,*APT] #ci ,! ,DISSID5TS FROM ,LU!RANISM & ,CALV9ISM #aiicaiic ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM ,TEXT 3 ,*APT] #c#i3 ,! ,DISSID5TS FROM ,LU!RANISM & ,CALV9ISM ,9 #a#e#b#c1 ,LU!R PUBLI%$ ! TREATISE ,JESUS-,*RI/ WAS BORN ,JEWI%1 :I* ACCUS$ ! PAPACY ( HAV+ DI/ANC$ ! ,JEWS FROM ! TRU? FAI?4 ,! ,*UR* HAD CONF9$ !M TO USURY2 IT HAD CALUMNI$ !M1 ACCUS$ !M ( 0US+ ! BLOOD ( ,*RI/IANS TO REMOVE !IR BAD ORDOR10 & 0,I DO NOT KN[ :AT . NONS5SE40 0,IF WE W\LD LIKE TO HELP !M10 ! ,RE=M] WROTE1 0IT IS ! LAW ( ,*RI/IAN LOVE ?AT WE MU/ APPLY TO !M1 NOT ! LAW ( ! ,POPES40.<#d#b#d.> ,:AT BECAME ( SU* BEAUTIFUL PROVISIONS1 AFT] ! 0,CON/ANT9IAN0 TURN ( ! RELIGION CALL$ RE=M$1 & ! APPEAL TO A HOLY W> AGA9/ ! PEASANTS8 ,9 #a#e#d#c1 TWO PAMPHELTS W]E PUBLI%$ BACK TO BACK BY ! MA/] ( ,WITT5B]G3 ,AGA9/ ! ,JEWS & !IR ,LIES & ,%EM1 ,HAMEPHORAS4 ,JEAN ,DELUMEAU JUDG$ IT USEFUL TO YIELD SOME EXTRACTS FROM WRIT+S ?AT ,HITL] W\LD PR9T 9 MILLIONS ( COPIES3 ,! ,*RI/1 ! ,RE=M] .<,M>T9 ,LU!R.> WRITES1 DID NOT HAVE 05EMIES MORE V5OM\S1 MORE DET]M9$1 MORE BITT] ?AN ! ,JEWS40 ,HE 0:O LETS HIMSELF /EAL1 S9 & CURSE = !M HAS ONLY TO 74447 GROVEL ON HIS KNEES1 TO ADORE ?IS SANCTU>Y 74447 !N TO GLORY HIMSELF = HAV+ BE5 M]CIFUL 744473 ,*RI/ WILL COMP5SATE HIM ON ! DAY ( ! ,LA/ ,JUDGM5T ) ! ET]NAL FIRE ( ,HELL40 ,:5 ,JUDAS WAS HANG$1 0! ,JEWS S5T !IR S]VANTS ) PLATT]S ( MONEY & PIT*]S ( GOLD TO COLLECT HIS PISS ALONG ) ! O!R TREASURES1 & !N !Y ATE & DRANK ?IS %IT1 & HAD ?US ACQUIR$ EYES SO P5ETRAT+ ?AT !Y P]CEIV$ 9 ! ,SCRIPTURES GLOSSES ?AT W]E NOT F\ND BY EI!R ,MAT!W OR ,ISAIAH0 444 0,:5 ,GOD & ! ANGELS HE> A ,JEW F>T1 !RE >E SU* BUR/S ( LAUS & !RE WILL BE MU* WORSE 9 ,HELL 744474 ,!Y MU/ TELL US :Y 74447 !Y >E A PEOPLE :O >E REJECT$ BY ,GOD1 >E )\T A K+1 )\T PROPHETS1 )\T A TEMPLE2 !Y CAN'T GIVE ANY O!R REASON ?AN !IR S9S4440 0,NEV] HAS ! ANG] ( ,GOD MANIFE/$ ITSELF ) MORE BRILLIANCE ?AN ON !SE PEOPLE40 0,TO MAKE ?IS BLAPHEM\S DOCTR9E DISAPPE>1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO SET FIRE TO ALL !IR SYNAGOGUES &1 IF SOME?+ REMA9S AFT] ! FIRE1 TO COV] IT ) S& & MUD SO ?AT ONE CAN NO LONG] SEE ! SMALLE/ TILE OR ROCK FROM !IR TEMPLE444 ,ONE MU/ PROHIBIT ,JEWS FROM BE+ AMONG US & ON \R SOIL1 & FROM PRAIS+ ,GOD1 PRAY+1 TEA*+ OR S++1 UPON PA9 ( DEA?40.<#d#b#e.> ,9 ?AT SAME YE>1 #a#e#b#c1 :5 ,LU!R EXTOLL$ A C]TA9 TOL]ANCE = ! ,JEWS1 HE ALSO PROPAGAT$ ! NOTION ( ! H]ESY ( PRUD5T RES]VATION1 :I* NO D\BT 9TIMAT$ TO HIM HIS [N DE/9Y3 0,IF Y\ WANT TO EXTIRPATE ! H]ESY10 ,LU!R WROTE 9 #a#e#b#c1 0ABOVE ALL Y\ MU/ KN[ H[ TO REMOVE IT FROM ! HE>T & TO PROVIDE M5 ) A WAY TO DIV]T !MSELVES ?R\< A PR(\ND MOVEM5T ( ! WILL4 ,BY =CE Y\ WILL NOT EXHAU/ IT1 BUT Y\ WILL 9/EAD RE9=CE IT444 ,BECAUSE IF BY =CE ONE BURNS ALL ! ,JEWS & ! H]ETICS1 ONE WILL NOT CONV9CE NOR CONV]T A S+LE ONE ?R\< !SE MEANS40.<#d#b#f.> ,BUT 7,JEAN ,DELUMEAU NOTES7 AFT] ! VIOL5CE ( ,?4 ,MUNZT] & ! W> ( ! PEASANTS1 & :ILE ! PR9CES & T[NS ADH]$ 9 GREAT NUMB]S TO ! ,RE=MATION1 H]E ,LU!R *ANG$ HIS TONE1 BY VIRTUE ( ANO!R LOGIC1 CONTR>Y TO ! FIR/ ONE3 ,PROTE/ANTISM IS ! RETURN TO ,SCRIPTURE1 ! REMOVAL ( ! 