,*APT] #c 
,! ,VAUDOIS & ! ,ADEPTS ( ,VOLUNT>Y ,POV]TY 

#aiicaiic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c3 ,! ,VAUDOIS & ! ,ADEPTS ( ,VOLUNT>Y ,POV]TY 

  

,! ,VAUDOIS MOVEM5T ILLU/RATES ! OCCASION LO/ BY ,ROME 9 ITS /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! ,CA?>S & ! SUBV]SIVE EFFECTS ( ! URBAN PAUP]IZATION EXPLOIT$ BY ! 0APO/OLIC0 RE=M]S4 ,FEW RECORDS EXI/ ?AT CL>IFY ! FIGURE ( ! MOVEM5T'S F\ND]1 A RI* M]*ANT FROM ,LYON NAM$ ,PI]RE ,VALDO OR ,VALDES1 P]HAPS DE LA ,VALLEE .<( ! VALLEY.>4 

,LEG5D HAS IT ?AT HE RECEIV$ A W>N+ FROM HEAV5 :ILE HE>+ ! ,COMPLA9T ( ,SA9T ,ALEXIS4 ,HE MADE GIFTS ( ALL HIS BELONG+S TO DEVOTE HIMSELF TO VOLUNT>Y POV]TY & EVANGELISM1 SU* AS !Y W]E PRESCRIB$ BY A CANONICAL TEXT ATTRIBUT$ TO ,MAT!W3 0,IF Y\ WANT TO BE P]FECT1 SELL Y\R GOODS1 GIVE !M TO ! POOR40 

,>\ND #a#a#g1 M5 & WOM5 ASSEMBL$ !MSELVES >\ND ,VALDO & BEGAN TO PREA* VOLUNT>Y POV]TY 9 A /RICT WILL ( ,CA?OLIC OR?ODOXY1 )\T ANY POSSIBLE COLLUSION ) ,CA?>ISM1 NOR ) ! ,PAT>IA1 :O W]E GLADY ANTI-CL]ICAL1 NOR A =TIORI ) ! ,H5RICIANS1 ,PETROBRUSIANS OR 0APO/OLICS40 

,! CONFLICT BEGAN :5 ,>*BI%OP ,GUI*>D 7#a#a#f#e-#a#a#h#a71 PROTECT+ HIS PRIVILEGES1 PROHIBIT$ ! GR\P FROM PREA*+4 ,VALDO WAS SUMMON$ TO ! ,POPE4 ,HE CAME TO ,ROME :]E1 SCALD$ BY ! RADICALIZATION ( ! ,PAT>9S1 HE WAS 5JO9$ BY ! ,POPE TO PREA* ONLY UPON ! REQUE/ ( ! CL]GY4 ,?IS WAS DONE TO SUPPORT ! ,>*BI%OP ( ,LYON4 ,VALDO IGNOR$ HIM4 ,HE WAS EXCOMMUNICAT$ & *AS$ FROM ! T[N BY ,>*BI%OP ,JEAN DE ,BELLES-,MA9S .<,GOOD ,H&S.>1 :I* WAS AN ]ROR ALL ! MORE UNP>DONABLE BECAUSE1 ACCORD+ TO ,?\ZELI]1 ,VALDO SIGN$ -- AT A REGIONAL SYNOD HELD 9 ,LYON 9 #aah -- A PR(ESSION ( FAI? 9 :I* HE CONFIRM$ HIS DEVOTION TO ,ROMAN ,CA?OLICISM4.<#c#e#d.>  
  

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,BETWE5 #aaha & #a#a#h#d1 !RE CIRCULAT$ A ,LIB] ANTIHA]ESIS ?AT CLE>LY OPPPOS$ ! TRUE ,*RI/IANITY ( ! ,VALDOIS TO ! NON-,*RI/IAN TEA*+S ( ! ,CA?>S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! P>TISANS ( ,VALDO1 SUMMON$ TO ,V]ONA 9 #a#a#h#d1 W]E CONDEMN$ AS 0,P]T9ANCES & S*ISMATICS0.<#c#e#e.> 9 A SCORNFUL DECREE ?AT ASSIMILAT$ !M ) O!R H]ETICS4 ,! REPRESSIVE MA*9E1 !REAFT] 9T]LOCK$1 W\LD MASSACRE !M UNTIL ! ,SEV5TE5? ,C5TURY ) A REF9EM5T ( CRUELTY ?AT TYRANTS .<USUALLY.> RES]V$ = !IR BE/ FRI5DS4 ,?\ZELI] SITUAT$ ! DEA? ( ,PI]RE ,VALDO BETWE5 #abf & #a#b#a2 ,GONNET BETWE5 #abe & #a#b#f4.<#c#e#f.> 

