,*APT] #ai 
,>IANISM & ! ,*UR* ( ,ROME 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a#i3 ,>IANISM & ! ,*UR* ( ,ROME 

  

,! ,C\NCIL ( ,NICAEA1 CONV5$ ON ! ORD]S ( ,CON/ANT9E 9 #c#b#e1 M>KS ! BIR? ( OR?ODOXY &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 H]ESY4 ,! TORTU\S L9E ( ! DOGMA ?AT W\LD TAKE C5TURIES TO MAKE ITS IMMUTABLE TRU?S PRECISE >ROGAT$ = ITSELF ! PRIVILEGE ( A RECTITUDE ?AT PEOPLE LIKE ,EUSEBIUS1 ,EPIPHANIUS1 ,AUGU/9E1 ,J]OME & !IR COHORTS W\LD EXT5D BACK 9TO ! PA/ & TO ,JESUS1 ! *OS5 F\ND] ( ! ,CA?OLIC 9V>IANCE4 

,! ,*UR* W\LD PU% CYNICISM TO ! PO9T ( CLAIM+ = ITSELF A ,*RI/IANITY ?AT W\LD CONDEMN ! FOLL[+ MANIFE/ATIONS AS H]ESIES3 ,NAZ>5ISM1 ,EL*ASAITISM1 ,M>CIONISM1 ANTI-,M>CIONISM1 ,*RI/IAN ,GNO/ICISM & ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY4 

,9 ! ,?IRD ,C5TURY1 ! NOTION ( HAIRESIS -- QUE/IONABLE *OICES1 SUBJECT TO POLEMIC -- BECAME A WEAPON1 ?ANKS TO :I* ! BI%OPS C\LD DEF5D !IR PRIVILEGES AGA9/ ALL CONTE/ATION4 ,9 ! H&S ( EMP]ORS1 !N POPES1 H]ESY W\LD BE JURIDICALLY ASSIMILAT$ AS A CRIME ( HI< TREASON4 ,:5 ! POPES UPROOT$ FROM ! DECL9+ EMPIRE ! ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITY ?AT !Y HAD >ROGAT$ = !MSELVES1 !Y P]PETUAT$ 9 LAW ! OLD ,ROMAN LEGISLATION ?AT HAD ONCE BE5 US$ AGA9/ ! ,JEWS & ! ,*RI/IANS1 :O HAD BE5 DEEM$ 0REBELS0 AGA9/ ! ,/ATE & 0P]V]TS0 CONTRAV5+ ! MORAL ORD]4 

,BY IMPOS+ HIMSELF AS EMP]OR BY DIV9E RI<T1 ,CON/ANT9E L$ A POLITICAL 5T]PRISE 9 :I* HIS PR$ECESSORS HAD ONLY SUCCE$$ M$IOCRELY4 ,! P>TY ( COLLABORATORS ?AT ! ,*RI/IAN LAPSI CON/ITU$ 5C\NT]$ ! AIMS ( ,CON/ANT9E1 :O -- HAV+ VANQUI%$ ,MAXIM9 & ,LIC9IUS -- WANT$ TO CONSOLIDATE ! UNITY ( ! ,EMPIRE4 ,N\RI%$ BY ! CONCEPTION ( AN ECCLESIA/ICAL MON>*ISM ?AT ]ECT$ ! ,NEW ,J]USALEM 9 ,ROME1 NATIONAL SECURITY .<LA RAISON D',ETAT.> PRESID$ OV] ! BIR? ( ,CA?OLICISM1 ! TRIUMPH ( :I* W\LD ALWAYS REMA9 BURD5$ BY ! MEMORY ( ! ,*RI/IANITIES ?AT F\ND$ IT & ?AT IT W\LD TREAT AS BA/>DS & ABORTIONS4 

