,*APT] #ae 
,! ,NEW ,PROPHECY & ! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,POPUL> ,*RI/IANITY 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#e3 ,! ,NEW ,PROPHECY & ! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ,POPUL> ,*RI/IANITY 

  

,BORN UND] ! PRESSURE .<L'IMPULSION.> ( ! ,ZEALOT GU]RILLA W> & ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,GRECO-,ROMAN OPPRESSION1 ! MESSIANISM ( ! ,FIR/ ,C5TURY P>TICIPAT$ EXCLUSIVELY 9 A ,JUDAISIM ?AT WAS ON ! ROAD TO RE=MATION1 HO/ILE TO ! ,SADDUCEANS & ! ,PH>ISIANS4 

,! SECTS ?AT SPECULAT$ ON ! SECRET NAME ( ! ,MESSIAH DID NOT AGREE ) ?OSE DEVOT$ TO ,JO%UA 9 ! #hS & #iS1 :O DEVELOP$ A PHILOSOPHICAL & ESOT]IC DOCTR9E ?AT WAS H>DLY PROPITI\S = WIDE DI/RIBUTION4 ,! ,EL*ASAITE ,*RI/IANS1 :O >\S$ ! SUSPICIONS ( ! GOV]NOR ( ,BY?9IA1 ,PL9Y ! ,Y\NG]1 (F]$ ! V]Y FIR/ EXAMPLE ( A ,*RI/IANITY IMPLANT$ 9 LESS FIRM MILIEUS4 ,!Y PRACTIC$ SOCIAL AID TO WID[S1 ORPHANS1 & ! DIS9H]IT$2 IMITAT+ ! PRESCRIPTIONS ( HONOR 9 ! ,PH>ISIAN COMMUNITIES1 !Y PRAY$ TO & CELEBRAT$ ! ,GOD-,MESSIAH 7*RI/O QUASI ,DEO1 9 ! WORDS ( A LETT] BY ,PL9Y74 

,!IR NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE /ILL HAD NOT YET >\S$ ! DI/RU/ ( ! AU?ORITIES1 BEYOND ,BY?9IA1 NEI<BOR+ REGION TO ,PHRYGIA1 :]E ! CULTS ( ,ATTIS & ,MI?RAS W]E /ILL DOM9ANT4 ,H]E WAS ! FIR/ DE-,JUDAIZ$ & EXOT]IC ,*RI/IANITY1 A MASS ,*RI/IANITY -- ( A K9D TO TICKLE ! ,SA9T-,SULPICIAN IMAG9ATIONS ( PEOPLE LIKE ,SI5KIEWICZ & TUTTI QUANTI -- ?AT REJUV5AT$1 A C5TURY LAT]1 ! M>TYRS ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY SO AS TO ?R[ !M 9TO ,N]O'S LION'S D54 

,IT ISN'T USELESS TO 9SI/ UPON IT3 ! ,*UR* BEHAV$ T[>DS ! V>I\S ,*RI/IANITIES FROM :I* IT ISSU$ LIKE ,/AL91 :O EXCLUD$ FROM HI/ORY ! FIR/ ,BOL%EVIKS BY ]ECT+ ,L59 AS A HOLY APO/LE4 ,! TRUE ,*RI/IANITY1 ?AT :I* GAVE A HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE TO ,JESUS1 9V5T$ ,M>Y1 ,JOSEPH1 ! ,*ILD1 ! POPUL> AGITATOR1 ! 5EMY ( ! ,JEWS1 ! GOOD ?IEF PUT TO DEA? UND] .<! REIGN (.> ,TIB]IAS1 ! RE-GR\P] ( ! APO/LES ( RIVAL *UR*ES1 & ! FIR/ REF]5CES TO ,PONTIUS ,PILATE3 ! ,*RI/IANITY ?AT 5G5D]$ NEW ?9K]S1 :O -- 9CURR+ ! NAMES ,PHRYGIAN H]ESY1 ,MONTANISM1 ,PEPUZISM1 ,5CRATISM -- W\LD BE EXCOMMUNICAT$ FROM ! ,*UR* BY ,T]TULLIAN 9 ! ,F\R? ,C5TURY4 

,:ILE ! ,M>CIONITE ,*UR*ES BR&I%$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,APO/LE ,PAUL ) ! SUPPORT ( PROGRAMMATIC LETT]S & CLA%$ ) ! TRADITIONAL ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES1 ! ,*RI/IANITY PREA*$ BY ! PROPHET ,MONTANUS BECAME SUCCESSFUL 9 ,PHRYGIA & SOON AFT] 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 ,PALE/9E1 & ,ASIA ,M9OR1 & !N TURN$ T[>DS ,ROME & WON OV] ,GAUL4 

,MONTAN ADDRESS$ HIMSELF TO ! DIS9H]IT$1 SLAVES1 >TISANS & RI* PEOPLE :O HAD R5\NC$ !IR GOODS1 & NO LONG] TO ! EXEGETES V]S$ 9 ! 9T]PRETATION ( MY?OLOGICAL WRIT+S1 OR TO ! BIBLICAL RATS ?AT NIBBL$ ON WORDS SO AS TO N\RI% !IR ASC5DANCY OV] A H&FUL ( DISCIPLES4 

,! IMPORTANT ?+ WAS NO LONG] GNOSIS1 KN[L$GE1 LE>N+ ?AT DIS5TANGL$ ! OBSCURE ROADS LEAD+ TO SALVATION1 BUT FAI?1 ! PI/IS1 ! DESIRE .<LE S5TIM5T.> TO BELONG TO ! >MY ( ! ,*RI/1 ! DISPOSITION TO SACRIFICE ONE'S LIFE = HIM AS HE SACRIFIC$ HIS LIFE = ! PR(IT ( MANK9D1 :ATEV] NATION OR SOCIAL CLASS TO :I* !Y BELONG$4 

,! MOVEM5T ?AT WAS PROPAGAT$ UND] ! NAME ,NEW ,PROPHECY C\NT]SIGN$ ! BIR? ( A V]ITABLE1 MOD]N ,*RI/IANITY1 /RIPP$ ( ITS ,JUDAITY1 A ,*RI/IANITY ?AT TOOK EXCEPTION TO GNO/IC 9TELLECTUALITY & .<9/EAD.> TAU<T ! PR9CIPLES ?AT REMA9$ LONG-LIV$ UNTIL ! DECL9E ( ,CA?OLICISM & ,PROTE/ANTISM3 SACRIFICE1 ! R5UNCIATION ( ! GOODS ( ?IS WORLD1 VOLUNT>Y POV]TY1 ! TA/E = M>TYRS1 ! CONSECRATION ( SUFF]+1 *A/ITY1 VIRG9ITY1 AB/95CE & MISOGYNY1 ! EXECRATION ( PLEASURE & ! REPRESSION ( DESIRE4 

,AL?\< V>I\SLY RECEIV$ ACCORD+ TO ! REGION & ! .<LOCAL.> *UR* -- ! ,M>CIONITES & ! PNEUMATICS SCORN$ IT1 ! BI%OPS :O W]E TOL]AT$ BY ! IMP]IAL P[] DREAD$ ITS O/5TATI\S PRET5SIONS TO M>TYRDOM -- ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY ATTRACT$ A L>GE MEMB]%IP &1 = ! V]Y FIR/ TIME .<9 ! HI/ORY ( ,*RI/IANITY.>1 ORGANIZ$ A P[]FUL F$]ATION ( *UR*ES1 9 :I* ! RIVAL OB$I5CES TO ,CEPHAS1 ,JACOB1 ,?OMAS1 ,CLEM5T1 ,SAUL_/,PAUL1 NAY1 EV5 C]TA9 FR+ES ( ,NAASS5ISM & ,SE?IANISM1 W]E SUBSUM$4 .<,IRONICALLY1.> ?IS WAS ! EVANGELICAL ,*RI/IANITY AB\T :I* V>I\S MILL5>IANS & APO/OLICS -- /RUGG+ AGA9/ ! ,*UR* ( ,ROME1 :I* HAD BE5 BORN 9 ! CORRUPTION ( TEMPORAL P[] & W\LD REMA9 P[] & CORRUPTION -- HAD DREAM$4  
  

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,>\ND #a#f1 ! PROPHET ,MONTAN1 9 :OM ,*RI/ WAS SUPPOS$LY .<RE.>9C>NAT$1 PREA*$ ! GOOD WORD 9 ,PHRYGIA & ,MYSIE4 ,HE WAS SECOND$ BY TWO PROPHETESSES1 ,PRISCA 7OR ,PRISCILLA7 & ,MAXIMILIA1 :I* WAS AN 9NOVATION ?AT WAS 9 FLAGRANT CONTRADICTION ) ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANITY & ,M>CIONISM4 

