,*APT] #c 
,! ,JUDEAN ,SECTS 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c3 ,! ,JUDEAN ,SECTS 

  

,ORIG9ALLY ! T]M 0SECTS0 DID NOT C>RY ANY P]JORATIVE CONNOTATION4 ,IT DESIGNAT$ C]TA9 POLITICAL & RELIGIONS FACTIONS 9 ! G5]AL POPULATION4 

,ALEX&] & ,GREEK DOM9ATION CONFIRM$ ! EXI/5CE ( A ,SAM>ITAN SECT1 :I* ISSU$ FROM ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! K+DOMS ( ! ,NOR? & ! ,S\?4 ,HELL5IZATION 5C\RAG$ ?IS SECT BY ALL[+ IT TO BUILD A TEMPLE DI/9CT FROM ! ONE 9 ,J]USALEM4 ,ITS MEMB]S ONLY KNEW & ONLY RECOGNIZ$ ! ,P5TATEU* 7! FIR/ FIVE BOOKS ( ! ,BIBLE7 & ! ,BOOK ( ,JO%UA_/,JESUS1 9 :I* A S]MON BY ,ORIG51 WRITT5 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! ,?IRD ,C5TURY1 REVEAL$ ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! MY?IC G5ESIS ( ! ,MESSIANIC ,SAVIOR4 ,! ,SAM>ITAN ,BIBLE DIFF]$ FROM ! ,MASORETIC TEXT1 WAS E/ABLI%$ LATT]1 & WAS CLOSE TO ! MANUSCRIPTS DISCOV]$ AT ,QUMRAN4 

,! ,SADDUCEANS 

  

,ONE BELIEVES ?AT ! SECT ( ! ,SADDUCEANS APPE>$ AB\T #c YE>S BE=E ! ,*RI/IAN ]A4 ,?IS SECT 9SCRIB$ ITSELF 9 ! POLITICAL L9E ( ,YAHWEHI/ C5TRALISM4 ,PRE-DAT+ ! EXILE 7#e#h#f-#e#c#f .<,B4,C4,E4.>71 BUT ACTUALLY DRAFT$ 9 ! ,F\R? ,C5TURY .<,B4,C4,E4.>1 ! ,BOOK ( ,EZEKIEL DESCRIBES PRIE/S :O CON=M$ TO ! ,SADDUCEAN BELIEF 9 ! ,SON ( ,SADOQ 7OR ,TSADOQ74 ,COMB9+ ! ROLE ( PROPHET & ! FUNCTION ( ! SAC]DOTE1 ,EZEKIEL UNIFI$ 9 ! SAME M9I/RY TWO RELIGI\S ATTITUDES ?AT HAD (T5 BE5 OPPOS$3 ! POPUL> AGITATOR & ! TEMPLE FUNCTION>Y4 

,A PRIE/ :O CLAIM$ TO HAVE ORDA9$ ,SOLOMON 7,K+S #a1 #c#h71 ,TSADOQ EVOK$ ! IDEA ( JU/ICE ACCORD+ TO ! ,SEMITIC PRACTICE ( WORDPLAY KN[N AS !M\RA1 0A ,KABBALI/IC PRACTICE BY :I*1 ON ! BASIS ( A LOGICAL TABLE ( P]MUTATIONS1 ONE REPLACES ONE ,HEBRAIC LETT] ) ANO!R4 ,:5 APPLI$ TO ,BIBLICAL TEXTS1 !SE REPLACEM5TS P]MIT ONE TO MULTIPLY ! HIDD5 MEAN+ 7OR :AT IS HELD TO BE SU*740.<#c#f.> 

,H]E1 ! KEY WORD IS TS$EQ1 0JU/ICE10 :I* WAS US$ BY ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN SECT ( ,MEL*IZ$EK1 ,MEL*ITS$EQ4 ,ONE F9DS IT 9 ! ,ESS5E CULT ( ! ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE1 & 9 ! NAME !Y CONF]R$ UPON !MSELVES1 0,SONS ( ,TSADOQ10 & 9 ! QUALITY ( 0,JU/7NESS710 ASCRIB$ TO ,JACOB1 :O WAS LAT] HELD TO BE AN APO/LE BY ! ,*RI/IAN & ,CA?OLIC EVANGELICAL LEG5DS4 

,SADDUCEAISM COM=TS ! UNIT>Y DOCTR9E ( ! ,/ATE & MONO!ISM4 ,A SAC]DOTAL RUL+ CLASS1 ! ,SADDUCEAN P>TY BUILT ! ,TEMPLE ( ,J]USALEM1 :I* =M$ ! AXIS ( ITS TEMPORAL P[] & ! PRIVILG$ SPACE 9 :I* ,GOD MANIFE/$ ! WILL TO GUIDE HIS PEOPLE4 ,HI< FUNCTION>IES ( ! DIV9E JUDGM5T1 ! ,SADDUCEANS DEVOT$ !MSELVES ESPECIALLY TO QU>RELS CONC]N+ PREC$5CE & RIVALRIES = P[]4 

,*>G$ ) ACCOMPLI%+ ! SACRIFICES ( ! ,TEMPLE1 & ) WAT*+ OV] ! OBS]VANCE ( ! RITES ) :I* ,Y,H,: FOLDS .<PLIE.> EV]YDAY EXI/5CE1 ! ,SADDUCEANS W]E H>DLY DIFF]5T 9 M9DSET FROM ! ,PR9CE-,BI%OPS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ! ,R5NAISSANCE :O1 LIV+ 9 OPUL5CE & DEBAU*]Y1 ONLY PROTE/$ !IR FAI? SO AS TO BETT] ASSURE ! PR]OGATIVES ( ! ,*UR* & ITS SACR$ AU?ORITY4 

,GOOD W>D5S1 ! ,SADDUCEANS ASSIMILAT$ REVOLT 9TO *ANGE1 & APO/ASY 9TO PROPHETIC PROCLAMATIONS4 ,ALL ! MORE ATTA*$ TO !IR PRIVILEGES1 :I* !Y PRID$ !MSELVES ON & ALL[$ !M ACCESS TO AN ALL-P[]FUL ,GOD1 ! ,SADDUCEANS DIDN'T HESITATE TO COLLABORATE ) ! 9VAD]S OR TO F]OCI\SLY REPRESS ! ,JEWS :O DIDN'T ACCOMMODATE !MSELVES4 

