CITES AN EXTRACT FROM ! ,HYPOTYPOSES ( ,TITUS ,FLAVIUS ,CLEM5S1 KN[N AS ,CLEM5T ( ,ALEX&RIA1 :O WAS BORN >\ND #ae & DI$ >\ND #b#a4 ,CLEM5T WAS A ,*RI/IAN PHILOSOPH] CLASSIFI$ AMONG ! OR?ODOX BY ! ,CA?OLICS1 BUT :OM ! PATRI>* & !OLOGIAN ,PHOTIOS 7#h#b-#h#e#e7 JUDG$ TO BE IMPI\S & H]ETICAL 9 MANY ( HIS OP9IONS4 

,A COMM5TATOR ON BIBLICAL TEXTS1 ,CLEM5T BELONG$ TO ANTI-,M>CIONITE ,*RI/IAN ,GNO/ICISM1 LIKE ! ,*RI/IANS ( ! ,NEW ,PRO*ECY & ITS DISCIPLE1 ,ORIG54 ,HE DREW HIS REF]NECES FROM ! ,EPI/LE ( ,JUDE1 ! ,EPI/LE ( ,B>NABAS1 & ! ,APOCALYPSE ( ,PET]1 :I* MU* LAT] W]E CONDEMN$ AS APOCRYPHAL1 BECAUSE ,CLEM5T DIDN'T KN[ ! CANONS ?AT /ILL DIDN'T EXI/ :5 HE WAS ALIVE2 ( C\RSE1 HIS FUTURE COPYI/S W]E C>EFUL TO MITIGATE HIS LEGITIMATE MISRECOGNITIONS BY ADD+ ANT$AT$ CITATIONS4 

,= HIM1 GNOSIS ALL[$ ONE TO DISCOV] ! TYPOGRAPHY ( ! CELE/IAL DWELL+S1 9HABIT$ BY ! COHORTS ( HI]>*ICALLY >RANG$ ANGELS4 ,IT REVEAL$ TO HIM ! SUP]IMPOS$ OR SUCCESSIVE WORLDS ?R\< :I* ! S\L ELEVATES ITSELF SO AS TO ATTA9 ! SUPREME REPOSE4 ,& ,JO%UA_/,JESUS WAS NONE O!R ?AN AN 9=M$ GUIDE .<GUIDE AV]TI.> 9 A SPIRITUAL ADV5TURE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! EXTRACT PRODUC$ BY ,EUSEBIUS1 ,CLEM5T DECL>ES3 0,! ,SAVIOR1 AFT] HIS RESURRECTION1 BR+S GNOSIS TO ,JACOB ! ,JU/1 TO ,JOHN & TO ,PET]2 !Y WILL .<!N.> GIVE IT TO ! #g1 ( :OM ,B>NABAS WAS ONE40 7,?IS SUFFICES = ,EUSEBIUS TO CONSECRATE ,JACOB ! 0BI%OP ( ! ,*UR* ( ,J]USALEM407 

,9 ANO!R WORK1 ! ,/ROMATES1 9 :I* HE ATTEMPTS TO RECONCILE ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY & ,JEWI% PROPHETISM1 HE CALL$ ! TRUE GNOSIS ,*RI/IAN1 9 A MOVE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,IR5AEUS :O1 VITUP]AT+ ! ,*RI/IAN ,GNO/ICS ,M>CION & ,VAL5T91 JUDG$ GNOSIS & ! TEA*+S ( ,JESUS TO BE IRRECONCILIABLE4 ,CLEM5T REF]S TO ! 0TRUE TRADITION RI<TFULLY ISSU$ FROM ! APO/LE-SA9TS ,PET]1 ,JACOB1 ,JOHN & ,PAUL1 TRANSMITT$ FROM FA!R TO SON10 COMPOS+ A LI/ ( ANCI5T MA/]S 9 :I* W]E UNIFI$1 UND] ! COV] ( A WILL TO UNITY1 TWO ANTAGONI/IC CURR5TS3 ?AT ( ,SAUL_/,PAUL & ?AT ( ,JACOB & ,PET]4 

,JACOB1 9 :OM ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE WAS .<RE.>9C>NAT$1 PLAY$ A ROLE ( ! HI<E/ RANK 9 ! WORKS AT ,NAG-,HAMMADI3 ,H]E >E ! HIDD5 WORDS ?AT ,JESUS ! ,LIV+ SAID & W]E TRANSMITT$ BY ,DIDYME ,JUDE ,?OMAS3 0,! DISCIPLES SAID TO ,JESUS3 ',WE KN[ ?AT Y\ WILL LEAVE US2 :O ABOVE US WILL 7!N7 BE ! 7MO/7 GR&8' ,JESUS SAID TO !M3 ',!RE :]E Y\ WILL BE1 R5D] Y\RSELVES TO ,JACOB ! ,JU/1 BECAUSE ( :OM ! HEAV5S & ! E>? W]E PRODUC$'0 7LOGION #a#c74.<#a#g#g.> 

.<,! PHRASE.> 0BECAUSE ( :OM ! HEAV5S & E>? W]E PRODUC$0 DESIGNATES ,JACOB AS NO?+ LESS ?AN ! CO-CREATOR ( ! UNIV]SE1 AT ! SAME LEVEL AS ,ADAM & ,JESUS1 :O IS FUR!RMORE HIS 0BRO!R40 ,?IS REM>K1 BORR[$ FROM A MIDRA% ?AT CLAIM$ ! AU?ORITY ( ,JACOB1 ILLU/RATES QUITE WELL H[ ! ACTS ( LEGITIMATION ( ! ,*UR* -- :I*1 DEP5D+ ON ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ]ECT$ ! MA/] AS ! AUXILLI>Y OR RI<T >M ( ,GOD -- W]E COLLECT$1 COLLAT$1 & H>MONIZ$ TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! 79ITIALLY DISUNIT$7 ,NAZ>5E ,*UR*ES F$]AT$ & =M$ ACCORDS AMONG !MSELVES4 ,?US1 !RE W\LD APPE> -- 5G5D]$ BY A COMMUNITY 9SPIR$ BY A ,LEVY_/,MAT!W -- A WORK 5TITL$ ,! ,SECRET ,WORDS 7"97 ?AT ! ,SAVIOR SAID TO ,JUDAS ,?OMAS & ?AT ,I1 ,MAT!W1 WROTE D[N :ILE ,I HE>D !M SPEAK1 ONE TO ANO!R1 SOMETIMES CALL$ ,GOSPEL ACCORD+ TO ,MAT!W4.<#a#g#h.> ,! PI\S LIES BY VIRTUE ( :I* ! LOCAL *UR*ES 9V5T$ WITNESSES OR BRO!RS ( ! ,MESSIAH 7"9"97 W\LD PASS = AN 9ADMISSABLE NAIVETE 9 ! EYES ( ! R$ACTORS ( ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T1 :O W\LD TAKE ! PRECAUTION ( BORR[+ ! FALSIFICATION OR1 MORE EXACTLY1 ! MY? ( ! COLORS ( HI/ORICAL PROBABILITY1 EFFAC+ ! ORIG9AL DOCUM5TS1 :I* W]E ASSESS$ ) .<POSSESS+.> VULG> AB]RATIONS4 

7"97 ,SAUL_/,PAUL ALSO SPEAKS ( A VISION 9 ! C\RSE ( :I* HE HE>D 0! 9EFFABLE WORDS ?AT NO ONE IS P]MITT$ TO REPEAT40 

7"9"97 ,! ABBEYS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES DIDN'T PROCE$ 9 ANY O!R FA%ION :5 !Y 9V5T$ A PATRON SA9T & EXHIBIT$ RELICS SO AS TO ATTRACT ! FAI?FUL1 CR[DS & ALMS4 

,ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 ! FIGURE ( ,JACOB DIDN'T CONNECT EXCLUSIVELY TO ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANITY1 S9CE ! ,NAASS5ES -- ACCORD+ TO ! ,EL5*OS 7,V1 #g7 -- KEPT 9 !IR TEA*+S 0! PR9CIPLE PO9TS ( ! DOCTR9E ?AT ,JACOB1 BRO!R ( ! ,SAVIOR1 TRANSMITT$ TO ,M>IAMNE40 ,H]E ! ,SAVIOR WAS ,N,H,S1 ! ,R$EEM] ,S]P5T1 & ,M>IAMNE CORRESPONDS TO ,MYRIAM_/,M>Y4 ,IT IS ALSO UND] ! NAME ,JACOB ?AT1 AFT] ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY1 ! ,PROTO-,GOSPEL ( ,JACOB1 A RECITATION ( ! *ILDHOOD ( ! ,*RI/ ,JESUS & ! /ORY ( ,M>Y & ,JOSEPH 7! C>P5T]7 W\LD BE PROPAGAT$4 

,! ORIG9AL SPECIFICITY ( ! ,*RI/IANITY & ,*UR* ( ,JACOB WAS P]PETUAT$ 9 ,NE/ORIANISM1 :I* WAS CONDEMN$ AS A H]ESY & .<YET.> EXI/S TO ?IS DAY 9 ! ,JACOBITE ,*UR*ES4 

,JACOB1 PROPHET & ,MESSIAH1 W\LD ASSUME ! ROLES ( WITNESS1 BRO!R1 & APO/LE ( ,JO%UA_/,JESUS TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! DIV]SE CURR5TS ( ,ESS5O-,*RI/IANITY1 NAY1 ,SE?IAN1 ,NAASS5E & ,B>VELITE MESSIANISMS1 LITTLE BY LITTLE RESEMBL$ & REGR\P$ !IR PATRONS OR F\ND]S )9 ! APO/OLIC COHORT ( ! ,SAVIOR4 

,A FRAGM5T FROM ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN ,HEGESIPPE 75D ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY71 TRANSCRIB$ BY ,EUSEBIUS ( ,CES>EA1 DESCRIBES ,JACOB ! ,JU/ AS AN ASCETIC 0SANCTIFI$ 9 ! WOMB ( HIS MO!R10 A TRAIT APPLI$ TO ,JESUS & ?AT ACC\NTS = ! MY?ICAL SLIDE ( ,JACOB 7! ,MESSIAH ( AN ,ESS5E COMMUNITY7 9TO ,JESUS 7! SYNCRETIC ,MESSIAH ( ! FIR/ ,*UR*ES1 P]HAPS F$]AT$ BY ,EL*ASAI74 

,LIKE ,DUN/AN1 ,JO*ANAAN1 ! ,S]VANT CELEBRAT$ BY ,ESAIE & O!R SPAWN ( ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE1 ,JACOB DID NOT EAT MEAT1 & NEV] %AV$1 DID HIS HAIR1 NOR WA%$4 ,HE D$ICAT$ ALL ( HIS TIME TO PRAY]4 ,HEGESIPPE CALL$ HIM 0RAMP>T ( ! PEOPLE10 BECAUSE 0?OSE :O HAVE FAI? RESEMBLE ,JACOB40 

,AMONG ! ,EL*ASAITES1 ,JACOB PASS$ = ! TRUE F\ND] ( !IR COMMUNITY4 ,! PRIMITIVE TEXT ( ! ,HOMELIES ( ,PET] PRES5TS ITSELF AS A LETT] FROM ,CLEM5T1 ALIAS ,ZA*EA1 TO ,JACOB4 