,! RAPID EXPANSION ( ! MOVEM5T EASILY CONQU]$ ,NOR!RN ,ITALY1 :]E ,PAT>9S & ,CA?>S DIVID$ BETWE5 !M ! ADHESION ( ! POPULATION1 :I* WAS UNANIM\SLY HO/ILE TO ! ,ROMAN CL]GY4 

,9 #a#b#e1 ,VALDO PROBABLY ASSI/$ 9 ! S*ISM BETWE5 ! ,ITALIAN & ,FR5* BRAN*ES ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,JEAN DE ,RONCO L$ ! 0POOR ,LOMB>DS0 BY CONS]V+ ,VALDO'S DOCTR9E4 ,! GR\P1 SOMETIMES KN[N AS ,RONCALI/S1 EXP]I5C$ O!R S*ISMS4 ,! 0DEL ,PRATO0 GR\P1 =M$ 9 ,MILAN1 W\LD SOON EMBRACE ,CA?OLICISM4 

,! TRADITIONALI/ SECT RECOMM5D$ MANUAL LABOR & RECOGNIZ$ PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,9 PRACTICE1 IF NOT 9 DOCTR9E1 IT WAS SOMETIMES SIMIL> TO POPUL> ,CA?>ISM4 ,ITALIAN ,VALDEISM SOON RALLI$ ! ADHESION ( ! 0HUMILIATI10 A K9D ( ,PAT>9 GR\P V]Y ACTIVE 9 ! WORK]S' MILIEUX1 PR9CIPALLY 9 ! WILL+LY SUBV]SIVE CLASS ( ! WEAV]S4 ,9NOC5T ,I,V WAS CLEV] 5\< TO ACCORD HIS SUPPORT TO !SE 0HONE/ WORK]S40 ,!IR ORGANIZATION & ! LABEL ( OR?ODOXY W\LD 9FLU5CE -- AT ! TIME ( ! ,COLLOQUY ( ,PAMI]S1 :I* WAS UNIT$ BY ! ,FR5* ,VAUDOIS 7SOMETIMES CALL$ 0,LEONI/S07 -- ! S*ISM ( ,DUR& ( ,HUESCA 7"97 :O1 REJO9+ ! P>TY ( ,ROME1 F\ND$ ! ORD] ( ! ,POOR ,CA?OLICS & 5GAG$ 9 ! CRUSADE ( APO/OLIC VIRTUE AGA9/ ! ,CA?>S1 :I* WAS SUCC$$ TWO YE>S LAT] BY A MORE EFFICACI\S & BETT] >M$ CRUSADE 9T5D$ TO PROPAGATE ! P]EMPTORY TRU?4 

7"97 ,OPUSCULUM CONTRA HA]ETICOS IS ATTRIBUT$ TO ,DUR& ( ,HUESCA'S COMPANION1 ,]MANGAUD4 

,! ,VAUDOIS COMMUNITY HAS CONT9U$ TO ?IS DAY1 DESPITE SECUL> P]SECUTIONS4 ,IT =M$ A SPECIFIC ,*UR* AMONG ! ,PROTE/ANT CURR5TS4 

,! RUPTURE ) ! ,*UR* ( ,ROME GAVE ! ,VALDOISIAN DOCTR9E A MORE RESOLUTELY CRITICAL CONT5T4 ,9 ! NAME ( A PRACTICE 9 CON=MITY ) ! MORALITY ( PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANITY1 ! ,VAUDOIS 5T]$ 9TO ! WAKE ( ! RE=M]S4 

,! ,*UR* ( ,ROME BECAME CORRUPT AFT] ,POPE ,SYLVE/RE1 !Y SAID4 ,!Y W]E 9DIGNANT ) ! ,CI/]CIAN PHILOSOPH] ,ALA9 DE ,LILLE1 = :OM BAD PRIE/S C\LD FILL !IR SACR$ ROLES P]FECTLY1 PROVID$ ?AT !Y FOLL[$ ! RITES4 ,= ,VALDO'S DISCIPLES1 ! VALIDITY ( ! SACRAM5TS DEP5D$ ON ! 9W>D PURITY ( ! PRIE/ :O ADM9I/]$ !M4 