,! ,NEW ,PROPHECY ANN\NC$ ! 5D ( TIME4 ,IT WAS A MILL5>IANISM TO :I* ,IR5AEUS & ,H]MAS %[$ !MSELVES TO BE RECEPTIVE4 ,ASCETICISM WAS ]ECT$ AS A RULE ( CONDUCT4 ,! FAI?FUL1 9VIT$ TO REP5T1 TO FA/ & TO PURIFY !IR S9S1 W\LD 9AUGU>ATE ! ,NEW ,J]USALEM1 DE/9$ TO CONCRETIZE ! LOCATION ( ! TWO M>KET T[NS ( :I* ALL TRACES HAVE BE5 LO/3 ,PEPUZE & ,TYNION4 

,MONTAN'S SYNCRETISM DREW ABUNDANTLY FROM ! GREAT COMPET+ RELIGION1 ?AT ( ,ATTIS4 ,FROM ?IS EPO* COMES COMMUNION ?R\< BREAD & W9E1 ID5TIFI$ ) ! FLE% & BLOOD ( ! ,MESSIAH1 :I* W]E US$ 9 ! RITUALS ( ,ATTIS4 ,= ! VOLUNT>Y CA/RATION ( ! PRIE/ ( ,CYBELE-,ATTIS WAS SUB/ITUT$ ! CA/RATION ( DESIRE1 AB/95CE & ! VIRTUE ( VIRG9ITY TO :I* C]TA9 BELIEV]S %[$ !MSELVES TO BE SO ATTA*$ ?AT !Y PREF]R$ PUNI%M5T TO R5\NC+ IT4 

,! PROVOCATIVE TA/E = M>TYRS SOON ATTRACT$ ! AGGRESSIVE >DORS ( ! CR[DS1 ALWAYS DISPOS$ TO RELIEVE !MSELV]S ( ! WEAK & ! RESIGN$1 & ?OSE ( ! FUNCTION>IES :O W]E DELI<T$ TO FURNI% A DIV]SION AWAY FROM !IR POLITICS ( DESPOILATION & MALFEASANCE4 

,>\ND #aff OR #a#f#g1 ! POGROMS 9 ,SMYRNA 9VOLV$ ! DEA? ( ! BI%OP ,POLYC>PUS4 ,!REAFT]1 ,POLYC>PUS -- ! PUTATIVE AU?OR ( A LETT] FROM ! ,*UR* ( ,SMYRNA TO ! COMMUNITY ( ,PHILAMALIUM1 9 ,PHRYGIA1 & SUBSEQU5TLY SUSPECT$ ( ADH]+ TO ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY -- WAS CELEBRAT$ 9 ! ,ACTS ?AT EXALT$ HIS M>TYRDOM4 ,BUT ,EUSEBIUS ( ,CES>EA1 MADE AN 9=M] = ! PROCE$+S ( ! ,*UR*1 TOOK C>E TO ADD AN ANTI-,MONTANI/ 9T]POLATION1 AS ,CAMP5HAUSE HAS PROV$4.<#b#d.> 

,! ,NEW ,PROPHECY DOM9AT$ ,C>?AGE1 :]E ,T]TULLIAN W\LD %9E1 & 9 ,LYON1 :]E ,IR5AEUS DEF5D$ !IR MILL5>IANISM & ASCETICISM4 ,9 ,ROME1 ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY 5JOY$ ! FAVOR ( AT LEA/ ONE BI%OP1 ,ELEU!RA4 ,SEV]AL POGROMS ?AT 9DISCRIM9ATELY MASSACR$ ,JEWS & ,*RI/IANS DECIMAT$ ! ADH]5TS TO ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY 9 ,LYON & ,VI5NA 9 #a#g#g1 & 9 ,PALE/9E 9 #a#g#h4 ,T]TULLIAN W\LD S+ ! PRAISES ( ! M>TYRS ( ,SCILLITA1 LYN*$ 9 #a#h4 ,! P]SECUTIONS ?AT ! NEW ,*RI/IANS ATTRACT$1 AS A LI<T5+ ROD ATTRACTS LI<T5+1 5G5D]$ 9 WILL+LY ANTI-,SEMITIC M9DSETS .<! DESIRE TO COMMIT.> MORE MASSACRES ?AT W]E NO LONG] 5C\RAG$ BY ! CUNN+ CONS5T ( ! PROCURATORS :O PLAY$ ! ROLE ( ,PONTIUS ,PILATE WA%+ HIS H&S1 BUT W]E ORD]$ BY ! IMP]IAL P[]4 

,! QUE/ = M>TRYS EV5 PROVOK$ ! REPUGNANCE ( !IR P]SECUTORS4 ,DID NOT ,T]TULLIAN REPORT1 9 A PROTE/ ?AT WAS ADDRESS$ TO ! PRO-CONSUL ,SCAPULA -- ,AD ,SCAPULAM1 #e1 #a1 FROM #bab OR #bac -- ?AT 9 #ahe ! PRO-CONSUL ( ,ASIA1 ,>RIUS ,ANTON9US1 5C\NT]$ A GR\P ( ,*RI/IANS C>RY+ KNOTT$ CORDS >\ND !IR NECKS & ASK$ :O S5T5C$ !M8 ,! PRO-CONSUL S5T !M BACK1 TELL+ !M ?AT IF !Y WANT$ TO COMMIT SUICIDE1 !RE W]E CLIFFS & PRECIPES FROM :I* TO ?R[ !MSELVES4.<#b#d#a.> 

,IT W\LD HAPP5 ?AT SU* AN O/5TATI\S PROP5SITY = DEA? SANCTIFI$ BY PUNI%M5T W\LD >\SE ! PRUD5T REPROBATION ( ! BI%OPS1 NAY1 ! SIMPLE ,*RI/IANS :O E/IMAT$ ?AT CONT95CE & PRIVATION SUFFIC$ TO GU>ANTEE !IR HAPP9ESS 9 ! BEYOND4 ,!SE SAME RES]VATIONS W\LD BE REVIV$ 9 ! ,?IRD ,C5TURY1 :5 ,NOVATIAN'S MOVEM5T W\LD REVIVE ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY 9 ITS MO/ EXTREME ASPECTS2 &1 9 ! ,F\R? ,C5TURY1 :5 ! ,DONATI/S & ! ,CIRCONCELLIONS EXCOMMUNICAT$ ! LAPSI1 ! PRIE/S :O ABJUR$ BY >GU+ ?AT A LIV+ PRIE/ WAS BETT] ?AN A DEAD ONE :5 IT CAME TO PROPAGAT+ ! FAI?4 

,! ,NEW ,PROPHECY 5C\NT]$ ! HO/ILITY ( C]TA9 LEAD]S ( ! EKKLESIAI4 ,! ,EPISCOPE ( ,AN*IALE1 9 ,?RACE1 TOOK MEASURES AGA9/ ITS ADEPTS 9 #a#g#g1 :ILE ! P]SECUTION WAS RAG+ 9 ,LYON4 ,A C]TA9 ,!MISON PRODUC$ AGA9/ ! NEW ,*RI/IANITY AN ,EPI/OLA AD OMNES ECCLESIAS1 :I* ,RUF9 W\LD HA/5 TO 9T]PRET AS A DEF9ITE REF]5CE TO ,CA?OLICISM4 7,9 REALITY1 ,MONTANISM F\ND$ ! FIR/1 ACTUALLY POPUL> ECCLESIA/ICAL UNIV]SALITY .<CA?OLICON.>1 :I* WAS NO LONG] ELITI/1 AS ,M>CION'S HAD BE547 ,! BI%OP ,MELITON ( ,S>D9IA WAS ALSO DEAD-SET AGA9/ ! PROPHETIC RAGE ( ,MONTANISM 9 ,ON ! ,*RI/IAN ,LIFE & ! ,PROPHETS4 ,HE HAD ! BE/ REASONS 9 ! WORLD1 BECAUSE1 9 ! MANN] ( ,JU/91 HE ADDRESS$ TO ! EMP]ORS APOLOGIES & APPEALS 9 FAVOR ( A RELIGION = :I* HE SOLICIT$ TOL]ANCE4 ,ONE ALSO CITES .<9 ?IS CONTEXT.> ,!OPHILE ( ,ANTIO* & ,A!NAGORAS4 

,>\ND #a#i#e1 ,APOLLONIOS ( ,EPHESUS1 A P]SONAL 5EMY ( ,T]TULLIAN1 AFFIRM$ 7?\< ?IS S\NDS MORE LIKE ,EUSEBIUS7 ?AT 0,MONTANUS & HIS CRAZY FEMALE PROPHETESSES0 W]E HUNG & ?AT 0,PRISCILLA & ,MAXIMILIA GAVE !MSELVES UP TO DEBAU*]Y10.<#b#d#b.> :I* IS NOT AT ALL SURPRIS+4 

,IF WE FOLL[ ,RUNCIMAN3 0,9 ! ,SIX? ,C5TURY1 ! CONGREGATIONS ( ,MONTANI/S BURN$ !MSELVES ALIVE 9 !IR *UR*ES RA!R ?AN SUBMIT TO ! P]SECUTION ( ,JU/9IAN4 ,9 ! ,EI<? ,C5TURY1 ! REMA9D] ( ! SECT P]I%$ 9 A SIMIL> HOLOCAU/40.<#b#d#c.> 