,! ,PH>ISAIANS TREAT$ ! ,SADDUCEANS LIKE !Y W]E ,EPICUREANS1 :I* ! ,PH>ISIANS ?\<T TO BE AN 9SULT+ T]M4 ,! ,*RI/IANS ACCUS$ ! ,SADDUCEANS ( NOT BELIEV+ 9 ANY?+1 A REPROA* ?AT -- BY A MALICI\S TURN ( EV5TS -- ,CELSE & HIS CONTEMPOR>IES ADDRESS$ TO ! ,*RI/IANS1 ) :OM 7AS LATE AS ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY7 !Y /ILL CONFUS$ ) ! ,OR?ODOX ,JEWS :O HAD DISAPPE>$ 9 ! AFT]MA? ( #g .<,C4,E4.>4 ,! ,SADDUCEANS1 IT IS TRUE1 REJECT$ ! ?REE GREAT ,PH>ISAIAN DOCTR9ES ?AT W]E LAT] REPRIZ$ BY ! ,*RI/IANS3 ! EXPECTATION ( A ,MESSIAH2 ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L1 & -- EVOK$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ! ,BOOK ( ,DANIEL 9 #afe .<,B4,C4,E4.> -- ! RESURRECTION ( ! BODY4 

,! ,SADDUCEANS' SUPPORT ( ,ANTIO*US ,I,V ,EPIPHANE'S POLITICS ( ,HELL5IZATION & ! PILLAG+ ( ! ,TEMPLE & ! MASSACRE ( ! FACTIONS HO/ILE TO ! ,GREEK P>TY1 FOLL[$ TWO YE>S LAT] BY ! 9/AURATION 9 ,J]USALEM ( ! CULT ( ! ,OLYMPIAN ,JUPIT]1 REVIV$ A POPUL> NATIONALI/ & RELIGI\S UPHEAVAL ?AT WAS L$ BY A C]TA9 ,MATTA?IAS4 ,! MOVEM5T P>TOOK ( GREAT PROPHETIC AGITATIONS ?AT REQUIR$ A /RICT OB$I5CE TO ,MOSIAC LAW BY EV]YONE4 

,KILL$ 9 #aff .<,B4,C4,E4.>1 ,MATTA?IAS WAS SUCC$$ BY HIS SON1 ,JUDA1 SURNAM$ ,MACCABEE4 ,UND] HIS LEAD1 ! REBELLION GREW & 9 #afd .<,B4,C4,E4.> =C$ ,ANTIO*US ,I,V ,EPIPHANE TO ABROGATE ! MEASURES TAK5 AGA9/ RELIGION4 ,DESPITE ! AMNE/Y & ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! CULT1 ,JUDA PURSU$ ! COMBAT AGA9/ ! OCCUPI]S4 ,AS HIS PROSECUTION ALSO /RUCK ! P>TISANS ( ,HELL5ISM1 HIS FANATICISM ALI5AT$ HIM FROM A FACTION ( ! ,JEWS S5SIBLE TO ! FRE$OMS ( ,GREEK ?\<T & ! COG5CY ( RATIONAL CRITIQUE4 ,! DEA? ( ,JUDA 9 #af .<,B4,C4,E4.>1 DUR+ ! C\RSE ( COMBAT1 BR\<T =? A PITILESS REPRESSION4 

,! ASC5SION TO P[] BY ,JEAN ,HYRCAN ! ,FIR/ 7#a#c#d-#a#d .<,B4,C4,E4.>7 M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,ASMONEAN DYNA/Y4 ,HYRCAN MADE HIMSELF IDI\S TO ! ,SAM>ITANS BY SEIZ+ !IR C\NTRY4 ,HE DE/ROY$ ! ,TEMPLE ON ,M\NT ,G>IZIM2 HE ANNEX$ ,IDUM TO ! S\? ( ,JUDEA & ,JUDAIZ$ COSMOPOLITAN ,GALILEE4 ,HIS SON ,>I/OBULE SUCCE$$ HIM1 BUT DI$ A YE> LAT]1 9 #ac .<,B4,C4,E4.>4 ,HIS WID[ M>RI$ ,ALEX&] ,JANNEE 7#a#c-#g#f .<,B4,C4,E4.>71 :O >ROGAT$ = HIMSELF ! TITLE ( K+4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH1 A NEW P>TY 9T]V5$ 9 ! QU>REL BETWE5 PONTIFICAL & MON>*IAL P[] -- ! OLD QU>REL BETWE5 ! TEMPORAL & ! SPIRITUAL4 ,PH>ISAISM CONFRONT$ ! ,SADDUCEAN SECT1 :I* ?ANKS TO AN ALLIANCE ) ! DESPOTS ( ! DAY HAD MA9TA9$ 9 ITS PRIVILEGES4 

,! ,PH>ISIANS PRON\NC$ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! ATTRIBUTION ( ! ROYAL TITLE TO ,ALEX&] ,JANNEE4 ,HE SOON !REFAT] CRUCIFI$ #h ,PH>ISIANS2 ! ?ROATS ( !IR WOM5 & *ILDR5 W]E CUT BE=E HIS EYES4 

,FROM ! SAME TORM5T$ MATRIX W\LD COME A ?IRD SECT1 ?AT ( ! ,SONS ( ,TSADOQ1 OR ! ,M5 ( ! ,COMMUNITY1 :OM ! ,GREEKS CALL$ ! 0,ESS5ES40 ,HO/ILE TO ! ,SADDUCEANS & TO ! ,PH>ISIANS1 !Y ALSO %[$ A VIOL5T OPPOSITION TO ,J]USALEM1 ! ,TEMPLE & ! PRACTICE ( SACRIFICES4 

,COLLABORATORS ) ALL ( ! OCCUPI]S ( ,PALE/9E1 ! ,SADDUCEANS DID NOT SURVIVE ! W> ( ! ,ZEALOTS1 :I* 5D$ ) ! SACK+ ( ,J]USALEM & ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,TEMPLE 9 #g .<,C4,E4.>4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! ,FIR/ ,C5TURY1 ONLY ! ,PH>ISIANS POSSESS$ A MONOPOLY ON ,JEWI% OR?ODOXY4.<#c#g.> 

,! ,PH>ISIANS 

  

,! ,HEBRAIC T]M P]\%IM MEANS 0SEP>AT$1 PLAC$ AP>T10 AN ALLUSION TO ! S*ISM ?AT W\LD1 9 #afc .<,B4,C4,E4.>1 LEAD TO NATIONALI/ & HOLY W> AGA9/ ! ,GREEK OCCUPI]S BY ,MATTA?IAS & HIS SON1 ,JUDA ,MACCABEE4 ,BETT] KN[N BY !IR ,HELL5IZ$ NAME 0,PH>ISIANS10 !SE SECT>IANS EXTOLL$ ! /RICT OBS]VANCE ( ,MOSAIC LAW & OPPOS$ ,SADDUCEAN HYPOCRISY ) WORK+-CLASS F]VOR4 