,HI/ORY HAS PRES]V$ TRACES ( .<V>I\S.> ,JACOBS TI$ TO ,MESSIANIC AGITATION & :OM ! AHI/ORICAL SPIRIT ( ! MIDRA%IM EASILY UNIT$ 9 AN ID5TIFICATION R5D]$ PLAUSIBLE BY ! COMMON FRONTS ( ,ZEALOTISM & ,ESS5ISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH 7,JUDAIC ,ANTIQUITIES ,X,X1 ,V1 #b71 ,JACOB ( ,GAMALA1 SON ( ,JUDA & BRO!R ( ,SIMON1 WAS CRUCIFI$ >\ND #d#e1 UND] ,ALEX&R]-,TIB]IAS1 :O SUCC$$ ,CASPIUS ,FADUS 7RESPONSIBLE = ! EXECUTION SEV]AL MON?S E>LI] ( ,!UDAS_/,?OMAS7 AS PROCURATOR ( ,JUDEA4 

,! FIR/ ,JACOB1 A ,ZEALOT1 WAS D\BL$ BY ANO!R1 EI!R ,NAZ>5E OR ,EBIONITE4 ,! ,TALMUD & A MIDRA% SET !MSELVES AGA9/ A ,*RI/IAN ,JEW NAM$ ,JACOB ( ,KEPH] ,S*ANYA 7OR ,MAIA ,SIMAI71 :O WAS ACCUS$ ( CONTE/+ ! OR?ODOX RITUALS PRESCRIB$ BY ,DEUT]ONOMY4 ,9T]ROGAT+ ,RABBI ,ELIEZ] ON A PO9T ( DOCTR9E1 HE WAS 9VIT$ TO ANSW] & ADVANCE AN 9T]PRETATION DRAWN FROM ,MICAH 7#b1 #g71 :I* EMPHASIZ$ ! SOLICITUDE ( ,GOD 9 ! 9T]E/S ( M54 ,ELIEZ] RALLI$ TO ,JACOB'S EXPLICATION & ?US DREW UPON HIMSELF ! REPROA* ( COMPLAC5CY ) RESPECT TO ,NAZ>5ISM4 

,SIMON-,PET] 

  

,NAM$ GOV]NOR ( ,BY?9IA 9 #a#a#a1 ,PL9Y ! ,Y\NG] SOLICIT$ DIRECTIVES FROM ,EMP]OR ,TRAJAN ON ! CONDUCT TO ADOPT ) RESPECT TO ! *RE/IANOI1 :OSE BEHAVIORS HAD >\S$ UNFAVORABLE REACTIONS AMONG ! 9HABITANTS 7,LETT]S ,X1 #i#f-#i#g74 ,OSC> ,CULLMANN HAS %[N ?AT ! 9CRIM9AT$ ,*RI/IAN SECT WAS ?AT ( ! ,EL*ASAITES1 :OSE DOCTR9E SYN!SIZ$ ! TEA*+S ( ,NAZ>5ISM & ,EBIONISM1 IF NOT O!R ,MESSIANI/IC SECTS4.<#a#g#i.> ,!IR IDEAS W]E EXPRESS$ 9 AN 5SEMBLE ( TEXTS ?AT W]E REVIS$ MANY TIMES & = A LONG TIME W]E HELD AS OR?ODOX BY VIRTUE ( ,CLEM5T'S NAME1 UND] :OM !Y HAD BE5 ORGANIZ$4 ,9DE$1 ,CLEM5T 7! 0,S(T07 -- A TRANSLATION ( ,ZA*EA FROM ! ,BIBLE -- PASS$ AS ! ?IRD ,POPE ( ,ROME 9 ! (FICIAL HI/ORIES ( ,CA?OLICISM4 ,REJECT$ MU* LAT] BY ! ,*UR*1 !SE WRIT+S W\LD BE RE-BAPTIZ$ ,PSEUDO-,CLEM5T9ES BY ! HI/ORIANS :O W]E1 ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 NOT EAG] TO D5Y ! AB]RANT CONJECTURE CONC]N+ ! EPO* 9 :I* ?IS ,ROMAN PONTIFICATE LIV$4 

,UND] ! NAME ( ,CLEM5T1 A FICTIVE P]SON 9V5T$ BY ,IR5EAUS & CONSECRAT$ BY ,EUSEBIUS1.<#a#h.> ! ,POPE ( ,ROME & SUCCESSOR TO ,PET]1 A TEXT ?AT DI/+UI%$ ?REE /ATES WAS ?US PROPAGAT$4 ,! ,HOMELIES .<( ,PET].> OR ! ,EPI/LE ( ,CLEM5T TO ,JACOB PROPOS$ ! ,GREEK REVISION ( AN OLD MIDRA% PLAC$ UND] ! NAME ( ,ZA*EA4 ,A ,GREEK DEVELOPM5T1 CALL$ ! ,ANAGNOSSOS1 WAS TRANSLAT$ & REVIS$ UND] ! TITLE ,RECOGNITIONES 70,RECOGNITIONS07 BY ,RUF91 A NOTORI\S =G] & C5SOR ( ! WORKS ( ,ORIG54 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,EPI?OME REPRES5TS ! ,CA?OLIC V]SION 7AMPUTAT$ FROM ! TEXT ( ! ,HOMELIES71 :I* W\LD REAPPE> MU* LAT] UND] ! TITLE ,SUMM>Y ( ! ,PR$ICTIONS ( ,PET] BY ,CLEM5T4 

,! ,HEBRAIC S\RCE HAS DISAPPE>$1 BUT ! PRIMITIVE K]NEL1 EXTRACT$ BY ,CULLMANN1 EXPLICITLY REVEALS ! C5TRAL !ME ( ! SPECULATIONS ADVANC$ BY ! AU?OR3 0,FROM ! TRUE PROPHET & ! 9TELLIG5CE ( ! LAW ACCORD+ TO ! TEA*+S ( ! ,MOSAIC TRADITION40 ,CULLMANN SUMM>IZES IT ?US3  
  

,! WORLD ) ITS S9S & ]RORS IS COMP>$ TO A H\SE ?AT IS FILL$ ) SMOKE4 ,! M5 :O F9D !MSELVES 9SIDE SE>* 9 VA9 = ! TRU?1 :I* DOESN'T KN[ H[ TO 5T]4 ,ONLY ! TRUE PROPHET1 BY OP5+ ! DOOR1 CAN GIVE IT TO !M4 ,! PROPHET IS ! ,*RI/1 5T]$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9TO ! WORLD 9 ! P]SON ( ,ADAM1 ANO9T$ BY ! SAP ( ! TREE ( LIFE4 ,= ALL BE+S ,GOD MADE A PROTOTYPE3 = ! ANGELS1 AN ANGEL2 = ! SPIRITS A SPIRIT2 = M5 A MAN :O IS ,ADAM-,JESUS4 ,ADAM IS )\T S91 DESPITE C]TA9 M5DACI\S PASSAGES 9 ! ,SCRIPTURES4 ,ADAM1 ! TRUE PROPHET1 ANN\NC$ ! WORLD TO COME4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,EVE1 :O WAS 9F]IOR TO HIM AS ! MOON IS 9F]IOR TO ! SUN1 WAS CU/ODIAN ( ! PRES5T WORLD AS ! PROTOTYPE ( ! PROPHETS BORN FROM WOM51 :]EAS ,ADAM WAS ! ',SON ( ,MAN4' ,! FEM99E PR9CIPLE LEADS ! M5 ( ! FIR/ G5]ATION A/RAY FROM ! ROAD ( TRU?4 ,!IR DEPRAVITY MANIFE/S ITSELF ESPECIALLY 9 ! PRACTICE ( SACRIFICES4 ,BUT S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORLD1 ! TRUE PROPHET HASN'T CEAS$ TO TRAVEL ?R\< ! C5TURIES1 *ANG+ NAME & =M4 ,HE WAS 9C>NAT$ 9 ,H5O*1 ,NOAH1 ,ABRAHAM1 ,ISAAC1 ,JACOB & ,MOSES4 ,MOSES R5EW$ ! ET]NAL LAW ?AT ,ADAM HAD ALREADY PROMULGAT$1 BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 BY AU?ORIZ+ SACRIFICES1 ,MOSES MADE -- TO ! H>D5+ ( ! ,JEWS -- A CONCESSION ?AT PLAC$ A CURB ON ! MO/ S]I\S EXCESSES3 SACRIFICES MU/ BE (F]$ TO ,GOD ONLY1 & 9 A UNIQUE PLACE4 ,BUT ?IS P]MISSION WAS ONLY PROVISIONAL4 ,! TRUE PROPHET F9ALLY REA*ES HIS APP>5T REPOSE 9 ! ,*RI/4 ,HE PUTS AN 5D TO SACRIFICES & REPLACES !M ) BAPTISM4 ,ALSO1 DUR+ ! ,JEWI% ,W>1 ONLY ! BAPTI/S W]E SAV$4 ,BE=E DY+1 ! TRUE PROPHET *OSE TWELVE APO/LES1 &1 9 ! MANN] ( ,MOSES1 *>G$ #gb DOCTORS ( ! LAW ) TRANSMITT+ ! TRU?4 ,BY ABOLI%+ SACRIFICES1 ! ,*RI/ DOESN'T ABOLI% ! LAW1 BUT ?AT :I* WAS NOT P>T ( ! PRIMITIVE LAW4 ,HE ANN\NCES ?AT1 UNTIL ! HEAV5S & ! E>? HAVE PASS$1 NOT AN IOTA OR A TRAIT ( ! ,LAW WILL FALL4.<#a#h#a.>  
  

,! AU?OR 7OR AU?ORS7 ( ! ,HOMELIES 9SCRIB$ !MSELVES 9 ! RE=MI/ CURR5T ?AT WAS MORE OR LESS CRITICAL ( ! BIBLICAL TEXTS & ,MOSAIC LAW4 ,!Y NOT ONLY ELIM9AT$ ! PROPHETS :O REPRES5T$ FEM99E PR9CIPLES1 BUT ALSO C]TA9 IMPORTANT P>TS ( ! ,P5TATEU*4 ,( C\RSE1 ! ,EL*ASAITES1 9 CON=MITY ) ! ,ESS5IAN MATRIX1 REJECT$ ! SACRIFICES ( ! ,TEMPLE4 0,:5 ! ,LAW WAS PUT 9 WRIT+1 IT WAS SUBJECT$ TO A C]TA9 NUMB] ( ADDITIONS ?AT CONTA9$ ]RORS AGA9/ ! UNIQUE ,GOD0 7,HOMELIES1 ,I,I1 #c#h74 ,?IS AGRUM5T RECALLS ?OSE ( ! ,DUN/ANITES OR ,DOSI!ANS4 ,JACOB1 !IR PROPHET1 MYTICALLY PRESID$ ) ! AU?ORITY ( A *UR* TO :I* ,PET] HIMSELF WAS OBLIG$ TO R5D] AN ACC\NT4 