0NOVELTIES0 -- ! ,ROMAN 0SUP]/ITIONS0 AS WELL AS ! 0SACRAM5TALISM0 ( ,ZW+LI4 ,9V]SELY1 0! WICK$NESS ( ! WORLD0 MANIFE/S ITSELF AS BO? 0IDOLATRY & H]ESY40 ,! ,/ATE CAN NOT TOL]ATE !SE ,SATANIC AB]RATIONS4 ,! ,RE=M] ?US JUDG$ NECESS>Y ! 9T]V5TION ( CIVIL AU?ORITY SO AS TO BR+ AN 5D TO 0ABOM9ATIONS0 SU* AS ,MASS4 ,UND] ?REATS1 ! ,*APT] ( ! ,COLLEGIATE ,*UR* ( ,WITT5B]G CEAS$ CELEBRAT+ ,MASS ON ,*RI/MAS #a#e#b#d4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 ,LU!R WROTE TO ,JOHN1 ! NEW ,ELECTOR ( ,SAXONY3 0,!RE MU/ ONLY BE A S+LE K9D ( PREA*+ 9 EA* PLACE40 ,9 #a#e#b#g1 HE DEM&$ ?AT ! ,ELECTOR ORGANIZE 0ECCLESIA/ICAL VISITS0 TO HIS T]RITORY4 ,!NCE=?1 9 ! ,LU!RIAN C\NTRIES1 ! ,/ATE W\LD CONTROL ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,*UR*1 W\LD BREAK RELIGI\S DEVIANCES1 & HAD TO LOOK AFT] ! PREA*+ ( ! ,GOSPELS4 ,! 0,G]MAN MY/ICAL SPIRITUALI/S10 DISAPPO9T$ ) ,LU!R1 HAD GOOD SPORT REPROA*+ HIM1 AS WELL AS ! O!R RE=M]S ( ! PEOPLE1 ) HAV+ SUB/ITUT$ 0A NEW PAPACY10 A 0PAPACY ( PAP]0 7! ,BIBLE7 = ! ,ROMAN PAPACY4 ,= ,S*W5CKFELD1 ,LU!R 0L$ US \T FROM ,EGYPT & ?R\< ! DES]T1 ACROSS ! ,R$ ,SEA1 BUT HE LEFT US !RE1 W&]+ AIMLESSLY1 EV]Y?+ /RIV+ TO P]SUADE US ?AT WE W]E ALREADY 9 ! ,PROMIS$ ,L&40 ,A LITTLE LAT]1 ,WEIGEL W\LD REPROA* ! 0,POPE ( ,WITT5B]G0 ) HAV+ ORGANIZ$ A NEW SLAV]Y & P]SECUT+ ! 9SPIR$4.<#d#b#g.> ,LIKE ! ,POPES ?AT HE VILIFI$1 ,LU!R 9DE$ DID NOT DISDA9 FROM ADOPT+ ! ORD9>Y HYPOCRISY ?AT1 TO S]VE P[]FUL 9T]E/S1 ONE MU/ *OKE (F ) ! LEFT H& ! MORALITY C>ESS$ ) ! RIRY A SECOND SP\SE 9 A JU/ W$D+1 ! SPIRITUAL MA/]1 AFT] HAV+ EQUIVOCAT$1 ACCEPT$ ON ! CONDITION ?AT ! AFFAIR REMA9 SECRET4 ,! RECOGNIZ$ ,L&GRAVE S5T A CASK ( ,RH9EL& W9E AS ! PRICE = ! 9DULG5CE4 ,AT LEA/ ,POPE ,JULES ,I,I PAID ,MI*EL-,ANGE ) MONEY EXTORT$ FROM ! ,CA?OLICS4 ,CALV9 KNEW NO?+ ( SU* WEAKNESSES4 ,HE HAT$ DETE/$ ) A VISC]AL HATR$ & HIS FAI? NEV] TOL]AT$ ! LEA/ LAPSE4 ,SEV]AL MON?S AFT] HAV+ ASSASS9AT$ ,MI*AEL ,S]VETUS1 :ILE ,SEBA/IAN ,CA/ELLION 7"97 SET HIMSELF AGA9/ SU* B>B>ITY1 ,CALV9 PUBLI%$ A ,DECL>ATION TO ,MA9TA9 ! ,TRUE ,FAI?1 9 :I* HE DECL>$3 ,\R M]CIFUL .1 :O TAKES GREAT PLEASURE 9 LETT+ ! H]ESIES GO UNPUNI%$ 74447 W\LD LIKE -- \T ( FE> ?AT ! ,*UR* ( ,GOD IS NOT DEFAM$ BY TOO MU* RIGOR -- ?AT ONE MAKES A FA%ION ( ALL ! ]RORS444 ,!RE=E ,GOD DOES NOT WANT ?AT WE SP>E EI!R ! T[NS OR ! PEOPLE1 9DE$1 TO ! PO9T ( RAZ+ ! WALLS & EXT]M9AT+ ! MEMORY ( ! 9HABITANTS & 9TIMIDAT+ EV]YONE AS A SIGN ( A MU* GREAT] HATR$1 = FE> ?AT ! 9FECTION MI 7"97 ,9 ! ,TREATISE ( ! ,H]ETICS1 ,CA/ELLION WROTE3 0,WE SEE ?AT !RE IS H>DLY ANY SECT -- TODAY !RE >E SO MANY ( !M -- ?AT DOES NOT SEE ! O!RS AS H]ETICAL3 ) ! RESULT ?AT1 IF 9 ONE CITY OR REGION Y\ >E E/EEM$ TO BE TRULY LOYAL1 9 ! NEXT ONE Y\ >E E/EEM$ TO BE H]ETICAL40.<#d#b#i.> ,& ,!ODORE ( ,BEZE RAIS$ ! /AKES3 ,TYRANNY IS A LESS] EVIL ?AN HAV+ LIC5SE SU* ?AT EA* ONE MAKES HIS [N FANTASY & IT IS BETT] TO HAVE A TYRANT1 NAY1 EV5 A CRUEL ONE ?AN NOT HAV+ A PR9CE1 OR HAV+ ONE UND] :OM IT IS P]MITT$ = EA* P]SON TO DO :AT HE WANTS TO DO444 ,?OSE :O DO NOT WANT ! MAGI/RATE TO MIX HIMSELF UP 9 RELIGI\S AFFAIRS1 & PR9CIPALLY TO PUNI% H]ETICS1 SCORN :AT ! ,WORD .