,!Y REJECT$ ! BAPTISM ( 9FANTS = ! SAME REASON ?AT ! ,H5RICIANS & ! ,PETROBRUSIANS DID4 ,!Y F\<T ! SALE ( 9DULG5CES1 F\ND$ P5IT5CE ON AN 9TIMATE CONTRITION & ONLY AGRE$ TO CONFESS TO M5 :O W]E FUNDAM5TALLY GOOD4 ,!Y D5I$ ALL SIGNIFICANCE TO ! ,MESSIAH & COMMUNION ?R\< BREAD & W9E1 ?AT IS1 IF IT WAS NOT ADM9I/]$ 9 COMMEMORATION ( ! ,LA/ ,SUPP]1 ! FEA/ ?AT UNIT$ ,JESUS & HIS FRI5DS4 

,! ,VALDOIS E/IMAT$1 AS ,PAUL DID 9 HIS ,EPI/LE TO ! ,COR9?IANS1 ?AT IT WAS BETT] TO M>RY ?AN TO BURN FROM A CONCUPISC5T >DOR & ?AT1 IF !RE WAS TO BE A M>RIAGE1 IT %\LD AT LEA/ BE F\ND$ ON ! MUTUAL 9CL9ATIONS ( ! SP\SES4 

,UNLIKE ! ,CA?>S1 ! ,VALDOIS RECOGNIZ$ 9 WOM5 ! SAME RI<TS AS M54 ,!Y D5I$ ! EXI/5CE ( PURGATORY & SUBSCRIB$ TO ! WIDELY ACCEPT$ OP9ION ?AT HELL EXI/$ ON E>? &1 9 ! CONJURATIONS ( W>1 FAM9E1 MIS]Y1 MASSACRE & TORTURE1 HAD NO NE$ ( ANY:]E ELSE TO EX]CISE ITS RAVAGES4 

,! MORALS ( ! ,VALDOIS W]E RELAT$ TO ! CU/OMS ( ! ,CA?>S1 )\T COMPLETELY TIPP+ OV] 9TO MISOGYNY & BE+ HORRORIFI$ BY SEX4 ,! ,VALDOIS PROHIBIT$ S]MONS1 BECAUSE !Y HAD ONLY TO ANSW] TO ,GOD4 ,!Y CONDEMN$ W> & ! PRACTICES ( JU/ICE1 & P>TICUL>LY F\<T CORPOREAL PUNI%M5T & ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,! REM>KS ( ! ,VAUDOIS ,RAYMOND DE ,SA9T-,FOIX1 :I* JU/IFI$ TO ,BI%OP ,JACQUES ,F\RNI] ! JU/ICE )\T :I* 0!RE HAS NOT BE5 PEACE & SECURITY AMONG M510 ALSO SUGGE/$ ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,CA?>ISM OR ,VALDEISM ?AT W\LD QUICKLY ACCOMMODATE ITSELF TO ! CRUEL P5AL REPRESSIONS ( ! ]A4  
  

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,:ILE ,VALDEISM CEASELESSLY GREW AGA9 FROM ! PYRES ?AT W]E LIT EV]Y:]E SO AS TO ANNIHILATE IT1 & MANAG$ TO SPREAD TO ,PROV5CE1 ,LANGU$OC & ,ITALY1 TO REA* ,LIEGE1 ,TREVES1 ,METZ1 ,/RASB\RG1 ,MAY5CE & ! ,RH9EL&1 BE=E T\*+ ,BAV>IA & ,AU/RIA1 PONTIFICAL P[] DISCOV]$ 9 AN ADEPT ( VOLUNT>Y POV]TY ! OCCASION TO RECUP]ATE = ! ,*UR*'S CONTROL ! 5T]PRISE PREMATURELY BEGUN BY ,PI]RE ,VALDO4 ,EXALT+ A VIRTUE ?AT ?IS MAN KNEW TO BE FALLIBLE 7P>DON HAD TO PASS ?R\< ! ECCLESIA/ICAL M>KET 9 R$EMPTION71 ,FRANCIS ( ,ASSISI 7#a#a#h#b-#a#b#b#e7 PROPOS$ A SYNCRETIC ORD] 9 :I* OR?ODOXY W\LD PRESIDE OV] V[S ( POV]TY1 9 DEF5SE ( ! UNIV]SAL FRAT]NITY1 9CLUD+ ! ANIMALS1 :I* ! ,CA?>S REFUS$ TO KILL4 

,9 #a#b#i1 ,9NOC5T ,I,I,I APPROV$ ! RULE ( ?IS ORD]1 9 :I* M5 & WOM5 W]E 9VOLV$ .<MILIT5T.>1 AS AMONG ! ,VAUDOIS4 ,A ?IRD-ORD] ?AT WAS MORE P>TICUL>LY DEVOT$ TO ! LAY PEOPLE LIV+ 9 ! WORLD1 NAY1 ! M>RI$ PEOPLE1 GU>ANTE$ A ,CA?OLIC PRES5CE AMONG ! DIS9H]IT$ & ! 0DANG]\S0 CLASSES 9 ! URBAN MILIEU4 