,AS F> AS ! DEF5SE ( ! UNIQUE ,GOD1 IT 9SCRIB$ ITSELF 9 ! POLEMIC ( ! TWO ,GODS & !IR RESPECTIVE NATURES4 ,WAS IT NECESS>Y 9 #a#d1 9 ! MANN] ( ,M>CION1 & P]HAPS 9 ?AT ( ,SAUL1 5EMY ( ! ,EL*ASAITES1 TO PO/ULATE ! EXI/5CE ( A ,GOOD & ,*RI/IAN ,GOD RADICALLY DIFF]5T FROM ,Y,H,:1 ! CREATOR-GOD ( A BAD WORLD1 A BLOODY ,GOD :O BETRAY$ HIS PEOPLE1 A ,DEMIURGE :O WAS MA/] ( A DEPLORABLE UNIV]SE8 ,OR RALLY+ TO ! ,EL*ASAITE !SIS1 FROM :I* W\LD 9 FACT BE BORN ! ,GOD ( ,IR5EAUS1 ,T]TULLI5 & !N ! ,CA?OLICS & ! ,PROTE/ANTS3 0,GOD KILLS ) HIS LEFT H&1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?R\< ! M9I/RY ( ! ,BAD ?AT1 BY TEMP]M5T1 TAKES PLEASURE 9 TORM5T+ ! IMPI\S4 ,BUT HE SAVES & MAKES GOOD ) HIS RI<T H&1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?R\< ! M9I/RY ( ! ,GOOD1 :I* WAS CREAT$ = REJOIC+ 9 ! HEAP+ UP ( GOOD WORKS BY ! JU/ & SAV+ !M0 7,HOMELIES1 ,X,X1 #c78 

,F9ALLY1 ! ,EL*ASAITES1 HAV+ 5T]$ 9TO ! G5]AL QU>REL AB\T ! 0TRUE MESSIAH10 W]E P]HAPS ! FIR/ TO PRODUCE -- ) ,SAUL_/,PAUL & ,SATORNIL -- ! ECUM5ICAL NAME ,JO%UA_/,JESUS4 

,9 ! MANN] ( ! V>I\S ,*RI/IANITIES ( ! FIR/ TWO C5TURIES1 ! ,EL*ASAITES' CONCEPTION ( ! ,MESSIAH WAS ?AT ( ! ANGELOS-*RI/OS4 ,HE HAD BE5 CREAT$ LIKE ONE ( ! >*ANGELS -- 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT ,MI*AEL IS ALSO ,MEL*ITS$EQ4 0,TO ALL BE+S1 ,GOD GAVE A PROTOTYPE3 TO ANGELS AN ANGEL1 TO ! SPIRITS A SPIRIT1 TO M5 A MAN :O WAS ,ADAM-,JESUS4 ,ADAM WAS )\T S91 DESPITE C]TA9 M5DACI\S PASSAGES 9 ! ,SCRIPTURES40.<#a#h#b.> 

,EL*ASAITE ,*RI/IANITY BELIEV$ 9 ! SUCCESSIVE RE9C>NATIONS ( ! ,MESSIAH1 :O HAD 0S9CE ! ORIG9 ( ! WORLD *ANG$ HIS =M & NAME1 & ?US REAPPE>S CEASELESSLY & CEASELESSLY 9 ! WORLD0 7,HOMELIES1 ,I,I,I1 #a74 

,NO D\BT HE IS MANIFE/$ BY ! VOICE ( ,EL*ASAI AS HE PROPHESIZ$ A HALF-C5TURY LAT] ?R\< ! M\? ( ,MONTANUS 9 ! POPUL> ,*RI/IANITY ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY1 BORN 9 ,PHYRGIA1 9 ! IMM$IATE NEI<BORHOOD ( ! ,BY?9IA ( ,PL9Y & ! ,EL*ASAITES4 

,BUT ! MEANS ( PREV5T+ O!R 5LI<T5$ ONES FROM OBEY+ ! REVELATION ( ! ,MESSIAH8 ,! TWO GREAT 5EMIES ( ,EL*ASAITISM -- MU* LIKE ?OSE ( ,MONTANISM & ,T]TULLI5 -- ALSO .<).>HELD ! MESSAGE ( ! ,*RI/4 

,CULLMANN DID NOT DETECT 9 ! PRIMITIVE TEXT ( ! ,HOMLEIES A *>GE MADE AGA9/ ,M>CION1 :I* WAS REFUT$ 9/EAD BY A SUBSEQU5T COPYI/ :O REVIS$ ! TEXT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AS ,BAUR HAS DEMON/RAT$1 ! HO/ILITY MANIFE/$ ) RESPECT TO ,SIMON ! 0,MAGICIAN0 9 FACT AIM$ AT ,SAUL_/,PAUL1 HELD TO BE A FALSE PROPHET4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! AU?ORS ( ! ,HOMELIES DID NOT KN[ ANY ( ! LETT]S BY ,PAUL1 NOR ! TEXT ( ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T 9VE/$ BY ,M>CION4 ,!Y SIMPLY PREA*$ ! GOOD NEWS1 A GOSPEL1 TAK+ EXCEPTION TO ?AT ( ,SAUL1 ! F\ND] ( COMPET+ *UR*ES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,HOMELIES 7,I,I1 #a#g71 0.<FIR/ !RE IS.> ! GOSPEL ( ! LIE1 PREA*$ BY ! S$UC]1 !N COMES ! GOSPEL ( TRU?1 AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ! HOLY PLACE40 

,:I* HOLY PLACE8 ,J]USALEM & ! ,TEMPLE8 ,BUT ,ESS5ISM NEV] CEAS$ DEM&+ ! ANNIHILATION ( ! CITY CONSECRAT$ TO ! 0IMPI\S PRIE/40 ,ISN'T IT RA!R A MATT] ( ,QUMRAN1 OR ,DAMASCUS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ,D,M,S1 ! SANCTU>Y1 T[>DS :I* ,PAUL TRAVEL$1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS LEG5D1 :5 HE HAD .<RECEIV$.> ! REVELATION ( ! ,MESSIAH8 7,UNLESS ! ALLUSION IS TO AFT] #a#c#e47 

,IF ,SAUL_/,PAUL IS TREAT$ AS A FALSE WITNESS TO ! ,SAVIOR1 HIS NOTES /IGMATIZE HIS ADV]S>IES AS 0FALSE BRO!RS40 ,BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T COMMUNITIES 9VE/$ ) ! DIV9E MESSAGE1 H>MONY DECID$LY DID NOT REIGN4 

,T[>DS ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY & MORE SURELY 9 ! ,F\R? ,C5TURY1 ! MON>*AL *UR*ES -- AIM+ TO RECONCILE !MSELVES ) ! GOOD GRACES ( IMP]IAL P[] -- W\LD EFFACE FROM !IR HI/ORIES ! DIV]G5CES BETWE5 ! P>TISANS ( ,JACOB & ,PET] & ! DISCIPLES ( ,SAUL_/,PAUL4 ,SIMON-,PET] & ,PAUL1 F9ALLY RECONCIL$1 W\LD SIT AS PATRON-SA9TS ( ,ROME1 9 :I* !Y HAD NEV] SET !IR FEET4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! HATR$ = ! 0IMPO/OR0 W\LD NEV] COMPLETELY DISAPPE> FROM ! DISP>AGEM5T ( ! ,*RI/IAN $IFICE BY ,CA?OLICISM4 ,A MANUSCRIPT DISCOV]$ BY ,S*LOMO ,P9ES1 :I* ILLU/RATES ! OP9IONS ( A ,JEWI% COMMUNITY FROM ,SYRIA 9 ! ,FIF? ,C5TURY1 ACCUSES ,PAUL ( ,T>SE ) HAV+ FALSIFI$ ! TEA*+S ( ! ,MESSIAH4 ,! FALSE PROPHET REJECT$ ! ,TORAH ) ! 9T5T ( ATTRACT+ TO HIMSELF ! FAVORS ( ,ROME1 & ( ACQUIR+ P[] & 9FLU5CE1 ALL = HIS [N PR(IT4 ,FLATT]+ ! ANTI-,SEMITISM ( ! ,ROMANS1 HE W\LD BE ! TRUE ONE RESPONSIBLE = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,TEMPLE 9 #g4 ,& ! TEXT1 CAU<T UP 9 ! POLEMICAL :IRLPOOL ( ! ,FIF? ,C5TURY -- AN EPO* 9 :I* ! ,*UR* 9V5T$ ! LEG5D ( 0,PAUL1 APO/LE TO ! G5TILES10 W9N+ OV] ! ,EMPIRE TO ,*RI/IAN CONVICTIONS -- REBELS AGA9/ ! IDEA3 0,HIS ,*RI/IANITY IS ONLY PURE ,ROMANISM2 RA!R ?AN CONV]T+ ! ,ROMANS 9TO ,*RI/IANS1 HE CONV]T$ ! ,*RI/IANS 9TO ,ROMANS40.<#a#h#c.> 

,ELSE:]E ! MANUSCRIPT D5\NCES ! IMPO/URES & CONTRADICTIONS ( ! CANONICAL GOSPELS & ONLY ACCORDS CR$IT TO ! ORIG9AL ,GOSPEL1 DRAFT$ 9 ,HEBREW4 ,! COMMUNITY1 CLAIM+ ! AU?ORITY ( ,JACOB & ,PET] = ITSELF EXCLUSIVELY1 W\LD BE MA9TA9$ UP UNTIL ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,JEWI% PHILOSOPH] ,SAADIA ,GAON4 

,P]HAPS IT WAS FROM ! SAME MILIEU ?AT CAME A K9D ( 0NOVEL AB\T ,PAUL0 ?AT ?RA%$ ! (FICIAL NOVEL ( ! ,ACTS ( ! ,APO/LES4 ,EPIPHANY ( ,SALAM9E 7#d#c#h-#d#i#f7 E*O$ IT 9 HIS ,PAN>ION 7#c1 #a#f1 #f-#i73  
  

,!Y AFFIRM$ ?AT HE WAS ,GREEK4 ,ACCORD+ TO !M1 HE W5T TO ,J]USALEM &1 AFT] HAV+ LIV$ !RE A C]TA9 AM\NT ( TIME1 HE GAVE 9 TO AN 9EXT+UI%ABLE PASSION = ! DAU<T] ( ! PRIE/4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT HE WAS PROSELYTIZ$ & CIRCUMCIS$4 ,BUT :5 HE WAS %[N \T BY ! Y\NG WOMAN1 HE WAS SO 5RAG$ ?AT HE COMMITT$ LIBELS AGA9/ CIRCUMCISION1 ! ,SABBA? & ! ,LAW4  
  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,! VOGUE 7NO D\BT QUITE LIMIT$7 = ,EL*ASAITISM W\LD RESI/ ! ,JEWI% REVOLT #a#c#c-#a#c#e ?AT 5D$ ) ! DEFEAT ( ,B> ,KO*BA & ! 5D ( ! ,PALE/9IAN NATION4 ,! FUTURE ( ,*RI/IANITY H5CE=? BELONG$ TO ! ,PAUL9E T5D5CY1 :I* W\LD EXPLOIT ! %IP [N] & F\ND] ( ,*UR*ES1 ,M>CION1 BE=E HE HIMSELF WAS REJECT$ BY ! POPUL> DEVELOPM5T ( A ,HELL5IZ$ ,*RI/IANITY1 :OSE ! BIR? 9 ,PHYRGIA DEMON/RAT$ ! RELATION%IP ) ! ,*RI/IANITY ( ! PROPHET ,EL*ASAI1 IMPLANT$ 9 ,BY?9IA4 