<,P>OLE.> ( ,GOD EXPRESSES 444 & BR+ RU9 & EXTREME DE/RUCTION TO ! ,*UR*4.<#d#c.> ,! ,PR9CE 0MU/ ]ECT & MA9TA9 GOOD $ICTS AGA9/ ?OSE :O BY SIMPLE /UBBORNESS WANT TO RESI/ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! TRUE RELIGION1 AS WE SEE \R TIME 9 BE+ PRACTIC$ ) RESPECT TO ! PAPACY1 ! ,ANABAPTI/S & O!R H]ETICS 9 ,5GL&1 ,D5M>K1 ,SW$51 ,SCOTL&1 A GOOD P>T ( ,G]MANY & ,SWITZ]L&40.<#d#c#a.> ,JOHANNES ,D5CK ,:ILE ! %AD[ ( ,LU!RANISM & ,CALV9ISM ?REAT5$ TO SPREAD OV] ! WORLD AN OBSCURANTISM ?AT HAD ! FALLACI\S ADVANTAGES OV] ,ROME ( REASON & FRE$OM1 ,JOHANNES ,D5CK WAS -- ALONG ) ,SEBA/IAN ,CA/ELLION -- ONE ( ! R>E1 LUCID & S9C]E M5 = :OM HUMAN FEEL+ HAD ! UPP] H& OV] BELIEFS & IDEOLOGIES ?AT W]E SO QUICK TO SUFFOCATE UND] !IR SUBLIME AB/RACTIONS4 ,D5CK WAS A MEMB] ( NO P>TY O!R ?AN HIS [N2 HE DID NOT ASPIRE TO GOV]N O!RS4 ,TO EMANCIPATE HIMSELF FROM ALL CON/RA9TS APPE>$ TO HIM A SUFFICI5T TASK4 ,LU!RIAN FRE$OM DID NOT ACCOMMODATE ITSELF TO SU* LIC5SE -- 9DE$1 IT WAS H>DLY RECONCIABLE ) ANY *UR*1 IT IS TRUE4 ,BORN 9 #ae 9 ,HABA*1 9 ,UPP] ,BAV>IA1 ,D5CK 5T]$ ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,+OL/ADT AT ! AGE ( #a#g4 ,:ILE PURSU+ HIS /UDIES AT ,BASLE1 HE WORK$ AS A PRO(READ] AT A PR9T %OP & P]FECT$ HIS ,LAT91 ,GREEK & ,HEBREW4 ,HE READ ,]ASMUS & WAS PASSIONATE AB\T M$IEVAL MY/ICISM & ADH]$ TO ! IDEAS ( ,?OMAS ,MUNTZ]4 ,ON ! 9SI/ANCE ( ! ,LU!RIAN ,OECOLAMPADE1 HE WAS NAM$ ,RECTOR ( ! ,SA9T-,SEBALD S*OOL AT ,NUREMB]G :5 HE WAS #bc YE>S OLD4 ,HE GOT M>RI$ & FREQU5T$ ! MILIEU ?AT1 )\T AN>*RONISM1 CAN BE CALL$ LIB]T>IAN4 ,LIKE O!R GREAT PRE9DU/RIAL T[NS1 ,NUREMB]G OSCILLAT$ 9 ! UND]T[ ( ! ,RE=MATION BETWE5 ,LU!RIAN TYRANNY1 DISAPPO9TM5T ) IMP]FECT FRE$OMS & ! OLD ,CA?OLIC CURR5T 9 :I* ! RE/LESS & DIS5*ANT$ EBB$4 ,9DIFF]5CE TO ! .<:OLE.> RELIGI\S ?+1 :I* HAD DOM9AT$ ! ABSOLUTE REIGN ( ,CA?OLICISM ACCORD+ TO ! IMP]ATIVE RITUAL OBS]VANCES1 *ANG$ 9TO COLD & WILLFUL SKEPTICISM4 ,A NUMB] ( /RONG SPIRITS1 9CLUD+ ! CL]GY1 NO D\BT %>$ ! A!ISM ( ,?OMAS ,SCOTO OR ,H]MANN ( ,RIJSWIJCK BUT W]E NOT EMBOLD5$ 5\< TO CLAIM IT1 ?AT IS1 BEYOND ! PEOPLE :O POSSESS$ ! MEANS ( !IR 9SOL5CE -- SU* AS ,FR$]ICK ,I,I OR ! CONDOTTI]E ,MONTEFELTRO1 :OSE CASK C>RI$ ! 9SCRIPTION ?AT PROMIS$ A BEAUTIFUL FUTURE3 0,NEI!R ,GOD NOR MA/]40 ,! CONTE/ATION ( ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD N[ RESULT$ 9 ! MULTIPLICATION ( DOGMATIC TRU?S & P>TIES ( ! 0TRUE FAI?40 ,! AFFAIR ( ! 0?REE ,GODLESS PA9T]S0.<#d#c#b.> (F]$ TO ! MUNICIPALITY ! OCCASION TO RAGE AGA9/ ! P>TY ( ! SKEPTICS4 ,! BANT] ?AT WAS OPPOS$ TO ! RELIGIONS TOO (T5 F\ND COMPLAC5T E>S AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,IT %>P5$ ! LANGUAGE ( ! 