,5GAG$ ON ! SIDE ( ! ,DOM9ICANS 9 ! CRUSADE AGA9/ ! ,CA?>S -- 9 :I* !IR L5I5CY WAS 9T5D$ TO TEMP] ! RIGOR ( ! 0BRO!R PREA*]S0 -- ! ,FRANCISCANS DIGE/$ BADLY ?IS ,VALDEAN H]ESY ?AT !Y HAD SO HA/ILY SWALL[$4 

,! OBS]VANCE ( .<VOLUNT>Y.> POV]TY V]Y QUICKLY CREAT$ A DIV]G5CE BETWE5 ! 0,CONV5TUALS10 :O MA9TA9$ RESPECT = PONTIFICAL DECISIONS1 & ! 0,SPIRITUALS10 :OSE SCORN = T]RE/RIAL GOODS MORE & MORE /OOD AGA9/ AN ECCLESIA/ICAL POLITICS ?AT WAS S$UC$ BY ! SOLICITATIONS ( M]*ANTILE DEVELOPM5T & ! CALL TO 0,GET ,RI*40 

,9 #a#b#e#d1 A ,SPIRITUAL FROM ,PISA NAM$ ,G]>DO DA ,BORGA ,SAN ,DONN9O WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! MILL5>IANI/ !ORIES ( ,JOA*IM ( ,FIORE &1 9 HIS ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,ET]NAL ,GOSPEL1 PR$ICT$ ! IMM95T DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,ROMAN ,*UR* & ! ADV5T ( A ,SPIRITUAL ,*UR*1 9 GE/ATION 9 ,FRANCISCANISM4 ,G]>DO DA ,BORGA W\LD DIE AFT] EI<TE5 YE>S ( SEV]E 9C>C]ATION1 )\T HAV+ REPUDIAT$ HIS CONVICTIONS4 

,HE F\ND DISCIPLES 9 ,PI]RE-,JEAN DE ,OLIVI OR ,OLIEU 7#a#b#d#h-#a#b#i#h71 :OSE ,PO/ILLA 9 APOCALYPSIM ANN\NC$ ! REPLACEM5T ( ! ,*UR* ( ! FLE% 7,ROME7 BY ! ,*UR* ( ! ,SPIRIT1 & 9 ,UB]T9O ( ,CASALE 7APPROXIMATELY #a#b#e#i-#a#c#b71 :O PREA*$ 9 ,P]UGIA AGA9/ ! ,POPE & ! MON>*Y1 & :O CALL$ ! ,*UR* 0,BABYLON1 ! GREAT PRO/ITUTE :O LO/ HUMANITY & POISON$ IT1 DELIV]$ IT UP TO ! PLEASURES ( ! FLE%1 PRIDE & AV>ICE40 

,=C$ 9TO EXILE TO ESCAPE FROM ! RES5TM5T ( ,POPE ,JOHN ,X,X,I,I1 :O /ROVE TO DECIMATE ! P>TY ( ! ,SPIRITUALS1 ,UB]T9O ( ,CASALE -- AS AN 9QUISITOR 9 ,TUSCANNY1 9 ! VALLEY ( ,SPOLETE1 & 9 ! REGION ( ,ANCONE -- DID NOT MOD]ATE HIS RAGE AGA9/ ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT ?AT S$UC$ A DISSID5T GR\P )9 ! ,SPIRITUALS1 ?AT IS1 ! ,FRATICELLES4  
  

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,9 ! DIV]SITY ( =MS TAK5 BY ! DOCTR9E ( VOLUNT>Y POV]TY1 ,BEG>DISM & ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,PA/\REAUX .<! %EPH]D BOYS.> RESPOND$ 9 AN OPPOS$ MANN] TO ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! GR[+ PAUP]IZATION ( ! T[NS & C\NTRYSIDES1 BUT BO? %>$ A REFUSAL ( ,VALDEISM4 

,:ILE ,BE<>DS & ,BEGU9ES RAPIDLY DI/ANC$ !MSELVES FROM ,CA?OLICISM1 FROM :I* !Y 9ITIALLY EMANAT$1 TO BECOME DEVOT$ TO ! TEA*+S ( ! ,FREE ,SPIRIT1 ! CRUSADE ( ! ,PA/\REAUX 9SCRIB$ ITSELF -- ALONG ) PILLAG+ & ANTI-,SEMITISM -- 9 ! L9E ( ! RAIDS AGA9/ ,ISLAM ?AT ! PAPACY 5C\RAG$ UND] ! NAME 0,CRUSADES40 ,9 A =ESEEABLE RETURN1 :I* WAS DUE TO ! FAILURE & DIS>RAY ( ! ,CRUSAD]S1 ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,PA/\REAUX TURN$ ! WEAPON ( PURIFICATION 7PREVI\SLY AIM$ AT ! ,MUSLIMS7 AGA9/ ! PRIE/S & ! 0BAD ,*RI/IANS40 ,NORMAN ,COHN REPORTS 9 ,! ,PURSUIT ( ! ,MILL5NIUM3  
  