,AS F> AS ,SIMON-,PET]1 ! DISCIPLE OR Y\NG] BRO!R ( ,JACOB1 HIS NAME D]IVES FROM ! ,HEBREW ,SYMEON & FROM ! ,>AMAIC SOBRIQUET ,KEPHA1 0ROCK40 ,SIMON ! ,ROCK1 ?US1 ,SIMON ! ,PITILESS OR ,SIMON ! ,BALD4 

,HIS ONLY HI/ORICAL TRACE LEADS BACK TO ,SIMON1 SON ( ,JUDA ( ,GAMALA & BRO!R ( ,JACOB1 PUT TO DEA? AS A ,ZEALOT4 ,IS HE CONFUS$ ) ,SIMON ! ,ESS5E1 :OSE VIOL5T HO/ILITY TO ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/ ,FLAVIUS 9DICAT$8 ,! ,HOMELIES DO 9DE$ EXECRATE ,JO*ANAAN4 ,ANO!R M>K ( ,ESS5ISM1 ! ,TE/AM5TUM DOM9I 7A DISC\RSE ADDRESS$ TO ! ,SONS ( ,LI<T7 WAS 9S]T$ 9TO ! ,HOMELIES4 

,! ,RECOGNITIONS1 A DEVELOPM5T & REVISION ( ! ,HOMELIES1 PRES]V$ A LI/ ( C\PLES OR SYZYGIES3 ! ,ANTI*RI/ 7"97 IS OPPOS$ TO ! ,*RI/ AS ,CA9 IS OPPOS$ TO ,ABEL1 ,I%MAEL TO ,ISAAC1 ,ESAIE TO ,JACOB1 ,A>ON TO ,MOSES1 ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/ TO ! ,SON ( ,MAN1 & ,PAUL TO ,PET]4 

7"97 ,IT ISN'T USELESS TO RECALL ?AT ! FIR/ DESCRIPTION ( ! ,ANTI*RI/ -- LIKE ! ,*RI/'S HOROSCOPE -- WAS DISCOV]$ AMONG ! MANUSCRIPTS AT ,QUMRAN4 

,! AU?ORITY ( ,SIMON-,PET] W\LD ECLIPSE ?AT ( ,JACOB >\ND ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY4 ,HE TRIUMPH$ OV] ,SAUL AT ,ANTIO*1 :]E HE ACT$ UND] ! DELEGATION ( ,JACOB4 ,IT WAS 9 ,SIMON-,PET]'S MID/1 9 ,CES>EA1 ?AT ,CLEM5T WAS 9/RUCT$ & LE>N$ FROM HIS M\? ! DOCTR9E ( ! 0TRUE PROPHET40 ,! LEG5D ( HIS DEA?1 9V5T$ BY ,T]TULLI5 & REPRIZ$ 9 ! ,ACTS ( ,PET]1 7"97 W\LD 5T] 9TO ! DOGMA ( ! ,*UR* 9 ! ,F\R? & ,FIF? ,C5TURIES BY VIRTUE ( ! EF=TS UND]TAK5 TO BE ABLE TO (F] TO ,ROME1 ! ,EMP]OR & ! CITIZ5S :O W]E LITTLE 9CL9$ TO EMBRACE ,CA?OLICISM ! UNIQUE PATRONAGE ( ! TWO PILL>S ( FAI?1 ,PET] & ,PAUL1 UNIT$ DESPITE !MSELVES = ! GREAT GLORY ( ,GOD4 

7"97 ,! TEXT1 /ILL ADMITT$ 9TO ! CANON 9 ! ,F\R? ,C5TURY1 W\LD BE REJECT$ AS 0APOCRYPHAL0 :5 ! BELIEF 9 A ,PET] :O F\ND$ ! ,ROMAN ,*UR* TRIUMPH$4 ,9 ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY1 >*AEOLOGI/S & HI/ORIANS AMUS+ !MSELVES ) ! MEAN+ ( ,*RI/IAN DUTY W\LD /RIVE TO DISCOV] HIS TOMB4 ,! ,LI<T ( ,FAI? ONLY ILLUM9AT$ !IR RIDICULE4 

,B>NABAS 

  

,NO HI/ORICAL C]TITUDE GIVES ANY PLAUSIBLE CONT\RS TO ! P]SON NAM$ ,B>NABAS4 ,9 HIS /UDY ( ! APOCRYPHAL BOOKS ( ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T1 ,]BETTA MAKES HIM A ,LEVITE FROM ,CYPRUS1 A ,JEWI% MEMB] ( ! M9OR CL]GY ATTA*$ TO ! S]VICE ( A SYNAGOGUE4.<#a#h#d.> ,HE W\LD HAVE BE5 ! COMPANION ( A C]TA9 ,M>K1 AU?OR ( A ,GNO/IC1 SECRET GOSPEL 9 ! L9E ( ,ESS5E TEA*+S4 ,A ,LETT] TO ,!ODORE BY ,CLEM5T ( ,ALEX&RIA 75D ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY7 AFFIRMS ?AT ?IS ,M>K 0W\LD COMPOSE A GOSPEL ( A MORE ELEVAT$ SPIRITUALITY = ! USAGE ( ?OSE :OM ONE R5D]S P]FECT .<444.> ,NEV]!LESS1 HE W\LD NOT DIVULGE ! ?+S ?AT MU/ NOT BE PRON\NC$40.<#a#h#e.> 

,EV]Y?+ LEADS ONE TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! APOCRYPHAL TEXT ATTRIBUT$ TO ,M>K1 ! NAME ( :I* W\LD MU* LAT] CR[N A CANONICAL GOSPEL SUB/ITUT$ = ! ,GNO/IC ONE1 WAS RELAT$ BY ITS CONT5T TO ! EPI/LE PLAC$ UND] ! NAME ( ,B>NABAS1 A TEXT ( GREAT 9T]E/ = ! COMPREH5SION ( ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANITY AT ! 5D ( ! ,FIR/ ,C5TURY & ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,SECOND4 ,9 ! OP9ION ( ,]BETTA1 ! EPI/LE WAS COMPOS$ 9 ,ALEX&RIA1 ,SYRIA OR ,ASIA ,M9OR1 & 9 ITS ,GREEK =M DATES FROM ! YE>S #aag TO #a#c4 ,RETRANSCRIB$ BY ! ,S9AITICUS MANUSCRIPT ( ! ,F\R? ,C5TURY1 IT WAS HELD AS CANONICAL UNTIL ,GELASE'S DECREE SET IT ASIDE4 

,ORIG9ALLY ,HEBREW OR ,>AMAIC1 ! TEXT DEF9ES ! PROGRAM ( REVIS+ ,JUDAISM UND]TAK5 BY ,ESS5ISM 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 & MORE P>TICUL>LY BY ! SECTS ( ! ,DIASPORA ?AT ADAPT$ ANTI-,JUDEAN ,*RI/IANITY TO ! ,GRECO-,ROMAN WAY ( ?9K+4 

,! REPROA* ADDRESS$ TO ,PH>ISIAN OR?ODOXY W\LD MU* LAT] N\RI% ! ANTI-,JUDAIC POLEMIC4 ,IT WASN'T A MATT] ( GLOBALLY REJECT+ ,YAHWEHISM1 AS ,M>CION WANT$1 BUT EXPELL+ ! ,JEWS FROM BIBLICAL EXEGESIS1 ( :I* !Y HAD BE5 0%[N UNWOR?Y40 ,DID NOT !Y *OOSE TO 9T]PRET ! ,BIBLICAL SCRIPTURES TO ! LETT] & NOT 9 A SPIRITUAL S5SE8 ,! ,EPI/LE ( ,B>NABAS ?US RECOMM5D$ ! PRACTICE ( CIRCUMCISION ( ! HE>T & NOT ?AT ( ! FLE% 70CIRCUMCISE ! HE>DNESS ( Y\R HE>T074 ,! AB&ON+ ( CIRCUMCISION DUR+ ! RITES ( CONV]SION 9DUBITABLY FAVOR$ PROSELYTISM & ! ADHESION ( NON-,JEWI% BELIEV]S4 

,LIKEWISE ! PROHIBITION ( .<C]TA9.> FOODS HAD TO BE UND]/OOD SYMBOLICALLY AS A REFUSAL TO ASSOCIATE ) ! PEOPLE KNEAD$ .<PETRIS.> \T ( IMMORALITY4 ,! ,TEMPLE ( ,J]USALEM HAD TO GIVE PLACE TO A TRUE TEMPLE ?AT LIVES 9 ! HE>T ( ! BELIEV]4 ,SO AS TO MORE CLE>LY BREAK ) ,JEWI% PRACTICE1 ! ,SABBA? WAS %IFT$ FROM ! SEV5? TO ! EI<? DAY1 CONSECRAT$ DIES DOM9I1 0,SUNDAY0 .<DIMAN*E.>4 

,! SECOND P>T ( ! EPI/LE CORRESPONDS ALMO/ COMPLETELY ) ! ,HEBREW MANUAL ?AT WAS REVIS$1 CORRECT$ & PROPAGAT$ BY ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANS UND] ! NAME ,DIDA*E4 ,ONE F9DS 9 IT 9 ! DOCTR9E ( ! TWO ROADS 7,B>NABAS1 #a#h-#b71 :I* CON=MS ) ! ,ESS5IAN COMBAT BETWE5 ! ,LI<T & ! ,D>KNESS4 

,BUT 9 ! ,EPI/LE ( ,B>NABAS1 ! TWO MO/ SIGNIFICANT ELEM5TS ( ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANITY ON ! ROAD TO BECOM+ ,HELL5IZ$ %[ ! OBVI\S 9FLU5CE ( ,NAASS5ISM & A /RICTLY BIBLICAL CONCEPTION ( ,JESUS4 ,= ! ,*RI/IANS :O W]E CONTEMPOR>IES ) ! CELEBRAT$ LETT] ( ,PL9Y1 ,JESUS -- 9S(> AS HE IS ! ,*RI/ -- IS NONE O!R ?AN ! SUCCESSOR TO ,MOSES1 ,JO%UA1 ! HOLD] ( ! ,NEW ,ALLIANCE1 OR ,NOVUM ,TE/AM5TUM4 

,AS = ,NAASS5ISM3 0,! FALL ( ,EVE WAS PROVOK$ BY ! ,S]P5T4 ,! ,SAVIOR WANT$ TO CONV9CE !M ?AT !IR S9 MADE !M PREY TO ! MAL$ICTION ( DEA?4 ,AL?\< ,MOSES HAD ORDA9$ ',NO F\ND OR SCULPT$ OBJECT %ALL S]VE AS ,GOD TO Y\1' HE HIMSELF CON/RUCT$ ONE TO REPRES5T ,JESUS4 ,MOSES CON/RUCT$ A S]P5T ( BRONZE2 HE EXHIBIT$ IT TO ! EYES ( ALL2 & 9 ! VOICE ( A H]ALD1 SUMMON$ ! PEOPLE TO ASSEMBLE4 ,ONCE UNIT$1 !Y PRAY$ TO ,MOSES TO 9T]C$E 9 !IR FAVOR SO ?AT !Y C\LD HEAL !MSELVES4 ,MOSES SAID TO !M3 ',IF ONE ( Y\ IS DY+1 !N HE %\LD DIRECT HIMSELF TO ! S]P5T ATTA*$ TO ! WOOD 7! CROSS7 & HE %\LD F]V5TLY PUT HIS HOPES 9 ,HE :O1 ?\< DEAD1 CAN GIVE LIFE1 & AT ?AT 9/ANT HE WILL BE HEAL$'0 7,EPI/LE ( ,B>NABAS1 #a#b1 #g74 