9TELLECTUALS & ! >TI/S4 ,! ?REE PA9T]S PUT 9TO QUE/ION 7! BRO!RS ,BEHAIM7 5JOY$ ! FRI5D%IP ( ,JOHANNES ,D5CK1 :OSE 9DEP5D5CE ( SPIRIT HAD MORE ?AN ONCE IRRITAT$ ! ,LU!RIAN NOTABLES1 ,OSI&] 9 P>TICUL>4 ,! C\NCIL W\LD SUMMON HIM TO APPE> & DEM&$ A CONFESSION ( FAI? FROM HIM ?AT W\LD WA% AWAY ALL SUSPICION4 ,D5CK COMPLI$ & EXP\ND$ UPON HIS D\BTS ) A PROVOCATIVE S9C]ITY 9 TWO SUCCESSIVE TEXTS4 ,EXAM9+ ! BELIEF 9 :I* HE HAD BE5 $UCAT$1 HE APP>5TLY ADOPT$ ! POSITION ?AT IT WAS A MATT] ( A PURELY FICTIVE FAI?1 0BECAUSE IT HAD NOT TRIUMPH$ OV] MY SPIRITUAL POV]TY1 MY 9CL9ATION TO S91 MY WEAKNESS & MY SICK SITUATION 744474 ,I WILL NOT UND]TAKE TO PRET5D ?AT ,I N[ POSSESS ! FAI? ?AT TRANSLATES ITSELF 9TO LIFE1 AL?\< ,I SEE CLE>LY ?AT MY DISBELIEF CAN NO LONG] CONT9UE BE=E ,GOD40 ,& HE ADD$3 0,ALL BELIEV]S >E1 AT ONE MOM5T OR ANO!R1 UNBELIEV]S4 ,TO BECOME BELIEV]S1 !Y MU/ LET !IR PASSIONS & ! T]RE/RIAL MAN DIE1 9 SU* A FA%ION ?AT IT IS NO LONG] !Y :O LIVE1 SU* AS !Y MI ,GOD'S PRES5CE ACT+ 9 MAN FRE$ HIM FROM ALL CON/RA9TS & ALL S93 SU* W\LD BE ! DOCTR9E ( ?OSE ,CALV9 W\LD CALL ! 0,SPIRITUAL ,LIB]T9ES40 ,ON #be ,JANU>Y #a#e#b#e1 ,D5CK WAS CONDEMN$ TO BANI%M5T4 ,=C$ TO LEAVE HIS FAMILY & /RIPP$ ( HIS UNIV]SITY POSITION1 HE TOOK REFUGE 9 ,JUNE #aebe AMONG ! ,ANABAPTI/S ( ,SA9T-,GALL1 :O W]E !MSELVES VICTIMS ( ! HATR$ ( ! ,LU!RIANS2 HE W\LD SOON %OCK !M ) HIS CONCEPTIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 ,W&]+ L$ HIM TO ,AUGSBURG1 :]E HE /AY$ UP TO ,OCTOB] #a#e#b#f1 DRAFT+ ,W] DIE ,WAHRE W>LI* LIEB HAT1.<#d#c#d.> A BALANCE %EET ( P>ADOXES1 CONTRADICTIONS & ABSURDITIES 9 ! ,BIBLE1 :I* BR\RELS AB\T 9T]PRETATION HAD NO %>$ MEAN+1 ONLY ! PRES5CE ( ,GOD 7:5 ! ,SPIRIT DEIGN$ TO REVEAL IT71 :I* SIGNIFI$ & S]V$ AS A GUIDE TO EXI/5CE ?R\< ! SPONTANEITY ( ! IMPULSES ?AT IT 5G5D]$4 ,HO/ILITY FROM ! ,LU!RIANS =C$ ,D5CK 9TO EXILE AGA94 ,! SAME FATE AWAIT$ HIM 9 ,/RASB\RG1 :]E ,BUC] & ,CAPITO D5\NC$ HIM = SUBV]SIVE ACTIVITIES4 ,HE WAS ALREADY WORN \T BY HIS SOLIT>Y COMBAT :5 HE >RIV$ 9 ,BASLE 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#e#b#g4 ,OECOLAMPADE WAS DISPOS$ TO ACCORD HIM ASYLUM ON ! CONDITION ?AT HE ADJUR$4 ,D5CK WROTE A K9D ( CONFESSION1 MIX+ A FEW CONCESSIONS 7DICTAT$ BY WEAKNESS7 ) OP9IONS CLOSE TO ?OSE ( ,S*W5CKFELD & HIS NOTION ( ! 9W>D MAN4 ,OECOLAMPADE W\LD 5T] 9TO ! TRADITION ( ! 9QUISITORIAL LIE BY PUBLI%+ IT UND] ! TITLE 7DECEPTIVE AT ! V]Y LEA/7 ,! ,ABJURATION ( ,HANS ,D5CK4 ,:5 ,D5CK DI$ FROM PLAGUE 9 ,BASLE AT ! AGE ( #b#g1 HE WAS AB\T TO PUBLI% ,VON D] ,WAHR5 ,LIEBE4.<#d#c#e.> ,9 IT HE 9SI/$ ON ! FOLL[+ !ME3 HE :O LOVES ,GOD & HAS ,GOD 9 HIS HE>T NE$ NOT BO!R ) 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* ONLY BL9D HIM4 ,9 #a#e#b#h1 TWO ( HIS TEXTS1 :I* APPE>$ AS ! PREFACE & ! APP5DIX TO ! ,DEUTS*E ,!OLOGIE1 MADE IT CLE> 0?AT ! CREATURE IS NECESS>Y TO ,GOD & ?AT ! MAN DEIFI$ BY ILLUM9ATION 5JOYS ! UNION ) ,HIM AS WELL AS ) ! ,*RI/10 :I* WAS AN IDEA ?AT ! PHILOSOPH] ,JACOB ,BOEHME -- ANO!R VICTIM ( ! ,NEW .<,PROTE/ANT.> ,*UR*ES -- W\LD DEVELOP 9 ! ,SEV5TE5? ,C5TURY4 ,! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY W\LD SEE 9 ,D5CK ONE ( ! PIONE]S ( FREE ?