,VITUP]AT+ ! DISSOLUTE MORALS ( ! SAC]DOTAL CA/E1 ,PH>ISAISM -- PRECURSOR ( A RE=M MOVEM5T ?AT CA/IGAT$ ! MORALS ( ! ,ROMAN ,*UR* -- CELEBRAT$ ! VIRTUES ( ES!TIC MORALITY1 EMPHASIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( SOLID>ITY1 5C\RAG$ PIETY & RALLI$ A CR[D ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE1 :OSE FEEL+S ( FRU/RATION1 DISORD] & 5VY IT *ANNEL$4 

,9 ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,SADDUCEAN DOM9ATION1 ,PH>ISAISM DISPOS$ ( TWO 9/ITUTIONAL WEAPONS ?AT PROV$ ITS P[] ( ORGANIZATION3 ! ,RABB9AT & AN ASSEMBLY ( ! FAI?FUL1 OR SYNAGOGUE1 ! MODEL = FUTURE *UR*ES4 

,:ATEV] HIS TRADE1 ! RABBI 70MY MA/]071 A SECUL> P$AGOGUE1 DISP5S$ RELIGI\S 9/RUCTION AMONG ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,AFT] ! DEFEAT ( #g .<,C4,E4.> & ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ,SADDUCEANISM1 !RE W]E RABBIS :O IMPOS$ MOD]NITY ON ! ,JEWI% RELIGION1 FIX$ ! CANON ( SACR$ TEXTS1 DEF5D$ OR?ODOXY1 CONDEMN$ ! H]ESIES ( ! M9IM 7DUALI/S OR ,GNO/ICS7 & ! NOISRIM OR ,NAZ>5ES4 

,! 0SYNAGOGUES10 FROM ! ,GREEK SYNAGOGE1 0MEET+10 DESIGNAT$ ! H\SES ( PRIE/S1 /UDIES & MEET+S4 ,! ,ESS5ES W\LD IMITATE ! SYNAGOGUES BY CALL+ !IRS 0COMMUNITIES10 9 ,GREEK EKKLESIAI1 OR1 9 ,FR5*1 0*UR*0 = ! PLACE1 & 0,*UR*0 = ! ASSEMBLY4 

,:5 BLOODY REPRESSION BY ,ALEX&] ,JANNEE PUT !M D[N 9 #a .<,B4,C4,E4.>1 A L>GE NUMB] ( ,PH>ISIANS W\LD LEAVE ,JUDEA & GO TO ,GALILEE4 ,!RE !Y W]E RIVALS ) ! ,NAZ>5ES 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! ,FIR/ ,C5TURY BE=E ! ,*RI/IAN ]A4 ,9 ! CITIES ( ! ,DIASPORA1 !IR 9FLU5CE W\LD NOT CEASE TO GR[ BE=E ! GREAT ANTI-,SEMITIC WAVES ( #g & #a#c#e4 

,:5 ,POMPEI SEIZ$ ,J]USALEM 9 #fc .<,B4,C4,E4.>1 !REBY 9AUGURAT+ A ,ROMAN DOM9ATION ?AT W\LD P]PETUATE ITSELF UNTIL #c#b#d1 ! ,PH>ISIANS *OSE TO COLLABORATE ) ! OCCUPI]S4 

,9 ! SAME P]IOD1 UND] ! PONTIFICATE ( ,JEAN ,HYRAN ,I,I1 A DISSID5T ,RABBI1 ! HEAD ( AN ,ESS5E COMMUNITY & KN[N BY ! NAME ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE1 WAS PUT TO DEA? ) ! CONS5T ( ! ,PH>ISIANS1 IF NOT !IR 9/IGATION4 ,! ,ESS5ES V[$ AGA9/ ! ,PH>ISIANS A HATR$ EQUAL TO ?AT :I* !Y HEAP$ UPON .<ACCABL5T.> ! ,SADDUCEANS & ,JUDAISM 9 G5]AL4 ,NOT ONLY W\LD ! EXECUTION ( ! ,*RI/ OR ,ESS5E ,MESSIAH L5D ITS DRAMATIC AURA TO ! CRUCIFICATION ( ,JESUS AS REPORT$ BY ! EVANGELICAL LEG5DS1 BUT IT W\LD ALSO ACCR$IT ! OP9ION ( A DEA? RECLAIM$ BY ! ,PH>ISIANS4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,AL?\< LITTLE TAK5 ) K+S *OS5 BY ! ,ROMANS 7SU* AS ,H]OD ! ,GREAT71 ! ,PH>ISIANS E/IMAT$ ?AT SOV]EIGNS GOV]N BY REASON ( A DIV9E WILL & !Y SUPPORT$ ! PR9CIPLE ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y 0TO R5D] UNTO ,CEAS> :AT BELONGS TO ,CEAS>40 

,! ,PH>ISIANS TOOK ! SIDE ( ,ROME 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,ZEALOTS1 .<SO MU* SO.> ?AT ONE ( !IR MO/ CELEBRAT$ SECT>IANS1 ! HI/ORIAN ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH1 CALL$ !M LE/OI1 0B&ITS10 .<&.> 0T]RORI/S40 ,ISN'T IT ) ! CONS5T ( ! ,ROMAN AU?ORITIES ?AT1 A LITTLE BE=E ! DE/RUCTION ( ,J]USALEM1 ! GREAT RABBI ,JOHANAN ,B5 ,ZAKAI & ! ,PH>ISIANS LEFT ! CITY8 ,! EXODUS1 VOLUNT>ILY UND]TAK5 SO AS TO AVOID A CONFRONTATION ( :I* ! ,PH>ISIANS DISAPPROV$1 W\LD 9 A FALSIFI$ V]SION 5T] 9TO ! APOLOGETIC NOVEL KN[N AS ,ACTS ( ! ,APO/LES 75D ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY72 9 IT1 ! ,PH>ISIANS HAVE TRANS=M$ !MSELVES 9TO ,*RI/IANS1 ?US CR$IT$ ) N\RI%+ NO HO/ILITY T[>DS ,ROME 7FROM ! SECOND HALF ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY ON1 ! POLITICS ( ! DIV]SE ,*RI/IANITIES /ROVE TO OBTA9 A DIPLOMA ( GOOD CITIZ5%IP FROM ,ROMAN IMP]IAL P[]74 ,!Y TOOK REFUGE 9 ,PELLA1 9 ,MAC$ONIA4 ,LIKE ! ,SADDUCEANS1 ! ,PH>ISIANS MADE A PACT ) ! P[]S-?AT-BE SO AS TO BETT] SITUATE !IR RELIGION ABOVE T]RE/RIAL CONT+5CIES4 ,! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* W\LD NOT DO O!RWISE ALL ! WAY ?R\< ! ,N9ETE5? & ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURIES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,PH>ISIANS DREW D[N ! HATR$ & SCORN ( ! ,ZEALOTS & ! ,ESS5E FACTIONS ?AT W]E FAVORABLE TO !M4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,PH>ISAISM POPUL>IZ$ ! PRACTICE ( MIDRA% OR BIBLICAL COMM5T>Y4 ,! SO-CALL$ SACR$ TEXTS HAD BE5 RE-COPI$ & REVIS$ )\T SCRUPLE AS A FUNCTION ( ON-GO+ POLEMICS1 READ 9 PUBLIC1 EXPLA9$1 GLOSS$1 CORRECT$ BY ! EVOLUTION ( M9DSETS1 BR\<T UP TO DATE1 NAY1 SUPPRESS$1 LIKE ! ,BOOK ( ,TOBIAS4 ,A :OLE LIT]ATURE -- T>GUM1 MIDRA%1 MI%NA1 ,TALMUD -- WAS ?US =G$ 9 ! FIRES ( ! ASSEMBLIES & ! NECESSITY ( EXTRACT+ FROM !SE TEXTS A MORAL RULE APPLICABLE TO ! COMMUNITY1 OR TO ! 5TIRETY ( ! BELIEV]S4 