,R$UC$ TO ! /ATE ( A M>G9AL SECT BY #c#c#a1 *RI/5$ 0,PHRYGIAN H]ESY10 0,MONTANISM10 EV5 0,PEPUZISM0 7BY ,BASILIDES1 ,EPIPHANIUS1 ! CODEX ( ,!ODOSE1 & ,AUGU/9 ( ,HIPPONE1 :O BORR[$ IT FROM ,EPIPHANE71 ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY =M$ ! F\NDATIONS .<ASSISES.> ( ,GRECO-,ROMAN ,*RI/IANITY4 ,IT IS IRONIC ?AT ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY'S EXTREME MASO*ISM FURNI%$ ! HI/ORY ( ! ,*UR* ) A GOOD P>T ( ITS (FICIAL M>TYROLOGY4 

,! ,CA?OLICS APPROPRIAT$ ,BL&9E & HIS COMPANIONS FROM ,LYON4 ,! ,ACTS ?AT EXALT$ ! PUNI%M5T ( ! FAI?FUL1 :O W]E ?US ASSUR$ ( AN ET]NAL FELICITY1 FELL UND] ! HEAD+ ( ,MONTANI/ PROPAG&A4 ,9 ! ,?IRD ,C5TURY1 TWO WORKS A*IEV$ A REM>KABLE POPUL> SUCCESS3 ,! ,M>TYRDOM ( ,MONTANUS & ,LUCIUS & ,! ,M>YTRDOM ( ,P]PETUE & ,FELICITY4 ,!Y TOOK ! =M ( LETT]S TO ! ,*UR* ( ,C>?AGE 7,MONTANI/7 ?AT REC\NT$ ! PUNI%M5T ( TWO VIRG9S PUT TO DEA? 9 #b#c1 UND] ,SEPTIME ,SEV]E1 :O PROHIBIT$ ALL PROSELYTISM AMONG ,JEWS & ,*RI/IANS4 

,! M>TYRDOM ( ! ,MONTANI/ ,P]PETUE 9SPIR$ A VISION1 :I* WAS ATTRIBUT$ TO HIM & :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO H>D5 ! CONVICTIONS ( FUTURE VICTIMS4 ,9 IT1 ! AU?OR EVOKES A REFRIG]IUM1 A PLACE ( PRES]VATION 9 :I* ! M>TYR1 REFRE%$ & WA%$ ( HIS W\NDS1 WAITS = ! DAWN ( HIS GLORY & SOMETIMES MANIFE/S HIMSELF TO ! LIV+ TO EXHORT !M TO RELIGI\S DUTY4 ,! REFRIG]IUM -- 9 :I* ! PUNI%$1 5D[$ ) A NEW BODY1 PREP>ES TO %9E ON ! SIDE ( ! ,GOD ?ANKS TO AN IMM95T ASC5SION -- W\LD MU* LAT] GIVE BIR? TO .<! IDEA (.> PURGATORY4 

,IT IS MORE ?AN PROBABLE ?AT1 9 !IR FIR/ V]SIONS1 ! ,ACTS ( ,&REW1 ,PILATE1 ,PAUL & ,!CLA1 ,PET] & .<! O!R.> APO/LES EMANAT$ FROM ! 0PROPAG&A S]VICES0 ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY4 ,MANY W\LD BE SUBMITT$ TO REVISIONS 9 AN EASILY CALCULAT$ MANN]4  
  

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,PROPHETISM1 :I* WAS LITTLE VALU$ BY ! CL]GYM5 :O ASPIR$ TO EX]CISE !IR PRIE/HOOD ) ! B5$ICTION ( ! ,/ATE1 RISK$ L5D+ ITSELF TO UN=TUNATE ABUSE4 ,! PROPHET >ROGAT$ TO HIMSELF ! RI<T TO *ANGE ! ,LAW & ! LAWS1 S9CE ,GOD HAD SPOK5 ?R\< HIS M\?4 

,IF ONE CAN BELIEVE ,EPIPHANIUS ( ,SALAMIS'S ,PAN>ION 7,I,I1 #a1 #a#h71 ,MONTAN.<'S ,JESUS.> PROCLAIM$3 0,I AM NEI!R AN ANGEL NOR A MESS5G]1 ,I AM ! ,LORD1 ! ALL-P[]FUL ,GOD1 PRES5T BE=E Y\ 9 ! =M ( A MAN40 ,MONTAN CLEALY M>K$ ! RUPTURE ) ! CONCEPTION ( A ,MESSIAH :O HAD BE51 UNTIL !N1 ANTICIPAT$ AS ! ANGELOS-*RI/OS1 ! MESS5G]-ANGEL ( ,GOD4 7,BETWE5 HIS TWO 0,M>YS10 ,MONTAN CONCRETIZ$ 9 HUMAN =M ! P]SONAGE ( ,JESUS1 :O HAD UNTIL !N BE5 AB/RACT1 A SECRET & SACR$ NAME1 AN ANGEL DESC5D$ FROM ! HEAV5S & RESUSCITAT+1 9 ! BEYOND1 ! TIME ?AT ASSURES ! SALVATION ( ALL ?R\< HIS SACRIFICE47 

,! REM>K .<ATTRIBUT$ TO ,MONTAN.>1 :I* DISAV[S ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANITY & ,M>CIONISM1 IMPLIES ! HUMAN *>ACT] ( ,JESUS & HIS NATURE AS A DIV9E BE+1 A SPIRIT CAPABLE ( RE9C>NAT+ HIMSELF 9 O!R PROPHETS4 

,T]TULLIAN WAS NOT DECEIV$3 IT IS MAN1 POSSESS$ BY ! SPIRIT1 :O CAN P>DON1 NOT ! ,*UR*3 0,! ,*UR* WILL NO D\BT ACCORD P>DONS = S9S1 BUT ! ,*UR* AS ! ,SPIRIT1 ?R\< A SPIRITUAL MAN1 NOT ! ,*UR* AS ! 5SEMBLE ( BI%OPS0 7,DE PUDICITIA1 #b#a1 #a#g74 ,?IS WAS COMPETITION ?AT ! ,*UR* C\LD NOT TOL]ATE4 ,! ,*UR* W\LD 5DEAVOR TO UNITE 9 ITSELF ! .<SCATT]$.> TEMPORALITY ( ! ,SON & ! 9C>NATION ( ! SPIRIT ?AT SPOKE ?R\< ! ,*UR*'S VOICE1 PR(]R+ TRU?S -- OR?ODOXIES -- & CONDEMN+ PROPHETS TO DEA? FROM ! ,N9? TO ! ,SEV5TE5? ,C5TURIES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY CONT5T$ ITSELF ) FOLL[+1 TO ! LETT]1 ! ,APO/LE1 ! ONLY APO/LE FROM ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY 79 #b#b1 ,T]TULLIAN /ILL DID NOT KN[ AN AU?ORITY O!R ?AN ,PAUL74 ,& ! FIR/ ,EPI/LE TO ! ,COR9?IANS PRESCRIBES PROPHECY )\T ANY CIRCUMLOCATIONS3 0,HE :O PROPHESIZES $IFIES ! ASSEMBLY .<444.> ,I PREF] ?AT Y\ PROPHESIZE4 ,HE :O PROPHESIZES IS SUP]IOR TO HE :O SPEAKS 9 TONGUES40 

,! ,NEW ,PROPHECY W\LD ACCORD TO :OMEV] SPEAKS BY ! ,SPIRIT 0FULL P[] TO R5EW TRADITIONAL ES*ATOLOGICAL CONCEPTIONS FROM TOP TO BOTTOM40.<#b#d#d.> 

,PROPHECY 5T]$ 9TO ! PRACTICES ( ! MAJORITY ( ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES4 ,IT WAS PRESCRIB$ BY ! ,DIDA*E4 ,IT W\LD REAPPE> 9 ! ,SEV5TEE? ,C5TURY 9 ,PIETI/ SECTS1 :I* WILL+LY ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES ) PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANITY4 ,PRISCILLA1 PRACTIC+ ESCTASY1 DID NOT FAIL TO =E%AD[ ,MA*TILDE ( ,MAGDEB\RG1 ,BEATRICE ( ,NAZ>E?1 ,HADEWIJ* ( ,ANTW]P & ,!RESA ( ,AVILA1 :5 %E AFFIRM$ ?AT ! ,*RI/ HAD VISIT$ H] & SLEPT NE> H]1 AT ,PEPUZA1 TAK+ ! =M ( FIRE & P5ETRAT+ H] ) HIS WISDOM4 

,MILL5>IANISM1 ! IMM95CE ( ! 5D ( TIME1 & ! 9/AURATION ( ! K+DOM ( ,GOD ON E>? W]E ALSO ATTA*$ TO ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY4 ,T]TULLIAN ( ,C>?AGE & ,IR5AEUS ( ,LYON %[$ !MSELVES TO BE ITS >D5T DEF5D]S4 ,MONTAN WAS ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT DESC5D$ TO ! E>?4 0,MAXILMILIA WAS ! LA/ PROPHETESS1 AFT] :OM ONE MU/ ONLY WAIT = ! 5D ( ! WORLD40.<#b#d#e.> 