\D4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT SEEMS ?AT ! COMB9$ HATR$ ( ! ,PROTE/ANTS & ! ,CA?OLICS WAS CAUS$ BY ! IMPREGNATION ( ! ,FREE-,SPIRIT1 :I* WAS DISC]NIBLE 9 ?IS !SIS3 0,:]E !RE IS FAI?1 !RE IS NO S92 :]E !RE IS NO S91 !RE RESIDES DIV9E VIRTUE40.<#d#c#f.> ,SEBA/IAN ,FRANCK ,A PHILOSOPH] & HI/ORIAN1 ,SEBA/IAN ,FRANCK BELONG$ TO ! V]Y SMALL NUMB] ( HUMANI/S :O ALLI$ AN UNFAIL+ PASSION = TOL]ANCE & RESPECT = LIFE ) 9TELLIG5CE4 ,BORN 9 ,DONAUWOR?1 9 ,S\ABLE1 9 #a#d#i#i1 HE 5ROLL$ AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,HEIDELB]G1 :]E HE ASSOCIAT$ ) ,M>T9 ,BUC]1 ! FUTURE MA/] ( ,/RASB\RG4 ,DESPITE HIS CONTACTS ) ,LU!R AFT] #a#e#a#i1 HE BEGAN HIS ECCLESIA/ICAL C>E] 9 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 :I* HE LEFT >\ND #a#e#b#e4 ,AN EVANGELI/IC PREA*] 9 ! REGION ( ,NUREMBURG1 HE M>RI$ ,OTTILIE ,BEHAIM1 SI/] ( ! PA9T]S ,B>?OLD & ,SEBALD1 DISCIPLES ( ,DUR] & .I\S.> FREE SPIRITS TO :OM ALL =MS ( RELIGION W]E REPUGNANT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE ALSO TOOK A POSITION AGA9/ ! JU/IFICATION ?R\< FAI? DEF5D$ BY ,JOHANNES ,D5CK1 FRI5D ( ! ,BEHAIMS1 & ADOPT$ A POSITION ?AT WAS 9 CON=MITY ) ,*RI/IAN PR9CIPLES4 ,BUT 9 #aebi HE RESIGN$ HIS ECCLESIA/ICAL FUNCTIONS1 MOV$ TO ,/RASB\RG1 ASSOCIAT$ ) ,MI*AEL ,S]VETUS & ,CASP> ,S*W5CKFELD1 & 9CREAS+LY ADOPT$ ,D5CK'S ATTITUDE1 9 :I* CONVICTIONS ONLY HAD MEAN+ 9 ! COH]5CE BETWE5 IDEAS & A LIFE /RIPP$ ( >TIFICE & HYPOCRISY4 ,SU* WAS ! SPIRIT ?AT ANIMAT$ HIS MA/]PIECE1 ,*RONICA1 ,ZEYTBU* & ,GES*ICTBIBEL 7,*RONICLES1 ,ANNALS & ,HI/ORY ( ! ,BIBLE71 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#e#c#a4 ,]ASMUS TOOK (F5SE AT A CITATION & D5\NC$ HIM TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ,/RASB\RG2 ) ! SUPPORT ( ,BUC]1 HE GOT ,FRANCK EXPELL$4 ,EXPOS$ TO ! HATR$ ( ,]ASMUS & ! ,LU!RIANS1 & CONDEMN$ BY ,MELAN*TON1 HE 5D$ UP AS A PR9T] 9 ,ULM1 ! ,C\NCIL ( :I* REJECT$ SEV]AL DEM&S = HIS EXPULSION1 9CLUD+ ONE ATTEMPT$ BY ,PHILIPPE ( ,HESS1 ,LU!R'S PROTECTOR4 ,FRANCK TOOK ! TIME TO PUBLI% SEV]AL P]SONAL WORKS & A TREATISE BY ,CORNELIUS ,AGRIPPA1 BE=E BE+ BANI%$ 9 #a#e#c4 ,TAK+ REFUGE 9 ,BASLE1 :]E HE 5T]$ 9TO A SECOND M>RIAGE ) ! HEIRESS FROM A FAMILY ( GREAT PUBLI%]S1 HE DID NOT CEASE PUBLI%+ -- HIS COLLECTION ( PROV]BS 5JOY$ A GREAT POPUL>ITY -- & FI7 ,HE DI$ 9 #a#e#d#b1 SC>CELY #dc YE>S OLD4 ,HO/ILE TO ALL =MS ( ECCLESIA/ICAL ORGANIZATION1 HE REJECT$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! PRIE/S AS WELL AS ?AT ( ! ,SCRIPTURES4 ,! ,GOSPELS1 HE SAID1 HAD REPLAC$ PONTIFICAL AU?ORITY ) A PAPI]5 ,PAP/ 7A PAP] ,POPE74 ,?IS WAS ! CAUSE ( ALL EVIL2 HE D5\NC$ IT 9 A SOCIETY DOM9AT$ BY ! /R5G? & P[] ( ! ,PR9CE4 ,NO W> WAS JU/ BECAUSE ALL W>S D]IV$ FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( APPROPRIATION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HIS PESSIMISM H>DLY ACCORD$ ANY CR$IT TO REVOLT4 ,CLOS] TO ! ,TAO ?AN TO ,LA ,BOETIE1 HE CONT5T$ HIMSELF ) ID5TIFY+ ,GOD ) A FEEL+ ( 9T]IOR PL5ITUDE1 9 :I* HE DREAM$ ?AT BRUTALITY & ! MIS]Y ( A *ANGELESS WORLD W]E ANNIHILAT$4 ,9 ! 