,! POLEMICS ( ! FIR/ ?REE C5TURIES 5T]$ 9TO ! FRE$OM ( OPTIONS4 ,! ,C\NCIL ( ,NICAEA DEF9$ RELIGI\S TRU? &1 FROM !N ON1 9AUGURAT$ ! P]MAN5CE ( ! LIE3 ! =G]Y ( GOSPELS1 ! FALSIFICATION ( WRIT+S1 ! DE/RUCTION ( HET]ODOX WORKS1 & ! FABRICATION ( AN (FICIAL HI/ORY TO :I* ! MAJORITY ( ]UDITE PEOPLE & HI/ORIANS /ILL SUBSCRIBE TO ?IS DAY4 

,CON/ANT9E T\*$ BY GRACE8 ,H]E WE GO4 ,I BORR[ ! FOLL[+ L9ES FROM ! ,CA?OLIC1 ,H5RI ,GUILLEM93 0,CON/ANT9E DID NOT BELIEVE 9 ',JESUS-,*RI/' 9 ANY FA%ION2 HE WAS A PAGAN & HE W\LD ONLY CONV]T 7IF HE EV] DID SO7 UPON HIS DEA? 9 #c#c#g4 ,:5 HE ORD]$ ! MEET+ AT ,NICAEA 9 #c#b#e1 HE WAS ONLY BE+ PRUD5T1 A REALI/1 A 'PRAGMATIC' &1 :5 FAC$ ) ! GR[+ NUM]ICAL IMPORTANCE 9 HIS EMPIRE ( ! SECT>IANS ( ',KRE/OS1' HE DREW FROM ?IS FACT ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT IMPOS$ !MSELVES CONC]N+ ! WELL-BE+ ( HIS GOV]NM5T40.<#b#h#e.> 

,ON HIS DEA?-B$1 ! ,EMP]OR F\ND ! TRUE FA!R ( ,CA?OLICISM3 ,EUSEBIUS ( ,CES>EA4 

,EUSEBIUS ,( ,CES>EA 

  

,9 HIS COMM5T>Y ON ! ,LIFE ( ,CON/ANT9E1 WRITT5 BY ,EUSEBIUS ( ,CES>EA1 ,JACOB ,BURKH>DT QUALIFIES HIM AS ! 0FIR/ TOTALLY DI%ONE/ & UNJU/ HI/ORIAN ( ANCI5T TIMES40.<#b#h#f.> 

,TO UND]/& ! NECESSITY 9 :I* ,EUSEBIUS FABRICAT$ AN ,ECCLESIATICAL ,HI/ORY1 CANONICAL TEXTS & AN APO/OLIC FILIATION ) ! SCATT]$ PIECES ( A PUZZLE ( ?REE C5TURIES1 IT IS FITT+ TO RECALL ?AT HE WAS1 ABOVE ALL1 ! FIR/ !ORI/ TO 09TRODUCE A RATIONAL CONCEPTION ( IMP]IAL P[] 9TO ! 9T]IOR ( A COH]5T IDEOLOGY & METAPHYSICS40.<#b#h#g.> 

,= ,EUSEBIUS1 0! T]RE/RIAL K+DOM IS 9 ! IMAGE ( ! CELE/IAL K+DOM40 ,! TASK ( ! SOV]EIGN IS ?AT ( ! ,LOGOS3 TO MAKE ! LAW RULE OV] ! H]E-BEL[4 0,C>RY+ ! IMAGE ( ! CELE/IAL K+DOM1 EYES FIX$ ON HEAV51 HE L$ & GOV]N$ MORTALS ON ! MODEL ( ! >*ETYPE ?R\< IMITATION ( ! MON>*AL P[] 7( ! ,LOGOS740.<#b#h#h.> 

,EUSEBIUS'S HI/ORY ( ! ,*UR* LOGICALLY LEADS TO ! !OLOGY ?AT HE DEVELOP$ & ?AT IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! JU/IFICATION ( ! P[] ( ,CON/ANT9E1 ! 9C>NATION ( ! ,LOGOS ?R\< ! GRACE ( ,GOD1 :OM HE IS DUTY-B\ND TO S]VE3  
  