,9 EA* MILL5>IANISM1 ! SAME SC5>IO WAS REPRODUC$3 0,! ,NEW ,J]USALEM WILL DESC5D FROM ! HEAV5S TO ,PEPUZA4 ,! ,MONTANI/S RECEIV$ EXCEPTIONAL PROMISES ?AT W\LD BE REALIZ$ AT ! ,5D ( ,DAYS4 ,DUE TO ! IMP5D+ 5D1 E?ICAL DEM&S PROVID$ AN EXCEPTIONALLY ACUTE RELIEF40.<#b#d#f.> 

,= ,T]TULLIAN1 AVOID+ M>TYRDOM WAS CL++ TO A WORLD CONDEMN$ TO IMP5D+ DE/RUCTION4 0,DO NOT DESIRE TO DIE 9 Y\R B$ OR 9 ! LANGORS ( FEV]10 HE WROTE 9 ,DE FUGA1 0BUT RA!R 9 M>TYRDOM1 SO AS TO GLORIFY HE :O SUFF]$ = Y\40 

,9 SUM1 DO NOT ! PUNI%M5TS 9FLICT$ BY ! MOB OR BY JU/ICE F5CE 9 ) GOOD LOGIC AN EXI/5CE ( :I* ASCETICISM PRESCRIB$ ! REMOVAL ( ALL ! PLEASANTNESS8 

,T]TULLIAN1 AN ADEPT & PHILOSOPH] ( ! NEW CURR5T1 LAID ! F\NDATIONS ( A NEW ,*RI/IAN MORALITY1 ) :I* ,CA?OLICISM COMPROMIS$2 ,CALV9ISM & ,PROTE/ANTISM 9 G5]AL W\LD BE B5T ON PROMOT+ IT4 ,RESPECTFUL ( ! ORD]S ( AB/95CE EXTOLL$ BY ITS ADV]S>Y1 ,M>CION1 ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY NEV]!LESS GAVE A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T MEAN+ TO ITS ASCETICISM4 ,! ,M>CIONITES & ! SUPPORT]S ( .<! IDEA (.> A BAD WORLD CREAT$ BY ! CRAZY ,GOD REFUS$ PLEASURE1 PROCREATION1 & FOOD ?AT WASN'T FRUGAL1 SO AS TO NOT RATIFY A WORK ?AT !Y D5IGRAT$4 ,! ,*RI/IANS ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY REJECT$ NEI!R ! WORLD NOR ! FLE%1 !Y ONLY WANT$ TO PURIFY !M & PURIFY !MSELVES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! ,SPIRIT W\LD DESC5D TO & RESIDE UPON ! E>? )\T ! H9DRANCES ( MAT]IALITY4 

,LONG FA/S RECUS$ ! FAI?FUL FROM ! PLEASURES ( T]RE/RIAL N\RI%M5T & EXALT$ SPIRITUAL COMMUNION4 ,! REFUSAL ( AMOR\S RELATIONS DID NOT PURSUE A WILL TO EXT+UI% ! RACE ( M51 AS DID ! ,GNO/ICS :O W]E 0BEYOND ! WORLD10 BUT PROSCRIB$ PLEASURE BY HUSB&+ ! COITUS ( PROCREATION 9 ! MANN] ( ! ,ESS5ES4 0,IT IS NO LONG] P]MITT$1 ONCE A ,*RI/IAN1 TO CONTRACT A SECOND M>RIAGE2 ONLY ! CONTRACT & ! D[RY >E ABLE TO DIFF]5TIATE ADULT]Y FROM =NICATION0 7,T]TULLIAN1 ,DE PUDICITIA74 ,! HATR$ ( WOM5 7"97 %>$ BY ,T]TULLIAN1 ,EPIPHANIUS1 ,AUGU/9 & ! MA/] ?9K]S ( ! ,*UR* WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY ! CULT ( VIRG9ITY4 ,! IDEA ( ,M>Y1 VIRG9 & MO!R ( ! ,*RI/1 C]TA9LY DREW FROM ! LEG5DS ( ,MONTANI/ PROPAG&A4 

7"97 0,! RELATIONS ( MAN & WOMAN >E ! WORKS ( PIGS & DOGS0 7,EL5*OS74 ,T]TULLIAN3 0,WOMAN1 Y\ >E ! DOOR ( ! ,DEVIL4 ,IT WAS Y\ :O P]SUAD$ HE :OM ! ,DEVIL DID NOT D>E TO ATTACK DIRECTLY4 ,IT WAS BECAUSE ( Y\ ?AT ! ,SON ( ,GOD HAD TO DIE3 Y\ MU/ ALWAYS GO AB\T DRESS$ 9 M\RN+ & 9 RAGS & TATT]S40 

,MONTANISM ALSO PREA*$ 7= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,*RI/IANITY7 ! RESURRECTION ( ! BODY1 :I* ,SAUL_/,PAUL HAD SO CURI\SLY BORR[$ FROM ! ,PH>ISIANS4 ,9 HIS ,DE RESURRECTIO C>NIS1 ,T]TULLIAN SAYS 0,( ?OSE :O D5Y ! RESURRECTION ( ! FLE%1 ! PROPHETESS ,PRISCA SAID3 !Y >E FLE% & !Y HATE ! FLE%40 ,BY DY+1 ! M>TRYS EX*ANG$ !IR TORN BODIES = BODIES ( GLORY ?AT W\LD 5T] 9TO ! DIV9E COHORT ( SA9TS1 A V]ITABLE CELE/IAL ,*UR*4 

,AL?\< VIRG9AL & P5ETRAT$ BY ! ,SPIRIT1 ! PROPHETESSES ( ,MONTAN >\S$ ! REPROBATION ( MANY COMMUNITY LEAD]S4 ,T]TULLIAN WAS HAPPY TO CELEBRATE !IR *A/ITY 9 ,DE EXHORTATIONE CA/ITATIS2 ! AU?OR ( ! ,EL5*OS 7>\ND #b#c7 REPROA*$ ! NEW ,*RI/IANS = 0LETT+ !MSELVES BE GUID$ BY LITTLE GIRLS .<FEMMELETTES.>02 & ,ORIG51 :O W\LD NEV]!LESS PU% ABNEGATION TO .<! PO9T (.> SELF-CA/RATION1 REF]R$ !M BACK TO ! ,APO/LE ,PAUL 7"97 :O CON/ITUT$ !IR SUPREME AU?ORITY ?IS POLYMORPH\S ,PAUL1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,M>CION1 HIS 9V5TOR1 & N[ AGA9/ ! ANTI-,M>CIONITES3 0,WOM51 ! ,APO/LE SAID1 MU/ KEEP QUIET 9 ! ECCLESIA/ICAL COMMUNITIES4 ,H]E IS A PRESCRIPTION ?AT ! DISCIPLES ( ! WOM51 ?OSE :O LET !MSELVES BE 9/RUCT$ BY ,PRISCILLA & ,MAXIMILIA1 HAVE NOT OBEY$40 

7"97 ,PRISCILLA HELD ! ,EPI/LE TO ! ,LAODICEANS1 A TEXT FROM #af OR #ag ?AT WAS ORIG9ALLY ,M>CIONITE & PLAC$ UND] ! NAME ( ,PAUL1 TO BE AU!NTIC4 

,! ,NEW ,PROPHECY ,& ,! ,*RI/IAN ,PHILOSOPH]S ,( ,! ,SECOND ,C5TURY 

  

,! ,NEW ,PROPHECY ?REW 9TO ! POND ( ! MANY ,*RI/IAN ,GNO/ICISMS ! PAV+ /ONE ( FAI?4 ,PI/IS1 :I* EXCIT$ ! EXALT$ CR[DS TO PUNI%M5T & A F]V5T CONVICTION ?AT POLY!ISM KNEW NO?+ AB\T1 EX]CIS$ ON ,GRECO-,ROMAN M9DSETS A K9D ( FASC9ATION ?AT ,JUDAISM PREVI\SLY EX]CIS$ & ?AT X5OPHOBIA =BADE S9CE ! LA/ W> ( ! ,JEWS4 

,A 0TRUE0 ,*RI/IANITY SWEPT ! !OLOGICAL >GUM5TS FROM ! ,GNO/IC SY/EMS4 ,! FABRICATION ( TEXTS R$ESIGN$ ! P]SONAGE ( ! ,*RI/ ,JESUS ) ! REALISM ( EV]YDAY EXI/5CE4 ,?IS CREATION DROVE SPECULATIONS AB\T ! ANGELOS-*RI/OS TO A SECOND>Y PLANE & MOCK$ ! 9TELLECTUAL ,*RI/IANS :O HAD BE5 DIV]T$ FROM ! ,JEWS & !IR ,SCRIPTURES SO AS TO P>TICIPATE 9 ,GREEK MY?OLOGY & ,PLATONIC S*OLA/ICISM4 