9SURM\NTABLE & VA9 CONFRONTATION 9 :I* TRU?S F\74 ,?IS SUFFIC$ TO BR+ D[N UPON HIM ! ANIMOSITY ( ! MAJORITY ( ! HUMANI/S1 IDEOLOGUES & SECT>IANS ( HIS TIME1 FROM ! ,CA?OLICS TO ! ,ANABAPTI/S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,SEBA/IAN ,CA/ELLION DID EV]Y?+ HE C\LD TO DI/RIBUTE HIS WORKS1 TO :I* ,VAL5T9 ,WEIGEL1 ,JACOB ,BOEHME1 ,DIRK ,COORNH]DT & ! HI/ORIAN ,GOTTFRI$ ,>NOLD PAID HOMAGE4 ,C>L/ADT ,& ,S*W5CKFELD ,! RIVALRY ( P[] ?AT QUICKLY OPPOS$ ,LU!R TO ,&REAS ,RUDOLF ,BOD5/E91 ALSO KN[N AS ,C>L/ADT1 DET]M9$ A RIVALRY ( OP9ION ?AT WAS EV5 MORE SUBJECT TO UNC]TA9TY ?AN ! DOGMA ( ! RE=MS ?AT W]E 9COM=TABLY CEM5T$ TO ! CONTROV]SIES4 ,! ,CON/ANT9IAN ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* HAD H>DLY PREC$$ O!RWISE1 BUT ITS ABSOLUTISM TREAT$ D\BTS ) ! SWORD4 ,! SIMIL> OP]ATION ATTEMPT$ BY ,LU!R1 ,CALV9 & ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I ( ,5GL& NO LONG] 9SCRIB$ ITSELF 9 ! SAME HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 ,UND]NEA? ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ! AGR>IAN MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! MOLE ( M]*ANTILE EXPANSION WAS AT WORK4 ,! PROGRESS ( VALUES OP5 TO MOD]NITY NO LONG] GU>ANTE$ ! /ABILITY ( ! DIV9E ORD] & ! UN*ANG+ P[] ( ITS M9I/]S4 ,! DEFEAT ( ! ,ROMAN ,*UR*1 ! P[] ( :I* WAS ONLY IMP]FECTLY RE/OR$ BY ! C\NT]-(F5SIVE ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,TR5TE1 ?US PROHIBIT$ ! DESPOTIC PRET5SIONS ( ! POPES ( ! ,RE=MATION TO GO BEYOND LOCAL TYRANNIES ?AT POORLY RESI/$ CONTE/ATION4 ,UNLIKE ,D5CK1 ,MUNZT]1 ,/OR*1 ,H(FMANN & ,S*W5CKFELD1 ,C>L/ADT DID NOT HAVE A DOCTR9E PROP]LY SPEAK+4 ,HE CONT5T$ HIMSELF ) SCORN+ ,LU!R1 KNOCK+ >\ND ?AT CONCEIT$ WIMP :OSE %AD[ EXT5D$ OV] ,EUROPE4 ,BORN >\ND #a#d#h1 ,C>L/ADT /UDI$ PHILOSOPHY & !OLOGY 9 ,]FURT 7#a#d#i#i71 !N 9 ,COLOGNE 7#a#e74 ,!RE HE WAS1 PR(ESSOR ( !OLOGY1 EXEGETE ( ! ,BIBLE & HONE/ DOCTOR AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,SI5NA4 ,9T]E/$ 9 ,LU!R'S DEM&S1 HE SOON CLA%$ ) ! MAN'S 9TRANSIG5CE1 = :I* ! DOGMATIC 9T]PRETATION ( SACR$ TEXTS HAD ! UPP] H& OV] ! G5]OSITY ( ! HE>T'S IMPULSES4 ,WAS IT NOT PRECISELY ! MO/ S5SITIVE P>T1 NAY1 ! MO/ S5SUAL P>T ( MAN1 ?AT MO/ >D5TLY F\L/ADT'S MEET+ ) ,?OMAS ,MUNTZ]1 :OSE REVOLUTION>Y MILL5>IANISM BO? FASC9AT$ & FRIL/ADT W\LD ONLY F9D PEACE 9 ! COMPANY ( ,ZW+LI1 :O F\ND$ A RIVAL ,*UR* 9 ,ZURI* & DID NOT FOLL[ ,LU!R4 ,C>L/ADT W\LD DEF5D HIS POSITIONS1 :I* W]E CLOSE TO ?OSE ( ,D5CK1 :O E/IMAT$ ?AT ! S9C]ITY ( FAI? DISP5S$ ) ALL SPIRITUAL AU?ORITY4 ,HE WAS TEA*+ AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ZURI* :5 HE DI$ FROM PLAGUE 9 #a#e#d#a4 ,FRE$OM WAS ! CAUSE ( ! BREAK BETWE5 ,LU!R & ,CASP> ,S*W5CKFELD 7#a#d#i-#a#e#f#a71 :OSE SECT EXP]I5C$ EQUAL P]SECUTION UND] ! ,CA?OLICS & ! ,LU!RIANS4 ,9 ! L9E ( ,D5CK1 HE REJECT$ ! SACRAM5TS & RELIGI\S RITES 9 FAVOR ( FAI?1 9 :I* HUMANITY F\ND$ ITS FEEL+ ( CON=MITY ) ! DESIGNS ( ,GOD4 ,HE PUT ! ACC5T ON ! 