,AT ,EA/]1 #a#b#e#a1 ?REE M5 BEGAN TO PREA* ! CRUSADE 9 ,PIC>DY & )9 A FEW DAYS !IR SUMMONS HAD SPREAD TO ,BRABANT1 ,FL&]S & ,HA9AUT -- L&S BEYOND ! FRONTI]S ( ! ,FR5* K+DOM1 BUT :]E ! MASSES W]E /ILL AS HUNGRY = A MESSIAH .<444.> ,ONE ( !SE M5 WAS A R5EGADE MONK CALL$ ,JACOB1 :O WAS SAID TO HAVE COME FROM ,HUNG>Y & WAS KN[N AS ! ',MA/] ( ,HUNG>Y4' ,HE WAS A ?91 PALE1 BE>D$ ASCETIC ( SOME SIXTY YE>S ( AGE1 A MAN ( COMM&+ BE>+ & ABLE TO SPEAK ) GREAT ELOQU5CE 9 ,FR5*1 ,G]MAN & ,LAT94 ,HE CLAIM$ ?AT ! ,VIRG9 ,M>Y1 SURR\ND$ BY A HO/ ( ANGELS1 HAD APPE>$ TO HIM & HAD GIV5 HIM A LETT] -- :I* HE ALWAYS C>RI$ 9 HIS H&1 AS ,PET] ! ,H]MIT IS SAID TO HAVE C>RI$ A SIMIL> DOCUM5T4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JACOB1 ! LETT] SUMMON$ ALL %EPH]DS TO HELP ,K+ ,L\IS TO FREE ! ,HOLY ,SEPUL*]4 ,GOD1 HE PROCLAIM$1 WAS DISPLEAS$ ) ! PRIDE & O/5TATION ( ! ,FR5* KNI<TS & HAD *OS5 ! L[LY TO C>RY \T HIS WORK4 ,IT WAS TO %EPH]DS ?AT ! GLAD TID+S ( ! ,NATIVITY HAD FIR/ BE5 MADE KN[N & IT WAS ?R\< %EPH]DS ?AT ! ,LORD WAS N[ AB\T TO MANIFE/ HIS P[] & GLORY4 

,%EPH]DS & CO:]DS -- Y\NG M51 BOYS & GIRLS ALIKE -- DES]T$ !IR FLOCKS &1 )\T TAK+ LEAVE ( !IR P>5TS1 GA!R$ UND] ! /RANGE BANN]S ON :I* ! MIRACUL\S VISITATION ( ! ,VIRG9 WAS PORTRAY$4 ,BE=E LONG ?IEVES1 PRO/ITUTES1 \TLAWS1 APO/ATE MONKS & MURD]]S JO9$ !M2 & !SE ELEM5TS PROVID$ ! LEAD]S4 ,BUT MANY ( !SE NEWCOM]S TOO DRESS$ AS %EPH]DS & ALL ALIKE BECAME KN[N AS ! ,PA/OREAUX4 ,SOON !RE WAS AN >MY :I* -- ?\< ! CONTEMPOR>Y E/IMATE ( #f1 NE$ NOT BE TAK5 S]I\SLY -- MU/ C]TA9LY HAVE NUMB]$ MANY ?\S&S4 ,IT WAS DIVID$ 9TO FIFTY COMPANIES2 !SE M>*$ SEP>ATELY1 >M$ ) PIT*=KS1 HAT*ETS1 DAGG]S1 PIKES C>RI$ AL(T AS !Y 5T]$ T[NS & VILLAGES1 SO AS TO 9TIMIDATE ! AU?ORITIES4 ,:5 !Y RAN %ORT ( PROVISIONS !Y TOOK :AT !Y NE$$ BY =CE2 BUT MU* WAS GIV5 FREELY = -- AS EM]GES FROM MANY DIFF]5T ACC\NTS -- PEOPLE REV]$ ! ,PA/OREAUX AS HOLY M54 