,! ,PAUL9E CURR5T1 :I* ,M>CION W\LD IMPOSE >\ND #ad .<,C4,E4.> SO AS TO C\NT] ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES ?AT CLAIM$ ,PET] & ,JOHN = !MSELVES1 TOOK A L>GE P>T ( ITS DOCTR9E FROM ,PH>ISIAN DOCTR9ES3 NOTABLY1 ! BEYOND :]E ! DEAD W\LD BE 9DIVIDUALLY RESUSCITAT$ AFT] A ,LA/ ,JUDGM5T ?AT W\LD DIVIDE ALL 9TO ! BLESS$1 RAIS$ UP TO A CELE/IAL ,$51 & ! DAMN$1 HURL$ .<D[N.> 9TO ,GEH5NA2 ! EXI/5CE ( ANGELS1 AG5TS & 9T]C$]S ( ,DIV9E ,GRACE2 ! 5D ( ! WORLD1 9 :I* A ,MESSIAH1 S5T BY ,GOD1 ANNIHILATES ! T]RE/RIAL K+DOMS1 SO AS TO SUB/ITUTE ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD = !M2 & ! IMM95CE ( ! TIMES 9 :I* ! P[] ( ! ,SAVIOR WILL BE REVEAL$4 

,LIKE ! ,ESS5ES1 ! ,PH>ISIANS PRACTIC$ ! ,HOLY ,COMMUNION OR EU*>I/IC BANQUET1 BUT !Y DEF5D$ A MORE P]SONAL RELIGION1 LESS AU/]E1 BETT] ACCORD$ ) HUMAN WEAKNESS4 ,AL?\< ATTA*$ TO SACRIFICES & TO ! FUSSY RIGORS ( ! OBS]VANCES1 !Y %[$ !MSELVES MU* MORE ACCOMMODAT+1 CALL+ =? ! REPROA* ( LAXITY FROM ! ,ESS5ES1 :O !MSELVES REFUS$ ! SACRIFICES ( ! ,TEMPLE1 SO AS TO SUB/ITUTE = !M ! SACRIFICE ( EXI/5CE & ! MAC]ATION ( ! BODY4 

,! ,PH>ISIANS %[$ !MSELVES TO BE >D5T PROSELYTIZ]S BUT1 UNLIKE ! ,ESS5ES1 ,NAZ>5ES & ,EL*ASAITE ,*RI/IANS M5TION$ 9 A LETT] FROM ,PL9Y ! ,Y\NG] TO ,T>JAN1 !Y W]E RA!R 9CL9$ TO DISC\RAGE NEOPHYTES4 ,ANO!R P>ADOX3 LIKE ! ,*RI/IAN ,JEWS 9 ! ,EPI/LE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,B>NABAS 7#i8 #a8 #a#a871 !Y DID NOT RAISE OBJECTIONS TO CIRCUMCISION1 ! ,SABBA?1 ! RITES ( PURIFICATION OR PROHIBIT$ FOODS4 

,PLAC+ ! ACC5T ON AN ACTIVE SOLID>ITY1 ! ,PH>ISIANS MADE ! SYNAGOGUES PLACES ( MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE & 5C\NT]4 ,!Y DEVELOP$ 9 !M 9 A K9D ( SOCIAL SECURITY1 PROVID+ ASSI/ANCE TO ! POOR1 ! ELD]LY1 WID[S & ! SICK4 ,! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN1 !N DE-,JUDAIZ$ ,*UR*ES RECLAIM$ = !IR [N ACC\NTS ! *>ITABLE POLITICS ( ! ,PH>ISIANS1 BETT+ ON !M SO AS TO IMPLANT !MSELVES MORE EASILY 9 ! WORK+-CLASS .<POPULAIRE.> MILIEUX4 

,! ,ZEALOT ,MOVEM5T 

  

,! ,ZEALOTS CON/ITUT$ LESS A SECT1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 ?AN A FRONT = A NATIONALI/ GU]RILLA W> ?AT RE-GR\P$ 79 A COMMUNAL HATR$ = ! ,ROMAN OCCUPATION7 DIV]SE RELIGI\S T5D5CIES 9 ,PALE/9E & ACROSS ! ,DIASPORA4 

,! K+ FROM #cg TO #d .<,B4,C4,E4.>1 ,H]OD DID NOT FAIL TO RE-BUILD ! ,TEMPLE1 APPEASE RELIGI\S SCRUPLES & BE ASSUR$ ( ! FAVOR ( ! ,SADDUCEAN & ,PH>ISIAN P>TIES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 AN AGITATION ?AT NO D\BT ISSU$ FROM ! ,ESS5E & ,BAPTI/ MILIEUX 7,DOSI!ANS & ,NAZ>5ES7 RAVAG$ ! ,/ATE4 

,SPEAK+ ( ! REVOLT ( ,JUDA ( ,GAMALA1 ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH M5TIONS A B&IT BY ! NAME ( ,EZE*IAS3 0,!RE WAS ALSO A C]TA9 ,JUDA1 SON ( ,EZE*IAS1 ! R$\TABLE HEAD ( ! BRIG&S :O HAD ONLY BE5 TAK5 BY ,H]OD ) ! GREATE/ ( DIFFICULTIES40.<#c#h.> 

,JUDA ( ,GAMALA OR ,GALILEE WAS ! LEAD] ( ! REVOLT 9 ! YE> #f4 ,! CRUCIFICATION ( HIS FA!R1 ,EZE*IAS1 TOOK PLACE >\ND #c .<,B4,C4,E4.>4 