,AS = ,JESUS1 HIS P]SON PRES5TS NO HI/ORICAL TRACE AT ALL4 ,!RE IS NOT ! LEA/ ALLUSION TO ! ANECDOTES COMPLAC5TLY REPORT$ BY ! CANONICAL & ,CA?OLIC TEXTS4 ,HE IS SIMPLY ,JO%UA1 SON ( ,N\N OR ,NAHUM1 AN ANGEL ( ,GOD1 A CO-CREATOR ( ! WORLD1 ! ALPHA & OMEGA1 AN IMMAN5T BE+ )\T ANY CONNECTION TO ! EV5TS ?AT UNEXPECT$LY TOOK PLACE 9 ! ]A ( ,TIB]IAS & ,PROCURATOR ,PONTIUS ,PILATE4  
  

,:AT !N DID ,MOSES SAY TO ,JESUS1 SON ( ,N\N1 AFT] HAV+ IMPOS$ ON HIM 79ASMU* AS HE WAS A PROPHET7 ?IS NAME1 UNIQUELY1 SO ?AT ALL ! PEOPLE KNEW ?AT ! ,FA!R HAD REVEAL$ EV]Y?+ CONC]N+ ! SUBJECT ( HIS SON1 ,JESUS8 ,MOSES ?US EXPRESS$ HIMSELF TO ,JESUS1 SON ( ,N\N1 AFT] HAV+ IMPOS$ ?IS NAME UPON HIM1 :5 HE S5T HIM TO VISIT ! E>?3 ',TAKE A BOOK BETWE5 Y\R H&S & WRITE D[N :AT ! ,SAVIOR SAYS3 AT ! 5D ( TIME1 ! ,SON ( ,GOD WILL DE/ROY ! 5TIRE H\SE ( ,AMALE* TO ! F\NDATIONS4' ,H]E AGA9 ,JESUS IS NO LONG] ! SON ( A MAN1 BUT ! ,SON ( ,GOD 9 FLE% ?R\< ! MEANS ( AN EFFIGY ?AT PREC$$ HIM4 ,& AS ONE SAYS ?AT ! ,*RI/ IS ! SON ( ,DAVID1 ?IS V]Y ,DAVID PROPHESIZ$ FULL ( FE> & CONSCI\S ( ! ]RORS ( ! S9N]S 7,EPI/LE ( ,B>NABAS1 #a#b1 #h74  
  

,IT IS FITT+ TO COMP>E ! ,EPI/LE ( ,B>NABAS TO A LETT] ATTRIBUT$ TO ,SAUL_/,PAUL BY ! ,CA?OLICS 7NOT )\T SOME EMB>RASSM5T73 ! ,EPI/LE TO ! ,HEBREWS4 

,9 HIS ,DE PUD5TA 7#b71 ,T]TULLI5 ATTRIBUTES ! EPI/LE TO ,B>NABAS4 ,LU!R PLAC$ IT UND] ! NAME ( ,APOLLOS1 ONE ( ! 9T]LOCUT]S SUPPOS$LY 5C\NT]$ BY ,PAUL4 

,= ,PROSP] ,ALF>IC1 ! TEXT 7( ,ALEX&RIAN ORG97 TOOK UP A MIDRA% FROM ! #fS ?AT WAS REVIS$ & ,HELL5IZ$ >\ND #a#c#e3  
  

,! ,*RI/1 FIR/-BORN SON ( ,GOD1 5?RON$ ,SOV]EIGN-,SACRIFIC]1 %$ HIS BLOOD 'ONCE = ALL' SO AS TO PUT ASIDE SORR[ & DEA? FROM ! LIVES ( M54 ,DIV9E PROMOT] ( A ,NEW ,ALLIANCE1 HE HAD -- UPON ! ORD] ( HIS ,FA!R 7#e_/#h7 -- TO HUMBLE HIMSELF '= A %ORT TIME' 'BEL[ ! ANGELS1' TO TAKE HUMAN =M & SUBMIT TO A ,PASSION4 ,HIS DEA? & RESURRECTION R5D]$ ! IMMOLATIONS ( ! ,TEMPLE NULL & VOID1 & R5D]$ SACRIFICES ( ! RACE ( ,A>ON USELESS2 BECAUSE HIS DIV9E NATURE1 SUBLIMAT$ BY SUFF]+1 MADE HIM ! ,P]FECT ,VICTIM4 ,PASS+ = '! DOOR' TO ! HEAV5S 9 :I* ! ,JU/ W\LD REJO9 HIM 7#a#c_/#a#d71 HE W\LD IMMOLATE HIMSELF 9 HIS CELE/IAL SANCTU>Y1 NOT 9 A TEMPLE CON/RUCT$ 'BY ! H& ( MAN'2 HE WORK$ ! PURIFICATION ( S9 BY HIS BLOOD1 BUT HE DID NOT TAKE !IR S9S ON HIM & DID NOT BECOME 'MAL$ICTION4'.<#a#h#f.>  
  

,! DRAMA ( ! 9TEMPORAL ,*RI/ EXCLUDES ALL T]RE/RIAL HI/ORICAL EVID5CE4 ,MOREOV]1 HE DID NOT LIVE ON E>?3 HE 0APPE>$0 9 FLE% 7#i1 #b#f7 SO AS TO ID5TITY HIMSELF ) ! HUMANS1 :OM HE WAS *>G$ ) SAV+4 ,! PROTOTYPE ?AT IS SUGGE/$ H]E IS ,MEL*ITS$EQ1 :O WAS LIKE ,JESUS 0)\T FA!R OR MO!R1 )\T G5EAOLOGY1 NEI!R HAV+ A BEG9N+ TO HIS DAYS NOR AN 5D TO HIS LIFE40 ,?OSE :O DISAV[ ! ,*RI/ WILL BE TRAMPL$ BY HIM 7#a1 #a#c72 GEH5NA AWAITS ! IMPI\S4 

,MANY TRAITS ( ! PRIMITIVE K]NEL ( ! ,EPI/LE TO ! ,HEBREWS >E F\ND 9 ! NOTES ?AT1 P]HAPS1 W]E DRAFT$ BY ,SAUL_/,PAUL4 

,SAUL1 ,CALL$ ,PAUL ( ,T>SE 

  

,CA?OLICS1 ,BYZANT9ES1 ,PROTE/ANTS & ,*RI/IANS ( ALL K9DS HAVE ]ECT$ ,PAUL & HIS ,*RI/IC !OLOGY AS A PILL> ( ! ,*UR*4 ,HIS BIOGRAPHY (F]S FEW] LACUNAE ?AN ?AT ( ,HOLD]L94 ,B]N>D ,DUB\RG NOTES ) IRONY ?AT 0,EV]Y:]E ONE SPEAKS ( ! PSY*OLOGY ( ,PAUL1 ! VOYAGES ( ,PAUL1 ! DOCTR9AL EF=TS ( ,PAUL1 ! DIFFICULTIES ( ,PAUL1 ETC4 -- AS ELSE:]E & AS LOOSELY ONE SPEAKS ( ! MOOD-SW+S ( ,CALIGULA1 ! P]EGR9ATIONS ( ,LA ,P]UGIA1 ! HYPO!SES & !ORIES ( ,KEPL] & ! TRIBULATIONS ( ,SOCRATES4 ,?AT'S IT3 9 ! KN[+ RUMOR1 ,PAUL IS ! ,SOCRATES ( ! ,*UR*444 ,EV5 BETT]1 HE IS ! ,SOCRATES :O WRITES40.<#a#h#g.> 

,ON :AT IS SU* /RIK+ C]TITUDE BAS$8 ,ON A COMPOSITE NOVEL ?AT R$ACTORS FROM ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY COMPIL$ FROM MORAL FABLES & ,JEWI% MIDRA%IM1 ! MEAN+ ( :I* ESCAP$ !M & ?AT !Y TRANSLAT$ & EXPLICAT$ ANECDOTALLY1 BY HI/ORICIZ+ ! ,HEBRAIC MY?S4 ,& ON #ad LETT]S ?AT W]E WRITT5 AT ! TIME ( ! 9/AURATION ( ,CA?OLICISM & ,/ATE OR?ODOXY4 

,BY REVEAL+ ! 9COH]5CIES & IMPROPABILITIES ( ! FIR/ TEXT1 ,DUB\RG EMPHASIZES ! MIDRA%IC ELEM5TS ?AT >E REVEAL$ BY A RETROV]SION ( ! TEXT .<BACK.> 9TO ,HEBREW4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,ACTS ( ! ,APO/LES1 ,PAUL WAS A ,JEW :O BECAME A ,ROMAN CITIZ5 & WAS ORIG9ALLY FROM ,T>SE1 9 ,SICILY4 ,HE !N *ANG$ HIS ,JEWI% NAME1 ,SAUL1 TO ,PAUL4 ,HIS WRIT+S DO 9DE$ C>RY ! TRACES ( MANY ,SEMITISMS ?AT >E P]CEPTIBLE 9 ! ,GREEK R$ACTION4 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE A ,JEW & A ,ROMAN AT ! SAME TIME1 ,SMALLWOOD DECL>ES4 ,! ACCESSION TO ,ROMANITY 09VOLV$ ! DUTY TO P>TICIPATE 9 PAGAN SOCIAL RITES & RELIGI\S OBS]VANCES EQUALLY 9COMPATIBLE ) ,JEWI% OR?ODOXY40.<#a#h#h.> 

,?AT ! AU?ORS ( ! ,ACTS ( ! ,APO/LES ATTRIBUT$ TO ,PAUL A ,ROMAN CITIZ5RY 9 ,T>SE 9DICATES QUITE WELL ! EPO* 9 :I* !Y =G$ ?IS BIOGRAPHICAL FANTASY4 ,T>SE WAS NOT ,ROMANIZ$ UNTIL ! SECOND HALF ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY4 ,VOLTAIRE DID NOT FAIL TO P]CEIVE ! FOLL[+ 9 HIS ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,DICTION>Y3 0,WAS ,PAUL A ,ROMAN CITIZ51 AS HE BOA/S8 ,IF HE WAS FROM ,T>SE 9 ,SICILY1 ,T>SIS WASN'T A ,ROMAN COLONY UNTIL #a YE>S LAT]1 ALL ! ANTIQUE DEAL]S AGREE40 

,PAUL'S PILGRIM'S J\RNEY EVOKES ?AT ( ,5EA4 ,AFT] A SOJ\RN 9 ,MALTA1 ,PAUL BORR[$ AN ,ALEX&RIAN VESSEL SO AS TO RETURN TO ,ROME = ! 0TEA*+ ( ! ,DIOSCURES0 7,ACTS ( ! ,APO/LES1 #b#h1 #a#a74 ,9 ! ATTEMPT TO ACCORD ! ,HEBREW MY?S & ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY1 9 :I* ! SYMBOLISM ( ! ,DIOSCURES OR ,GEM5I DID NOT ASSUME A SMALL IMPORTANCE1 ?IS APP>5TLY J\RNALI/IC DETAIL AWAK5S E*OES ( ! VOYAGE ( ! 9ITIATE1 LIKE ?AT ( ! ,>GONAUTS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ! 9V5TOR ( ,PAUL -- ! ,*RI/IAN DUALI/ & ANTI-,SEMITE ,M>CION -- US$ HIS PR(ESSION AS A %IP-[N] & A MAN ( BUS9ESS TO F\ND HIS [N ,*UR*ES EV]Y:]E4 