74447 ,SURR\ND$ BY AN >M$ GU>D1 ,JACOB PREA*$ AGA9/ ! CL]GY1 ATTACK+ ! ,M5DICANTS AS HYPOCRITES & VAGABONDS1 ! ,CI/]CIANS AS LOV]S ( L& & PROP]TY1 ! ,PREMON/RAT5SIANS AS PR\D & GLUTTON\S1 ! CANONS REGUL> AS HALF-SECUL> FA/-BREAK]S 74447 ,HIS FOLL[]S W]E TAU<T TO REG>D ! SACRAM5TS ) CONTEMPT & TO SEE 9 !IR [N GA!R+S ! SOLE EMBODIM5T ( TRU?4 ,= HIMSELF HE CLAIM$ ?AT HE C\LD NOT ONLY SEE VISIONS BUT C\LD HEAL ! SICK -- & PEOPLE BR\<T !IR SICK TO BE T\*$ BY HIM4 ,HE DECL>$ ?AT FOOD & W9E SET BE=E HIS M5 NEV] GREW LESS1 BUT RA!R 9CREAS$ AS !Y W]E EAT5 & DRUNK 7AGA9 ! 'MESSIANIC BANQUET'67 ,HE PROMIS$ ?AT :5 ! CRUSAD]S >RIV$ AT ! SEA ! WAT] W\LD ROLL BACK BE=E !M & !Y W\LD M>* DRY%OD TO ! ,HOLY ,L&4 ,ON ! /R5G? ( HIS MIRACUL\S P[]S HE >ROGAT$ TO HIMSELF ! RI<T TO GRANT ABSOLUTION FROM EV]Y K9D ( S94 ,IF A MAN & A WOMAN AMONG HIS FOLL[]S WI%$ TO M>RY HE W\LD PE=M ! C]EMONY2 & IF !Y WI%$ TO P>T HE W\LD DIVORCE !M ) EQUAL EASE4 ,HE WAS SAID TO HAVE M>RI$ ELEV5 M5 TO ONE WOMAN -- AN >RANGEM5T REM9ISC5T ( ,TAN*ELM & :I* SUGGE/S ?AT ,JACOB1 TOO1 SAW HIMSELF AS A 'LIV+ ,*RI/' REQUIR+ 'DISCIPLES' & A ',VIRG9 ,M>Y4' ,& ,JACOB'S BODYGU>D BEHAV$ EXACTLY LIKE ,TAN*ELM'S4 ,IF ANYONE CONTRADICT$ ! LEAD] HE WAS AT ONCE /RUCK D[N4 ,! MURD] ( A PRIE/ WAS REG>D$ AS P>TICUL>LY PRAISEWOR?Y2 ACCORD+ TO ,JACOB IT C\LD BE ATON$ = BY A DR9K ( W9E4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! CL]GY WAT*$ ! SPREAD ( ?IS MOVEM5T ) HORROR4 

,JACOB'S >MY W5T FIR/ TO ,AMI5S1 :]E IT MET ) AN 5?USIA/IC RECEPTION4 ,! BUR<]S PUT !IR FOOD & DR9K AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! CRUSAD]S1 CALL+ !M ! HOLIE/ ( M54 ,JACOB MADE SU* A FAVORABLE IMPRESSION ?AT !Y BEGG$ HIM TO HELP HIMSELF TO !IR BELONG+S4 ,SOME KNELT D[N BE=E HIM 'AS ?\< HE HAD BE5 ! ,BODY ( ,*RI/4' ,AFT] ,AMI5S ! >MY SPLIT UP 9TO TWO GR\PS4 ,ONE ( !SE M>*$ ON ,R\51 :]E IT WAS ABLE TO DISP]SE A SYNOD :I* WAS MEET+ !RE UND] ! ,>*BI%OP4 ,! O!R GR\P PROCE$$ TO ,P>IS4 ,!RE ,JACOB SO FASC9AT$ ! ,QUE5 ,MO!R ,BLAN*E ?AT %E LOAD$ HIM ) PRES5TS & LEFT HIM FREE TO DO :ATEV] HE W\LD4 ,JACOB N[ DRESS$ AS A BI%OP1 PREA*$ 9 *UR*ES1 SPR9KL$ HOLY WAT] AFT] SOME RITE ( HIS [N4 ,MEAN:ILE1 :ILE ! ,PA/\REAUX 9 ! CITY BEGAN TO ATTACK ! CL]GY1 PUTT+ MANY TO ! SWORD & DR[N+ MANY 9 ! ,SE9E4 ,! /UD5TS ( ! ,UNIV]SITY -- :O ( C\RSE W]E ALSO CL]ICS1 ?\< 9 M9OR ORD]S -- W\LD HAVE BE5 MASSACR$ IF ! BRIDGE HAD NOT BE5 CLOS$ 9 TIME4 