,! 5DEMIC /ATE ( ! REVOLT BECAME WORSE AFT] ! DEA? ( ,H]OD 9 #d .<,B4,C4,E4.>4 0,TR\BLES EXPLOD$ FROM ALL SIDES ( ! C\NTRY .<444.> ,A SLAVE ( ! DECEAS$ K+ ASSUM$ ! DIADEM &1 TRAVEL+ ! REGION ) ! BRIG&S :OM HE HAD ASSEMBL$1 BURN$ ! ROYAL PALACE AT ,J]I*O1 AMONG MANY ( ! LUXURI\S RESID5CES40.<#c#i.> ,A %EPH>D1 ,A?RONGEE1 ALSO ASSUM$ ! DIADEM & TRAVEL$ ! C\NTRYSIDE1 KILL+ ,ROMANS & ! ,K+'S PEOPLE4 ,!N1 ! ,ROMAN ,G5]AL ,V>US WAS S5T ) TWO LEGIONS & F\R REGIM5TS ( CAVALRYM54 

,9 #f1 ! C5SUS ORGANIZ$ BY ,QUIR9US1 ! PAPAL LEGATEE ( ,SYRIA1 GAVE ! SIGNAL = A G5]AL 9SURRECTION ?AT WAS CONDUCT$ = RELIGI\S REASONS1 BECAUSE 0ONLY ,GOD CAN TAKE ACC\NT ( HIS PEOPLE0 7:I* IS H[ ! C5SUS IS M5TION$ BY ,DAVID 9 ! ,BOOK ( ,SAMUEL #b1 #b#d71 BUT WAS /IRR$ UP EV]Y:]E BY ! MIS]ABLE LOT ( ! EXCLUD$ CLASSES4 ,! 9SURRECTION WAS L$ BY ,JUDA ( ,GAMALA1 TO :OM ,FLAVIUS RETURNS SEV]AL TIMES3  
  

,!N1 A ,GALILEAN BY ! NAME ( ,JUDA PU%$ HIS COMPATRIOTS TO REVOLT BY REPROA*+ !M = AGREE+ TO PAY TAXES TO ! ,ROMANS & = SUPPORT+ MORTAL MA/]S1 BEYOND ,GOD 444.<#d.> 

,!RE WAS ALSO A C]TA9 ,JUDA1 SON ( ,EZE*IAS1 ! R$\TABLE LEAD] ( ! BRIG&S1 :O HAD ONLY BE5 TAK5 BY ,H]OD ) ! GREATE/ ( DIFFICULTIES4 ,?IS ,JUDA UNIT$ >\ND ,SEPPHORIS1 9 ,GALILEE1 A TROOP ( DESP]ATE PEOPLE :O MADE AN 9CURSION AGA9/ ! ,ROYAL ,PALACE4 ,BE+ 9 POSSESSION ( ALL ! WEAPONS ?AT !Y F\ND !RE1 HE EQUIPP$ ?OSE :O SURR\ND$ HIM & C>RI$ (F ALL ( ! RI*ES ?AT HE HAD COLLECT$4 ,HE T]RORIZ$ ! NEI<BOR+ >EAS ) RAIDS & PILLAG+1 AIM+ TO TAKE A GREAT =TUNE & EV5 ! HONORS ( ROYALTY1 BECAUSE HE HOP$ TO ATTA9 ?IS DIGNITY1 NOT BY ! PRACTICE ( VIRTUE1 BUT BY ! EXCESS ( HIS 9JU/ICE444 .<#d#a.> 

,BUT A C]TA9 ,JUDA ! ,GAULONITE FROM ! CITY ( ,GAMALA JO9$ ) A ,PH>ISIAN NAM$ ,SADDOK1 & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! S$ITION4 ,!Y CLAIM$ ?AT ?IS ,C5SUS PROVID$ NO?+ LESS ?AN COMPLETE S]VITUDE1 & !Y CALL$ UPON ! PEOPLE TO RECLAIM !IR LIB]TY4 ,!Y SAID1 IF IT %\LD HAPP5 ?AT !Y SUCCE$$1 ?IS W\LD BE TO ! B5EFIT ( ! =TUNE !Y'D ALREADY ACQUIR$1 & IF !Y W]E FRU/RAT$ BY ! GOODS ?AT REMA9$ = !M TO TAKE1 AT LEA/ !Y W\LD OBTA9 ! HONOR & GLORY ( HAV+ %[N ! GR&EUR ( ! S\L4 ,MOREOV]1 ,GOD PREF]R$ ! SUCCESS ( !IR PROJECTS2 SO1 9 LOVE ) GREAT ?+S1 !Y SP>$ NO EXP5SE 9 REALIZ+ IT444 

,H]E W]E BORN S$ITIONS & POLITICAL ASSASS9ATIONS1 SOMETIMES ( 5EMIES1 SOMETIMES FELL[ CITIZ5S1 IMMOLAT$ BY ! PASSION ?AT ANIMAT$ !M TO FI<T ONE AGA9/ ! O!R & TO NEV] C$E TO !IR ADV]S>IES2 ! FAM9E PU%$ !M TO ! MO/ %AMELESS EXTREMITIES2 ! SEIZURE & DE/RUCTION ( CITIES1 UP TO ! LA/ REVOLT 9 :I* EV5 ! ,TEMPLE ( ,GOD WAS SURR5D]$ TO ! FIRE ( ! 5EMY4 ,! *ANGE 9 & UPSET ( ! NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS HAD SO MU* 9FLU5CE ?AT ?OSE :O ATTA9$ !M W]E LO/1 SU* AS ,JUDA ( ,GAMALA & ,SADDOK1 :O 9TRODUC$ & >\S$ AMONG US A F\R? PHILOSOPHICAL SECT & SURR\ND$ !MSELVES ) MANY ADH]5TS1 & IMM$IATELY FILL$ ! C\NTRY ) TR\BLES & PLANT$ ! ROOTS ( ! EVIL ?AT W\LD MU* LAT] RAGE 9 IT1 & ?IS ?ANKS TO ?IS UNKN[N PHILOSOPHY ( :I* ,I HAVE WANT$ TO SPEAK A LITTLE1 PR9CIPALLY BECAUSE IT WAS ! Y\?'S 9T]E/ 9 ?IS SECT ?AT WAS ! RU9 ( ! C\NTRY4 