,GOD ! ,FA!R1 :OM HE CALL$ ! ,SUPREME ,EMP]OR1 HAD C]TA9LY CREAT$ ! WORLD4 ,HAV+ CREAT$ IT1 HE 5CLOS$ IT 9 ! RE9S ( DIV9E WISDOM1 MAK+ ! CON/RA9TS ( TIME & ! CYCLE ( ! YE>S SUBMIT TO HIM4 ,BUT HE TRU/$ ?IS WORLD1 ONCE CREAT$1 TO HIS UNIQUE SON1 ! ,WORD .<,V]BE.>4 ,EUSEBIUS ( ,CES>EA MADE ( HIM '! EMM95T MOD]ATOR ( ! WORLD1' ! 'COMMON CONS]V] ( ALL ?+S'2 ! ,COSMOS PRODUC$ HIM SO ?AT HE C\LD GOV]N IT2 ',GOD 5TRU/$ HIM ) ! RE9S ( ?IS UNIV]SE4' ',HE RECEIV$ FROM ! 9F9ITELY GOOD ,FA!R A H]$IT>Y ROLE'2 'HE RULES :AT IS 9 ! 9T]IOR AS WELL AS 9 ! EXT]IOR ( ! VAULT ( HEAV51' & IMPOSES H>MONIZATION ON ALL ?+S4 

,! ,LOGOS IS ?US ! GOV]NOR ( ! ,COSMOS1 ! ONE :O MA9TA9S ORD] 9 CREATION4 ,IT PRODUCES H>MONY AMONG ALL ?+S1 MU* LAT]1 ADD$ ,EUSEBIUS ( ,CES>EA4 ,HE .<! ,SON.> WAS NOT A VIC]OY TOTALLY EXT]IOR TO ! 5SEMBLE ?AT HE GOV]N$4 ,HE WAS ! S\L & SPIRIT ( ! WORLD4 ,9DE$1 ,EUSEBIUS ( ,CES>EA DESCRIB$ HIS FUNCTION 9 A *>ACT]I/IC PASSAGE3 ',! ,DIV9E ,WORD .<,V]BE.>1' HE SAID1 'IS NOT COMPOS$ ( P>TS & IS NOT CON/ITUT$ FROM CONTR>IES1 BUT IS SIMPLE & 9DIVISIBLE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 9 A BODY1 ! P>TS & MEMB]S1 ! VISC]A & ! 9TE/9ES >E MULTIPLE 9 !IR ASSEMBLAGE1 BUT A UNIQUE S\L1 A UNIQUE SPIRIT1 9DIVISIBLE & 9CORPOREAL1 IS SPREAD ?R\<\T ! 5SEMBLE2 LIKEWISE1 9 ! UNIV]SE1 ! WORLD ITSELF IS ONE1 ALL BE+ COMB9$ FROM MULTIPLE P>TS1 BUT ! ,DIV9E ,WORD1 5D[$ ) AN IMM5SE & ALL-P[]FUL =CE1 UNIQUE TO IT1 DEPLOY$ 9 ! UNIV]SE1 DOES NOT /RAY FROM ! ADV5TURE BUT SPREADS ?R\< ALL ?+S & ! CAUSE ( ALL ?AT IS MADE AMONG !M4'.<#b#h#i.>  
  

,!NCE=?1 !OLOGY W\LD FURNI% ITS PRIVILEG$ FRAMEWORK TO ! RISKS ( ECCLESIA/ICAL POLITICS & IMP]IAL P[]1 /ILL 9 SOLID>ITY DESPITE VIOL5T RIVALRIES4 ,!OLOGY ?US SEIZ$ ! TWO DOCTR9ES ?AT (F]$ NEI!R NOVELTY NOR ANY?+ RELIGI\SLY %OCK+3 ,DONATISM & ,>IANISM4 ,! FIR/ 9SCRIB$ ITSELF 9 ! L9E ( ! ,NEW ,PROPHECY & ,NOVATIAN2 ! SECOND REVIV$ ,GNO/ICO-,*RI/IAN SPECULATIONS & ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,GOD & HIS MESSIAH4 