,:5 ! ,PA/\REAUX LEFT ,P>IS !Y MOV$ 9 A NUMB] ( B&S1 EA* UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( A ',MA/]1' :O1 AS !Y PASS$ ?R\< T[NS & VILLAGES1 BLESS$ ! CR[DS4 ,AT ,T\RS ! CRUSAD]S AGA9 ATTACK$ ! CL]GY1 ESPECIALLY ,DOM9ICAN & ,FRANCISCAN FRI>S1 :OM !Y DRAGG$ & :IPP$ ?R\< ! /REETS4 ,! ,DOM9ICANS' *UR* WAS LOOT$1 ! ,FRANCISCAN FRI>Y WAS ATTACK$ & BROK5 9TO4 ,! OLD CONTEMPT = SACRAM5TS ADM9I/]$ BY UNWOR?Y H&S %[$ ITSELF3 ! HO/ WAS SEIZ$ &1 AMID 9SULTS1 ?R[N 9TO ! /REET4 ,ALL ?IS WAS DONE ) ! APPROVAL & SUPPORT ( ! POPULACE4 ,AT ,ORLEANS SIMIL> SC5ES OCCURR$4 ,H]E ! ,BI%OP HAD ! GATES CLOS$ AGA9/ ! ONCOM+ HORDE1 BUT ! BUR<]S DELIB]ATELY DISOBEY$ HIM & ADMITT$ ! ,PA/\REAUX 9TO ! T[N4 ,JACOB PREA*$ 9 PUBLIC1 & A S*OL> FROM ! CA!DRAL S*OOL :O D>$ TO OPPOSE HIM WAS /RUCK D[N ) AN AX4 ,! ,PA/\REAUX RU%$ TO ! H\SES :]E ! PRIE/S & MONKS HAD HIDD5 !MSELVES1 /ORM$ !M & BURN$ MANY TO ! GR\ND4 ,MANY CL]GY1 9CLUD+ TEA*]S AT ! ,UNIV]SITY1 & MANY BUR<]S W]E /RUCK D[N OR DR[N$ 9 ! ,LOIRE4 ,! REMA9+ CL]GY W]E =C$ \T ( ! T[N4 ,:5 ! ,PA/\REAUX LEFT ! T[N ! ,BI%OP1 5RAG$ AT ! RECEPTION ?AT HAD BE5 ACCORD$ !M1 PUT ,ORLEANS UND] 9T]DICT4 ,IT WAS 9DE$ ! OP9ION ( CONTEMPOR>IES ?AT ! ,PA/\REAUX [$ !IR PRE/IGE V]Y L>GELY TO !IR HABIT ( KILL+ & DESPOIL+ PRIE/S4 ,:5 ! CL]GY TRI$ TO PROTE/ OR RESI/ !Y F\ND NO SUPPORT AMONG ! POPULACE4 ,IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT SOME CL]ICS1 OBS]V+ ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,PA/\REAUX1 FELT ?AT ! ,*UR* HAD NEV] BE5 9 GREAT] DANG]4 

,AT ,B\RGES ! =TUNES ( ! ,PA/\REAUX BEGAN TO *ANGE4 ,H]E TOO ! BUR<]S1 DISOBEY+ !IR ,>*BI%OP1 ADMITT$ AS MANY ( ! HORDE AS ! T[N C\LD HOLD2 ! RE/ REMA9+ 5CAMP$ \TSIDE4 ,JACOB PREA*$ ?IS TIME AGA9/ ! ,JEWS & S5T HIS M5 TO DE/ROY ! ,SACR$ ,ROLLS4 ,! CRUSAD]S ALSO PILLAG$ H\SES ?R\<\T ! T[N1 TAK+ GOLD & SILV] :]E !Y F\ND IT & RAP+ ANY WOMAN !Y C\LD LAY H&S ON4 ,IF ! CL]GY W]E NOT MOLE/$ IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE !Y REMA9$ 9 HID+4 ,BY ?IS TIME ! ,QUE5 ,MO!R HAD REALIZ$ :AT SORT ( MOVEM5T ?IS WAS & HAD \TLAW$ ALL ?OSE TAK+ P>T 9 IT4 ,:5 ?IS NEWS REA*$ ,B\RGES MANY ,PA/\REAUX DES]T$4 ,AT L5G?1 ONE DAY :5 ,JACOB WAS ?UND]+ AGA9/ ! LAXITY ( ! CL]GY & CALL+ UPON ! T[NSFOLK TO TURN AGA9/ !M1 SOMEONE 9 ! CR[D D>$ TO CONTRADICT HIM4 ,JACOB RU%$ AT ! MAN ) A SWORD & KILL$ HIM2 BUT ?IS WAS TOO MU* = ! BUR<]S1 :O 9 !IR TURN TOOK UP >MS & *AS$ ! UNRULY VISITORS FROM ! T[N4 