,JU/9 ! ,APOLOGI/1 ,IR5AEUS ( ,LYON1 ! AU?ORS ( ! ,PA/OR1 & ,T]TULLIAN LAUN*$ A PHILOSOPHICAL (F5SIVE -- :I* WAS IMPLICITLY SUPPORT$ BY ! >MY ( ! ,*RI/1 :I* SCORN$ DEA? 9 ! NAME ( ! ,LIV+ ,SPIRIT -- AGA9/ 0SO-CALL$ GNOSIS0 7! PHRASE IS FROM ,IR5AEUS74 

,JU/9 ,! ,APOLOGI/ 

  

,AL?\< HIS DEA? .<R\<LY.> CO9CID$ ) ! BIR? ( ! ,NEW ,PRO*ECY1 ,JU/9 BELONG$ TO ,HELL5IZ$ & ANTI-,M>CIONITE ,*RI/IANITY3 ! SE>* = M>TYRS2 ! RECUP]ATION ( ! ,JEWI% ,SCRIPTURES2 ! C>E TAK5 TO 9VITE ! ,/ATE TO RECOGNIZE ?IS RELIGION1 PURG$ ( ITS ,SEMITISM1 :I* WAS ODI\S TO ! ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS2 & A ,*UR* ( :I* ! PACIFI/ & NONVIOL5T IDEAL DID NOT CONTRAV5E PUBLIC ORD]4 

,BORN >\ND #a 9 ,FLAVIA ,NEAPOLIS1 9 ,SAM>IA1 ,JU/9 WAS 9ITIAT$ 9TO PHILOSPHY &1 9 P>TICUL>1 ,PLATO & ,/OICISM4 ,HE F\ND$ A S*OOL AT :I* HE TAU<T A ,*RI/IANITY ?AT HAD BROK5 ) ,ESS5E ,JUDAISM )\T REJECT+ ! TEXTS ( ! ,SCRIPTURES4 

,DRAFT$ >\ND #a#c#e1 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ,B> ,KO*BA & 9 ! WAVE ( ANTI-,SEMITIC HY/]IA ?AT FOLL[$ IT1 ,JU/9'S ,DIALOGUE ) ! ,JEW ,TRYPHON AFFIRM$ ?AT -- ! ,*RI/IANS HAV+ FRE$ A TRU? FROM ! ,SCRIPTURES ?AT ! ,JEWS NO LONG] UND]/OOD -- ! ,BIBLE BY ALL RI<TS BELONG$ TO ! ,*UR*ES ( ! ,*RI/4 7,AT ! SAME TIME1 A ,DIATRIBE AGA9/ ! ,JEWS BY ,APOLLONIOS ,MOLON & ,ON ! ,JEWS BY ,PHILO ( ,BYBLOS W]E CIRCULAT+47 

,IF ?IS ,MESSIAH WAS /ILL RELAT$ TO ! ANGELOS-*RI/OS ( ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANITY & ,M>CIONISM1 ,JU/9 REVOK$ ,M>CION'S AGGRESSIVE DUALISM4 ,JU/9'S ,GOOD ,GOD CONFRONT$1 NOT ! ,DEMIURGE :O HAD CREAT$ ! WORLD1 BUT ! ,ADV]S>Y1 ! FALL5 ANGEL1 ! BLOODY REBEL RAIS$ AGA9/ ! ,DIV9E ,ORD]3 ,SATAN ! TEMPTOR4 

,JU/9'S S*OOLS W]E CELEBRAT$ 9 ,ASIA ,M9OR & ,ROME4 ,HE WROTE A LAMPOON ( ,M>CION ?AT HAS BE5 LO/4 ,TATIAN1 HIS DISCIPLE1 W\LD DISCOV] 9 ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY ! APPLICATION ( ,JU/9'S LESSONS3 FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,*RI/ ?R\< PURITY ( HABIT & SELF-SACRIFICE TO ! PO9T ( M>TYRDOM4 

,AMONG ! FIR/ .<FOLL[]S.> ( ! NEW RELIGION1 ,JU/9 LAY ! BASES = A POLITICS ( RECOGNITION BY ! C5TRAL ,/ATE 7IT IS POSSIBLE1 9 ?IS S5SE1 ?AT ! MORBID EXTREMISM ( ! ,MONTANI/S DISPLEAS$ HIM1 AS IT WAS REPUGNANT TO ,MELITON ( ,S>D9IA1 BUT IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ,T]TULLIAN1 ANO!R APOLOGI/1 F\ND NO?+ EMB>RASS+ 9 IT74 ,JU/9 PUBLI%$ AN ,APOLOGY TO ! ,ROMAN ,S5ATE 9 ,FAVOR ( ! ,*RI/IANS4 ,SEV]AL YE>S LAT]1 >\ND #a#e#d1 HE REIT]AT$ .<HIS PO9TS.> 9 ,SECOND ,APOLOGY TO ,ANTON9 ! ,PI\S 9 ,FAVOR ( ! ,*RI/IANS4 7,!SE ,APOLOGIES REFLECT$ ! NEW POLITICAL L9E ( ! ,*UR*ES4 ,A F$]ATION1 ) ,ROME AT ! HEAD1 C\LD ASSURE ! ,/ATE ( A RELIGION ( *ANGE1 A SOLUTION 9 :I* ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY WAS SUB/ITUT$ = WEAK5+ POLY!ISM & ! SOL> CULT ( ! ,EMP]ORS4 ,& SO ,QUADRATUS ( ,A!NS WROTE TO ,HADRIAN & ,>I/IDE1 ,JU/9 WROTE TO ,ANTON9 .<#a#c#h-#a#f#f.>1 & ,MELITON ( ,S>D9IA & & ,APOLLONAIRE ( ,HI]APOLIS WROTE TO ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS .<#a#f#i-#a#g#g.>4 ,DID NOT ,A!NAGORE ( ,A!NS .<#a#g#g-#a#g#h.> DECL>E1 9 HIS ,PETITION 9 ,FAVOR ( ! ,*RI/IANS1 ?AT 0! ,EMPIRE & ,*RI/IANITY HAVE GR[N SIDE BY SIDE4 ,! PR9CE HAS NO?+ TO FE>1 BUT EV]Y?+ TO GA9 ) ! CONV]SION ( ! ,EMPIRE087 

,9 VA94 ,! ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS DID NOT C>E TO DI/+UI% ,*RI/IANS FROM ,JEWS1 & ,JU/9'S FRI5DS FROM ! RIGM>OLE .<KYRIELLE.> ( SECTS -- ,SE?IANS1 ,CA9ITES1 ,NAZ>5ES1 ,EL*ASAITES1 ,M>CIONITES1 ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANS1 ,VAL5T9IANS & ANTI-,M>CIONITES -- ALL ( :OM JU/IFI$ A ,MESSIAH :O HAD BE5 CRUCIFI$ & RESUSCITAT$1 & 9 :OSE NAME !Y HAD EXCLUD$ AS IDOLATRIES ! O!R CULTS1 :I* ,ROME1 AS A GOOD ,/ATE M]*ANT1 HAD FREELY TOL]AT$4 

,RELIGI\S FANATICISM APPE>$ P>TICUL>LY ODI\S TO ! ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS4 ,!IR 9T]E/S PRESCRIB$ SE>*+ = IT 9 ,PALE/9E4 ,DID NOT ,DEUT]ONOMY 7#a#g1 #a#b7 5JO9 0HE :O GIVES 9 TO PRIDE & DOES NOT WANT TO OBEY ! AU?ORITY ( ! PRIE/ :O S]VES ,Y,H,: Y\R ,GOD1 NOR ! S5T5CE ( ! JUDGE1 WILL DIE & ?US Y\ WILL EXTIRPATE ! EVIL FROM ,ISRAEL08 

,!RE=E1 :AT DID ,JU/9 ASK ( ! ,EMP]OR8 ,! HELP ( ! ,/ATE AGA9/ ?OSE :O SC(F$ AT ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT -- BY :I* ONE CAN UND]/& ! P>TISANS ( ,SIMON ( ,SAM>IA & ALL ?OSE :O ALL[$ HIS P>TISANS TO ASSIMILATE4 ,AMMI5 ,M>CELL9 WROTE AB\T ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY :AT HE HAD E/ABLI%$ 9 ! ,F\R?3 0,! WILDE/ ANIMALS >E TO BE FE>$ LESS ?AN ! ,*RI/IANS40.<#b#d#g.> 

,9TOL]ANCE3 SU* WAS /ILL ! REPROA* ?AT ,CELSE 9 HIS ,TRUE ,DISC\RSE 7#a#g#h-#a#h7 ADDRESS$ TO ! ,JEWS & ,*RI/IANS 79DIFF]5T TO HIM71 ! SECT>IANS ( ! CRUCIFI$ ,S]P5T1 ! ,GOD ) ! HEAD ( A DONKEY 7,SE?7 & A MAGICIAN NAM$ ,JESUS4 