,! F\R? PHILOSOPHICAL SECT HAD ,JUDA ! ,GALILEAN AS ITS AU?OR4 ,HIS SECT>IANS 9 G5]AL ACCORD$ !MSELVES ) ! DOCTR9E ( ! ,PH>ISIANS1 BUT !Y ALSO HAVE AN 9V9CIBLE LOVE ( LIB]TY1 BECAUSE !Y JUDGE ?AT ,GOD IS ! ONLY *IEF & ! ONLY MA/]4 ,! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y =MS ( DEA?1 ! TORTURE ( P>5TS & FRI5DS LEAVE !M 9DIFF]5T1 PROVID$ ?AT !Y DO NOT CALL ANY MAN BY ! NAME ( MA/]4 ,AS MANY PEOPLE HAVE WITNESS$ ! UN%AKABLE FIRMNESS ) :I* !Y SUBMIT TO ALL ( !SE EVILS1 ,I CAN SAY NO MORE1 BECAUSE ,I FE>1 NOT ?AT ONE D\BTS :AT ,I HAVE SAID AB\T ?IS SUBJECT1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y ?AT MY WORDS DO NOT GIVE TOO WEAK ( AN IDEA ( ! SCORN ) :I* !Y ACCEPT & SUPPORT SORR[4 ,?IS MADNESS BEGAN TO RAGE 9 \R PEOPLE UND] ! GOV]NM5T ( ,GESSIUS ,FLORUS1 :O BY ! EXCESS ( HIS VIOL5CE WILL CAUSE !M TO REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,ROMANS4 ,SU* >E ! PHILOSOPHICAL SECTS ?AT EXI/ AMONG ! ,JEWS444 .<#d#b.>  
  

,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH'S TEXT CALLS = SEV]AL REM>KS4 ,! MOVEM5T ( ! ,ZEALOTS OR 0ZEAL\S S]VANTS ( ! LAW ( ,MOSES0 WAS NOT BORN UND] ! GOV]NM5T ( ,GESSIUS ,FLORUS1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 9 #f#e2 IT TOOK PLACE 9 ! =M ( ,JUDA ( ,GAMALA1 CALL$ ! ,GALILEAN1 JU/ LIKE ! ,MESSIAH ,JESUS1 :O ALSO WANT$ TO BECOME ,K+ ( ! ,JEWS1 ( :OSE EXI/5CE .<,FLAVIUS.> ,JOSEPH IS IGNORANT4 

,! NAME ( ! ,PH>ISIAN1 ,SADOQ1 :I* ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH 7HIMSELF A ,PH>ISIAN7 HELD 9 M$IOCRE E/EEM1 EVOKES ! IDEA ( JU/ICE1 :I* WAS %>$ BY ! ,ESS5ES' ,MA/] ( ,JU/ICE & ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANS' ,JACOB_/,JOHN4 ,F9ALLY1 ! REGR\P+ ( DIV]SE RELIGI\S T5D5CIES ?AT ! HI/ORIAN CALLS ! 0F\R? SECT0 -- DOES IT NOT SUGGE/ ! IDEA ( A RELIGI\S SYNCRETISM 9 :I* EA* COMBATANT1 NOT RECOGNIZ+ ANY AU?ORITY O!R ?AN ?AT ( ,GOD1 IS ! BRO!R ( & MODEL = ,ADONAI1 ,KYRIOS1 ! ,SAVIOR8 

,9 #d#e1 ,CASPIUS ,FADUS -- NAM$ ! GOV]NOR ( ,JUDEA BY ,EMP]OR ,CLAUDE -- HAD TO FACE AN 9SURRECTION L$ BY ! ,MESSIAH ,!UDAS 7AKA ,JUDA OR ,?OMAS71 :O WAS FOLL[$ BY A GREAT MANY POOR PEOPLE4 ,9 ! MANN] ( ,ELIE & ,ELISEE 9 ,HEBRAIC MY?OLOGY1 HE PROMIS$ HIS TROOPS !Y W\LD TAKE ,J]USALEM & CROSS ! ,JORDAN )\T GETT+ !IR FEET WET4 ,BY PROMIS+ TO LEAD HIS FLOCK 9TO ! PROMIS$ L&1 HE REPEAT$ ! GE/URE ( ,JO%UA4 ,FADUS SUPPRESS$ ! REVOLT4 ,!UDAS WAS DECAPITAT$1 HIS P>TISANS MASSACR$4 

,BETWE5 #df & #d#h1 ,TIB]IAS ,ALEX&]1 :O SUCCE$$ ,FADUS1 ORDA9$ ! CRUCIFICATION ( ! TWO SONS ( ,JUDA ( ,GAMALA3 ,SIMEON 7,SIMON7 & HIS BRO!R ,JACOB 7,JOHN74 

,UND] ,AGRIPPA ,I,I,I1 >\ND #d#i1 NEW CLA%ES BROKE \T BETWE5 ,JEWS & ,ZEALOTS4 ,BATTLES W]E F\<T BESIDE ! ,TEMPLE4 ,9 #f#f1 ,CES>IA WAS ! !AT] ( BATTLE BETWE5 ,JEWS & ,GREEKS4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 AN 9CID5T BR\<T FIRE TO ! P[D]4 ,ELEAZ>1 SON ( ! GREAT PRIE/ ,ANANIA & LEAD] ( ! ,TEMPLE'S GU>DS1 KILL$ ! ?IRD SON OR ! GR&SON ( ,JUDA ( ,GALILEE1 ,M5A*EM1 ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,ZEALOT MOVEM5T 7HIS NAME MEANS 0,P>ACLETE0 .<9 ,GREEK.> & 0,COM=T]0 .<9 ,LAT9.>74 ,! G5]AL W> AGA9/ ,ROME & = ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,ISRAEL W]E PROCLAIM$ 9 A GREAT CONFUSION1 BECAUSE ,JEWS FROM RIVAL FACTIONS KILL$ EA* O!R 9 ,J]USALEM4 ,IT W\LD LA/ UP TO #g .<,C4,E4.>4 

,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH1 :O HAD BE5 GOV]NOR ( ,GALILEE1 SAID ) FULL KN[L$GE ( ! CAUSES ( ! ,VESPASIAN CAMPAIGN3  
  

,AFT] ! TAK+ ( ,JOPATA1 ALL ( ! ,GALILEANS :O HAD ESCAP$ FROM ! >MS ( ! ,ROMANS SURR5D]$ TO !M4 ,! REBELS !N OCCUPI$ EV]Y:]E1 EXCEPT = ,GIS*ALA & ,M\NT ,ITABYRIOS 7,?ABOR74 ,!Y ALSO OCCUPI$ ,GAMALA1 ! CITY ( ! ,T>I*EANS1 SITUAT$ ABOVE ! LAKE1 :]E ! K+DOM ( ,AGRIPPA 5D$1 & !IR NEI<BORS W]E ,SOGONE & ,SELEUCIE & ,LAKE ,SEME*ONITIS4 ,! LAKE'S WID? IS SIXTY V]/ES & EXT5DS TO ! M>KET T[N CALL$ ,DAPHNE1 :I* IS COMPLETELY BEAUTIFUL & HAS ACCESS TO S\RCES ( WAT] ORIG9AT+ 9 ! ,LITTLE ,JORDAN1 FL[+ UND] ! ,TEMPLE ( ! ,GOLD5 ,C[ 7ONE ( ! GOLD5 C[S ( ,J]OBOAM3 ,I ,K+S #a#b1 #b#i71 BE=E REA*+ ! ,GREAT ,JORDAN4 ,BY DEPUTIZ+ !SE PLACES & GIV+ !M HIS FAI?1 ,AGRIPPA HAS PACIFI$ !M4 