,>IUS 

  

,AL?\< HIS NAME WAS 9VE/$ ) A GLORY PROPAGAT$ BY ! >TIFICE ( AN ALLEG$ ,>IAN P>TY1 NEI!R ,>IUS' LIFE NOR HIS WORKS JU/IFI$ ! CELEBRITY ) :I* HE WAS GRATIFI$4 ,BORN 9 ,LIBYA OR ,ALEX&RIA 9 #b#f1 HE /UDI$ ) ,LUCI5 ( ,ANTIO* & LIV$ 9 ,ALEX&RIA1 :]E HE WAS M5TION$ = ! FIR/ TIME BY ,PET]1 BI%OP ( ! CITY1 EXECUT$ 9 #c#a#a4 ,HE BELONG$ TO ! CATEGORY ( PRIE/S LY+ 9 WAIT = HONORS & PREEM95CES4 ,! P>TISAN ( ,MELITITIUS ( ,LYCOPOLIS1 A RIVAL ( ! DECEAS$ ,PET]1 ,>IUS ACC$$ TO ! PRIE/HOOD UND] ! BISPHORIC ( SOMEONE NAM$ ,ALEX&]4 ,EXTOLL+ ASCETICISM1 HIS POPUL>ITY GREW AMONG ! FAI?FUL :O W]E ALWAYS RECEPTIVE TO ! OLD 9FLU5CE ( ,MONTANISM1 R5EW$ BY ,NOVATIAN4 

,9 #c#a#h1 ,>IUS OPPOS$ HIMSELF TO ?IS BI%OP1 REPROA*+ HIM ) HAV+ ATTRIBUT$ AN EQUAL ET]NITY TO ! ,FA!R & ! ,SON 9 A S]MON4 ,= ,>IUS1 ! ,SON WAS NEI!R ET]NAL NOR EQUAL TO ! ,FA!R2 CREAT$ ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( ALL ?+S1 HE ONLY RECEIV$ HIS DIV9E NATURE ONCE 9VE/$ ) HIS MISSION AS SAVIOR ON E>?4 ,! FIR/ OP9ION WAS RELAT$ TO ,JEWI%1 ,ESS5E & ,NAZ>5E ,GNO/ICISM1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ,ADAM1 OR ! NEW ,ADAM ]ECT$ AS ! R$EEM] MESSIAH1 WAS ! CO-CREATOR ( ! WORLD4 ,! SECOND PICK$ UP FROM ,MONTANISM .<! FOLL[+.>3 ! MESSIAH WAS A MAN1 %>+ 9 ! VICISSITUDES ( COMMON HUMAN EXI/5CE1 BUT ! ,DIV9E ,SPIRIT WAS 9C>NAT$ 9 HIM FROM BIR?1 S9CE HE WAS ! SON ( ,SOPHIA OR ,M>Y4 ,! TWO .<OP9IONS.> 9SCRIB$ !MSELVES 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,*RI/IANITY ( ! FIR/ .<FEW.> C5TURIES4 