9W>D MAN1 :OSE MY/ICAL EXP]I5CES P>TICIPAT$ 9 ILLUM9ATION4 ,C]TA9 ,PIETI/S W\LD LAT] CLAIM HIS TEA*+S4 ,MI*AEL ,S]VETUS ,A PHYSICIAN & HUMANI/1 BORN >\ND #aei 9 ,VILLANEUVA1 ,SPA91 ,MI*AEL ,S]VETUS [$ HIS DRAMATIC 5D LESS TO AN AUDACITY ( ?\1 IF NOT LESS IMPRUD5T -- ?AN TO A SETTL+ ( ACC\NTS TO :I* ! MORBID AU?ORITY ( ,JOHN ,CALV9 HUMBL$ ITSELF4 ,HIS M$ICAL /UDIES AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,T\L\SE & ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,P>IS 9DUC$ 9 HIM1 AS 9 ,RABELAIS1 A C]TA9 SKEPTICISM 9 !OLOGICAL MATT]S4 ,! MAN :O DISCOV]$ ! ME*ANISMS ( ! CIRCULATION ( BLOOD 9 ! LUNGS W\LD EXP]I5CE SOME DIFFICULTY 9 F9D+ CL>ITY 9 ! ,TR9ITY ?AT WAS A P>T ( ! ,CON/ANT9IAN >S5AL & HAD PRESID$ OV] ! 9/AURATION ( ,CA?OLICISM AS ! RELIGION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ANTI-TR9IT>IANISM1 POPUL>IZ$ BY ,SOC9 & HIS FRI5DS1 RESPOND$ LESS TO A !OLOGICAL PREOCCUPATION ?AN TO ! QUE/ION+ ( ! ,*UR* ?R\< ! D]ISION ( A PR9CIPLE ?AT HAD NEV] SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ ITSELF \T ( TR\BLE & ! MY/ICAL *>ACT] ( :I* 9 FACT DISSIMULAT$ ! POLITICAL NECESSITY ( HOLD+ FIRM BETWE5 ,GOD 7! ,FA!R7 & HUMANK9D 7! ,SON7 ! BALANCE ( ! ,SPIRIT ?AT GOV]N$ ! TEMPORAL 9 ! NAME ( A CELE/IAL M&ATE4 ,PUBLI%$ 9 #a#e#c#a1 ,S]VETUS' ,DE TR9ITATIS ]RORIBUS JU/IFI$ ,>IUS & ! OLD ,GNO/ICISM BY D5Y+ ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,SPIRIT -- & ?US ! ,*UR* -- AS DI/9CT BE+S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,S]VETUS1 EV]Y?+ TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ! ,LOGOS1 :I* WAS ET]NAL1 & ! ,SON1 :O WAS NOT4 ,9 #a#e#e#c1 ! ANONYM\S PUBLICATION ( ,S]VETUS' ,*RI/IANISMI RE/ITUTIO DREW D[N UPON HIM ?REATS FROM ! ,9QUISITION4 ,>RE/$ 9 ,LYON & IMPRISON$1 HE HAD ! GOOD =TUNE TO ESCAPE & ! MIS=TUNE ( GO+ TO ,G5EVA1 ?AT IS1 NE>-BY ,CALV91 ) :OM HE HAD EX*ANG$ LETT]S MORE ?AN ONCE4 ,! ,RE/ITUTIO WAS AN IRONIC TAKE ON ,CALV9'S ,9/ITUTIO & IT PUT ,CALV9 ON HIS GU>D 9ASMU* AS ,S]VETUS ADOPT$ POSITIONS ?AT W]E CLOSE TO ?OSE ( ,ANABAPTISM4 ,BUT HIS FRE$OM ( MORALS & LANGUAGE ESPECIALLY WORK$ UPON ,CALV9 LIKE AN 9SULT TO HIS MAJE/Y AS A PROPHET4 ,AN UNJU/ TRIAL1 TO :I* NO ONE GAVE CR$IT 7BECAUSE ! COMPLA9TS (F]$ NO COMMON MEASURE ) ! ACCUSATIONS ?AT HAD BE5 MADE AGA9/ ,JACOB ,GRUET71 SUCCE$$ :]E ! ,9QUISITION HAD FAIL$ & W\LD B5EFIT ,ROME4 ,S]VETUS WAS BURN$ ALIVE ON #bg ,OCTOB] #a#e#e#c4.<#d#c#i.> ,SEBA/IAN ,CA/ELLION ,BY ! =CE ( ?+S1 ! ,RE=MATION 9SCRIB$ ITSELF 9 A MOVEM5T ( DESACRALIZATION 9H]5T 9 ! M]*ANTILE EXPANSION ?AT1 UP TO ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY1 R$UC$ ! RELIGIONS ( ! 9DI/RIALIZ$ NATIONS TO SUP]M>KET JUNK4 ,) ITS MULTIPLE SECTS1 ,PROTE/ANTISM M>K$ ! TRANSITION FROM CL]ICAL !OLOGY -- SUPPORT$ BY A HUGE APP>ATUS ( POPES & MON>*S ( DIV9E RIIANISMS ( ! NATIONALI/ OR COLLECTIVI/ TYPE & ! DEM& = FRE$OM ?AT 9 FACT AU?ORIZ$ ! BECOM+ ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( MORALITY 9 ! ,RE=M$ RELIGION PROLONG$ ! WILL ( ! RE=M]S :O1 />T+ 9 ! ,ELEV5? ,C5TURY & ESPECIALLY 9 ! :IRLPOOL ( URBAN FRE$OMS1 9T5D$ TO