,! PALMS ( ! M>TYR1 BY :I* ,JU/9 F\ND HIMSELF 5CUMB]$1 W]E NECESS>Y TO HIS FANATICISM & ! TA/E = DEA? CELEBRAT$ BY ,T]TULLIAN & ! ,*RI/IANS ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY4 ,AT ! TIME1 !RE WAS A BAD QU>REL BETWE5 ,JU/9 & ! CYNICAL PHILOSOPH] ,CRESC5TIUS1 :O *ALL5G$ HIM TO TAKE ! SCORN = EXI/5CE TO ITS LOGICAL 5D4 ,! CONFLICT BECAME 9FLAM$1 A TRIAL 5SU$4 ,CRESC5TIUS F\ND AN ALLY 9 ! PREFECT ,JUNNIUS ,RU/ICUS1 A ,/OIC PHILOSOPH] :O HAD 9ITIAT$ ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS 9TO ! DOCTR9E ( ,EPICTETE4 ,! POLEMIC 5D$ DRAMATICALLY ) ! DECAPITATION ( ,JU/9 9 #a#f#e4 

,A DIALOGUE1 :I* HAS BE5 PRES]V$1 PLAYS ON ! MEAN+S ( 0GNOSIS0 -- SCI5CE1 LE>N+1 KN[L$GE4  
  

,RU/ICUS3 0,Y\ :O KN[ 7:O HAVE KN[L$GE1 LE>N+71 H[ CAN Y\ IMAG9E ?AT IF ,I DECAPITATE Y\1 Y\ WILL RESUSCITATE & RISE TO ! HEAV5S80 

,JU/93 0,I DO NOT IMAG9E IT1 BUT ,I KN[ IT FROM A DEF9ITE SCI5CE40  
  

,9 HIS PAMPHLET ,SECTS ON ,AUCTION1 ,LUCI5 ( ,SAMOSATE1 A CONTEMPOR>Y ( ,JU/91 DISDA9$ TO CITE ! ,*RI/IANS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT1 9 AN EXTRACT FROM ,! ,DEA? ( ,P]EGR9US1 QUOT$ BY ,R\GI] 9 HIS ,CELSE AGA9/ ! ,*RI/IANS1 ! AU?OR HAD ! ,*RI/IANS ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY 9 M9D :5 HE PO9T$ \T1 IRONICALLY3 0,! UN=TUNATE IMAG9E ?AT !Y >E IMMORTAL & ?AT !Y WILL LIVE ET]NALLY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !Y SCORN ! PUNI%M5TS & VOLUNT>ILY SURR5D] TO DEA?40.<#b#d#h.> 

,%UNT$ BY ! SOLICITATIONS ( COLLECTIVE MASO*ISM1 ! CR[DS ONLY DEVOT$ !MSELVES MORE EASILY TO ! BLOODY EXCESSES BY :I* !Y EXON]AT$ !MSELVES FROM REPRESSIONS & SET-BACKS4 ,9 !SE FIR/ 9/ANCES1 ! VICTIMS DID NOT SUCCUMB TO ! LEGAL P]SECUTIONS BEGUN BY ,ANTON9 ! ,PI\S OR ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS4 ,! =M]'S TW5TY-?REE YE>S' ( RULE C\NT AMONG ! LEA/ BLOODY 9 ,ROMAN HI/ORY & >E PRES]V$ 9 MEMORY BY ! SUAVITAS MORUM1 ! G5TL5ESS ( ! MORALS ( ! EMP]OR4 ,DESPITE AN EXCUSABLE REPUGNANCE = SANCTIFI$ MORBIDITY1 ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS DID NOT DEP>T FROM ! PR9CIPLE 9/ITUT$ BY ,TRAJAN3 NOT TO SEEK \T DISCIPLES ( ! ,*RI/1 BUT PUNI% !M UNIQUELY IF1 D5\NC$1 !Y REFUSE OB$I5CE TO ! ,EMP]OR & ! (F]+S ( ! TRADITIONAL CULTS4 

,H]MAS & ,! ,PA/OR 

  

,9 ,ROME1 >\ND ! MIDDLE ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY1 UND] ! NAME ( ,! ,PA/OR1 !RE CIRCULAT$ A COLLECTION ( TEXTS COLLAT$ 9 ! MANN] ( A NOVEL1 ! AU?OR ( :I* CALL$ HIMSELF ,H]MAS4 ,HELD 9 GREAT E/EEM BY ! ,*RI/IANS = ?REE C5TURIES1 IT W\LD BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! CANON BY ,GELASE'S DECREE AT ! 5D ( ! ,FIF? ,C5TURY4 

,A DIDACTIC WORK ( ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN 9SPIRATION1 ,! ,PA/OR PRES5T$ ITSELF AS A REVELATION4 7,ITS AU?OR REF]R$ TO ! APOCALYPSE ( ,ELDAT & ,MODAT1 N[ LO/74 ,IT CONTA9$ FIVE VISIONS1 ! LA/ ( :I* WAS ACTUALLY AN APOCALYPSE1 TWELVE PRECEPTS & T5 P>ABLES4 ,! SPIRIT1 /ILL CLOSE TO ! ,ESS5E ,MANUAL ( ,DISCIPL9E & ! ,WRIT+ FROM ,DAMASCUS1 BR\<T TOGE!R ,NAZ>5ISM & ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY-9-GE/ATION1 )\T SUCCUMB+ TO ,M>CIONITE 9FLU5CE4 ,DUALISM HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! 0TWO ,GODS40 ,IT REF]R$ TO ! TWO SPIRITS ( ,! ,RULE ( ! ,COMMUNITY3 0,GOD1 :O CREAT$ MAN1 PLAC$ BE=E HIM .<MAN.> TWO SPIRITS SO ?AT 7HE W\LD BE7 GUID$ BY !M UNTIL ! MOM5T ( ! VISIT3 !SE W]E ! SPIRITS ( TRU? & 9IQUITY40 

,AN EMB>RASSM5T TO ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 ,! ,PA/OR PRES5T$ A ,*RI/IAN PANORAMA ?AT WAS COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FROM ! FANTA/IC SURVEY ( ! (FICIAL HI/ORY4 

,H]MAS NOT ONLY KNEW NO?+ ( A HI/ORICAL ,JESUS1 BUT DIDN'T EV5 KN[ ! NAME4 ,HE KNEW NO?+ ( ,M>Y1 ,JOSEPH1 ,PILATE & !IR ASSOCIATES4 

0,! VISIONS NAME ! ,SON ( ,GOD ONCE1 9 A =MULA3 ',! ,LORD HAS SWORN IT BY HIS ,SON1' :I* D\BLES ANO!R ONE3 ',! ,MA/] HAS SWORN IT BY HIS GLORY' 7#f1 #h1 #d71 :I* IS SUSPECT AS A RESULT40.<#b#d#i.> 

,! ,SON ( ,GOD IS ! ,SPIRIT1 ! ,GREAT ,>*ANGEL1 SOMETIMES NAM$ ,MI*AEL4 

,?\< ,H]MAS & HIS NOBODIES RESID$ 9 ,ROME1 !Y HAD NEV] HE>D ( 7& = GOOD REASON7 ! CANONICAL GOSPELS1 NOR ( ,MAT!W1 ,LUKE1 ,M>K NOR ,JOHN4 ,H]MAS' ONLY REF]5CES >E TO ! ,BIBLE1 ! ONE ,M>CION CALL$ ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T4 ,IF ,! ,PA/OR SPEAKS ( APO/LES1 IT REF]S TO IT9]ANT MISSION>IES :O PROPAGAT$ ! ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E3 ! BOOK DI/+UI%ES !M FROM ! DIDASKALOI1 ?OSE :O TAU<T 7?IS WAS ! ]A ( ! ,DIDA*E1 :I* WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! ,EPI/LE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,B>NABAS74 

,9 #a#e1 ,H]MAS HAD NO KN[L$GE ( A MON>*AL EPISCOPACY1 A =TIORI AN 0,ANCI5T ,POPE10 :O ACCORD+ TO ! HI/ORIANS REIGN$ OV] ! ,*UR*'S DE/9Y4 0,PRESBYT]IANS & ,EPISCOPALIANS >E SYNOMYN\S = HIM40.<#b#e.> ,9DE$1 HE D5\NC$ ! AMBITI\S CA/E ( ! PRIE/S1 TO :OM HE COMP>$ APOCA?>Y POISON]S 9 A ,VISION & V5OM\S REPTILES 9 ,! ,N9? ,SIMILITUDE4 

,AS 9 ,ESS5ISM & ,PH>ISIAN PRACTICE1 ! ,*UR* ID5TIFI$ ITSELF ) A COMMUNITY *>G$ ) PROTECT+ WID[S1 ORPHANS1 & ! POOR4 ,IT APPE>$ TO ITSELF AS AN OLD WOMAN1 & IT APPEAL$ TO ! PURIFICATION ( ! FAI?FUL = !IR REJUV5ATION4 