,A SYNOD ( A HUNDR$ BI%OPS1 CONV5$ >\ND #cah OR #c#a#i1 EXCLUD$ ,>IUS & HIS P>TISANS FROM ! ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITY & REFUS$ HIM COMMUNION1 :I* M>K$ BELONG+ TO ! CONGREGATION4 ,HE LEFT ,ALEX&RIA & W5T TO ,NICODEMIA1 :]E HE 5JOY$ ! SUPPORT ( ,BI%OP ,EUSEBIUS1 NOT )\T HAV+ WRITT5 A PAMPHLET CALL$ ,?ALIA 7! ,BANQUET7 9 V]SE & PROSE1 :I* KNEW A GREAT POPUL> SUCCESS4 ,ALEX&] RETORT$ ?R\< A DETAIL$ REPORT ON ! QU>REL4 ,! HO/ILITY ( ,LIC9IUS TO ! ,*RI/IANS & HIS W> AGA9/ ,CON/ANT9E RELEGAT$ ! DEBATES TO ! SECOND PLANE ( PREOCCUPATIONS1 BUT ONCE ,CON/ANT9E WAS MA/] ( ! ,EMPIRE 7AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ,LIC9IUS71 HE 9VE/$ HIMSELF TRIUMPHANTLY 9 ,CON/ANT9E'S D\BLE SOV]EIGNTY1 SPIRITUAL & TEMPORAL1 & -- AT ! REQUE/ ( ,>IUS' FRI5DS -- CONV5$ A C\NCIL AT ,NICAEA1 NOT F> FROM ,NICOM$IA4 

,9 #c#b#e1 ,CON/ANT9E -- CIRCUMV5T$ BY HIS C\NCILOR ,HOSIUS ( ,CORD\E1 :O WON ,ALEX&] OV] TO ! P>TY ( ! BI%OP -- CONV9C$ ?REE HUNDR$ BI%OPS TO TAKE UP POSITIONS AGA9/ ,>IUS4 

,! CR$O ( ,NICAEA RESULT$ FROM AN IMP]IAL OP9ION ?AT WAS HO/ILE TO ,>IUS' !ORY1 ACCORD+ TO :I* 0,GOD IS :5 ! ,SON IS NOT10 & 0HE DIDN'T EXI/ BE=E BIR?40 ,HE MADE ! ,SON A 0TRUE ,GOD ISSU$ FROM ! TRUE ,GOD & =M+ ! SAME SUB/ANCE ) ! ,FA!R10 :I* TRANSLATES ! ,GREEK T]M HOMOI\SIOS4 

,>IUS OBEY$ & R5\NC$ HIS DOCTR9E4 ,9 #c#b#h1 ,EUSEBIUS ( ,NICOM$IA & ,!OGNIS ( ,NICAEA1 EXIL$ ) !IR FRI5D ,>IUS1 REGA9$ !IR WORLD .<SIECLE.>4 ,9 #c#c#e1 ! SYNOD ( ,TYR REHABILITAT$ ,>IUS4 ,CON/ANT9E1 :OSE SOLE DESIRE 9 EXCLUD+ !M WAS TO ASSURE ! UNITY ( ! Y\NG UNIV]SAL ,*UR*1 WAS PREP>+ TO RE9TEGRATE HIM 9TO ! CL]GY ( ,ALEX&RIA :5 ! UN=TUNATE PROTE/] DI$ 9 #c#c#f4 7,! (FICIAL ,*RI/IAN V]SION ( HIS DEA? WANT$ TO LET FLY AT HIM ! LA/ >R[ ( POLEMICAL ELEGANCE BY PROPAGAT+ ! RUMOR ?AT HE HAD UNEXPECT$LY TRESPASS$ BY SATISFY+ AN URG5T NE$4 ,ABBEY ,PLUQUET1 FOLL[+ O!R H]ESIOLOGUES1 REJOIC$ 9 SU* A BRILLIANT PRO( ( DIV9E WRA?4.<#b#i.>7 

,FROM AN 9CONSI/5T QU>REL -- 9 :I* ONLY ! AU?ORITY ( ! EMP]OR1 ELEVAT$ TO ! DIGNITY ( PONTIFEX MAXIMUS 7PONTIFICAL SOV]EIGNTY71 WAS IMPORTANT -- ! !OLOGIANS DREW AN 5ORM\S JUMBLE ( IMPLICATIONS ?AT W]E AS ?UND]\S AS !Y W]E EMPTY4 ,UND]NEA? ! QUIBBLES ( ?IS ,>IAN P>TY1 >TIFICIALLY SWELL$ SO AS TO GIVE IMPORTANCE TO ! NEGLIGIBLE1 !RE RAG$ A P[] /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,ROME & ! ,EA/]N *UR*ES1 & AN UNCEAS+ COMBAT BETWE5 ! ,WE/ & ,BYZANTIUM4 