,!RE=E1 ?R\< A /RANGE AMNESIA1 ! HI/ORIANS & BIOGRAPH]S ( ,PAUL G5]ALLY =GET TO M5TION ?AT HE WAS 9DE$ A PRODUCT ( ,M>CION1 ! BETE NOIRE = ,IR5EAUS1 ,T]TULLI51 ,JU/91 ,PH>ISIAN OR ,*RI/IAN ,JEWS &1 MU* LAT]1 ,CA?OLIC APOLOGI/S4 

,NEV]!LESS1 IT WAS ,M>CION & ,M>CION ALONE :O1 >\ND #ad OR #a#e1 REVEAL$ ! EXI/5CE ( #a EPI/LES WRITT5 BY SOMEONE NAM$ ,PAUL1 ! F\ND] ( ,*UR*ES 9 ! ,EA/4 

,& YET LETT]S EXI/ ?AT >E ANT]IOR TO ,M>CION & ?AT ATTE/ TO QU>RELS BETWE5 DIV]SE COMMUNITIES OR ,ESS5O-,*RI/IAN ,*UR*ES4 ,! HO/ILITY BETWE5 !SE GR\PS1 SOME SWORN TO ,JACOB1 ,PET] OR ,?OMAS1 O!RS SWORN TO ,SAUL_/,PAUL1 L$ ,BAU]1 ! HI/ORIAN1 TO CONJECTURE ?AT ! P]SONAGE ( ,SIMON :O WAS C>ICATUR$ 9 ! ,HOMELIES IS 9 FACT A DISSIMULATION ( ,SAUL1 :O -- 9 ! 5C\NT] ) ! 0TRUE WITNESSES10 ,JACOB & ,SIMON ,CEPHAS -- CLAIM$ TO HAVE RECEIV$ ! REVELATION ( ! ,MESSIAH4 

,:O IS ! ORIG9AL AU?OR ( ,PAUL'S EPI/LES1 :I* W]E RECOPI$ 9 ! ,F\R? ,C5TURY1 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ( DOGMATIC FABRICATION1 & RECA/$ FROM ! ,ROMAN PA/ ?AT ! ,*UR* ( ,CON/ANT9E & ,!ODORE W\LD FALSIFY )\T SCRUPLE8 ,LOISY D\BTS !IR 9TEGRITY & AU!NTICITY4 ,MEAKS HOLDS SEV5 ( ,PAUL'S LETT]S TO BE AU!NTIC1 ATTRIBUT+ ,!SSALONIANS ,I & ,I,I1 ,TIMO?Y ,I & ,I,I1 ,PHILEMON1 ,HEBREWS & ,TITUS TO ! ,PAUL9E S*OOLS ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY4.<#a#h#i.> 

,= ,ORY1 0! 9T]POLATIONS 9 ! LETT]S ( ,SA9T ,PAUL >E C]TA9 & OBVI\S2 !Y DRESS$ UP .<TRAVE/ISS5T.> ! ASPECT ( ,PAULISM 9 AN EXTRAVAGANT MANN]40 ,ACCORD+ TO ,DES*N]1 TODAY ONE RECOGNIZES ! EXI/5CE 9 ! ,FIR/ ,C5TURY ( SEV]AL %ORT NOTES1 E*OES ( PA/ORALS1 POLEMICS & MIDRA%IC SPECULATIONS ON ?IS ,MESSIAH :OM ,SAUL_/,PAUL NEV] PRES5T$ AS A HI/ORICAL P]SON4.<#a#i.> ,! WORD 0,*RI/0 COMES FROM ! ,BIBLE1 9 P>TICUL>1 FROM ,ESAIE2 ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS NOT IMPOSSIBLE ?AT 0,JESUS0 WAS AN ADDITION MADE AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY4 

,TO :OM >E ! LETT]S ADDRESS$8 ,! HI/ORIANS ( ,CA?OLIC & ,PROTE/ANT OB$I5CE HAVE DESIGN$ ! GOYIM TO BE ! ,NON-,JEWS1 :OM ,CA?OLICISM W\LD CALL ,G5TILES OR PAGANI 7PAGANS74 

,9 ,M$IEVAL ,HEBREW1 GOYIM HAS ! CONNOTATION ( IMPIETY1 :I* WAS EMPHASIZ$ BY ! ANA!MA3 0,MAY !IR BONES ROT40 ,DUB\RG REM>KS3 0,BUT 9 ! ,HEBREW ( ! ,BIBLE OR ,QUMRAN1 ,G,W,Y1 ,G,W,Y,M1 HAVE ! MEAN+S 'NATION1 NATIONS4' ,! EPI/LES ( ,SAUL_/,PAUL >E NOT ADDRESS$ TO ! ,ROMANS1 ,EPHESIANS1 ,GALATIANS OR ,COR9?IANS1 BUT TO ! ,JEWS OR ,JUDAIFI$ .<PEOPLE.> ( ! ,DIASPORA4 ,!Y >E ADDRESS$ TO ! ,JEWS ( ALL NATIONS4 ,!Y C>RY TRACES ( ! MIDRA%IM ( RIVAL GR\PS1 BE=E BE+ REVIS$ BY ,M>CION1 :O CUT !M LOOSE .<DESOLID>ISE.> FROM !IR PURELY ,JEWI% F\NDATIONS40.<#a#i#a.> ,! LETT]S TRANSMITT$ ! REVISIONI/ & ANTI-,JUDEAN !SES COMMON TO ,ESS5ISM1 ,NAZ>5ISM1 ,EBIONISM & ,EL*ASAITISM4 

,IF ,M>CION US$ ! AU?ORITY ( ,SAUL_/,PAUL TO GIVE AN APO/OLIC *>ACT] TO ! ,*UR*ES HE F\ND$ EV]Y:]E AGA9/ ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANITY1 ?IS WAS BECAUSE HE HAD DISCOV]$ 9 !M MANY >GUM5TS AGA9/ OR?ODOX ,JUDAISM1 NAY1 AGA9/ ,Y,H,:4 

,! MIDRA%IM & POLEMICAL FRAGM5TS ( ,SAUL ?US FELL 9TO ,M>CION'S H&S AT ! MOM5T ( ! RUPTURE ) ! ,NAZ>5E_/,EL*ASAITE CURR5T4 ,M>CION RECOPI$ !M1 NOT )\T B5D+ !IR MEAN+ ACCORD+ TO ! POLEMICAL ORI5TATIONS ( ! TIME4 ,HE 9T5D$ TO F$]ATE HIS ,*RI/IAN ,*UR*ES BY IMPOS+ UPON !M ! C5TRAL REF]5CE .<PO9T.> ( ,ROME1 ?US ANN\NC+ TWO C5TURIES 9 ADVANCE ! POLITICS 9/AURAT$ BY ,CA?OLICISM4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,M>CION'S AU?ORIT>IANISM & HIS HAU<T9ESS AS A MAN ( BUS9ESS 7A LEG5D HAS IT ?AT HE ATTEMPT$ TO BUY ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES IMPLANT$ 9 ,ROME1 ( :I* ! ,PA/OR ( ,H]MAS COLLAT$ ! MY?S1 LEG5DS & POLEMICS7 SET AGA9/ HIM ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANS & ! ,HELL5IZ$ ,*RI/IANS :O -- HO/ILE TO ,*RI/IAN ,JEWS -- REFUS$ ,M>CION & HIS DOCTR9E1 JUDG+ HIS DUALISM & GLOBAL CONDEMNATION ( ,HEBRAIC MY?OLOGY 7! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T7 TO BE UNACCEPTABLE4 

,REVIS$ BY ,M>CION1 ,PAUL'S LETT]S W\LD !N BE SUBMITT$ TO ! CORRECTIONS JUDG$ TO BE USEFUL BY ! ANTI-,M>CIONITES3 ,JU/91 ,POLYC>P1 ,T]TULLI51 & ,IR5EAUS4 ,9 ADDITION1 ,TATIAN -- ! PRESUM$ AU?OR ( ! FIR/ V]SION ( ! ?REE GOSPELS CALL$ SYNOPTIC -- IMPROV$ !IR ES!TIC ASPECT BY F9ALIZ+ .<PAUF9ANT.> & H>MONIZ+ !M ) ! ,GREEK V]SION4.<#a#i#b.> ,BUT ,TATIAN1 :O WAS CONDEMN$ MU* LAT] = ! EXTREME ASCETICISM ?AT HE %>$ ) ?OSE FAI?FUL TO ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY1 :I* WAS A BOOK ( ,PAUL9E EPI/LES TO :I* OR?ODOXY W\LD REQUIRE SEV]AL ADJU/M5TS TO BE MADE4 ,H[ MANY REVISIONS1 9T]POLATIONS & H>MONIZATIONS W\LD FOLL[ EA* O!R1 /ACK$ UP1 /RATIFI$1 ALL TO PRODUCE ! HI/ORICAL AU!NTICITY ( MANUSCRIPTS FROM ! ,F\R? ,C5TURY6 ,C]TA9 ]UDITE PEOPLE HAVE1 NEV]!LESS1 F\ND$ !IR /UDIES & HONE/Y ON !SE LETT]S1 >BITR>ILY .<BACK.> DAT$ TO ! ,FIR/ ,C5TURY4 

,! TWO ,LETT]S TO ,TIMO?Y1 CALL$ 0PA/ORALS10 C>RY ANTI-,M>CIONITE DEVELOPM5TS4 7,ON ! O!R H&1 ! VOYAGES EVOK$ MI<T WELL BE ?OSE ( ,M>CION4 ,! NAMES ,TITUS1 ,M>K & ,LUKE FIGURE 9 IT47 ,!Y EMANAT$ FROM ! 5EMIES ( ! %IP-[N]4 ,! AU?OR1 :O HAD NO SCRUPLES AB\T SIGN+ IT 0,PAUL1 APO/LE ( ! ,*RI/0 W\LD BE -- ACCORD+ TO ,DES*N].<#a#i#c.> -- ! BI%OP NAM$ ,POLYC>P 7SECOND HALF ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY71 :O WAS CLOSE TO ! ,*RI/IAN CURR5T ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY4 

,! TWO ,LETT]S TO ! ,!SSALONIANS DISAV[ AN OLD] LETT] BY ,PAUL4 .<#a#i#d.> 

,! ,LETT] TO ! ,GALATIANS RETA9S SOME?+ ( ! QU>RELS BETWE5 ! ,JEWS ( ! ,DIASPORA4 ,! FIR/ ,LETT] TO ! ,COR9?IANS EXTOLS ASCETICISM & ADVANCES ! ,PH>ISIAN IDEA ( ! RESURRECTION ( ! BODY4 ,! SECOND EVOKES DIFF]5CES ) ,APOLLOS4 