,BUT ,GAMALA DID NOT SUBMIT1 C\NT+ ON ITS SOLIDITY1 BECAUSE ! SOIL WAS ROCKY & ! T[N /OOD /RAI<T UP ON A BUTTRESS1 AS .<A HEAD.> ON A NECK & %\LD]S1 & ?US HAD ! APPE>ANCE ( A CAMEL4 ,?US IT WAS CALL$ ,GAMAL1 BUT ! PEOPLE ( ! C\NTRY DID NOT CALL IT BY ITS REAL NAME1 ,KAMIL 7! ,GALILEAN PRON\NCIATION ( ,GAMAL7 BECAUSE !Y DETE/$ ?IS ANIMAL 79 ,GREEK1 ,KAMELOS74 

,ON ITS FLANK & 9 FRONT1 !RE W]E DEP?LESS PRECIPICES2 BEH9D1 IT WAS NOT V]Y =TIFI$1 BUT ! 9HABITANTS HAD RE9=C$ IT ) A DEEP DIT*4 ,AS F> AS DWELL+S1 !Y HAD BE5 BUILT EXTREMELY CLOSELY TOGE!R AT ! C5T]1 & !RE W]E %AFTS BOR$ ?R\<1 ALL ! WAY TO ! 5D ( ! CITY4  
  

,AS /RONG AS ! PLACE WAS1 ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH HAD IT =TIFI$ EV5 MORE BY CON/RUCT+ SOLID RAMP>TS & E/ABLI%+ CONDUITS & TUNNELS1 SO ?AT ONE C\LD ALSO CIRCULATE UND] ! GR\ND4.<#d#c.> 

,SITUAT$ TO ! EA/ ( ,LAKE ,TOB]IADE 7,G5ES>E?71 ,GAMALA -- DESPITE ITS PRIVILEG$ SITUATION -- FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ,TITUS1 SON ( ,VESPASIAN1 AT ! CO/ ( DIFFICULT FI<T+4 

,9 ,AUGU/ #g1 ! ,ROMAN ,DECIMA ,LEGIO.<#d#d.> SEIZ$ ,J]USALEM1 SACK$ IT & RU9$ ! ,TEMPLE4 ,! ,ZEALOTS' DESP]ATE RESI/ANCE WAS SU/A9$ UNTIL ! FALL ( ,MASADA1 !IR LA/ =TRESS1 9 #g#c4 

,9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY1 ! REVOLT BROKE \T AGA9 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,MESSIAH ,B> ,KO*BA4 ,HADRIAN CRU%$ HIM 9 #a#c#e1 R$UC+ ! ,JEWI% NATION & /ATE TO 9EXI/5CE = N9ETE5 C5TURIES4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,IF ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH SPEAKS ( ! ,ZEALOTS AS IF !Y W]E A S+LE SECT1 IT IS BECAUSE ! 9SURRECTION HAD BE5 LIV$ LIKE A V]ITABLE NATIONAL & RELIGI\S EPIC1 A SAGA ( :I* ! SCATT]$ FRAGM5TS N\RI%$ ! MIDRA%IM ( ANG]1 DESPAIR & ES*ATOLOGY1 BE=E BE+ REVIS$ & FAULTILY TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,GREEK & IMPLANT$ 9TO ! RECITATIONS ( ,*RI/IAN1 & !N ,CA?OLIC PROPAG&A1 :I* DI/ORT$ ! MEAN+4 

,JEWS ( ALL BELIEFS W]E AMONG ! ,ZEALOTS4 ,A ,HELL5IZ$ >I/OCRAT1 ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH -- A FUNCTION>Y ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE -- REPROA*$ !M .<! ,ZEALOTS.> = !IR VIOL5CE & FANATICISM4 7,! FIRE ?AT RAVAG$ ,ROME 9 #fd .<,C4,E4.> & TO :I* ,N]O'S POGROMS RESPOND$ WAS ! WORK ( ! H>DCORE ( ,ZEALOTS :O W]E ACTIVE 9 ,ROME'S ,JEWI% COMMUNITY4 ,9 #d#i1 TR\BLES ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ,JEWS HAD EXPLOD$ 9 ,ROME4 ,SUPPOS+ ?AT IT ISN'T AN 9T]POLATION1 ! =MULA 0IMPULSATORE ,*RI/O0 APPE>S 9 #a#c1 9 ,SUETONE'S ,LIFE ( ! ,TWELVE ,CAES>S3 0ON ! 9CITEM5T ( A ,MESSIAH10 *RE/OS OR *RI/OS TRANSLAT+ SIMPLY ! ,HEBREW MESSIAH47 ,) X5OPHOBIA & NATIONALI/ MESSIANISM HELP+ \T1 ! RELIGI\S T5D5CIES AMALGAT$ !MSELVES 9TO AN APP>5T UNITY1 FROM :I* ,JUDEO-,*RI/IANITY W\LD DRAW A K9D ( SPECIFICITY AFT] ! DEFEAT .<( #g ,A4,D4.>4 

,PH>ISAISM EXPRESS$ ! HOPE = SALVATION1 ! IMM95T 5D ( ! WORLD1 ! APPROA* ( ! ,LA/ ,JUDGM5T1 & ! RESURRECTION4 

,DESPITE ! PACIFISM ) :I* ONE G5]ALLY CR$ITS !M1 ! ,ESS5ES P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,ZEALOT MOVEM5T4 ,! ,DECIMA ,LEGIO W\LD RAZE ! SITE ( ,QUMRAN4 ,AMONG ! TEXTS DISCOV]$ AT ,MASADA -- 9 ADDITION TO ! ,WISDOM ( ,JESUS B5 ,SIRA -- WAS A SPECIFICALLY ,ESS5E RITUAL1 .<NAMELY.> ! ,SABBA? PRAY] .<SUNG.> 9 UNION ) ! ANGELS ( HEAV54.<#d#e.> 