,FROM A SPECULATIVE PO9T ( VIEW1 IT WAS EASY TO BR&I% ! REPROA* ( DUALISM1 NAY1 ,M>CION'S 0TWO ,GODS0 AGA9/ ,BI%OP ,ALEX&] & HIS !SIS ( ! 0,ET]NAL ,GOD1 ! ,ET]NAL ,SON40 ,! CR$O ( ,NICAEA IMPLI$ A UNIQUE ,GOD SO AS TO P>RY ,M>CIONISM1 :I* ! ,MANI*EAN RELIGION W\LD CLAIM = ITSELF4 

,UPON ! DEA? ( ,CON/ANT9E ,I1 RECONCILIATION SEEM$ TO RULE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 QUITE SOON HIS SUCCESSOR1 ,CON/ANT1 SUPPORT$ ! P>TY ( ,NICAEA1 :ILE 9 ! ,EA/ ,CON/ANT9E ,I,I GAVE HIS SUPPORT TO ! ,>IANS4 ,AFT] ! DEA? ( ,CON/ANT 9 #c#e1 ,CON/ANT9E ,I,I1 MANEUV]+ ?R\< MANY C\NCILS1 ATTEMPT$ TO ,>IANIZE ! ,WE/ & HUNT D[N ,>IUS' 5EMIES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 DISS5T WAS BORN FROM ! SUDD5 VICTORY ( ,>IANISM4 ,?REE FACTIONS EM]G$3 ! ,ANOMEANS AFFIRM$ ?AT ! ,SON WAS NOT SIMIL> 7ANOMOIOS7 TO ! ,FA!R2 ! SEMI-,>IANS OR HOMOI\SIANS AFFIRM$ ?AT ! ,SON P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! SAME SUB/ANCE 7HOMOI\SIOS7 AS ! ,FA!R2 & ! HOMOEIANS ?AT ! ,SON WAS LIKE 7HOMOIOS7 ! ,FA!R4 

,9 FACT1 DOCTR9AL POSITIONS W]E ONLY PAWNS ON ! *ESSBO>D ( RIVAL 9FLU5CES3 ,VAL5S1 EMP]OR FROM #cfd TO #c#g#h1 9CL9$ 9 FAVOR ( ! HOMOEIANS4 ,GRATIAN & ,!ODOSE ! ,FIR/ 7"97 DEF5D$ ,NICAEA4 ,! DECREES ( #* & #*a CONDEMN$ ,>IANISM1 *AS$ ITS P>TISANS FROM ! ,*UR* & =E%AD[$ MANY EXECUTIONS1 ! FIR/ VICTIMS ( OR?ODOXY BE=E ,PRISCILLIAN4 ,9 #c#h#a1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,CON/ANT9OPLE REAFFIRM$ ! CR$O ( ,NICAEA & CONDEMN$ ! SEMI-,>IANS1 ! HOMOI\SIANS4 

7"97 ,!ODOSE IMPOS$ ON ALL ! ,*RI/IANS AN OR?ODOX FAI? TO :I* HE GAVE ! REPRESSIVE FIRMNESS ?AT W\LD !NCE=? PREV5T DEVIATION FROM NATIONAL SECURITY .<LA RAISON D',ETAT.>4 ,9 ! /RICT S5SE1 HE WAS ! F\ND] ( ,CA?OLIC OR?ODOXY4 