,9 ! ,LETT] TO ! ,COLOSSIANS1 UNLIKE ! O!R TEXTS1 ! WORD 0*UR*0 TAKES ON A ,CA?OLIC MEAN+ & IS ?US ( A LAT] DATE4 

,PRISCILLA /ILL HELD ! ,LETT] TO ! ,LAODICIANS AS AN AU!NTIC TEXT FROM ,PAUL1 :5 IT WAS A ,M>CIONITE TEXT FROM ! YE>S #a#f-#a#i4.<#a#i#e.> 

,IS IT NECESS>Y TO RECALL ?AT ALL ( ! SO-CALL$ ,CA?OLIC LETT]S PLAC$ UND] ! NAMES ,PET] 7,I & ,I,I71 ,JOHN 7,I1 ,I,I1 & ,I,I,I71 ,JACOB & ,JUDAS >E =G]IES8 ,9 ! ,?IRD ,C5TURY1 ,ORIG9E M5TIONS !M = ! FIR/ TIME & JUDGES !M SUBJECT TO CONTROV]SY4 

,! CORRESPOND5CE ( ,S5ECA & ,PAUL1 NO D\BT 9SPIR$ BY ,J]OME1 0,FA!R ( ! ,*UR*10 ALL-TOO-CONV5I5TLY (F]S A ,PAUL :O WAS ! CONTEMPOR>Y ( ,N]O & A P]FECT ,ROMAN CITIZ54 ,!SE LETT]S MET ! FATE ( ! LETT]S EX*ANG$ BETWE5 ,JESUS ( ,NAZ>E? & ,K+ ,AGB>4 ,CONC]N+ SEV]AL \T-&-\T FALSEHOODS1 ,DAUB] F9DS TRU? MORE EASILY 9 ! EPI/OL>Y FIDDL+ .<TRIPOTAGES.> ( ! APO/LE4 

,:AT REMA9S ( ,SAUL_/,PAUL AFT] HE'S BE5 SCRE5$ BY ! CRITIQUE ?AT IS LEGITIMATE TO BR+ TO BE> ON EV]Y DUBI\S HI/ORICAL P]SON8 

,HE WAS ASSUR$LY A ,JEW1 P]HAPS ,HELL5IZ$ BUT C]TA9LY NOT A ,ROMAN CITIZ54 ,P]HAPS HE BELONG$ TO ,PH>ISAISM1 AS HIS LEG5DS SUGGE/4 ,9 ANY CASE1 HIS SYNCRETISM RETA9$ ! IDEA ( ! RESURRECTION ( ! BODY & AN ECCLESIATICAL ORGANIZATION ( :I* ! SYNAGOGUE (F]$ AN EFFICACI\S MODEL4 0,IT IS FOLL[+ ! ROAD 7"97 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ?OSE ( ! P>TY ?AT ,I W\LD BE ! ,GOD ( MY FA!RS1 KEEP+ MY FAI? 9 ALL ?AT !RE IS 9 ! ,LAW & 9 :AT IS WRITT5 BY ! PROPHETS1 HAV+ HOPE 9 ,GOD1 AS !Y HAVE IT 9 !MSELVES1 ?AT !RE WILL BE A RESURRECTION ( ! JU/ & ( ! S9N]S40 

7"97 ,ODOS1 ! 0ROAD10 & NOT HAIRESIS1 ! 0*OICE40 

,TRACES ( ,ESS5ISM >5'T LACK+ FROM ! ,PAUL9E CORPUS4 ,MURPHY ,O',CONNOR DETECT$ !IR PRES5CE4 

,TO ! DOCTR9E ( ! TWO ROADS1 ,LI<T & ,D>KNESS1 TO ANTI-,JUDAISM1 TO ! REFUSAL ( ! SACRIFICES ( ANIMALS 9 ! NAME ( P5IT5TIAL SACRIFICE1 W\LD BE ADD$ -- AS 9DICAT$ BY ,DUB\RG -- ! SYMBOLISM ( ! CONV]SION ( ,PAUL ON ! ROAD TO ,DAMASCUS1 NOT ! CITY1 BUT ,D,M,S1 ! SANCTU>Y4 ,SAUL REJECT$ ANTI-,ESS5E ,PH>ISAISM1 & 5C\NT]$ ! REVELATION ( ! EXPECT$ ,MESSIAH4 ,HE AFFIRM$ ! RETURN ( ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE1 ( ! ,JU/ ,P]SON ( :OM ,JACOB AFFIRM$ HIMSELF TO BE ! BRO!R4 ,HE SAW HIM 9 ! LI<T ( ,ESS5ISM4 ,& HE F\ND$ ,*UR*ES1 >\S+ ! ANIMOSITY ( ! E/ABLI%$ COMMUNITIES ?AT TREAT$ HIM AS A FALSE PROPHET4 

,IF ,PAUL PREA*$ ! UNIV]SAL ,*UR*1 IT WAS 9 /RICT OB$I5CE TO ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE1 = :OM ! ,*UR* 0WANTS TO BE UNIV]SAL1 PRES5T 9 ! 5TIRE WORLD1 ET]NAL2 IT FEELS ITSELF 9 COMMUNION ) ,$5 & EV5 ,%EOL40.<#a#i#f.> 

,9 ! NOVEL CALL$ ,ACTS ( ! ,APO/LES !RE IS POSSIBLE CONFUSION BETWE5 ,PAUL & ! ,EGYPTIAN1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ,!UDAS_/,?OMAS4 ,DID NOT ,SAUL MOM5T>ILY RALLY ! GR\PS LOYAL TO ! 0TW9 BRO!R ( ! ,SAVIOR0 BE=E ]ECT+ HIMSELF AS PRIVILEG$ WITNESS8 

,JU/ AS ,MOSES HE>D ! VOICE ( ,GOD 9 A FLAM+ BU%1 ,SAUL P]CEIV$ ! ,MESSIAH & HE>D HIS VOICE 9 AN ILLUM9ATION4 ,HE PROCLAIM$ 0TO HAVE BE5 9DIVIDUALLY SELECT$ APO/LE BY ! ,*RI/ HIMSELF1 9 A HEAD-TO-HEAD TO :I* HE WAS ! ONLY WITNESS40.<#a#i#g.> 

,H]E IS ! ONLY HOLD] ( ! TRU?1 PRIVILEG$ BY HIS [N AU?ORITY AMONG ! APO/LES1 :I* ! ,QUMRANIAN MANUSCRIPT ,WRIT+ FROM ,DAMASCUS MAKES PRECISE3 0,?OSE SUMMON$ BY A NAME >E .<ALSO.> ?OSE :O HOLD !MSELVES UPRI<T UNTIL ! 5D ( TIME40 ,BUT ,SIMON ( ,SAM>IA US$ ! SAME EXPRESSION1 9 A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T S5SE1 IT IS TRUE3 ! ,HE/OS1 ,HE-:O-HOLDS-HIMSELF-UPRI<T1 IS ! MAN :O CREATES HIS DE/9Y BY BE+ AW>E ( ! ,GREAT ,P[] 7! ,MEGALE ,DYNAMIS7 PRES5T 9 HIM4 ,AL?\< ! DOCTR9E ( ,SAUL_/,PAUL SITUATES ITSELF 9 A P]SPECTIVE RADICALLY OPPOS$ TO ?AT ( ,SIMON1 HIS ADV]S>IES W\LD /IGMATIZE HIM BY ID5TIFY+ HIM ) ,SIMON1 0:O WANT$ TO BE ,GOD40 7,9 ! BIBLICAL TEXTS !RE IS A ,SAUL1 SON ( ,SIMON1 BY :OM ! POLEMIC WAS P]HAPS MALICI\SLY 9SPIR$47 

,TRACES ( QU>RELS >5'T LACK+ 9 ,PAUL'S LETT]S4 ,A LEG5D>Y TRADITION REPORT$ BY ,EUSEBIUS HAS IT ?AT ,PAUL ASSASS9AT$ ,JACOB ! ,JU/4 ,! ,HOMELIES CONTA9 A DIRECT ATTACK ON ,SAUL1 AS ,CULLMANN EMPHASIZES3 0,TRU? DOESN'T NE$ TO BE RESE>*$ 9 AN ECSATIC WAY1 BUT IT IMPOSES ITSELF ON :OMEV] BELIEVES 9 ! TRUE PROPHET4 ,BY ?IS NATURAL ROAD1 IT WAS REVEAL$ TO ,PET] :5 HE MADE HIS CONFESSION3 ,Y\ >E ! SON ( ! ,LIV+ ,GOD4 ,SIMON 7?AT IS TO SAY1 ,PAUL71 ON ! O!R H&1 RE/$ HIS SUPPOS$ KN[L$GE ( ,JESUS ON A VISION ?AT HAD NO VALUE & ?AT CONF]R$ UPON HIM NO?+ ( ! RI<T TO ! APO/OLATE40.<#a#i#h.> 

,= !IR P>T1 ! ,PAUL9IANS DIDN'T SP>E ,PET]4 ,! EVANGELICAL FABLE ACCUS$ HIM ( HAV+ REPUDIAT$ ! ,*RI/1 ( BEHAV+ 9 SUM LIKE ANO!R TRAITOR1 ,JUDAS_/,?OMAS4 ,?US DO ! APOLOGETIC NOVELS TRANSLATE ! QU>RELS ( ASC5DANCY BETWE5 ! DIV]SE ,ESS5O-,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES ( ! ,FIR/ ,C5TURY4 

,! ,LETT] TO ! ,GALATIANS 7#b1 #a#a-#a#d7 BLAMES ,SIMON-,PET] 9 P>TICUL>3 0,BUT :5 ,CEPHAS W5T TO ,ANTIO*1 ,I REMA9$ OPPOS$ TO HIM BECAUSE HE WAS REPREH5SIBLE4 ,ACTUALLY1 BE=E ! >RIVAL ( SEV]AL PEOPLE S5T BY ,JACOB1 HE ATE ) ! PAGANS4 ,BUT :5 !Y >RIV$1 HE SNUCK AWAY & HELD HIMSELF ASIDE1 = FE> ( CIRCUMCISION4 ,LIKE HIM1 ! O!R ,JEWS DISSIMULAT$1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ,B>NABAS HIMSELF WAS TAK5 9 BY !IR HYPOCRISY40 

,! ALLUSION TO CIRCUMCISION1 UNIMAG9ABLE ON ! P>T ( ,SAUL1 A ,JEW1 SEEMS LIKE ! 9T]V5TION ( ! ANTI-,SEMITE ,M>CION 7,HORACE GIVES ! APPELLATION AN DECEPTIVE CONNOTATION & SPEAKS ( 0TURN+ UP ONE'S NOSE AT CIRCUMCISION074 

,9 ! SECOND ,LETT] TO ! ,COR9?IANS1 ,SAUL OBJECTS ?AT 0,I AM NOT AT ALL 9F]IOR TO ?OSE 'V]Y HI<' APO/LES1 AL?\< ,I AM NO?+40 

,?IS RESPONSE EMPHASIZES QUITE WELL ! NATURE ( ! REPROA*4 ,ANO!R 9T]E/+ 9DICATION APPE>S 9 ! ,LETT] TO ,TIMO?Y1 FALSELY ATTRIBUT$ TO ,PAUL1 :O NOT 5C\RAG$ HIS 9T]LOCUTOR TO LIVE 9 ,EPHESUS SO AS TO COMBAT ?OSE :O TELL 05DLESS G5EALOGICAL FABLES40 ,ISN'T ONE F\ND$ 9 SUPPOS+ ?AT C]TA9 ,*UR*ES UND]TOOK TO PROVIDE A HI/ORICAL CONSI/5CY TO ,JESUS :O1 EV] S9CE !N1 HAS BE5 V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! ,MESSIAH ( :OM ,SAUL_/,PAUL SPOKE8 