,:AT AB\T ! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN PRES5CE ( ! ,EBIONITE OR ,NAZ>EAN TYPE8 ,! WORKS ( ,FLAVIUS ,JOSEPH M5TION MANY NAMES ?AT ALSO APPE> 9 ! EXEGETICAL & PROPAG&I/IC LIT]ATURE1 POPP+ UP 9 ! ,HEBREW OR ,>AMAIC MIDRA%IM ( ! ,FIR/ ,C5TURY1 & ! ,CA?OLIC TEXTS ( ! ,F\R?1 ,FIF? & ,SIX? ,C5TURIES4 ,IT ?US SEEMS ?AT1 DUE TO ! AHI/ORICAL SPIRIT ( ,JUDAISM1 ! TWO ,ZEALOT LEAD]S1 ,JACOB_/,JOHN & ,SIMON1 SON ( ,JUDA ( ,GAMALA1 .<RESPECTIVELY.> 0ASSUM$0 TO BE ,JACOB ( ,KEPH] ,S*ANYA1 LEAD] ( ! ,NAZ>EAN COMMUNITY1 EXECUT$ BETWE5 #da & #db ON ! ORD]S ( ,H]OD ,AGRIPPA1 & ,SIMON ! ,ESS5E1 5EMY ( ,JO*ANAAN1 ALSO CALL$ ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/4 ,! FIR/ ( ! TWO W\LD LAT] BECOME ,JOHN ! ,JU/ & ! SECOND ,SIMON_/,PET]1 DESC5D$ FROM ,SIMON ,CEPHAS 7,SIMON ! ,ROCK1 ,SIMON ! ,PEBBLE1 ,SIMON ! ,BALD1 ,SIMON ! ,CRUEL1 ,SIMON ! ,UN%AKABLE874 

,! AGITATOR ,!UDAS CONTA9S ! D\BLON.<#d#f.> ,JUDE_/,JUDAS & ,?OMAS4 ,! EVANGELICAL LEG5DS CALL HIM_/!M_/IT 0,A?LETE0 7ACCORD+ TO ! ,ESS5E EXPRESSION 0FI<T]S ( VIRTUE07 & 0FA!R ( ! ,SAVIOR40 ,! F\R NAMES W\LD 5T] 9TO ! FUTURE RECOLLECTIONS ( ! APO/LES *OS5 = PATRONAGE ( ! DIV]SE COMMUNITIES4 ,>\ND ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY1 ! REASSEMBL+ ( ! .<ORIG9AL.> APO/LES W\LD PUT TOGE!R A TEAM ( H]OES ON :I* ONLY ,JO%UA_/,JESUS HAS NO EXI/5CE \TSIDE ( ! ,HEBRAIC MY?OLOGY4  
  

"9 "9 "9 

,IT W\LD NOT BE )\T 9T]E/ TO M5TION ,BR&ON'S !SIS1 9 :I* ,JESUS WAS A ,ZEALOT PUT TO DEA? ALONG ) O!R BRIG&S OR LE/OI4 ,SAUL_/,PAUL1 AN ADV]S>Y ( ! COMMUNITIES OR *UR*ES ?AT CLAIM$ ,JOHN & ,SIMON_/,PET] = !MSELVES1 ]ECT$ HIM AS ! EXEMPL>Y VALUE ( HIS .<,SAUL_/,PAUL'S.> SAUT]IOLOGICAL & P5IT5I>Y SY/EM4 ,SO AS TO PLEASE ,ROME1 HE SUB/ITUT$ = ! T]RORI/ A SA9T PUT TO DEA?1 NOT BY ! ,ROMANS1 BUT BY ! ,JEWS1 :O W\LD NOT P>DON HIM1 NOR HIS PACIFISM1 NOR ! ECUM5ISM ( HIS ,GOD ( ,K9DNESS4 ,!SE W]E ! FICTIONS ?AT1 ?R\< ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY1 TOOK UP ! SLACK = ! CANONICAL ,GOSPELS SO AS TO DISP>AGE ! /ATUS ( A HI/ORICAL ,JESUS ?AT W\LD HAVE ACCORD$ GR[+ CR$IT TO ! ,ZEALOT HYPO!SIS1 :I* SUPPOS$ ?AT ,JESUS WAS ! FA!R ( ,JOHN & ,SIMON1 & ?US ! SON ( ,JUDA ( ,GAMALA4 7,ONE CAN NOT FAIL TO CITE ONE ( ! TWO REM>KS ?AT DO NOT CON=M ) ! .<IMAGE (.> ! S(TNESS ( ! ,MESSIAH & ?AT HAVE SUBSI/$ ?R\< ! COMPOSITE R$ACTION ( ! ,GOSPELS3 0,MOREOV]1 BR+ H]E MY 5EMIES :O HAVE NOT WANT$ ME TO REIGN OV] !M & CUT !IR ?ROATS 9 MY PRES5CE4 ,AFT] HAV+ SPOK5 ?US1 ,JESUS PUT HIMSELF AT ! HEAD ( HIS FOLL[]S SO AS TO GO UP TO ,J]USALEM40 ,GOSPEL ATTRIBUT$ TO ,LUKE1 #a#i1 #b#g-#b#h47 

,AL?\< ,DUB\RG'S !SIS ( A BIBLICAL ,JO%UA :O WAS 9C>NAT$ 9 MANY PROPHETS CONFIRMS ! 9EXI/5CE ( A HI/ORICAL ,JESUS AS LATE AS ! SECOND HALF ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY 79 #a#e1 A WORK RECOGNIZ$ BY ALL ! *UR*ES ( ! EPO* AS ,PA/OR ATTRIBUT$ TO ,H]MAS DOES NOT M5TION HIM71 IT DOES NOT EXCLUDE ! 9T]V5TION -- 9 ! LONG /RUGGLE ( DISSID5T ,JEWS AGA9/ ,ROME -- ( A 0NEW ,JO%UA0 ) :OM ,!UDAS_/,?OMAS 7MU* LAT] CALL$ ! 0TW9 BRO!R ( ,JESUS07 MI<T HAVE ID5TIFI$ HIMSELF4 

,AFT] #g1 ,ROME IMPOS$ ! PEACE ( ! CEMET>Y ON ,PALE/9E4 ,! ,SADDUCEAN >I/OCRACY DISAPPE>$2 ! LA/ ,ZEALOT P>TY DESP]ATELY RESI/$ AT ,MASADA4 ,! ,SAM>ITANS & ! ,ESS5ES 5T]$ ! W> ON ! SIDE ( ! ,JUDEANS1 W]E DECIMAT$ & TOOK REFUGE 9 ! CITIES ( ! ,DIASPORA4 ,ONLY ! ,PH>ISIANS -- FRI5DS ( ,ROME & DEF5D]S ( ! PEACE -- ESCAP$ ! VIOL5CE ( ! CONQU]ORS1 ONLY TO FALL TO ! ANIMOSITY ( ! VANGUI%$1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! ,ESS5O-,*RI/IANS1 :O !MSELVES FELL AP>T 9TO A MULTITUDE ( SECTS ?AT REPUDIAT$ ! BLOODY ,GOD ( ,ISRAEL1 CONTE/$ ,MOSAIC LAW & R$ISCOV]$ PACIFISM1 :I* HAD BE5 BRIEFLY =SAK54 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiib 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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