,) ! EM]G5CE ( A ,/ATE RELIGION1 ! EPISCOPATUS AEMULATIO1 ! PA? TO EPISCOPAL HONORS 7:I* ,T]TULLIAN MOCK$ & LABEL$ ! 0MO!R ( ALL S*ISMS071 FRE$ ITSELF MU* MORE EASILY BECAUSE ! DE/9Y ( ! M>TYR WAS NO LONG] DREAD$4 

,A RHETORICIAN 9 ,ANTIO* & BORN 9 ,SICILY >\ND #c1 ,AETIUS WAS A DISCIPLE ( ,>IUS BE=E HE F\ND$ ! ,ANOMEAN P>TY & ASSUR$ HIS [N DOCTR9E BY DISC]N+ A DISSIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ! ,FA!R & ! ,SON1 A DISSIMIL>ITY 9 :I* ! ,LOGOS OR ,HOLY ,SPIRIT WAS 9C>NAT$4 ,A FRI5D ( ,EMP]OR ,GALLUS1 ,AETIUS US$ C]TA9 OPPORTUNITIES TO MAKE HIS VIEWS TRIUMPH1 BUT HIS FATE WAS ! OPPOSITE4 ,CONDEMN$ TO EXILE UPON ! FALL ( ,GALLUS 7#c#e#d71 HE >\S$ ! REPROBATION ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ANCYRE 7#c#e#h7 & ,CON/ANT9OPLE 7#c#f74 ,SUMMON$ BY ,EMP]OR ,JULIAN & NAM$ BI%OP1 HE CANCEL$ HIS FUNCTIONS UPON ! DEA? ( ! LA/ TOL]ANT EMP]OR 7! ONE :OM ! ,*UR* NAM$ ! ,APO/ATE BECAUSE HE WANT$ TO RE/ORE RELIGI\S FRE$OM74 ,AETIUS P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! REVOLT ( ,PROCOPE1 C\S9 ( ,JULIAN1 & B>ELY ESCAP$ CAPITAL PUNI%M5T1 & DI$ SOON !REAFT] 9 ,CON/ANT9OPLE1 :]E HIS SECRET>Y1 ,EUNOME1 W\LD DEVELOP A DOCTR9E ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ,FA!R & ! ,SON1 DISSIMIL> 9 ESS5CE1 W]E UNIT$ BY ! SAME WILL4 

,A?ANASE1 ,ALEX&]'S SUCCESSOR1 COMBAT$ ! !SES ( ,>IUS & ,AETIUS1 RE9=C$ ! ,NICAEAN P>TY & 9V5T$ ! ,>IAN P>TY 9 HIS ,DISC\RSE ,AGA9/ ! ,>IANS2 HE DRESS$ ,>IANISM UP AS A P[] ?AT ?REAT5$ FAI? & MADE ,>IUS ! V]Y SPIRIT ( H]ESY4 

,FROM !OLOGICAL HYP]BOLE -- 9 :I* BANAL P[] RIVALRIES BETWE5 ! NOTABLES ( ,ROME1 ,ALEX&RIA1 ,ANTIO* & ,CON/ANT9OPLE W]E PLAY$ \T -- BUR/ =? AN ,>IAN MISSION>Y VOCATION ?AT FAIL$ TO C>RY (F ! PALM ( OR?ODOXY BY W9N+ ! SYMPA?Y ( ! NEW RIVAL P[]S 9 ,ROME4 