,PURITY ( HABIT & ! NECESSITY ( P5IT5CE1 :I* WA%$ ! S\L ( ITS S91 CON/ITUT$ ! C5TRAL >TICULATION ( ,H]MAS' ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E4 ,! OLD ,ESS5E TRADITION M>RI$ ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY AT ! MOM5T ( ITS BIR?4 

,*A/ITY WAS EXALT$ 9 A SC5E ?AT PREFIGUR$ ! ADV5TURES ( ,P>SIFAL3 ,H]MAS RESI/S ! TEMPTATION ( WOM51 :O CAJOLE & SOLICIT HIS LOVE4 ,GOOD = HIM1 BECAUSE -- HAV+ TRIUMPH$ OV] ! TE/ -- IT WAS REVEAL$ TO HIM ?AT1 UND] ! APPE>ANCE ( S$UCTRESSES1 W]E HID+ 0VIRG9AL NATURES40 ,& 0!SE VIRG9S1 :O W]E !Y8 ,!Y W]E HOLY SPIRITS40 ,?US ! M>TYR$ VIRG9S ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY ACC$$ TO !IR REALITY AS SA9TS1 CLO!D1 BEYOND ! PANGS ( DEA?1 9 RESPL5D5T BODIES1 HALO$ BY VIRTUE1 :I* -- ?R\< A PLEAS+ RETURN -- ! ,ITALIAN PA9T]S1 COMB+ ! HAIR ( !IR MI/RESSES 9 EC/ASY1 W\LD R5D] ) !IR NATIVE S5SUALITY4 7,! ,MADONNAS ( ,FILIPPO ,LIPPI1 ONE KN[S1 REPRES5T ! PRETTY NUN :OM HE S$UC$ & :O AB&ON$ ! ,GOD ( H] CONV5T TO BE ) HIM1 ! REVELATION ( :I* HALO$ H]47 

,9 ACCORD ) ! FUTURE RIGOR ( ,T]TULLIAN & ! NEW ,*RI/IANITY1 ,H]MAS REBELL$ AGA9/ ?OSE :O JUDG$ ! S9S ( ! FLE% TO BE ( LITTLE IMPORTANCE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HIS ASCETICISM WAS OPPOS$ TO ! SPIRIT ( ,M>CION & HIS DOCTR9E ( ! TWO ,GODS3 0,BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS ONLY ONE ,GOD .<444.> ,?US BELIEVE 9 HIM & FE> HIM1 & ?R\< ?IS FE> BE CONT95T40 ,FAI? 7PI/IS7 HAD ! UPP] H& OV] GNOSIS1 KN[L$GE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF !RE EXI/$ A POSSIBILITY ( SALVATION ?R\< .<GOOD.> WORKS1 ?R\< GOOD ACTS1 9 NO CASE DID ,H]MAS REF] TO R$EMPTION ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< ,JESUS4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! QUE/IONS ( P5IT5CE & R$EMPTION W]E SETTL$ BY ! S9N] & ,GOD1 )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( ! PRIE/4 ,! FAI?FUL IS HE :O1 LIV+ 9 FE> ( DISPLEAS+ ! ,GOD ( ,GOODNESS1 BANS T]RE/RIAL PLEASURES & N\RI%M5TS FROM HIS EXI/5CE3 0,HE ALSO COMMITS ADULT]Y :O LIVES LIKE ! NONBELIEV]S 7TOIS E?NES9740 ,CALV9 W\LD NOT SPEAK 9 ANY O!R FA%ION4 

,IR5AEUS ,( ,LYON 

  

,>\ND #a#h1 ,IR5AEUS1 ! BI%OP ( A ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITY 9 ,LYON1 WROTE A WORK AGA9/ O!R ,*RI/IANS -- PR9CIPALLY ! ,M>CIONITES & ,VAL5T9IANS -- 9 :I* HE ATTACK$ GNOSIS & SALVATION ?R\< KN[L$GE4 ,HE RELAT$ ! 5TIRETY ( !SE DOCTR9ES BACK TO A UNIQUE S\RCE3 ! RADICALITY ( ,SIMON ( ,SAM>IA4 

,HIS ESSAY CORRESPOND$ TO ! REJECTION BY ,*RI/IANS ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY ( PHILOSOPHICAL ELITISM1 ESOT]ICISM1 NAY1 MAGICAL PRACTICES ?AT W]E COMMUNICAT$ 9 ! NAME ( ! ,MESSIAH BY A CULTURAL CLASS ?AT WAS OPPOS$ TO ! FAI? ( ! SIMPLE BELIEV]S1 :O 9 !IR TURN W]E LITTLE 9T]E/$ 9 SPECULATIVE QUIBBLES & OBEY$ AN AU/]E EXI/5CE & A CON/ANT ASPIRATION = M>TYRDOM AS TO TO ASSURE !IR PO/HUM\S FELICITY4 

,?REE YE>S LAT] 9 ,LYON & ,VI5NA1 A POGROM PUT TO DEA? ! NEW ,*RI/IANS DUR+ A MASSACRE ( ! ,JEWS2 ! ,M>CIONITE1 ,VAL5T9IAN & ,M>COSIAN ,GNO/ICS ESCAP$1 9 ALL PROBABILITY DUE TO !IR DEAL+S ) ! WELL-TO-DO CLASSES 7! 0DAMES ( ! PURPLE-BORD]$ ROBES10 DISCIPLES ( ,M>COS74 

,9 ,IR5AEUS' C>E TO PURGE ! *UR*ES ( ! EXTREME 9FLU5CE ?AT ANTI-,SEMITISM ACCORD$ TO ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY1 HE WROTE -- NOT ,AGA9/ ! ,H]ESIES1 :I* WAS ORIG9ALLY A ,LAT9 & LAT] WORK1 :I* SUGGE/S ?AT ! AU?OR SPOKE 9 ! NAME ( A ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* & A WELL-E/ABLI%$ OR?ODOXY -- BUT ,LI<T ,UPON & ,REFUTATION ( ,SO-,CALL$ ,GNOSIS4 

,TO ! AB/RACT DEVELOPM5TS ( ! ,GNO/ICS1 ! POLEMICAL CONV5TIONS ( :I* HE (T5 REPORT$ 9 ! =M ( A TISSUE ( ABSURDITIES1 ,IR5AEUS OPPOS$ BL9D FAI?1 ! PI/IS ( ! SIMPLE PEOPLE :O FOLL[$ ! LAW ( ! ,*RI/ )\T ASK+ ANY QUE/IONS4 ,HE HAD ?IS 7ALREADY ,PASCALIAN7 PR(ESSION ( FAI?1 :I* W\LD 9SPIRE ! 0,HAPPY >E ! POOR ( SPIRIT0 ?AT ! AU?ORS ( ! ,GOSPELS LOAN$ TO ,JESUS3 0,IT IS BETT]1 IT IS MORE USEFUL1 TO BE IGNORANT & KN[ LITTLE1 & TO RESEMBLE ,GOD ?R\< *>ITY1 ?AN IT IS TO APPE> LE>N$ & KN[ MU* BY COMMITT+ BLASPHEMY AGA9/ HE :O !Y CALL ,DEMIURGE40.<#b#e#a.> 

,IR5AEUS HAD TWO GOOD REASONS TO ATTACK ,M>CION & ,GNO/ICISM4 ,! P>TISAN ( A POLITICS ( ,*UR* UNIFICATION1 RESOLV$ TO CONF] ! SUPREME AU?ORITY TO A ,ROMAN BI%OP1 HE P]CEIV$ ! ANTI!TICAL *>ACT] ( ECCLESIA/ICAL MON>*ISM & ! BELIEF 9 TWO ,GODS1 ONE UNGRASPABLE1 ! O!R DESPICABLE4 

,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ,IR5AEUS WAS ! AU?OR ( AN ,EPIDEIXIS1 9 :I* ! ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E WAS EXPLICAT$ BY ! PROPHETIC TEXTS ( ! ,BIBLE1 ! SAME ONE ?AT ,M>CION TOOK EXCEPTION TO = ITS IMMORALITY & 9COH]5CE4 

,IR5AEUS' LOVE = ! PROPHETIC TRADITION RECONCIL$ HIM ) ! ,*RI/IANITY ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY & ! ,*RI/ :O WAS .<RE.>9C>NAT$ 9 ,PHRYGIA1 & ?US >\S$ A WAVE ( CONV]SIONS EV]Y:]E 9 ! ,EMPIRE4 ,= ! 5DORSEM5T ( SU* A HYPO!SIS1 IT IS FITT+ TO RECALL ?AT ,T]TULLIAN M5TION$ A BI%OP ( ,ROME :O WAS A P>TISAN ( ! ,MONTANI/ CURR5T & ONE KN[S ?AT ,IR5AEUS 9T]V5$ 9 FAVOR ( ! NEW FAI? AT ! SIDE ( ,ELEU!RE1 A BI%OP ( ONE ( ! *UR*ES ( ,ROME BETWE5 #ag & #a#i4 