MORALIZE ! ,*UR*4 ,EV5 IF E?ICAL DESPOTISM WAS MO/ (T5 SUCC$$ BY ! TYRANNY ( DOGMATIC PRESCRIPTIONS1 ! ABS5CE ( A SACR$ OR?ODOXY -- ( A RECTIL9E> P]SPECTIVE 9 :I* ,GOD WAS ! PO9T ( FLIRIVAL -- NO LONG] AU?ORIZ$ ONE TO SPEAK ( H]ESIES FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ,PROTE/ANTISM OCCUPI$ ! PR$OM9ANT POSITION 9 A GIV5 C\NTRY OR REGION4 ,IF ,CALV9 TREAT$ ,S]VETUS AS A H]ETIC1 ?IS WAS BECAUSE HE E/IMAT$ HIMSELF TO BE -- AS MU* AS ! ,POPE DID -- ! ELECT ( ,GOD1 FIX+ 9 ,G5EVA ! ,NEW ,J]USALEM ?AT DID NOT /OP FLUCTUAT+ GEOGRAPHICALLY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HIS ROLE AS PURITAN DICTATOR TOOK ! UPP] H& DUR+ ! POLEMIC BETWE5 HIM & ,SEBA/IAN ,CA/ELLION4 ,! CONTROV]SY WAS NO LONG] !OLOGICAL3 IT WAS IDEOLOGICAL4 ,IT PUT 9TO QUE/ION ! 9HUMANITY ( ! REPRESSIVE DISC\RSE ATTRIBUT$ TO ,GOD4 ,! (FICIAL HI/ORY MAKES A LOT ( ,]ASMUS1 ! HUMANI/ & ANTI-,SEMITE1 9TELLECTUAL & MISOGYNI/1 DEF5D] ( FRE$OM & P>TISAN ( ! DEA? P5ALTY = H]ETICS1 :OM HE OCCASIONALLY D5\NC$4 ,HE KNEW NO?+ ( ,GUILLAUME ,PO/EL1 :O DISC]N$ 9 ! EMANCIPATION ( WOM5 ! F\NDATION ( A HUMAN SOCIETY1 NOR ,CA/ELLION1 :O F\T9-DU-,FRESNE 9 ! ,BUGEY1 :]E ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,VAUDOIS CONT9U$ TO EXI/1 ,SEBA/IAN ,CA/ELLION /UDI$ 9 ,LYON & ASSOCIAT$ ) ! HUMANI/S :O W]E S$UC$ BY ! NEW IDEAS4 ,! SPECTACLE ( ! P]SECUTIONS & HIS READ+ ( ,CALV9'S ,! ,*RI/IAN ,9/ITUTION WON HIM OV] TO ! ,RE=MATION4 ,HE LEFT = ,/RASB\RG1 !N ,G5EVA1 :]E ,CALV9 (F]$ HIM A PR(ESSOR'S POSITION 9 #a#e#d#b4 ,HIS ,SACR$ ,DIALOGUES REFLECT$ HIS FIR/ HESITANCIES CONC]N+ ,CALV9'S GR[+ AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,9 IT HE CELEBRAT$ TOL]ANCE & REM>K$ ?AT 0,!RE IS NO ONE :O MORE OB/9ATELY RESI/S ! TRU? ?AN ! GREAT ONES ( ?IS WORLD40 ,HE SOON LEFT ,G5EVA1 HAV+ ATTRACT$ ! ANIMOSITY ( ! MAN :OM HE HAD ! NAIVETE TO ADMONI% = HIS SECT>IANISM4 ,READ] ( ,GREEK AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,BASLE1 HE PROVID$ HIS FIR/ MANIFE/ATION ( A FREE CONSCI5CE 9 ! PREFACE TO HIS TRANSLATION ( ! ,BIBLE 9TO ,LAT94 ,9DIGNANT OV] ! EXECUTION ( ,S]VETUS 9 #a#e#e#c1 :I* 9SPIR$ HIM TO WRITE ,DE HA]ETICIS AN SIT P]SEQU5DI8 7,BASLE1 #a#f#e#d71 HE DEVELOP$ A DOCTR9E ?AT WAS OPPOS$ TO PR$E/9ATION1 :I* ,CALV9 US$ TO JU/IFY HIS [N CRIMES4 ,PUBLI%$ 9 #a#e#f#b1 ,CA/ELLION'S ,ADVICE TO ,DI/RESS$ ,FRANCE CALL$ = UNIV]SAL TOL]ANCE & REFUS$ TO 0=CE CONSCI5CES40 ,IT OPPOS$ ! FANATICISMS & HORRORS ( ! W>S UND]TAK5 = ! GREATE/ GLORY ( ,GOD4 ,R>ELY HAS A BOOK BE5 WELCOM$ BY SU* UNANIM\S REPROBATION4 ,LU!RIANS1 ,CALV9I/S1 ,CA?OLICS & HUMANI/S ALL JUDG$ ! PROJECT TO ABOLI% ! DEA? P5ALTY = ! CRIME ( H]ESY TO BE CRIM9AL4 ,HIS NEPHEW & BRO!R-9-LAW1 GUILTY ( HAV+ 9TRODUC$ ! BOOK 9TO ,G5EVA1 HAD TO TAKE FLI+ HIS IDEAS & SPREAD+ ! EFFECTS4.<#d#d.> ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiib 3 ,*APT] #ci -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,APRIL #b#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #ci -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/