,N[ IT WAS ! TURN ( ! ,PA/\REAUX TO SUFF] VIOL5CE4 ,JACOB WAS PURSU$ BY M\NT$ BUR<]S & CUT TO PIECES4 ,MANY ( HIS FOLL[]S W]E CAPTUR$ BY ! ROYAL (FICIALS AT ,B\RGES & HANG$4 ,B&S ( SURVIVORS MADE !IR WAY TO ,M>SEILLES & TO ,AIGUES ,MORTES1 :]E !Y HOP$ TO EMB>K = ! ,HOLY ,L&2 BUT BO? T[NS HAD RECEIV$ W>N+S FROM ,B\RGES & ! ,PA/\REAUX W]E CAU<T & HANG$4 ,A F9AL B& REA*$ ,BORDEAUX BUT ONLY TO BE MET !RE BY ,5GLI% =CES UND] ! ,GOV]NOR ( ,GASCONY1 ,SIMON DE ,MONT=T1 & DISP]S$4 ,!IR LEAD]S1 ATTEMPT+ TO EMB>K = ! ,EA/1 W]E RECOGNIZ$ BY SOME SAILORS & DR[N$4 ,ONE ( HIS LIEUT5ANTS FL$ TO ,5GL& & HAV+ L&$ AT ,%OREHAM COLLECT$ A FOLL[+ ( SOME HUNDR$S ( PEASANTS & %EPH]DS4 ,:5 ! NEWS ( !SE HAPP5+S REA*$ ,K+ ,H5RY ,I,I,I HE WAS SUFFICI5TLY AL>M$ TO ISSUE 9/RUCTIONS = ! SUPPRESSION ( ! MOVEM5T TO %]IFFS ?R\<\T ! K+DOM4 ,BUT V]Y SOON ! :OLE MOVEM5T DIS9TEGRAT$1 EV5 ! APO/LE AT ,%OREHAM BE+ TORN TO PIECES BY HIS [N FOLL[]S4 ,ONCE EV]Y?+ WAS OV] RUMORS SPRANG UP ON ALL SIDES4 ,IT WAS SAID ?AT ! MOVEM5T HAD BE5 A PLOT ( ! ,SULTAN'S1 :O HAD PAID ,JACOB TO BR+ HIM ,*RI/IAN M5 & Y\?S AS SLAVES4 ,JACOB & O!R LEAD]S W]E SAID TO HAVE BE5 ,MAHOMETANS :O HAD WON ASC5DANCY OV] ,*RI/IANS BY MEANS ( BLACK MAGIC4 ,BUT !RE W]E ALSO ?OSE :O BELIEV$ ?AT AT ! TIME ( ITS SUPPRESSION ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,PA/\REAUX HAD BROA*$ ONLY ! FIR/ P>T ( ITS PROGRAM4 ,!SE PEOPLE SAID ?AT ! LEAD]S ( ! ,PA/\REAUX HAD 9T5D$ TO MASSACRE FIR/ ALL PRIE/S & MONKS1 !N ALL KNI<TS & NOBLES2 & :5 ALL AU?ORITY HAD BE5 OV]?R[N1 TO SPREAD !IR TEA*+ ?R\<\T ! WORLD4.<#c#e#g.>  
  

,LESS ?AN A C5TURY LAT]1 ! FE> & RES5TM5T >\S$ BY ! DIS9H]IT$ ( ! CRUSADES 7:O ,JACOB & HIS ,PA/\REAUX 9 !IR RAGE & V9DICTIV5ESS TRULY W]E7 SECRETLY F$ ! HATR$ ?AT OV]TOOK O!R 9H]ITORS ( ! ,CRUSADES1 BUT ?IS TIME IT WAS ! PRIVILEG$ FACTIONS1 ! BANK]S ( ! ,FR5* /ATE1 :OSE CR$ITOR W\LD BE BURN$ 9 FRONT ( ,NOT]-,DAME 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#c#a4 ,*>ACT]IZ$ AS H]ETICS & SORC]]S1 ! ,TEMPL>S W\LD JO9 9 ! SAME BLAZE ! HUMBLE PEOPLE & ! P[]FUL PEOPLE :O S]V$ A P[] ?AT NO LONG] P]CEIV$ ! UTILITY ( !IR S]VICES & OPPORTUNELY DIS5CUMB]$ ITSELF ( ! WITNESSES ( ITS TURPITUDE4 

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