,ANNEX$ BY ,CA?OLICISM DUE TO HIS HO/ILITY TO GNOSIS & HIS DEF5SE ( ! MON>*AL PR9CIPLE 9 ! ,*UR*1 ,IR5AEUS SUFF]$ ! FATE ( ,ORIG51 :O WAS REVIS$ & CORRECT$ BY ,RUF9.<US.>4 ,! ,EPIDEIXIS DISAPPE>$4 ,IR5AEUS' MILL5>IANISM1 :I* WAS %>$ BY ,H]MAS & ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY1 WAS ]ADICAT$ FROM HIS WORK4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( A MANUSCRIPT 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY WAS NECESS>Y TO REHABILITATE ?IS BI%OP1 :O WAS SANCTIFI$ BY ! ,*UR* AT ! CO/ ( SEV]AL C5SURES DUE TO HIS MILL5>IANI/ 0H]ESY40 

,! WORK ( ,IR5AEUS WAS RECOPI$1 REVIS$1 /UFF$ FULL ( 9T]POLATIONS & CITATIONS ( CANONICAL GOSPELS 7:ILE ,T]TULLIAN1 :O WAS P>TICUL>LY ]UDITE1 KNEW NO O!R GOSPEL ?AN ! 0,GOOD ,WORD0 ( ,PAUL74 ,( ! ORIG9AL TEXT ( ! ,REFUTATION1 !RE ONLY REMA9S ,GREEK FRAGM5TS ( CITATIONS TAK5 FROM ! AU?OR ( ! ,EL5*OS & FROM NOTORI\S =G]S3 ,EUSEBIUS ( ,CES>EA1 ,EPIPHANIUS ( ,SALAMIS & ,!ODORET ( ,CYRUS4 

,T]TULLIAN1 ,PHILOSOPH] ,( ,! ,NEW ,PROPHECY 

  

,BORN >\ND #af 9 ,C>?AGE & ISSU$ FROM ! >I/OCRACY1 ,T]TULLIAN HAD A CLASSICAL $UCATION4 ,BREAK+ ) RHETORIC & PHILOSOPHY1 HE DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO DISSIPATION 9 HIS Y\?1 ONLY TO SUDD5LY R5\NCE IT1 P]HAPS >\ND #a#i1 & CONV]T$ TO ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* = ! FIR/ TIME WAS MASSIVELY PROPAGAT+ ITSELF4 

0,WE ONLY GOT H]E YE/]DAY10 ,T]TULLIAN WROTE 9 #a#i#g1 0& ALREADY WE HAVE FILL$ ! E>? & EV]Y?+ ?AT IS 9 IT ?ANKS TO Y\3 ! T[NS1 ! ISL&S1 ! =TIFI$ PO/S1 ! MUNICIPALITIES1 ! VILLAGES1 ! CAMPS !MSELVES1 ! TRIBES1 ! T5 FAMILIES1 ! PALACE1 ! S5ATE1 ! =UM2 WE HAVE ONLY LEFT Y\R TEMPLES40.<#b#e#b.> 

,:ILE P]SECUTIONS MO/ (T5 TOOK ! =M ( POGROMS -- AL?\< ,T]TULLIAN TOOK C>E TO SEP>ATE ! :EAT FROM ! *AFF 9 HIS ,ADV]SUS ,JUDEOS -- ! PRO-CONSUL ,VIGELLIUS ,SATURN9US DECAPITAT$ #ah ,ROMANIZ$ ,AFRICANS & ,*RI/IANS 9 ! SMALL T[N ( ,SCILI 9 #a#h4 

,T]TULLIAN WAS 9FLAM$ BY ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY4 0,I WAS BL9D1 DEPRIV$ ( ! LI<T ( ! ,LORD10 HE MOAN$1 0ONLY HAV+ NATURE = A GUIDE40.<#b#e#c.> ,?IS WAS :Y HE WAS 9 ! WORLD3 0TO WEEP 7HIS7 FAULTS 9 ! AU/]ITY ( P5IT5CE40.<#b#e#d.> 

,T]TULLIAN'S MILITANT ASCETICISM REJECT$ ! 0VISION>Y POETS :O ASCRIBE TO ! GODS ! VISES & PASSIONS ( M510 ! PHILOSOPH]S :O BECOME 0PATRI>*S ( H]ESIES40.<#b#e#e.> ,HE ADMIR$ ,JU/91 ,TATIAN1 ,!OPHILE ( ,ANTIO* & ,IR5AEUS1 :OM HE IMITAT$ 9 A S]IES ( POLEMICS AGA9/ ,M>CION & ! ,VAL5T9IANS4 

,! ,NEW ,PROPHECY PR(ESS$ A FR5ZI$ ASCETICISM1 ?\< DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,M>CION1 = :OM S\<T-AFT] PLEASURE WAS A CONCESSION TO ! BAD WORK ( ! ,DEMIURGE4 0,! ,GOD ( ,M>CION10 ,T]TULLIAN W\LD WRITE 9 HIS ,ADV]SUS ,M>CIONEM1 0BY REPROV+ M>RIAGE AS BAD & BLEMI%$ BY 9DEC5CY1 ACT$ TO ! DETRIM5T ( *A/ITY1 ! 9T]E/S ( :I* HE HAD ! APPE>ANCE ( DEF5D+40 ,IF WOM5 HAD SOME IMPORTANCE 9 ,MONTANI/ REVELATION -- TO ! PO9T ?AT ! AU?OR ( ! ,EL5*OS W\LD MOCK 0!IR RESPECT = ! RAMBL+S .<DEVAGATIONS.> ( ! LITTLE WOM5 :O 5DOCTR9ATE !M0 -- 1 ?IS WAS AT ! CO/ ( A L\DLY CLAIM$ *A/ITY1 ! /ATUS ( 9VIOLABLE VIRG9ITY 7! M>TYRS PREF]R$ DEA? TO DEFLORATION74 ,A SPIRITUAL MOVEM5T P> EXCELL5CE1 F\ND$ ON ! REPRESSION ( DESIRE1 IT RESPOND$ TO ! OBJURGATIONS ( ,T]TULLIAN3 0,BY ECONOMIZ+ ON FLE%1 Y\ WILL ACQUIRE ! ,SPIRIT0 7,DE EXHORTATIONE CA/ITATIS74 

,T]TULLIAN EXTOLL$ M>TYRDOM 7"97 70,BLOOD IS ! SE$ ( ! ,*RI/IANS071 CONDEMN$ SECOND M>RIAGES 79 A POLEMIC AGA9/ ! ,C>?AG9IAN PA9T] ,H]MOG5E1 :O DEF5D$ ! ET]NITY ( MATT]1 ,T]TULLIAN REPROA*$ HIM = BE+ M>RI$ SEV]AL TIMES71 APPEAL$ TO CONT95CE1 & SCORN$ WOM5 & ! PLEASURES ( LOVE4 

7"97 ,! DOCTR9E ?AT PROVOK$ HY/]ICAL ADHESION TO ,MONTANISM1 & PROVOK$ ITS REFLUX & ITS GR[+ DISCR$IT1 WAS ! TA/E = M>TYRDOM4 ,DID NOT ,T]TULLIAN PROCLAIM1 9 HIS ,DE FUGA1 0DO NOT DESIRE TO DIE 9 Y\R B$1 9 ! LANGORS ( A FEV]1 BUT AS A M>TYR1 SO ?AT HE :O SUFF]$ = Y\ IS GLORIFI$08 

,ASSOCIAT+ RI*NESS ) LU/ & DEBAU*]Y1 ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY DIRECTLY ATTACK$ A P>T ( ! CL]GY1 :I* SUBSI/$ ON TI!S FROM ! FAI?FUL & PA9LESSLY ACCLIMAT$ !MSELVES TO ! DUTIES ( FAI? & ! COMPROMISES ( WORDLY REPRES5TATION4 ,?IS IS :Y ,T]TULLIAN & ! AU?OR ( ! ,EL5*OS BLAM$ ,CALLIXTE1 ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL BI%OPS ( ,ROME 7:OSE NAME W\LD BE GIV5 TO ! CATACOMBS AS A :OLE71 :OM !Y REPROA*$ = HIS LAXITY4 

,! ,*UR* W\LD NOT LACK >GUM5TS = CONDEMN+ ,T]TULLIAN4 ,BUT ! IMPORTANCE ( HIS APOLOGETIC WORKS W\LD 9CITE ,CA?OLICISM TO SET HIM ASIDE US+ O!R ME?ODS4 ,HIS BIOGRAPH]S 9S9UAT$ ?AT HE ONLY ADOPT$ ,MONTANI/ VIEWS RA!R LATE1 ?AT HE WAS UND] ! HOLD ( ,GATISM1 :I* UN=TUNATELY ! VIGOR ( HIS ?\<T & /YLE DID NOT ACCR$IT4 ,A LAMPOON ( ! H]ESIES W\LD EV5 BE ATTRIBUT$ TO HIM3 ONE 9 :I* ANTI-,GNO/ICISM WAS PLAC$ NEXT TO CRITIQUES ( ,MONTANISM6 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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