,BECAUSE ! ONLY ,MESSIAH ?AT ,PAUL RECOGNIZ$ WAS ! ANGELOS-*RI/OS1 ! 5VOY ( ,ADONAI4 ,& ON ?IS PO9T HIS BELIEF ACCORDS ) ?OSE ( ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANS1 ! ,M>CIONITES & ! ,ANTI-,M>CIONITES SU* AS ,JU/9 ! ,APOLOGI/4 ,R5AN IS P]CEPTIVE :5 HE WRITES3 0,= ,PAUL1 ,JESUS IS NOT A MAN :O LIV$ & TAU<T1 BUT A COMPLETELY DIV9E BE+40 

,! IRONY IS ?AT ! PROPHET :O WAS ! DE>E/ TO ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* UND5IABLY FELL UND] ! BL[ ( AN ACCUSATION ( H]ESY1 DICTAT$ BY ,CA?OLICISM ?R\< ! PROJECT ( FABRICAT+ ! HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE ( ,JESUS3 ,DOCETISM1 ! BELIEF 9 AN ,ANGEL-,MESSIAH ASSUM+ HUMAN =M = A BRIEF T]RE/RIAL & VOLUNT>Y D[NFALL4 

,! 9C>NAT$ ,SAVIOR1 DEAD & RESUSCITAT$1 HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) A RABBI AGITAT+ ! PEOPLE1 NOR ) A SAGE1 SLI<TLY ,BRAHMAN1 :O DISP5SES HIS SECRET WISDOM 9 ! LOGIA PI\SLY & FALSELY COMPIL$ BY ,MAT!W & ,?OMAS4 

,= ! ,*RI/IANS :O FOLL[$ ,PAUL1 = ! ,NAZ>5ES1 ! ,EBIONITES1 ! ,EL*ASAITES1 ! ,M>CIONITES & ! ,ANTI-,M>CIONITES 7AT LEA/ UP TO ,JU/971 ,JO%UA_/,JESUS HAD NEI!R *ILDHOOD1 P>5TS1 NOR ANY ADV5TURE O!R ?AN HIS DESC5T 9TO ! D>KNESS ( MATT] & HIS ASC5SION T[>DS ! ,LI<T4 ,HE APPE>$ SUDD5LY1 )\T ANYONE KN[+ FROM :5CE HE CAME4 ,HE WAS A CELE/IAL ,ADAM & A ,LOGOS4 ,EV5 ! CANONICAL GOSPEL PLAC$ UND] ! NAME ( ,M>K DOESN'T KN[ ANY?+ AB\T BABY ,JESUS & CONT5TS ITSELF ) ANECDOTALLY PUTT+ ON /AGE HIS REM>KS 7LOGIA7 ( WISDOM & HIS P5IT5TIAL MESSAGE4 

,LIKE ALL ,*RI/IANS UP TO ! YE>S #ae TO #a#f1 ,PAUL WAS A ,GNO/IC4 0,9 ,PAUL9E ,*RI/IANITY10 ,MACCOBY WRITES1 0! GNOSIS ?AT ! ,SAVIOR BE/[S IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! KN[L$GE ( ! SALVATIONAL P[] ( HIS [N SACRIFICE1 :I* ONLY HAS MEAN+ IF ! 9ITIATE %>ES ! MY/ICAL SACRIFICAL EXP]I5CE40.<#a#i#i.> 

,! ,GREEK TEXT ( ! LETT]S PRES5TS A GOOD NUMB] ( EXPRESSIONS ?AT W]E US$ 9 ,GNO/IC WRIT+S2 ! ,LAT9 & O!R TRANSLATIONS UND]TOOK TO EFFACE !M4 ,SPEAK+ ( ! ASSAULT ( ! =CES ( EVIL AGA9/ ! ,MESSIAH1 ! ,GREEK V]SION SAYS 0,NONE ( ! >*ONS ( ?IS EON 7>*TON T\ A9OS T\T\7 KNEW 7HIS GLORY7 BECAUSE1 IF !Y HAD KN[N1 !Y W\LD NOT HAVE CRUCIFI$ ! GLORI\S ,SAVIOR0 7,I ,COR9?IANS1 #b1 #h74 ,! ,*RI/ IS A PNEUMA3 0! ,SAVIOR IS ! ,SPIRIT0 7,I,I ,COR9?IANS1 #c1 #a#g74 

0,IF ,I LIVE1 IT IS NO LONG] ME :O LIVES1 IT IS ! ,*RI/ :O LIVES 9 ME10 HE WRITES 9 ! ,EPI/LE TO ! ,GALATIANS 7#b1 #a71 BUT S9CE ,*RI/ IS A PNEUMA1 ,PAUL IS A PNEUMATICOS1 A 0,P]FECT ,ONE0 POSSESS$ BY ! SPIRIT ?AT EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 HIM4 7,PAUL'S CONCEPTION ( A PNEUMATIC BAPTISM WAS OPPOS$ TO ! BAPTISM BY WAT] ( ! ,EL*ASAITES & ,NAZ>5ES47 ,& ,LEISEGANG REM>KS3 0,IT IS NO LONG] HE :O LIVES BUT ! ,*RI/ :O LIVES 9 HIM1 SPEAK+ ) HIS M\?1 BECOM+ HIM4 ,SU* IS ! S5SE 9 :I* ,SIMON .<( ,SAM>IA.> WAS AW>E ( BE+ ! ,GREAT ,P[] ,GOD40.<#b.> 

,PAUL'S DUALISM IS EXPRESS$ BY ! ROAD ( ,LI<T & ! ROAD ( ,D>KNESS1 ! 9W>D MAN & ! \TW>D MAN1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,*RI/ & ,BELIAL1 *IEF ( ! WORLD .<SIECLE.>4 ,NEV]!LESS1 NO ALLUSION TO ! TWO ,GODS PUTS ,JEWI% MONO!ISM 9TO QUE/ION = HIM4 

,ELSE:]E1 ,PAUL F\<T O!R ,GNO/ICS -- ,NICOLAITES OR ,B>BELITES -- 9 ,COR9? :O E/IMAT$ ?AT EC/ASY1 9 :I* ! PNEUMA OR ,HOLY ,SPIRIT REVEALS ITSELF1 GIVES ONE ! FRE$OM TO ACT ACCORD+ TO ONE'S DESIRES 7,I ,COR9?IANS1 #f1 #a#b1 #a#e1 #a#f74 ,ONE MORE TIME1 ! *OICE BETWE5 A DAILY PRACTICE GOV]N$ BY ASCETICISM OR BY H$ONISM DET]M9$ ! DEM>CATION AMONG ! V>I\S ,GNO/ICISMS4 

,! ,LETT] TO ! ,COLOSSIANS EVOKES ! OPPOSITION ( ! ,PAUL9E CURR5T TO A ,H]METICI/ GR\P ?AT APPEAL$ TO ! A/RAL MAGIC ?AT IS C>RI$ BY AMULETTES OR ABRAXAS .</ONES.>4 ,! EPI/LE EXPLICITLY REJECTS ! DOCTR9E ( ! /OI*EA4 ,ONE MU/ R5\NCE IT TO FOLL[ ! ,*RI/1 0BECAUSE IT IS 9 HIM ?AT ! PL]OME ( ! DIV9ITY TRULY RESIDES0 & 0WE >E 5SLAV$ TO ! ELEM5TS ( ! WORLD0 7UPO TA /OI*EIA T\ COSM\74 ,! !ORY ( ! /OI*EIA ACCORDS ) MAGICAL RITES & 9CANTATIONS SU* AS ! 0SONG ( ! SEV5 PLANET>Y V[ELS10 ! P[] TO ACT ON HEAV5LY BODIES & ! DE/9IES ( M54 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ,LETT] TO ! ,COLOSSIANS ALLUDES TO A SECRET DOCTR9E1 SECRET 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! GOSPELS REVEAL APOCRYPHA1 OR HIDD5 ?+S4 0,I KN[ A MAN 9 ,*RI/ :O1 F\RTE5 YE>S AGO -- WAS IT 9 MY BODY8 ,I DO NOT KN[1 WAS ?IS BEYOND MY BODY8 ,I DO NOT KN[1 ONLY ,GOD KN[S -- 4 ,?IS MAN WAS LIFT$ UP TO ! ?IRD HEAV5 .<444.> & HE>D ! 9EXPRESSIBLE WORDS ?AT NO MAN IS ALL[$ TO REPEAT0 7,I,I ,COR9?IANS1 #a#b1 #b74 ,VAL5T9E1 :O LEFT ,EGYPT = ,ROME1 :]E HE KNEW & F\<T AGA9/ ,M>CION >\ND #a#d3 DIDN'T HE CLAIM ?AT1 0?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ,!UDAS1 ONE ( ! PROP] DISCIPLES ( ,PAUL1 HE HIMSELF HAD UND]/OOD ! SECRET TEA*+S ( ,PAUL08.<#b#a.> ,!RE=E ,!UDAS IS NONE O!R ?AN ,?OMAS1 UND] :OSE NAME APPE>$ ! ,LOGIA ( ,JESUS DISCOV]$ AT ,NAG-,HAMMADI4 ,! CANONICAL GOSPEL ATTRIBUT$ TO ,JOHN IS RELAT$ TO ! ,GNO/IC GOSPELS BY VOCABUL>Y & IDEAS4 ,?US1 ! ,*RI/ EXI/$ 5 >*E 7AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORLD72 HE IS ! ,LOGOS ( ,GOD1 ! ,ZOE 7! ,LIFE7 & ! ,PHOS 7! ,LI<T7 ?AT SPREADS ! PNEUMA 7! SPIRIT7 ( LIFE4 ,?IS DOES NOT EXCLUDE ! REFUSAL ( ,SAM>ITAN GNOSIS1 :I* TRANSLAT$ ! 9T]VIEW BETWE5 ,JESUS & A ,SAM>ITAN WOMAN TO :OM HE EXPLA9$ ?AT ! SALVATION ( ! ,SAM>ITANS CAME FROM ,JUDEA4 

,! ,GOOD ,NEWS 7! ,GOSPEL7 ( ,PAUL CON/ITUTES ! ONLY GOSPEL TO :I* ,*RI/IANS ( ALL K9DS REF]R$ UNTIL ! ,?IRD ,C5TURY4 ,! ,EPI/LE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,CLEM5T1 :I* EMANAT$ FROM A ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN MILIEU AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY1 LET IT BE UND]/OOD ?AT ! ,MESSIAH :OSE RETURN HAD BE5 SO (T5 PROMIS$ /ILL HAD NOT YET COME4 

,! ,GOOD ,NEWS ( ,PAUL -- BUT ISN'T IT RA!R ! ,GOOD ,NEWS ( ,M>CION8 -- IS ?AT ! ,R$EEM] IS BEAUTIFUL & WELL MANIFE/$ BY A SUFF]+ ,MESSIAH4 ,JEWS W]E NOT ! ONLY ONES NOT TO RECOGNIZE HIM .<,JESUS.>1 BUT !Y PUT HIM TO DEA?4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiib 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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