,CON/ANT9E ONLY CONDEMN$ ,>IUS ) AN EYE ON GU>ANTEE+ ! UNITY ( ! ,*UR* & ! UNITY ( ! ,EMPIRE4 ,>IUS ?REAT5$ /ABILITY & ORD] TO ! LIMIT$ EXT5T ?AT HIS 9FLU5CE GA!R$ ! ADHESION ( A GREAT NUMB] ( PEOPLE4 ,CON/ANT9E WAS NOT UNACQUA9T$ ) ! ONE :O1 EXIL+ ,>IUS1 CONDEMN$ ,A?ANASE1 HIS PR9CIPAL 5EMEY1 TO ! SAME FATE4 ,LIKEWISE1 ,CON/ANT9E ,I,I -- 9 ! UNC]TA9TY 9 :I* OR?ODOXY WAS /ILL SITUAT$ -- ALSO PUT ,A?ANASE & ,AETIUS ASIDE4 ,ANYONE C\LD CAPSIZE AT ANY MOM5T4 ,WEAK5$ BY ! $ICT ( TOL]ANCE ISSU$ BY ,EMP]OR ,JULIAN 7#c#f#a-#c#f#c71 ! TWO P>TIES W\LD EA* KN[ A MANN] ( VICTORY4 ,! ,NICAEANS C>RI$ (F ! ,WE/2 ! ,ANOMEAN MISSION>IES CONV]T$ ! ,GO?S1 :O1 9VAD+ ,SPA9 & ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 IMPOS$ ,>IANISM ON !M4 ,AS F> AS ,BYZANTIUM1 :OSE HO/ILITY ) RESPECT TO ,ROME DID NOT CEASE TO GR[1 IT GAVE ITS S*ISM A !OLOGICAL PRETEXT BY REJECT+ A PO/-,NICAEA =MULA ?AT WAS BORN 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! ,SEV5? ,C5TURY3 0,! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT PROCE$S FROM ! ,FA!R & FROM ! ,SON10 A QU>REL ?AT WAS CALL$ ,FILIOQUE 7& ( ! ,SON74 

,! RIVALRIES BETWE5 ,>IAN1 ANTI-,>IAN & PSEUDO-,>IAN FACTIONS RALLI$ A GOOD NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 SE>* ( SOCIAL PROMOTION OR ANIMAT$ BY SIMPLE OPPORTUNISM4 7,?US ! S*ISMATIC ,LUCIF]1 ! ,BI%OP ( ,CAGLI>I 9 ,S>D9IA1 LAID ! BASES = AN ANTI-,>IAN ,*UR* = HIS [N PR(IT47 ,WAS NOT ,ACACE1 BI%OP & SUCCESSOR ( ,EUSEBIUS ( ,CES>EA1 SUCCESSIVELY ,>IAN UND] ,CON/ANCE1 ,NICAEAN UND] ,JOVIAN1 & ,ANOMEAN UND] ,VAL5S8 ,SU* WAS ! CASE ) MANY4 

,MORE 9T]E/+ WAS ,A]IUS1 PRIE/ ( ,PONTUS1 ORDA9$ BY ,EU/A!1 ,BI%OP ( ,SEBA/E1 AGA9/ :OM HE 5T]$ 9TO CONFLICT1 REPROA*+ HIM = AB&ON+ ! ASCETIC CONDUCT TO :I* HE SUBSCRIB$ BE=E ATTA9+ DIGNITY4 

,A]IUS 9SCRIB$ HIMSELF 9 ! C\NT]-CURR5T ( ,NICAEA & RELIGI\S ,/ATE-IFICATION BY ADVANC+ ! OP9ION ?AT NO DIFF]5CE 9 RANK BETWE5 PRIE/ & BI%OP %\LD EXI/4 ,HE CONDEMN$ ! POMP ( ! C]EMONIES MULTIPLI$ BY ! ,*UR* & JUDG$ USELESS ! PRAY]S = ! DEAD1 :I* WAS A S\RCE ( REV5UE = ! CL]GY4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ,EA/] DID AWAY ) ,JEWI% SUP]/ITION4 ,EPIPHANIUS ( ,SALAMIS -- :O US$ A PROC$URE ?AT W\LD BE POPUL> AMONG ! 9QUISITORS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 CONFUSION -- ASSIMILAT$ HIM ) ! ,>IANS1 TO :OM HE ?US IMPUT$ HO/ILE FEEL+S = ! .<,*UR*.> HI]>*Y4 

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